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ANT1 | Short description | Antenna, better known as ANT1, is a free-to-air television network airing in Greece. The alternate spelling is wordplay in Greek; ena (ένα) is the Greek number 1 (one), thus ANT1 is pronounced the same as Antenna (Αντέννα). It launched on 31 December 1989, and is owned by Antenna Group. ANT1 had been a popular network in Greece for years with its line up of soap series including dramas Lampsi and Kalimera Zoi. Antenna TV studios are located in the Athens suburb of Marousi. |
ANT1 | History | History
The first broadcast of the channel was on 31 December 1989. Programs that were once shown on ANT1 include CBS Evening News from the U.S. ANT1 Satellite News was also shown until the late 1990s.
Antenna was founded by Minos Kyriakou and today is led by Theodore Kyriakou. He served as Executive Vice President of the ANT1 Group S.A. (from 1995) and as Chief Operating Officer (from September 1998) until his appointment in March 1999 as Chief Executive Officer, a position which he held until his appointment in January 2002 as Group Vice Chairman. Mr. Kyriakou has been a Director since September 1998. |
ANT1 | ANT1 International channels | ANT1 International channels
Since 1993, Antenna has broadcast its programming internationally for Greek-speaking audiences abroad. Initially, the broadcast was for a few hours each day but since 2000 has evolved into a full channel that operates twenty-four hours a day. ANT1 currently operates three television channels, via satellite, which vary according to the different geographical targets:
Antenna Europe for audiences in Europe (outside Greece and Cyprus) which has been operating since 2006.
Antenna Pacific for audiences in Australia which has been operating since 1997.
Antenna Satellite for audiences in America which has been operating since 1993. |
ANT1 | ANT1 HD | ANT1 HD
ANT1 began broadcasting in high definition (HD) by the evening of March 1, 2016. The program is transmitted as the normal broadcast and at the frequency of simple definition, but the parent (native HD) broadcast only emits what has been shot with this resolution. |
ANT1 | Netwix | Netwix
In 2010, Antenna Group had launched on-demand Internet media service Netwix, available to viewers in Greece. It mainly included short YouTube-style comedy videos created by famous Greek comedians. Netwix closed in 2023 due to the high costs of production and the low audience appeal. |
ANT1 | ANT1+ | ANT1+
Since April 2022, Antenna Group has launched its own subscription-based streaming media, which includes some original shows such as "Serres" and "I Gefyra (The Bridge)", along with many movies and foreign television series. |
ANT1 | Sports broadcasting rights | Sports broadcasting rights
Formula One (Formula 1 / Formula 2 / Formula 3 / F1 Academy / Porsche Supercup)
NASCAR Cup Series
UEFA Europa League
UEFA Conference League
DFB-Pokal
Coupe de France
KNVB Cup
2024 Copa América
WWE
Fight Network |
ANT1 | Controversy | Controversy
In July 2022, following the assassination of Shinzo Abe, a news segment on ANT1 TV Greece shared the same images of Hideo Kojima, identifying him as the alleged killer. ANT1 TV Greece took down the video on Friday, but the story caused major controversy as it became viral globally. The mistake first started going viral after French far-right politician Damien Rieu tweeted pictures of Kojima in response to another politician's tweet about the assassination. The 4chan post used a photo of Kojima and falsely labelled him as a "left-wing extremist" with a criminal record. In response, Hideo Kojima threatened to sue over false posts, stating that he "strongly condemns the spread of fake news and rumours that convey false information". |
ANT1 | Slogans | Slogans
ANT1 has had various slogans over the years including:
from 1989 until 1998: "ΑΝΤ1-Νούμερο Ένα" ("ANT1-The Number One")
from 1998 until 2000: "Όλα για σένα" ("All for you")
2000 – 2001 season: "Βλέπεις με την καρδιά σου" ("You're watching with your heart")
2001 – 2002 season: "Καλύτερα μαζί" ("Better together")
2002 – 2003 season: "Ένας κόσμος για σένα" ("A world for you")
2003 – 2004 season: "Βλέπω ANT1" ("I'm watching ANT1")
2004 – 2005 season: "Η ζωή θέλει ANT1" ("Life wants ANT1")
2005 – 2006 season: "Όλα παίζουν" ("Everything's possible")
2005 – 2006 season: "Δυνατά" ("Loud")
2006 – 2007 season: "Μη χάνεις στιγμή" ("Don't miss a moment")
2007 – 2008 season: "Βλέπεις καλά. είναι ΑΝΤ1." ("You see it right. It's ANT1.")
from 2008 until 2012: "Fresh"
from 2012 until 2014: "Τα ωραιότερα πράγματα στη ζωή, δεν είναι πράγματα." ("The most beautiful things in life, are not things.")
2014 – Summer 2015: "Όλοι εδώ" ("Everybody here")
Summer – Autumn 2015: "Καλοκαίρι εδώ" ("Summer here")
Autumn 2015 – Autumn 2017: ANT1
Autumn 2017 – Summer 2018: That's ANT1 ("Απίστευτο! Unbelievable!")
Summer – Autumn 2018: Ώρα για ANT1 ("Time for ANT1")
Autumn 2018 – September 2023: Είμαστε Ένα ("We are one")
31 December 2019 – 31 December 2020: 30 Χρόνια Είμαστε Ένα ("30 years we are one")
September 2023 – September 2024: Άλλη Εμπειρία! ("Another Experience!")
September 2024 - present: Αυθεντικός ΑΝΤ1 ("Authentic ANT1") |
ANT1 | Logos | Logos |
ANT1 | References | References |
ANT1 | External links | External links
Official Site
Antenna Europe
Antenna Satellite
Antenna Pacific
Video from the reality show Mission broadcast and created from Ant1 channel
Category:ANT1 Group
Category:Greek-language television stations
Category:Television channels and stations established in 1989
Category:1989 establishments in Greece
Category:Television networks in Greece
Category:Television channels in Greece
Category:Marousi |
ANT1 | Table of Content | Short description, History, ANT1 International channels, ANT1 HD, Netwix, ANT1+, Sports broadcasting rights, Controversy, Slogans, Logos, References, External links |
Quotient | Short description | thumb|alt=12 apples divided into 4 groups of 3 each.|The quotient of 12 apples by 3 apples is 4.
In arithmetic, a quotient (from 'how many times', pronounced ) is a quantity produced by the division of two numbers. The quotient has widespread use throughout mathematics. It has two definitions: either the integer part of a division (in the case of Euclidean division) or a fraction or ratio (in the case of a general division). For example, when dividing 20 (the dividend) by 3 (the divisor), the quotient is 6 (with a remainder of 2) in the first sense and (a repeating decimal) in the second sense.
In metrology (International System of Quantities and the International System of Units), "quotient" refers to the general case with respect to the units of measurement of physical quantities.
Ratios is the special case for dimensionless quotients of two quantities of the same kind.
Quotients with a non-trivial dimension and compound units, especially when the divisor is a duration (e.g., "per second"), are known as rates.
For example, density (mass divided by volume, in units of kg/m3) is said to be a "quotient", whereas mass fraction (mass divided by mass, in kg/kg or in percent) is a "ratio".
Specific quantities are intensive quantities resulting from the quotient of a physical quantity by mass, volume, or other measures of the system "size". |
Quotient | Notation | Notation
The quotient is most frequently encountered as two numbers, or two variables, divided by a horizontal line. The words "dividend" and "divisor" refer to each individual part, while the word "quotient" refers to the whole. |
Quotient | Integer part definition | Integer part definition
The quotient is also less commonly defined as the greatest whole number of times a divisor may be subtracted from a dividend—before making the remainder negative. For example, the divisor 3 may be subtracted up to 6 times from the dividend 20, before the remainder becomes negative:
20 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 ≥ 0,
while
20 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 < 0.
In this sense, a quotient is the integer part of the ratio of two numbers. |
Quotient | Quotient of two integers | Quotient of two integers
A rational number can be defined as the quotient of two integers (as long as the denominator is non-zero).
A more detailed definition goes as follows:
A real number r is rational, if and only if it can be expressed as a quotient of two integers with a nonzero denominator. A real number that is not rational is irrational.
Or more formally:
Given a real number r, r is rational if and only if there exists integers a and b such that and .
The existence of irrational numbers—numbers that are not a quotient of two integers—was first discovered in geometry, in such things as the ratio of the diagonal to the side in a square. |
Quotient | More general quotients | More general quotients
Outside of arithmetic, many branches of mathematics have borrowed the word "quotient" to describe structures built by breaking larger structures into pieces. Given a set with an equivalence relation defined on it, a "quotient set" may be created which contains those equivalence classes as elements. A quotient group may be formed by breaking a group into a number of similar cosets, while a quotient space may be formed in a similar process by breaking a vector space into a number of similar linear subspaces. |
Quotient | See also | See also
Product (mathematics)
Quotient category
Quotient graph
Integer division
Quotient module
Quotient object
Quotient of a formal language, also left and right quotient
Quotient ring
Quotient set
Quotient space (topology)
Quotient type
Quotition and partition |
Quotient | References | References |
Quotient | External links | External links
|
Quotient | Table of Content | Short description, Notation, Integer part definition, Quotient of two integers, More general quotients, See also, References, External links |
Ingleside | '''Ingleside''' | Ingleside may refer to: |
Ingleside | Australia | Australia
Ingleside, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
Ingleside, Queensland, a neighbourhood in City of Gold Coast |
Ingleside | Canada | Canada
Ingleside, Ontario, a town in Ontario, Canada |
Ingleside | United States | United States
Ingleside, San Francisco, California
Ingleside (Safety Harbor, Florida), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
Ingleside, Illinois
Ingleside, Kentucky
Ingleside, Louisiana
Ingleside, Maryland
Ingleside (Catonsville, Maryland), a former historic house
Ingleside, Massachusetts
Ingleside, Nebraska
Ingleside, New York
Ingleside (Alexandria Bay, New York), NRHP-listed
Ingleside, North Carolina
Ingleside (Iron Station, North Carolina), NRHP-listed
Ingleside (Spartanburg County, South Carolina), a formerly NRHP-listed house in Spartanburg County, South Carolina
Ingleside, Texas
Ingleside, Norfolk, Virginia
Ingleside (Washington, D.C.), NRHP-listed
Ingleside (Radford, Virginia), a 1789 historic home at Ingles Ferry
Ingleside (Amelia Courthouse, Virginia), NRHP-listed
Ingleside (Oak Grove, Virginia), NRHP-listed
Ingleside (Ridgeway, Virginia), NRHP-listed
Ingleside, West Virginia
Ingleside (Moorefield, West Virginia), NRHP-listed |
Ingleside | Transportation | Transportation
Ingleside Line |
Ingleside | See also | See also
Ingleside on the Bay, Texas
Naval Station Ingleside, Ingleside, Texas
Anne of Ingleside |
Ingleside | Table of Content | '''Ingleside''', Australia, Canada, United States, Transportation, See also |
Retro (New Order album) | EngvarB | Retro is a 2002 box set of music by the English band New Order. It comprises four themed CDs. In the UK, initial quantities came with a fifth disc which featured tracks with limited release numbers. |
Retro (New Order album) | History | History
The box set was released as a compromise. The band's manager, Rob Gretton, had originally envisioned a box set called Recycle, which would feature all the singles New Order had released, one single per CD, in a grand 20 CD box. However, London Records deemed this excessive, and the idea was shelved. New Order released Get Ready in 2001 and a year later Retro surfaced.
The CDs each have a particular theme: Pop, Fan, Club and Live. Each one was selected by a friend of the band.
The idea of the limited edition fifth bonus disc was hatched as a direct result of online protestation that the Recycle project had been abandoned. Fans of the band saw the Retro track listing as a disappointing cash-in exercise as it offered nothing rare or noteworthy, and no tracks that weren't already widely available on CD. Dissent voiced on the NewOrderOnline message board caught the eye of the band's management who negotiated with HMV to fund the limited run of 3000 discs that were included in initial copies of the box set sold exclusively by their UK stores. |
Retro (New Order album) | Track listing | Track listing
All songs written by New Order, except where noted. |
Retro (New Order album) | Charts | Charts
+ Chart performance for Retro Chart (2002–2003) Peakposition |
Retro (New Order album) | References | References
Category:New Order (band) compilation albums
Category:Albums produced by Stephen Hague
Category:Albums produced by Steve Osborne
Category:Albums produced by Martin Hannett
Category:2002 compilation albums
Category:London Records compilation albums
Category:London Records live albums
Category:New Order (band) live albums
Category:2002 live albums
Category:Albums produced by John Robie |
Retro (New Order album) | Table of Content | EngvarB, History, Track listing, Charts, References |
Geniac | short description | Geniac was an educational toy sold as a mechanical computer designed and marketed by Edmund Berkeley, with Oliver Garfield from 1955 to 1958, but with Garfield continuing without Berkeley through the 1960s. The name stood for "Genius Almost-automatic Computer" but suggests a portmanteau of genius and ENIAC (the first fully electronic general-purpose computer). |
Geniac | Construction | Construction
The Geniac kit consisted of a wedge-shaped case, a console panel, and nearly 400 other parts available for assembly. It was powered by a flashlight battery.
Basically a rotary switch construction set, the Geniac contained six perforated masonite disks, into the back of which brass jumpers could be inserted. The jumpers made electrical connections between slotted brass bolt heads sitting out from the similarly perforated masonite back panel. To the bolts were attached wires behind the panel. The circuit comprised a battery, such wires from it to, and between, switch positions, wires from the switches to indicator flashlight bulbs set along the panel's middle, and return wires to the battery to complete the circuit.
Setting up Geniac to solve a new problem or perform a new operation involved rewiring the jumpers on the back panel, a task advertised as taking only a few minutes. |
Geniac | Operation | Operation
With this basic setup Geniac could use combinational logic only, its outputs depending entirely on inputs manually set. It had no active elements at all – no relays, tubes, or transistors – to allow a machine state to automatically influence subsequent states. Thus, Geniac didn't have memory and couldn't solve problems using sequential logic. All sequencing was performed manually by the operator, sometimes following fairly complicated printed directions (turn this wheel in this direction if this light lights, etc.)
The main instruction book, as well as a supplementary book of wiring diagrams, gave jumper positions and wiring diagrams for building a number of "machines," which could realize fairly complicated Boolean equations. A copy of Claude Shannon's groundbreaking thesis in the subject, A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, was also included. |
Geniac | A typical project | A typical project
A typical project was a primitive "Masculine–Feminine Testing Machine". The user was instructed to answer five questions related to gender, such as "Which makes a better toy for a child: (a) electric train? (b) a doll with a complete wardrobe?" Having wired five of the six rotary switches and set them to "off" positions, questions could be asked. For each "a" answer, a switch was turned to one of two "on" positions, setting a circuit segment; for each "b" answer, the other "on" position. The circuitry sensed the cumulative effect of the switch positions, the circuit being completed, and a "more masculine" or "more feminine" bulb lit, once three masculine or three feminine answers were recorded. |
Geniac | Popularity | Popularity
Widely advertised in magazines such as Galaxy Science Fiction, the Geniac provided many youths with their first hands-on introduction to computer concepts and Boolean logic. |
Geniac | Brainiac | Brainiac
A nearly identical product, called Brainiac, was introduced in 1958 by Edmund Berkeley, after he had a falling out with Oliver Garfield. The device would influence the portrayal of the Superman villain Brainiac introduced the same year, whose creation was attributed by the editor to a "remarkable coincidence." |
Geniac | Helical slide rule | Helical slide rule
Oliver Garfield also sold the Otis King's Patent Calculator, a helical slide rule, under the Geniac brand. Initially he resold the ones manufactured by Carbic, Ltd., but his later products had no serial numbers so were probably his own version. |
Geniac | See also | See also
Digi-Comp I
Digi-Comp II
WDR paper computer |
Geniac | References | References |
Geniac | External links | External links
Geniac photo and description at www.oldcomputermuseum.com
Brainiac K-30 photo and description at www.oldcomputermuseum.com
Geniac manuals, diagrams and other documents hosted at www.computercollector.com
Magazine ads and articles about Geniac at Modernmechanix blog
Article on Geniac at Early Computers Project
Geniac on list of early personal computers at Blinkenlights.com, with link to article on how it works by a gifted operator
Category:Mechanical computers
Category:Educational toys
Category:Computer-related introductions in 1955 |
Geniac | Table of Content | short description, Construction, Operation, A typical project, Popularity, Brainiac, Helical slide rule, See also, References, External links |
Ian Gibson (comics) | Short description | Ian Gibson (20 February 1946 – 11 December 2023) was a British comic book artist, best known for his 1980s black-and-white work for 2000 AD, especially as the main artist on Robo-Hunter and The Ballad of Halo Jones, as well as his long run on Judge Dredd. |
Ian Gibson (comics) | Biography | Biography
Gibson's imaginative cartoonish, and intricately detailed style (especially in black and white strips) lent itself well to humorous strips, such as Robo-Hunter, although his work on the Alan Moore-penned The Ballad of Halo Jones showed that he was capable of telling a serious story.
In the United States, Gibson made a good name for himself drawing Mister Miracle for DC Comics in the 1980s. Subsequently he started work on Meta 4, a science fiction/superhero comic written by Stefan Petrucha. This series was cut short when publisher First Comics went out of business. He also worked on several Star Wars titles for Dark Horse Comics, and Green Lantern Corps for DC Comics.
Gibson's later work in the comic 2000AD consisted of drawing Judge Dredd, Anderson, Psi-Division, I Was a Teenage Tax Consultant, and the revived Robo-Hunter series starring Sam Slade's granddaughter, Samantha. His last published original material for that comic appeared in prog 1576 (March 2008).
In 2023, he finally published the first issue of Lifeboat, which he wrote and illustrated himself, through a crowd-funded project.
In the past, he contributed articles and rants to the Den of Geek website about the state of the comics industry.
Gibson died from cancer on 11 December 2023, at the age of 77.Ian Gibson, 2000 AD Star Artist, Co-Creator of Halo Jones, Passes Away at 77 |
Ian Gibson (comics) | Bibliography | Bibliography
Comics work included:
Judge Dredd:
"Robot Wars" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #14, 17, May–June 1977)
"Mr Buzzz" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #22, July 1977)
"You Bet Your Life" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #25, August 1977)
"The Academy of Law" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #27, August 1977)
"The Neon Knights" (with Pat Mills, in 2000 AD #29, September 1977)
"Devil's Island" (with Gerry Finley-Day, in 2000 AD #31, September 1977)
"Walter's Secret Job" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #33, October 1977)
"Mutie the Pig" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #35, October 1977)
"The Troggies" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #36, October 1977)
"Billy Jones" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #38, November 1977)
"Luna 1" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #42, December 1977)
"22nd Century Futzie" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #45, December 1977)
"Meet Mr Moonie" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #46, January 1978)
"The Oxygen Desert" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #48-49, January 1978)
"The Killer Car" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #53-56, February–March 1978)
"Vienna" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #116, June 1979)
"The Nightmare Gun" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #190, December 1980)
"Synthi-Caff Vindilu" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #191, December 1980)
"Knock on the Door" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #195, January 1981)
"Any Confessions" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #201, 1981)
"The Alien Way" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #204, 1981)
"The Problem With Sonny Bono" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #208, 1981)
"The Umpty Baggers" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #213-214, 1981)
"The Stookie Glanders" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #220-221, 1981)
"Rumble in the Jungle" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #343-345, 1983)
"Are You Tired of Being Mugged?" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #354, 1984)
"Bob's Law" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #355, 1984)
"High Society" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #364, 1984)
"The House on Runner's Walk" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #365, 1984)
"City of the Damned" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #400-401, 1985)
"Hagatha Smeld" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #419, 1985)
"Aftermath Ron Reagan" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #420, 1985)
"Love Story" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #444, 1985)
"It Pays to be Mental" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #468, 1986)
"Rumours Can Kill" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #469, 1986)
"Paid With Thanks" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #476, 1986)
"Tomb of the Judges" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #496-498, 1986)
"What If Judges Did Ads?" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #521, 1987)
"Full Mental Jacket" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #578-580, June 1988)
"Almighty Dredd" (with Garth Ennis, in 2000 AD #780-782, April–May 1992)
"Giant" (with John Wagner, in Judge Dredd Megazine vol. 2 #50-52, April 1994)
"Judge Death: The True Story" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #901-902, August 1994)
"Bum Rap" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #1070, November 1997)
"A Day in the Death of Joe Meg" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #1223, January 2001)
"Sex Beast!" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #1230, February 2001)
"Lost in Cyberspace" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #1268-1270, November 2001)
"Terrorist!" (with Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #1274, January 2002)
"Love Story III: The End of the Affair" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #1281, March 2002)
"Give Me Liberty" (with Gordon Rennie, in 2000 AD #1304-1305, August 2002)
"After Hours" (with Gordon Rennie, in 2000 AD #1319, November 2002)
"Sniping" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #1321, December 2002)
"The Marriage Game" (with John Wagner, in Judge Dredd Megazine #203, March 2003)
"Holding On" (with Gordon Rennie, in 2000 AD #1357, September 2003)
"At Home With the Snozzburns" (with Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #1391, May 2004)
"Missing in Action" (with Gordon Rennie, in 2000 AD #1429-1431, March 2005)
"Global Psycho" (with Gordon Rennie, in 2000 AD #1468, December 2005)
"Return to Planet Gary" (with Gordon Rennie, in 2000 AD #1483, April 2006)
"Judgement" (with Gordon Rennie, in 2000 AD #1523-1528, February–March 2007)
"Nuked!" (with Robbie Morrison, in 2000 AD #1576, March 2008)
Walter the Wobot (with Joe Collins):
"Tap Dancer" (in 2000 AD #50, February 1978)
"Shoot Pool!" (in 2000 AD #51, February 1978)
Robo-Hunter:
"Verdus" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #76-85 & 100-112, August 1978 – May 1979)
"Day of the Droids" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #152-174, 1980)
"The Beast of Blackheart Manor " (with Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #259-265, 1982)
"The Filby Case " (with Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #266-272, 1982)
"Killing of Kidd" (with Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #275-281, 283-88, 1982)
"Football Crazy" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #283-288, 1983)
"Play it again, Sam" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #292-307, 1982–1983)
"The Slaying of Slade" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #312-330, 1983)
"Sam Slade's Last Case" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #331-334, 1983)
"Hoagy's First Case" (with Alan Grant, in 2000 AD 1984 Annual, 1983)
"Farewell, My Billions" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #435-443, 1985)
Project Overkill (with Kelvin Gosnell, in 2000 AD #119-126, 1979)
The Mind of Wolfie Smith: "The Evil of Matthew Hobb" (with Tom Tully, in 2000 AD #127-130, 1979)
Ro-Jaws' Robo-Tales: "Miracle in Slum Alley" (with Gary Rice, in 2000 AD #188, 1980)
Tharg the Mighty (with Tharg the Mighty):
"Revenge of the Thrill Suckers" (in 2000 AD #198-199, February 1981)
"The Day They Banned 2000 AD!" (in 2000 AD #208-209, April 1981)
"The Nightmare" (in 2000 AD #222-223, July–August 1981)
"Leave it to, um...Burt" (in 2000 AD Annual 1983, 1982)
"Tharg's Head Revisited" (with various artists, in 2000 AD #500, December 1986)
"A Night 2 Remember" (with various writers and artists, in 2000 AD #1280, February 2002)
Tharg's Future Shocks:
"Grawks Bearing Gifts" (with Alan Moore, in 2000 AD #203, March 1981)
"You Win Some, You Lose Some" (with Alan Hebden, in 2000 AD #374, June 1984)
Ace Trucking Co.: "Hell's Pocket" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #239-243, 1981)
The Amazing Maze Dumoir (with Alan Hebden, in 2000 AD #368-369, May 1984)
The Domino Theory (with M. Feekins, in 2000 AD #371, June 1984)
Anderson: Psi Division:
"The Mind of Edward Bottlebum" (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in Judge Dredd Annual 1985, 1984)
"A Fistful of Denimite" (with Alan Grant, in Judge Dredd Annual 1986, 1985)
"Colin Wilson Block" (with Alan Grant, in 2000 AD Winter Special 1988, 1988)
The Ballad of Halo Jones (with Alan Moore, collected in The Complete Halo Jones, Titan Books, softcover, October 1991, , July 2001, , hardcover, November 2003, , Rebellion Developments, softcover, June 2005, , January 2007, ):
"Ballad of Halo Jones: Book 1" (in 2000AD #376-385, 1984)
"Ballad of Halo Jones: Book 2 Prologue" (in 2000AD #405, 1985)
"Ballad of Halo Jones: Book 2" (in 2000AD #406-415, 1985)
"Ballad of Halo Jones: Book 3 Prologue" (in 2000AD #451, 1986)
"Ballad of Halo Jones: Book 3" (in 2000AD #452-466, 1986)
Green Lantern Corps #214-216 (with Steve Englehart, ongoing series, DC Comics, July 1987)
Millennium (inker, with writer Steve Englehart and penciler Joe Staton, 8-issue limited series, DC Comics, January–February 1988)
Mister Miracle #1-5, 20 (with J. M. DeMatteis (1-5) and Keith Giffen/Doug Moench (20), ongoing series, DC Comics, January–June 1989, October 1990)
The Chronicles of Genghis Grimtoad (with John Wagner/Alan Grant, in Strip #1-?, Marvel UK, February 1990- ?, tpb, September 1990, )
Steed and Mrs. Peel (3-issue limited series, Eclipse Comics, December 1990 - February 1991):
"The Golden Game" (with Grant Morrison, in Steed and Mrs. Peel #1-3)
"Deadly Rainbow" (with Anne Caulfield, in Steed and Mrs. Peel #2-3)
Meta-4 #1-3 (with Stefan Petrucha, ongoing series, First Comics, February–April 1991)
Return of the Taxidermist (with John Wagner, in Judge Dredd Megazine vol. 2 #37-46, September 1993 – February 1994)
Star Wars: Droids #3, 5 (with Dan Thorsland, 6-issue limited series, Dark Horse Comics, June, August 1994)
Star Wars: Droids #1-4: "Rebellion" (with Ryder Windham, 8-issue limited series, Dark Horse Comics, April–July 1995)
I Was a Teenage Tax Consultant (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #1050-1059, 1997)
"Brick Tears" (with Jim Krueger, in The Foot Soldiers #3, 5-issue limited series, Image Comics, January 1998)
Star Wars: Boba Fett - Enemy of the Empire #1-3 (with John Wagner, 4-issue limited series, Dark Horse Comics, January–March 1999, tpb, 112 pages, 1999, )
"All's Swell That Ends Swell" (pencils, with writer John Ostrander, in X-Men Unlimited #32, Marvel Comics, September 2001)
Banzai Battalion (with John Wagner, collected in Judge Dredd: Banzai Battalion, Rebellion, December 2003, ):
"The Fitz" (in 2000 AD #1257-1262, August–October 2001)
"Save the Fitz!" (in 2000 AD Prog 2003, December 2002)
Samantha Slade Robo-Hunter (with Alan Grant):
"Like A Virgin" (in 2000 AD Prog 2004, #1371-1373, December 2003 – January 2004)
"The Furzt Case" (in 2000 AD Prog 2004, #1406–1411, September–October 2004)
"The Davinchy Code" (in 2000 AD Prog 2005, December 2004)
"Stim!" (in 2000 AD from #1450-1456, August–September 2005)
"Casino Royal" (in 2000 AD from #1527-1531, March–April 2007)
"I, Jailbird" (in 2000 AD from #1545-1546, July 2007) |
Ian Gibson (comics) | Controversy | Controversy
In 2013, Gibson offered a selection of his artwork to Bristol Comic Expo. They were to choose a single piece to be made into a limited edition print of only 50 copies, which were intended to raise money for charity. In the collection was a topless illustration of a character that bore a resemblance to feminist character Halo Jones, one of Gibson's more notable characters. Gibson says it was drawn "as a joke for a friend" and that he only named the piece after Halo Jones to give it some appeal to potential buyers, saying "it doesn't even really look very much like Halo" and "I just called it 'topless Halo' as otherwise it was just a nameless pinup". The print in question shows the character that is meant to be Halo Jones topless with the moonlight shining down on her posing next to a single tree in the background. It was reported by The Guardian that the Expo website described the piece as "a special, very limited run of Halo in all her 'glory'!", for "the discerning adult. This is an opportunity not to be missed!"
It was reported by The Guardian to have "provoked a wave of protests", with complaints from comic fans and industry professionals. Rebellion Developments Ltd. The publisher of the 2000AD comic series, was said to have expressed concerns about the portrayal of their intellectual property, Halo Jones. The image was taken down from the Expo's website soon after.
Gibson said he found it "ironic that Halo would be known as a 'feminist' character", and that he had been "attacked in the past for 'using' her and thus all women for my own nefarious ends", and how the bare-breasted image of the female heroine was keeping in line with "the ideas I had for any continuation of the saga". He went on to say "I had plans for her being pregnant – hence the bigger boobs. Also as a slave, hence the token chains and nakedness." Gibson described the controversy as "a storm in a D-cup", a pun based on the idiom "storm in a teacup" and referring to a woman's bra size. |
Ian Gibson (comics) | References | References |
Ian Gibson (comics) | External links | External links
Ian Gibson at Barney
Ian Gibson at Lambiek
Story Behind The Ballad of Halo Jones - Online Essay by Ian Gibson
Den Of Geek A list of guest posts by Ian Gibson on Den Of Geek
Ian Gibson Interview, 2000ADReview, 4 December 2002
Down the Tubes In Memoriam
Category:1946 births
Category:2023 deaths
Category:British comics artists
Category:Deaths from cancer in the United Kingdom |
Ian Gibson (comics) | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Bibliography, Controversy, References, External links |
Shopping center | Short description | thumb|The interior of the Toronto Eaton Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, a super-regional shopping mall
thumb|Interior of the Galerie Vivienne in Paris, by Francois Jean Delannoy, 1823-1826
A shopping center in American English, shopping centre in Commonwealth English (see spelling differences), shopping complex, shopping arcade, shopping plaza, or galleria, is a group of shops built together, sometimes under one roof."Shopping centre", Oxford Learners Dictionary
The first known collections of retailers under one roof are public markets, dating back to ancient times, and Middle Eastern covered markets, bazaars and souqs. In Paris, about 150 covered passages were built between the late 18th century and 1850, and a wealth of shopping arcades were built across Europe in the 19th century. In the United States, the widespread use of the automobile in the 1920s led to the first shopping centers of a few dozen shops that included parking for cars. Starting in 1946, larger, open air centers anchored by department stores were built (sometimes as a collection of adjacent retail properties with different owners), then enclosed shopping malls starting with Victor Gruen's Southdale Center near Minneapolis in 1956.
thumb|The exterior of Rio Mar Shopping in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
A shopping mall is a type of shopping center, a North American term originally meaning a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s began to be used as a generic term for large shopping centers anchored by department stores, especially enclosed centers. Many malls in the United States are currently in severe decline ("dead malls") or have closed. Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added big-box stores as anchor tenants, or are specialized formats: power centers, lifestyle centers, factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces. Smaller types of shopping centers in North America include neighborhood shopping centers, and even smaller, strip malls. Pedestrian malls (shopping streets) in the United States have been less common and less successful than in Europe. In Canada, underground passages in Montreal and Toronto link large adjacent downtown retail spaces.
In Europe shopping malls/centers continue to grow and thrive. In the region distinction is made between shopping centers (shops under one roof), shopping precincts (pedestrianized zones of a town or city where many retail stores are located),"Shopping precinct", Cambridge Dictionaries the High Street (street – pedestrianized or not – with a high concentration of retail shops),"High street", Oxford Dictionaries and retail parks (usually out of the city centre, 5000 sq.m. or larger and anchored by big-box stores or supermarkets, rather than department stores). |
Shopping center | Types | Types
Most English-speakers follow a mix of the United Kingdom's and United States's naming conventions.
In the U.K. a "centre for shopping" is commonly the centre for a settlement. More recent shopping dedicated areas outside the main centre are known as "shopping centres" (with understanding of the synonym shopping mall) "shopping villages" or "retail parks".
According to author Richard Longstreth, before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applied to any group of adjacent retail businesses. A city's downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, the term "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, a place sharing comprehensive design planning, including layout, signs, exterior lighting, and parking; and shared business planning that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix.
The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:"Canada Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed January 8, 2023"Asia Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed July 15, 2020"Europe Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC
Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area, AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America
*does not apply to Europe
Type US GLA ft2 US GLA m2 EU GLA m2 EU GLA ft2 Can GLA ft2 Can GLA m2 AP NLA ft2 AP NLA m2 # anchors* Typical anchors Large general-purpose centers (US/AP) / traditional shopping centres (EU/Can) Mega-mall (AP) n/a 1,500,000+ 140,000+3+Department stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, multicinemas, major entertainment/leisure Super-regional mall/centerEU: Very large SC 800,000+ 74,000+ 80,000+ 860,000+ 800,000+ 74,000+ 800,000–1,499,999 74,000–139,9993+Regular/discount department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/leisure Regional mall/centerEU: Large SC 400,000–800,000 37,000–74,000 40,000–79,999 430,000–859,999 300,000–799,999 28,000–73,999 500,000–800,000 46,000–74,0002+ Small & medium general-purpose centers (US/AP) / traditional shopping centres (EU/Can) Sub-regional SC (AP)Europe: Medium SC n/a n/a 20,000–39,999 220,000–429,999 n/a n/a 200,000–500,000 19,000–46,000 0–3 Supermarket, hypermarket, small/discount department stores Small comparison-based SC (EU) n/a n/a 5,000–19,999 54,000–219,999 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Apparel, home furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc. Small convenience-based SC (EU) n/a n/a 5,000–19,999 54,000–219,999 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Supermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc. Community shopping center 125,000–400,000 11,600–37,000 n/a 100,000–400,000 9,300–37,000 n/a n/a2+ Discount store, supermarket, drugstore, category killer.
a.k.a. large neighborhood shopping center in US, Can Neighborhood shopping center 30,000–125,000 2,800–11,600 40,000–99,000 3,700–9,200 20,000–200,000 1,900–19,0001+ (US/Can)0–2 (AP)Supermarket, in Asia also hypermarket Convenience centerUS/Can also "Strip mall" <30,000 <2,800 10,000–39,000 930–3,600 n/a n/a0–1Convenience store anchor or anchorless Type US GLA ft2 US GLA m2 EU GLA m2 EU GLA ft2 Can GLA ft2 Can GLA m2 AP NLA ft2 AP NLA m2 # anchors* Typical anchors Specialized shopping centers Power centerEU: a.k.a. "Retail park" 250,000–600,000 23,000–56,000 S:5,000–9,999M:10,000–19,999L:20,000+ S:54,000–109,999M:110,000–219,999L:220,000+ 100,000–1,000,000 9,300–93,000 >50,000 >4,600 3+ (US/Can)n/a (AP) Category killers, warehouse clubs, large discount stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these. Lifestyle center (US) 150,000–500,000 14,000–46,000 n/a n/a 150,000–500,000 14,000–46,000 n/a n/a 0–2 Large-format upscale specialty stores Outlet mall/center 50,000–400,000 4,600–37,000 5,000+ 54,000+ 50,000–400,000 4,600–37,000 "no max. size" "no max. size" n/aManufacturers' and retail outlet stores Theme/Festival (US)(Festival marketplace) 80,000–250,000 7,400–23,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Restaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment Leisure/entertainment centre (AP)Leisure-based SC (EU) n/a n/a 5,000+ 54,000+ n/a n/a <500,000 <46,000N/A Entertainment and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors, fast fashion, electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored by a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at transport hubs. Specialty SC (AP) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a <500,000 <46,000 0 Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.) Single category SC (AP)Non-leisure-based themed SC (EU) n/a n/a 5,000+ 54,000+ n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Dedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or fashion, e.g. information technology, homewares/furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme. Major transportation hub SC (AP) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a >50,000 >4,600 n/aRetail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail Limited-purpose property Airport retail 75,000–300,000 7,000–28,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 Speciality retail and restaurants Shopping centre hybrids (Canada only) Hybrid SC (Can) n/a n/a n/a n/a 250,000+ 23,000+ n/a n/a varies Has characteristics of two or more shopping center types e.g. convenience + regional Multi-leveled SC 900,000 square feet retail, 1.25M square feet office, 1.59M square feet Wegmans, 20,000,000 acre Microsoft Campus 190,900 square feet supermarket >25,000 square feet <20,000 square feet >1,500 square feet 23,500 square feet +15 including Wegmans Wegmans, Microsoft Campus, stores from Europe & Asia, supermarkets, hypermarkets, 30+ screen multicinemas, entertainment/leisure |
Shopping center | General-purpose | General-purpose |
Shopping center | Multiregional | Multiregional
thumb|Bailian Xijiao Shopping Mall in Shanghai, at "Performance", Zhongcheng Lianhang (formerly Lixin) official website (in Chinese) a super-regional shopping mall
A superregional-scale center is commonly called a city centre. According to the International Council of Shopping Centers it is over of gross leasable area. These have three or more anchors, mass and varied merchant trade and serves as the dominant venue for the region () in which it is located.
Note that ICSC defines indoor centers above net leasable area in Asia-Pacific as mega-malls. |
Shopping center | Regional | Regional
A regional-scale shopping centre (commonly known as a town centre) is typically larger with to gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores and offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these tend to have higher-end stores (department stores) that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable. Regional centres have tourist attractions, education and hospitality areas.
Indoor centres are commonly called Shopping Malls in the U.S. or Shopping Centres in Commonwealth English. |
Shopping center | Community | Community
thumb|A community shopping centre in Klaukkala, Uusimaa, Finland
Community-scale shopping centres are commonly called Main Streets, High Streets or town squares in wider centres or in English-speaking Europe as retail parks for certain centres. These offer a wider range of goods and has two anchor supermarkets or discount department stores. They may also follow a parallel configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature a retail area of and serve a primary area of . |
Shopping center | Local | Local
thumb|A neighborhood shopping center catering to Vietnamese Americans in Little Saigon, Philadelphia
Local-scale shopping centres usually have a retail area of , and serve a primary area in a radius. They typically have a supermarket as an anchor or a large convenience shop and commonly serve large villages or as secondary centres to towns.
Car-dependent centres in the U.K. and Europe, if larger than can be termed a small retail park, while in the U.S. and some other countries it is known as a neighborhood shopping center. |
Shopping center | Convenience | Convenience
thumb|A strip mall in Cornelius, Oregon
Convenience-scale centers, independent of other centers are known as strip malls or as shopping parades. These centers are less than of gross leasable space and commonly serve villages or as parts of larger centers commonly called small squares, plazas or indoor markets. They are also called strip centers or convenience centers. Strip Malls, despite the name, are not considered "malls" in North America. |
Shopping center | Sector-focused | Sector-focused |
Shopping center | Power centers and retail parks | Power centers and retail parks
Power centers, in North America, are open-air single-level shopping centers that almost exclusively feature several big-box retailers as their anchors (although newer urban power centers have adopted enclosed and/or vertical formats while retaining the strong big-box emphasis). They usually have a retail area of and a primary trade area of .
A retail park, in the United Kingdom and Europe, is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom, and some (but not all) other European countries. In Europe, any shopping center with mostly "retail warehouse units" (UK terminology; in the US the term is "big-box stores"/superstores), or larger is a retail park, according to the leading real estate company Cushman & Wakefield. This would be considered in North America either a power center or a neighborhood shopping center, depending on the size. |
Shopping center | Lifestyle center | Lifestyle center
thumb|Lifestyle center located in Woodbury, Minnesota
A lifestyle center (American English), or lifestyle centre (Commonwealth English), is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall with leisure amenities oriented towards upscale consumers. |
Shopping center | Theme/festival center | Theme/festival center
thumb|Terminal 21, a shopping centre in Bangkok. Each floor has a theme of a different major world city.
Theme or festival centers have distinct unifying themes that are followed by their individual shops as well as their architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and cater to tourists. They typically feature a retail area of . |
Shopping center | Outlet centre | Outlet centre
An outlet centre (or outlet mall in North America) is a type of shopping centre in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet centres are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices. Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet centre, Vanity Fair, located in Reading, Pennsylvania, did not open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened the first enclosed factory outlet center in 1979, in Lakeland, Tennessee, a suburb of Memphis.University of San Diego webpage. Retrieved June 1, 2007. |
Shopping center | Shopping precinct / Pedestrian mall | Shopping precinct / Pedestrian mall
thumb|A pedestrian area in Kontula, Helsinki, Finland
A shopping precinct (U.K. term) or pedestrian mall (U.S. term) is an area of city centre streets which have been pedestrianized, where there is a concentration of "high street shops" such as department stores, clothing and home furnishings stores, and so forth. They may be part of a larger city-centre pedestrian zone, as is Strøget in Copenhagen, Denmark. In the U.S. chiefly in the 1960s, some cities converted a main shopping street (usually several blocks of one street only) to pedestrian zones known at the time as shopping malls (i.e. the original meaning of "mall": a "promenade"), but now referred to as pedestrian malls. |
Shopping center | Shopping arcade | Shopping arcade
thumb|Cleveland Arcade in Cleveland, Ohio
A shopping arcade is a type of shopping precinct that developed earlier and in which the connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and may be in the open air or covered by a ground-floor loggia. Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still functioning as shopping centres, while many others have been demolished.
In Russia, centuries-old shopping centres the size of regional malls still operate, consisting of multiple arcades. They developed from previous so-called "trading rows", which were essentially markets where traders could obtain space to sell their goods. Great Gostiny Dvor in Saint Petersburg in its present buildings dates back to the 1760s."Jean Baptiste M. Vallin de la Mothe", Encyclopedia Britannica With a total area of ,"Red Square", Encyclopedia Britannica GUM in Moscow, opened in its present buildings in the 1890s. |
Shopping center | In historical buildings | In historical buildings
thumb|The Stadsfeestzaal(nl), an exhibition palace-turned-shopping centre in Antwerp, Belgium
Historic and/or monumental buildings are sometimes converted into shopping centers, often forming part of a larger city center shopping district that otherwise consists mostly of on-street stores. Examples are the former main post office of Amsterdam, now Magna Plaza; the in Antwerp, Belgium, a former exhibition "palace"; the former Sears warehouse, now Ponce City Market in Atlanta; the former Emporium-Capwell department store in San Francisco, now San Francisco Centre; Georgetown Park in Washington, D.C., and the Abasto de Buenos Aires, formerly the city's wholesale produce market. |
Shopping center | History | History
thumb|300px|The Cole's Book Arcade, an early Victorian arcade ca.1883 - ca. 1903 in Melbourne
Shopping centers are not a recent innovation. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, in forums where shopping markets were located. One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajan's Market in Rome located in Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market was probably built around 100–110 AD by Apollodorus of Damascus, and it is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center. The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, might also be considered as precursors to the present-day large shopping centers. Isfahan's Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history. The oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage and accommodation for traders on various levels. Different rows specialized in different goods, such as 'Bakers Row' or 'Fleshmongers Row'.
Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over .
The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today. The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today.
The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798. The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819.
The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island introduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828 and is arguably the oldest "shopping center" in the country. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy followed in the 1870s and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centers in the late 19th century and early 20th century, including the Cleveland Arcade, and Moscow's GUM, which opened in 1890. When the Cleveland Arcade opened in 1890, it was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US, and like its European counterparts, was an architectural triumph. Two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example of Victorian architecture. Sydney's Queen Victoria Markets Building, opened in 1898, was also an ambitious architectural project.
Shopping Centers built before the 20th century; |
Shopping center | Modern shopping center milestones | Modern shopping center milestones
YearNameLocationMilestone 1798 Passage du Caire Paris First Paris shopping arcade 1828 Westminster Arcade Providence, RI, US First shopping arcade in the U.S. 1907 Roland Park Shopping Center Baltimore, MD, US First suburban shopping center of any size (six shops) 1913 Nugents St, Louis, MO, US First downtown department store to open a suburban branch 1916 Market Square (Lake Forest, Illinois) Lake Forest, IL, near Chicago, US First neighborhood shopping center* 1923 Country Club Plaza Kansas City, MO, US First regional shopping center* 1928 Bank Block Grandview Heights, OH, near Columbus, US First shopping center with more than 1 major chain supermarket 1930** Suburban Square Ardmore, PA, near Philadelphia, US First shopping center with a department store 1947 Broadway-Crenshaw Center Los Angeles, CA, US First regional shopping center* with department store(s) 1954 Valley Fair Mall Appleton, WI near Green Bay, US First enclosed shopping center/mall other than arcades 1956 Southdale Center Edina, MN near Minneapolis, US Second enclosed shopping center/mall other than arcades 1986 West Edmonton Mall Edmonton, Canada Largest mall in the world 1986–2004 1992 Mall of America Bloomington, MN near Minneapolis, US Largest mall in the U.S. since 1992 2005 South China Mall Dongguan, China Largest mall in the world since 2005
Notes: *based on current ICSC shopping center type definitions, **center opened in 1926 without department store, which was added in 1930 |
Shopping center | United States | United States |
Shopping center | Early 20th century centers in the U.S. | Early 20th century centers in the U.S.
thumb|Shops at Country Club Plaza, opened 1923, one of the first planned shopping centers
Early examples of "stores under one roof" include the nine-building shopping arcade Dayton Arcade in Dayton, Ohio (1902–1904), primarily built to rehouse the public food markets in more sanitary conditions, but which added retail clothing and household goods stores."Arcade", Dayton History Project, retrieved June 27, 2020 The Lake View Store, opened July 1916, was a collection of stores under one roof aimed at the workers in the company town of Morgan Park, in Duluth, Minnesota.
Before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applied to a collection of retail businesses. A city's downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, comprehensive planning in the design and business plan, a place built according to an overall program that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix, signs, exterior lighting, and parking.
In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtown.Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade. Cleveland Magazine, August 2009. Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri, , opened 1923.
The Bank Block in Grandview Heights, Ohio (1928) was an early strip mall or neighborhood center of 30 shops built along Grandview Avenue, with parking in the back for 400 cars. Uniquely for the time, it had multiple national grocery store tenants Kroger, Piggly Wiggly, and the A&P Tea Company."Bank Block", GRANDVIEW HEIGHTS/MARBLE CLIFF HISTORICAL SOCIETY, accessed July 27, 2020 The Park and Shop (1930) in Cleveland Park, Washington, D.C. was an early strip mall or neighborhood center with parking in the front. It was anchored by Piggly Wiggly and built in an L shape.Jacob Kaplan, "They Paved Paradise and Put Up a Park and Shop", Boundary Stones, WETA (PBS Washington, D.C.), accessed June 27, 2020
Other notable, large early centers with strips of independent stores, adjacent parking lots, but no department store anchors, include Highland Park Village (1931) in Dallas; and River Oaks Shopping Center (1937) in Houston. |
Shopping center | Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term "mall" | Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term "mall"
thumb|Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach, opened 1965, lined with shops, outdoor restaurant seating, fountains and sculptures
In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", that is, a pedestrian promenade (in U.K. usage a "shopping precinct"). Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo, Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach, Santa Monica Mall (1965), and malls in Fort Worth and in Canada's capital, Ottawa. The downtown Urbana, Illinois mall, converted from a city street, was enclosed, designed by Victor Gruen. |
Shopping center | Mall as synonym for some types of shopping centers | Mall as synonym for some types of shopping centers
Although Bergen Mall (opened 1957) led other suburban shopping centers in using "mall" in their names, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s, when the term "shopping mall" started to be used generically for large suburban shopping centers.
The term "mall" for regional enclosed shopping centers is not used in the U.K.
The term "mall" is used for those types of centers in some markets beyond North America such as India and the United Arab Emirates. In other developing countries such as Namibia and Zambia, "Mall" is found in the names of many small centers that qualify as neighborhood shopping centers or strip malls according to the ICSC.List of shopping centres in Namibia, List of shopping centres in Zambia |
Shopping center | Open-air centers in the U.S. | Open-air centers in the U.S.
The suburban shopping center concept evolved further with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores. The first was a center in Ardmore, Pennsylvania later named Suburban Square, when the Philadelphia department store Strawbridge & Clothier opened a four-story, branch there on May 12, 1930.Spector, Robert. Category killers: the retail revolution and its impact on consumer culture p.87 (2005)()Feinberg, Samuel. What makes shopping centers tick? (Fairchild Publications 1960) A much larger example would be the Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles built in 1947, anchored by a five-story Broadway and a May Company California.
Two of the largest shopping centers at the time were both in the San Fernando Valley, a suburban area of Los Angeles. They each consisted of one core open-air center and surrounding retail properties with various other owners, which would later hasten their decline as there wasn't a single owner, but rather a merchants' association, which was unable to react quickly to competition in later decades."Fall" in "The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Valley Plaza" (archived), Sirinya Tritipeskul for UCLA course "Urban Planning 253: Sprawl", Professor Randy Crane, Fall Quarter 2007 Valley Plaza opened August 12, 1951. In the mid-1950s, it claimed to be the largest shopping center on the West Coast of the United States and the third-largest in the country. The first part of the Panorama City Shopping Center opened as on October 10, 1955, and would grow until the mid-1960s, it claimed to be the first shopping center with four major department store anchors,Ohrbach's advertisement in Valley News, 1964 even though the "center" was in fact a marketing association for multiple adjacent properties.
Northland Center near Detroit, built 1954, was the first of 4 centers that Victor Gruen built for Hudson's (Eastland Center, Southland Center, and Westland Center were the others) At launch, Northland Center was the world's largest shopping center.Hardwick, Jeffrey M. "Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream." University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. |
Shopping center | Enclosed "malls" in the U.S. | Enclosed "malls" in the U.S.
The enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin, which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå, in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine) and was named Shopping; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.
The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen. This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Center, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota, United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell.
The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall. The center, which opened with an open-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center, significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois.
Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.
Over the next five decades, the United States embarked on a wild shopping center construction spree. American commercial real estate developers built far more shopping centers and malls than could be justified by the country's population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010. By the time shopping mall operator Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield decided to get out of the United States in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe). |
Shopping center | Decline of the mall in the U.S. | Decline of the mall in the U.S.
Since the 1990s, the shopping mall has been in decline because of competition from discount stores and other shopping center formats, from e-commerce and most recently from closures and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
Shopping center | History of shopping centres outside the U.S. | History of shopping centres outside the U.S. |
Shopping center | Canada | Canada
Don Mills Convenience Centre (now Shops at Don Mills) opened in 1955, in Toronto, Ontario. The first fully enclosed shopping mall in Canada was Wellington Square. It was designed for Eaton's by John Graham, Jr. as an enclosed mall with a department store anchor and subterranean parking which opened in downtown London, Ontario, on August 11, 1960. After several renovations, it remains open today as Citi Plaza.
In the 1970s in Canada, the Ontario government created the Ontario Downtown Renewal Programme, which helped finance the building of several downtown malls across Ontario such as Eaton Centre. The program was created to reverse the tide of small business leaving downtowns for larger sites surrounding the city. In the first quarter of 2012 shopping mall private investment hit an all-time low under 0.1 percent. |
Shopping center | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
In the UK, Chrisp Street Market was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the shop fronts. The first mall-type shopping precinct in Great Britain was built in Birmingham's city centre. Known as Bull Ring Centre (now Bull Ring, Birmingham), it was officially dedicated in May 1964. A notable example is the Halton Lea Shopping Centre (originally known as Shopping City) in Runcorn, which opened in 1972 and was conceived as the centre point for the new town's development. Another early example is the Brent Cross Centre, Britain's first out-of-town shopping centre and located on the northern outskirts of London, which was opened in March 1976. In the current era, shopping centres are found commonly all across the country. |
Shopping center | Australia | Australia
Chermside Drive-In Shopping Centre started trading to the public in 1957, in Brisbane, Australia. |
Shopping center | Indoor air quality | Indoor air quality |
Shopping center | See also | See also
Alley
Arcade
Bazaar
Lists of shopping malls
Mall kiosk
Market (place)
Retail format
Shopping mall |
Shopping center | References | References |
Shopping center | External links | External links
International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)
American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge Community
Category:Planned commercial developments
Category:Retail buildings
Category:Urban studies and planning terminology |
Shopping center | Table of Content | Short description, Types, General-purpose, Multiregional, Regional, Community, Local, Convenience, Sector-focused, Power centers and retail parks, Lifestyle center, Theme/festival center, Outlet centre, Shopping precinct / Pedestrian mall, Shopping arcade, In historical buildings, History, Modern shopping center milestones, United States, Early 20th century centers in the U.S., Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term "mall", Mall as synonym for some types of shopping centers, Open-air centers in the U.S., Enclosed "malls" in the U.S., Decline of the mall in the U.S., History of shopping centres outside the U.S., Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Indoor air quality, See also, References, External links |
Alter Channel | short description | Alter Channel, better known as Alter, was a private TV channel in Greece. It was launched in 1990 and owned by Eleftheri Tileorasi S.A. and was headed by Andreas Kouris. Alter's programming mainly consisted of news, current affairs shows and entertaining programs.
Alter featured news anchor Nikos Hadjinikolaou, morning show host Giorgos Aftias, and investigative reporter Makis Triantafyllopoulos. Additionally, Alter also aired the award-winning program Fos Sto Tounel, which tracked down missing individuals and solved various crimes. The show also featured a lineup of children's programming that aired daily. In early December 2011, Alter stopped broadcasting due to financial difficulties. |
Alter Channel | History | History
1994 (March) – The station was launched as Channel 5.
In a transitional period when it was co-owned by Altec and Kouris Media Group it was named Alter 5.
2000 – On 29 October of this year it rebranded its name as Alter Channel.
2002 (September) – Alter moves the news programming from 6 pm Balkan-Nile (UTC+02:00) to an hour and twenty minutes later to compete with other channels such as ANT1 news.
2005 – On April 20, Alter overhauled its lineup and organised its schedule into blocks: morning, noon, afternoon and night. The morning block featured news and current affairs, as well as programming for children. The noon block had current affairs and entertainment shows. During the evening Alter broadcast serials and the main nightly newscast. At night, programming consisted mainly of entertainment and talk shows.
2005 – Alter launches Alter Globe, serving North America (24 Aug.) on Dish Network, and Australia, Asia and Africa (December) on UBI World TV.
2007 – Alter Globe was removed from the Dish Network platform in the US on August 31, 2007, and debuted on the rival platform DirecTV on September 26, 2007.
2008 – Alter Globe launches in New Zealand via UBI World TV.
2010 – Alter Globe is added to Cablevision in the US then removed a short while later due to insufficient growth.
2011 (November) – Alter headquarters was occupied by its workers, who were striking in response to not having been paid in over a year.
2011 (December) – The channel stopped broadcasting.
2012 (April) – Plans to reopen the channel began, with finance believed to be by Israeli, French and Turkish investors. |
Alter Channel | Alter Channel workers' occupation (30 November 2011 – 10 February 2012) | Alter Channel workers' occupation (30 November 2011 – 10 February 2012)
On November 11, 2011, unpaid Alter employees occupied the station, broadcasting their demands over the transmission. Alter employees produced and transmitted their own program from January 1 until February 10, 2012, at which point all transmissions ceased.
The programme featured interviews with unemployed Greeks, unpaid workers, striking workers of the Greek steel industry, unpaid employees of newspaper Eleftherotypia, economist Dimitris Kazakis (who referred to the imposition of new measures by the government Papademos), the chairman of power company union GENOP, Nikos Fotopoulos, and former broadcast journalist John Kanelakis. Presenters of the show were George Filippakis and Akrivi Kirikos.
Also broadcast at this time were the documentaries Debtocracy, and W4 Crisis (Women of the crisis), which referred to the economic crisis and the Greek debt. The solidarity concert at the indoor basketball court of Peristeri was also broadcast on Monday, January 30, 2012. In April 2012, the major shareholder of ALTER George Kouris started negotiations with Israeli investors, who wanted to financially support the channel. |
Alter Channel | Logo | Logo
The original logo used by Alter Channel, which lasted for just one year, featured a swirl type symbol in red at the top and the words 'Alter Channel' below in blue. The channel simply used the word 'Alter' as its logo. |
Alter Channel | Programming | Programming
Alter shows include:
Alter Εidiseis (Alter News) – Daily national and international newscast. Hosted by Nikos Hadjinikolaou.
Atheatos Kosmos (Out-of-sight world) – Current affairs program, discusses social and political issues. Hosted by Kostas Chardavellas.
Edo Kai Tora (Here and Now) – Current affairs program. Features live reports and analysis of issues such as economic matters and health concerns. Hosted by Μaria Smilidou and Dimitris Freskos.
Fos Sto Tounel – Informative series that focuses on finding missing persons. It has won numerous awards. Hosted by Ageliki Nikolouli.
Kalimera (Good Morning) – Morning show, features a discussion with in-studio guests and news from Greece and abroad. Hosted by Giorgos Aftias (previously at Alpha TV).
Lifestyle, a one-hour show with star interviews, entertainment news, and gossip about Greek show business.
Poly Bla Bla (Much talking) – A show targeted at youth with topics including celebrity gossip, fashion tips, games and contests, strange news stories from around the world and helpful advice for viewers. Hosted by Stamatina Tsimtsili, with Alexandra Tsolka, Nikos Partsolis, Olga Lafazani, Vasilis Tsatsanis and Stefanos Kostantinidis.
Prosopo Me Prosopo (Face to face) – Talk show with focus on current affairs including political, social and economic issues; hosted by Nikos Hadjinikolaou.
Ta Paratragouda (Incidents) – Entertainment series that features various guests who wish to air their problems (whether real or fake). Hosted by Annita Pania.
Simera (Today) – Discusses daily news and analyses current events in Greece. Hosted by Akis Paulopoulos.
TV Weekend – Entertainment series that features celebrity gossip and entertainment news. Hosted by Eleni Fotopoulou.
Zougla and Kitrinos Typos (Yellow Press) – Current affairs. Hosted by Makis Triantafyllopoulos.
Kids programs – In the morning, Alter was airing kid shows including Angelina Ballerina, Animal Stories, Bakugan Battle Brawlers, Barney & Friends, Bob the Builder, Code Lyoko, Finley the Fire Engine, Fireman Sam, Franklin, Gormiti, Koala Brothers, Legend of the Dragon, Make Way for Noddy, Miffy and Friends, Pingu, Postman Pat, Rupert, Strawberry Shortcake, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, The Adventures of Marco & Gina, Thomas & Friends, Totally Spies!, Transformers: Robots in Disguise, The Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley, Triplets, Trotro, You're Invited to Mary-Kate & Ashley's... and Winx Club. |
Alter Channel | Alter Globe | Alter Globe
thumb|right|200px|Alter Globe logo.
Alter Globe is the international network of Alter Channel that broadcasts Alter to audiences in North America and Australia. The channel launched in August 2005 in the USA on Dish Network and in December 2005 in Australia on UBI World TV. In September 2007 it switched platforms in the US from Dish Network to DirecTV. On April 1, 2011, was removed from the DirecTV platform along with all other Greek satellite television channels that were carried by the service. On October 1, 2011, Alter Globe re-launched in the US on the Home2US platform. |
Alter Channel | See also | See also
List of programs broadcast by Alter Channel
List of Greek-language television channels |
Alter Channel | References | References
Category:Defunct television channels in Greece
Category:Greek-language television stations
Category:Television channels and stations established in 1990
Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2012
Category:1990 establishments in Greece
Category:2012 disestablishments in Greece |
Alter Channel | Table of Content | short description, History, Alter Channel workers' occupation (30 November 2011 – 10 February 2012), Logo, Programming, Alter Globe, See also, References |
North Downs Way | Short description | The North Downs Way National Trail is a long-distance path in southern England, opened in 1978. It runs from Farnham to Dover, past Guildford, Dorking, Merstham, Otford and Rochester, along the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and Kent Downs AONB. |
North Downs Way | History | History
Planning for a new Long Distance Path, as they were classified in 1949, began in Kent in 1950. After an extensive survey, it was agreed that a route on "a line which offers the best scenic qualities for the walker" along the ridge of the North Downs, rather than the Pilgrim's Way (which even in the 1960s was predominantly metalled road), was preferred. Working alongside Surrey County Council, plans were eventually submitted in 1966.
The North Downs Way was officially designated by the then Minister of Housing and Local Government, Anthony Greenwood, on 14 July 1969, and opened in parts shortly afterwards. The formal opening ceremony, led by Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury, took place on 30 September 1978. At that time, it was long, of which were newly created public rights of way. |
North Downs Way | Route | Route
thumb|The North Downs Way, and the other Kent long-distance footpaths
thumb|Colley Hill on the North Downs Way
right|thumb|Heading up Hollingbourne Downs on the North Downs Way
East of Boughton Lees, the path splits in two, the northern section running via Canterbury and the southern via Wye; at this stage the path crosses the Stour Valley Walk and passes the Wye Crown. The two sections of the path reunite at Dover. The northern route is long, and the southern route , the current length of the North Downs Way being . The official guide to the trail divides the North Downs Way into fifteen sections.
+Sections of the North Downs WaySectionStart pointFinish pointDistance (km)Ascent (metres)Descent (metres)1FarnhamGuildford17.72032332GuildfordWesthumble21.02932883WesthumbleMerstham16.04423844MersthamOxted12.83112495OxtedOtford18.95245876OtfordCuxton24.15245877CuxtonDetling20.14042998DetlingLenham14.93202819LenhamWye17.912824710WyeEtchinghill18.139630311EtchinghillBoughton Lees19.340650612Boughton LeesChilham9.515617113ChilhamCanterbury11.618721514CanterburyShepherdswell16.724815815ShepherdswellDover13.7152268
The pathway is mixed-category in that it varies throughout length from footpath (around 48%) status to bridleway, byway and road. Some 19% of the Way follows roads, though 75% of those are minor lanes.
The path (east of Boughton Lees, the southern section) runs along the ridge of the North Downs hills, and follows parts of the Pilgrims' Way. |
North Downs Way | Geology | Geology
thumb|Geology of the South East: chalk is light green
As the pathway runs through the higher parts of the downland, the trail and surrounding countryside are characterised by chalk-based soil and calcareous grassland with broadleaf woodland on the upper slopes. It reflects the underlying sedimentary chalk deposits on the highest parts of the trail. There is livestock grazing on the lower slopes with clay soil and crop agriculture predominant in the valleys. |
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