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Lily of the West | References | References |
Lily of the West | Bibliography | Bibliography
Cowan, Frank. Southwestern Pennsylvania in Song and Story. Greensburg, Pa.: Privately printed (1878). |
Lily of the West | External links | External links
The Lily of the West, sheet music published circa 1860
Category:American folk songs
Category:Bob Dylan songs
Category:Joan Baez songs
Category:Mark Knopfler songs
Category:Peter, Paul and Mary songs
Category:Irish folk songs
Category:Murder ballads
Category:Songs about Louisville, Kentucky |
Lily of the West | Table of Content | Short description, History and traditional variants, Britain and Ireland, America, Popular recordings, The Irish experience, References, Bibliography, External links |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Short description | Hayim Nahman Bialik (; January 9, 1873 – July 4, 1934) was a Jewish poet who wrote primarily in Hebrew and Yiddish. Bialik is considered a pioneer of modern Hebrew poetry, part of the vanguard of Jewish thinkers who gave voice to a new spirit of his time, and recognized today as Israel's national poet. Being a noted essayist and story-teller, Bialik also translated major works from European languages. |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Biography | Biography
thumb|Hayim Nahman Bialik in 1905
Hayim Nahman Bialik was born in Radi, Volhynia Governorate in the Russian Empire to Itzik Yosef Bialik, a wood merchant from Zhytomyr, and his wife, Dinah Priveh.Birth records of both Hayim and Blyuma Byalik are available at JewishGen.org (genealogical database for Ukraine). Date of birth: January 6, 1873. Parents: Itsko-Yosef Byalik (son of Yankel-Moyshe Byalik), from Zhytomyr, and Dinah-Priva Byalik. His sister Blyuma was born on January 20, 1875, in Ivnitsa. He had an older brother Sheftel (born in 1862) and two sisters Chenya-Ides (born in 1871) and Blyuma (born in 1875).Revision list with all members of the Bialik family in Zhytomyr (including Hayim-Nakhman, aged 10) from 1884 is available at JewishGen.org. His father was still alive and 56 years old at the revision, his mother was 51. When Bialik was 8 years old, his father died. His mother took him to Zhytomyr to live with his Orthodox grandfather, Yankl-Moishe Bialik. Bialik would not see his mother for over twenty years, when he brought her to Odessa to live with him.
In Zhytomyr, Bialik explored European literature alongside the traditional Jewish religious education he received. At the age of 15, he convinced his grandfather to send him to the Volozhin Yeshiva in Vilna Governorate to study under Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, where he hoped he could continue his Jewish schooling while expanding his knowledge of European literature. There, Bialik encountered the Haskala or Jewish Enlightenment movement and, as a result, drifted away from yeshiva life. A story in the biography of Chaim Soloveitchik cites an anonymous student, presumably Bialik himself, being expelled from the Yeshiva for involvement in the Haskala movement. As Rabbi Chaim was escorting him out, Bialik asked, "Why?" In response, the rabbi said he had spent the time convincing Bialik not to use his writing talents against the yeshiva world. Poems such as HaMatmid ("The Talmud student"), written in 1898, reflect Bialik's great ambivalence toward that way of life: on the one hand, admiration for the dedication and devotion of the yeshiva students to their studies; on the other, a disdain for their narrow world.
At 18, Bialik left for Odessa. A center of modern Jewish culture in the southern Russian Empire, drawn by his admiration for authors such as Mendele Mocher Sforim and Ahad Ha'am. There, Bialik studied Russian and German language and literature while dreaming of enrolling in the Orthodox Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin. Alone and penniless, Bialik made his living teaching Hebrew.
The 1892 Bialik published his first poem, El Hatzipor "To the Bird", which expresses a longing for Zion, in a booklet edited by Yehoshua Hana Rawnitzki (1859–1944), which opened the doors into the Jewish literary circles in Odessa. There, he joined the Hovevei Zion movement where he befriended the author Ahad Ha'am, who had a significant influence on his Zionist outlook.
In 1892, Bialik heard news that the Volozhin Yeshiva had closed and returned home to Zhytomyr to prevent his grandfather from discovering that he had discontinued his religious education. He arrived to find both his grandfather and his older brother close to death. Following their deaths, Bialik married Manya Averbuch in 1893.
For a time, he served as a bookkeeper in his father-in-law's lumber business in Korostyshiv, near Kyiv. This proved unsuccessful so, in 1897, he moved to Sosnowiec, a small town in the Dąbrowa Basin in Vistula Land in Congress Poland, which was controlled by the Russian Empire. There, Bialik worked both as a Hebrew teacher and, to earn extra income, a coal merchant. In 1900, feeling depressed by the provincial life of Sosnowiec, Bialik secured a teaching job in Odessa.
thumb|Signed drawing of Chaim Bialik by Manuel Rosenberg, 1926
Bialik visited the United States, where he stayed with his cousin Raymond Bialeck in Hartford, CT. He is the uncle of actress Mayim Bialik's great-great-grandfather. |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Literary career | Literary career
thumb|A young Bialik
The year 1900 marked the beginning of Bialik's "golden period": he continued his activities in Zionist and literary circles, and his literary fame continued to rise. In 1901 his first collection of poetry was published in Warsaw, where it was greeted with much critical acclaim, being hailed as "the poet of national Renaissance". Bialik relocated to Warsaw briefly in 1904 to serve as literary editor of the weekly magazine HaShiloah founded by Ahad Ha'am, a position he served for six years.
In 1903, in the wake of the Kishinev pogroms, the Jewish Historical Commission in Odessa asked Bialik to travel to Kishiniev (today Chișinău) to interview survivors and prepare a report. In response to his findings, Bialik wrote his epic poem "In the City of Slaughter" (originally published under the name "Massa Nemirov"), a powerful statement of anguish at the situation of the Jews. The poem's condemnation of passivity against anti-Semitic violence is said to have inspired thousands of Jewish youths to cast off their pacifism and join the Russian underground against the Czar,Max Dimont, Jews, God, and History, Simon and Schuster, 7th printing, 1962, p. 347 the founding of Jewish self-defense groups in the Russian Empire, and, later on, the Haganah in Palestine.
It was during his visit to Odessa that Bialik first met the painter Ira Jan, with whom he conducted a secret love affair for many years.
In the early 1900s, Bialik, together with Yehoshua Rawnitzki, Simcha Ben Zion and Elhanan Leib Lewinsky, founded Moriah, a publishing house aimed at issuing Hebrew classics and school texts. He translated into Hebrew various European works, such as William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Friedrich Schiller's William Tell, Miguel de Cervantes' novel Don Quixote, Heinrich Heine's poems, and S. Ansky's The Dybbuk.
Throughout the years 1899–1915, Bialik published about 20 of his Yiddish poems in differen periodicals throughout the Russian Empire. These poems are often considered to be among the best of modern Yiddish poetry. Starting in 1908, Bialik switched to writing in prose: In collaboration with Rawnitzki, Bialik published Sefer HaAggadah (The Book of Legends, 1908–1911), a three-volume edition of the folk tales and proverbs scattered throughout the Talmud. The book comprises a selection of hundreds of texts arranged thematically. It was immediately recognized as a masterwork and has been reprinted numerous times. Bialik also edited the poems of the Andalusi poet and philosopher Solomon ibn Gabirol and began a modern commentary on the Mishna, but only completed Zeraim, the first of the six Sedarim (Orders), of the Mishna."HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: משנה ערוכה לתלמידים - כלאים -- ביאליק, חיים נחמן, 1873-1934" For this, Bialik intentionally chose to use the traditional Vilna edition of the Mishnah instead of a more scientific text and created, arguably, the first modern commentary to a Seder of Mishnah that included, in its introduction, a summary of the content as well as all of the relevant biblical passages.Mordechai Meir, “Shisha Sidrei Ha-Mishna Menukadim U-mefurashim al Yedei Chaim Nachman Bialik: Kavim Le-mifalo Ha-nishkach shel Bialik,” Netuim 16 (5770), pp.191-208, available at: http://www.herzog.ac.il/vtc/tvunot/netuim16_meir.pdf In the 1950s, under the direction of Hanoch Albeck, the Bialik Institute published a commentary on the entire Mishnah, an expansion of Bialik's project.
In 1919 in Odessa, Bialik founded the Dvir publishing house. The institution, now based in Israel, is known today as Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir after it was purchased by the Zmora-Bitan publishing house in 1986, and subsequently merged with Kinneret Publishing. It was in Odessa, where BIalik befriended the soprano Isa Kremer, and inspired her to become the first woman sing Yiddish music on the concert stage.
Bialik remained in Odessa until 1921, when the Moriah publishing house was closed by Soviet authorities as a result of mounting paranoia following the Bolshevik Revolution. Through the intervention of Maxim Gorky, a group of Hebrew writers were given permission by the Soviet government to leave the country; |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Move to Germany | Move to Germany
thumb|Hayim Nahman and his wife Manya in 1925
Bialik moved, via the Second Polish Republic and Revolutionary Ankara Turkey, to Berlin, where, together with his friends Yehoshua Rawnitzki and Shmaryahu Levin, he re-established the Dvir publishing house. There, in collaboration with the rabbinical college Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, Bialik published the first Hebrew language scientific journal.
In Germany, Bialik joined a community of noted Jewish authors and publishers. Among them were Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Salman Schocken (owner of Schocken Department Stores and founder of Schocken Books), the historian Simon Dubnow, Israel Isidor Elyashev, Uri Zvi Greenberg, Jakob Klatzkin (cofounder of the Eshkol publishing house in Berlin), Moyshe Kulbak, Zeev Latsky ("Bertoldi") (cofounder of Klal-farlag publishing house in Berlin in 1922), Simon Rawidowicz (co-founder of Klal-farlag), Zalman Shneour, Nochum Shtif, Shaul Tchernichovsky, Shoshana Persitz (founder of Omanut publishing house) and Martin Buber. They met routinely at the Hebrew Committee House ) in Berlin's Scheunenviertel, in Café Monopol, which had a Hebrew-speaking corner, or Café des Westens (both in Berlin's more elegant western boroughs).
Bialik succeeded Klal Publishing's Hebrew chief editor, Saul Israel Hurwitz, upon his death on August 8, 1922, during which time 80 titles were published.Maren Krüger, 'Buchproduktion im Exil. Der Klal-Verlag', In: Juden in Kreuzberg: Fundstücke, Fragmente, Erinnerungen …, Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt e.V. (ed.), Berlin: Edition Hentrich, pp. 421–426, here p. 422.
In January 1923, Bialik's 50th birthday was celebrated in the old concert hall of the Berlin Philharmonic, bringing together everybody who was anybody.Michael Brenner, 'Blütezeit des Hebräischen: Eine vergessene Episode im Berlin der zwanziger Jahre', In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 23, 2000, supplement 'Ereignisse und Gestalten', p. III. |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Move to Tel Aviv | Move to Tel Aviv
thumb|Bialik House, mid-1920s
thumb|Bialik House, Tel Aviv, 2015
Bialik first visited Palestine in 1909. In 1924, he relocated with his publishing house Dvir to the township of Tel Aviv, devoting himself to cultural activities and public affairs and becoming a celebrated literary figure in the Yishuv. In 1927, Bialik was elected as head of the Hebrew Writers Association, a position he retained for the rest of his life. That year, he founded the Oneg Shabbat society of Tel Aviv, which sponsored communal gatherings on Shabbat afternoons to study Torah and sing. Even though he was not an observant Jew, Bialik believed that public observance of Shabbat was essential to preserving the Jewish people. In response to criticism regarding his community activism, Bialik responded: "Show me the judge who can say which is preferable: a good poem or a good deed."Spending Shabbat with Bialik, Haaretz |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Works and influence | Works and influence
Bialik wrote several different kinds of poetry: he is perhaps most famous for his long, nationalistic poems, which call for a reawakening of the Jewish people. Bialik had his own awakening even before writing those poems, arising out of the anger and shame he felt at the Jewish response to pogroms. In his poem In the City of Slaughter, Bialik excoriated the Jews of Kishinev who had allowed their persecutors to wreak their will without raising us to defend themselves. No less admired are his passionate poems on love, nature, the yearning for Zion and children's poems.
Bialik wrote most of his poems using Ashkenazi pronunciation. Today, modern Israeli Hebrew uses the Sephardi pronunciation (what Miryam Segal called the "new accent"), i.e., an amalgam of vowels and consonantal sounds from variety of sources.Miryam Segal, A New Sound in Hebrew Poetry: Poetics, Politics, Accent (Indiana, 2010) Consequently, Bialik's poems are rarely recited in the meter in which they were written, although according to Segal, the Ashkenazi (penultimate) stress pattern is still preserved.Segal (2010), Preface, and "The Conundrum of the National Poet: in Segal (2010), 139-150 Chapter
Bialik contributed significantly to the revival of the Hebrew language, which, before his days was used almost exclusively for liturgy. The generation of Hebrew language poets who followed in Bialik's footsteps, including Jacob Steinberg and Jacob Fichman, are known as "the Bialik generation".
Bialik is honored as Israel's national poet. Bialik House, his former home at 22 Bialik Street in Tel Aviv, has been converted into a museum and a center for literary events. The Bialik Prize for literature was established by the municipality of Tel Aviv; Kiryat Bialik, a suburb of Haifa, and Givat Hen, a moshav bordering the city of Raanana, are named after him. The research body and publishing house, the Bialik Institute, is named after him. He is the only person to have two streets named after him in the same Israeli city – Bialik Street and Hen Boulevard in Tel Aviv. There is a Bialik Hebrew Day School in Toronto, ON, Canada; a Bialik High School in Montreal, QC, Canada, and a cross-communal Jewish Zionist school in Melbourne called Bialik College; in Caracas, Venezuela, the Jewish community school is named Herzl-Bialik and the Jewish school in Rosario, Argentina is named after him.
Bialik's poems have been translated into at least 30 languages, with some set to music as popular songs. These poems, and the songs based on them, have become an essential part of the education and culture of modern Israel and throughout the Jewish world. |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Death | Death
Bialik died in Vienna, Austria, on July 4, 1934, from a sudden heart attack a week after undergoing a successful prostate operation. His burial in Tel Aviv had a large mourning procession followed from his home on the street named after him, to his final resting place. |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Gallery | Gallery |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Notes | Notes |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | References | References |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Selected bibliography in English | Selected bibliography in English
Selected Writings (poetry and prose) Hasefer, 1924; New York, New Palestine, 1926; Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society, 1939; New York, Histadrut Ivrit of America, 1948; New York, Bloch, 1965; New York, Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1972; Tel Aviv, Dvir and the Jerusalem Post, 1981; Columbus, Alpha, 1987
The Short Friday Tel Aviv, Hashaot, 1944
Knight of Onions and Knight of Garlic New York, Jordan, 1939
Random Harvest – The Novellas of C. N. Bialik, Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press (Perseus Books), 1999
The Modern Hebrew Poem Itself (2003),
Songs from Bialik: Selected Poems of Hayim Nahman Bialik, Syracuse, Syracuse University Press, 2000
Selected Poems: Bilingual Edition, (translated by Ruth Nevo), Jerusalem: Dvir, 1981. |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Further reading | Further reading
Tamar Rotem, "The Flower is Forgot: the life and works of national poet Hayyim Nahman Bialik are not taught properly", Haaretz Newspaper ,17/07/2001
Ziva Shamir, "Spiritual Merchant & Motionless Wanderer: Dramatis Personae and Speaking Voice in Bialik's Works","Bikort & Parshanut" Magazin 2002
Ziva Shamir, "A Thousand Mouths Anointed With Poison: The Anatomy of Modern Anti-semitism in Bialik's Oeuvre", "KESHER" Journal #33, Spring 2003.
Ziva Shamir, "No story, no history", Bialik's Stories from Texture to Context (Lecture circa 1998), www.zivashamir.com |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | External links | External links
Hayim Nahman Bialik Personal Manuscripts and Letters
Category:1873 births
Category:1934 deaths
Category:People from Zhytomyr Oblast
Category:People from Zhitomirsky Uyezd
Category:Jewish Ukrainian writers
Category:Ashkenazi Jews in Mandatory Palestine
Category:Modern Hebrew writers
Category:Hebrew-language poets
Category:Ukrainian folklorists
Category:Ukrainian Zionists
Category:Jewish folklorists
Category:German emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Category:Jewish writers
Category:Kishinev pogrom
Category:Hovevei Zion
Category:Burials at Trumpeldor Cemetery
Category:Yiddish-language poets
Category:Volozhin Yeshiva alumni
Category:Immigrants of the Fourth Aliyah |
Hayim Nahman Bialik | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Literary career, Move to Germany, Move to Tel Aviv, Works and influence, Death, Gallery, Notes, References, Selected bibliography in English, Further reading, External links |
Jane Yolen | Short description | Jane Hyatt Yolen (born February 11, 1939) is an American writer of fantasy, science fiction, and children's books. She is the author or editor of more than 400 books, of which the best known is The Devil's Arithmetic, a Holocaust novella. Her other works include the Nebula Award−winning short story "Sister Emily's Lightship", the novelette "Lost Girls", Owl Moon, The Emperor and the Kite, and the Commander Toad series. She has collaborated on works with all three of her children, most extensively with Adam Stemple.
Yolen delivered the inaugural Alice G. Smith Lecture at the University of South Florida in 1989. In 2012 she became the first woman to give the Andrew Lang lecture.Adams, John Joseph; Barr Kirtley, David (January 23, 2013). "Author Jane Yolen Talks Book Banning and Harry Potter". Wired. Yolen published her 400th book in early 2021, Bear Outside. |
Jane Yolen | Early life | Early life
Jane Hyatt Yolen was born on February 11, 1939, at Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan. She is the first child of Isabell Berlin Yolen, a psychiatric social worker who became a full-time mother and homemaker upon Yolen's birth, and Will Hyatt Yolen, a journalist who wrote columns at the time for New York newspapers, and whose family emigrated from Ukraine to the United States. Both of Yolen's parents were Jewish, and raised her secular-Jewish. Isabell also did volunteer work, and wrote short stories in her spare time. However, she was not able to sell them. Because the Hyatts, the family of Yolen's grandmother, Mina Hyatt Yolen, only had girls, a number of the children of Yolen's generation were given their last name as a middle name in order to perpetuate it.
When Yolen was barely one year old, the family moved to California to accommodate Will's new job working for Hollywood film studios, doing publicity on films such as American Tragedy and Knut Rockne. The family moved back to New York City prior to the birth of Yolen's brother, Steve. When Will joined the Army as a Second Lieutenant to fight in England during World War II, Yolen, her mother and brother lived with her grandparents, Danny and Dan, in Newport News, Virginia. After the war, the family moved back to Manhattan, living on Central Park West and 97th Street until Yolen turned 13. She attended PS 93, where she enjoyed writing and singing, and became friends with future radio presenter Susan Stamberg. She also engaged writing by creating a newspaper for her apartment with her brother that she sold for five cents a copy. She was accepted to Music and Art High School. During the summer prior to that semester, she attended a Vermont summer camp, which was her first involvement with the Society of Friends (Quakers). Her family also moved to a ranch house in Westport, Connecticut, where she attended Bedford Junior high for ninth grade, and then Staples High School. She received a BA from Smith College in 1960 and a master's degree in Education from the University of Massachusetts in 1978. After graduating she moved back to New York City. |
Jane Yolen | Career | Career
Although Yolen considered herself a poet and a journalist/nonfiction writer, to her surprise she became a children's book writer. Her first published book was Pirates in Petticoats, which she sold on her 22nd birthday, February 11, 1961.
During the 1960s, Yolen held editorial positions at various magazines and publishers in New York City, including Gold Medal Books, Routledge Books, and Alfred A. Knopf Juvenile Books. From 1990 to 1996 she ran her own young adult fiction imprint, Jane Yolen Books, at Harcourt Brace.
She has co-written two books with her son, the writer and musician Adam Stemple, Pay the Piper and Troll Bridge, both part of the Rock 'n' Roll Fairy Tale series. She also wrote lyrics for the song "Robin's Complaint," recorded on the 1994 album Antler Dance by Stemple's band Boiled in Lead.
As of 2021, Yolen has written more than 400 books. |
Jane Yolen | Personal life | Personal life
In 1962, Yolen married David W. Stemple. They had three children, including musician Adam Stemple, and six grandchildren. David Stemple died in March 2006. Yolen lives in Hatfield, Massachusetts. She also owns a house in Scotland, where she lives for a few months each year. |
Jane Yolen | Awards | Awards
1987 Special World Fantasy Award (for Favorite Folktales From Around the World)
1989 Sydney Taylor Book Award for Older Readers (for The Devil's Arithmetic)
1992 The Catholic Library Association's Regina Medal (for her body of children's literature)"Regina Medal" . Catholic Library Association. Retrieved June 11, 2013.Carpan, Carolyn (2005). Jane Yolen. Infobase Publishing (Who Wrote That? series). p. 112. Archived at Google Books. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
1999 Nebula Award for Novelette (for "Lost Girls") September 25, 2013.
2009 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement at the 2010 World Fantasy Convention. A panel of judges selects about two people annually.
2017 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award |
Jane Yolen | Nominations | Nominations
1984 World Fantasy Award for Anthology/Collection (for Tales of Wonder)
1986 World Fantasy Award for Anthology/Collection (for Dragonfield and Other Stories)
1987 World Fantasy Award for Anthology/Collection (for Merlin's Booke)
1989 World Fantasy Award for Best Novella (for Briar Rose)
1993 World Fantasy Award for Best Novel (for The Devil's Arithmetic)
2009 Sydney Taylor Book Award Younger Reader Honor (for Naming Liberty, illustrated by Jim Burke)
2021 Sydney Taylor Book Award Picture Book Honor (for Miriam at the River, illustrated by Khoa Le) |
Jane Yolen | Similarity to Harry Potter | Similarity to Harry Potter
Regarding the similarities between her 1991 novel Wizard's Hall and the Harry Potter series, Yolen has commented: |
Jane Yolen | Bibliography | Bibliography |
Jane Yolen | References | References |
Jane Yolen | External links | External links
Yolen's writing journal
Bibliography on SciFan
2001 interview and review of Briar Rose by RoseEtta Stone (underdown.org)
2007 interview by Childrensbookradio
2017 interview by The Portalist
Biography by Rita Berman Frischer, Encyclopedia, Jewish Women's Archive
Category:1939 births
Category:20th-century American Jews
Category:20th-century American novelists
Category:20th-century American women writers
Category:21st-century American Jews
Category:21st-century American novelists
Category:21st-century American women writers
Category:American children's writers
Category:American fantasy writers
Category:American science fiction editors
Category:American science fiction writers
Category:American women children's writers
Category:American women novelists
Category:American women science fiction and fantasy writers
Category:American writers about the Holocaust
Category:Asimov's Science Fiction people
Category:The High School of Music & Art alumni
Category:Jewish American artists
Category:Jewish American children's writers
Category:Jewish American novelists
Category:Jews from New York (state)
Category:Living people
Category:Nebula Award winners
Category:Novelists from Massachusetts
Category:Novelists from New York (state)
Category:People from Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Category:Presidents of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association
Category:Rhysling Award for Best Short Poem winners
Category:SFWA Grand Masters
Category:Smith College alumni
Category:Staples High School alumni
Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Education alumni
Category:World Fantasy Award–winning writers |
Jane Yolen | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Career, Personal life, Awards, Nominations, Similarity to Harry Potter, Bibliography, References, External links |
Pimp My Ride | Short description | Pimp My Ride is a staged American television series produced by MTV and hosted by rapper Xzibit, which ran for six seasons on MTV from 2004 to 2007. In each episode, a car in poor condition is both restored and customized. The work on the show was done by West Coast Customs until season 5 and was done by Galpin Auto Sports thereafter.
The show had several international adaptations, including Pimp My Ride UK, Pimp My Ride International (in central Europe), and other adaptations in Brazil, Indonesia and the Baltic countries. It also spawned similar spinoffs, including the series Trick My Truck on MTV's sister network CMT.
The show was criticized by several participants for exaggerating or faking several aspects of the restorations and many aspects of the show.
In 2024, Pimp My Ride co-creator Rick Hurvitz brought a re-tooled version of the show to Netflix. Now titled Resurrected Rides, Hurvitz is an executive producer. Chris Redd serves as host, with a team of mechanics and customizers from several different California-area auto shops working on the cars. |
Pimp My Ride | Format | Format
An episode generally begins with the participant, a young vehicle owner from Los Angeles or elsewhere in Southern California, showing off their vehicle to convince MTV it needs to be "pimped". After this segment, the host, Xzibit (Chamillionaire in one episode), takes a look at the participant's car himself and makes wisecracks about the particular things that are wrong with it. He then surprises the participant at their house and the participant shows off their vehicle while Xzibit continues to make wisecracks about the particular things that are wrong with it. After examining the car, Xzibit promises the participant a complete makeover of the vehicle and takes it to a custom body shop (West Coast Customs (WCC), in Corona, California, in Seasons 1–4; replaced by Galpin Auto Sports (GAS) in Van Nuys starting Season 5).
At the body shop, the shop team generally replaces most of the car's components and rebuilds the interior and exterior from scratch. The cars are "pimped" based on the hobbies and/or occupations of the owners. For example, a Need for Speed: Underground fan had his car painted to look like one specially customized in the Need for Speed video game series, while a bowler had a ball spinner installed in his trunk, a badminton player had a badminton net installed in the back of his Dodge Caravan, and a surfer got a clothes dryer in the back of his Volkswagen Type 2. Work usually includes new paint, accessories, chrome, tires, rims, and internal electronics (DVD players, video games, large TFT screens, and other accessories). Most changes are only cosmetic, and mechanical work is generally only done to enable the car to run, but the show has occasionally replaced car engines.
At the end of the show, the car is revealed to its owner, as well as all the details of the renovation and the custom features; in addition, the participant is usually given a gift somehow related to the car or their hobby. |
Pimp My Ride | Episodes | Episodes |
Pimp My Ride | Cast | Cast |
Pimp My Ride | Seasons 1–4 | Seasons 1–4
The West Coast Customs employees shown on the series included:
Quinton "Q" Dodson - Good-natured manager (seasons 1–3)
Ryan Friedlinghaus - Owner
Alex - Heavily-pierced tire specialist
Ishmael "Ish" Jimenez - Tough-looking interior and fabric maven
Michael "Mad Mike" Martin - Electronics (and outrageous engineering) expert
"Big Dane" - Appropriately named accessories specialist
Aren, Buck, 2Shae, and Luis - Paint. The latter carried on into the following seasons.
After the third season, WCC manager "Q" announced that he would not be willing to take a role in the show anymore. Q cited a desire to expand the company's business with a customs shop in St. Louis, Missouri called Coast 2 Coast Customs. Ryan Friedlinghaus, the owner of WCC, was featured in Season 4 as the "lead" for discussions on customizing the cars. |
Pimp My Ride | Seasons 5–6 | Seasons 5–6
In the fifth season, the show moved to another garage, Galpin Auto Sports (GAS), as Ryan, the WCC Owner, moved his shop to Corona, California and signed a deal with another television production company. However, the show retained Mad Mike (who quit at WCC and signed at GAS), now dubbed a "car customization specialist". The new cast consisted of:
"Owner" Beau Boeckmann (in reality, Vice President of Galpin Auto; the owner of Galpin Auto was his father, Bert Boeckmann)
Michael "Mad Mike" Martin - Electronics expert and "The Wizard of Wiring"
"Jason" Ewing - Wiring and fiberglass fabrication
Gyasi - Wheels and tires specialist
Luis - Paint & body
Diggity Dave - Accessories specialist
Rick - Interiors
Cabe Sipes - Fabricator
Z - Shop crew |
Pimp My Ride | Replacement vehicles | Replacement vehicles
On three occasions – all season finales – the show did not "pimp" the original automobile.
In the final episode of season 1, the car to be pimped was actually two-halves of Ford Escorts welded together to make one car, a "cut and shut" job, and was declared unsafe.
In the final episode of season 2, the participant was studying to be an auto mechanic, and WCC decided to let him "pimp" his car as a study project.
In the final episode of season 5, Xzibit felt that the owner's car, a Nissan Pulsar, was not worth fixing, as heat from the car's engine and battery fluid was leaking into the cab, creating a fire hazard.
In all these instances, the vehicles of the participants were replaced with brand new cars, with extensive modifications made to customize each new car for the owner. |
Pimp My Ride | Worldwide popularity | Worldwide popularity
Pimp My Ride was one of MTV's most popular shows with nearly all of its worldwide viewers, and also in the U.S., where it ranked second only to The Real World.
Canada's music network, MuchMusic, aired the show until MTV Networks signed a deal with CTV, which resulted in MuchMusic losing their rights to MTV programs. MuchMusic's French-language sister station, MusiquePlus, aired the show subtitled in French under the title Pimp mon char ("char" is Quebec French slang for "car"). The show would eventually re-air on Much in the Summer of 2008, showing the later seasons.
Pimp My Ride was broadcast in Arab countries on both MTV Arabia and MBC Action.
In 2012, MTV Southeast Asia aired the first episode of Pimp My Ride Malaysia, which is sponsored by Celcom Axiata under its Xpax’s Whatchuwant? campaign, giving Xpax customers a chance to have their vehicles worked on by MTV, hosted by Altimet and Herrera. |
Pimp My Ride | Claims of deception by participants | Claims of deception by participants
Several participants who appeared on seasons 4 and 6 of Pimp My Ride later stated that elements of the show were either exaggerated or faked. The houses where Xzibit would surprise contestants with the news they were selected were often rented by MTV. The initial poor condition of some of the vehicles was staged to look worse, including the removal of paint, trash in the interior, and bumpers loosened to the point of falling off. Some features added during filming were removed immediately afterwards due to potential issues with local and state traffic laws, and the participants noted that multiple takes were needed to film their reactions during the final reveal. Some were coached to express more amazement and enthusiasm between takes. The overhaul process, which appeared on the show to only last a few days or weeks, actually lasted 6–7 months, and the show's participants had to find their own transportation while their cars were being upgraded with no support from the network. In addition, the modifications made to the cars were often purely cosmetic and any problems with how the car ran—wheel alignment, engine, transmission—was still up to the participants to fix. In an interview with HipHopDX, Xzibit explains about how he was the target of backlash on social media over his involvement in the show, even though he was merely the host and had no input in the actual vehicle modification. |
Pimp My Ride | DVD releases | DVD releases |
Pimp My Ride | U.S. version | U.S. version
TitleRegion 1Region 2DVD Extras The Complete First Season March 22, 2005 February 6, 2006 TBA The Complete Second Season TBA May 21, 2007 TBA |
Pimp My Ride | International adaptations | International adaptations
Official adaptations of Pimp My Ride, produced or co-produced by international MTV affiliates, include: |
Pimp My Ride | For cars | For cars
Pimp My Ride International (across Europe), a European version of the show where cars are pimped from all over Europe in the Netherlands at All Stoff. The show is hosted by American rappers Lil' Jon and Fat Joe.
Pimp My Ride UK (United Kingdom, 2005-2007), presented by the DJ Tim Westwood. Carisma Automotive are the customizers for the UK version.
Pimp My Ride Baltic (2008).
(Brazil, 2007-2008), presented by singer Jimmy London from the rock band Matanza.
Pimp My Car (Indonesia), which aired on MTV Indonesia.
Pimp My Ride France (France, 2009-2011), which aired on MTV France. The show was presented by Ramzy and had two seasons. |
Pimp My Ride | Others | Others
Pimp My Fahrrad (Germany), which aired on the German-language MTV Central. In the show, the Hamburg-based bike shop Junior's Club (referred to as "Elbcoast Psycles" on the show) redoes almost an entire bicycle ("fahrrad" being the German word for bicycle), usually leaving only the frame intact. While the show could be seen as a parody of the American original, it is also a loving tribute, using all the elements of the American show with a bicycle twist (Germany's safety guidelines are among the strictest in the world, and getting a road permit for thoroughly customized vehicles borders on the impossible. Similar rules apply in most of continental Europe). It is hosted by German actor Oliver Korittke.
Pimp My Whatever (Germany). A spin-off of Pimp My Fahrrad in which ElbCoast Psychos return to "pimp" anything from a bathroom and a doghouse to a birthday party or even someone's brother. Pimp My Whatever is hosted by MTV presenter Patrice Bouédibéla. Both shows are located in Hamburg.
Pimp My Wheels (Italy). Airing on MTV Italy, this show turns old rusty motorscooters or motorcycles into brand-new shiny vehicles. Hosted by the Italian hip hop group Gemelli Diversi.
Pimp My Room (The Netherlands) features some friendly competition between three students to see who will win the university student bedroom or apartment overhaul. Subsequently, the room is "pimped".
Pimpa Meu Feed (Brazil). Airing on MTV Brazil social media, the show helps participants to boost their instagram, leverage the number of followers and get involved in this (much desired) life of influencer. It is hosted by Leo Picon and Ste Viegas. |
Pimp My Ride | Legal action against business that used "Pimp My..." | Legal action against business that used "Pimp My..."
Viacom, owner of the Pimp My Ride franchise, threatened legal action against a number of small businesses in 2006 over the use of the phrase Pimp My... in business names. Pimp My Snack, a recipe-sharing website, received one such warning letter and later renamed the business to Pimp That Snack. A British lawyer specializing in copyright concerns criticized the move, stating that trademark infringement cannot apply to companies that are providing different goods and services. |
Pimp My Ride | Similar programs | Similar programs |
Pimp My Ride | United States | United States
Monster Garage: Also features outrageous custom engineering of vehicles, albeit within an entirely different program format.
NASCAR Angels: Rebuilds cars (cosmetic, and mechanical) for needy, or deserving fans.
Overhaulin': Car restoration, but with an emphasis on performance enhancements, and focused around American muscle cars and pickup trucks.
Trick My Truck: CMT's equivalent to Pimp My Ride features mechanics customizing tractor units for lucky drivers.
Unique Whips: The East Coast equivalent of West Coast Customs |
Pimp My Ride | Other countries | Other countries
Meke My Waka (New Zealand), a similar program shown on Māori Television.
All the Gear No Idea! (United Kingdom), on the Men & Motors channel, dealt with motorcycles, with the bike being shipped to US customiser LA County Choprods for work. Unlike other similar shows, the owner of the bike also received a makeover.
Dale' Sayaratak (), which aired on MBC 1. The popular malt beverage company "Barbican" sponsored this show and they also "pimped" the cars and showed them in their commercials.
Wheeler Dealers, a British television program about car makeover and restoration.
Lata Velha, a Brazilian television program hosted by Luciano Huck |
Pimp My Ride | See also | See also
Pimpmobile |
Pimp My Ride | References | References |
Pimp My Ride | External links | External links
Category:2000s American reality television series
Category:2004 American television series debuts
Category:2007 American television series endings
Category:American automotive television series
Category:MTV reality television series
Category:Television controversies in the United States
Category:Makeover reality television series |
Pimp My Ride | Table of Content | Short description, Format, Episodes, Cast, Seasons 1–4, Seasons 5–6, Replacement vehicles, Worldwide popularity, Claims of deception by participants, DVD releases, U.S. version, International adaptations, For cars, Others, Legal action against business that used "Pimp My...", Similar programs, United States, Other countries, See also, References, External links |
H-cobordism | Short description | In geometric topology and differential topology, an (n + 1)-dimensional cobordism W between n-dimensional manifolds M and N is an h-cobordism (the h stands for homotopy equivalence) if the inclusion maps
are homotopy equivalences.
The h-cobordism theorem gives sufficient conditions for an h-cobordism to be trivial, i.e., to be C-isomorphic to the cylinder M × [0, 1]. Here C refers to any of the categories of smooth, piecewise linear, or topological manifolds.
The theorem was first proved by Stephen Smale for which he received the Fields Medal and is a fundamental result in the theory of high-dimensional manifolds. For a start, it almost immediately proves the generalized Poincaré conjecture. |
H-cobordism | Background | Background
Before Smale proved this theorem, mathematicians became stuck while trying to understand manifolds of dimension 3 or 4, and assumed that the higher-dimensional cases were even harder. The h-cobordism theorem showed that (simply connected) manifolds of dimension at least 5 are much easier than those of dimension 3 or 4. The proof of the theorem depends on the "Whitney trick" of Hassler Whitney, which geometrically untangles homologically-untangled spheres of complementary dimension in a manifold of dimension >4. An informal reason why manifolds of dimension 3 or 4 are unusually hard is that the trick fails to work in lower dimensions, which have no room for entanglement. |
H-cobordism | Precise statement of the ''h''-cobordism theorem | Precise statement of the h-cobordism theorem
Let n be at least 5 and let W be a compact (n + 1)-dimensional h-cobordism between M and N in the category C=Diff, PL, or Top such that W, M and N are simply connected. Then W is C-isomorphic to M × [0, 1]. The isomorphism can be chosen to be the identity on M × {0}.
This means that the homotopy equivalence between M and N (or, between M × [0, 1], W and N × [0, 1]) is homotopic to a C-isomorphism. |
H-cobordism | Lower dimensional versions | Lower dimensional versions
For n = 4, the h-cobordism theorem is false. This can be seen since Wall proved that closed oriented simply-connected topological four-manifolds with equivalent intersection forms are h-cobordant. However, if the intersection form is odd there are non-homeomorphic 4-manifolds with the same intersection form (distinguished by the Kirby-Siebenmann class). For example, CP2 and a fake projective plane with the same homotopy type are not homeomorphic but both have intersection form of (1). It fails even more dramatically in the smooth category, where smooth compact simply-connected 4-manifolds often carry infinitely many distinct smooth structures that can be distinguished by their Seiberg-Witten invariants.
For n = 3, the h-cobordism theorem for smooth manifolds has not been proved and, due to the 3-dimensional Poincaré conjecture, is equivalent to the hard open question of whether the 4-sphere has non-standard smooth structures.
For n = 2, the h-cobordism theorem is equivalent to the Poincaré conjecture stated by Poincaré in 1904 (one of the Millennium Problems) and was proved by Grigori Perelman in a series of three papers in 2002 and 2003, where he follows Richard S. Hamilton's program using Ricci flow.
For n = 1, the h-cobordism theorem is vacuously true, since there is no closed simply-connected 1-dimensional manifold.
For n = 0, the h-cobordism theorem is trivially true: the interval is the only connected cobordism between connected 0-manifolds. |
H-cobordism | A proof sketch | A proof sketch
A Morse function induces a handle decomposition of W, i.e., if there is a single critical point of index k in , then the ascending cobordism is obtained from by attaching a k-handle. The goal of the proof is to find a handle decomposition with no handles at all so that integrating the non-zero gradient vector field of f gives the desired diffeomorphism to the trivial cobordism.
This is achieved through a series of techniques.
1) Handle rearrangement
First, we want to rearrange all handles by order so that lower order handles are attached first. The question is thus when can we slide an i-handle off of a j-handle? This can be done by a radial isotopy so long as the i attaching sphere and the j belt sphere do not intersect. We thus want which is equivalent to .
We then define the handle chain complex by letting be the free abelian group on the k-handles and defining by sending a k-handle to , where is the intersection number of the k-attaching sphere and the (k − 1)-belt sphere.
2) Handle cancellation
Next, we want to "cancel" handles. The idea is that attaching a k-handle might create a hole that can be filled in by attaching a (k + 1)-handle . This would imply that and so the entry in the matrix of would be . However, when is this condition sufficient? That is, when can we geometrically cancel handles if this condition is true? The answer lies in carefully analyzing when the manifold remains simply-connected after removing the attaching and belt spheres in question, and finding an embedded disk using the Whitney trick. This analysis leads to the requirement that n must be at least 5. Moreover, during the proof one requires that the cobordism has no 0-,1-,n-, or (n + 1)-handles which is obtained by the next technique.
3) Handle trading
The idea of handle trading is to create a cancelling pair of (k + 1)- and (k + 2)-handles so that a given k-handle cancels with the (k + 1)-handle leaving behind the (k + 2)-handle. To do this, consider the core of the k-handle which is an element in . This group is trivial since W is an h-cobordism. Thus, there is a disk which we can fatten to a cancelling pair as desired, so long as we can embed this disk into the boundary of W. This embedding exists if . Since we are assuming n is at least 5 this means that k is either 0 or 1. Finally, by considering the negative of the given Morse function, −f, we can turn the handle decomposition upside down and also remove the n- and (n + 1)-handles as desired.
4) Handle sliding
Finally, we want to make sure that doing row and column operations on corresponds to a geometric operation. Indeed, it isn't hard to show (best done by drawing a picture) that sliding a k-handle over another k-handle replaces by in the basis for .
The proof of the theorem now follows: the handle chain complex is exact since . Thus since the are free. Then , which is an integer matrix, restricts to an invertible morphism which can thus be diagonalized via elementary row operations (handle sliding) and must have only on the diagonal because it is invertible. Thus, all handles are paired with a single other cancelling handle yielding a decomposition with no handles. |
H-cobordism | The ''s''-cobordism theorem | The s-cobordism theorem
If the assumption that M and N are simply connected is dropped, h-cobordisms need not be cylinders; the obstruction is exactly the Whitehead torsion τ (W, M) of the inclusion .
Precisely, the s-cobordism theorem (the s stands for simple-homotopy equivalence), proved independently by Barry Mazur, John Stallings, and Dennis Barden, states (assumptions as above but where M and N need not be simply connected):
An h-cobordism is a cylinder if and only if Whitehead torsion τ (W, M) vanishes.
The torsion vanishes if and only if the inclusion is not just a homotopy equivalence, but a simple homotopy equivalence.
Note that one need not assume that the other inclusion is also a simple homotopy equivalence—that follows from the theorem.
Categorically, h-cobordisms form a groupoid.
Then a finer statement of the s-cobordism theorem is that the isomorphism classes of this groupoid (up to C-isomorphism of h-cobordisms) are torsors for the respectiveNote that identifying the Whitehead groups of the various manifolds requires that one choose base points and a path in W connecting them. Whitehead groups Wh(π), where |
H-cobordism | See also | See also
Semi-s-cobordism |
H-cobordism | Notes | Notes |
H-cobordism | References | References
(This does the theorem for topological 4-manifolds.)
Milnor, John, Lectures on the h-cobordism theorem, notes by L. Siebenmann and J. Sondow, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1965. v+116 pp. This gives the proof for smooth manifolds.
Rourke, Colin Patrick; Sanderson, Brian Joseph, Introduction to piecewise-linear topology, Springer Study Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1982. . This proves the theorem for PL manifolds.
S. Smale, "On the structure of manifolds" Amer. J. Math., 84 (1962) pp. 387–399
Category:Differential topology
Category:Surgery theory |
H-cobordism | Table of Content | Short description, Background, Precise statement of the ''h''-cobordism theorem, Lower dimensional versions, A proof sketch, The ''s''-cobordism theorem, See also, Notes, References |
John C. McLaughlin | Short description | John Cameron McLaughlin (December 1, 1921 − June 16, 2013) was an American philologist who for many years served as Professor of English and Linguistics at the University of Iowa.
__FORCETOC__ |
John C. McLaughlin | Biography | Biography
John Cameron Mclaughlin was born in Albany, New York, on December 1, 1921 to Allan A. and Ethel M. (MacDonald) McLaughlin. From 1942 to 1946 McLaughlin served in World War II as a heavy machine gun platoon leader of the 43rd Infantry Division in the Solomon Islands and the Philippines. During this time he received a Purple Heart and four battle stars.
After the war McLaughlin pursued a career in academia. He earned a master's degree in 1952 at the University of Toledo with the thesis Joseph Conrad: Persistent Stylistic Habits and Meaning, and completed his Ph.D. in 1960 at Indiana University with the dissertation A Graphemic-Phonemic Study of a Middle English Manuscript, later published as a book.
He then served for 35 years as Professor of English and Linguistics at the University of Iowa. He died at his home in Portage, Michigan, on June 16, 2013. |
John C. McLaughlin | Books | Books
McLaughlin was the author of:
A Graphemic-Phonemic Study of a Middle English Manuscript, 1963
Aspects of the History of English, 1970
Old English Syntax: A Handbook, 1983 |
John C. McLaughlin | References | References
Category:1921 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:United States Army personnel of World War II
Category:American philologists
Category:People from Albany, New York
Category:University of Toledo alumni
Category:Indiana University alumni
Category:University of Iowa faculty |
John C. McLaughlin | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Books, References |
Andante favori | italic title | The Andante favori is a work for piano solo by Ludwig van Beethoven. In catalogues of Beethoven's works, it is designated as WoO 57. |
Andante favori | Composition and reception | Composition and reception
The Andante favori was written between 1803 and 1804, and published in 1805. It was originally intended to be the second of the three movements of Beethoven's Waldstein Piano Sonata, Op. 53. The following extract from Thayer's Beethoven biographyThayer, Alexander Wheelock The Life of Ludwig van Beethoven Translated by Henry Edward Krehbiel (1921) New York: The Beethoven Association. explains the change:
Ries reports (Notizen, p. 101) that a friend of Beethoven's said to him that the sonata was too long, for which he was terribly taken to task by the composer. But after quiet reflection Beethoven was convinced of the correctness of the criticism. The andante... was therefore excluded and in its place supplied the interesting Introduction to the rondo which it now has. A year after the publication of the sonata, the andante also appeared separately.Thayer, Alexander Wheelock The Life of Ludwig van Beethoven Vol. II, Chap. III The Year 1805, Translated by Henry Edward Krehbiel, (1921) New York: The Beethoven Association.
It was composed as a musical declaration of love for Countess Josephine Brunsvik,Tellenbach, Marie-Elizabeth Beethoven and His "Immortal Beloved" Josephine Brunsvik XIX. Tacit Dedications and the Brunsvik Sonatas, Translated by John E. Klapproth (2014) North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace. but the Brunsvik family increased the pressure to terminate the relationship."Beethoven and Pepi, what is this going to be? ... She must be on her guard! Her heart must have the strength to say no, a sad duty." [Beethoven und Pepi, was soll daraus werden? Sie soll auf ihrer Hut sein! ... Ihr Herz muss die Kraft haben nein zu sagen, eine traurige Pflicht.] (Therese to Charlotte, 20 January 1805, in La Mara 1920, p. 54.) She could not contemplate marrying Beethoven, a commoner."I would have to violate sacred bonds if I gave in to your request – Believe me – that I, by doing what is my duty, suffer the most – and that surely noble motives were guiding my actions." [Ich müßte heilige Bande verletzen, gäbe ich Ihrem Verlangen Gehör – Glauben Sie – daß ich, durch Erfüllung meiner Pflichten, am meisten leide – und daß gewiß, edle Beweggründe meine Handlungen leiteten.] (Josephine to Beethoven, Winter 1806/7, in Schmidt-Görg 1957, p. 21.) See also Tellenbach (1988) for the effect of guardianship laws.
The reason for the title was given by Beethoven's pupil Czerny, quoted in Thayer: "Because of its popularity (for Beethoven played it frequently in society) he gave it the title Andante favori ("favored Andante"). |
Andante favori | The music | The music
The Andante favori is in F major (the subdominant of the Waldstein key), in 3/8 time, and is marked Andante grazioso con moto. Formally, the work is a rondo, with each return of the theme appearing in varied form. The theme itself is fairly extended and in ternary form. The work takes about nine minutes to play. |
Andante favori | Adaptations in popular culture | Adaptations in popular culture
The makers of the 1995 BBC adaptation of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice used the Andante favori as the musical content of a concocted scene in which Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy exchange tender glances while his sister Georgiana plays the andante on the fortepiano. The action of the scene is timed to match two modulations in the music, from F to D major and then back again. |
Andante favori | Notes | Notes |
Andante favori | References | References |
Andante favori | External links | External links
Category:Piano solos by Ludwig van Beethoven
Category:1804 compositions
Category:Compositions in F major |
Andante favori | Table of Content | italic title, Composition and reception, The music, Adaptations in popular culture, Notes, References, External links |
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | Short description | Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 21 in C major, Op. 53, known as the , is one of the three most notable sonatas of his middle period (the other two being the Appassionata, Op. 57, and Les Adieux, Op. 81a). Completed in summer 1804 and surpassing Beethoven's previous piano sonatas in its scope, the is a key early work of Beethoven's "Heroic" decade (1803–1812) and set a standard for piano composition in the grand manner.
The sonata's name derives from Beethoven's dedication to his close friend and patron Count Ferdinand Ernst Gabriel von Waldstein, member of Bohemian noble Waldstein family (Valdštejn). It is the only work that Beethoven dedicated to him. It is also known as L'Aurora (The Dawn) in Italian, for the sonority of the opening chords of the third movement, thought to conjure an image of daybreak.
It is considered one of Beethoven's greatest and most technically challenging piano sonatas. The first section of the rondo requires a simultaneous pedal trill, high melody and rapid left hand runs, and the coda features octave glissandi written in dialogue between the hands.
An average performance of the entire Waldstein lasts about twenty-five minutes. |
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | Movements | Movements
The Waldstein has three movements:
The first and last movements of the sonata are the most substantial, each taking about 11 minutes to perform. The second movement only lasts about 4 minutes in performance. |
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | I. Allegro con brio | I. Allegro con brio
The first movement is in sonata form and common time: it has a repeated exposition with two subject groups, a development section, a recapitulation and a coda.
The movement opens with repeated pianissimo chords in a straightforward but anxious rhythm, devoid of melody for two bars:
It then swiftly ascends, followed by a three-note descent in the middle register and a four-note descent in the upper. This phrase is then repeated starting on B major – a whole tone lower – a device Beethoven also used for the opening of the Sonata No. 16 in G Major (Op. 31 No. 1). After a half cadence to the dominant (G major), the opening phrase returns again but this time in a tremolo variation.
The second subject group, marked dolce, is a chordal theme in E major, the mediant key. Modulation to the mediant for the second subject area is another feature shared by this sonata and the Sonata No. 16. Beethoven would employ the same shift again in later works (in the Hammerklavier Sonata, for example).
For the recapitulation, Beethoven transposes the second subject into A major, quickly changing into A minor and then back to C major for the coda. |
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | II. Introduzione. Adagio molto | II. Introduzione. Adagio molto
The Introduzione is a short Adagio in time that serves as an introduction to the third movement. This replaced an earlier, longer middle movement, later published as the Andante favori, WoO 57. The music gradually gets more agitated before calming down to transition into the rondo third movement. Beethoven would later repeat this procedure in his later piano sonatas, notably the Appassionata and Les Adieux. |
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | III. Rondo. Allegretto moderato – Prestissimo | III. Rondo. Allegretto moderato – Prestissimo
The rondo begins with a pianissimo melody played with crossed hands that soon becomes fortissimo, over daringly fast scales in the left hand and a continuous trill on the dominant in the right, as described above. The second theme, a series of broken chords in triplets, is soon interrupted by a turbulent section in A minor that foreshadows the central episode.
The music returns to C major and the sweet theme is repeated, followed by a series of staccato octaves in C minor that mark the start of the central episode, one of the few cases where such a melodic change is seen, a tactic repeated in larger works like the Emperor Piano Concerto. Soon the octaves are accompanied by swirling triplets in the left and then the right hand. The music grows more tense and eventually reaches a cadence in C minor. The next section brings back the opening theme in chords and further develops it: it appears in A major (bars 221–224), then F minor (225–228) and then D major (229–232); it is fragmented into shorter phrases (233–238) and then transits into a quiet section with major 7th arpeggios, returning after much drama to the C major theme played fortissimo.
The second theme reappears, followed by another characteristic long line of dance-like music. Another series of fortissimo chords announces a short, delicate pianissimo section: the movement seems to die away but then unexpectedly segues into a virtuosic prestissimo coda that plays with the various themes of the movement, ending in a triumphant rush of grandeur. |
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | References | References |
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | Citations | Citations |
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | Sources | Sources
|
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | Further reading | Further reading
|
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | External links | External links
Lecture with clips of performance by András Schiff and why he thinks it is "one of the greatest pieces of music there is".
Recording by Paavali Jumppanen, piano from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
Piano Sonata 21
Category:1804 compositions
Category:Compositions in C major
Category:Compositions in F major
Category:Music with dedications |
Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven) | Table of Content | Short description, Movements, I. Allegro con brio, II. Introduzione. Adagio molto, III. Rondo. Allegretto moderato – Prestissimo, References, Citations, Sources, Further reading, External links |
Gary Owen (snooker player) | Short description | Gary Owen, MBE (5 March 1929 – July 1995) was a Welsh, and later Australian, snooker player. Winning the 1963 English Amateur Championship qualified him to compete for England at the inaugural World Amateur Snooker Championship in Calcutta that year. He won all four of his matches in the round-robin competition and took the title. He became world amateur champion for a second time in 1966, beating John Spencer, who was the runner-up, in the decisive match.
He became a professional player in 1967, and won the 1968 Willie Smith Trophy, the first tournament that he played in as a professional. He was runner-up to Spencer at the 1969 World Snooker Championship. In 1971 he moved to Australia, and he represented that country at the 1979 World Challenge Cup, which was his last appearance as a professional player in the UK. He died in Brisbane, Australia in July 1995, aged 65, after experiencing long-term emphysema |
Gary Owen (snooker player) | Early life and amateur career | Early life and amateur career
Gary Owen was born in Tumble, Carmarthenshire on 5 March 1929. His father was a local champion at snooker, and encouraged his sons to learn the game. Owen played snooker for the junior team at the Welcome Billiards Hall in Llanelly. Three days after his 14th birthday, he won the inaugural British Under-16 snooker championship, defeating Percy Hinton 4–3 in front of an audience of over 1,000. His highest break was 116 before starting his military National Service. He served in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, including 16 months stationed in Singapore, and played only rarely.
While working as a labourer, he reached the final of the English Amateur Championship in 1950 and was one frame from victory against Alf Nolan at 5–3 before losing the last three frames to finish as runner-up. The next year, he lost 2–5 in the last-16 round to Jim Allen, and in 1952 lost 2–5 in the quarter-finals to Cliff Wilson. In the early 1950s he moved to Yarmouth, where his father managed a billiard hall. Owen became a firefighter, and gave up competitive play for a number of years, returning to the game only in the early 1960s. By late 1956, he had moved to Birmingham.
Still working as a firefighter, in 1963 he matched the achievement of his younger brother Marcus in winning the English Amateur Championship. In the final he won nine consecutive frames from 2–3 behind to defeat Ron Gross 11–3. Owen and Gross played a televised challenge match later than year, which Gross won 4–2. Richard Holt of Billiards and Snooker magazine felt that both players were impressive in the televised match, and commented that "Owen was always a joy to watch, with a command of advanced technique and masterful confidence."
Winning the English Amateur Championship qualified Owen to compete for England at the inaugural World Amateur Snooker Championship in Calcutta that year. He won all four of his matches in the Round-robin competition and took the title. His attempt to defend his English Amateur Championship title ended in the Southern region quarter-finals, when he lost 0–4 to Jonathan Barron.
He became world amateur champion for a second time in 1966, beating John Spencer, who was the runner-up, in the decisive match. In the 1967 Birthday Honours, Owen was awarded the MBE for services to snooker. |
Gary Owen (snooker player) | Professional career and later life | Professional career and later life
In 1967, Spencer, Owen and Ray Reardon become the first players since 1951 to turn professional. Owen was convinced to make the transition by a £250 contract with cue manufacturers Riley Burwat, who were looking for new names to use on their branded cues. As part of the deal, the company handled Owen's bookings. His first tournament as a professional player was the 1968 Willie Smith Trophy, which was a round-robin tournament with Spencer, Jackie Rea, and amateur player John Dunning as the other competitors. Owen won all three of his matches and took the title. He also made the highest break of the tournament, 80, against Dunning in the final frame of the match that confirmed him as the champion. He made a maximum break of 147 in a non-competitive game at the Central Fire Station in Birmingham; although the break was not officially recognised as it did not happen in a public match, he was reportedly only the third British player to achieve the break.
In 1968–69 the World Snooker Championship was held as a knock-out format tournament after being contested on a challenge basis since 1964. In his first match, he eliminated Rea 25–17. In the semi-final he defeated Fred Davis 37–24. In the final, he faced Spencer, who took a 6–2 lead, before Owen levelled the match at 6–6. The Birmingham Daily Post correspondent praised the players for bringing a "refreshing new look to the game, with bold attacking play, wonderful potting, and a sprinkling of good-sized breaks". Spencer was 15–9 ahead after the second day of the final, and maintained a six frame lead by the end of day three, at 21–15. On day four, Owen won four of the afternoon session's six frames to close to 19–23. In the evening session, Spencer claimed the first three frames, and finished the day six frames ahead again at 27–21. Owen only won three of the twelve frames on the fifth day, leaving Spencer one frame from victory at 36–24. Owen's brother Marcus commented that, "Gary's cueing is all over the place. Every time he plays a forcing shot, his whole body is moving." Spencer took the first frame on the final day to claim victory by achieving a winning margin of 37–24. Owen compiled a 100 break, the highest of the match, in the 66th frame during the dead frames after the title had been decided.
He was one of the eight competitors in the first series of Pot Black on BBC Television in 1969 and lost to John Pulman in the first round. In 1970 Owen defeated Reardon 6–4 in the final of the Stratford Professional. He was a world championship semi-finalist in 1970, beating Rex Williams 31–11 before being eliminated by Pulman 13–36. In the group stage of the 1971 edition he defeated Paddy Morgan and Norman Squire, but lost to Eddie Charlton and Warren Simpson, and did not progress past that stage. He withdrew from the 1972 championship and was replaced in the draw by Charlton.
Owen emigrated to Australia in April 1971, taking a job as the resident professional at the Western Suburbs Leagues Club, a snooker hall in Sydney. He later moved to Canberra, then the Gold Coast, and finally to Brisbane. He was runner-up to Charlton in the 1972 and 1973 Australian Professional Championships. He won against Simpson in his first match at the 1973 tournament but then lost 6–16 to Reardon in the quarter-final. Shortly after the 1973 championship, he compiled his second maximum break, at the Western Suburbs Leagues Club. He played his brother Marcus in his first match in the 1974 World Snooker Championship, and lost 8–15. In 1975 he progressed through two rounds but was beaten 9–19 by Dennis Taylor in the quarter-finals. Taylor defeated him again in 1976, this time 15–9. Snooker historian Clive Everton later wrote that Owen "seemed to have lost all heart for the game" and was a lesser player than in the days when he had been world amateur champion. It was Owen's last appearance at the world championship; although he entered in 1980, he did not play. Having gained Australian citizenship, he represented his new country at the World Challenge Cup in 1979, which was his last appearance as a professional player in the UK.
The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association, the governing body for professional snooker, first published official world rankings for players on the main tour for the 1976–77 season. Owen was ranked tenth on the 1976–77 ranking list, which was the highest position that he attained in the rankings.
His playing technique included an unusually short . He preferred the use of s rather than in his break-building. In 1963, he said that he usually practised by playing English billiards, as having only three balls on the table helped him practice his ball control. In the early 1970s, Spencer described Owen as "the best middle pocket potter I've ever seen." Owen died in Brisbane in July 1995, aged 65, after experiencing long-term emphysema. |
Gary Owen (snooker player) | Performance and rankings timeline | Performance and rankings timeline
+Ranking and results history for Gary Owen Tournament 1968/69 1969/70 1970/71 1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 RankingNo ranking system1013 Willie Smith TrophyWTournament Not Held Stratford ProfessionalNot HeldWAATournament Not Held Park Drive 2000 (Spring)Not HeldRRATournament Not Held Pot BlackQF??SFAAAAAAA World MastersTournament Not HeldRRNH??NH World Matchplay ChampionshipTournament Not HeldQFNH AAASFFFQFASF?? World ChampionshipFSFRRAQF2RQF1RAA
Performance Table Legend#R lost in the early rounds of the tournament(WR = Wildcard round, RR = Round robin)QF lost in the quarter-finalsSF lost in the semi-finalsF lost in the finalW won the tournamentA did not participate in the tournament?? no reliable source available |
Gary Owen (snooker player) | Career finals | Career finals |
Gary Owen (snooker player) | Non-ranking finals: 5 (2 titles) | Non-ranking finals: 5 (2 titles)
Legend World Championship (0–1) Other (2–2)
OutcomeNo.YearChampionshipOpponent in the final/runner-upScore Winner 1. 1968 Willie Smith Trophy (Runner-up) round-robinRunner-up 1. 1969 World Snooker Championship 27–46Winner 2. 1970 Stratford Professional 6–4Runner-up 2. 1972 Australian Professional Championship 10–19Runner-up 3. 1973 Australian Professional Championship (2) 10–31 |
Gary Owen (snooker player) | Amateur finals: 5 (4 titles) | Amateur finals: 5 (4 titles)
OutcomeNo.YearChampionshipOpponent in the final/Runner-upScoreWinner 1. 1944 Boy's Snooker Championship 4–3Runner-up 1. 1950 English Amateur Championship 5–6Winner 2. 1963 English Amateur Championship 11–3Winner 3. 1963 World Amateur Championship (Runner-up) round-robinWinner 4. 1966 World Amateur Championship (2) (Runner-up) round-robin |
Gary Owen (snooker player) | Notes | Notes |
Gary Owen (snooker player) | References | References
Books
Category:1929 births
Category:1995 deaths
Category:Welsh snooker players
Category:Sportspeople from Carmarthenshire |
Gary Owen (snooker player) | Table of Content | Short description, Early life and amateur career, Professional career and later life, Performance and rankings timeline, Career finals, Non-ranking finals: 5 (2 titles), Amateur finals: 5 (4 titles), Notes, References |
Futurological Congress | # | redirect The Futurological Congress |
Futurological Congress | Table of Content | # |
Eurípides Rubio | short description | Captain Eurípides Rubio (March 1, 1938 – November 8, 1966) was a United States Army officer and one of nine Puerto Ricans who were posthumously awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor, for actions on November 8, 1966, during the Vietnam War. Rubio was a member of the United States Army, Headquarters & Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment (Black Lions), 1st Infantry Division, Republic of Vietnam. |
Eurípides Rubio | Early years | Early years
Rubio was born in the city of Ponce, Puerto Rico, in the southern region of Puerto Rico. There, he received his primary and secondary education. Rubio was a member of the
Civil Air Patrol's Ponce High School Cadet Squadron, Chapter 52012/PR012, Puerto Rico Wing, from 1952 to 1956. After high school, Rubio enrolled at the University of Puerto Rico and the program Army ROTC, Rubio joined the Army as a commissioned second lieutenant officer in the Military Police Corps at Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico.Service Profile |
Eurípides Rubio | Action in Vietnam | Action in Vietnam
On November 8, 1966, during Operation Attleboro in Tay Ninh Province, South Vietnam, Captain Rubio's company came under attack from the North Vietnamese Army; leaving the safety of his post, Rubio received two serious wounds as he braved the intense enemy fire to distribute ammunition, re-establish positions and render aid to the wounded. Despite his pain, he assumed command when a rifle company commander was medically evacuated. He was then wounded a third time as he tried to move amongst his men to encourage them to fight with renewed effort.
While aiding the evacuation of wounded personnel, he noted that a US smoke grenade, which was intended to mark the Viet Cong's position for an air strike, had fallen dangerously close to friendly lines. He ran to move the grenade but was immediately struck to his knees by enemy fire. Despite his wounds, Rubio managed to collect the grenade and again run through enemy fire to within 20 m of the enemy position to throw the by-then already smoking grenade into the enemy before he fell for the final time. Using the now-repositioned grenade as a marker, friendly air strikes were directed to destroy the hostile positions.
Rubio's singularly heroic act turned the tide of the battle, and for his extraordinary leadership and valor, he posthumously received the Medal of Honor in 1968. His remains were buried in Puerto Rico National Cemetery in the city of Bayamón, Puerto Rico. |
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