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It is a natural product found in Bistorta manshuriensis, Tamarix aphylla, and other organisms with data available. | It, HFB, , or perfluorobenzene is an organofluorine compound. In this derivative of benzene, all hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine atoms. The technical uses of the compound are limited, although it has some specialized uses in the laboratory owing to distinctive spectroscopic properties. | 0 |
It (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) is a water-soluble analog of vitamin E sold by Hoffman-LaRoche. It is an antioxidant like vitamin E and it is used in biological or biochemical applications to reduce oxidative stress or damage.
It equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) is a measurement of antioxidant strength based on It, measured in units called It Equivalents (TE), e.g. micromolTE/100 g. Due to the difficulties in measuring individual antioxidant components of a complex mixture (such as blueberries or tomatoes), It equivalency is used as a benchmark for the antioxidant capacity of such a mixture. It equivalency is most often measured using the ABTS decolorization assay. The TEAC assay is used to measure antioxidant capacity of foods, beverages and supplements. Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) is an antioxidant capacity assays which uses It as a standard.
Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) used to be an alternative measurement, but the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) withdrew these ratings in 2012 as biologically invalid, stating that "The data for antioxidant capacity of foods generated by in vitro (test-tube) methods cannot be extrapolated to in vivo (human) effects and the clinical trials to test benefits of dietary antioxidants have produced mixed results. We know now that antioxidant molecules in food have a wide range of functions, many of which are unrelated to the ability to absorb free radicals" | 1,2-dihydrostilbene is a diphenylethane that is the 1,2-dihydro derivative of stilbene. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Homo sapiens with data available. | It or methylene bromochloride and Halon 1011 is a mixed halomethane. It is a heavy low-viscosity liquid with refractive index 1.4808.
Halon 1011 was invented for use in fire extinguishers in Germany during the mid-1940s, in an attempt to create a less toxic, more effective alternative to carbon tetrachloride. This was a concern in aircraft and tanks as carbon tetrachloride produced highly toxic by-products when discharged onto a fire. It was slightly less toxic, and used up until the late 1960s, being officially banned by the NFPA for use in fire extinguishers in 1969, as safer and more effective agents such as halon 1211 and 1301 were developed. Due to its ozone depletion potential its production was banned from January 1, 2002, at the Eleventh Meeting of the Parties for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
It's biodegradation is catalyzed by the hydrolase enzyme alkylhalidase:
:CHBrCl + HO → CHO + HBr + HCl | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Coffea arabica with data available. | It is a 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide that has (R)-configuration. A specific alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonist used (generally as its hydrochloride salt, tamsulosin hydrochloride) in the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, urinary retention, and help with the passage of kidney stones. It has a role as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and an antineoplastic agent. It is a conjugate base of a tamsulosin(1+). It is an enantiomer of an ent-tamsulosin. | 0 |
It is an optically inactive hexitol having meso-configuration. It has a role as a metabolite, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. | It is an oxoaporphine alkaloid. It has a role as a metabolite. | 0 |
It (or eburnamonine, Vincamone) is a vasodilator. Vincamone is a vinca alkaloid and a metabolite of vincamine. | Eburnamonine is an alkaloid. | 1 |
It is the (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine. It has a role as a local anaesthetic, an adrenergic antagonist, an amphiphile, an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor and an EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor. It is a conjugate base of a levobupivacaine(1+). It is an enantiomer of a dextrobupivacaine. | It is the calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones). It contains an oxalate(2-). | 0 |
It is a member of guanidines. It has a role as an EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor and an antiviral agent. | It is a methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is functionally related to a flavone. | 0 |
It is a diarylmethane. | It is a member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol. It has a role as a serotonergic antagonist, a beta-adrenergic antagonist, an antihypertensive agent, a vasodilator agent and an antiglaucoma drug. It is a member of indoles and a secondary amine. | 0 |
It is a dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic that is 4,5-dihydro[1,2]dithiolo[4,3-b]pyrrole in which the hydrogens at positions 4,5 and 6 have been replaced by methyl, oxo and acetamido groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerases, inhibits the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and also inhibits JAMM metalloproteases. It has a role as an angiogenesis inhibitor, a chelator, a protein synthesis inhibitor, an EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor, an antibacterial agent, a toxin, a marine metabolite, a bacterial metabolite, an antifungal agent and an antineoplastic agent. It is a dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic and a member of acetamides. It is functionally related to a holomycin. | It is a N-arylpiperazine. | 0 |
It is an organic compound with the formula (CH)(NH). Classified as a diamine, it is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is present in small quantities in living organisms but is often associated with the putrefaction of animal tissue. Together with putrescine, it is largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contributes to other unpleasant odors. | It is a natural product found in Aloe africana and Streptomyces virginiae with data available. | 0 |
It is a member of tetralins. It has a role as a T-type calcium channel blocker. | It is a derivative of lysine that features a formyl group in place of the terminal amine. The free amino acid does not exist, but the allysine residue does. It is produced by aerobic oxidation of lysine residues by the enzyme lysyl oxidase. The transformation is an example of a post-translational modification. The semialdehyde form exists in equilibrium with a cyclic derivative.
It is involved in the production of elastin and collagen. Increased allysine concentration in tissues has been correlated to the presence of fibrosis.
It residues react with sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate to produce a fluorescent bis-naphtol-allysine product. In another assay, allysine-containing proteins are reduced with sodium borohydride to give a peptide containing the 6-hydroxynorleucine (6-hydroxy-2-aminocaproic acid) residue, which (unlike allysine) is stable to proteolysis. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Otanthus maritimus, Apis, and other organisms with data available. | It, sold under the brand name Flomax among others, is a medication used to treat symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic prostatitis and to help with the passage of kidney stones. The evidence for benefit with a kidney stone is better when the stone is larger. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include dizziness, headache, sleeplessness, nausea, blurry vision, and sexual problems. Other side effects may include feeling lightheaded with standing due to changes in blood pressure, and angioedema. It is an alpha blocker and works by relaxing muscles in the prostate. Specifically it is an α adrenergic receptor blocker.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 24th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 23million prescriptions. | 0 |
L-tyrosine is an optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration. It has a role as an EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a tyrosine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is functionally related to a L-tyrosinal. It is a conjugate base of a L-tyrosinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tyrosinate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-tyrosine. It is a tautomer of a L-tyrosine zwitterion. | It is a sympathomimetic drug, designed as a prodrug of epinine (deoxyepinephrine or N-methyldopamine), used in ophthalmology. It induces mydriasis. It also has been investigated for use in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
It acts on D and α-adrenergic receptors as an agonist.
It was first prepared by Casagrande and co-workers.
Instilled at 2% concentration, ibopamine exhibits several functions at ocular level such as pre- and post-operative mydriatic activity, D1 dopaminergic activity, etc. | 0 |
It is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is usually referred to by its ISO common name 2,4-D. It is a systemic herbicide that kills most broadleaf weeds by causing uncontrolled growth, but most grasses such as cereals, lawn turf, and grassland are relatively unaffected.
2,4-D is one of the oldest and most widely available herbicides and defoliants in the world, having been commercially available since 1945, and is now produced by many chemical companies since the patent on it has long since expired. It can be found in numerous commercial lawn herbicide mixtures, and is widely used as a weedkiller on cereal crops, pastures, and orchards. Over 1,500 herbicide products contain 2,4-D as an active ingredient. | It is a phthalic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of benzyl alcohol. It is a major metabolite of the plasticiser butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). It has a role as a xenoestrogen and a xenobiotic metabolite. It is functionally related to a benzyl alcohol. | 0 |
It is the cyclic lactone of sorbic acid. Thermal treatment or hydrolysis converts the lactone to sorbic acid. | It is a propanone that is propan-2-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 1. It is a member of propanones and a methyl ketone. | 0 |
It is a sesquiterpenoid. | It is 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis. It has a role as a photosensitizing agent and a dermatologic drug. | 0 |
Indolin-2-one is an indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2. It is an indolinone and a gamma-lactam. | It (DMAP) is a derivative of pyridine with the chemical formula (CH)NCHN. This white solid is of interest because it is more basic than pyridine, owing to the resonance stabilisation from the NMe substituent.
Because of its basicity, DMAP is a useful nucleophilic catalyst for a variety of reactions such as esterifications with anhydrides, the Baylis-Hillman reaction, hydrosilylations, tritylation, the Steglich rearrangement, Staudinger synthesis of β-lactams and many more. Chiral DMAP analogues are used in kinetic resolution experiments of mainly secondary alcohols and Evans auxiliary type amides. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Daxas among others, is a medication that acts as a selective, long-acting inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4). It has anti-inflammatory effects and is used as an orally administered drug for the treatment of inflammatory conditions of the lungs such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
In June 2010, it was approved in the European Union for severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis. In February 2011, it gained FDA approval in the United States for reducing COPD exacerbations. It is available as a generic medication. | It is a monoterpenoid that is oct-7-en-2-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a methylidene group at position 6 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a fragrance. It is a monoterpenoid and a tertiary alcohol. | 0 |
It, also known as androst-4-ene-3β,17β-diol, is an androstenediol that is converted to testosterone. The conversion rate is about 15.76%, almost triple that of 4-androstenedione, due to utilization of a different enzymatic pathway. There is also some conversion into estrogen, since testosterone is the metabolic precursor of the estrogens.
It is closer to testosterone structurally than 5-androstenediol, and has androgenic effects, acting as a weak partial agonist of the androgen receptor. However, due to its lower intrinsic activity in comparison, in the presence of full agonists like testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 4-androstenediol has antagonistic actions, behaving more like an antiandrogen.
It is very weakly estrogenic. It has approximately 0.5% and 0.6% of the affinity of estradiol at the ERα and ERβ, respectively. | It is a member of phenothiazines. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of borate esters obtained by the formal condensation of three equivalents of ethanol with boric acid. It is functionally related to an ethanol. | It is an organic compound isolated from saffron, the spice consisting of the stigmas of crocus flowers (Crocus sativus). It is the constituent primarily responsible for the aroma of saffron.
It is believed that safranal is a degradation product of the carotenoid zeaxanthin via the intermediate picrocrocin. | 0 |
It is an organofluorine compound. | It (beta-alanyl--histidine) is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. It was discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich.
It is naturally produced by the body in the liver from beta-alanine and histidine. Like carnitine, carnosine is composed of the root word carn, meaning "flesh", alluding to its prevalence in meat. There are no plant-based sources of carnosine. It is readily available as a synthetic nutritional supplement. | 0 |
It is a cyclopentapyran that is 1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid substituted at positions 1, 6 and 7 by beta-D-glucosyloxy, hydroxy and methyl groups respectively It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a cyclopentapyran, an alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and a glucoside. It is a conjugate acid of a loganate. | It is a natural product found in Mylabris cichorii, Cantharis, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
7-methylxanthine is an oxopurine that is xanthine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a methyl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of caffeine. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an oxopurine and a purine alkaloid. It is functionally related to a 7H-xanthine. | It is an organic compound and depside with the molecular formula CHO. It was first isolated from the lichen Usnea longissima. It is soluble in hot alcohol and bad soluble in water. It is produced by the lichens Ramalina, Evernia, and Hypogymnia. | 0 |
It is a pyridinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-chloronicotinic acid with the amino group of 4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-amine. A fungicide active against a broad range of fungal pathogens including Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Sclerotinia spp. for use on a wide range of crops including fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. It has a role as an EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and an antifungal agrochemical. It is a member of biphenyls, a pyridinecarboxamide, a member of monochlorobenzenes and an anilide fungicide. It is functionally related to a nicotinic acid. | It is a triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by myristic (tetradecanoic) acid. It is a triglyceride and a tetradecanoate ester. | 0 |
It is the ISO common name for an organic compound used as an herbicide. It acts by inhibiting the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) which is necessary for chlorophyll synthesis. Soybeans naturally have a high tolerance to fomesafen, via metabolic disposal by glutathione S-transferase. As a result, soy is the most common crop treated with fomesafen, followed by other beans and a few other crop types. It is not safe for maize/corn or other Poaceae. | It (trade names Neuralex, Nerusil), also known as mebamoxine, is an irreversible and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine class. It was synthesized in 1967 and was subsequently used as an antidepressant in Europe, but is now no longer marketed. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Tetradenia riparia, Humulus lupulus, and other organisms with data available. | It is a natural product found in Homo sapiens, Panax ginseng, and Bos taurus with data available. | 0 |
It is a dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is a member of the drug class known as statins, used primarily for lowering blood cholesterol and for preventing cardiovascular diseases. It has a role as an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is an aromatic amide, a member of monofluorobenzenes, a statin (synthetic), a dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a member of pyrroles. It is functionally related to a heptanoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an atorvastatin(1-). | It (or ammonium sulphamate) is a white crystalline solid, readily soluble in water. It is commonly used as a broad spectrum herbicide, with additional uses as a compost accelerator, flame retardant and in industrial processes. | 0 |
It is an imidazolidine-2,4-dione. | It is a 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol which has been substituted at the 15alpha and 16alpha positions by two additional hydroxy groups. It is a natural estrogen produced exclusively during pregnancy by the fetal liver. It has a role as an estrogen, an estrogen receptor agonist, a human metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite and an oral contraceptive. It is a 3-hydroxy steroid, a 17beta-hydroxy steroid, a 16alpha-hydroxy steroid, a 15alpha-hydroxy steroid and a steroid hormone. It derives from a hydride of an estrane. | 0 |
It is an agonist of the AMPA, kainate, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. It is one of the most potent AMPA receptor agonists known. It causes excitotoxicity and is used in neuroscience to selectively destroy neurons in the brain or spinal cord. It occurs naturally in the seeds of Quisqualis species.
Research conducted by the USDA Agricultural Research Service, has demonstrated quisqualic acid is also present within the flower petals of zonal geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum) and is responsible for causing rigid paralysis of the Japanese beetle. It is thought to mimic L-glutamic acid, which is a neurotransmitter in the insect neuromuscular junction and mammalian central nervous system. | It, or butyl phenyl ketone, is an aromatic ketone with the formula CHC(O)CH. It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is usually prepared by the acylation of benzene using valeryl chloride. | 0 |
It or lauryl acetate, CHCOO(CH)CH, is the dodecyl ester of acetic acid. It has a floral odor and is useful as a perfume additive. | (+)-pinoresinol is an enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-1S,3aR,4S,6aR-configuration. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen. | 0 |
It is a fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). It has a role as an Aspergillus metabolite, a prodrug, an anticholesteremic drug and an antineoplastic agent. It is a polyketide, a statin (naturally occurring), a member of hexahydronaphthalenes, a delta-lactone and a fatty acid ester. It is functionally related to a (S)-2-methylbutyric acid and a mevastatin. | It, sold under the brand name Mevacor among others, is a statin medication, to treat high blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Its use is recommended together with lifestyle changes. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include diarrhea, constipation, headache, muscles pains, rash, and trouble sleeping. Serious side effects may include liver problems, muscle breakdown, and kidney failure. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby and use during breastfeeding is not recommended. It works by decreasing the liver's ability to produce cholesterol by blocking the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.
It was patented in 1979 and approved for medical use in 1987. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 100th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 6million prescriptions. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Homo sapiens with data available. | It is a vasopressor/antihypotensive agent (it raises the blood pressure). It was approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1996 for the treatment of dysautonomia and orthostatic hypotension. In August 2010, the FDA proposed withdrawing this approval because the manufacturer, Shire plc, failed to complete required studies after the medicine reached the market. In September 2010, the FDA reversed its decision to remove midodrine from the market and allowed it to remain available to patients while Shire plc collected further data regarding the efficacy and safety of the drug. Shire announced on September 22, 2011, that it was withdrawing completely from supplying midodrine and leaving it to several generics to supply the drug. | 0 |
It is a long-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid composed of 9-octadecenoic acid having a 9,10-cyclopropenyl group. It is a cyclopropenyl fatty acid, a long-chain fatty acid and a monounsaturated fatty acid. It is functionally related to an octadec-9-enoic acid. | It is a cyclopropene fatty acid. It is found in various plants of the genus Sterculia, including being the main component of Sterculia foetida seed oil. | 1 |
It, metabisulfurous acid or pyrosulfurous acid is an oxoacid of sulfur with the formula . Its structure is . The salts of disulfurous acid are called disulfites or metabisulfites. It is, like sulfurous acid (), a phantom acid, which does not exist in the free state. In contrast to disulfate (), disulfite has two directly connected sulfur atoms. The oxidation state of the sulfur atom bonded to three oxygen atoms is +5 and its valence is 6, while that of the other sulfur is +3 and 4 respectively. | It is an alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, an antibacterial drug and a protein synthesis inhibitor. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a member of oxanes, an epoxide, a secondary alcohol, a triol and an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester. It is a conjugate acid of a mupirocin(1-). | 0 |
It describes a family of inorganic compounds with the formula MoO(HO) where n = 0, 1, 2. The anhydrous compound is produced on the largest scale of any molybdenum compound since it is the main intermediate produced when molybdenum ores are purified. The anhydrous oxide is a precursor to molybdenum metal, an important alloying agent. It is also an important industrial catalyst. It is a yellow solid, although impure samples can appear blue or green.
It occurs as the rare mineral molybdite. | It is a cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It has a role as an antibacterial drug. It is a cephalosporin, a semisynthetic derivative and a beta-lactam antibiotic allergen. | 0 |
It is an iridoid. It is synthesized from 7-deoxyloganic acid by the enzyme 7-deoxyloganic acid hydroxylase (7-DLH). It is a substrate for the enzyme loganate O-methyltransferase for the production of loganin. | It is an organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions. It has a role as a herbicide and a geroprotector. It derives from a hydride of a 4,4'-bipyridine. | 0 |
It is a member of benzenes. | It is a natural product found in Gnetum montanum, Drosophila melanogaster, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of diazabicyclononanes that is (1s,5s)-3,7-diazaspiro[bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9,1'-cyclopentane] in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl groups. It is a potassium channel blocker and an antiarrhythmic agent currently currently in development for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. It has a role as an anti-arrhythmia drug and a potassium channel blocker. It is an azaspiro compound, a member of cyclopropanes, a member of cyclopentanes and a diazabicyclononane. | It is a member of phenothiazines. | 0 |
It is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae. It has a role as an EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor, an antibacterial agent and an antineoplastic agent. It is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid and an organic cation. | It is a hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]propanoic acid with the amino group of N-methylhydroxylamine. It is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation caused by musculoskeletal disorders such as hip dysplasia and arthritis in dogs. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic, an antipyretic, an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor, an apoptosis inhibitor, a lipoxygenase inhibitor and an immunomodulator. It is a member of pyrazoles, an aromatic ether, a hydroxamic acid and a member of monochlorobenzenes. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Homo sapiens, Panax ginseng, and Bos taurus with data available. | It (MPA), also known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in injectable form and sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a hormonal medication of the progestin type. It is used as a method of birth control and as a part of menopausal hormone therapy. It is also used to treat endometriosis, abnormal uterine bleeding, paraphilia, and certain types of cancer. The medication is available both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth, used under the tongue, or by injection into a muscle or fat.
Common side effects include menstrual disturbances such as absence of periods, abdominal pain, and headaches. More serious side effects include bone loss, blood clots, allergic reactions, and liver problems. Use is not recommended during pregnancy as it may harm the baby. MPA is an artificial progestogen, and as such activates the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progesterone. It also has androgenic activity and weak glucocorticoid activity. Due to its progestogenic activity, MPA decreases the body's release of gonadotropins and can suppress sex hormone levels. It works as a form of birth control by preventing ovulation.
MPA was discovered in 1956 and was introduced for medical use in the United States in 1959. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. MPA is the most widely used progestin in menopausal hormone therapy and in progestogen-only birth control. DMPA is approved for use as a form of long-acting birth control in more than 100 countries. In 2021, it was the 238th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. | 0 |
It is a bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a cholic acid and a glycochenodeoxycholic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a glycocholate. | It is a member of piperidines. | 0 |
It is the organic compound with the formula HOCH(CH). The molecule is related to cyclohexane by replacement of one hydrogen atom by a hydroxyl group. This compound exists as a deliquescent colorless solid with a camphor-like odor, which, when very pure, melts near room temperature. Millions of tonnes are produced annually, mainly as a precursor to nylon. | It (PSE) is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It may be used as a nasal/sinus decongestant, as a stimulant, or as a wakefulness-promoting agent in higher doses.
It was first characterized in 1889 by the German chemists Ladenburg and Oelschlägel, who used a sample that had been isolated from Ephedra vulgaris by the Merck pharmaceutical corporation of Darmstadt, Germany. The salts pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in over-the-counter preparations, either as a single ingredient or (more commonly) in a fixed-dose combination with one or more additional active ingredients such as antihistamines, guaifenesin, dextromethorphan, paracetamol (acetaminophen), or an NSAID (such as aspirin or ibuprofen). | 0 |
It is a tetrahydroxyflavanone having a structure of naringenin bearing an additional hydroxyl substituent at position 2' as well as a (2R)-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-1-yl (lavandulyl) substituent at position 8'. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antimalarial, an antimicrobial agent and a plant metabolite. It is a tetrahydroxyflavanone, a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones and a (2S)-flavan-4-one. It is functionally related to a (S)-naringenin. | It is the simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1. It derives from a hydride of a 1H-isochromene. | 0 |
It (DTX or DXL), sold under the brand name Taxotere among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of types of cancer. This includes breast cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. It may be used by itself or along with other chemotherapy medication. It is given by slow injection into a vein.
Common side effects include hair loss, cytopenia (low blood cell counts), numbness, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and muscle pains. Other severe side effects include allergic reactions and future cancers. It induced pneumotoxicity is also a well recognized adverse effect which has to be identified timely and treated after withholding the drug. Side effects are more common in people with liver problems. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. It is in the taxane family of medications. It works by disrupting the normal function of microtubules and thereby stopping cell division.
It was patented in 1986 and approved for medical use in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. | It is a natural product found in Chrysanthemum indicum with data available. | 0 |
It (INN, USAN, BAN), sold under the brand name Dipiperon, is a typical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone family used in the treatment of schizophrenia and as a sleep aid for depression. It is or has been marketed under brand names including Dipiperon, Dipiperal, Piperonil, Piperonyl, and Propitan. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961, and entered clinical trials in the United States in 1963. | It is a member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol. It has a role as a first generation antipsychotic, a serotonergic antagonist and a dopaminergic antagonist. It is a monocarboxylic acid amide, an aromatic ketone, an organofluorine compound, a member of bipiperidines and a tertiary amino compound. It is a conjugate base of a pipamperone(2+). | 1 |
It is an organic compound with the formula CHN. It is an aromatic heterocycle with a bicyclic structure consisting of two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring. It is a light yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in water. Also known as 1,3-diazanaphthalene, quinazoline received its name from being an aza derivative of quinoline. Though the parent quinazoline molecule is rarely mentioned by itself in technical literature, substituted derivatives have been synthesized for medicinal purposes such as antimalarial and anticancer agents. It is a planar molecule. It is isomeric with the other diazanaphthalenes of the benzodiazine subgroup: cinnoline, quinoxaline, and phthalazine. Over 200 biologically active quinazoline and quinoline alkaloids are identified. | It is a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid. | 0 |
It is an organic compound with the formula CHOCHCHCH=CH. It is a colorless oily liquid, although impure samples can appear yellow. A member of the phenylpropanoid family of natural products, it is found in sassafras plants, among others. Small amounts are found in a wide variety of plants, where it functions as a natural antifeedant. Ocotea pretiosa, which grows in Brazil, and Sassafras albidum, which grows in eastern North America, are the main natural sources of safrole. It has a characteristic "sweet-shop" aroma.
It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide, the fragrance piperonal via isosafrole, and the empathogenic/entactogenic substance MDMA. | It is an oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent. It has a role as a geroprotector and an anticonvulsant. | 0 |
It is an aminoquinone antitumor and antibacterial antibiotic produced by Streptomyces flocculus.
It was a successful target of Total synthesis in 2011. | It, sold under the brand names Ondeva and Totelle among others, is a progestin medication which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. It was also under development for use in birth control pills to prevent pregnancy, but ultimately was not marketed for this purpose. The medication is available alone or in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth.
Side effects of trimegestone include headache, breast tenderness, nervousness, abdominal pain, bloating, muscle cramps, nausea, depression, and vaginal bleeding among others. It is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has weak antiandrogenic and antimineralocorticoid activity and no other important hormonal activity.
It was first described in 1979 and was introduced for medical use in 2001. It is sometimes described as a "fourth-generation" progestin. The medication is marketed throughout Europe and Latin America. It is not available in the United States or Canada. | 0 |
It is an organic trisulfide that is trisulfane in which both of the hydrogens are replaced by allyl groups. A component of the essential oil of garlic and a major component of the traditional Chinese medicine allitridium, it exhibits antifungal, antitumour and antioxidant activity It has a role as an apoptosis inducer, an estrogen receptor antagonist, an antineoplastic agent, a vasodilator agent, an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory agent, an insecticide, an antiprotozoal drug, a platelet aggregation inhibitor and an antilipemic drug. | It is a diterpenoid, a carbotricyclic compound and a monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an isopimarate. It derives from a hydride of an isopimara-7,15-diene. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of aminopyridines that is 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A fungicide used to control grey mould, downy mildew and other fungal pathogens. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer, an allergen, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and an antifungal agrochemical. It is a C-nitro compound, a chloropyridine, an aminopyridine, a secondary amino compound, a member of monochlorobenzenes and a member of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes. | It is a member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups. It has a role as a hyperglycemic agent and a metabolite. It is functionally related to a barbituric acid. | 0 |
It is a dipeptide. | 1-aminopropan-2-ol is any amino alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by an amino group at position 1. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is an amino alcohol and a secondary alcohol. | 0 |
It is a beta blocker medication used either by mouth or as eye drops. As eye drops it is used to treat increased pressure inside the eye such as in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. By mouth it is used for high blood pressure, chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart, to prevent further complications after a heart attack, and to prevent migraines.
Common side effects with the drops is irritation of the eye. Common side effects by mouth include tiredness, slow heart beat, itchiness, and shortness of breath. Other side effects include masking the symptoms of low blood sugar in those with diabetes. Use is not recommended in those with asthma, uncompensated heart failure, or COPD. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the fetus. It is a non-selective beta blocker.
It was patented in 1968, and came into medical use in 1978. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 163rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions. | It is a natural product found in Streptomyces rochei with data available. | 0 |
It is an ethyl sulfide compound having two ethyl groups attached to a sulfur atom. | It is a member of cyclohexenones. | 0 |
2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol is a 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a prodrug, a metabolite, a carcinogenic agent, a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a 2-hydroxy steroid and a 17beta-hydroxy steroid. It is functionally related to a 17beta-estradiol. | It (INN, proposed trade name Zarnestra) is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors block the activity of the farnesyltransferase enzyme by inhibiting prenylation of the CAAX tail motif, which ultimately prevents Ras from binding to the membrane, rendering it inactive. | 0 |
It (INN, USAN, BAN), sold under the brand name Dipiperon, is a typical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone family used in the treatment of schizophrenia and as a sleep aid for depression. It is or has been marketed under brand names including Dipiperon, Dipiperal, Piperonil, Piperonyl, and Propitan. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961, and entered clinical trials in the United States in 1963. | It is a member of bipyridines. | 0 |
It is a corticosteroid hormone. | It is 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent. It has a role as an antiprotozoal drug, an antibacterial drug, an antiparasitic agent and an antiamoebic agent. | 0 |
It is a glycosyl glycoside derivative and an amino disaccharide. | It is a natural product found in Narcissus obesus with data available. | 0 |
It is a carbonyl compound and a member of naphthalenes. | It is a member of class of tropane alkaloids. It can be found in plants of family Solanaceae. Is the cyclized dimer of apoatropine , dimer of atropic acid belladonnic , N CH3 tropine belladonnate . Commercially available preparations called "belladonnine" are sometimes a mixture of this chemical with atropine. | 1 |
It, sold under the brand name Sevorane, among others, is a sweet-smelling, nonflammable, highly fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used as an inhalational anaesthetic for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. After desflurane, it is the volatile anesthetic with the fastest onset. While its offset may be faster than agents other than desflurane in a few circumstances, its offset is more often similar to that of the much older agent isoflurane. While sevoflurane is only half as soluble as isoflurane in blood, the tissue blood partition coefficients of isoflurane and sevoflurane are quite similar. For example, in the muscle group: isoflurane 2.62 vs. sevoflurane 2.57. In the fat group: isoflurane 52 vs. sevoflurane 50. As a result, the longer the case, the more similar will be the emergence times for sevoflurane and isoflurane.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. | It is an acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group. It is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent. It is an acyl chloride and a member of benzenes. It is functionally related to a benzoic acid. | 0 |
It is a pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex. It has a role as an explosive and a vasodilator agent. | Pantoic acid is a dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid. | 0 |
It is the organic compound with the formula . This white crystalline solid is soluble in ethanol, slightly soluble in water and insoluble in diethyl ether. It is the diamide derived from oxalic acid, and the hydrate of cyanogen. | It is a cyclic hemiketal that is cevane that has an oxygen bridge from the 4alpha to the 9 position and is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 4beta, 12, 14, 16beta, 17, and 20 positions. It has a role as an insecticide. It is a cyclic hemiketal, an alkaloid, a heptol, a tertiary amino compound, a tertiary alcohol and a secondary alcohol. It derives from a hydride of a cevane. | 0 |
It is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome. It has a role as a nucleoside antibiotic, an antiinfective agent, an antineoplastic agent, a protein synthesis inhibitor, an antimicrobial agent, an EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor and an EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor. It is a conjugate base of a puromycin(1+). | It is a constituent of ginkgo and an amino acid. It is a derivative of kynurenic acid and has similarly been found to antagonize AMPA and NMDA, as well as their corresponding receptors. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Corydalis solida, Corydalis ternata, and other organisms with data available. | It is the organic compound with the formula . It is an amino alcohol. The term isopropanolamine may also refer more generally to the additional homologs diisopropanolamine (DIPA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA).
It is chiral. It can be prepared by the addition of aqueous ammonia to propylene oxide. | 0 |
It is a nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an ethenyl group. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent, an antifungal agent, a fungal metabolite, a polar aprotic solvent and a mutagen. It is an aliphatic nitrile and a volatile organic compound. | It is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a malonate(1-). | 0 |
It is a penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. It has a role as an antibacterial drug. It is a penicillin and a penicillin allergen. It is a conjugate acid of an amoxicillin(1-). | It is a member of benzothiazoles. | 0 |
It is a hydroxytoluene. | It is a member of pyrimidines, an organochlorine compound and an aryl sulfide. It is functionally related to an acetic acid. | 0 |
It, also called vanillylacetone, is a major flavor component of ginger, providing the sweet flavor of cooked ginger. It is a crystalline solid that is sparingly soluble in water and soluble in ether.
It is similar in chemical structure to other flavor chemicals such as vanillin and eugenol. It is used as a flavor additive in spice oils and in perfumery to introduce spicy aromas.
Fresh ginger does not contain zingerone, but it is produced by cooking or drying of the ginger root, which causes a reverse aldol reaction on gingerol. | It is a quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis. It has a role as a muscarinic agonist, a bronchoconstrictor agent, an epitope, a cholinergic agonist and a vasodilator agent. It is a quaternary ammonium ion and an acetate ester. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Melodinus fusiformis with data available. | It is a natural product found in Brassica oleracea, Homo sapiens, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Penicillium olsonii, Streptomyces, and other organisms with data available. | It is an indole alkaloid with formula C21H20N2O3, isolated from several Rauvolfia species and exhibits antipsychotic activity. It has a role as an antipsychotic agent. It is a methyl ester, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a zwitterion and an indole alkaloid. It is a conjugate base of an alstonine(1+). | 0 |
It is a sulfur-containing mycotoxin that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines produced by several species of fungi, especially those of marine origin. It is the most prominent member of the epipolythiopiperazines, a large class of natural products featuring a diketopiperazine with di- or polysulfide linkage. These highly bioactive compounds have been the subject of numerous studies aimed at new therapeutics. It was originally isolated from Gliocladium fimbriatum, and was named accordingly. It is an epipolythiodioxopiperazine metabolite that is one of the most abundantly produced metabolites in human invasive Aspergillosis (IA). | 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl) ester is a benzoate ester and a member of phenols. It is functionally related to a salicylic acid. | 0 |
It is a phosphorus oxoacid and an acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride. It is a conjugate acid of a triphosphate(1-). | It is a ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring. It has a role as an antioxidant, a MALDI matrix material, a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inhibitor and a cardioprotective agent. It is a conjugate acid of a ferulate. | 0 |
It is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mosapramine. It is a second-generation antipsychotic used for the treatment of schizophrenia. It has a role as a second generation antipsychotic and a dopaminergic antagonist. It contains a (S)-mosapramine and a (R)-mosapramine. | It is an organic ammonium salt having thioglycolate(1-) as the counterion. Also known as perm salt, it has use in perming hair. It has a role as a reducing agent and an allergen. It contains a thioglycolate(1-). | 0 |
It is a member of the class of calcium oxides of calcium and oxygen in a 1:1 ratio. It has a role as a fertilizer. | It is an epoxide. | 0 |
It (DES) is a highly toxic, combustible, and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with the formula (CH)SO It occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor and is corrosive to tissue and metals. It is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols. It is used to manufacture dyes and textiles. | It is a N-arylpiperazine. | 0 |
It (trade name Posicor) was a pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment of hypertension and chronic angina pectoris. It is a nonselective calcium channel blocker. It was voluntary pulled from the market ten months after FDA approval, citing potential serious health hazards shown in post release studies.
The mechanism of action of mibefradil is characterized by the selective blockade of transient, low-voltage-activated (T-type) calcium channels over long-lasting, high-voltage-activated (L-type) calcium channels, which is probably responsible for many of its unique properties.
On June 8, 1998, Roche announced the voluntary withdrawal of the drug from the market, one year after approval by the FDA, due to the potential for drug interactions, some of them deadly, which may occur when it is taken together with some other medications. | It is a member of the class of alkylamines that is propane substituted by an amino group at C-1. It is a conjugate base of a propan-1-aminium. | 0 |
It, or 2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine, is a small molecule developed by the group of Peter G. Schultz, used for stem cell dedifferentiation.
It also has the potential to selectively induce cell death in cancer cells.
It is known to act as an antagonist of the adenosine A receptor. It is a potent inhibitor of the mitotic kinase Mps1 and it is widely used to study the process of chromosome segregation. | It is an N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups. It has a role as an antiemetic, a cholinergic antagonist, a histamine antagonist, a local anaesthetic and a central nervous system depressant. It is a N-alkylpiperazine and a member of monochlorobenzenes. It is a conjugate base of a buclizine(2+). | 0 |
It (trade names AKBeta, Betagan, Vistagan, among others) is a non-selective beta blocker. It is used topically in the form of eye drops to manage ocular hypertension (high pressure in the eye) and open-angle glaucoma. | It is a natural product found in Magnolia officinalis, Illicium simonsii, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Goniorrhachis marginata, Calycophyllum spruceanum, and other organisms with data available. | It is a chemical compound of arsenic and fluorine. It is a toxic, colorless gas. The oxidation state of arsenic is +5. | 0 |
It is a saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is cycloheptane in which one of the methylene groups is replaced by oxygen. It is a saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent and a cyclic ether. | It is a natural product found in Alangium salviifolium, Xylosalsola paletzkiana, and Grona adscendens with data available. | 0 |
It is an organic molecular entity. It has a role as an EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor and a herbicide. | It is an organic compound with the formula CHCOCHCH=CH. It is a colorless liquid, although commercial samples appear yellowish. It occurs naturally in pineapples. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Phellinus tremulae, and other organisms with data available. | It is an organic compound that has been used by the pharmaceutical industry as an ingredient for nasal sprays. | 0 |
It is the organic compound, an aldehyde, with the chemical formula CH(CH)CHO. A colorless fragrant liquid with a fruit-like odor, it occurs naturally in citrus oils. It is used commercially as a component in perfumes and in flavor production for the food industry. It is usually produced by hydroformylation of heptene and the dehydrogenation of 1-octanol.
It can also be referred to as caprylic aldehyde or C8 aldehyde. | It is a chlorine oxoacid. It is a conjugate acid of a chlorate. | 0 |
It is a naturally occurring chemical of the anthocyanin family.
It reacts in the presence of HO to form malvone. The ortho-benzoyloxyphenylacetic acid esters reaction product is dependant of the pH: it is obtained under acidic conditions whereas under neutral conditions, the reaction product is the 3-O-acyl-glucosyl-5-O-glucosyl-7-hydroxy coumarin. | It is an arsenic-containing medication used for the treatment of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis). It is specifically used for second-stage disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense when the central nervous system is involved. For Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, eflornithine or fexinidazole is usually preferred. It is effective in about 95% of people. It is given by injection into a vein.
It has a high number of side effects. Common side effects include brain dysfunction, numbness, rashes, and kidney and liver problems. About 1-5% of people die during treatment, although this is tolerated due to sleeping sickness itself having a practically 100% mortality rate when untreated. In those with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, red blood cell breakdown may occur. It has not been studied in pregnancy. It works by blocking pyruvate kinase, an enzyme required for aerobic metabolism by the parasite.
It has been used medically since 1949. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In regions of the world where the disease is common, melarsoprol is provided for free by the World Health Organization. It is not commercially available in Canada or the United States. In the United States, it may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, while in Canada it is available from Health Canada. | 0 |
It is an organochlorine insecticide and a methyl ester. It has a role as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. | It, also known as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethylamine, is a neurotoxic synthetic organic compound used by researchers to selectively destroy dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in the brain.
The main use for oxidopamine in scientific research is to induce Parkinsonism in laboratory animals by lesioning the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, in order to develop and test new medicines and treatments for Parkinson's disease. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Peristeria elata, Elsholtzia ciliata, and other organisms with data available. | It is an acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 ###) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils. It has a role as a polar aprotic solvent, a fragrance and an EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor. It is an acetate ester, a methyl ester and a volatile organic compound. | 1 |
It is an isoquinoline alkaloid. | It is a natural product found in Coffea congensis, Diplospora dubia, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with formula C21H24N2O3, isolated from several Rauvolfia and Catharanthus species. It is a selective alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. It has a role as an antihypertensive agent, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a vasodilator agent. It is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, a methyl ester and an organic heteropentacyclic compound. It is a conjugate base of an ajmalicine(1+). | It is a diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6 while one of hydrogens of each amino group is replaced respectively by an ethyl and a propan-2-yl group. It has a role as a herbicide, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is a chloro-1,3,5-triazine and a diamino-1,3,5-triazine. It is functionally related to a 6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Vernonia fasciculata, Humulus lupulus, and other organisms with data available. | It is a sesquiterpenoid. | 0 |
It is a natural organic compound classified as a bicyclic monoterpenoid that has an unusual bridging peroxide functional group. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent smell and taste that is soluble in most organic solvents. Like other low molecular weight organic peroxides, it is unstable and prone to rapid decomposition when heated or treated with organic acids. It determines the specific flavor of the Chilean tree boldo and is a major constituent of the oil of Mexican tea (wormseed). It is a component of natural medicine, tonic drinks and food flavoring in Latin American cuisine. As part of the oil, ascaridole is used as an anthelmintic drug that expels parasitic worms from plants, domestic animals and the human body. | It is a p-menthane monoterpenoid that is p-menth-2-ene with a peroxy group across position 1 to 4. It has a role as an antinematodal drug, a plant metabolite and an antileishmanial agent. It is a p-menthane monoterpenoid, an organic peroxide and an organic heterobicyclic compound. | 1 |
It is a 20-oxo steroid that is pregn-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 20. It has a role as a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a 20-oxo steroid, a C21-steroid and a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. | It is a member of ureas. | 0 |
It (trade names include Amerge) is a triptan drug marketed by GlaxoSmithKline and is used for the treatment of migraine headaches. It is a selective 5-HT receptor subtype agonist.
It was patented in 1987 and approved for medical use in 1997. | It is an organic tricyclic compound. | 0 |
It is an heterocyclic compound with the formula CHN). It is an uncommon isomer of indole with the nitrogen located at a ring fusion position. The saturated analogs are indolizidine, which are found in a variety of alkaloids such as swainsonine. | It is a mancude organic heterobicyclic parent and a member of indolizines. | 1 |
It is a member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease. It has a role as a hepatitis C protease inhibitor, an antimicrobial agent, an antineoplastic agent and a plant metabolite. | It is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a yellow-brown powder at room temperature. Chemically, acetylpyrazine is a pyrazine and a ketone. | 0 |
It (NMT) is a member of the substituted tryptamine chemical class and a natural product which is biosynthesized in the human body from tryptamine by certain N-methyltransferase enzymes, such as indolethylamine N-methyltransferase. It is a common component in human urine. NMT is an alkaloid derived from -tryptophan that has been found in the bark, shoots and leaves of several plant genera, including Virola, Acacia, Mimosa, and Desmanthus—often together with the related compounds N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT).
Orally administered NMT appears to produce no psychoactive effects, likely as a result of extensive first-pass metabolism. However, it may become active upon combination with a MAO inhibitor (MAOI).
By vaporization NMT shows activity at 50–100 mg, with a duration of 45–70 minutes; duration of visual effects 15–30 seconds. Effects are primarily non-visual. | It is a N-acyl-amino acid. | 0 |
It is a member of isoquinolines. | It (PFOA; conjugate base perfluorooctanoate; also known colloquially as C8, for its 8-carbon chain structure) is a perfluorinated carboxylic acid produced and used worldwide as an industrial surfactant in chemical processes and as a material feedstock. PFOA is considered a surfactant, or fluorosurfactant, due to its chemical structure, which consists of a perfluorinated, n-heptyl "tail group" and a carboxylate "head group". The head group can be described as hydrophilic while the fluorocarbon tail is both hydrophobic and lipophobic.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified PFOA as carcinogenic to humans. PFOA is one of many synthetic organofluorine compounds collectively known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Many PFAS such as PFOS, PFOA are a concern because they do not break down via natural processes and are commonly described as persistent organic pollutants or "forever chemicals". They can also move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources and can build up (bioaccumulate) in fish and wildlife. Residues have been detected in humans and wildlife.
PFOA is used in several industrial applications, including carpeting, upholstery, apparel, floor wax, textiles, fire fighting foam and sealants. PFOA serves as a surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers and as a building block for the synthesis of perfluoroalkyl-substituted compounds, polymers, and polymeric materials. PFOA has been manufactured since the 1940s in industrial quantities. It is also formed by the degradation of precursors such as some fluorotelomers. PFOA is used as a surfactant because it can lower the surface tension of water more than hydrocarbon surfactants while having exceptional stability due to having perfluoroalkyl tail group. The stability of PFOA is desired industrially but is a cause of concern environmentally.
The primary manufacturer of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), the 3M Company (known as Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company from 1902 to 2002), began a production phase-out in 2002 in response to concerns expressed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Eight other companies agreed to gradually phase out the manufacturing of the chemical by 2015.
By 2014, EPA had listed PFOA and perfluorooctanesulfonates (salts of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, PFOS) as emergent contaminants: | 0 |
It is an organooxygen compound and an organonitrogen compound. It is functionally related to an alpha-amino acid. | It is a quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor, a diagnostic agent and an antidote. It is a quaternary ammonium ion and a member of phenols. | 0 |
It is a convulsant poison used as a rodenticide. It was originally known by its product name, Castrix. It was originally produced in the 1940s by the conglomerate, IG Farben. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. It is also no longer used in the United States as a rodenticide, but is still used to this day in other countries. | It is a β-lactamase inhibitor. This drug is given in combination with β-lactam antibiotics to inhibit β-lactamase, an enzyme produced by bacteria that destroys the antibiotics.
It was patented in 1977 and approved for medical use in 1986. | 0 |
It is a member of methylpyridines. | It is a narrow spectrum systemic acaricide used to combat spider mites. It targets a variety of mites in the egg, larvae and nymph stages however not the adult stage. It also exhibits insecticidal activity towards aphids, the green rice leafhopper and diamondback moth. The mode of action was originally suspected to inhibit the molting process but has since been shown to inhibit chitin synthesis. Resistance due to its high efficacy and cross resistance when used with other acaricides are both of concern similar to was seen in the fast development of cross resistance in the previous generation of acaricides. The LC for resistant mite strains has been observed over 100,000 times greater than that of susceptible strains. Thus resistance management strategies are important in order to limit the increase of etoxazole resistant mite strains.
It has a mammalian toxicity LD of 5 g/kg and an environmental persistence DT of 19 days. Toxicity towards fish is of potential concern.
It was discovered in the 1980s by Yashima and was released for commercial use in 1998 in Japan. It is sold under various commercial preparations for crop application such as TetraSan 5 WDG and Zeal by Valent in the United States. | 0 |
It is a 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a 17beta-hydroxy steroid, a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid and an anabolic androgenic steroid. It derives from a hydride of an estrane. | It (12-methoxyibogamine-18-carboxylic acid methyl ester) is an alkaloid found predominantly in the root bark of the Voacanga africana tree, as well as in other plants such as Tabernanthe iboga, Tabernaemontana africana, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Tabernaemontana divaricata and Ervatamia yunnanensis. It is an iboga alkaloid which commonly serves as a precursor for the semi-synthesis of ibogaine. It has been demonstrated in animals to have similar anti-addictive properties to ibogaine itself. It also potentiates the effects of barbiturates. Under UV-A and UV-B light its crystals fluoresce blue-green, and it is soluble in ethanol. | 0 |
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