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Arthritis
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History
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History
Evidence of osteoarthritis and potentially inflammatory arthritis has been discovered in dinosaurs. The first known traces of human arthritis date back as far as 4500 BC. In early reports, arthritis was frequently referred to as the most common ailment of prehistoric peoples. It was noted in skeletal remains of Native Americans found in Tennessee and parts of what is now Olathe, Kansas. Evidence of arthritis has been found throughout history, from Ötzi, a mummy () found along the border of modern Italy and Austria, to the Egyptian mummies .
In 1715, William Musgrave published the second edition of his most important medical work, De arthritide symptomatica, which concerned arthritis and its effects. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais, a 28-year-old resident physician at Salpêtrière Asylum in France was the first person to describe the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Though Landré-Beauvais' classification of rheumatoid arthritis as a relative of gout was inaccurate, his dissertation encouraged others to further study the disease.
John Charnley completed the first hip replacement (total hip arthroplasty) in England to treat arthritis in the 1960s.
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Arthritis
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Society and culture
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Society and culture
Arthritis is the most common cause of disability in the United States. More than 20 million individuals with arthritis in the United States have severe limitations in function on a daily basis. Absenteeism and frequent visits to the physician are common in individuals who have arthritis. Arthritis can make it difficult for individuals to be physically active and some become home bound. It is estimated that the total cost of arthritis cases is close to $100 billion of which almost 50% is from lost earnings.
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Arthritis
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Terminology
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Terminology
The term is derived from arthr- (from ) and -itis (from , , ), the latter suffix having come to be associated with inflammation.
The word arthritides is the plural form of arthritis, and denotes the collective group of arthritis-like conditions.
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Arthritis
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See also
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See also
Antiarthritics
Arthritis Care (charity in the UK)
Arthritis Foundation (US not-for-profit)
Knee arthritis
Osteoimmunology
Weather pains
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Arthritis
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References
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References
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Arthritis
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External links
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External links
American College of Rheumatology – US professional society of rheumatologists
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
The Ultimate Arthritis Diet Arthritis Foundation
Category:Aging-associated diseases
Category:Inflammations
Category:Rheumatology
Category:Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate
Category:Skeletal disorders
Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
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Arthritis
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Table of Content
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Short description, Classification, Signs and symptoms, Causes, Risk factors, Diagnosis, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Gout, Comparison of types, Other, Treatment, Physical therapy, Medications, Surgery, Adaptive aids, Alternative medicine, Epidemiology, History, Society and culture, Terminology, See also, References, External links
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April 2
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pp-pc1
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April 2
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Events
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Events
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April 2
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Johns River.
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April 2
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1725 – J. S. Bach's cantata Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, BWV 6, is first performed in Leipzig on Easter Monday.
1755 – Commodore William James captures the Maratha fortress of Suvarnadurg on the west coast of India.
1792 – The Coinage Act is passed by Congress, establishing the United States Mint.
1800 – Ludwig van Beethoven leads the premiere of his First Symphony in Vienna.
1801 – French Revolutionary Wars: In the Battle of Copenhagen a British Royal Navy squadron defeats a hastily assembled, smaller, mostly-volunteer Dano-Norwegian Navy at high cost, forcing Denmark out of the Second League of Armed Neutrality.
1863 – American Civil War: The largest in a series of Southern bread riots occurs in Richmond, Virginia.
1865 – American Civil War: Defeat at the Third Battle of Petersburg forces the Army of Northern Virginia and the Confederate government to abandon Richmond, Virginia.
1885 – Canadian Cree warriors attack the village of Frog Lake, killing nine.
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April 2
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1901–present
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1901–present
1902 – Dmitry Sipyagin, Minister of Interior of the Russian Empire, is assassinated in the Mariinsky Palace, Saint Petersburg.
1902 – "Electric Theatre", the first full-time movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles.
1911 – The Australian Bureau of Statistics conducts the country's first national census.
1912 – The ill-fated begins sea trials.
1917 – American entry into World War I: President Wilson asks the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.
1921 – The Autonomous Government of Khorasan, a military government encompassing the modern state of Iran, is established.
1930 – After the mysterious death of Empress Zewditu, Haile Selassie is proclaimed emperor of Ethiopia.
1954 – A 19-month-old infant is swept up in the ocean tides at Hermosa Beach, California. Local photographer John L. Gaunt photographs the incident; 1955 Pulitzer winner "Tragedy by the Sea".
1956 – As the World Turns and The Edge of Night premiere on CBS. The two soaps become the first daytime dramas to debut in the 30-minute format.
1964 – The Soviet Union launches Zond 1.
1969 – LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 crashes into the Polica mountain near Zawoja, Poland, killing 53.
1972 – Actor Charlie Chaplin returns to the United States for the first time since being labeled a communist during the Red Scare in the early 1950s.
1973 – Launch of the LexisNexis computerized legal research service.
1975 – Vietnam War: Thousands of civilian refugees flee from Quảng Ngãi Province in front of advancing North Vietnamese troops.
1976 – Prince Norodom Sihanouk resigns as leader of Cambodia and is placed under house arrest.
1979 – A Soviet bio-warfare laboratory at Sverdlovsk accidentally releases airborne anthrax spores, killing 66 plus an unknown amount of livestock.
1980 – United States President Jimmy Carter signs the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act.
1982 – Falklands War: Argentina invades the Falkland Islands.
1986 – Alabama governor George Wallace, a former segregationist, best known for the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door", announces that he will not seek a fifth four-year term and will retire from public life upon the end of his term in January 1987.
1989 – Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Havana, Cuba, to meet with Fidel Castro in an attempt to mend strained relations.
1991 – Rita Johnston becomes the first female Premier of a Canadian province when she succeeds William Vander Zalm (who had resigned) as Premier of British Columbia.
1992 – In New York, Mafia boss John Gotti is convicted of murder and racketeering and is later sentenced to life in prison.
1992 – Forty-two civilians are massacred in the town of Bijeljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2002 – Israeli forces surround the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, into which armed Palestinians had retreated.
2004 – Islamist terrorists involved in the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks attempt to bomb the Spanish high-speed train AVE near Madrid; the attack is thwarted.
2006 – Over 60 tornadoes break out in the United States; Tennessee is hardest hit with 29 people killed.
2011 – India wins the Cricket World Cup for the second time in history under the captaincy of MS Dhoni.
2012 – A mass shooting at Oikos University in California leaves seven people dead and three injured.
2012 – UTair Flight 120 crashes after takeoff from Roshchino International Airport in Tyumen, Russia, killing 33 and injuring 10. Translated article (Note: this translation was made automatically from the original (in Russian) and has low technical quality, lends itself only to specific queries).
2014 – A spree shooting occurs at the Fort Hood army base in Texas, with four dead, including the gunman, and 16 others injured.
2015 – Gunmen attack Garissa University College in Kenya, killing at least 148 people and wounding 79 others.
2015 – Four men steal items worth up to £200 million from an underground safe deposit facility in London's Hatton Garden area in what has been called the "largest burglary in English legal history."
2020 – COVID-19 pandemic: The total number of confirmed cases reach one million.
2021 – At least 49 people are killed in a train derailment in Taiwan after a truck accidentally rolls onto the track.
2021 – A Capitol Police officer is killed and another injured when an attacker rams his car into a barricade outside the United States Capitol.
2024 – Viertola school shooting: A 12-year-old pupil is killed and two others injured by a shooter of the same age in Vantaa, Finland.
2025 – Liberation Day tariffs: U.S. President Donald Trump announces sweeping worldwide tariffs.
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April 2
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Births
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Births
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April 2
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
181 – Emperor Xian of Han, Chinese emperor (d. 234)
747 – Charlemagne, Frankish king (d. 814)
1473 – John Corvinus, Hungarian noble (d. 1504)
1545 – Elisabeth of Valois (d. 1568)
1565 – Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599)
1586 – Pietro Della Valle, Italian traveler (d. 1652)
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April 2
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1602 – Mary of Jesus of Ágreda, Franciscan abbess (d. 1665)
1618 – Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1663)
1647 – Maria Sibylla Merian, German-Dutch botanist and illustrator (d. 1717)
1653 – Prince George of Denmark (d. 1708)
1696 – Francesca Cuzzoni, Italian operatic soprano (d. 1778)
1719 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet (d. 1803)
1725 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian explorer and author (d. 1798)
1755 – Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, French lawyer and politician (d. 1826)*
1788 – Francisco Balagtas, Filipino poet and author (d. 1862)
1788 – Wilhelmine Reichard, German balloonist (d. 1848)
1789 – Lucio Norberto Mansilla, Argentinian general and politician (d. 1871)
1792 – Francisco de Paula Santander, Colombian general and politician, 4th President of the Republic of the New Granada (d. 1840)
1798 – August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German poet and academic (d. 1874)
1805 – Hans Christian Andersen, Danish novelist, short story writer, and poet (d. 1875)
1814 – Henry L. Benning, American general and judge (d. 1875)
1814 – Erastus Brigham Bigelow, American inventor (d. 1879)
1827 – William Holman Hunt, English soldier and painter (d. 1910)
1835 – Jacob Nash Victor, American engineer (d. 1907)
1838 – Léon Gambetta, French lawyer and politician, 45th Prime Minister of France (d. 1882)
1840 – Émile Zola, French novelist, playwright, journalist (d. 1902)
1841 – Clément Ader, French engineer, designed the Ader Avion III (d. 1926)
1842 – Dominic Savio, Italian Catholic saint, adolescent student of Saint John Bosco (d. 1857)
1861 – Iván Persa, Slovenian priest and author (d. 1935)
1862 – Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)
1869 – Hughie Jennings, American baseball player and manager (d. 1928)
1870 – Edmund Dwyer-Gray, Irish-Australian politician, 29th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1945)R. P. Davis, 'Dwyer-Gray, Edmund John Chisholm (1870–1945)' , Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, Melbourne University Press, 1981, pp 390–391.
1875 – Walter Chrysler, American businessman, founded Chrysler (d. 1940)
1875 – William Donne, English cricketer and captain (d. 1942)
1884 – J. C. Squire, English poet, author, and historian (d. 1958)
1888 – Neville Cardus, English cricket and music writer (d. 1975)
1891 – Jack Buchanan, Scottish entertainer (d. 1957)
1891 – Max Ernst, German painter, sculptor, and poet (d. 1976)
1891 – Tristão de Bragança Cunha, Indian nationalist and anti-colonial activist from Goa (d. 1958)
1896 – Johnny Golden, American golfer (d. 1936)
1898 – Harindranath Chattopadhyay, Indian poet, actor and politician (d. 1990)
1898 – Chiungtze C. Tsen, Chinese mathematician (d. 1940)
1900 – Roberto Arlt, Argentinian journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1942)
1900 – Anis Fuleihan, Cypriot-American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1970)
1900 – Alfred Strange, English footballer (d. 1978)
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April 2
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1901–present
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1901–present
1902 – Jan Tschichold, German-Swiss graphic designer and typographer (d. 1974)
1902 – Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe (d. 1994)
1903 – Lionel Chevrier, Canadian lawyer and politician, 27th Canadian Minister of Justice (d. 1987)
1906 – Alphonse-Marie Parent, Canadian priest and educator (d. 1970)
1907 – Harald Andersson, American-Swedish discus thrower (d. 1985)
1907 – Luke Appling, American baseball player and manager (d. 1991)
1908 – Buddy Ebsen, American actor and dancer (d. 2003)
1910 – Paul Triquet, Canadian general, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1980)
1910 – Chico Xavier, Brazilian spiritual medium (d. 2002)
1914 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
1919 – Delfo Cabrera, Argentinian runner and soldier (d. 1981)
1920 – Gerald Bouey, Canadian lieutenant and civil servant (d. 2004)
1920 – Jack Stokes, English animator and director (d. 2013)
1920 – Jack Webb, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1982)
1922 – John C. Whitehead, American banker and politician, 9th United States Deputy Secretary of State (d. 2015)
1923 – Gloria Henry, actress (d. 2021)
1923 – Johnny Paton, Scottish footballer, coach, and manager (d. 2015)
1923 – G. Spencer-Brown, English mathematician, psychologist, and author (d. 2016)
1924 – Bobby Ávila, Mexican baseball player (d. 2004)
1925 – George MacDonald Fraser, Scottish author and screenwriter (d. 2008)
1925 – Hans Rosenthal, German radio and television host (d. 1987)
1926 – Jack Brabham, Australian race car driver (d. 2014)
1926 – Rudra Rajasingham, Sri Lankan police officer and diplomat (d. 2006)
1927 – Carmen Basilio, American boxer and soldier (d. 2012)
1927 – Howard Callaway, American soldier and politician, 11th United States Secretary of the Army (d. 2014)
1927 – Rita Gam, American actress (d. 2016)
1927 – Billy Pierce, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2015)
1927 – Kenneth Tynan, English author and critic (d. 1980)
1928 – Joseph Bernardin, American cardinal (d. 1996)
1928 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer-songwriter, actor, and director (d. 1991)
1928 – Roy Masters, English-American radio host (d. 2021)
1928 – David Robinson, Northern Irish horticulturist and academic (d. 2004)
1929 – Ed Dorn, American poet and educator (d. 1999)
1930 – Roddy Maude-Roxby, English actor
1931 – Keith Hitchins, American historian (d. 2020)
1931 – Vladimir Kuznetsov, Russian javelin thrower (d. 1986)
1932 – Edward Egan, American cardinal (d. 2015)
1933 – György Konrád, Hungarian sociologist and author (d. 2019)
1934 – Paul Cohen, American mathematician and theorist (d. 2007)
1934 – Brian Glover, English wrestler and actor (d. 1997)
1934 – Carl Kasell, American journalist and game show host (d. 2018)
1934 – Richard Portman, American sound engineer (d. 2017)
1934 – Dovid Shmidel, Austrian-born Israeli rabbi
1936 – Shaul Ladany, Serbian-Israeli race walker and engineer
1937 – Dick Radatz, American baseball player (d. 2005)
1938 – John Larsson, Swedish 17th General of The Salvation Army (d. 2022)
1938 – Booker Little, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1961)
1938 – Al Weis, American baseball player
1939 – Marvin Gaye, American singer-songwriter (d. 1984)
1939 – Anthony Lake, American academic and diplomat, 18th United States National Security Advisor
1939 – Lise Thibault, Canadian journalist and politician, 27th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec
1940 – Donald Jackson, Canadian figure skater and coach
1940 – Mike Hailwood, English motorcycle racer (d. 1981)
1940 – Penelope Keith, English actress
1941 – Dr. Demento, American radio host
1941 – Sonny Throckmorton, American country singer-songwriter
1942 – Leon Russell, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2016)
1942 – Roshan Seth, Indian-English actor
1943 – Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce, South African-English admiral and politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (d. 2022)
1943 – Caterina Bueno, Italian singer (d. 2007)
1943 – Larry Coryell, American jazz guitarist (d. 2017)
1943 – Antonio Sabàto, Sr., Italian actor (d. 2021)
1944 – Bill Malinchak, American football player
1945 – Jürgen Drews, German singer-songwriter
1945 – Guy Fréquelin, French race car driver
1945 – Linda Hunt, American actress
1945 – Reggie Smith, American baseball player and coach
1945 – Don Sutton, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2021)
1945 – Anne Waldman, American poet
1946 – Richard Collinge, New Zealand cricketer
1946 – David Heyes, English politician
1946 – Sue Townsend, English author and playwright (d. 2014)
1946 – Kurt Winter, Canadian guitarist and songwriter (d. 1997)
1947 – Paquita la del Barrio, Mexican singer, songwriter and actress (d. 2025)
1947 – Tua Forsström, Finnish writer
1947 – Emmylou Harris, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1947 – Camille Paglia, American author and critic
1948 – Roald Als, Danish author and illustrator
1948 – Dimitris Mitropanos, Greek singer (d. 2012)
1948 – Daniel Okrent, American journalist and author
1948 – Joan D. Vinge, American author
1949 – Paul Gambaccini, American-English radio and television host
1949 – Bernd Müller, German footballer
1949 – Pamela Reed, American actress
1949 – David Robinson, American drummer
1950 – Lynn Westmoreland, American politician
1951 – Ayako Okamoto, Japanese golfer
1952 – Lennart Fagerlund, Swedish cyclist
1952 – Will Hoy, English race car driver (d. 2002)
1952 – Leon Wilkeson, American bass player and songwriter (d. 2001)
1953 – Jim Allister, Northern Irish lawyer and politician
1953 – Rosemary Bryant Mariner, 20th and 21st-century U.S. Navy aviator (d. 2019)
1953 – Malika Oufkir, Moroccan Berber writer
1953 – Debralee Scott, American actress (d. 2005)
1953 – James Vance, American author and playwright (d. 2017)
1954 – Gregory Abbott, American singer-songwriter and producer
1954 – Donald Petrie, American actor and director
1955 – Michael Stone, Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary
1957 – Caroline Dean, English biologist and academic
1957 – Hank Steinbrenner, American businessman (d. 2020)
1958 – Stefano Bettarello, Italian rugby player
1958 – Larry Drew, American basketball player and coach
1959 – Gelindo Bordin, Italian runner
1959 – David Frankel, American director, producer, and screenwriter
1959 – Juha Kankkunen, Finnish race car driver
1959 – Yves Lavandier, French director and producer
1959 – Badou Ezzaki, Moroccan footballer and manager
1960 – Linford Christie, Jamaican-English sprinter
1960 – Brad Jones, Australian race car driver
1960 – Pascale Nadeau, Canadian journalist
1961 – Buddy Jewell, American singer-songwriter
1961 – Christopher Meloni, American actor
1961 – Keren Woodward, English singer-songwriter
1962 – Pierre Carles, French director and producer
1962 – Billy Dean, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1962 – Clark Gregg, American actor
1963 – Karl Beattie, English director and producer
1963 – Mike Gascoyne, English engineer
1964 – Pete Incaviglia, American baseball player and coach
1964 – Jonathon Sharkey, American wrestler
1965 – Rodney King, American victim of police brutality (d. 2012)
1966 – Bill Romanowski, American football player and actor
1966 – Teddy Sheringham, English international footballer and coach
1967 – Greg Camp, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1967 – Phil Demmel, American guitarist and songwriter
1969 – Ajay Devgn, Indian actor, director, and producer
1971 – Edmundo Alves de Souza Neto, Brazilian footballer
1971 – Jason Lewry, English cricketer
1971 – Todd Woodbridge, Australian tennis player and sportscaster
1972 – Eyal Berkovic, Israeli footballerBob Wechsler (2008). Day by day in Jewish sports history
1972 – Remo D'Souza, Indian choreographer and dancer
1972 – Calvin Davis, American sprinter and hurdler (d. 2023)
1972 – Zane Lamprey, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1973 – Dmitry Lipartov, Russian footballer
1973 – Roselyn Sánchez, Puerto Rican-American actress
1973 – Aleksejs Semjonovs, Latvian footballer
1974 – Tayfun Korkut, Turkish football manager and former player
1975 – Nate Huffman, American basketball player (d. 2015)
1975 – Randy Livingston, American basketball player
1975 – Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski, German rower
1975 – Pattie Mallette, Canadian author and film producer
1975 – Pedro Pascal, Chilean and American actor
1976 – Andreas Anastasopoulos, Greek shot putter
1976 – Rory Sabbatini, South African golfer
1977 – Per Elofsson, Swedish skier
1977 – Michael Fassbender, German-Irish actor and producer
1977 – Hanno Pevkur, Estonian lawyer and politician, Estonian Minister of Justice
1980 – Avi Benedi, Israeli singer and songwriter
1980 – Adam Fleming, Scottish journalist
1980 – Gavin Heffernan, Canadian director and screenwriter
1980 – Ricky Hendrick, American race car driver (d. 2004)
1980 – Wairangi Koopu, New Zealand rugby league player
1980 – Carlos Salcido, Mexican international footballer
1981 – Michael Clarke, Australian cricketer
1981 – Kapil Sharma, Indian stand-up comedian, television presenter and actor
1982 – Marco Amelia, Italian footballer
1982 – David Ferrer, Spanish tennis player
1983 – Arthur Boka, Ivorian footballer
1983 – Maksym Mazuryk, Ukrainian pole vaulter
1984 – Engin Atsür, Turkish basketball player
1984 – Nóra Barta, Hungarian diver
1984 – Jérémy Morel, French footballer
1984 – Miguel Ángel Moyá, Spanish footballer
1985 – Thom Evans, Zimbabwean-Scottish rugby player
1985 – Stéphane Lambiel, Swiss figure skater
1986 – Ibrahim Afellay, Dutch footballer
1986 – Andris Biedriņš, Latvian basketball player
1987 – Pablo Aguilar, Paraguayan footballer
1987 – Shane Lowry, Irish Professional Golfer, winner of the 2019 Open Championship and European Team Member for the 2021 and 2023 Ryder Cups
1988 – Jesse Plemons, American actor
1990 – Yevgeniya Kanayeva, Russian gymnast
1990 – Miralem Pjanić, Bosnian footballer
1990 – Amr El Solia, Egyptian footballer
1991 – Quavo, American rapper
1993 – Keshorn Walcott, Trinidadian javelin thrower
1993 – Bruno Zuculini, Argentine footballer
1994 – Pascal Siakam, Cameroonian basketball player
1995 – Zack Steffen, American soccer player
1996 – Zach Bryan, American singer-songwriter
1996 – André Onana, Cameroonian footballer
1997 – Dillon Bassett, American race car driver
1997 – Abdelhak Nouri, Dutch footballer
1997 – Austin Riley, American baseball player
2000 – Rodrigo Riquelme, Spanish footballer
2002 – Emma Myers, American actress
2004 – Diana Shnaider, Russian tennis player
2007 – Brenda Fruhvirtová, Czech tennis player
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April 2
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Deaths
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Deaths
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April 2
|
Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
670 – Hasan ibn Ali the second Shia Imam (b. 624)Hasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Taleb , Encyclopedia Iranica.
870 – Æbbe the Younger, Frankish abbess
872 – Muflih al-Turki, Turkish general
968 – Yuan Dezhao, Chinese chancellor (b. 891)
991 – Bardas Skleros, Byzantine general
1118 – Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem
1244 – Henrik Harpestræng, Danish botanical and medical author
1272 – Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, English husband of Sanchia of Provence (b. 1209)
1335 – Henry of Bohemia (b. 1265)
1412 – Ruy González de Clavijo, Spanish explorer and author
1416 – Ferdinand I, king of Aragon (b. 1379)
1502 – Arthur, prince of Wales (b. 1486)
1507 – Francis of Paola, Italian friar and saint, founded the Order of the Minims (b. 1416)
1511 – Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe, German nobleman (b. 1428)
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April 2
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1640 – Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Polish author and poet (b. 1595)
1657 – Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1608)
1657 – Jean-Jacques Olier, French priest, founded the Society of Saint-Sulpice (b. 1608)
1672 – Pedro Calungsod, Filipino missionary and saint (b. 1654)
1672 – Diego Luis de San Vitores, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1627)
1720 – Joseph Dudley, English politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1647)
1742 – James Douglas, Scottish physician and anatomist (b. 1675)
1747 – Johann Jacob Dillenius, German-English botanist and mycologist (b. 1684)
1754 – Thomas Carte, English historian and author (b. 1686)
1787 – Thomas Gage, English general and politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1719)
1791 – Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, French journalist and politician (b. 1749)
1801 – Thomas Dadford, Jr., English engineer (b. 1761)
1803 – Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet, Scottish judge and politician (b. 1721)
1817 – Johann Heinrich Jung, German author and academic (b. 1740)
1827 – Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus, German physician and educator (b. 1776)
1845 – Philip Charles Durham, Scottish admiral and politician (b. 1763)
1865 – A. P. Hill, American general (b. 1825)
1872 – Samuel Morse, American painter and academic, invented the Morse code (b. 1791)
1891 – Albert Pike, American lawyer and general (b. 1809)
1891 – Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Greek playwright and politician, 249th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1823)
1894 – Achille Vianelli, Italian painter and academic (b. 1803)
1896 – Theodore Robinson, American painter and academic (b. 1852)
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April 2
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1901–present
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1901–present
1914 – Paul Heyse, German author, poet, and translator, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)
1917 – Bryn Lewis, Welsh international rugby player (b. 1891)
1923 – Topal Osman, Turkish colonel (b. 1883)
1928 – Theodore William Richards, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
1930 – Zewditu I of Ethiopia (b. 1876)
1933 – Ranjitsinhji, Indian cricketer (b. 1872)
1936 – Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne, French general (b. 1860)
1942 – Édouard Estaunié, French novelist (b. 1862)
1948 – Sabahattin Ali, Turkish journalist, author, and poet (b. 1907)
1953 – Hugo Sperrle, German field marshal (b. 1885)
1954 – Hoyt Vandenberg, US Air Force general (b. 1899)
1966 – C. S. Forester, English novelist (b. 1899)
1972 – Franz Halder, German general (b. 1884)
1972 – Toshitsugu Takamatsu, Japanese martial artist and educator (b. 1887)
1974 – Georges Pompidou, French banker and politician, 19th President of France (b. 1911)
1977 – Walter Wolf, German academic and politician (b. 1907)
1987 – Buddy Rich, American drummer, songwriter, and bandleader (b. 1917)
1989 – Manolis Angelopoulos, Greek singer (b. 1939)
1992 – Juanito, Spanish footballer and manager (b. 1954)
1992 – Jan van Aartsen, Dutch politician (b. 1909)
1994 – Betty Furness, American actress, consumer advocate, game show panelist, television journalist and television personality (b. 1916)
1994 – Marc Fitch, British historian and philanthropist (b. 1908)
1995 – Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
1997 – Tomoyuki Tanaka, Japanese director and producer (b. 1910)
1998 – Rob Pilatus, American-German singer-songwriter (b. 1965)
2001 – Charles Daudelin, Canadian sculptor and painter (b. 1920)
2002 – Levi Celerio, Filipino composer and songwriter (b. 1910)
2002 – John R. Pierce, American engineer and author (b. 1910)
2003 – Edwin Starr, American singer-songwriter (b. 1942)
2004 – John Argyris, Greek computer scientist, engineer, and academic (b. 1913)
2005 – Lillian O'Donnell, American crime novelist (b. 1926)
2005 – Pope John Paul II (b. 1920)
2006 – Lloyd Searwar, Guyanese anthologist and diplomat (b. 1925)
2007 – Henry L. Giclas, American astronomer and academic (b. 1910)
2008 – Yakup Satar, Turkish World War I veteran (b. 1898)
2009 – Albert Sanschagrin, Canadian bishop (b. 1911)
2009 – Bud Shank, American saxophonist and flute player (b. 1926)
2010 – Chris Kanyon, American wrestler (b. 1970)
2011 – John C. Haas, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1918)
2012 – Jesús Aguilarte, Venezuelan captain and politician (b. 1959)
2012 – Elizabeth Catlett, American-Mexican sculptor and illustrator (b. 1915)
2012 – Mauricio Lasansky, American graphic designer and academic (b. 1914)
2013 – Fred, French author and illustrator (b. 1931)
2013 – Jesús Franco, Spanish director, screenwriter, producer, and actor (b. 1930)
2013 – Milo O'Shea, Irish-American actor (b. 1926)
2014 – Urs Widmer, Swiss author and playwright (b. 1938)
2015 – Manoel de Oliveira, Portuguese actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1908)
2015 – Robert H. Schuller, American pastor and author (b. 1926)
2015 – Steve Stevaert, Belgian businessman and politician, Governor of Limburg (b. 1954)
2016 – Gallieno Ferri, Italian comic book artist and illustrator (b. 1929)
2016 – Robert Abajyan, Armenian sergeant (b. 1996)
2017 – Alma Delia Fuentes, Mexican actress (b. 1937)
2021 – Simon Bainbridge, British composer (b. 1952)
2022 – Estelle Harris, American actress and comedian (b. 1928)
2024 – Jerry Abbott, American country music songwriter and record producer (b. 1942)
2024 – John Barth, American writer (b. 1930)
2024 – Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean novelist, critic, and playwright (b. 1934)
2024 – Christopher Durang, American playwright (b. 1949)
2024 – Larry Lucchino, American attorney and baseball executive (b. 1945)
2024 – John Sinclair, American poet (b. 1941)
2024 – Juan Vicente Pérez, Venezuelan supercentenarian (b. 1909)
2025 – Khamtai Siphandone, Laotian politician, 4th President of Laos (b. 1924)
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April 2
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Holidays and observances
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Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Abundius of ComoWatkins 2015, p. 3
Amphianus of Lycia
Æbbe the Younger
Bronach of Glen-Seichis (Irish martyrology)
Francis of Paola
Francisco Coll GuitartWatkins 2015, p. 423
Henry Budd (Anglican Church of Canada)
Nicetius of Lyon
Pedro Calungsod
Theodosia of Tyre
Urban of Langres
April 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
International Children's Book Day (International)
Thai Heritage Conservation Day (Thailand)
Unity of Peoples of Russia and Belarus Day (Belarus)
World Autism Awareness Day (International)
Malvinas Day (Argentina)
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April 2
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References
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References
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April 2
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Bibliography
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Bibliography
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April 2
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External links
|
External links
BBC: On This Day
Historical Events on April 2
Category:Days of April
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April 2
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Table of Content
|
pp-pc1, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, Bibliography, External links
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Acetylene
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Short description
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Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is a chemical compound with the formula and structure . It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities such as divinyl sulfide and phosphine.Compressed Gas Association (1995) Material Safety and Data Sheet – Acetylene
As an alkyne, acetylene is unsaturated because its two carbon atoms are bonded together in a triple bond. The carbon–carbon triple bond places all four atoms in the same straight line, with CCH bond angles of 180°.Whitten K. W., Gailey K. D. and Davis R. E. General Chemistry (4th ed., Saunders College Publishing 1992), pp. 328–329, 1046. . The triple bond in acetylene results in a high energy content that is released when acetylene is burned.
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Acetylene
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Discovery
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Discovery
Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy, who identified it as a "new carburet of hydrogen".Edmund Davy (August 1836) "Notice of a new gaseous bicarburet of hydrogen" , Report of the Sixth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ..., 5: 62–63. It was an accidental discovery while attempting to isolate potassium metal. By heating potassium carbonate with carbon at very high temperatures, he produced a residue of what is now known as potassium carbide, (K2C2), which reacted with water to release the new gas. It was rediscovered in 1860 by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, who coined the name acétylène.Bertholet (1860) "Note sur une nouvelle série de composés organiques, le quadricarbure d'hydrogène et ses dérivés" (Note on a new series of organic compounds, tetra-carbon hydride and its derivatives), Comptes rendus, series 3, 50: 805–808. Berthelot's empirical formula for acetylene (C4H2), as well as the alternative name "quadricarbure d'hydrogène" (hydrogen quadricarbide), were incorrect because many chemists at that time used the wrong atomic mass for carbon (6 instead of 12). Berthelot was able to prepare this gas by passing vapours of organic compounds (methanol, ethanol, etc.) through a red hot tube and collecting the effluent. He also found that acetylene was formed by sparking electricity through mixed cyanogen and hydrogen gases. Berthelot later obtained acetylene directly by passing hydrogen between the poles of a carbon arc.Berthelot (1862) "Synthèse de l'acétylène par la combinaison directe du carbone avec l'hydrogène" (Synthesis of acetylene by the direct combination of carbon with hydrogen), Comptes rendus, series 3, 54: 640–644.Acetylene .
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Acetylene
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Preparation
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Preparation
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Acetylene
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Partial combustion of hydrocarbons
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Partial combustion of hydrocarbons
Since the 1950s, acetylene has mainly been manufactured by the partial combustion of methane in the US, much of the EU, and many other countries:
It is a recovered side product in production of ethylene by cracking of hydrocarbons. Approximately 400,000 tonnes were produced by this method in 1983. Its presence in ethylene is usually undesirable because of its explosive character and its ability to poison Ziegler–Natta catalysts. It is selectively hydrogenated into ethylene, usually using Pd–Ag catalysts.Acetylene: How Products are Made
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Acetylene
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Dehydrogenation of alkanes
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Dehydrogenation of alkanes
The heaviest alkanes in petroleum and natural gas are cracked into lighter molecules which are dehydrogenated at high temperature:
This last reaction is implemented in the process of anaerobic decomposition of methane by microwave plasma.
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Acetylene
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Carbochemical method
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Carbochemical method
The first acetylene produced was by Edmund Davy in 1836, via potassium carbide.
Acetylene was historically produced by hydrolysis (reaction with water) of calcium carbide:
This reaction was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler in 1862,Wohler (1862) "Bildung des Acetylens durch Kohlenstoffcalcium" (Formation of actylene by calcium carbide), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 124: 220. but a suitable commercial scale production method which allowed acetylene to be put into wider scale use was not found until 1892 by the Canadian inventor Thomas Willson while searching for a viable commercial production method for aluminum.
As late as the early 21st century, China, Japan, and Eastern Europe produced acetylene primarily by this method.
The use of this technology has since declined worldwide with the notable exception of China, with its emphasis on coal-based chemical industry, as of 2013. Otherwise oil has increasingly supplanted coal as the chief source of reduced carbon.
Calcium carbide production requires high temperatures, ~2000 °C, necessitating the use of an electric arc furnace. In the US, this process was an important part of the late-19th century revolution in chemistry enabled by the massive hydroelectric power project at Niagara Falls.
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Acetylene
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Bonding
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Bonding
In terms of valence bond theory, in each carbon atom the 2s orbital hybridizes with one 2p orbital thus forming an sp hybrid. The other two 2p orbitals remain unhybridized. The two ends of the two sp hybrid orbital overlap to form a strong σ valence bond between the carbons, while on each of the other two ends hydrogen atoms attach also by σ bonds. The two unchanged 2p orbitals form a pair of weaker π bonds.Organic Chemistry 7th ed. by J. McMurry, Thomson 2008
Since acetylene is a linear symmetrical molecule, it possesses the D∞h point group.
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Acetylene
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Physical properties
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Physical properties
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Acetylene
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Changes of state
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Changes of state
At atmospheric pressure, acetylene cannot exist as a liquid and does not have a melting point. The triple point on the phase diagram corresponds to the melting point (−80.8 °C) at the minimal pressure at which liquid acetylene can exist (1.27 atm). At temperatures below the triple point, solid acetylene can change directly to the vapour (gas) by sublimation. The sublimation point at atmospheric pressure is −84.0 °C.Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (60th ed., CRC Press 1979–80), p. C-303 in Table Physical Constants of Organic Compounds (listed as ethyne).
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Acetylene
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Other
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Other
At room temperature, the solubility of acetylene in acetone is 27.9 g per kg. For the same amount of dimethylformamide (DMF), the solubility is 51 g. At
20.26 bar, the solubility increases to 689.0 and 628.0 g for acetone and DMF, respectively. These solvents are used in pressurized gas cylinders.
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Acetylene
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Applications
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Applications
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Acetylene
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Welding
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Welding
Approximately 20% of acetylene is supplied by the industrial gases industry for oxyacetylene gas welding and cutting due to the high temperature of the flame. Combustion of acetylene with oxygen produces a flame of over , releasing 11.8 kJ/g. Oxygen with acetylene is the hottest burning common gas mixture. Acetylene is the third-hottest natural chemical flame after dicyanoacetylene's and cyanogen at . Oxy-acetylene welding was a popular welding process in previous decades. The development and advantages of arc-based welding processes have made oxy-fuel welding nearly extinct for many applications. Acetylene usage for welding has dropped significantly. On the other hand, oxy-acetylene welding equipment is quite versatile – not only because the torch is preferred for some sorts of iron or steel welding (as in certain artistic applications), but also because it lends itself easily to brazing, braze-welding, metal heating (for annealing or tempering, bending or forming), the loosening of corroded nuts and bolts, and other applications. Bell Canada cable-repair technicians still use portable acetylene-fuelled torch kits as a soldering tool for sealing lead sleeve splices in manholes and in some aerial locations. Oxyacetylene welding may also be used in areas where electricity is not readily accessible. Oxyacetylene cutting is used in many metal fabrication shops. For use in welding and cutting, the working pressures must be controlled by a regulator, since above , if subjected to a shockwave (caused, for example, by a flashback), acetylene decomposes explosively into hydrogen and carbon.ESAB Oxy-acetylene welding handbook – Acetylene properties .
thumb|200px|Acetylene fuel container/burner as used in the island of Bali
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Acetylene
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Chemicals
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Chemicals
Acetylene is useful for many processes, but few are conducted on a commercial scale.
One of the major chemical applications is ethynylation of formaldehyde.
Acetylene adds to aldehydes and ketones to form α-ethynyl alcohols:
300px
The reaction gives butynediol, with propargyl alcohol as the by-product. Copper acetylide is used as the catalyst.
In addition to ethynylation, acetylene reacts with carbon monoxide, acetylene reacts to give acrylic acid, or acrylic esters. Metal catalysts are required. These derivatives form products such as acrylic fibers, glasses, paints, resins, and polymers. Except in China, use of acetylene as a chemical feedstock has declined by 70% from 1965 to 2007 owing to cost and environmental considerations. In China, acetylene is a major precursor to vinyl chloride.
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Acetylene
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Historical uses
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Historical uses
Prior to the widespread use of petrochemicals, coal-derived acetylene was a building block for several industrial chemicals. Thus acetylene can be hydrated to give acetaldehyde, which in turn can be oxidized to acetic acid. Processes leading to acrylates were also commercialized. Almost all of these processes became obsolete with the availability of petroleum-derived ethylene and propylene.
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Acetylene
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Niche applications
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Niche applications
In 1881, the Russian chemist Mikhail Kucherov described the hydration of acetylene to acetaldehyde using catalysts such as mercury(II) bromide. Before the advent of the Wacker process, this reaction was conducted on an industrial scale.
The polymerization of acetylene with Ziegler–Natta catalysts produces polyacetylene films. Polyacetylene, a chain of CH centres with alternating single and double bonds, was one of the first discovered organic semiconductors. Its reaction with iodine produces a highly electrically conducting material. Although such materials are not useful, these discoveries led to the developments of organic semiconductors, as recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 to Alan J. Heeger, Alan G MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa.
In the 1920s, pure acetylene was experimentally used as an inhalation anesthetic.
Acetylene is sometimes used for carburization (that is, hardening) of steel when the object is too large to fit into a furnace.
Acetylene is used to volatilize carbon in radiocarbon dating. The carbonaceous material in an archeological sample is treated with lithium metal in a small specialized research furnace to form lithium carbide (also known as lithium acetylide). The carbide can then be reacted with water, as usual, to form acetylene gas to feed into a mass spectrometer to measure the isotopic ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12.
Acetylene combustion produces a strong, bright light and the ubiquity of carbide lamps drove much acetylene commercialization in the early 20th century. Common applications included coastal lighthouses, street lights,
and automobileGrainger, D., (2001). By cars' early light: A short history of the headlamp: 1900s lights bore port and starboard red and green lenses. National Post. [Toronto Edition] DT7. and mining headlamps. In most of these applications, direct combustion is a fire hazard, and so acetylene has been replaced, first by incandescent lighting and many years later by low-power/high-lumen LEDs. Nevertheless, acetylene lamps remain in limited use in remote or otherwise inaccessible areas and in countries with a weak or unreliable central electric grid.
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Acetylene
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Natural occurrence
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Natural occurrence
The energy richness of the C≡C triple bond and the rather high solubility of acetylene in water make it a suitable substrate for bacteria, provided an adequate source is available. A number of bacteria living on acetylene have been identified. The enzyme acetylene hydratase catalyzes the hydration of acetylene to give acetaldehyde:
Acetylene is a moderately common chemical in the universe, often associated with the atmospheres of gas giants. One curious discovery of acetylene is on Enceladus, a moon of Saturn. Natural acetylene is believed to form from catalytic decomposition of long-chain hydrocarbons at temperatures of and above. Since such temperatures are highly unlikely on such a small distant body, this discovery is potentially suggestive of catalytic reactions within that moon, making it a promising site to search for prebiotic chemistry.
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Acetylene
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Reactions
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Reactions
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Acetylene
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Vinylation reactions
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Vinylation reactions
In vinylation reactions, H−X compounds add across the triple bond. Alcohols and phenols add to acetylene to give vinyl ethers. Thiols give vinyl thioethers. Similarly, vinylpyrrolidone and vinylcarbazole are produced industrially by vinylation of 2-pyrrolidone and carbazole.
300px
The hydration of acetylene is a vinylation reaction, but the resulting vinyl alcohol isomerizes to acetaldehyde. The reaction is catalyzed by mercury salts. This reaction once was the dominant technology for acetaldehyde production, but it has been displaced by the Wacker process, which affords acetaldehyde by oxidation of ethylene, a cheaper feedstock. A similar situation applies to the conversion of acetylene to the valuable vinyl chloride by hydrochlorination vs the oxychlorination of ethylene.
Vinyl acetate is used instead of acetylene for some vinylations, which are more accurately described as transvinylations. Higher esters of vinyl acetate have been used in the synthesis of vinyl formate.
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Acetylene
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Organometallic chemistry
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Organometallic chemistry
Acetylene and its derivatives (2-butyne, diphenylacetylene, etc.) form complexes with transition metals. Its bonding to the metal is somewhat similar to that of ethylene complexes. These complexes are intermediates in many catalytic reactions such as alkyne trimerisation to benzene, tetramerization to cyclooctatetraene, and carbonylation to hydroquinone:
240px
240px
at basic conditions (50–, 20–).
Metal acetylides, species of the formula , are also common. Copper(I) acetylide and silver acetylide can be formed in aqueous solutions with ease due to a favorable solubility equilibrium.
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Acetylene
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Acid-base reactions
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Acid-base reactions
Acetylene has a pKa of 25, acetylene can be deprotonated by a superbase to form an acetylide:
Various organometallic and inorganic reagents are effective.
thumb|The new acetylene plant of BASF, commissioned in 2020
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Acetylene
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Hydrogenation
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Hydrogenation
Acetylene can be semihydrogenated to ethylene, providing a feedstock for a variety of polyethylene plastics. Halogens add to the triple bond.
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Acetylene
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Safety and handling
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Safety and handling
Acetylene is not especially toxic, but when generated from calcium carbide, or CaC2, it can contain toxic impurities such as traces of phosphine and arsine, which gives it a distinct garlic-like smell. It is also highly flammable, as are most light hydrocarbons, hence its use in welding. Its most singular hazard is associated with its intrinsic instability, especially when it is pressurized: under certain conditions acetylene can react in an exothermic addition-type reaction to form a number of products, typically benzene and/or vinylacetylene, possibly in addition to carbon and hydrogen. Although it is stable at normal pressures and temperatures, if it is subjected to pressures as low as 15 psig it can explode. The safe limit for acetylene therefore is 101 kPagage, or 15 psig. Additionally, if acetylene is initiated by intense heat or a shockwave, it can decompose explosively if the absolute pressure of the gas exceeds about . It is therefore supplied and stored dissolved in acetone or dimethylformamide (DMF), contained in a gas cylinder with a porous filling, which renders it safe to transport and use, given proper handling. Acetylene cylinders should be used in the upright position to avoid withdrawing acetone during use.
Information on safe storage of acetylene in upright cylinders is provided by the OSHA, Compressed Gas Association, United States Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA),Special Hazards of Acetylene UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Mine Safety and Health Administration – MSHA. EIGA, and other agencies.
Copper catalyses the decomposition of acetylene, and as a result acetylene should not be transported in copper pipes.
Cylinders should be stored in an area segregated from oxidizers to avoid exacerbated reaction in case of fire/leakage. Acetylene cylinders should not be stored in confined spaces, enclosed vehicles, garages, and buildings, to avoid unintended leakage leading to explosive atmosphere. In the US, National Electric Code (NEC) requires consideration for hazardous areas including those where acetylene may be released during accidents or leaks. Consideration may include electrical classification and use of listed Group A electrical components in US. Further information on determining the areas requiring special consideration is in NFPA 497. In Europe, ATEX also requires consideration for hazardous areas where flammable gases may be released during accidents or leaks.
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Acetylene
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References
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References
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Acetylene
|
External links
|
External links
Acetylene Production Plant and Detailed Process
Acetylene at Chemistry Comes Alive!
Movie explaining acetylene formation from calcium carbide and the explosive limits forming fire hazards
Calcium Carbide & Acetylene at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Acetylene
Category:Alkynes
Category:Fuel gas
Category:Industrial gases
Category:Synthetic fuel technologies
Category:Explosive gases
Category:Welding
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Acetylene
|
Table of Content
|
Short description, Discovery, Preparation, Partial combustion of hydrocarbons, Dehydrogenation of alkanes, Carbochemical method, Bonding, Physical properties, Changes of state, Other, Applications, Welding, Chemicals, Historical uses, Niche applications, Natural occurrence, Reactions, Vinylation reactions, Organometallic chemistry, Acid-base reactions, Hydrogenation, Safety and handling, References, External links
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Alfred
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wiktionary
|
Alfred may refer to:
|
Alfred
|
Arts and entertainment
|
Arts and entertainment
Alfred J. Kwak, Dutch-German-Japanese anime television series
Alfred (Arne opera), a 1740 masque by Thomas Arne
Alfred (Dvořák), an 1870 opera by Antonín Dvořák
"Alfred (Interlude)" and "Alfred (Outro)", songs by Eminem from the 2020 album Music to Be Murdered By
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Alfred
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Business and organisations
|
Business and organisations
Alfred, a radio station in Shaftesbury, England
Alfred Music, an American music publisher
Alfred University, New York, U.S.
The Alfred Hospital, a hospital in Melbourne, Australia
|
Alfred
|
People
|
People
Alfred (name) includes a list of people and fictional characters called Alfred
Alfred the Great (848/49 – 899), or Alfred I, a king of the West Saxons and of the Anglo-Saxons
|
Alfred
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Places
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Places
|
Alfred
|
Antarctica
|
Antarctica
Mount Alfred (Antarctica)
|
Alfred
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Australia
|
Australia
Alfredtown, New South Wales
County of Alfred, South Australia
|
Alfred
|
Canada
|
Canada
Alfred and Plantagenet, Ontario
Alfred, Ontario, a community in Alfred and Plantagenet
Alfred Island, Nunavut
Mount Alfred, British Columbia
|
Alfred
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United States
|
United States
Alfred, Maine, a New England town
Alfred (CDP), Maine, the main village in the town
Alfred, New York, a town
Alfred (village), New York, within the town of Alfred
Alfred, North Dakota
Alfred, Texas
Lake Alfred, Florida
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Alfred
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Other uses
|
Other uses
HMS Alfred, the name of several ships of the Royal Navy
USS Alfred, launched in 1774 as Black Prince
Alfred (software), an application launcher for macOS
ALFRED (nuclear reactor), lead-cooled fast reactor demonstrator
Allele Frequency Net Database (AlFreD), an electronic database of genetic alleles
Cyclone Alfred, several tropical cyclones in the Australian region
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Alfred
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See also
|
See also
Alfredo (disambiguation)
HMS King Alfred
HMS Royal Alfred (1864)
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Alfred
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Table of Content
|
wiktionary, Arts and entertainment, Business and organisations, People, Places, Antarctica, Australia, Canada, United States, Other uses, See also
|
August 28
|
pp-move
| |
August 28
|
Events
|
Events
|
August 28
|
Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna.
489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way into Italy.
632 – Fatimah, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, dies, with her cause of death being a controversial topic among the Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims.
663 – Silla–Tang armies crush the Baekje restoration attempt and force Yamato Japan to withdraw from Korea in the Battle of Baekgang.
1189 – Third Crusade: The Crusaders begin the Siege of Acre under Guy of Lusignan.
1521 – Ottoman wars in Europe: The Ottoman Turks occupy Belgrade.
1524 – The Kaqchikel Maya rebel against their former Spanish allies during the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
1542 – Turkish–Portuguese War: Battle of Wofla: The Portuguese are scattered, their leader Christovão da Gama is captured and later executed.
1565 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés sights land near St. Augustine, Florida and founds the oldest continuously occupied European-established city in the continental United States.
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August 28
|
1601–1900
|
1601–1900
1609 – Henry Hudson discovers Delaware Bay.
1619 – Election of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.
1640 – Second Bishop's War: King Charles I's English army loses to a Scottish Covenanter force at the Battle of Newburn.
1648 – Second English Civil War: The Siege of Colchester ends when Royalists Forces surrender to the Parliamentary Forces after eleven weeks.
1709 – Meidingnu Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur.
1789 – William Herschel discovers a new moon of Saturn: Enceladus.
1810 – Napoleonic Wars: The French Navy accepts the surrender of a British Royal Navy fleet at the Battle of Grand Port.
1830 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's new Tom Thumb steam locomotive races a horse-drawn car, presaging steam's role in U.S. railroads.
1833 – The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 receives royal assent, making the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal in the British Empire with exceptions.
1845 – The first issue of Scientific American magazine is published.
1849 – Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire: After a month-long siege, Venice, which had declared itself independent as the Republic of San Marco, surrenders to Austria.
1850 – Richard Wagner’s Lohengrin premieres at the Staatskapelle Weimar.
1859 – The Carrington event is the strongest geomagnetic storm on record to strike the Earth. Electrical telegraph service is widely disrupted.
1861 – American Civil War: Union forces attack Cape Hatteras, North Carolina in the Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries which lasts for two days.
1862 – American Civil War: The Second Battle of Bull Run, also known as the Battle of Second Manassas, begins in Virginia. The battle ends on August 30 with another Union defeat.
1867 – The United States takes possession of the (at this point unoccupied) Midway Atoll.
1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: Cetshwayo, last king of the Zulus, is captured by the British.
1898 – Caleb Bradham's beverage "Brad's Drink" is renamed "Pepsi-Cola".
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August 28
|
1901–present
|
1901–present
1901 – Silliman University is founded in the Philippines. It is the first American private school in the country.
1909 – A group of mid-level Greek Army officers launches the Goudi coup, seeking wide-ranging reforms.
1913 – Queen Wilhelmina opens the Peace Palace in The Hague.
1914 – World War I: The Royal Navy defeats the German fleet in the Battle of Heligoland Bight.
1916 – World War I: Germany declares war on Romania.
1916 – World War I: Italy declares war on Germany.
1917 – Ten suffragists, members of the Silent Sentinels, are arrested while picketing the White House in favor of women's suffrage in the United States.
1921 – Russian Civil War: The Red Army dissolves the Makhnovshchina after driving the Revolutionary Insurgent Army out of Ukraine.
1924 – The Georgian opposition stages the August Uprising against the Soviet Union.
1936 – Nazi Germany begins its mass arrests of Jehovah's Witnesses, who are interned in concentration camps.
1937 – Toyota Motors becomes an independent company.
1943 – Denmark in World War II: German authorities demand that Danish authorities crack down on acts of resistance. The next day, martial law is imposed on Denmark.
1944 – World War II: Marseille and Toulon are liberated.
1946 – The Workers' Party of North Korea, predecessor of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea, is founded at a congress held in Pyongyang, North Korea.
1955 – Black teenager Emmett Till is lynched in Mississippi for whistling at a white woman, galvanizing the nascent civil rights movement.
1957 – U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond begins a filibuster to prevent the United States Senate from voting on the Civil Rights Act of 1957; he stopped speaking 24 hours and 18 minutes later, the longest filibuster ever conducted by a single Senator.
1963 – March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom: Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his I Have a Dream speech.
1964 – The Philadelphia race riot begins.
1968 – Police and protesters clash during 1968 Democratic National Convention protests as protesters chant "The whole world is watching".
1973 – Norrmalmstorg robbery: Stockholm police secure the surrenders of hostage-takers Jan-Erik Olsson and Clark Olofsson, defusing the Norrmalmstorg hostage crisis. The behaviours of the hostages later give rise to the term Stockholm syndrome.
1988 – Ramstein air show disaster: Three aircraft of the Frecce Tricolori demonstration team collide and the wreckage falls into the crowd. Seventy-five are killed and 346 seriously injured.
1990 – Gulf War: Iraq declares Kuwait to be its newest province.
1990 – An F5 tornado strikes the Illinois cities of Plainfield and Joliet, killing 29 people.
1993 – NASA's Galileo probe performs a flyby of the asteroid 243 Ida. Astronomers later discover a moon, the first known asteroid moon, in pictures from the flyby and name it Dactyl.
1993 – Singaporean presidential election: Former Deputy Prime Minister Ong Teng Cheong is elected President of Singapore. Although it is the first presidential election to be determined by popular vote, the allowed candidates consist only of Ong and a reluctant whom the government had asked to run to confer upon the election the semblance of an opposition.
1993 – The autonomous Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia in Bosnia and Herzegovina is transformed into the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.
1993 – A Tajikistan Airlines Yakovlev Yak-40 crashes during takeoff from Khorog Airport in Tajikistan, killing 82.
1996 – Chicago Seven defendant David Dellinger, antiwar activist Bradford Lyttle, Civil Rights Movement historian Randy Kryn, and eight others are arrested by the Federal Protective Service while protesting in a demonstration at the Kluczynski Federal Building in downtown Chicago during that year's Democratic National Convention.
1998 – Pakistan's National Assembly passes a constitutional amendment to make the "Qur'an and Sunnah" the "supreme law" but the bill is defeated in the Senate.
1998 – Second Congo War: Loyalist troops backed by Angolan and Zimbabwean forces repulse the RCD and Rwandan offensive on Kinshasa.
1999 – The Russian space mission Soyuz TM-29 reaches completion, ending nearly 10 years of continuous occupation on the space station Mir as it approaches the end of its life.
2003 – In "one of the most complicated and bizarre crimes in the annals of the FBI", Brian Wells dies after becoming involved in a complex plot involving a bank robbery, a scavenger hunt, and a homemade explosive device.Drew Griffin and David Fitzpatrick (August 8, 2011) New details revealed in 'pizza collar bomb' heist, CNN.com, accessed 13 May 2018
2009 – NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery launches on STS-128.
2016 – The first experimental mission of ISRO's Scramjet Engine towards the realisation of an Air Breathing Propulsion System is successfully conducted from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota.
2017 – China–India border standoff: China and India both pull their troops out of Doklam, putting an end to a two-month-long stalemate over China's construction of a road in disputed territory.China and India Agree to Ease Tensions in Border Dispute , The New York Times, 28 August 2017.
2022 – 2022 Phoenix shooting: A man opens fire on pedestrians outside of a hotel in Phoenix, Arizona, resulting in the deaths of 3 people, including the perpetrator.
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August 28
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Births
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Births
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August 28
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Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
1023 – Go-Reizei, emperor of Japan (d. 1068)
1366 – Jean Le Maingre, marshal of France (d. 1421)
1476 – Kanō Motonobu, Japanese painter (d. 1559)
1481 – Francisco de Sá de Miranda, Portuguese poet (d. 1558)
1582 – Taichang, emperor of China (d. 1620)
1591 – John Christian of Brieg, duke of Brzeg (d. 1639)
1592 – George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English courtier and politician (d. 1628)
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1612 – Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Dutch linguist and scholar (d. 1653)
1667 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1721)
1691 – Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1750)
1714 – Anthony Ulrich, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1774)
1728 – John Stark, American general (d. 1822)
1739 – Agostino Accorimboni, Italian composer (d. 1818)
1749 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German novelist, poet, playwright, and diplomat (d. 1832)
1774 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American nun and saint, co-founded the Sisters of Charity Federation in the Vincentian-Setonian Tradition (d. 1821)
1801 – Antoine Augustin Cournot, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1877)
1814 – Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish author (d. 1873)
1816 – Charles Sladen, English-Australian politician, 6th Premier of Victoria (d. 1884)
1822 – Graham Berry, English-Australian politician, 11th Premier of Victoria (d. 1904)
1827 – Catherine Mikhailovna, Russian grand duchess (d. 1894)
1833 – Edward Burne-Jones, English artist of the Pre-Raphaelite movement (d. 1898)
1837 – Francis von Hohenstein, duke of Teck (d. 1900)
1840 – Alexander Cameron Sim, Scottish-Japanese pharmacist and businessman, founded Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club (d. 1900)
1853 – Vladimir Shukhov, Russian architect and engineer, designed the Adziogol Lighthouse (d. 1939)
1859 – Matilda Howell, American archer (d. 1938)
1859 – Vittorio Sella, Italian mountaineer and photographer (d. 1943)
1867 – Umberto Giordano, Italian composer and academic (d. 1948)
1878 – George Whipple, American physician and pathologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
1884 – Peter Fraser, Scottish-New Zealand journalist and politician, 24th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1950)
1885 – Vance Palmer, Australian author, playwright, and critic (d. 1959)
1887 – August Kippasto, Estonian-Australian wrestler and poet (d. 1973)
1887 – István Kühár, Slovenian priest and politician (d. 1922)
1888 – Evadne Price, Australian actress, astrologer, and author (d. 1985)
1891 – Benno Schotz, Estonian-Scottish sculptor and engineer (d. 1984)
1894 – Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor and director (d. 1981)
1896 – Firaq Gorakhpuri, Indian author, poet, and critic (d. 1982)
1898 – Charlie Grimm, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster (d. 1983)
1899 – Charles Boyer, French-American actor, singer, and producer (d. 1978)
1899 – Andrei Platonov, Russian author and poet (d. 1951)
1899 – James Wong Howe, Chinese American cinematographer (d. 1976)
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August 28
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1901–present
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1901–present
1903 – Bruno Bettelheim, Austrian-American psychologist and author (d. 1990)
1904 – Secondo Campini, Italian-American engineer (d. 1980)
1904 – Leho Laurine, Estonian chess player (d. 1998)
1905 – Cyril Walters, Welsh-English cricketer (d. 1992)
1906 – John Betjeman, English poet and academic (d. 1984)
1908 – Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and author (d. 1996)
1910 – Morris Graves, American painter and academic (d. 2001)
1910 – Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch-American mathematician and economist Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
1911 – Joseph Luns, Dutch politician and diplomat, 5th Secretary General of NATO (d. 2002)
1913 – Robertson Davies, Canadian journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1995)
1913 – Jack Dreyfus, American businessman, founded the Dreyfus Corporation (d. 2009)
1913 – Lindsay Hassett, Australian cricketer and sportscaster (d. 1993)
1913 – Robert Irving, English conductor and director (d. 1991)
1913 – Terence Reese, English bridge player and author (d. 1996)
1913 – Richard Tucker, American tenor and actor (d. 1975)
1915 – Max Robertson, Bengal-born English sportscaster and author (d. 2009)
1915 – Tasha Tudor, American author and illustrator (d. 2008)
1916 – Hélène Baillargeon, Canadian singer and actress (d. 1997)
1916 – C. Wright Mills American sociologist and author (d. 1962)
1916 – Jack Vance, American author (d. 2013)
1917 – Jack Kirby, American author and illustrator (d. 1994)
1918 – L. B. Cole, American illustrator and publisher (d. 1995)
1919 – Godfrey Hounsfield, English biophysicist and engineer Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
1921 – John Herbert Chapman, Canadian physicist and engineer (d. 1979)
1921 – Fernando Fernán Gómez, Spanish actor, director, and playwright (d. 2007)
1921 – Nancy Kulp, American actress and soldier (d. 1991)
1921 – Lidia Gueiler Tejada, the first female President of Bolivia (d. 2011)
1924 – Janet Frame, New Zealand author and poet (d. 2004)
1924 – Tony MacGibbon, New Zealand cricketer and engineer (d. 2010)
1924 – Peggy Ryan, American actress and dancer (d. 2004)
1924 – Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Ukrainian-American rabbi and author (d. 2014)
1925 – Billy Grammer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011)
1925 – Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2003)
1925 – Philip Purser, English author and critic (d. 2022)
1928 – F. William Free, American businessman (d. 2003)
1928 – Vilayat Khan, Indian sitar player and composer (d. 2004)
1929 – István Kertész, Hungarian conductor (d. 1973)
1929 – Roxie Roker, American actress (d. 1995)
1930 – Windsor Davies, British actor (d. 2019)
1930 – Ben Gazzara, American actor (d. 2012)
1931 – Tito Capobianco, Argentinian director and producer (d. 2018)
1931 – Cristina Deutekom, Dutch soprano and actress (d. 2014)
1931 – Ola L. Mize, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2014)
1931 – John Shirley-Quirk, English actor, singer, and educator (d. 2014)
1931 – Roger Williams, English hepatologist and academic (d. 2020)
1932 – Yakir Aharonov, Israeli academic and educator
1932 – Andy Bathgate, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2016)
1933 – Philip French, English journalist, critic, and producer (d. 2015)
1933 – Patrick Kalilombe, Malawian bishop and theologian (d. 2012)
1935 – Melvin Charney, Canadian sculptor and architect (d. 2012)
1935 – Gilles Rocheleau, Canadian businessman and politician (d. 1998)
1935 – Sonny Shroyer, American actor
1936 – Don Denkinger, American baseball player and umpire (d. 2023)
1936 – Warren M. Washington, American atmospheric scientist
1938 – Marla Adams, American actress (d. 2024)
1938 – Maurizio Costanzo, Italian journalist and academic (d. 2023)
1938 – Bengt Fahlström, Swedish journalist (d. 2017)
1938 – Marcello Gandini, Italian automotive designer (d. 2024)
1938 – Paul Martin, Canadian lawyer and politician, 21st Prime Minister of Canada
1939 – John Kingman, English mathematician and academic
1940 – William Cohen, American lawyer and politician, 20th United States Secretary of Defense
1940 – Ken Jenkins, American actor
1940 – Roger Pingeon, French cyclist (d. 2017)
1941 – Michael Craig-Martin, Irish painter and illustrator
1941 – Toomas Leius, Estonian tennis player and coach
1941 – John Stanley Marshall, English drummer (d. 2023)
1941 – Paul Plishka, American opera singer
1942 – Wendy Davies, Welsh historian and academic
1942 – Jorge Urosa, Venezuelan cardinal (d. 2021)
1943 – Jihad Al-Atrash, Lebanese actor and voice actor
1943 – Surayud Chulanont, Thai general and politician, 24th Prime Minister of Thailand
1943 – Robert Greenwald, American director and producer
1943 – Shuja Khanzada, Pakistani colonel and politician (d. 2015)
1943 – Lou Piniella, American baseball player and manager
1943 – David Soul, American actor and singer (d. 2024)
1944 – Marianne Heemskerk, Dutch swimmer
1945 – Bob Segarini, American-Canadian singer-songwriter (d. 2023)
1947 – Emlyn Hughes, English footballer (d. 2004)
1947 – Debra Mooney, American actress
1947 – Liza Wang, Hong Kong actress and singer
1948 – Vonda N. McIntyre, American author (d. 2019)
1948 – Murray Parker, New Zealand cricketer and educator
1948 – Heather Reisman, Canadian publisher and businesswoman
1948 – Danny Seraphine, American drummer and producer
1948 – Elizabeth Wilmshurst, English academic and jurist
1949 – Hugh Cornwell, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1949 – Svetislav Pešić, Serbian basketball player and coach
1950 – Ron Guidry, American baseball player and coach
1950 – Tony Husband, English cartoonist (d. 2023)
1951 – Colin McAdam, Scottish footballer (d. 2013)
1951 – Wayne Osmond, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2025)
1951 – Keiichi Suzuki, Japanese singer-songwriter
1952 – Jacques Chagnon, Canadian educator and politician
1952 – Rita Dove, American poet and essayist
1952 – Wendelin Wiedeking, German businessman
1953 – Ditmar Jakobs, German footballer
1953 – Tõnu Kaljuste, Estonian conductor and journalist
1954 – Katharine Abraham, American feminist economist
1954 – George M. Church, American geneticist, chemist, and engineer
1954 – John Dorahy, Australian rugby player and coach
1954 – Ravi Kanbur, Indian-English economist and academic
1956 – Luis Guzmán, Puerto Rican-American actor and producer
1956 – John Long, American basketball player
1956 – Steve Whiteman, American singer-songwriter
1957 – Greg Clark, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
1957 – Ivo Josipović, Croatian lawyer, jurist, and politician, 3rd President of Croatia
1957 – Daniel Stern, American actor and director
1957 – Ai Weiwei, Chinese sculptor and activist
1958 – Scott Hamilton, American figure skater
1959 – Brian Thompson, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1960 – Emma Samms, English actress
1961 – Kim Appleby, English singer-songwriter and actress
1961 – Cliff Benson, American football player
1961 – Jennifer Coolidge, American actress
1961 – Ian Pont, English cricketer and coach
1961 – Deepak Tijori, Indian actor and director
1962 – Paul Allen, English footballer
1962 – Craig Anton, American actor and screenwriter
1962 – David Fincher, American director and producer
1963 – Maria Gheorghiu, Romanian folk singer-songwriter
1963 – Regina Jacobs, American runner
1964 – Lee Janzen, American golfer
1964 – Kaj Leo Johannesen, Faroese footballer and politician, 12th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
1965 – Dan Crowley, Australian rugby player
1965 – Sonia Kruger, Australian television host and actress
1965 – Satoshi Tajiri, Japanese video game developer; created Pokémon
1965 – Amanda Tapping, British-Canadian actress and director
1965 – Shania Twain, Canadian singer-songwriter
1966 – Priya Dutt, Indian social worker and politician
1967 – Jamie Osborne, English jockey and trainer
1968 – Billy Boyd, Scottish actor and singer
1969 – Jack Black, American actor and comedian
1969 – Mary McCartney, English photographer and activist
1969 – Jason Priestley, Canadian actor, director, and producer
1969 – Sheryl Sandberg, American business executive
1969 – Pierre Turgeon, Canadian-American ice hockey player
1970 – Melina Aslanidou, German-Greek singer-songwriter
1970 – Rick Recht, American singer-songwriter
1971 – Shane Andrews, American baseball player
1971 – Todd Eldredge, American figure skater and coach
1971 – Janet Evans, American swimmer
1971 – Daniel Goddard, Australian-American actor
1971 – Raúl Márquez, Mexican-American boxer and sportscaster
1972 – Ravindu Shah, Kenyan cricketer
1972 – Jay Witasick, American baseball player and coach
1973 – J. August Richards, American actor
1974 – Johan Andersson, Swedish game designer and programmer
1974 – Takahito Eguchi, Japanese pianist and composer
1974 – Carsten Jancker, German footballer and manager
1975 – Jamie Cureton, English footballer
1975 – Gareth Farrelly, Irish footballer and manager
1975 – Hamish McLachlan, Australian television personality
1975 – Royce Willis, New Zealand rugby player
1976 – Federico Magallanes, Uruguayan footballer
1978 – Karine Turcotte, Canadian weightlifter
1979 – Shaila Dúrcal, Spanish singer-songwriter
1979 – Robert Hoyzer, German footballer and referee
1979 – Kristen Hughes, Australian netball player
1979 – Markus Pröll, German footballer
1979 – Ruth Riley, American basketball player
1980 – Antony Hämäläinen, Finnish singer-songwriter
1980 – Debra Lafave, American sex offender and former teacher
1980 – Ryan Madson, American baseball player
1980 – Jaakko Ojaniemi, Finnish decathlete
1980 – Carly Pope, Canadian actress and producer
1980 – Jonathan Reynolds, English lawyer and politician
1981 – Kezia Dugdale, Scottish politician
1981 – Daniel Gygax, Swiss footballer
1981 – Raphael Matos, Brazilian race car driver
1981 – Jake Owen, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1981 – Ahmed Talbi, Moroccan footballer
1981 – Agata Wróbel, Polish weightlifter
1982 – Anderson Silva de França, Brazilian footballer
1982 – Kevin McNaughton, Scottish footballer
1982 – Thiago Motta, Brazilian-Italian footballer
1982 – Carlos Quentin, American baseball player
1982 – LeAnn Rimes, American singer-songwriter and actress
1983 – Lasith Malinga, Sri Lankan cricketer
1983 – Luke McAlister, New Zealand rugby player
1983 – Lilli Schwarzkopf, German heptathlete
1984 – Will Harris, American baseball player
1985 – Kjetil Jansrud, Norwegian skier
1986 – Jeff Green, American basketball player
1986 – Armie Hammer, American actor
1986 – Tommy Hanson, American baseball player (d. 2015)
1986 – Simon Mannering, New Zealand rugby league player
1986 – Gilad Shalit, Israeli soldier and hostage
1986 – Florence Welch, English singer-songwriter
1987 – Caleb Moore, American snowmobile racer (d. 2013)
1988 – Shalita Grant, American actress
1988 – Rosie MacLennan, Canadian trampoline gymnast
1989 – César Azpilicueta, Spanish footballer
1989 – Valtteri Bottas, Finnish race car driver
1989 – Jo Kwon, South Korean singer and dancer
1989 – Cassadee Pope, American singer-songwriter
1990 – Katie Findlay, Canadian actor
1990 – Bojan Krkić, Spanish footballer
1991 – Felicio Brown Forbes, German footballer
1991 – Samuel Larsen, American actor and singer
1991 – Kyle Massey, American actor
1991 – Andreja Pejić, Bosnian model
1992 – Bismack Biyombo, Congolese basketball player
1992 – Max Collins, American-Filipino actress and model
1992 – Gabriela Drăgoi, Romanian gymnast
1993 – Jakub Sokolík, Czech footballer
1994 – Manon Arcangioli, French tennis player
1994 – Ons Jabeur, Tunisian tennis player
1996 – Kim Se-jeong, South Korean actress and singer
1998 – Weston McKennie, American soccer player
2001 – Kamilla Rakhimova, Russian tennis player
2003 – Quvenzhané Wallis, American actress
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Deaths
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Deaths
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August 28
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
388 – Magnus Maximus, Roman emperor (b. 335)
430 – Augustine of Hippo, Algerian bishop, theologian, and saint (b. 354)
476 – Orestes, Roman general and politician
632 – Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad (b. 605)
683 – Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I, ajaw of the city-state of Palenque (b. 615)
770 – Kōken, emperor of Japan (b. 718)
876 – Louis the German, Frankish king (b. 804)
919 – He Gui, Chinese general (b. 858)
1055 – Xing Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1016)
1149 – Mu'in ad-Din Unur, Turkish ruler and regent
1231 – Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark
1341 – Levon IV, king of Armenia (b. 1309)
1406 – John de Sutton V, Baron Sutton of Dudley (b. 1380)
1481 – Afonso V, king of Portugal (b. 1432)
1540 – Federico II Gonzaga, duke of Mantua (b. 1500)
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August 28
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1609 – Francis Vere, English governor and general
1645 – Hugo Grotius, Dutch playwright, philosopher, and jurist (b. 1583)
1646 – Johannes Banfi Hunyades, English-Hungarian alchemist, chemist and metallurgist. (b. 1576)
1648 – George Lisle, English general (b. 1610)
1648 – Charles Lucas, English general (b. 1613)
1654 – Axel Oxenstierna, Swedish lawyer and politician, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (b. 1583)
1665 – Elisabetta Sirani, Italian painter (b. 1638)
1678 – John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1602)
1735 – Edwin Stead, English landowner and cricketer (b. 1701)
1757 – David Hartley, English psychologist and philosopher (b. 1705)
1761 – Melchor de Navarrete, Spanish colonial governor of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia, 1739–1742); of Spanish Florida (1749–1752); and of Yucatán (Mexico, 1754–1758) (b. 1693)
1784 – Junípero Serra, Spanish priest and missionary (b. 1713)
1793 – Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine, French general (b. 1740)
1805 – Alexander Carlyle, Scottish church leader and author (b. 1722)
1818 – Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, American fur trader, founded Chicago (b. 1750)
1820 – Andrew Ellicott, American surveyor and urban planner (b. 1754)
1832 – Edward Dando, English thief
1839 – William Smith, English geologist and engineer (b. 1769)
1888 – Julius Krohn, Finnish poet and journalist (b. 1835)
1891 – Robert Caldwell, English missionary and linguist (b. 1814)
1900 – Henry Sidgwick, English economist and philosopher (b. 1838)
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August 28
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1901–present
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1901–present
1903 – Frederick Law Olmsted, American journalist and architect, co-designed Central Park (b. 1822)
1919 – Adolf Schmal, Austrian fencer and cyclist (b. 1872)
1934 – Edgeworth David, Welsh-Australian geologist and explorer (b. 1858)
1937 – George Prendergast, Australian politician, 28th Premier of Victoria (b. 1854)
1943 – Georg Hellat, Estonian architect (b. 1870)
1943 – Boris III of Bulgaria (b. 1894)
1955 – Emmett Till, African-American kidnapping and lynching victim (b. 1941)
1959 – Bohuslav Martinů, Czech-American composer and educator (b. 1890)
1965 – Giulio Racah, Italian-Israeli physicist and mathematician (b. 1909)
1968 – Dimitris Pikionis, Greek architect and academic (b. 1887)
1971 – Reuvein Margolies, Israeli author and scholar (b. 1889)
1972 – Prince William of Gloucester (b. 1941)
1975 – Fritz Wotruba, Austrian sculptor (b. 1907)
1976 – Anissa Jones, American actress (b. 1958)
1978 – Bruce Catton, American historian and journalist (b. 1899)
1978 – Robert Shaw, English actor (b. 1927)
1981 – Béla Guttmann, Hungarian footballer, coach, and manager (b. 1899)David Bolchover (2017). The Greatest Comeback: From Genocide To Football Glory; The Story of Béla Guttman
1982 – Geoff Chubb, South African cricketer (b. 1911)
1984 – Muhammad Naguib, Egyptian general and politician, 1st President of Egypt (b. 1901)
1985 – Ruth Gordon, American actress and screenwriter (b. 1896)
1986 – Russell Lee, American photographer and journalist (b. 1903)
1987 – John Huston, Irish actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1906)
1988 – Jean Marchand, Canadian union leader and politician, 43rd Secretary of State for Canada (b. 1918)
1988 – Max Shulman, American author and screenwriter (b. 1919)
1989 – John Steptoe, American author and illustrator (b. 1950)
1990 – Willy Vandersteen, Belgian author and illustrator (b. 1913)
1991 – Alekos Sakellarios, Greek director and screenwriter (b. 1913)
1993 – William Stafford, American poet and academic (b. 1914)
1995 – Earl W. Bascom, American rodeo performer and painter (b. 1906)
1995 – Michael Ende, German scientist and author (b. 1929)
2005 – Jacques Dufilho, French actor (b. 1914)
2005 – Esther Szekeres, Hungarian-Australian mathematician and academic (b. 1910)
2005 – George Szekeres, Hungarian-Australian mathematician and academic (b. 1911)
2006 – Heino Lipp, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower (b. 1922)
2006 – Benoît Sauvageau, Canadian educator and politician (b. 1963)
2006 – Melvin Schwartz, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1932)
2007 – Arthur Jones, American businessman, founded Nautilus, Inc. and MedX Corporation (b. 1926)
2007 – Hilly Kristal, American businessman, founded CBGB (b. 1932)
2007 – Paul MacCready, American engineer and businessman, founded AeroVironment (b. 1925)
2007 – Francisco Umbral, Spanish journalist and author (b. 1935)
2007 – Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese-American actress (b. 1929)
2008 – Phil Hill, American race car driver (b. 1927)
2009 – Adam Goldstein, American drummer, DJ, and producer (b. 1973)
2009 – Richard Egan, US Ambassador, Owner of Dell EMC, Engineer (b. 1936)
2010 – William P. Foster, American bandleader and educator (b. 1919)
2011 – Bernie Gallacher, English footballer (b. 1967)
2012 – Rhodes Boyson, English educator and politician (b. 1925)
2012 – Shulamith Firestone, Canadian-American activist and author (b. 1945)
2012 – Dick McBride, American author, poet, and playwright (b. 1928)
2012 – Saul Merin, Polish-Israeli ophthalmologist and academic (b. 1933)
2012 – Ramón Sota, Spanish golfer (b. 1938)
2013 – John Bellany, Scottish painter and academic (b. 1942)
2013 – Lorella Cedroni, Italian political scientist and philosopher (b. 1961)
2013 – Edmund B. Fitzgerald, American businessman (b. 1926)
2013 – Frank Pulli, American baseball player and umpire (b. 1935)
2013 – Barry Stobart, English footballer (b. 1938)
2013 – Rafael Díaz Ycaza, Ecuadorian journalist, author, and poet (b. 1925)
2014 – Glenn Cornick, English bass guitarist (b. 1947)
2014 – Hal Finney, American cryptographer and programmer (b. 1956)
2014 – John Anthony Walker, American soldier and spy (b. 1937)
2015 – Al Arbour, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (b. 1932)
2015 – Mark Krasniqi, Kosovan ethnographer, poet, and translator (b. 1920)
2015 – Nelson Shanks, American painter and educator (b. 1937)
2016 – Juan Gabriel, Mexican singer and songwriter (b. 1950)
2016 – Mr. Fuji, American professional wrestler and manager (b. 1934)
2017 – Mireille Darc, French actress and model (b. 1938)
2020 – Chadwick Boseman, American actor and playwright (b. 1976)
2024 – Obi Ndefo, American actor (b. 1972)
2024 – Steve Silberman, American writer and journalist (b. 1957)
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August 28
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Holidays and observances
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Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Alexander of Constantinople
Augustine of Hippo
Edmund Arrowsmith
Hermes
Moses the Black
August 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
National Grandparents Day (Mexico)
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August 28
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References
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References
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August 28
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External links
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External links
Category:Days of August
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August 28
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Table of Content
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pp-move, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links
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Arabic numerals
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Short description
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upright=1.5|thumb|alt=Numbers written from 0 to 9|Arabic numerals set in Source Sans typeface
The ten Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) are the most commonly used symbols for writing numbers. The term often also implies a positional notation number with a decimal base, in particular when contrasted with Roman numerals. However the symbols are also used to write numbers in other bases, such as octal, as well as non-numerical information such as trademarks or license plate identifiers.
They are also called Western Arabic numerals, Western digits, European digits,Terminology for Digits . Unicode Consortium. Ghubār numerals, or Hindu–Arabic numerals due to positional notation (but not these digits) originating in India. The Oxford English Dictionary uses lowercase Arabic numerals while using the fully capitalized term Arabic Numerals for Eastern Arabic numerals."Arabic", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition In contemporary society, the terms digits, numbers, and numerals often implies only these symbols, although it can only be inferred from context.
Europeans first learned of Arabic numerals , though their spread was a gradual process. After Italian scholar Fibonacci of Pisa encountered the numerals in the Algerian city of Béjaïa, his 13th-century work became crucial in making them known in Europe. However, their use was largely confined to Northern Italy until the invention of the printing press in the 15th century. European trade, books, and colonialism subsequently helped popularize the adoption of Arabic numerals around the world. The numerals are used worldwide—significantly beyond the contemporary spread of the Latin alphabet—and have become common in the writing systems where other numeral systems existed previously, such as Chinese and Japanese numerals.
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Arabic numerals
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History
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History
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Arabic numerals
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Origin
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Origin
alt=|thumb|Evolution of Indian numerals into Arabic numerals and their adoption in Europe
Positional decimal notation including a zero symbol was developed in India, using symbols visually distinct from those that would eventually enter into international use. As the concept spread, the sets of symbols used in different regions diverged over time.
The immediate ancestors of the digits now commonly called "Arabic numerals" were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabic speakers of Spain and North Africa, with digits at the time in wide use from Libya to Morocco. In the east from Egypt to Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula, the Arabs were using the Eastern Arabic numerals or "Mashriki" numerals: ٠, ١, ٢, ٣, ٤, ٥, ٦, ٧, ٨, ٩.
Al-Nasawi wrote in the early 11th century that mathematicians had not agreed on the form of the numerals, but most of them had agreed to train themselves with the forms now known as Eastern Arabic numerals.: The oldest specimens of the written numerals available are from Egypt and date to 873–874 AD. They show three forms of the numeral "2" and two forms of the numeral "3", and these variations indicate the divergence between what later became known as the Eastern Arabic numerals and the Western Arabic numerals. The Western Arabic numerals came to be used in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus from the 10th century onward.: "While specimens of Western Arabic numerals from the early period—the tenth to thirteenth centuries—are still not available, we know at least that Hindu reckoning (called ḥisāb al-ghubār) was known in the West from the 10th century onward..." Some amount of consistency in the Western Arabic numeral forms endured from the 10th century, found in a Latin manuscript of Isidore of Seville's from 976 and the Gerbertian abacus, into the 12th and 13th centuries, in early manuscripts of translations from the city of Toledo.
Calculations were originally performed using a dust board (, Latin: ), which involved writing symbols with a stylus and erasing them. The use of the dust board appears to have introduced a divergence in terminology as well: whereas the Hindu reckoning was called in the east, it was called 'calculation with dust' in the west. The numerals themselves were referred to in the west as 'dust figures' or 'dust letters'. Al-Uqlidisi later invented a system of calculations with ink and paper 'without board and erasing' ().
A popular myth claims that the symbols were designed to indicate their numeric value through the number of angles they contained, but there is no contemporary evidence of this, and the myth is difficult to reconcile with any digits past 4.
thumb|Etching published 1503 showing usage of Arabic numerals
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Arabic numerals
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Adoption and spread
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Adoption and spread
thumb|right|The first Arabic numerals in the West appeared in the in Spain.
The first mentions of the numerals from 1 to 9 in the West are found in the 976 , an illuminated collection of various historical documents covering a period from antiquity to the 10th century in Hispania. Other texts show that numbers from 1 to 9 were occasionally supplemented by a placeholder known as , represented as a circle or wheel, reminiscent of the eventual symbol for zero. The Arabic term for zero is (), transliterated into Latin as , which became the English word cipher.
From the 980s, Gerbert of Aurillac (later Pope Sylvester II) used his position to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe. Gerbert studied in Barcelona in his youth. He was known to have requested mathematical treatises concerning the astrolabe from Lupitus of Barcelona after he had returned to France.
The reception of Arabic numerals in the West was gradual and lukewarm, as other numeral systems circulated in addition to the older Roman numbers. As a discipline, the first to adopt Arabic numerals as part of their own writings were astronomers and astrologists, evidenced from manuscripts surviving from mid-12th-century Bavaria. Reinher of Paderborn (1140–1190) used the numerals in his calendrical tables to calculate the dates of Easter more easily in his text .
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Arabic numerals
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Italy
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Italy
thumb|A page of the Liber Abaci. The list on the right shows the Fibonacci sequence: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377. The 2, 8, and 9 resemble Arabic numerals more than Eastern Arabic numerals or Indian numerals.
Leonardo Fibonacci was a Pisan mathematician who had studied in the Pisan trading colony of Bugia, in what is now Algeria, and he endeavored to promote the numeral system in Europe with his 1202 book :
When my father, who had been appointed by his country as public notary in the customs at Bugia acting for the Pisan merchants going there, was in charge, he summoned me to him while I was still a child, and having an eye to usefulness and future convenience, desired me to stay there and receive instruction in the school of accounting. There, when I had been introduced to the art of the Indians' nine symbols through remarkable teaching, knowledge of the art very soon pleased me above all else and I came to understand it.
The s analysis highlighting the advantages of positional notation was widely influential. Likewise, Fibonacci's use of the Béjaïa digits in his exposition ultimately led to their widespread adoption in Europe. Fibonacci's work coincided with the European commercial revolution of the 12th and 13th centuries centered in Italy. Positional notation facilitated complex calculations (such as currency conversion) to be completed more quickly than was possible with the Roman system. In addition, the system could handle larger numbers, did not require a separate reckoning tool, and allowed the user to check their work without repeating the entire procedure. Late medieval Italian merchants did not stop using Roman numerals or other reckoning tools: instead, Arabic numerals were adopted for use in addition to their preexisting methods.
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Arabic numerals
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Europe
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Europe
thumb|A German manuscript page teaching use of Arabic numerals (Talhoffer Thott, 1459), presented together with the Hebrew alphabet and astrology
thumb|upright=1.5|Table of numerals in many variants, 1757, by Jean-Étienne Montucla
By the late 14th century, only a few texts using Arabic numerals appeared outside of Italy. This suggests that the use of Arabic numerals in commercial practice, and the significant advantage they conferred, remained a virtual Italian monopoly until the late 15th century. This may in part have been due to language barriers: although Fibonacci's was written in Latin, the Italian abacus traditions were predominantly written in Italian vernaculars that circulated in the private collections of abacus schools or individuals.
The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the printing press, and they became widely known during the 15th century. Their use grew steadily in other centers of finance and trade such as Lyon. Early evidence of their use in Britain includes: an equal hour horary quadrant from 1396, in England, a 1445 inscription on the tower of Heathfield Church, Sussex; a 1448 inscription on a wooden lych-gate of Bray Church, Berkshire; and a 1487 inscription on the belfry door at Piddletrenthide church, Dorset; and in Scotland a 1470 inscription on the tomb of the first Earl of Huntly in Elgin Cathedral.See G. F. Hill, The Development of Arabic Numerals in Europe, for more examples. In central Europe, the King of Hungary Ladislaus the Posthumous, started the use of Arabic numerals, which appear for the first time in a royal document of 1456.Erdélyi: Magyar művelődéstörténet 1-2. kötet. Kolozsvár, 1913, 1918.
By the mid-16th century, they had been widely adopted in Europe, and by 1800 had almost completely replaced the use of counting boards and Roman numerals in accounting. Roman numerals were mostly relegated to niche uses such as years and numbers on clock faces.
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Arabic numerals
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Russia
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Russia
Prior to the introduction of Arabic numerals, Cyrillic numerals, derived from the Cyrillic alphabet, were used by South and East Slavs. The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century, although it was formally replaced in official use by Peter the Great in 1699. Reasons for Peter's switch from the alphanumerical system are believed to go beyond a surface-level desire to imitate the West. Historian Peter Brown makes arguments for sociological, militaristic, and pedagogical reasons for the change. At a broad, societal level, Russian merchants, soldiers, and officials increasingly came into contact with counterparts from the West and became familiar with the communal use of Arabic numerals. Peter also covertly travelled throughout Northern Europe from 1697 to 1698 during his Grand Embassy and was likely informally exposed to Western mathematics during this time. The Cyrillic system was found to be inferior for calculating practical kinematic values, such as the trajectories and parabolic flight patterns of artillery. With its use, it was difficult to keep pace with Arabic numerals in the growing field of ballistics, whereas Western mathematicians such as John Napier had been publishing on the topic since 1614.
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Arabic numerals
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China
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China
thumb|right|250px|Chinese Shang dynasty oracle bone numerals of 14th century BCThe Shorter Science & Civilisation in China Vol 2, An abridgement by Colin Ronan of Joseph Needham's original text, Table 20, p. 6, Cambridge University Press
The Chinese Shang dynasty numerals from the 14th century BC predates the Indian Brahmi numerals by over 1000 years and shows substantial similarity to the Brahmi numerals. Similar to the modern Arabic numerals, the Shang dynasty numeral system was also decimal based and positional.
While positional Chinese numeral systems such as the counting rod system and Suzhou numerals had been in use prior to the introduction of modern Arabic numerals, the externally-developed system was eventually introduced to medieval China by the Hui people. In the early 17th century, European-style Arabic numerals were introduced by Spanish and Portuguese Jesuits.
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Arabic numerals
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Encoding
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Encoding
The ten Arabic numerals are encoded in virtually every character set designed for electric, radio, and digital communication, such as Morse code. They are encoded in ASCII (and therefore in Unicode encodings) at positions 0x30 to 0x39. Masking all but the four least-significant binary digits gives the value of the decimal digit, a design decision facilitating the digitization of text onto early computers. EBCDIC used a different offset, but also possessed the aforementioned masking property.
ASCII Unicode EBCDIChex binary octal decimal hex00011 00000604830U+0030 DIGIT ZEROF010011 00010614931U+0031 DIGIT ONEF120011 00100625032U+0032 DIGIT TWOF230011 00110635133U+0033 DIGIT THREEF340011 01000645234U+0034 DIGIT FOURF450011 01010655335U+0035 DIGIT FIVEF560011 01100665436U+0036 DIGIT SIXF670011 01110675537U+0037 DIGIT SEVENF780011 10000705638U+0038 DIGIT EIGHTF890011 10010715739U+0039 DIGIT NINEF9
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Arabic numerals
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See also
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See also
Arabic numeral variations
Regional variations in modern handwritten Arabic numerals
Seven-segment display
Text figures
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Arabic numerals
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Footnotes
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Footnotes
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Arabic numerals
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Sources
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Sources
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Arabic numerals
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Further reading
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Further reading
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Arabic numerals
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External links
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External links
Lam Lay Yong, "Development of Hindu Arabic and Traditional Chinese Arithmetic", Chinese Science 13 (1996): 35–54.
"Counting Systems and Numerals", Historyworld. Retrieved 11 December 2005.
. 16 April 2005.
O'Connor, J. J., and E. F. Robertson, Indian numerals . November 2000.
History of the numerals
Arabic numerals
Hindu–Arabic numerals
Numeral & Numbers' history and curiosities
Gerbert d'Aurillac's early use of Hindu–Arabic numerals at Convergence
Category:Numerals
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Arabic numerals
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Table of Content
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Short description, History, Origin, Adoption and spread, Italy, Europe, Russia, China, Encoding, See also, Footnotes, Sources, Further reading, External links
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April 9
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About
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April 9
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Events
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Events
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April 9
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (Enkyklikon) to the bishops of his empire, supporting the Monophysite christological position.
537 – Siege of Rome: The Byzantine general Belisarius receives his promised reinforcements, 1,600 cavalry, mostly of Hunnic or Slavic origin and expert bowmen. Despite shortages, he starts raids against the Gothic camps and Vitiges but is forced into a stalemate.
1241 – Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol forces defeat the Polish and German armies.
1288 – Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Yuan forces are defeated by Trần forces in the Battle of Bach Dang in present-day northern Vietnam.
1388 – Despite being outnumbered 16:1, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious over the Archduchy of Austria in the Battle of Näfels.
1454 – The Treaty of Lodi is signed, establishing a balance of power among northern Italian city-states for almost 50 years.
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April 9
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1609 – Eighty Years' War: Spain and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Antwerp to initiate twelve years of truce.
1609 – Philip III of Spain issues the decree of the "Expulsion of the Moriscos".
1682 – Robert Cavelier de La Salle discovers the mouth of the Mississippi River, claims it for France and names it Louisiana.
1784 – The Treaty of Paris, ratified by the United States Congress on January 14, 1784, is ratified by King George III of the Kingdom of Great Britain, ending the American Revolutionary War. Copies of the ratified documents are exchanged on May 12, 1784.
1860 – On his phonautograph machine, Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville makes the first known recording of an audible human voice.
1865 – American Civil War: Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the war.
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April 9
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1901–present
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1901–present
1909 – The U.S. Congress passes the Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act.
1917 – World War I: The Battle of Arras: The battle begins with Canadian Corps executing a massive assault on Vimy Ridge.
1918 – World War I: The Battle of the Lys: The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps is crushed by the German forces during what is called the Spring Offensive on the Belgian region of Flanders.
1937 – The Kamikaze arrives at Croydon Airport in London. It is the first Japanese-built aircraft to fly to Europe.
1939 – African-American singer Marian Anderson gives a concert at the Lincoln Memorial after being denied the use of Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution.
1940 – World War II: Operation Weserübung: Germany invades Denmark and Norway.
1940 – Vidkun Quisling seizes power in Norway.
1942 – World War II: The Battle of Bataan ends and the Bataan Death March begins.
1942 – World War II: An Indian Ocean raid by Japan's 1st Air Fleet sinks the British aircraft carrier and the Australian destroyer .
1945 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Lutheran pastor and anti-Nazi dissident, is executed by the Nazi regime.
1945 – World War II: The German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer is sunk by the Royal Air Force.
1945 – World War II: The Battle of Königsberg, in East Prussia, ends.
1945 – The United States Atomic Energy Commission is formed.
1947 – The Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes kill 181 and injure 970 in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.
1947 – The Journey of Reconciliation, the first interracial Freedom Ride begins through the upper South in violation of Jim Crow laws. The riders wanted enforcement of the United States Supreme Court's 1946 Irene Morgan decision that banned racial segregation in interstate travel.
1947 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 22 relating to Corfu Channel incident is adopted.
1948 – Jorge Eliécer Gaitán's assassination provokes a violent riot in Bogotá (the Bogotazo), and a further ten years of violence in Colombia.
1948 – Fighters from the Irgun and Lehi Zionist terror groups attacked Deir Yassin near Jerusalem, killing over 100 Palestinians.
1952 – Hugo Ballivián's government is overthrown by the Bolivian National Revolution, starting a period of agrarian reform, universal suffrage and the nationalization of tin mines
1952 – Japan Air Lines Flight 301 crashes into Mount Mihara, Izu Ōshima, Japan, killing 37.
1957 – The Suez Canal in Egypt is cleared and opens to shipping following the Suez Crisis.
1959 – Project Mercury: NASA announces the selection of the United States' first seven astronauts, whom the news media quickly dub the "Mercury Seven".
1960 – Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa and architect of apartheid, narrowly survives an assassination attempt by a white farmer, David Pratt in Johannesburg.
1967 – The first Boeing 737 (a 100 series) makes its maiden flight.
1969 – The first British-built Concorde 002 makes its maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford with Brian Trubshaw as the test pilot.
1980 – The Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein kills philosopher Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and his sister Bint al-Huda after three days of torture.
1981 – The U.S. Navy nuclear submarine accidentally collides with the Nissho Maru, a Japanese cargo ship, sinking it and killing two Japanese sailors.
1989 – Tbilisi massacre: An anti-Soviet peaceful demonstration and hunger strike in Tbilisi, demanding restoration of Georgian independence, is dispersed by the Soviet Army, resulting in 20 deaths and hundreds of injuries.
1990 – An IRA bombing in County Down, Northern Ireland, kills three members of the UDR.
1990 – The Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement is signed for in the Mackenzie Valley of the western Arctic.
1990 – An Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia collides in mid-air with a Cessna 172 over Gadsden, Alabama, killing both of the Cessna's occupants.
1991 – Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union.
1992 – A U.S. Federal Court finds former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega guilty of drug and racketeering charges. He is sentenced to 30 years in prison.
1994 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on STS-59.
2003 – Iraq War: Baghdad falls to American forces.
2009 – In Tbilisi, Georgia, up to 60,000 people protest against the government of Mikheil Saakashvili.
2011 – Six people and the perpetrator are killed and 17 injured in a mass shooting at a shopping mall in Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands.
2013 – A 6.1–magnitude earthquake strikes Iran killing 32 people and injuring over 850 people.
2013 – At least 13 people are killed and another three injured after a man goes on a spree shooting in the Serbian village of Velika Ivanča.
2014 – A student stabs 20 people at Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville, Pennsylvania.
2017 – The Palm Sunday church bombings at Coptic churches in Tanta and Alexandria, Egypt, take place.
2017 – After refusing to give up his seat on an overbooked United Express flight, Dr. David Dao Duy Anh is forcibly dragged off the flight by aviation security officers, leading to major criticism of United Airlines.
2021 – Burmese military and security forces commit the Bago massacre, during which at least 82 civilians are killed.
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April 9
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Births
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Births
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Subsets and Splits
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