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It, sold under the brand name Zofran among others, is a medication used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy, migraines or surgery. It is also effective for treating gastroenteritis. It can be given orally (by mouth), intramuscularly (injection into a muscle), or intravenously (injection into a vein).
Common side effects include diarrhea, constipation, headache, sleepiness, and itchiness. Serious side effects include QT prolongation and severe allergic reaction. It appears to be safe during pregnancy but has not been well studied in this group. It is a serotonin 5-HT receptor antagonist. It does not have any effect on dopamine receptors or muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
It was patented in 1984 and approved for medical use in 1990. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 79th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8million prescriptions. | 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid is an oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8, and the nitrogens at positions 1, 3, and 7 are substituted by methyl groups. It is a metabolite of caffeine. It has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite, a human blood serum metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a human urinary metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a 1,3,7-trimethylurate. | 0 |
It or carfentanyl, sold under the brand name Wildnil, is an extremely potent opioid analgesic used in veterinary medicine to anesthetize large animals such as elephants and rhinoceroses. It is typically administered in this context by tranquilizer dart. It has also been used in humans to image opioid receptors. It has additionally been used as a recreational drug, typically by injection, insufflation, or inhalation. Deaths have been reported in association with carfentanil.
Effects and side effects of carfentanil in humans are similar to those of other opioids and include euphoria, relaxation, pain relief, pupil constriction, drowsiness, sedation, slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, lowered body temperature, loss of consciousness, and suppression of breathing. The effects of carfentanil, including overdose, can be reversed by the opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone, though higher doses than usual may be necessary compared to other opioids. It is a structural analogue of the synthetic opioid analgesic fentanyl. It acts as an ultrapotent and highly selective agonist of the μ-opioid receptor.
It was first synthesized in 1974 by a team of chemists at Janssen Pharmaceuticals which included Paul Janssen. It was introduced into veterinary medicine in 1986. It is legally controlled in most jurisdictions. | It is a natural product found in Hypericum ascyron, Hypericum tomentosum, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a medication used for stomach and esophageal problems. It is commonly used to treat and prevent nausea and vomiting, to help with emptying of the stomach in people with delayed stomach emptying, and to help with gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is also used to treat migraine headaches.
Common side effects include: feeling tired, diarrhea, and feeling restless. More serious side effects include neuroleptic malignant syndrome and depression. It is thus rarely recommended that people take the medication for longer than twelve weeks. No evidence of harm has been found after being taken by many pregnant women. It belongs to the group of medications known as dopamine-receptor antagonists and works as a prokinetic.
In 2012, metoclopramide was one of the top 100 most prescribed medications in the United States. It is available as a generic medication. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2020, it was the 352nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 600,000 prescriptions. | It () (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson–Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. | 0 |
It is a piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms. It has a role as a psychotropic drug, a histamine antagonist, a muscarinic antagonist, a serotonergic antagonist, a dopaminergic antagonist and an antipsychotic agent. It is a member of piperazines, an organochlorine compound, a member of indolones and a 1,2-benzisothiazole. | It is a natural product found in Justicia adhatoda with data available. | 0 |
It is a heterocyclic compound with the formula . It is isomeric with 2,5-dihydrofuran. It is one of the simplest enol ethers. It is a colorless volatile liquid. | It is a penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group. It has a role as an antibacterial drug. It is a penicillin and a dichlorobenzene. It is a conjugate acid of a dicloxacillin(1-). | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Pseudomonas syringae with data available. | It, also known as wildfire toxin, is a simple monobactam phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae. It is the precursor to the antibiotic tabtoxinine β-lactam (TBL). It is produced by:
* Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, the causal agent of the wildfire of tobacco.
* P. syringae pv. coronafaciens
* P. syringae pv. garcae
* P. syringae BR2, causes a disease of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) similar to tobacco wildfire. This organism is closely related to P. syringae pv. tabaci but cannot be classified in the pathovar tabaci because it is not pathogenic on tobacco.
It is a dipeptide precursor to the biologically active form of TBL, differing by having an extra threonine attached by a peptide bond to the C terminus. It is required by BR2(R) for both chlorosis and lesion formation on bean. All mutations that affected tabtoxin production, whether spontaneous deletion or transposon induced, also affected lesion formation, and in all cases, restoration of tabtoxin production also restored pathogenic symptoms. Other factors may be required for BR2 to be pathogenic on bean, but apparently these are in addition to tabtoxin production. TBL functions as a toxin by inhibition of glutamine synthetase. | 1 |
It is a member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position. It has a role as a dopaminergic antagonist, an antiemetic, a first generation antipsychotic and an anticoronaviral agent. It is a tertiary amine, a member of phenothiazines and an organofluorine compound. It derives from a hydride of a 10H-phenothiazine. | It (Vesprin) is an antipsychotic medication of the phenothiazine class. Among different effects of triflupromazine indication for use of this drug is severe emesis and severe hiccups. Due to its potential side effects (triflupromazine has higher risk for side effects than many other antipsychotics) it is not gold standard in antiemetic therapy.
Serious side effects of triflupromazine can be akathisia and tardive dyskinesia as well as the rare, but potentially fatal, neuroleptic malignant syndrome. | 1 |
It is a member of benzimidazoles. | It is a diterpenoid molecule present in coffee beans. It is one of the compounds that may be responsible for proposed biological and pharmacological effects of coffee. | 0 |
It is a chemical that occurs naturally in shellfish and is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spiroverticillatus. It is a polyketide-based structure characterized by a three hydroxyl groups, two ketones, a dialkylmaleic anhydride, an ester linkage (connecting anhydride unit to polyketide chain), a spiroketal and one methyl ether among others. | It is a dicarboximide that consists of 1-oxoisoindoline bearing an amino substituent at position 4 and a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group at position 2. Inhibits the secretion of TNF-alpha. It has a role as an angiogenesis inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent and an immunomodulator. It is a member of isoindoles, a dicarboximide, a member of piperidones and an aromatic amine. | 0 |
It is a plant toxin with the chemical formula CHO and is one of the active compounds present in the Eurasian and North African genus Daphne of the Thymelaeaceae, a plant family with a predominantly Southern Hemisphere distribution with concentrations in Australia and tropical Africa. | Alpha-maltotriose is a maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the pyranose ring form and has alpha configuration at the anomeric carbon atom.. It has a role as a human metabolite. | 0 |
It (Cardene) is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and angina. It belongs to the dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs). It is also used for Raynaud's phenomenon. It is available in by mouth and intravenous formulations. It has been used in percutaneous coronary intervention.
Its mechanism of action and clinical effects closely resemble those of nifedipine and the other dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, felodipine), except that nicardipine is more selective for cerebral and coronary blood vessels. It is primarily a peripheral arterial vasodilator, thus unlike the nitrovasodilators (nitroglycerin and nitroprusside), cardiac preload is minimally affected. It has the longest duration among parenteral CCBs. As its use may lead to reflex tachycardia, it is advisable to use it in conjunction with a beta-blocker.
It was patented in 1973 and approved for medical use in 1981.
It was approved by the FDA in December 1988. The patent for both Cardene and Cardene SR expired in October 1995. | It is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension. It has a role as an antihypertensive agent, a calcium channel blocker, a vasodilator agent and an autophagy inhibitor. It contains a (S)-nicardipine and a (R)-nicardipine. | 1 |
It is a member of phenols and a C-nitro compound. | It is a chemical compound previously used as a contact herbicide. It is an uncoupler, affecting respiration in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts. It is banned for use in the European Union and use was suspended in the United States in 1986. | 1 |
It is a heterocyclic compound and an organosulfur compound with the formula SCH. It is isomeric with the more symmetrical 2,5-dihydrothiophene. Both isomers of dihydrothiophene are colorless liquids with a thioether-like odor. In terms of their reactivity, both isomers exhibit characteristics of alkenes and thioethers, undergoing addition reactions at carbon and oxidation at sulfur. In contrast, thiophene engages in neither reaction. | Hexadecyl hexadecanoate, also known as cetyl palmitate, is the ester derived from hexadecanoic acid and 1-hexadecanol. This white waxy solid is the primary constituent of spermaceti, the once highly prized wax found in the skull of sperm whales. It is a component of some solid lipid nanoparticles.
Stony corals, which build the coral reefs, contain large amounts of cetyl palmitate wax in their tissues, which may function in part as an antifeedant. | 0 |
It is a dihydropyridine, a methyl ester and a C-nitro compound. It has a role as a calcium channel blocker, a vasodilator agent, a tocolytic agent and a human metabolite. | It (INN; brand name Xadago) is a drug used as an add-on treatment for Parkinson's disease with "off" episodes; it has multiple modes of action, including the inhibition of monoamine oxidase B.
It was approved in the European Union in February 2015, in the United States in March 2017, and in Canada in January 2019. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Mangifera indica with data available. | It is a member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antilipemic drug, an immunosuppressive agent, an antihypertensive agent and an anti-allergic agent. It is a member of coumarins and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to an esculetin. | 0 |
It is a benzazepine. It has a role as a dopaminergic antagonist, a vasodilator agent, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, a dopamine agonist and an antihypertensive agent. | It is a sulfone and a monocarboxylic acid amide. It has a role as an immunosuppressive agent and an antimicrobial agent. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Lysodren, is a steroidogenesis inhibitor and cytostatic antineoplastic medication which is used in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma and Cushings syndrome. It is a derivative of the early insecticide DDT and an isomer of (4,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) and is also known as 2,4-(dichlorodiphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane (o,p-DDD). | It is a natural product found in Homo sapiens, Catharanthus roseus, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Perilla frutescens, Scutellaria indica, and other organisms with data available. | It is a ynone and an aromatic ketone. | 0 |
It is an organic compound that is an aglycone of ginsenosides, a group of steroid glycosides. It is a dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpene sapogenin found in ginseng (Panax ginseng) and in notoginseng (Panax pseudoginseng). It is formed by the dehydration of protopanaxatriol. | It is a triterpenoid saponin. | 1 |
It is a second generation nucleoside analog prodrug developed by Roche and used as a cytostatic agent in chemotherapy in several Asian countries including China and South Korea. It is not FDA-approved for use in the USA. It is currently being evaluated in several clinical trials as a stand-alone or combination therapy treatment. | It is a pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase. It has a role as an antimetabolite, an antineoplastic agent and a prodrug. It is an organofluorine compound and a pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside. | 1 |
(+)-lariciresinol is a lignan that is tetrahydrofuran substituted at positions 2, 3 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl, hydroxymethyl and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups respectively (the 2S,3R,4R-diastereomer). It has a role as an antifungal agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of oxolanes, a member of phenols, a lignan, a primary alcohol and an aromatic ether. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-lariciresinol. | It is an organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-nitrophenyl. It has a role as an antiprotozoal drug and an agrochemical. It is a C-nitro compound and an organoarsonic acid. It is functionally related to a phenylarsonic acid. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Gymnopilus spectabilis, Deconica pseudobullacea, and other organisms with data available. | It is an oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of 4-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a 2-carboxy-2-oxoethyl group at position 1. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a prephenate(2-) and a (1s,4s)-prephenate(2-). | 0 |
It is an alkaloid ester, a methyl ester, a benzoate ester, an organic heteropentacyclic compound and a yohimban alkaloid. It derives from a hydride of a yohimban. | It is a biphenylyltetrazole. It has a role as an antihypertensive agent and an angiotensin receptor antagonist. | 0 |
It or orellanin is a mycotoxin found in a group of mushrooms known as the Orellani of the family Cortinariaceae. Structurally, it is a bipyridine N-oxide compound somewhat related to the herbicide diquat. | It is a cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. It has a role as a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a Daphnia galeata metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a cholestanoid, a C27-steroid and a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid. | 0 |
It is a tertiary amino compound and an aromatic amine. | It is a long-chain fatty aldehyde that is dodecane in which two hydrogens attached to a terminal carbon are replaced by an oxo group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a 2,3-saturated fatty aldehyde, a medium-chain fatty aldehyde and a long-chain fatty aldehyde. It derives from a hydride of a dodecane. | 0 |
It is a chemical produced by several species of lichen. It is classified as a polyphenol and a didepside, and it functions as an antioxidant. The acid is named after the lichen Lecanora. The acid has also been isolated from Usnea subvacata, Parmotrema stuppuem, Parmotrema tinctorum, Parmotrema grayana, Xanthoparmelia arida and Xanthoparmelia lecanorica. A related compound, 5-chlorolecanoric acid, is found in some species of Punctelia. | It is a carbonyl compound. | 0 |
It is a mancude carbobicyclic parent consisting of a cycloheptatriene and cyclopentadiene rings. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. It is an ortho-fused bicyclic arene, a member of azulenes and a mancude carbobicyclic parent. | It is an ortho-fused heteroarene that is a benzopyridine in which the N atom not directly attached to the benzene ring. It is a mancude organic heterobicyclic parent, an azaarene, an ortho-fused heteroarene and a member of isoquinolines. | 0 |
It is a member of indoles. | It is a member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent, an antioxidant, an adjuvant, an antineoplastic agent, a cardioprotective agent, an antidepressant and a plant metabolite. | 0 |
It is a glycoside and a lignan. | It is a member of the class of anthracenes that is 9,10-dihydroanthracene carrying an oxo group at C-9. It has a role as a radical scavenger. It is a tautomer of a 9-anthrol. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Taiwanofungus camphoratus and Glycyrrhiza glabra with data available. | It is a primary arylamine in which an amino functional group is substituted for one of the benzene hydrogens. It is a primary arylamine and a member of anilines. | 0 |
It is a high affinity inverse agonist (also referred to as a beta blocker) of the β-adrenergic receptor. | It is a cyclopropanecarboxylate ester. It has a role as a pyrethroid ester insecticide and an agrochemical. It is functionally related to a chrysanthemic acid. | 0 |
It is a 5-hydroxyanthocyanidin. | It is an enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component. It has a role as an allergen and a polymerisation monomer. It is an enoate ester and a methyl ester. It is functionally related to a methacrylic acid. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Visanne among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills and in the treatment of endometriosis. It is also used in menopausal hormone therapy and to treat heavy periods. It is available both alone and in combination with estrogens. It is taken by mouth.
Side effects of dienogest include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, depression, and acne, among others. It is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It is a unique progestogen, with strong effects in the uterus. The medication has some antiandrogenic activity, which may help to improve androgen-dependent symptoms like acne, and has no other important hormonal activity.
It was discovered in 1979 and was introduced for medical use in 1995. Additional formulations of dienogest were approved between 2007 and 2010. It is sometimes referred to as a "fourth-generation" progestin. It is marketed widely throughout the world. It is available as a generic medication. | It, sold under the brand name Procardia among others, is a calcium channel blocker medication used to manage angina, high blood pressure, Raynauds phenomenon, and premature labor. It is one of the treatments of choice for Prinzmetal angina. It may be used to treat severe high blood pressure in pregnancy. Its use in preterm labor may allow more time for steroids to improve the babys lung function and provide time for transfer of the mother to a well qualified medical facility before delivery. It is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type. It is taken by mouth and comes in fast- and slow-release formulations.
Common side effects include lightheadedness, headache, feeling tired, leg swelling, cough, and shortness of breath. Serious side effects may include low blood pressure and heart failure. It is considered safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding.
It was patented in 1967, and approved for use in the United States in 1981. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 128th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4million prescriptions. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol. It has a role as a serotonergic antagonist, a beta-adrenergic antagonist, an antihypertensive agent, a vasodilator agent and an antiglaucoma drug. It is a member of indoles and a secondary amine. | It is a natural product found in Paeonia obovata, Rhinacanthus nasutus, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is an enoate ester. | It (haploperine) is a furoquinoline alkaloid with hypnotic and sedative effects. It is found naturally in a variety of Australian and African plants including Evodia xanthoxyloides and Teclea gerrardii. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Nardil, among others, is a non-selective and irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine class which is primarily used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic. Along with tranylcypromine and isocarboxazid, phenelzine is one of the few non-selective and irreversible MAOIs still in widespread clinical use.
Synthesis of phenelzine was first described by Emil Votoček and Otakar Leminger in 1932. | It is a primary amine. | 1 |
It is a pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions. It has a role as a water-soluble vitamin (role), a cofactor, an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a member of orthoquinones, a tricarboxylic acid and a pyrroloquinoline cofactor. It is a conjugate acid of a pyrroloquinoline quinone(3-). | It is a natural product found in Grosmannia huntii, Streptomyces, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is an oligopeptide. | It is an alkali metal hydroxide and a rubidium molecular entity. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand names Loxitane and Adasuve (inhalation only) among others, is a tricyclic antipsychotic medication used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia. The medicine is a member of the dibenzoxazepine class and structurally very similar to clozapine. Several researchers have argued that loxapine, initially classified as a typical antipsychotic, behaves as an atypical antipsychotic.
It may be metabolized by N-demethylation to amoxapine, a tricyclic antidepressant. | It is a member of isoquinolines. | 0 |
It, also known as cyclobarbitol or cyclobarbitone, is a barbiturate derivative. It was available in Russia as a fixed-dose combination with diazepam (100 mg cyclobarbital + 10 mg diazepam; brand name Reladorm) for the treatment of insomnia but was discontinued in 2019. | It is an inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state. It has a role as a molluscicide and an agrochemical. It is an inorganic chloride and a copper molecular entity. It contains a copper(1+). | 0 |
It is a poisonous chemical compound, an alkaloid present in and isolable from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), where its presence has been a source of significant economic, medical, and historico-cultural interest; coniine is also produced by the yellow pitcher plant (Sarracenia flava), and fools parsley (Aethusa cynapium). Its ingestion and extended exposure are toxic to humans and all classes of livestock; its mechanism of poisoning involves disruption of the central nervous system, with death caused by respiratory paralysis. The biosynthesis of coniine contains as its penultimate step the non-enzymatic cyclisation of 5-oxooctylamine to γ-coniceine, a Schiff base differing from coniine only by its carbon-nitrogen double bond in the ring. This pathway results in natural coniine that is a mixture—a racemate—composed of two enantiomers, the stereoisomers (S)-(+)-coniine and (R)-(−)-coniine, depending on the direction taken by the chain that branches from the ring. Both enantiomers are toxic, with the (R')-enantiomer being the more biologically active and toxic of the two in general. It holds a place in organic chemistry history as being the first of the important class of alkaloids to be synthesized, by Albert Ladenburg in 1886, and it has been synthesized in the laboratory in a number of unique ways through to modern times.
Hemlock poisoning has been a periodic human concern, a regular veterinary concern, and has had significant occurrences in human and cultural history. Notably, in 399 BC, Socrates was sentenced to death by drinking a coniine-containing mixture of poison hemlock. | It is a member of orthoquinones. It is a tautomer of a 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid. | 0 |
Dimethylselenide is an organoselenium compound of two methyl groups covalently bound to a selenium. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a bacterial xenobiotic metabolite. | It is a member of the class of dihydroflavonols that is (+)-dihydrokaempferol substituted by a prenyl group at position 8 and a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Phellodendron amurense and Commiphora africana, it exhibits inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a member of dihydroflavonols, a flavanone glycoside, a trihydroxyflavanone, a monosaccharide derivative, a beta-D-glucoside and a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a (+)-dihydrokaempferol. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Otanthus maritimus, Tetradenia riparia, and other organisms with data available. | It () is a waxy, colorless solid with a strong aroma. It is classified as a terpenoid and a cyclic ketone. It is found in the wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in East Asia; and in the kapur tree (Dryobalanops sp.), a tall timber tree from South East Asia. It also occurs in some other related trees in the laurel family, notably Ocotea usambarensis. Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis) contain 0.05 to 0.5% camphor, while camphorweed (Heterotheca) contains some 5%. A major source of camphor in Asia is camphor basil (the parent of African blue basil). It can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine.
The compound is chiral, existing in two possible enantiomers as shown in the structural diagrams. The structure on the left is the naturally occurring (+)-camphor ((1R,4R)-bornan-2-one), while its mirror image shown on the right is the (−)-camphor ((1S,4S)-bornan-2-one). It has few uses but is of historic significance as a compound that is readily purified from natural sources. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Aethus indicus, and other organisms with data available. | It is a straight chain alkane containing 13 carbon atoms. It forms a component of the essential oils isolated from plants such as Abelmoschus esculentus. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Aplysina with data available. | It (2-methylaminoethanesulfonic acid) is an aminosulfonic acid which is present as a zwitterion in the crystalline state and in polar solvents (just like amino acids). In contrast to the widespread taurine, N-methyltaurine has been found in nature only in red algae, where it is formed by methylation of taurine. It is suitable for esterification (actually amide formation) with long-chain carboxylic acids to taurides (acylaminoethansulfonaten) because of its high polarity and the relatively good solubility of its alkaline earth metal salts, which are also used as mild anionic surfactants. | 1 |
It is a member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria. It has a role as an androgen antagonist, an estrogen receptor agonist and an antifungal agrochemical. It is a member of benzodioxoles, a member of pyrroles, a nitrile and an organofluorine compound. | It is an antifungal medication used for a number of fungal infections. This includes candidiasis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, dermatophytosis, and tinea versicolor. It is also used to prevent candidiasis in those who are at high risk such as following organ transplantation, low birth weight babies, and those with low blood neutrophil counts. It is given either by mouth or by injection into a vein.
Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and increased liver enzymes. Serious side effects may include liver problems, QT prolongation, and seizures. During pregnancy it may increase the risk of miscarriage while large doses may cause birth defects. It is in the azole antifungal family of medication. It is believed to work by affecting the fungal cellular membrane.
It was patented in 1981 and came into commercial use in 1988. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 165th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions. | 0 |
It is an antimalarial drug. It was first made in 1970 and has been in clinical use in China since the 1980s.
In a small (n=88) malaria study in Camaroon, pyronaridine had a 100% cure rate, compared with 60% for chloroquine.
It is one of the components of the artemisinin combination therapy pyronaridine/artesunate (Pyramax).
It has also been studied as a potential anticancer drug, and treatment for Ebola. The combination of pyronaridine and artesunate has been evaluated to have a synergistic effect of stronger antiviral effect and less toxicity. The combination of pyronaridine and artesunate is being studied as a possible treatment for moderate to severe SARS-COV-2. | It is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants, and some bacteria. In support of energy metabolism, carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into mitochondria to be oxidized for free energy production, and also participates in removing products of metabolism from cells. Given its key metabolic roles, carnitine is concentrated in tissues like skeletal and cardiac muscle that metabolize fatty acids as an energy source. Generally individuals, including strict vegetarians, synthesize enough L-carnitine in vivo.
It exists as one of two stereoisomers: the two enantiomers -carnitine (S-(+)-) and -carnitine (R-(−)-). Both are biologically active, but only -carnitine naturally occurs in animals, and -carnitine is toxic as it inhibits the activity of the -form. At room temperature, pure carnitine is a whiteish powder, and a water-soluble zwitterion with relatively low toxicity. Derived from amino acids, carnitine was first extracted from meat extracts in 1905, leading to its name from Latin, "caro/carnis" or flesh.
Some individuals with genetic or medical disorders (such as preterm infants) cannot make enough carnitine, requiring dietary supplementation. Despite common carnitine supplement consumption among athletes for improved exercise performance or recovery, there is insufficient high-quality clinical evidence to indicate it provides any benefit. | 0 |
It is a diterpene and a terpenoid fundamental parent. | It ( ) (also spelled tyramin), also known under several other names, is a naturally occurring trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine. It acts as a catecholamine releasing agent. Notably, it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, resulting in only non-psychoactive peripheral sympathomimetic effects following ingestion. A hypertensive crisis can result, however, from ingestion of tyramine-rich foods in conjunction with the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). | 0 |
It is an analog of glutamine. It is an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transferase.
It is a fermentation product of Streptomyces sviceus. It interferes with glutamate metabolism and inhibits glutamate dependent synthesis of enzymes, and is thereby potentially helpful in treatment of solid tumors.
After its discovery in 1972, acivicin was studied as an anti-cancer agent, but trials were unsuccessful due to toxicity. | It is an organic compound, more specifically a monoterpenoid, made synthetically or obtained from the oils of corn mint, peppermint, or other mints. It is a waxy, clear or white crystalline substance, which is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above.
The main form of menthol occurring in nature is (−)-menthol, which is assigned the (1R,2S,5R) configuration. It has local anesthetic and counterirritant qualities, and it is widely used to relieve minor throat irritation. It also acts as a weak κ-opioid receptor agonist. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Panax ginseng with data available. | It is a monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an agrochemical, an acaricide, an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor, an insecticide, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. It is an organic thiophosphate and a monocarboxylic acid amide. It is functionally related to a N-methyl-2-sulfanylacetamide. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Grindelia hirsutula, Baccharis, and other organisms with data available. | It (also known as para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA because the two functional groups are attached to the benzene ring across from one another in the para position) is an organic compound with the formula HNCHCOH. PABA is a white solid, although commercial samples can appear gray. It is slightly soluble in water. It consists of a benzene ring substituted with amino and carboxyl groups. The compound occurs extensively in the natural world. | 0 |
It is a butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of ethanol with the carboxy group of butyric acid. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to an ethanol. | It is a N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis. It has a role as an antipsoriatic and a prodrug. It is an acetate ester and a N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine. It is functionally related to a 6-azauridine. | 0 |
It is 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis. It has a role as a photosensitizing agent and a dermatologic drug. | It (sold under the brand name Orap) is an antipsychotic drug of the diphenylbutylpiperidine class. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1963. It has a high potency compared to chlorpromazine (ratio 50-70:1). On a weight basis it is even more potent than haloperidol. It also has special neurologic indications for Tourette syndrome and resistant tics. The side effects include akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, and, more rarely, neuroleptic malignant syndrome and prolongation of the QT interval. | 0 |
It is a 17-oxo steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by an hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It has a role as an estrogen, a bone density conservation agent, an antineoplastic agent, a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a 3-hydroxy steroid, a phenolic steroid, a member of phenols and a 17-oxo steroid. It derives from a hydride of an estrane. | It is an aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders. It has a role as an antiplatyhelmintic drug and an antifungal agrochemical. It is an aryl sulfide, an organochlorine pesticide, a dichlorobenzene, a polyphenol, a bridged diphenyl fungicide and a bridged diphenyl antifungal drug. | 0 |
It is a cyclic monoterpene ketone that is bornane bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. A naturally occurring monoterpenoid. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a bornane monoterpenoid and a cyclic monoterpene ketone. | It is an organic compound with the formula (CH)NH. This secondary amine is a colorless, flammable gas with an ammonia-like odor. It is commonly encountered commercially as a solution in water at concentrations up to around 40%. An estimated 270,000 tons were produced in 2005. | 0 |
It is an organic compound. It is classified as a lignan, i.e., a type of phenylpropanoid. It is present in some cereals, such as rye, and together with secoisolariciresinol has attracted much attention for its beneficial nutritional effects. | It is a tetrasaccharide consisting of two α--galactose units, one α--glucose unit, and one β--fructose unit sequentially linked as Gal(α1→6)Gal(α1→6)Glc(α1↔2β)Fruf. Together with related oligosaccharides such as raffinose, stachyose occurs naturally in numerous vegetables (e.g. green beans, soybeans and other beans) and other plants.
It is less sweet than sucrose, at about 28% on a weight basis. It is mainly used as a bulk sweetener or for its functional oligosaccharide properties. It is not completely digestible by humans and delivers 1.5 to 2.4 kcal/g (6 to 10 kJ/g). | 0 |
It is the chemical compound with the formula (CH)CHCHO. It is an aldehyde, isomeric with n-butyraldehyde (butanal). It is made, often as a side-product, by the hydroformylation of propene. Its odour is described as that of wet cereal or straw. It undergoes the Cannizaro reaction even though it has alpha hydrogen atom. It is a colorless volatile liquid. | It is a member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a member of propanals and a 2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde. | 1 |
It is a cycloalkane that consists of five carbons each bonded with two hydrogens above and below the plane. The parent of the class of cyclopentanes. It has a role as a non-polar solvent. It is a member of cyclopentanes, a cycloalkane and a volatile organic compound. | It is a primary amino compound that is aniline in which the phenyl group has been substituted at positions 2, 3, and 6 by chlorine, phenoxy, and nitro groups, respectively. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide against a broad range of weeds in a wide range of crops. It has a role as a herbicide, an agrochemical, an EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor and a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor. It is a member of monochlorobenzenes, an aromatic ether, a C-nitro compound, a substituted aniline and a primary amino compound. | 0 |
It is a progestin and antiandrogen medication which is used in birth control pills to prevent pregnancy and in menopausal hormone therapy, among other uses. It is available both alone under the brand name Slynd and in combination with an estrogen under the brand name Yasmin among others. The medication is an analog of the drug spironolactone. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include acne, headache, breast tenderness, weight increase, and menstrual changes. Rare side effects may include high potassium levels and blood clots (when taken as a combined oestrogen-progestogen pill), among others. It is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has additional antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity and no other important hormonal activity. Because of its antimineralocorticoid activity and lack of undesirable off-target activity, drospirenone is said to more closely resemble bioidentical progesterone than other progestins.
It was patented in 1976 and introduced for medical use in 2000. It is available widely throughout the world. The medication is sometimes referred to as a "fourth-generation" progestin. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, a formulation of drospirenone with ethinylestradiol was the 145th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4million prescriptions. | It (trade name Isovist) is an iodine-containing radiocontrast agent, a substance used to improve the visibility of body structures on images obtained by X-ray techniques.
, it is unknown whether it is still marketed anywhere in the world. | 0 |
It (Lotusate) is a barbiturate with a short to intermediate duration of action. It is a structural isomer of butalbital. It is a schedule III drug in the U.S. | It is a member of barbiturates. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Humulus lupulus, and other organisms with data available. | It is a natural product found in Streptomyces globisporus and Streptomyces griseus with data available. | 0 |
It is a 5-hydroxyanthocyanidin. | It is a disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond. It has a role as an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and a sweetening agent. It is a disaccharide derivative and an organochlorine compound. | 0 |
It is a corticosteroid hormone. | It is an organic molecular entity. | 0 |
It is a β adrenoreceptor agonist. It is classed as sympathomimetic β agonist and an inhaled bronchodilator asthma medication.
It is produced and sold by Boehringer Ingelheim as Berotec N and in combination with ipratropium as Berodual N.
It was patented in 1962 and came into medical use in 1971 but, in the 1980s, concerns emerged about its safety and its use being associated with an increased risk of death (see below). | It is a tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5. It has a role as an acaricide, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and an insecticide. It is a tertiary amino compound and a member of formamidines. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Bletilla striata, Festuca rubra, and other organisms with data available. | 2-pyrroline is a pyrroline. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Artemisia diffusa, Artemisia herba-alba, and other organisms with data available. | It is a carbotricyclic compound and a N-alkylpyrrolidine. It has a role as an antiparkinson drug and a muscarinic antagonist. It is a conjugate base of a piroheptine(1+). | 0 |
It ([6]-gingerol) is a phenolic phytochemical compound found in fresh ginger that activates heat receptors on the tongue. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil in the ginger rhizome, but can also form a low-melting crystalline solid. This chemical compound is found in all members of the Zingiberaceae family and is high in concentrations in the grains of paradise as well as an African Ginger species.
Cooking ginger transforms gingerol via a reverse aldol reaction into zingerone, which is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet aroma. When ginger is dried or mildly heated, gingerol undergoes a dehydration reaction forming shogaols, which are about twice as pungent as gingerol. This explains why dried ginger is more pungent than fresh ginger.
Ginger also contains [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol, and [12]-gingerol, collectively deemed gingerols. | It is a beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-hydroxy ketone and a member of guaiacols. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Oryza sativa with data available. | It is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is pentane with two carboxylic acid groups at positions C-1 and C-5. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite and a Daphnia magna metabolite. It is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a pimelate and a pimelate(1-). | 0 |
It is a member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3. It has a role as a metabolite and a sympathomimetic agent. It is functionally related to a morpholine. | It (INN) is an antiviral drug for the treatment of hepatitis B (HBV). It is already approved for HBV in South Korea and the Philippines. It is marketed by Bukwang Pharmaceuticals in South Korea under the tradenames Levovir and Revovir.
Researchers in South Korea are testing clevudine at lower doses in combination with adefovir for continued use.
It is a nucleoside analog. | 0 |
It, also known as 5β-androsterone, as well as 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one or etiocholan-3α-ol-17-one, is an etiocholane (5β-androstane) steroid as well as an endogenous 17-ketosteroid that is produced from the metabolism of testosterone. It causes fever, immunostimulation, and leukocytosis, and is used to evaluate adrenal cortex function, bone marrow performance, and in neoplastic disease to stimulate the immune system. It is also known to be an inhibitory androstane neurosteroid, acting as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA receptor, and possesses anticonvulsant effects. The unnatural enantiomer of etiocholanolone is more potent as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA receptors and as an anticonvulsant than the natural form.
It has been studied as a pyrogenic steroid in the so-called steroid fever (or etiocholanolone fever), a condiditon similar to familial mediterranean fever (FMF). It (like pregnanolone) activates the pyrin inflammasome. It is not known whether these endogenous steroids play a role in triggering FMF flares but they may make a link between stress, menstrual cycle and disease flares.
It is produced from 5β-dihydrotestosterone, with 3α,5β-androstanediol as an intermediate. | It is a natural product found in Crotalaria retusa, Gnetum parvifolium, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Tetradium ruticarpum, Spiranthera odoratissima, and other organisms with data available. | It is a monoterpenoid. | 0 |
It is the organic compound with the formula . It is an amino alcohol. The term isopropanolamine may also refer more generally to the additional homologs diisopropanolamine (DIPA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA).
It is chiral. It can be prepared by the addition of aqueous ammonia to propylene oxide. | It is a carbotricyclic compound. It has a role as an antidepressant. It derives from a hydride of a dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene. | 0 |
It (homopantothenic acid), also known as N-pantoyl-GABA, is a central nervous system depressant. Formulated as the calcium salt, it is used as a pharmaceutical drug in the Russian Federation for a variety of neurological, psychological and psychiatric conditions and sold as Pantogam (). | It is a polyamine compound () found in ribosomes and living tissues and having various metabolic functions within organisms. It was originally isolated from semen. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position. It has a role as an opioid analgesic, a mu-opioid receptor agonist, an intravenous anaesthetic, a central nervous system depressant and a peripheral nervous system drug. It is a member of piperidines and a monocarboxylic acid amide. | It is a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors. Unlike acetylcholine, bethanechol is not hydrolyzed by cholinesterase and will therefore have a long duration of action. It is sold under the brand names Duvoid (Roberts), Myotonachol (Glenwood), Urecholine (Merck Frosst), and Urocarb (Hamilton). The name bethanechol refers to its structure as the urethane of beta-methylcholine. | 0 |
N-formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid is the N-formimidoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid It is a L-glutamic acid derivative and a dicarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate(2-) and a N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate(1-). | It is a member of pyrroles, a member of monochlorobenzenes, a monocarboxylic acid and an aromatic ketone. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a cardiovascular drug. It is functionally related to an acetic acid. | 0 |
It is an organic compound with the formula CHNH. This colorless liquid is the simplest stable unsaturated amine. | It is a pyrroloindole that is 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 3a and 8 and a hydroxy group at position 5. It is a metabolite of physostigmine and causes neuronal cell death by a mechanism involving loss of cell ATP. It has a role as an opioid analgesic and a human xenobiotic metabolite. It is a member of phenols and a pyrroloindole. | 0 |
It is an organic compound that is an aglycone of ginsenosides, a group of steroid glycosides. It is a dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpene sapogenin found in ginseng (Panax ginseng) and in notoginseng (Panax pseudoginseng). It is formed by the dehydration of protopanaxatriol. | It is a sulfur coordination entity. | 0 |
It is a member of quinazolines. | It is a discontinued antiemetic drug used in post-operative care. It was first synthesised by Pfizer in the 1960s. | 0 |
It is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula .It forms when an aqueous solution of iodine is treated with mercuric or silver salts. It rapidly decomposes by disproportionation:
Hypoiodites of alkali and alkaline earth metals can be made in cold dilute solutions if iodine is added to their respective hydroxides.
It is a weak acid with a pK of about 11. The conjugate base is hypoiodite (). Salts of this anion can be prepared by treating Iodine| with alkali hydroxides. They rapidly disproportionate to form iodides and iodates. | It is a natural product found in Nicotiana suaveolens, Nicotiana tomentosa, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
1,4-dimethylnaphthalene is a dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 4. | It, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Its pharmacology is similar to other methylxanthine drugs (e.g., theobromine and caffeine). Trace amounts of theophylline are naturally present in tea, coffee, chocolate, yerba maté, guarana, and kola nut.
The name theophylline derives from "Thea"—the former genus name for tea + Legacy Greek φύλλον (phúllon, "leaf") + -ine. | 0 |
Butanal is a member of the class of butanals that consists of propane bearing a formyl substituent at the 1-position. The parent of the class of butanals. It has a role as a biomarker, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. | It is a straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi). It has a role as a non-polar solvent and a plant metabolite. It is a volatile organic compound and an alkane. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Cunila and Trypanosoma brucei with data available. | It is the glycine conjugate of salicylic acid and is the primary form in which salicylates are excreted from the body, via the kidneys. The pathway is very similar to the pathway of benzoic acid excretion as hippuric acid. | 1 |
It is a member of benzenes and a sulfonamide. | It is an azoxy compound. | 0 |
Garcinia acid is a carbonyl compound. | It is the simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms. | 0 |
It is a bicyclic organonitrogen heterocyclic compound comprised of two ortho-fused pyrrolidine rings which share a common nitrogen atom. It is an organonitrogen heterocyclic compound and an organic heterobicyclic compound. | O-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate is an organic phosphonate that is phenylphosphonothioic O,O-acid in which the hydroxy groups are substituted by methoxy and 4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenoxy groups. It is a dichlorobenzene, a member of bromobenzenes, an organic phosphonate and a phosphonic ester. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Microcystis aeruginosa with data available. | It is a member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine. It has a role as a serotonergic agonist, a vasoconstrictor agent and an anti-inflammatory drug. It is a member of tryptamines and an oxazolidinone. It is functionally related to a N,N-dimethyltryptamine. | 0 |
It is a corticosteroid hormone. | It is a biflavonoid that is obtained by coupling of two molecules of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate resulting in a bond between positions C-2 of the hydroxyphenyl ring. It is a natural product found in oolong tea. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer, an anti-inflammatory agent, a hypoglycemic agent, a hepatoprotective agent, an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, a melanin synthesis inhibitor, a plant metabolite and an anticoronaviral agent. It is a proanthocyanidin, a gallate ester and a biflavonoid. It is functionally related to a (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate. | 0 |
It (INN, BAN) (brand names Benuride, Deturid, Pheneturid, Septotence, Trinuride), also known as phenylethylacetylurea (or ethylphenacemide), is an anticonvulsant of the ureide class. Conceptually, it can be formed in the body as a metabolic degradation product from phenobarbital. It is considered to be obsolete and is now seldom used. It is marketed in Europe, including in Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. It has a similar profile of anticonvulsant activity and toxicity relative to phenacemide. As such, it is only used in cases of severe epilepsy when other, less-toxic drugs have failed. It inhibits the metabolism and thus increases the levels of other anticonvulsants, such as phenytoin. | It is an organothiophosphate insecticide and an organic thiophosphate. It has a role as an agrochemical and an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor. It is functionally related to a 4-cyanophenol. | 0 |
It is 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection. It has a role as a HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an antiviral drug. It is a benzoxazine, an acetylenic compound, an organochlorine compound, an organofluorine compound and a member of cyclopropanes. | It (EFV), sold under the brand names Sustiva among others, is an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals. It may be used for prevention after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure. It is sold both by itself and in combination as efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include rash, nausea, headache, feeling tired, and trouble sleeping. Some of the rashes may be serious such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Other serious side effects include depression, thoughts of suicide, liver problems, and seizures. It is not safe for use during pregnancy. It is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and works by blocking the function of reverse transcriptase.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998, and in the European Union in 1999. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. As of 2016, it is available as a generic medication. | 1 |
It is an organic compound with the formula (CH)(CH)CHN. One of several isomeric pyridines with this formula, this derivative is of interest because it is efficiently prepared from simple reagents and it is a convenient precursor to nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B. It is a colorless liquid. | It (as distigmine bromide) is a parasympathomimetic. It is similar to pyridostigmine and neostigmine but has a longer duration of action. It is available as tablets on prescription only. It is commonly used to treat various conditions, including myasthenia gravis and underactive bladder. It has a greater risk of causing cholinergic crisis because of accumulation of the drug being more likely than with neostigmine or pyridostigmine and so distigmine is rarely used as a treatment for myasthenia gravis, unlike pyridostigmine and neostigmine. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Bloxiverz, among others, is a medication used to treat myasthenia gravis, Ogilvie syndrome, and urinary retention without the presence of a blockage. It is also used in anaesthesia to end the effects of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking medication. It is given by injection either into a vein, muscle, or under the skin. After injection effects are generally greatest within 30 minutes and last up to 4 hours.
Common side effects include nausea, increased saliva, crampy abdominal pain, and slow heart rate. More severe side effects include low blood pressure, weakness, and allergic reactions. It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe for the baby. It is in the cholinergic family of medications. It works by blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase and therefore increases the levels of acetylcholine.
It was patented in 1931. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. The term is from Greek neos', meaning "new", and "-stigmine", in reference to its parent molecule, physostigmine, on which it is based. It is available as a generic medication. | It is a quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor and an antidote to curare poisoning. | 1 |
It is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae such as Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana, and Tabernaemontana undulata. It is a psychedelic with dissociative properties.
During an eighteen year timeline, a total of 19 fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine were reported, from which six subjects died of acute heart failure or cardiopulmonary arrest. Its prohibition in many countries has slowed scientific research. Various derivatives of ibogaine designed to lack psychedelic properties (such as 18-MC) are under preliminary research.
The psychoactivity of the root bark of the iboga tree (Tabernanthe iboga), from which ibogaine is extracted, was first discovered by the Pygmy tribes of Central Africa, who passed the knowledge to the Bwiti tribe of Gabon. French explorers in turn learned of it from the Bwiti tribe and brought ibogaine back to Europe in 1899–1900, where it was subsequently marketed in France as a stimulant under the trade name Lambarène. Although ibogaine's anti-addictive properties were first widely promoted in 1962 by Howard Lotsof, its Western medical use predates that by at least a century.
It is an indole alkaloid obtained either by extraction from the iboga plant or by semi-synthesis from the precursor compound voacangine, another plant alkaloid. The total synthesis of ibogaine was described in 1956. Structural elucidation by X-ray crystallography was completed in 1960. | It is a member of piperidines. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with parkinsonism and influenza caused by type A influenzavirus, though its use for the latter is no longer recommended because of widespread drug resistance. It acts as a nicotinic antagonist, dopamine agonist, and noncompetitive NMDA antagonist. The antiviral mechanism of action is antagonism of the influenzavirus A M2 proton channel, which prevents endosomal escape (i.e., the release of viral genetic material into the host cytoplasm).
It was first used for the treatment of influenza A. After antiviral properties were initially reported in 1963, amantadine received approval for prophylaxis against the influenza virus A in 1976. In 1973, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved amantadine for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In 2017, the extended release formulation was approved for use in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
It has a mild side-effect profile. Common neurological side effects include drowsiness, light-headedness, dizziness, and confusion. Because of its effects on the central nervous system, it should only be combined cautiously with additional CNS stimulants or anticholinergic drugs. It is contraindicated in persons with end stage kidney disease, given that the drug is cleared by the kidneys. It should also be taken with caution by those with enlarged prostates or glaucoma, because of its anticholinergic effects. | It is a member of acrylamides and a primary carboxamide. | 0 |
It or dioxobutanedioic acid is an organic compound with formula CHO or HO−(C=O)−OH.
Removal of two protons from the molecule would yield the dioxosuccinate anion, or O−(C=O)−O. This is one of the oxocarbon anions, which consist solely of carbon and oxygen. The name is also used for salts containing that anion, and for esters with the [−O−(C=O)−O−] moiety.
Removal of a single proton would result in the monovalent anion hydrogendioxosuccinate, or HO−(C=O)−O. | It is a trihalomethane with formula .
It has formerly been used as a flame retardant, and a solvent for fats and waxes and because of its high density for mineral separation. Now it is only used as a reagent or intermediate in organic chemistry.
It can also occur in municipally-treated drinking water as a by-product of the chlorine disinfection process.
According to the Environmental Working Group, a non-profit organization that strives to educate consumers about potential chemical and environmental health risks, bromodichloromethane can increase the risk of cancer, harm to reproduction and child development, and may cause changes to fetal growth and development in when present in quantities higher than 0.06 parts per billion (ppb). This data largely comes from studies reviewed or conducted by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. No standards regulating the presence of bromodichloromethane in drinking water currently exist in the United States. | 0 |
It is an organic compound with the chemical formula BuOCHOH (Bu = CHCHCHCH). This colorless liquid has a sweet, ether-like odor, as it derives from the family of glycol ethers, and is a butyl ether of ethylene glycol. As a relatively nonvolatile, inexpensive solvent, it is used in many domestic and industrial products because of its properties as a surfactant. It is a known respiratory irritant and can be acutely toxic, but animal studies did not find it to be mutagenic, and no studies suggest it is a human carcinogen. A study of 13 classroom air contaminants conducted in Portugal reported a statistically significant association with increased rates of nasal obstruction and a positive association below the level of statistical significance with a higher risk of obese asthma and increased child BMI. | It is a 2alpha-hydroxy steroid, a 3alpha-hydroxy steroid, a 22-hydroxy steroid, a 23-hydroxy steroid and a brassinosteroid. It has a role as a plant growth stimulator and a plant hormone. | 0 |
All-trans-retinoic acid is a retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. It has a role as a keratolytic drug, an antineoplastic agent, an antioxidant, a signalling molecule, a retinoid X receptor agonist, an anti-inflammatory agent, an AP-1 antagonist, a retinoic acid receptor agonist and a human metabolite. It is a retinoic acid and a vitamin A. It is a conjugate acid of an all-trans-retinoate. | It is a perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is butane-1-sulfonic acid in which all of the hydrogens of the butyl group have been replaced by fluorines. It has a role as a surfactant. | 0 |
It is an oral blood glucose lowering drug used for people with Type 2 diabetes. It is part of the sulfonylurea family (ATC A10BB). | It is a member of 1-benzofurans and a carbamate ester. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a carbamate insecticide, an acaricide, an agrochemical and a nematicide. | 0 |
It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a secondary alcohol. | It is an organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless solid. It is a monoether formed by condensation of stearyl alcohol with one of the two primary alcohol sites of glycerol. Together with S-selachyl alcohol and S-chimyl alcohol, S-batyl alcohol is a component of some lipid membranes. | 0 |
It is a tellurium coordination entity. | It is a N-alkylpyrrolidine. | 0 |
It is a furanocoumarin. | It is a member of acridines. | 0 |
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