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It (also known as tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate and TEDP) is a pesticide commonly used in greenhouses as a fumigant. The substance is also known as Dithione, Dithiophos, and many other names. It has the molecular formula CHOPS and belongs to the organophosphate class of chemicals. It has a cholinergic effect, involving depression of the cholinesterase activity of the peripheral and central nervous system of insects. The transduction of signals is disturbed at the synapses that make use of acetylcholine. It is a mobile oil that is pale yellow-colored and smells like garlic. It is primarily used as an insecticide. | It, sometimes referred to as alloxan hydrate, is an organic compound with the formula OC(N(H)CO)C(OH). It is classified as a derivative of pyrimidine. The anhydrous derivative OC(N(H)CO)CO is also known, as well as a dimeric derivative. These are some of the earliest known organic compounds. They exhibit a variety of biological activities. | 0 |
It is 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection. It has a role as a HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an antiviral drug. It is a benzoxazine, an acetylenic compound, an organochlorine compound, an organofluorine compound and a member of cyclopropanes. | It is a 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position. It has a role as a sedative. It is a 1,4-benzodiazepinone and an organochlorine compound. | 0 |
It is a nucleoside analogue resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the amino group of CNDAC. It is the prodrug of CNDAC and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It has a role as an antimetabolite, an antineoplastic agent, a prodrug and a DNA synthesis inhibitor. It is a nucleoside analogue, a nitrile and a secondary carboxamide. It is functionally related to a hexadecanoic acid and a CNDAC. | It is a monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group. It has a role as a plant hormone, a human metabolite, a plant metabolite, a mouse metabolite and an auxin. It is a monocarboxylic acid and a member of indole-3-acetic acids. It is a conjugate acid of an indole-3-acetate. | 0 |
It is a member of carbazoles. | It is a phenolic abietane derivative of ferruginol and can be used as a biomarker for specific families of conifers. The presence of sugiol can be used to identify the Cupressaceae s.1., podocarpaceae, and Araucaraiaceae families of conifers. The polar terpenoids are among the most resistant molecules to degradation besides n-alkanes and fatty acids, affording them high viability as biomarkers due to their longevity in the sedimentary record. Significant amounts of sugiol has been detected in fossil wood dated to the Eocene and Miocene periods, as well as a sample of Protopodocarpoxylon dated to the middle Jurassic. | 0 |
It (trivial name; ), or N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (systematic name), also known as methyl viologen, is an organic compound with the chemical formula [(CHN)]Cl. It is classified as a viologen, a family of redox-active heterocycles of similar structure. This salt is one of the most widely used herbicides. It is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. It is also toxic (lethal) to human beings and animals due to its redox activity, which produces superoxide anions. It has been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease and is banned in 58 countries.
It may be in the form of salt with chloride or other anions; quantities of the substance are sometimes expressed by cation mass alone (paraquat cation, paraquat ion).
The name is derived from the para positions of the quaternary nitrogens. | It is a penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group. It has a role as an antibacterial drug. It is a penicillin and a dichlorobenzene. It is a conjugate acid of a dicloxacillin(1-). | 0 |
It is an herbicide from the chloroacetanilide family. It is an odorless, white solid. The greatest use of alachlor is for control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in crops. Use of alachlor is illegal in the European Union and no products containing alachlor are currently registered in the United States.
Its mode of action is elongase inhibition, and inhibition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) cyclisation enzymes, part of the gibberellin pathway. It is marketed under the trade names Alanex, Bronco, Cannon, Crop Star, Intrro, Lariat, Lasso, Micro-Tech and Partner. | It (INN), also known as phenbutrazate (BAN), is a psychostimulant used as an appetite suppressant under the trade names Cafilon, Filon, and Sabacid in Europe, Japan, and Hong Kong. It is a derivative of phenmetrazine and may function as a prodrug due to its similarity to phendimetrazine. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Mimosa pudica with data available. | L-methionine is the L-enantiomer of methionine. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, an antidote to paracetamol poisoning, a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an aspartate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a methionine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-methioninium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-methioninate. It is an enantiomer of a D-methionine. It is a tautomer of a L-methionine zwitterion. | 0 |
It is a benzoylurea insecticide, a member of monochlorobenzenes, an aromatic ether and an organofluorine compound. | It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the oxicam class. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. | 0 |
It is a member of piperazines. | It is a C-glycosyl pyrimidine that consists of uracil having a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue attached at position 5. The C-glycosyl isomer of the nucleoside uridine. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. | 0 |
It is a N-arylpiperazine. | It is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. It has a role as an agrochemical, a central nervous system stimulant, a GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist, a neurotoxin and a GABAA receptor antagonist. It is an isoquinoline alkaloid, a member of isoquinolines and a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid. | 0 |
It is a member of piperidines. | It is a secondary phosphine. | 0 |
It is an alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks. It has a role as a rodenticide. | It (brand names Androxan, Neo-Ponden, Neo-Pondus), also known as 17α-methyl-5α-androstano[3,2-c]isoxazol-17β-ol, is an orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and a 17α-alkylated derivative of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) that is marketed in Spain and Italy. It is closely related to stanozolol, differing only in having an isoxazole instead of pyrazole ring fused to the A ring, and is also related to furazabol, prostanozol, and danazol. | 0 |
It, or 1,1,2-TCA, is an organochloride solvent with the molecular formula and the structural formula . It is a colourless, sweet-smelling liquid that does not dissolve in water, but is soluble in most organic solvents. It is an isomer of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and a byproduct of its manufacture.
It is used as a solvent and as an intermediate in the synthesis of 1,1-dichloroethene. | It is a member of benzoic acids and a member of guanidines. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Senegalia berlandieri, Gymnocalycium chubutense, and other organisms with data available. | It or mescalin (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a naturally occurring psychedelic protoalkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin. | 1 |
It is an aromatic ketone. | It is a monocarboxylic acid that is the carboxymethyl ester of diclofenac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug related to diclofenac, it is used in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. It has a role as an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a non-narcotic analgesic. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a carboxylic ester, a secondary amino compound, an amino acid and a dichlorobenzene. It is functionally related to a diclofenac. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Maclura pomifera, Euonymus hamiltonianus, and other organisms with data available. | It is an antimuscarinic. It is used in the form of its methyl sulfate, called hexocyclium metilsulfate. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Strychnos cathayensis and Carica papaya with data available. | It is an α-adrenergic receptor agonist, somewhat similar in structure to butaxamine and 2,5-DMA. It is no longer marketed. | 0 |
It is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Present in animals since early stages of evolution, in humans it plays roles in behavior that include social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth. It is released into the bloodstream as a hormone in response to sexual activity and during labour. It is also available in pharmaceutical form. In either form, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to speed up the process of childbirth. In its natural form, it also plays a role in maternal bonding and milk production. Production and secretion of oxytocin is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism, where its initial release stimulates production and release of further oxytocin. For example, when oxytocin is released during a contraction of the uterus at the start of childbirth, this stimulates production and release of more oxytocin and an increase in the intensity and frequency of contractions. This process compounds in intensity and frequency and continues until the triggering activity ceases. A similar process takes place during lactation and during sexual activity.
It is derived by enzymatic splitting from the peptide precursor encoded by the human OXT gene. The deduced structure of the active nonapeptide is:
: Cys – Tyr – Ile – Gln – Asn – Cys – Pro – Leu – Gly – NH, or CYIQNCPLG-NH. | It is a diarylmethane. | 0 |
It is a corticosteroid, an 11beta-hydroxy steroid, a fluorinated steroid, a 20-oxo steroid, an acetate ester, a spiroketal and a 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. | It is a member of the pyridopyrimidine class of antibacterials, which display some overlap in mechanism of action with analogous pyridone-containing quinolones. It was introduced in 1979 and is active against gram negative and some gram positive bacteria. It was used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections. The marketing authorization of pipemidic acid has been suspended throughout the EU. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug. It has a role as a geroprotector, a H1-receptor antagonist, an anti-allergic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a serotonergic antagonist. It is a N-alkylpiperazine, a member of benzimidazoles and a diarylmethane. | It (also called C pentane) is a highly flammable alicyclic hydrocarbon with chemical formula CH and CAS number 287-92-3, consisting of a ring of five carbon atoms each bonded with two hydrogen atoms above and below the plane. It occurs as a colorless liquid with a petrol-like odor. Its freezing point is −94 °C and its boiling point is 49 °C. It is in the class of cycloalkanes, being alkanes that have one or more carbon rings. It is formed by cracking cyclohexane in the presence of alumina at a high temperature and pressure.
It was first prepared in 1893 by the German chemist Johannes Wislicenus. | 0 |
It ( ) is a chemical compound with the formula CHO and is often written as "HIn", "HPh", "phph" or simply "Ph" in shorthand notation. It is often used as an indicator in acid–base titrations. For this application, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. It belongs to the class of dyes known as phthalein dyes.
It is slightly soluble in water and usually is dissolved in alcohols in experiments. It is a weak acid, which can lose H ions in solution. The nonionized phenolphthalein molecule is colorless and the double deprotonated phenolphthalein ion is fuchsia. Further proton loss in higher pH occurs slowly and leads to a colorless form. It ion in concentrated sulfuric acid is orange red due to sulfonation. | It is a natural product found in Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Homo sapiens, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations. It has a role as an antiemetic and a dopaminergic antagonist. It is a member of benzimidazoles and a heteroarylpiperidine. | It, sold under the brand name Daraprim among others, is a medication used with leucovorin (leucovorin is used to decrease side effects of pyrimethamine; it does not have intrinsic anti-parasitic activity) to treat the parasitic diseases toxoplasmosis and cystoisosporiasis. It is also used with dapsone as a second-line option to prevent Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS. It was previously used for malaria but is no longer recommended due to resistance. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset, severe allergic reactions, and bone marrow suppression. It should not be used by people with folate deficiency that has resulted in anemia. There is concern that it may increase the risk of cancer. While occasionally used in pregnancy it is unclear if pyrimethamine is safe for the baby. It is classified as a folic acid antagonist. It works by inhibiting folic acid metabolism and therefore the making of DNA.
It was discovered in 1952 and came into medical use in 1953. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It was approved as a generic in the United States in February 2020. | 0 |
It is a tricarboxylic acid consisting of 2-oxoglutaric acid having a further carboxy group at the 3-position. It is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is functionally related to a 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a conjugate acid of an oxalatosuccinate(3-). | It is a tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an methyl group. It has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a tertiary amine and a member of methylamines. It is a conjugate base of a trimethylammonium. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug. It has a role as a geroprotector, a H1-receptor antagonist, an anti-allergic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a serotonergic antagonist. It is a N-alkylpiperazine, a member of benzimidazoles and a diarylmethane. | It is an aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions. It has a role as an antimalarial, an antirheumatic drug, a dermatologic drug and an anticoronaviral agent. It is an aminoquinoline, an organochlorine compound, a primary alcohol, a secondary amino compound and a tertiary amino compound. It is functionally related to a chloroquine. It is a conjugate base of a hydroxychloroquine(2+). | 0 |
It is an androstanoid having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4-C-5.. It has a role as an androgen, a human metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a 17beta-hydroxy steroid, an androstanoid, a C19-steroid and a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid. | It is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. It is associated with increased aggression, sex drive, dominance, courtship display, and a wide range of behavioral characteristics. In addition, testosterone in both sexes is involved in health and well-being, where it has a significant effect on overall mood, cognition, social and sexual behavior, metabolism and energy output, the cardiovascular system, and in the prevention of osteoporosis. Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty, accumulation of adipose fat tissue within the body, anxiety and depression, sexual performance issues, and bone loss.
Excessive levels of testosterone in men may be associated with hyperandrogenism, higher risk of heart failure, increased mortality in men with prostate cancer, male pattern baldness.
It is a steroid from the androstane class containing a ketone and a hydroxyl group at positions three and seventeen respectively. It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites. It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor. In humans and most other vertebrates, testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and, to a lesser extent, the ovaries of females. On average, in adult males, levels of testosterone are about seven to eight times as great as in adult females. As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced, the daily production is about 20 times greater in men. Females are also more sensitive to the hormone.
In addition to its role as a natural hormone, testosterone is used as a medication to treat hypogonadism and breast cancer. Since testosterone levels decrease as men age, testosterone is sometimes used in older men to counteract this deficiency. It is also used illicitly to enhance physique and performance, for instance in athletes. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists it as S1 Anabolic agent substance "prohibited at all times". | 1 |
All-trans-retinol is a retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. It has a role as a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a retinol and a vitamin A. | It is a member of penicillanic acids. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Phyllanthus reticulatus, Punica granatum, and other organisms with data available. | It is a member of iodomethanes. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Pogostemon cablin and Apis cerana with data available. | It is a rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer, an antineoplastic agent, a plant metabolite, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an antiviral agent, a mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent and an EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor. It is a member of rotenones, an aromatic ether, an organic heteropentacyclic compound and a diether. | 0 |
It is a trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2', 4' and 5 and methoxy groups at positions 5', 6 and 7 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor and an EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor. It is a trimethoxyflavone and a trihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a flavone. | It is a one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It has a role as an inhalation anaesthetic, a non-polar solvent, a carcinogenic agent, a central nervous system drug and a refrigerant. It is a one-carbon compound and a member of chloromethanes. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with parkinsonism and influenza caused by type A influenzavirus, though its use for the latter is no longer recommended because of widespread drug resistance. It acts as a nicotinic antagonist, dopamine agonist, and noncompetitive NMDA antagonist. The antiviral mechanism of action is antagonism of the influenzavirus A M2 proton channel, which prevents endosomal escape (i.e., the release of viral genetic material into the host cytoplasm).
It was first used for the treatment of influenza A. After antiviral properties were initially reported in 1963, amantadine received approval for prophylaxis against the influenza virus A in 1976. In 1973, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved amantadine for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In 2017, the extended release formulation was approved for use in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
It has a mild side-effect profile. Common neurological side effects include drowsiness, light-headedness, dizziness, and confusion. Because of its effects on the central nervous system, it should only be combined cautiously with additional CNS stimulants or anticholinergic drugs. It is contraindicated in persons with end stage kidney disease, given that the drug is cleared by the kidneys. It should also be taken with caution by those with enlarged prostates or glaucoma, because of its anticholinergic effects. | 1,4-benzoquinone is the simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene. It has a role as a cofactor, a human xenobiotic metabolite and a mouse metabolite. | 0 |
It (AG), sold under the brand names Elipten, Cytadren, and Orimeten among others, is a medication which has been used in the treatment of seizures, Cushing's syndrome, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, among other indications. It has also been used by bodybuilders, athletes, and other men for muscle-building and performance- and physique-enhancing purposes. AG is taken by mouth three or four times per day.
Side effects of AG include lethargy, somnolence, dizziness, headache, appetite loss, skin rash, hypertension, liver damage, and adrenal insufficiency, among others. AG is both an anticonvulsant and a steroidogenesis inhibitor. In terms of the latter property, it inhibits enzymes such as cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1, P450scc) and aromatase (CYP19A1), thereby inhibiting the conversion of cholesterol into steroid hormones and blocking the production of androgens, estrogens, and glucocorticoids, among other endogenous steroids. As such, AG is an aromatase inhibitor and adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitor, including both an androgen synthesis inhibitor and a corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor.
AG was introduced for medical use, as an anticonvulsant, in 1960. It was withdrawn in 1966 due to toxicity. Its steroidogenesis-inhibiting properties were discovered serendipitously and it was subsequently repurposed for use in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome, breast cancer, and prostate cancer from 1969 and thereafter. However, although used in the past, it has mostly been superseded by newer agents with better efficacy and lower toxicity such as ketoconazole, abiraterone acetate, and other aromatase inhibitors. It remains marketed only in a few countries. | It is an organic molecular entity. | 0 |
It is a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities. It has a role as a herbicide, a reactive oxygen species generator and a geroprotector. | It is an organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions. It has a role as a herbicide and a geroprotector. It derives from a hydride of a 4,4'-bipyridine. | 0 |
It is a gallate ester resulting from the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (5R)-hydroxy group of (-)-quinic acid (i.e. the hydroxy group on the same side of the cyclohexane ring as the carboxy group). It is a gallate ester, a monocarboxylic acid and a tertiary alcohol. It is functionally related to a gallic acid and a (-)-quinic acid. | It is a member of indoles. It has a role as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a serotonergic drug. | 0 |
It is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula CHNO. It has a pale yellow crystalline appearance. It is most commonly known as an antibiotic and antifungal agent that is derived from certain strains of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. | It is a benzodiazepine. | 0 |
It is a polyketide. | It is an electron-rich azole with an oxygen atom next to the nitrogen. It is also the class of compounds containing this ring. Isoxazolyl is the univalent functional group derived from isoxazole. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Apis cerana with data available. | It is an inorganic compound with the formula . This colorless salt is the gas-forming component in some car airbag systems. It is used for the preparation of other azide compounds. It is an ionic substance, is highly soluble in water, and is acutely poisonous. | 0 |
It (; Emethibutin) is an opioid analgesic drug from the thiambutene family, around 1.3x the potency of morphine. It is under international control under Schedule I of the UN Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs 1961, presumably due to high abuse potential.
It is a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States with a DEA ACSCN of 9623 and zero annual manufacturing quota as of 2013. | It is an antioxidant bioflavonoid (specifically a flavanonol, a category of flavonol) that inhibits peroxidation of low density lipoprotein and it has electron donor properties reducing alpha-tocopherol radicals. It is present in sunflower honey.
It is biosynthesized from pinocembrin. | 0 |
It (Spectra-Sorb UV 531, MPI Milestab 81) is a UV absorber/screener. It is used to protect polymers (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride) against damage by UV light. | It is the organic compound with the formula CH(CH)CH. It is the straight chain, saturated C21 hydrocarbon. It is a white wax. | 0 |
It, or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with glycine. Its anion is called glycocholate. | It is a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities. It has a role as a herbicide, a reactive oxygen species generator and a geroprotector. | 0 |
It is a member of phenothiazines. | It is an organic molecular entity. | 0 |
It is a neuropeptide consisting of 11-amino acids. It preferentially activates neurokinin-1 receptors, exterting excitatory effects on central and peripheral neurons and involved in pain transmission. It has a role as a neurotransmitter, a vasodilator agent and a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist. It is a conjugate base of a substance P(3+). | It is a sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position. It has a role as an antiinfective agent, an EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor and a drug allergen. It is a member of pyridazines, a sulfonamide and a sulfonamide antibiotic. It is functionally related to a sulfanilamide. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Penicillium olsonii, Streptomyces, and other organisms with data available. | It is a pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to D-arabinofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. Used mainly in the treatment of leukaemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia, cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an antimetabolite, an antiviral agent and an immunosuppressive agent. It is a beta-D-arabinoside, a pyrimidine nucleoside and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a cytosine. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Tetradenia riparia, Humulus lupulus, and other organisms with data available. | It is an organic compound with the formula CHC(O)CHCHC(O)OCH. It is an ester derived from the keto acid levulinic acid. It can also be obtained by reaction between ethanol and furfuryl alcohol. These two synthesis options make ethyl levulinate a viable biofuel option, since both precursors can be obtained from biomass: levulinic acid from 6-carbon polymerized sugars such as cellulose, and furfural from 5-carbon polymerized sugars such as xylan and arabinan. | 0 |
It is a sulfur oxoacid. | It, sold under the brand name Imovane among others, is a nonbenzodiazepine used to treat difficulty sleeping. It is molecularly distinct from benzodiazepine drugs and is classed as a cyclopyrrolone. However, zopiclone increases the normal transmission of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system, via modulating GABA receptors similarly to the way benzodiazepine drugs do.
It is a sedative. It works by causing a depression or tranquilization of the central nervous system. After prolonged use, the body can become accustomed to the effects of zopiclone. When the dose is then reduced or the drug is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms may result. These can include a range of symptoms similar to those of benzodiazepine withdrawal. Although withdrawal symptoms from therapeutic doses of zopiclone and its isomers (i.e., eszopiclone) do not typically present with convulsions and are therefore not considered life-threatening, patients may experience such significant agitation or anxiety that they seek emergency medical attention.
In the United States, zopiclone is not commercially available, although its active stereoisomer, eszopiclone, is. It is a controlled substance in the United States, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand and some European countries, and may be illegal to possess without a prescription.
It is known colloquially as a "Z-drug". Other Z-drugs include zaleplon and zolpidem and were initially thought to be less addictive than benzodiazepines. However, this appraisal has shifted somewhat in the last few years as cases of addiction and habituation have been presented. It is recommended to be taken at the lowest effective dose, with a duration of 2–3 weeks for short-term insomnia. Daily or continuous use of the drug is not usually advised, and caution must be taken when the compound is used in conjunction with benzodiazepines, sedatives or other drugs affecting the central nervous system. | 0 |
It is a dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a pyrrolidinone and a dicarboximide. | It is a one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group. It is a one-carbon compound and a member of phosphonic acids. It is functionally related to a phosphonic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a methylphosphonate(1-). | 0 |
It is an olefinic compound. | All-trans-retinol is a retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. It has a role as a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a retinol and a vitamin A. | 0 |
It is a sympathomimetic drug, designed as a prodrug of epinine (deoxyepinephrine or N-methyldopamine), used in ophthalmology. It induces mydriasis. It also has been investigated for use in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
It acts on D and α-adrenergic receptors as an agonist.
It was first prepared by Casagrande and co-workers.
Instilled at 2% concentration, ibopamine exhibits several functions at ocular level such as pre- and post-operative mydriatic activity, D1 dopaminergic activity, etc. | It is an organic heteropentacyclic compound and furan diterpenoid with formula C20H28O3 obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee oil (a lipid fraction obtained from coffee beans by organic solvent extraction). It has a role as a plant metabolite, an apoptosis inducer, a hypoglycemic agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a tertiary alcohol, a diterpenoid, a member of furans and a primary alcohol. | 0 |
It is a nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain. It has a role as a vasodilator agent, a nitric oxide donor, an explosive, a prodrug, a tocolytic agent, a muscle relaxant and a xenobiotic. | It is an organosulfur compound with the formula . A white, water-soluble solid, it contains both an amine and a thiol functional groups. It is often used as salts of the ammonium derivative [HSCHCHNH] including the hydrochloride, phosphocysteamine, and the bitartrate.The intermediate pantetheine is broken down into cysteamine and pantothenic acid.
It is biosynthesized in mammals, including humans, by the degradation of coenzyme A. It is the biosynthetic precursor to the neurotransmitter hypotaurine. | 0 |
It is a member of piperidines. | It is a natural product found in Strychnos cathayensis and Carica papaya with data available. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is acetophenone in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a benzyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. | It (INN) is a drug which is used in scientific research. It acts as both a selective α adrenergic receptor antagonist, and an antagonist for the imidazoline receptor. It has been under investigation as an antidepressant, but it did not reach the market as such. More recently, it is under investigation as an adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia. Due to its α receptor antagonism it is capable of enhancing therapeutic effects of antipsychotics, possibly by enhancing dopamine neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, a brain area thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. | 0 |
It is a sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent, an antiinfective agent, a coccidiostat, an antiprotozoal drug, an EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor, an EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and a drug allergen. It is a member of pyrimidines, a sulfonamide, a substituted aniline and a sulfonamide antibiotic. It is functionally related to a sulfanilamide. It is a conjugate acid of a sulfadiazinate. | Topaquinone is a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinon-5-yl group. It is a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid and a member of monohydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones. It is a tautomer of a topaquinone zwitterion. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Saxifraga stolonifera, and other organisms with data available. | It is a monocarboxylic acid. | 0 |
It is a benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension. It has a role as an antihypertensive agent, an angiotensin receptor antagonist, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is a benzimidazolecarboxylic acid and a biphenylyltetrazole. It is a conjugate acid of a candesartan(2-). | It is ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension. It has a role as a serotonergic agonist, a non-narcotic analgesic, a vasoconstrictor agent, a dopamine agonist and a sympatholytic agent. It is an ergot alkaloid and a semisynthetic derivative. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Acanthus ilicifolius, Bowdichia virgilioides, and other organisms with data available. | It is a straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms. | 0 |
It is a carbohydrazide and a member of pyridines. | It is an organofluorine compound that is tributylamine in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine atoms. It has a role as a member of greenhouse gas, a solvent and a blood substitute. It is functionally related to a tributylamine. | 0 |
(S)-colchicine is a colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. It has a role as a mutagen, an anti-inflammatory agent and a gout suppressant. It is a colchicine and an alkaloid. It is an enantiomer of a (R)-colchicine. | It is an antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitor which causes premature chain termination during translation. | 0 |
It is an azaspiro compound, a steroid and an oxaspiro compound. | It, also known as methyl propanoate, is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a colorless liquid with a fruity, rum-like odor. | 0 |
It (Doribax, Finibax) is an antibiotic drug in the carbapenem class. It is a beta-lactam antibiotic drug able to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
It can be used for bacterial infections such as: complex abdominal infections, pneumonia within the setting of a hospital, and complicated infections of the urinary tract including kidney infections with sepsis.
The greater stability of doripenem in aqueous solution compared to earlier members of the carbapenem class allows it to be administered as an infusion over 4 hours or more, which may be advantageous in the treatment of certain difficult-to-treat infections. It may present a lower risk of inducing seizures than other carbapenems. | It is a member of carbapenems. | 1 |
It (INN, marketed under the tradename Deamelin-S) is a sulfonylurea drug used in the treatment of diabetes. It has been marketed in Japan since 1965.
It is classified as second generation. | It is an ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl. It has a role as an inhalation anaesthetic, a non-narcotic analgesic, a hepatotoxic agent and a nephrotoxic agent. It is an organofluorine compound, an organochlorine compound and an ether. | 0 |
It is a tyrosine derivative. | It is a tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3. It is a conjugate acid of an aconitate(3-). | 0 |
It is a benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia. It has a role as a local anaesthetic. It is a benzoate ester and a tertiary amino compound. | It is a monoterpenoid. | 0 |
It is the magnesium salt of acetic acid. It is functionally related to an acetic acid. | It is an aromatic ketone. | 0 |
It is an aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. It has a role as an antimalarial. It is a N-arylpiperazine, an organochlorine compound and an aminoquinoline. | It is a benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. It has a role as a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant, a diuretic and an antihypertensive agent. It is a benzothiadiazine, a sulfonamide and an organochlorine compound. | 0 |
It is a chemical precursor to vinblastine.
It is formed through biosynthesis from Tabersonine. | It is a member of benzophenones. | 0 |
It is an organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate. It has a role as an acaricide, an agrochemical and an avicide. It is an organic thiophosphate, a phosphoramide and an organothiophosphate insecticide. | It is a methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is functionally related to a flavone. | 0 |
It is an organic molecular entity. | It (INN, trade name Dionosil) is a molecule used as a contrast medium in bronchography. It was developed by a team at Imperial Chemical Industries in the late 1930s. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Stereocaulon curtatum, Stereocaulon nanodes, and other organisms with data available. | It (EMQ) is a quinoline-based antioxidant used as a food preservative in certain countries and originally to control scald on pears after harvest (under commercial names such as "Stop-Scald"). It is used as a preservative in some pet foods to slow the development of rancidity of fats. It is also used in some spices to prevent color loss due to oxidation of the natural carotenoid pigments. | 0 |
It is a hydrocarbon and an alkane with the chemical formula CH, and the condensed structural formula CH(CH)CH. It has many structural isomers that differ by the location of branching in the carbon chain. One of these isomers, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (commonly called iso-octane), is used as one of the standard values in the octane rating scale.
It is a component of gasoline and petroleum. Under standard temperature and pressure, octane is an odorless, colorless liquid. Like other short-chained alkanes with a low molecular weight, it is volatile, flammable, and toxic. For examples, as a neurotoxin with narcotic effects, n-octane is almost twice times as toxic as n-heptane. | It is a monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. It has a role as an opioid analgesic, a mu-opioid receptor agonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an intravenous anaesthetic, an adjuvant and an anaesthetic. It is a member of piperidines, an anilide and a monocarboxylic acid amide. | 0 |
It is an organic heterotricyclic compound that is the toxic principle in Laburnum seeds and is found in many members of the Fabaceae (legume, pea or bean) family. An acetylcholine agonist, it is widely used throughout Eastern Europe as an aid to giving up smoking. It has a role as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, a phytotoxin and a plant metabolite. It is an alkaloid, an organic heterotricyclic compound, a secondary amino compound, a lactam and a bridged compound. | It, also known as baptitoxine, cytisinicline, or sophorine, is an alkaloid that occurs naturally in several plant genera, such as Laburnum and Cytisus of the family Fabaceae. It has been used medically to help with smoking cessation. Although widely used for smoking cessation in Eastern Europe, cytisine remains relatively unknown beyond it. However, it has been found effective in several randomized clinical trials, including some in the United States and a large one in New Zealand, and is being investigated in additional trials in the United States (being conducted by Achieve Life Sciences) and a non-inferiority trial in Australia in which it is being compared head-to-head with the smoking cessation aid varenicline (sold in the United States as Chantix). It has also been used entheogenically via mescalbeans by some Native American groups, historically in the Rio Grande Valley predating even peyote. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Stereocaulon curtatum, Dimelaena oreina, and other organisms with data available. | It is a monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor. It is a member of pyrroles, a monocarboxylic acid and an aromatic ketone. It is a conjugate acid of a tolmetin(1-). | 0 |
It is a furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position. It has a role as a Maillard reaction product. It is a primary alcohol and a member of furans. | It is a natural product found in Francisella tularensis, Camellia sinensis, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a member of carbazoles. | It is a sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position. It has a role as an antiinfective agent, an EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor and a drug allergen. It is a member of pyridazines, a sulfonamide and a sulfonamide antibiotic. It is functionally related to a sulfanilamide. | 0 |
It is a cyclic ketone and an organic polycyclic compound. | It is a natural product found in Streptomyces ficellus with data available. | 0 |
It is an inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion. It contains a silicate ion. | It is loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness. It has a role as a H1-receptor antagonist, an anti-allergic agent, a cholinergic antagonist and a drug metabolite. | 0 |
It (2-butynediamide) is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula CHON. This compound was isolated from Streptomyces chibaensis, Streptomyces reticuli and Streptomyces sp. SF-536. | It is an organic trisulfide. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Saussurea parviflora, Saussurea salicifolia, and other organisms with data available. | It is a phytoalexin found in the papaya fruit. This compound showed high antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloesporioides, a pathogenic fungus of papaya. A laboratory synthesis of danielone has been reported. | 0 |
It is a 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is malic acid (hydroxysuccinic acid) in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid, a 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid. It is functionally related to a succinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a citramalate(2-). | It is a pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties. It has a role as an antiprotozoal drug, a plant metabolite, an antiviral agent, an emetic, a protein synthesis inhibitor, an antimalarial, an antineoplastic agent, an autophagy inhibitor, an antiinfective agent, an expectorant, an anticoronaviral agent and an antiamoebic agent. It is a pyridoisoquinoline and an isoquinoline alkaloid. It is functionally related to a cephaeline. It is a conjugate base of an emetine(2+). It derives from a hydride of an emetan. | 0 |
It is a C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections. It has a role as an anti-allergic agent and an anti-inflammatory drug. It is a fluorinated steroid, an 11beta-hydroxy steroid, a 20-oxo steroid, a 21-hydroxy steroid, a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid, a glucocorticoid, a 17alpha-hydroxy steroid, a 16alpha-hydroxy steroid, a C21-steroid hormone, a primary alpha-hydroxy ketone and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. | It is a member of carbapenems. | 0 |
It is a dibenzooxazepine. | It is a member of the lclass of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one bearing a 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 4-position. It is a type IV-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitor. It has a role as an antidepressant and an EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor. | 0 |
It (INN) is a mast cell stabilizer used as an anti-allergic drug therapy. It is marketed under the tradenames Alegysal and Alamast.
Clinical trials studying treatments for allergic conjunctivitis have found that an ophthalmic solution containing levocabastine with pemirolast potassium may be more effective in alleviating symptoms than levocabastine alone.
It has also been studied for the treatment of asthma.
It has appeared as a possible candidate for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) spike protein disruption and interference. Such results were ascertained by molecular dynamics calculations executed on the Summit supercomputer. By simulating compounds with FDA or similar regulatory approval, the authors found 4 interfacial molecules that could potentially disrupt the SARS-CoV-2 interface with ACE-2 receptors, suggesting that such small molecules could mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection. The 4 candidate interfacial molecules included pemirolast, isoniazid pyruvate, nitrofurantoin, and eriodictyol. | It is a pyridopyrimidine. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Platycarya strobilacea, Bombax ceiba, and other organisms with data available. | It is a member of acetamides. | 0 |
It is the glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a proteasome inhibitor. It is a glycosyloxyflavone, a glucosiduronic acid, a trihydroxyflavone and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a scutellarein. It is a conjugate acid of a scutellarin(1-). | It is a synthetic antifungal agent for topical dermatologic treatment of superficial mycoses. It is most useful against tinea versicolor. It is often used clinically as ciclopirox olamine, the olamine salt of ciclopirox.
In 2021, it was the 271st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 900,000 prescriptions. | 0 |
It is a drug used in urology as an antispasmodic.
It relaxes the smooth muscle and used to reduce bladder tone in treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence. Muscle relaxation caused by terodiline, is probably due to its anticholinergic and calcium antagonist activity.
However, it also blocks IKr (Kv11.1) channels (see hERG gene) so can pose a risk for torsades de pointes. This cardiotoxicity is concentration dependent. | It is an organic heterotetracyclic compound and an organonitrogen heterocyclic compound. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Dimelaena oreina, Flavoparmelia haysomii, and other organisms with data available. | 7-Hydroxy-(S)-usnate is a member of benzofurans. | 1 |
-It is a metabolite of the amino acid -tryptophan used in the production of niacin.
It is synthesized by the enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase, which is made primarily but not exclusively in the liver, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which is made in many tissues in response to immune activation. It and its further breakdown products carry out diverse biological functions, including dilating blood vessels during inflammation and regulating the immune response. Some cancers increase kynurenine production, which increases tumor growth.
It protects the eye by absorbing UV light, especially in the UVA region (315-400 nm). It is present in the lens and retina as one of multiple tryptophan derivatives produced in the eye, including 3-hydroxykynurenine, that together provide UV protection and aid in enhancing visual acuity. The use of kynurenine as a UV filter is consistent with its photostability and low photosensitization, owing to its efficient relaxation from the UV-induced excited state. The concentration of this UV filter decreases with age, and this loss of free kynurenine and the concomitant formation of relatively more photosensitizing kynurenine derivatives and kynurenine-protein conjugates may contribute to the formation of cataracts.
Evidence suggests that increased kynurenine production may precipitate depressive symptoms associated with interferon treatment for hepatitis C. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in the enzymes that break down kynurenine. Blood levels of kynurenine are reduced in people with bipolar disorder. It production is increased in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease where its metabolites are associated with cognitive deficits and depressive symptoms. It is also associated with tics.
Kynureninase catabolizes the conversion of kynurenine into anthranilic acid while kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase catabolizes its conversion into kynurenic acid. It 3-hydroxylase converts kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine.
It has also been identified as one of two compounds that makes up the pigment that gives the goldenrod crab spider its yellow color. | It (loxistatin, E-64d, EST) is a drug which acts as a cysteine protease inhibitor and has anticoagulant effects. It is a synthetic analogue of E-64, a natural product derived from fungi. It was researched for the treatment of muscular dystrophy but was not successful in human clinical trials, though it has continued to be investigated for treatment of spinal cord injury, stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
It also shows antiviral effects. Studies have shown it can inhibit cathepsin L, a protein believed to play a role in SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry. In a laboratory study using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirions, aloxistatin was able to reduce viral entry into cells by approximately 92%. | 0 |
It is an organic molecular entity. | It is a alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of an acrylate. | 0 |
It is a mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms. It is a mancude organic heterobicyclic parent, a member of quinazolines, an azaarene and an ortho-fused heteroarene. | It is a ring assembly and an oxadiazole. | 0 |
It is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide. It is manufactured under the name Di-Syston by Bayer CropScience. It in its pure form is a colorless oil but the technical product used in vegetable fields is dark and yellowish with a sulfur odor. It is processed as a liquid into carrier granules, these granules are mixed with fertilizer and clay to be made into a spike, designed to be driven into the ground. The pesticide is absorbed over time by the roots and translocated to all parts of the plant. The pesticide acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor and gives long lasting control.
The use of the substance has been restricted by the US government. Bayer, the manufacturer, exited the US market December 31, 2009. | It is an organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an acaricide and an agrochemical. It is an organic thiophosphate and an organothiophosphate insecticide. | 1 |
It is a chromone derivative, a phenolic compound found in cloves. It is also one of the compounds responsible for bitterness in carrots. | It is a trialkyl phosphate. | 0 |
It is an organic thiophosphate that is S,S'-methanediyl bis[dihydrogen (phosphorodithioate)] in which all the hydroxy groups have been converted to their corresponding ethyl esters respectively. It is an organophosphate insecticide with inhibitory activity towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ( EC 3.1.1.7). It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an acaricide, an agrochemical, an insecticide and an environmental contaminant. | It is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae such as Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana, and Tabernaemontana undulata. It is a psychedelic with dissociative properties.
During an eighteen year timeline, a total of 19 fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine were reported, from which six subjects died of acute heart failure or cardiopulmonary arrest. Its prohibition in many countries has slowed scientific research. Various derivatives of ibogaine designed to lack psychedelic properties (such as 18-MC) are under preliminary research.
The psychoactivity of the root bark of the iboga tree (Tabernanthe iboga), from which ibogaine is extracted, was first discovered by the Pygmy tribes of Central Africa, who passed the knowledge to the Bwiti tribe of Gabon. French explorers in turn learned of it from the Bwiti tribe and brought ibogaine back to Europe in 1899–1900, where it was subsequently marketed in France as a stimulant under the trade name Lambarène. Although ibogaine's anti-addictive properties were first widely promoted in 1962 by Howard Lotsof, its Western medical use predates that by at least a century.
It is an indole alkaloid obtained either by extraction from the iboga plant or by semi-synthesis from the precursor compound voacangine, another plant alkaloid. The total synthesis of ibogaine was described in 1956. Structural elucidation by X-ray crystallography was completed in 1960. | 0 |
It is a dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position. It has a role as an antidepressant, an adrenergic uptake inhibitor, a dopaminergic antagonist, a serotonin uptake inhibitor and a geroprotector. | It is an aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a serotonergic antagonist, an antiviral agent and an antibacterial agent. It is an aminoalkylindole, an indole alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It is a conjugate base of a gramine(1+). | 0 |
It is a tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an antiparkinson drug and an antidyskinesia agent. It is a tertiary alcohol and a member of pyrrolidines. | It is a natural product found in Streptomyces with data available. | 0 |
It is a N-arylpiperazine. | It is a racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It has a role as a mu-opioid receptor agonist, a second generation antipsychotic and an anxiolytic drug. It contains a (R)-tianeptine and a (S)-tianeptine. | 0 |
It is a chlorinated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless oily liquid with a chloroform-like odor. It is not easily soluble in water, but miscible with most organic solvents.
Large volumes of 1,1-dichloroethane are manufactured, with annual production exceeding 1 million pounds in the United States. It is mainly used as a feedstock in chemical synthesis, chiefly of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. It is also used as a solvent for plastics, oils and fats, as a degreaser, as a fumigant in insecticide sprays, in halon fire extinguishers, and in cementing of rubber. It is used in manufacturing of high-vacuum resistant rubber and for extraction of temperature-sensitive substances. Thermal cracking at 400–500 °C and 10 MPa yields vinyl chloride. In the past, 1,1-dichloroethane was used as a surgical inhalational anesthetic. | It is a fluorinated steroid that is 9-fluoropregna-1,4-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 17 and 21, a methyl group at position 16 and oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a synthetic member of the class of glucocorticoids. It has a role as an adrenergic agent, an antiemetic, an antineoplastic agent, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic, an immunosuppressive agent and an anti-inflammatory drug. It is a fluorinated steroid, a 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid, a glucocorticoid, a 20-oxo steroid, an 11beta-hydroxy steroid, a 17alpha-hydroxy steroid and a 21-hydroxy steroid. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. | 0 |
It (developmental code names NSC-19962, ORF-2166) is a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen of the cyclohexenecarboxylic acid group and seco analogue of doisynolic acid that was described in the literature in 1956 and developed for the treatment of prostate cancer in the 1960s but was never marketed. | It is a selenium oxoacid. It is a conjugate acid of a hydrogenselenate. | 0 |
It is a member of isoquinolines. | It is a depside that can be found in the lichen Cryptothecia rubrocincta and in Xanthoparmelia pokomyi. It can also be found in most of the species of the Actinogyra, Lasallia, and Umbilicaria genera. | 0 |
It is an alkaloid of the aporphine class that can be found in the boldo tree. It is the most abundant aporphine alkaloid found in Boldo. It is also found in Lindera aggregata. | It (IUPAC: propenoic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH=CHCOOH. It is the simplest unsaturated carboxylic acid, consisting of a vinyl group connected directly to a carboxylic acid terminus. This colorless liquid has a characteristic acrid or tart smell. It is miscible with water, alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. More than a million tons are produced annually. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Apis cerana with data available. | 1,4-benzoquinone is the simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene. It has a role as a cofactor, a human xenobiotic metabolite and a mouse metabolite. | 0 |
It is a depside that can be found in the lichen Cryptothecia rubrocincta and in Xanthoparmelia pokomyi. It can also be found in most of the species of the Actinogyra, Lasallia, and Umbilicaria genera. | It is a natural product found in Dimelaena oreina, Umbilicaria polyphylla, and other organisms with data available. | 1 |
It ([6]-gingerol) is a phenolic phytochemical compound found in fresh ginger that activates heat receptors on the tongue. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil in the ginger rhizome, but can also form a low-melting crystalline solid. This chemical compound is found in all members of the Zingiberaceae family and is high in concentrations in the grains of paradise as well as an African Ginger species.
Cooking ginger transforms gingerol via a reverse aldol reaction into zingerone, which is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet aroma. When ginger is dried or mildly heated, gingerol undergoes a dehydration reaction forming shogaols, which are about twice as pungent as gingerol. This explains why dried ginger is more pungent than fresh ginger.
Ginger also contains [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol, and [12]-gingerol, collectively deemed gingerols. | It is a natural product found in Oxystelma esculentum with data available. | 0 |
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