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Michael Snow welcomed the Board and the attending Wikimedia Foundation staff. Jan-Bart de Vreede suggested the Board revise the agenda and approve the April and June Meeting Minutes before finalizing the appointment of new Board members. Michael Snow agreed with this change and motioned for the Board to proceed to the approval of the April and June Meeting Minutes.
Michael Snow asked Domas Mituzas if the April 2009 Board of Trustee Meeting Minutes were ready to be approved. Domas confirmed that the minutes were ready for review and approval. The Board reviewed the minutes, followed by a motion from Michael Snow to approve the April meeting minutes. The Board unanimously voted to approve the April 2009 Board of Trustee Meeting Minutes.
Michael Snow then asked Domas if the June 2009 IRC Board Meeting Minutes were ready to be approved. Domas confirmed that the June Minutes were ready for approval. The Board unanimously voted to approve the June 2009 IRC Meeting Minutes.
Michael Snow asked the Board to present any outstanding issues to be addressed before moving to approve the new members of the Board. Samuel Klein addressed the Board to enquire if there were any resolutions which had not be posted to the Wikimedia Foundation's Wiki, such as annual reappointment resolutions. Michael replied that he was not aware of any outstanding resolutions requiring posting. Domas followed with a brief descriptions of the current process for the publication of Board decisions and resolutions.
Michael Snow introduced Samuel Klein and Matt Halprin to the Board of Trustees,and opened the floor to the Board to ask questions of Samuel and Matt before proceeding to a vote.
Jan-Bart began a brief discussion focusing on the August Community Election to determine three Board seats. During this discussion, Jan-Bart expressed his feeling that the election process did not function as smoothly as he would he preferred, but the efforts of Philippe Beaudette and Tim Starling enabled the Committee to stay on track. Sue noted that the election process hasn't changed much over the years, saying that the staff would be willing to play a more prominent role in facilitating the process, if desired. Samuel added that as a candidate running for election he would have liked to provide assistance to the Committee, however the Committee did not make it easy for non-Committee members to participate in the process; there was a sense of ownership of the schedule by that closed group.
Kat expressed concern that several community members had complained about difficulty and barriers to voting. The Board discussed the voting requirements, the process of ranking candidates, and the use of third parties to tally the voting results. Sue added that she hopes the Election Committee will conduct a postmortem so future Committees can learn from this year's process.
Sue asked Samuel, Matt, and Arne to give the Board a brief statement explaining what they would like to accomplish as a Wikimedia Foundation Trustee.
Samuel began by describing his desire to participate in the Foundation's direction and the communities interpretation of the mission. He went on to explain that a strong Foundation presence can provide positive advancement for the long-term mission of the Foundation. However he added a strong Foundation can also discourage community participation. As a Trustee, Samuel hopes to help the Foundation find a way to create a better balance and communication between for the Foundation and Community to facilitation a strong Wikimedia. Samuel also briefly addressed his interest in multiple language versions of Wikimedia projects and his desire to strengthen the ability for people around the world to read and participate in their native languages.
Next Matt addressed the Board, highlighting his background and the skills he will bring to the Foundation. Matt began by providing the Board with a brief review of his professional background and his interest in supporting technologies that promote transparency, accountability, and trust across media, markets, and government. Matt gave the Board a description of the Omidyar Network's commitment toward delivering media markets and transparency with technology platforms in the emerging markets of India and Africa. He went on to explain how the mission of the Wikimedia Foundation relates to his work, and how he hopes to utilize his knowledge and expertise of developing countries to help the Foundation remain focused on the big picture and toward the achievement of the organization's mission.
Arne also addressed the Board briefly describing how he will support the Wikimedia Foundation to become a sustaining organization that provides free service for the world. He went on to explain his involvement with the Wikimedia Deutschland Chapter and expressed his commitment to the expansion of non-English language communities. He said that he does not consider himself to represent the views and desires of the Wikimedia chapters, but rather considers himself to represent the interests of the Wikimedia Foundation, and the Wikimedia movement overall.
Matt and Samuel were excused as the Board voted on their appointments.
The Board unanimously voted to appoint Samuel Klein to the Board of Trustees for a two year term ending July 2011.
After the vote, Samuel and Matt returned to the meeting.
With the Board appointments finalized Michael motioned to fill the 2009-2010 Board Officer positions for Chair, Vice-Chair, Treasurer, and Executive Secretary. The Board put forward nominations and approved the following positions.
Sue Gardner addressed the Board providing a brief description of the background check process used by the Wikimedia Foundation to screen potential staff members and key volunteers, and recommended that the Board also agree to participate in the screening process. She then asked the Board if they had any concern providing the information for the background screening. The Board did not express concern. As with staff and volunteers, the Wikimedia Foundation's Office Manager Daniel Phelps will process the screenings. In the case of staff and volunteers, Daniel brings problematic results to Sue's attention. In the case of the Board, Daniel will bring problematic results to the Chair.
The Board held a discussion about the on-Boarding process for new Board members.
Stu provided an update on the Audit Committee, including its August 14, 2009 meeting and recent expansion (details at http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2009-July/053280.html). Stu explained that to meet the financial expertise requirements for the Audit Committee, it was necessary to look outside the existing Board of Trustees and as a result asked the Board to consider amending the Audit Committee Charter, which as originally drafted required that the majority of Audit Committee members come from the Board of Trustees. He agreed to work with Mike Godwin to get a draft revision to the Board for review, and to also make an agreement around confidentiality / conflicts of interest a part of the Audit Committee membership process.
Sue provided the Board with an update on the status of the search to fill the one remaining vacant expertise seat on the Board of Trustees. She explained that, as per the request of the Board at its previous meeting in April in Berlin, she has hired recruiter Eunice Azzani to assist with the process, and has provided Eunice with the Board's four criteria for the remaining vacant seat: that the new Trustee 1) have expertise in Asia, 2) have significant non-profit governance or managerial experience, 3) have some fundraising expertise and 4) be female. Eunice will interview key people in the organization, including staff, Board members, Advisory Board members, Nominating Committee members and key donors. From these interviews, Eunice will develop an understanding of the Wikimedia community and how the community interacts with the Board, as well as develop an understanding of the community's values and the skills and abilities most useful for a Trustee. Additionally, Sue instructed Eunice to try to find candidates who are comfortable with technology, willing to devote significant time to the Foundation, and who have a constructive and collaborative personal style and an orientation towards transparency.
Sue expressed her hope the search will be concluded by winter, and that if the search is successful the new Trustee could be ready for Board approval by the beginning of 2010.
The Board then discussed the Nominating Committee and factors contributing to its inability to find successful candidates. Various possibilities were discussed for handling the process in future, such as increasing the size of the Committee, providing access to search firms to work with the Committee in the future, using search firms alone, and appointing new members to the Committee. It was noted that background checking is a specialized art; something that a search firm could handle for the Committee.
We discussed that we needed to reappoint the Nominating Committee and appoint new members soon, and that we want to preserve institutional memory among the Committee.
Sue presented the Board with an update on the search process being used to find a Chief Development Officer. She informed the Board the Foundation had recently engaged Mark Oppenheim of m/Oppenheim & Associates to assist in the selection process. M/Oppenheim & Associates is an executive recruiting firm which specializes in the nonprofit and government sectors. She expressed that the Foundation is using Oppenheim because they are a good firm, well-connected, recommended by a variety of non-profit organizations and foundations, and with prior experience with the Wikimedia Foundation. Sue explained that Oppenheim's background with the Wikimedia Foundation will enable them to successfully explain Wikimedia's story to prospective CDOs, and to position the Wikimedia Foundation as a young, growing organization with great fundraising potential.
Mark's team will conduct interviews with staff, Trustees, Advisory Board members and donors, to assist the Wikimedia Foundation in the creation of a focused job description for the position. The team was asked to focus on candidates with experience in fundraising for organizations that focus on many small online donations. Once Oppenheim creates a profile of possible candidates they will find and screen possible candidates before making final recommendations to Sue. Sue expressed her confidence in Mark and his team.
During each Board meeting, as a good general practice, the Board stages an executive session. The Executive Director and her assistant are excused from executive session, and minutes are not kept.
Note - Dates and locations are subject to change.
Sue agreed to convey to the German chapter the Board's April dates, and ask the German chapter to consult with the Wikimedia chapters regarding the dates and location of the all-chapters meeting. If the chapters are willing to meet on that date and in that location, we will finalize them for the Board meeting; if not, we may adjust to enable meeting with the chapters as we've done in the spring for the past two years.
The Board welcomed Eugene Eric Kim, Philippe Beaudette, Barry Newstead, Serita Cox, and Laura Lanzerotti to the meeting.
Sue provided introductions to the Board and gave a short recap of the Wikimedia Strategy Development Project. Sue described the strategy project as custom-crafted to fit the unusual needs of the Wikimedia movement.
Sue then introduced Eugene Kim the Foundation's Strategy Project Manager. Eugene provided the Board with an overview of the meeting's agenda.
Eugene explained strategic planning should answer three core questions, “Where are we now?”, “Where should we go?”, and “How do we get there?”. He said that in order for the resulting answers to be actionable and meaningful, all of the different Wikimedia participants and stakeholders must be aligned around these core questions. He added the Wikimedia Foundation is unlike other organizations in that it has a community of involved people who are dedicated to the mission and survival of the organization. This dedication and community will become the key force behind the strategy project.
Next Eugene introduced the Board to the Strategy Wiki (http://strategy.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page). He explained that the wiki will be a core tool throughout the strategy project; it will allow the Foundation to keep the process open and accountable. In describing the work being done on the strategy wiki, Eugene covered the process used to collect strategy proposals. He explained that the proposals are a way to engage the community in the brainstorming process, and to encourage people to put forward ideas for how the Foundation should invest itself over the next five years. He stated the strategy wiki had collected over 300 proposals, and the community was beginning to assess and edit many of the proposals.
For engaging with others outside of the wiki, Eugene explained that the strategy team hopes to achieve this by asking chapters and individuals to create meetings and discussion about strategy and then report on the wiki about their conversations. Another way the strategy team is creating engagement in the project is through holding weekly IRC office hours where they discuss strategy and reach out to motivate the community's involvement.
Next Eugene reviewed his plan to keep the process and project moving within a stable timeline. He stated the importance for the strategy team to drive the process and make sure the project meets the completion deadlines. Eugene and the Board then discussed the importance of keeping the community engaged, the process of working on proposals, and how to encourage participation.
Eugene presented the Board with a presentation focusing on the strategy development. He provided the Board with an overview of the strategic direction and business planning process, and roles of the Board in strategic planning.
Eugene began his presentation providing the Board with a frame for creating the strategic direction business plan. He explained that the core of the strategic planning process is animated by three questions: 1.Reach- What are the highest potential opportunities for impact in pursuit of reaching “every single human being?” 2.Quality- What are the highest potential opportunities for impact towards “the sum of all knowledge?” 3.Participation- What opportunities enable the continued health, cultivation and growth of a vibrant community needed to achieve the vision?
Next Eugene described the key activities and deliverables for the process.
Eugene explained the work during this phase would design a framework for engaging with the community; launching an open community process; building fact base on reach, content, participate; developing guiding paper for strategic planning process; and chartering and selecting members of task-forces for the deep dives.
Jan-Bart expressed a concern that a large number of the proposals are not particularly strategic in nature, and in some cases not even relevant to the mission of the Wikimedia Foundation. Jan-Bart went to on explain that the mission of the Foundation is a high level mission but that he found most of the participants are not engaged with the mission only with their individual role as editors or participants in a particular project or language-version. Barry suggested that the best way to help motivate the community is to engage people to think differently about strategy, and have the Board focus more energy on identifying and framing core work around large issues affecting the ability of the movement to advance the mission. Jan-Bart added that it would be beneficial for each proposal to include a brief statement answering how the average Wikimedia project user would benefit from the proposal. This Jan-Bart suggested, might refocus participants to think from a user's viewpoint. Sue suggested that as the task-forces are created, it could be beneficial to explicitly ask that at least one person on each tack-force be dedicated to advocating on behalf of the user and the users' experience.
Arne asked who the primary stakeholders are that will be involved in the process. Eugene referenced to the stakeholders page on the strategy wiki, defining stakeholders as volunteers, former participants, Advisory Board, Board, specialists in subject matter areas, staff members, chapters, readers, developers, donors and other partners.
Arne then asked how language diversity would be incorporated into the process. Eugene replied stating the task-forces will conduct most of their work in English but that participants can choose to participate in their native languages and send their work to a translation team.
The Board then briefly held a discussion on how to engage developing countries and areas of the world where Wikipedia is not currently active. Eugene explained that the team is working on finding experts in the area to gain knowledge and data of developing countries.
Eugene explained the work for the Deep Dive phase as conducting in-depth research and analysis on growth opportunities for Wikimedia; diving into other strategic issues identified in the level-setting phase, developing prioritized strategic initiatives within growth opportunities, and having the strategy task-forces begin synthesis work.
In the Synthesis phase Eugene explained the process would develop outreach recommendations on strategic priorities for all of Wikimedia; and make recommended roles for different entities within the Wikimedia movement.
Describing this last phase Eugene explained the team would develop a 2010-2015 business and implementation plan. Eugene asked the Board how they feel about the final phase. Stu expressed that the project is ambitions but makes sense to enable the development and growth of the organization, and to ensure the Foundation makes the decisions to minimize risk and increase community involvement.
Jan-Bart asked Eugene to post the budget for the project on the wiki to ensure openness and transparency toward the community. Eugene agreed and said he would add the budget to the wiki.
Kat expressed a concern that the task-forces will not have enough time to complete their work. She went on to explain that volunteers can not always make the time commitment at the exact time that is needed, especially when the window of participation is quite short. Sue agreed, and said the Wikimedia Foundation is considering offering stipends or honoraria to enable individuals to participate, where that seems potentially helpful.
Matt shared his experience, that strategy projects often fail to sufficiently incorporate outsider views and fresh perspectives. He added that self-selection and time commitment removes a lot of people from participation. Eugene responded to Matt, explaining that the task-forces are mandated to talk to people and gain the outside perspective and report back using that knowledge. Matt would like the project to rebalance toward supporting external input.
After reviewing the key deadline dates the Board reviewed the Metrics for Success by phase.
Eugene next provided the Board with a description of their involvement in the strategy planning project. He explained that the Board will be involved to approve the project plan, metrics of success, key deliverables, timeline, and roles; review draft strategic priorities (developed by Strategy Task Forces); approve WMF Business and Implementation Plan; and participate (as individuals not as Board members) in the open community process. The group discussed the need for a Strategy Task Force and Selection Committeee, and went around the table suggesting potential participants to invite from the community, chapters, board, staff, and advisory board.
Next, the Board reviewed the Deep Dive Task Forces. Eugene provided the Board with a detailed description of the selection team, application process, composition of strategy task-forces, task-force topics and mandates, task-force work processes, task-force outputs, and the forms of support available to the task-forces.
Barry presented the Board with a presentation to reviewing preliminary data collected by the Bridgespan Group. Barry reviewed the objectives of the strategy project before moving onto an executive summary for insights from the fact base. During the review of the executive summary, Barry highlighted the successes of Wikimedia, key opportunities, and areas of weakness (contribution plateau, early peaking of developing markets).
Next, Serita Cox presented the Board with a statistical review. Serita began reviewing future opportunities for growth among global Internet users, with large emphasis surrounding growth of India, China, Brazil, and Africa. Serita showed that the highest penetration of Internet users using Wikimedia projects is in Canada (greater than 40% of Internet users), and the lowest penetration in China (less than 1% of Internet users).
Next, Serita reviewed the growth in global reach. She explained that the 10 most common languages worldwide (by number of speakers) remain underrepresented in native language articles. This led to a brief discussion on the role Wikimedia should play in the preservation of native languages and at what cost and energy the Wikimedia Foundation should invest to create/grow native language Wikimedia projects. There was quite a bit of discussion about the data and the Board thanked Serita for her work.
Laura Lanzerotti addressed the Board, reviewing the number of active contributions made to Wikipedia as it matured. Laura's data demonstrated as the number of active contributors leveled off, the pace of article creation slowed, and more maintenance activities began occurring as a proportion of all edits (for example edits on talk pages, which concern governance and rules). Laura went on to explain if the decrease in contributors continues, there may not be a large enough cohort to maintain Wikipedia. Jimmy stated that he is not as worried about the plateauing of the English Wikipedia as he would be with peaking of other language versions of Wikipedia that have the same growth potential, because higher numbers of active articles in English may make it difficult for contributors to write on topics which do not already exist. He expressed a need to energize the Wikimedia movement especially in developing countries. Jimmy also added a final concern that the policies and procedures of the English Wikipedia may be being applied to other language versions prematurely.
Next, Laura reviewed a profile of the Wikimedia community, showing that the average Wikimedian is a single childless college-educated male between the ages of 18 and 30 (this demographic holds across all language versions). The Board discussed the small proportion of female contributors and expressed their hope that projects such as the Usability Initiative will help diversify the community.
Laura then moved onto data demonstrating some barriers to participation. The data shows that new editors or editors with fewer monthly edits are more likely to have edits reverted. This sparked a discussion regarding the key drivers behind an increase in the rate of reversion since 2004.
Serita finalized the presentation by providing the Board with data demonstrating the top 100 page hits by category and Wikipedia language. Her data demonstrated that Wikipedia is used for different purposes across different language. The Board was interested in the graph and had several discussions regarding possible reasons for the variance between the languages and most visited topics. | 2019-04-24T07:03:19Z | https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes/August_24-25,_2009 |
Google's Nexus lineup has always been a terrific showcase for pure Android. From the start, these devices have been important for developers and die-hard enthusiasts, but let's be honest: the Nexus brand has never been desired the way a Note or iPhone has. Consumers just don't know any better.
Slowly, surely, that's begun to change. The Nexus brand has started to build an audience (albeit, a very small one) outside of elite tech circles. Today, "Nexus" is a name people actually associate with Google, and that's a very big deal. Consumers who might normally purchase something from Samsung or HTC are now spending their money on Nexus devices, signaling a shift in the industry. People are seriously starting to take notice of the look and performance of pure Android.
The big difference this year is that the Nexus 6 is getting major carrier support in the U.S., making the device more accessible than any Nexus before it. The problem, though, is that Google's new prized pony doesn't carry with it a market-leading price—not like it did years prior. You can hand that crown over to phones like the Moto G and OnePlus One.
While it's still very much a niche device, does the Nexus 6 have what it takes to break into the average consumer's consciousness? This is easily the best and biggest Nexus phone to date, and it's poised for success despite limited availability. The big question is whether more people will take notice.
The Nexus 6 is a hulking brute, a linebacker of a phone. Out of the numerous big handsets we've seen this year, Google's new beast is among the biggest, larger even than Samsung's Galaxy Note 4 (feasible) and Apple's iPhone 6 Plus (edging on uncomfortable). Motorola has a way of making big screens seem smaller, but the illusion doesn't quite work here; it's ultimately a bit too oafish, like it was tailored specifically for Andre the Giant. It looks big, and it also feels big. The body is wide, and it's tall; taller, even, than Apple's iPhone 6 Plus, though the Nexus 6 does offer much more screen real estate in return.
Being that the Nexus 6 teeters on the edge of colossal, I'm always overwhelmed with the feeling that I'm going to drop it. I can't comfortably grasp the thing—bear in mind my hands are small—so I had to consciously hold tight every time I picked it up. But all it takes is one inattentive moment and suddenly it's sitting face down on concrete. I never dropped the thing—I'm typically pretty careful with expensive toys—but I always felt like that moment was just around the corner. It's the same feeling of dread you get when you just know something bad is going to happen.
But here's the thing: the size is a very big part about what makes the Nexus 6 so appealing to people. What seems big to me might be normal to someone else. Google and Motorola very consciously chose the massive 6-inch QHD screen because big phones are what people want. There's a clear and obvious trend toward larger displays—even Apple, so opposed to big phones, is cognizant of this fact. But I still feel like the device would have been more manageable if it were closer to Motorola's own Moto X (2014), which sports a smaller 5.2-inch screen. I've gotten more and more used to larger devices, but I still can't shake the overall footprint of the Nexus 6.
To be fair, the size is both a curse and a gift. A curse because it can be difficult to use one-handed (and it looked hilarious in my pants pocket; no, I don't wear tight jeans), and Google does nothing with its software to make the screen size easier to handle. (Apple at least has Reachability.) A gift because the display size is absolutely perfect for watching video and playing games.
When plopped down on the couch after a long day, YouTube videos look great on the 5.96-inch screen; it's at a size that you begin to wonder if a tablet is even a necessary companion. You might not use the Nexus 6 to watch a three-hour epic, but it's great for catching up on episodes of Bob's Burgers. And Android 5.0 Lollipop's new Material Design looks amazing over the larger canvas. All the fancy new animations, bright colors and slick visual tricks are definitely a sight for sore eyes.
As for the screen itself, the Nexus 6's 5.96-inch QHD AMOLED display looks fantastic. With a 2560 x 1440 resolution (493 ppi), text is incredibly sharp, videos are clean and everything overall is just a pleasure to look at. Colors aren't quite as vibrant and saturated as they are on something like a Note 4, but take nothing away from the Nexus 6; the screen is terrific, with all the rich, deep blacks typical of AMOLED displays. Out in broad daylight, it can be a challenge to see what's onscreen (as with most phones), but otherwise it's a delight on the eyes.
Fortunately, there's much more to the Nexus 6's design than it simply being big. It essentially looks like a larger Moto X—same rounded backed, same aluminum frame, same camera placement, and the buttons are more or less the same, too, placed carefully on the right side for easy access when using with one hand. The power button, incidentally, still has a great texture to it, making it easy to find and easy to press; the volume rocker, meanwhile, is click-y enough without feeling chintzy. Overall, the Nexus 6 feels solidly built, strong.
We just wish the backside was made of a different material—or at least a different color. The soft-touch matted plastic looks great, and complements the contoured aluminum well. But the midnight blue model we received—I haven't seen the white model in person—attracts oil and grease like no other phone I've seen this year. The Nexus 6 looks great—in the box—but as soon as you start handling it, the device begins to look like it had an encounter with a large order of french fries. No matter how hard you try, the device is nearly impossible to keep spotless.
There are some saving graces here, however, and one of them is the Nexus 6's front-facing speakers, which are very loud, crisp and clear. Chances are you'll be using the Nexus 6 with headphones or in a quiet area anyway, but the speakers certainly don't disappoint. You don't have to strain to listen when on speakerphone, and you'll certainly have no issue with hearing video or music. I watched a few videos in my apartment, and when set on max volume, the speakers were almost too loud; the speakers will surely turn a few heads if blaring music on your phone is something you subject people to while out in public.
I also can't understate just how important that small indentation is on the back (accented by Motorola's "M" logo), which first showed up on last year's Moto X. Especially on such a giant phone, placing your index finger there immediately helps with getting your bearings; it makes the size and width of the Nexus 6 definitely easier to handle, though, as I mentioned above, the device is still on the unwieldy side for me. But it's the small touches that are appreciated.
Finally, the addition of Motorola's Turbo Charger is handy for giving the Nexus 6 a quick jolt of power. We actually tested this feature out extensively, and found that it does indeed charge faster than traditional solutions. Not substantially faster, but enough that you'll find it useful in a pinch. It's worth noting, however, that your battery needs to be drained almost entirely for Turbo Charger to work, and the charging rate will actually slow as charging progresses. I'm not entirely sure if the six-hour battery claim in fifteen minutes is 100-percent accurate, but Turbo Charging does provide a quick way to get the Nexus 6 back on its feet when battery is especially low.
We've covered Lollipop extensively already, but it bears repeating: Android 5.0 Lollipop is easily the best version Google has ever put out, and it looks absolutely gorgeous. Not only does it look good, but it's just downright fun to use. Throughout the years, Android has never been the most attractive mobile operating system out there, and it certainly wasn't always this accessible. There was an adage for awhile that warned people unfamiliar with smartphones to steer clear of Android because it had a steep learning curve. Lollipop changes all that.
Like I mentioned above, the Nexus 6's large display is a beautiful showcase for all the fancy Material Design flourishes. But Lollipop would look great on any screen size (it looked awesome on the Nexus 9). Google's new design philosophy—carded, grid-based layouts, responsive animations and transitions, and depth effects—is the best-looking thing in mobile, no question; it makes previous versions of Android—yes, even KitKat—look outdated and archaic. Simply navigating the homescreen, jumping into the app drawer, digging through settings, is a joyous experience. Lollipop just looks so wonderful in motion.
But it's not just how Lollipop is designed. It also comes with an extensive list of new features that further cements Android's status as the most powerful mobile OS; security improvements, multi-user support, multi-tasking overview, OK Google from anywhere, and a new Priority Mode make Lollipop an incredible experience. Sure, there are some aspects where it's just catching up to Apple's iOS, like notifications, but it's ultimately on a completely different level—that's coming from a guy who owns an iPhone 6—really giving Apple something to ponder ahead of next year's iOS refresh.
As for those notifications, they're one of the best parts about Google's new Android. The execution is a lot like what you'd find on iOS, though Android displays its notifications in little Google Now-like cards, which are then grouped together depending on how many messages are associated with a certain application. You can then pull down to gain access to a full list of your notifications, and pull down again to see quick settings. Depending on what notifications show up, say an email, you can quickly reply and archive right from your lock screen without jumping into the full Gmail app.
While Android's fancy new notifications are powerful in their own right, they're made even better by Google's inclusion of a new mode called Ambient display. The new feature is essentially like Motorola's Moto Display feature, but tweaked and improved in some key ways. Because the Nexus 6 has an AMOLED screen, the device will wake when picked up or notifications arrive. It doesn't sense motion quite like Moto Display does—waving your hand over the screen won't wake it up—but it more or less acts the same.
But this is where Google's implementation is actually a bit more powerful. Rather than showing you your three most recent notifications like Moto Display does, Ambient display essentially shows you your entire lock screen (but in black and white). That means you can quickly peek at whatever notifications you have at that moment; you're not just limited to a few. And when you interact with a notification, your screen will come alive with color, allowing you to quickly interact with them.
If nothing else, Ambient is a worthy addition to Android simply because it doesn't require you to constantly press the power button just to quickly glance at the time. This feature isn't available on the Nexus 9 because it doesn't have an AMOLED display, though you do get the convenient "double tap" to wake. The Nexus 6, however, has the proper technology, and allows Android to light only the necessary pixels to show you notifications, time, etc.
And, in a welcome return, there's now a Clear All button that let's you easily clear all your notifications from the pull-down shade. Not a huge addition, but a welcome feature that was previously yanked from Android. You can, of course, just as easily swipe notifications away, which react with bouncy, vibrant animations. They're just implemented well overall, and look great thanks to the carded layout.
That's just the tip of what's new in Lollipop. All of Google's core apps, as you'd expect, have also been improved to reflect the company's Material Design, and they look phenomenal. As cheesy as it sounds, Android is just good fun to use all around. You can tell Google put a lot of thought into how users interact with what's onscreen, and it makes for a truly pleasant experience. Even swiping down the quick settings menu is interesting. As you swipe the tray down, the time time will dynamically get bigger, while the battery icon will float to the left slightly to make way for a settings icon.
There are a lot of little touches like that that make Lollipop the best and biggest version of Android yet.
Google's Nexus lineup has never excelled in the camera department; the same can be said for Motorola phones. Last year's Nexus 5 was hampered by poor camera quality at launch (inconsistent focus, awful low-light), and the Nexus 4 before that didn't fare any better. Updates to the Nexus 5 have provided some noticeable improvements over the past several months, but by and large you wouldn't necessarily put Google's devices at the top of any lists, especially not when you have devices like the iPhone 6 Plus and Galaxy Note 4 on the market. You don't buy a Nexus phone for its camera alone.
That makes the Nexus 6's 13-megapixel shooter with optical image stabilization even more important. The good news is that any concerns you may have had about picture quality can be put to bed. We took a lot of images with the Nexus 6 over the last few weeks, and a large majority of them look absolutely terrific, which in and of itself is a miracle. Focus is quick and consistent, shots are detailed and properly exposed (for the most part), and colors are accurate. It's an impressive experience, especially considering the Nexus lineup's poor history.
Of course, low-light performance still leaves a lot to be desired, though the optical image stabilization certainly helps to a degree. With an f/2.0 aperture, the lens is open enough to pull in a lot of light, though even indoor photos looked dark and lacked any significant detail. One shot in particular (of the two cars) is tough to look at; to be fair, there wasn't a ton of light there to begin with (just an overhead street lamp), but it still did a poor job. Focus also tended to struggle without any bright light sources (check out the shot of the Christmas lights), unless a subject was up close.
The dual-LED ring flash wasn't so bad, either; it performs about as well as it did on the Moto X (2014), which is to say it's bright and provides even lighting. Overall, though, the Nexus 6 has an impressive shooter, one that will more than get the job done as your main camera. I commend Motorola and Google for doing such a solid job. For such a powerful device, it would have been a shame to see the device snap poor images, but that's just not the case.
The camera software is also pretty slick, but you already knew that. The UI is minimal—settings are out of the way, and can be swiped in once you need them. Turning the flash on or taking a high resolution panorama is just a flew swipes and taps away; tap the shutter button and you've snapped a picture. The shutter, meanwhile, is extremely fast, too, and firing off shots happens in an instant.
Video quality is also solid—it can record 4K video at 30 fps, which is a nice touch. I don't know many people who insist on recording home videos in 4K, and since the file sizes are ginormous, I wouldn't recommend it. But the feature is there should you decide your kid's birthday just has to be in 4K. Regular 1080p looks sharp and balanced, which is all you can really ask of a smartphone camera.
The really great thing this time around is that the new version of Android will give developers access to the Camera API, so we'll hopefully see apps in the future that really make the Nexus 6's shooter a more powerful (and manual) experience.
Nexus devices have always come equipped with market-appropriate specs, and the Nexus 6 is no different. We've already discussed the phone's screen and camera at length, but what's under the hood is equally as important. And Google made darn sure the Nexus 6 packs the necessary internals to ensure users get a smooth, fluid experience. You definitely won't be accusing the Nexus 6 of being underpowered.
Behind that massive screen, you'll find a 2.7GHz quad-core Snapdragon 805 processor, 3GB of RAM, 32GB or 64GB of non-expandable internal storage, a 13-megapixel camera, and a 3220mAh non-removable battery. If that doesn't get your heart racing, you might want to visit a doctor. The latest internals aren't necessarily required to create a good phone, but they sure as heck don't hurt.
No matter what you throw at it, the Nexus 6 doesn't break a sweat. With Snapdragon 805 guts inside, it goes without saying that performance is top notch, whether browsing the Web, watching video, playing games or simply tinkering on the home screen. Android has always carried around the reputation of being sluggish when you least expect it, but that's not really an issue at all on the Nexus 6. Google actually built an entirely new Android runtime in Lollipop, and the performance improvements are definitely noticeable.
I did run into a few occasions when third-party apps stopped working altogether, causing me to force quit and reboot the app itself. But that was the only hiccup I noticed performance-wise. Even when jumping into Android's new "Overview" multi-tasking feature, I didn't notice a dip in performance; everything is smooth and responsive, regardless of what I was doing. Android 5.0 is just so, so slick on the Nexus 6, with no outstanding issues to speak of.
Not only is performance top notch, but battery life is great as well, which is to be expected when you have 3220mAh to play with. As I say in all my reviews, my usage will probably differ quite a bit from yours. As much as I love using a phone, I don't typically spend every waking hour using it. For the purpose of this review, I watched quite a bit of video, responded to email, browsed the Web, and listened to some playlists on Google Play Music. I left work Friday evening with the device fully charged up, and made it all the way to Monday with plenty of battery to spare.
Mind you, this was after plenty of YouTube, Web browsing, Ambient Display-ing, and picture snapping. I didn't have to worry about battery life once, and only glanced at it a few times to admire just how well it was holding up. Of course, as with any phone, your usage will certainly vary depending on what apps you use and how often you're turning the display off and on. I used Twitter quite a bit, too, which seemed to only have the very smallest affect on overall battery life. By comparison, Jon found in his tests that the phone lasted a full day and still had 35 percent battery life by the time he went to bed.
When the Nexus 6 does run out battery, Lollipop now displays an estimated time left to fully charge, and the estimated time left on your device is still there. There's also a new battery saver function that Google promises will extend device use by up to 90 minutes. I consider that to be a good thing; any device I don't have to tailor my usage just to save battery life is definitely solid.
Finally, Google has tweaked Android's "OK Google" hotword in Lollipop so that you can access the function even when your screen is off (your device needs digital signal processing support, which naturally the Nexus 6 has). I don't often use voice assistants no matter which platform I'm using, but Google Now is an excellent, powerful and accurate service, so it's great to have access to the technology even when your screen is off. It helps encourage a hands-free experience, which is particularly useful when driving.
The Nexus 6 has amazing specs, the best version of Android and a solid camera to boot.
The Nexus 6 is by far the best Nexus phone yet, but I still have a few reservations. For one, the size is almost unmanageable. We've grown so accustomed to big phones over the last twelve months, but the Nexus 6 still manages to feel oversized; it requires constant attention and careful handling, even for someone (like Jon) with big mitts. Maybe that was a conscious decision on Motorola's part to really push the limits of what's comfortable—it stands out, that's for sure.
Still, buyers are ultimately getting an incredible showcase for Android Lollipop, a big phone with great specs, no bloat and a pretty respectable camera, too. The device is by no means perfect—no removable battery, no expandable storage—but it's pretty darn close, and one of the best ways to experience Android the way Google intended. The bigger challenge now will be convincing customers that the Nexus 6 is a smarter buy over devices like the iPhone 6 Plus and Galaxy Note 4.
At $649 off-contract, it'll be a tough sell, but it's ultimately worth the price of admission. | 2019-04-26T17:13:22Z | https://www.technobuffalo.com/nexus-6-review-a-delight-for-big-phone-fans |
An anti-counterfeiting method, system, and non-transitory computer readable medium an anti-counterfeiting system, include a production circuit configured to produce a Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) pattern including a unique pattern, an analysis circuit configured to analyze the unique pattern, an embedding circuit configured to embed the unique pattern on a document, and a verification circuit configured to verify that the unique pattern embedded on the document corresponds to the document.
The present application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/055,835, filed on Feb. 29, 2016, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention elates generally to a structure of implementing a Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) pattern, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a structure, method, and recording medium of implementing a Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) pattern for high value document anti-counterfeiting.
Conventional techniques for anti-counterfeiting measures for currency and legal documents are currently expensive and will not outpace counterfeiting procedures.
Some conventional techniques consider using false pigments that are int visible under normal optical wavelengths or to the human eye. However, the pigments are still detectable with an optical microscope and a specific radiation source available at minimal expense to potential counterfeiters.
Other conventional techniques utilize certain design features that are based upon the issuing mint or document. However, the ability to replicate and duplicate these features has been done in the past by counterfeiters.
Thus, there are technical problems in the conventional techniques that the probability of manipulation of the techniques is high due to a low difficulty in detection and replication of the patterns. Further, the conventional techniques utilize mediums that are easy to manipulate without considering the utilization of a proprietary pattern that is unique to each and every document or high value currency. Also, the patterns used in the conventional techniques require a rudimentary technology with low cost to verify the pattern and authenticate the pattern.
In an exemplary embodiment, the present invention can provide an anti-counterfeiting system, including a production circuit configured to produce a Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) pattern including a unique pattern, an analysis circuit configured to analyze the unique pattern, an embedding circuit configured to embed the unique pattern on a document, and a verification circuit configured to verify that the unique pattern embedded on the document corresponds to the document.
Further, in another exemplary embodiment, the present invention can provide a docu ent, including a Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) pattern including a unique pattern embedded on. the document.
Even further, in another exemplary embodiment, the present invention can provide an anti-counterfeiting method, including producing a Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) pattern including a unique pattern, analyzing the unique pattern, embedding the unique pattern on a document, and verifying that the unique pattern embedded on the document corresponds to the document.
FIG. 1 exemplarily shows a block. diagram illustrating a configuration of an anti-counterfeiting system 100.
FIG. 2 exemplarily shows a high level flow chart for ari anti-counterfeiting method. 200.
FIG. 3A exemplarily shows a Direct Self-Assembly (DSA) structure 34.
FIG. 3B exemplarily shows a pattern 35 of the Direct Self-Assembly (DSA) structure 34.
FIG. 3C exemplarily shows the pattern 35 of the Direct Self-Assembly (DSA) structure 34.
FIG. 4 exemplarily shows the pattern 35 being transferred onto a medium (e.g., a strip) 45.
FIG. 5 exemplarily shows the pattern 35 being embedded into a high value document 55.
FIG. 6 exemplarily shows a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an anti-counterfeiting system 600 of a second embodiment.
FIG. 7 exemplarily shows a high level flow chart. for an anti-counterfeiting method of the second embodiment.
FIG. 8 exemplarily shows the second embodiment in which the pattern 35 is embedded into fibers 65 of the high value document 55.
FIG: 9 exemplarily shows a second embodiment in which the high value document 55 has sites 75 for verification.
FIG. 10 depicts a cloud computing node according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 depicts a cloud computing environment according to another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12 depicts abstraction model layers according to an embodiment of the present invention.
With reference now to FIG. 1, the anti-counterfeiting system 100 includes a production circuit 101, a transfer circuit 102, an analysis circuit 103, an embedding circuit 104, and a verification circuit 105. The anti-counterfeiting system 100 includes a processor 180 and a memory 190, with the memory 190 storing instructions to cause the processor 180 to execute each circuit of anti-counterfeiting system 100.
Although the anti-counterfeiting system 100 includes various circuits, it should be noted that an anti-counterfeiting system can include modules in which the memory 190 stores instructions to cause the processor 180 to execute each module of anti-counterfeiting system 100.
Also, each circuit can instead be made of a stand-alone device, unit, etc. that can be interconnected to cooperatively produce a transformation to a result.
Although as shown in FIGS. 10-12 and as described later, the computer system/server 12 is exemplarily shown in cloud computing node 10 as a general-purpose computing circuit which may execute in a layer the anti-counterfeiting system 100 (FIG. 12), noted that the present invention can be implemented outside of the cloud environment.
With the use of these various devices, the anti-counterfeiting system 100 may act in a. more sophisticated and useful fashion, and in a cognitive manner while giving the impression of mental abilities and processes related to knowledge, attention, memory judgment and evaluation, reasoning, and advanced computation. That is, a system is said to be “cognitive” if it possesses macro-scale properties such as any of perception, goal-oriented behavior, learning/memory and action that characterize systems (i.e., humans) that all agree are cognitive.
The production circuit 101 produces a Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) pattern 34 for anti-counterfeiting on a large scale as exemplarily shown in FIG. 3A. The DSA 34 can be formed by using two different length polymer chains, An alternating structure aligns end to end by solidifying the chains on a neutral substrate. One of the polymer chains is extracted to receive randomly oriented domains. The utilization of a guiding pattern 36 aligns the remaining polymer structure as shown on the right side of the FIG. 3A. However, if no guiding pattern 36 is used, randomization of structure creates a “fingerprint like” configurations. Once the desired random structure is formed, nanofabrication techniques (i.e., effectively using the polymer as a blocking mask) to metalize the random structure to create the pattern 35 are used. However, other techniques may be utilized to form the DSA 34.
The pattern 35 is produced such that the pattern 35 is unable to be viewed by the naked eye (i.e., without the use of an electron microscope). Further, each pattern 35 produced by the production circuit 101 is a unique pattern that requires a predetermined (e.g., 1000×) magnification. That is, each pattern 35 is different than each of the previous patterns 35 produced and the production circuit 101 does not manipulate the pattern at all, but instead the production circuit 101 produces a truly unique pattern 35 such that the unique pattern 35 is not susceptible to, for example, an intermediate serial number conversion.
FIG. 3B depicts the pattern 35 viewed in a scale of 750 nm in which the black lines are “peaks” arad the white lines are “valleys”. FIG. 3C is a magnified version of FIG. 3B on a scale of 112 nm. A feature width (i.e., the width between “peaks”) is in a range of 1 nm to 200 nm. More preferably, the feature width is in a range of 10 nm to 50 mn. That is, it requires a predetermined (e.g., 1000×) magnitude to view the patterns 35 and the patterns 35 are not viewable by the naked eye or even most viewing instruments.
The transfer circuit 102 transfers the pattern 35 produced by the production circuit 101 onto a strip 45 that can be processed in high volume as exemplarily shown in FIG. 4. The pattern 35 can be transferred onto the strip 45 such that the pattern 35 covers an entirety of the strip 45 or a portion of the strip 45.
The analysis circuit 103 analyzes the strip 45 including the transferred pattern 35 using a characterization technique suitable to the scale of the pattern 35. For example, the analysis circuit can use Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), a diffraetometer, etc. and systematic imaging of embedded strips 45 in order to create a database 150 for later verification. The analysis circuit 103 assigns a unique identifier, based on the pattern 35, to each high value document 55 that the strip is embedded thereon. The unique identifier for the high value document 55 is stored in the database 150.
The analysis circuit 103 analyzes a portion of the pattern 35. That is, the pattern 35 can cover the entire strip 45, but preferably only a portion of the pattern 35 is analyzed and stored in the database 150. Therefore, even if a potential counterfeiter can find the pattern 35, it creates an additional layer of security by additionally requiring the counterfeiter to then identify which portion of the pattern 35 has been stored in the database 150. Of course, the analysis circuit 103 can also analyze the entire pattern 35.
The embedding circuit 104 embeds the strip 45 onto the desired high value documents 55 such as passports, currency; deeds, stock certificates, legal instruments, etc. as exemplarily shown in FIG. 5. The embedding circuit 104 can embed the strip 45 onto the high value documents 55 before or after the analysis circuit 103 analyses the pattern 35.
The verification circuit 105 verifies that the desired high value documents 55 is not counterfeit by verifying that the unique identifier stored in the database 150 is correct (i.e., matches) for the particular high value document 55. For example, an operator would utilize a local analyzer to re-characterize the embedded strip 45, cross reference it with the database 150 for authentication, and output determination on legitimacy of document 55.
Each pattern 35 cavi include imperfections when the high value document 55 is in circulation from when the analyzing circuit 103 analyzed the pattern 35. The verification circuit 105 may learn errors within patterns 35 and may store the errors in the database 150, such that, as more patterns 35 are verified by the verification circuit 105, the more accurate verification can be even if there are errors or imperfections within the pattern 35. In this sense, the verification circuit 105 acts as a “cognitive” unit in that the verification circuit 105 learns, updates, and increases the knowledge of the anti-counterfeiting system 100.
FIG. 2 shows a high level flow chart for an anti-counterfeiting method 200.
Step 201 produces a Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) pattern 34 for anti-counterfeiting on a large scale, as exemplarily shown in FIG. 3A.
Step 202 transfers the pattern 35 produced by Step 201 onto a strip 45 that can be processed in high volume, as exemplarily shown in FIG. 4.
Step 203 analyzes the strip 45 including the transferred pattern 35 using a characterization technique suitable to the scale of the pattern 35, and assigns a unique identifier to be stored in the database 150, based on the pattern 35, to each high value document 55 that the strip is embedded thereon.
Step 204 embeds the strip 45 onto the desired high value document 55.
Step 205 verifies that the desired high value document 55 is not counterfeit by verifying that the unique identifier stored in the database 150 is correct for the particular high value document 55.
With reference now to FIG. 6, the anti-counterfeiting system 600 of a second embodiment includes a production circuit 601, an embedding circuit 602, an analysis circuit 603, and a verification circuit 604. The anti-counterfeiting system 600 includes a processor 680 and a memory 690, with the memory 690 storing instructions to cause the processor 680 to execute each circuit of anti-counterfeiting system 600.
Although the anti-counterfeiting system 600 includes various circuits, it should be noted that an anti-counterfeiting system can include modules in which the memory 690 stores instructions to cause the processor 680 to execute each module of anti-counterfeiting system 600.
A difference between the first embodiment and the second embodiment is that the pattern 35 is transferred onto the strip 45 and then the strip 45 is embedded into the high value document 55 in the first embodiment, whereas, the pattern 35 is embedded into the entire high value document 55 via the fibers 65 in the second embodiment and the second embodiment includes an additional layer of security because the entire high value document 55 is covered with the pattern 35.
Also, each circuit can instead be a stand-alone device, unit, etc. that can be interconnected to cooperatively produce a transformation to a result.
Although as shown in FIGS. 10-12 and as described later, the computer system/server 12 is exemplarily shown in cloud computing node 10 as a general-purpose computing circuit which may execute in a layer the anti-counterfeiting system 600 (FIG. 12), it is noted that the present invention can be implemented outside of the cloud environment.
With the use of these various devices, the anti-counterfeiting system 600 may act in a more sophisticated and useful fashion, and in a cognitive manner while giving the impression of mental abilities and processes related to knowledge, attention, memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning, and advanced computation. That is, a system is said to be “cognitive” if it possesses macro-scale properties such as any of perception, goal-oriented behavior, learning/memory and action that characterize systems (i.e., humans) that all wee are cognitive.
The embedding circuit 604 embeds the pattern 35 into the fibers 65 of the high value document 55. As shown in FIG. 8, 55a is a portion of the high value document 55, 65a is a depiction of the fibers 65 in the portion 55a of the high value document 55, 35a is a depiction of the pattern 35 embedded into the fibers 65.
The embedding circuit 604 embeds the pattern 35 into each and every fiber 65 of the high value document 55. Thus, the entire high value document 55 includes the pattern 35. That is, the pattern 35 is transferred onto the strip 45 and then the strip 45 is embedded into the high value document 55 in the first embodiment, whereas, the pattern 35 is embedded into the entire high value document 55 via the fibers 65 in the second embodiment.
The analysis circuit 603 analyzes a portion 75 of the pattern 35 as shown in FIG. 9. That is, since the entire high value document 55 includes the pattern 35, the analysis circuit 603 can analyze any portion of the high value document 55 (i.e., as shown in FIG. 9 by the plurality of shaded circles 75) and stores a unique identifier associated with that portion 75 in the database 650. The second embodiment includes an additional layer of security because the entire high value document 55 is covered with the pattern 35. To be successful, a potential counterfeiter would need to scan the entire high value document 55 for the pattern 35 which was stored in the database and decide which portion 75 includes the unique identifier. This would be highly unlikely.
Although the second embodiment embeds the unique pattern 35 onto the fibers 65 of the high value document 55, the strip 45 including the unique pattern 35 of the first embodiment. can also be included on the high value document 55. That is, the unique pattern 35 can be embedded into the fibers 65 of the high value document 55 and transferred onto the strip 45 of the high value document 55.
FIG. 7 shows a high level flow chart for an anti-counterfeiting method 700 of a second embodiment.
Step 701 produces a Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) pattern 34 for anti-counterfeiting including a unique pattern 35.
Step 702 embeds the pattern 35 produced in Step 701 into the fibers 65 ofthe high value document 55.
Step 703 analyzes a portion 75 of the pattern 35 as shown in FIG. 9 and stores a unique identifier associated with that portion 75 of the high value document 55 in the database 650.
Step 704 verifies the desired high value document 55 is not counterfeit by verifying that the unique identifier stored in the database 650 is correct (i.e., matches) for the particular high value document 55.
Rapid elasticity: capabilities care be rapidly and elastically provisioned, iri sone cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and cai be purchased in any quantity at any time.
Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrast e. The applications are accessible from various client circuits through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environfrnent configurations.
Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization car a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.
Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting fur load-balancing between clouds).
A cloud computing enviro ent is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes.
Referring now to FIG. 10, a schematic of a example of a cloud computing node is shown. Cloud computing node 10 is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. Regardless, cloud computing node 10 is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forth hereinabove.
In cloud computing node 10 there is a computer system/server 12, which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server 12 include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, hand-held or laptop circuits, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or circuits, and the like.
Computer systerniserver 12 may be described in the general context of computer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server 12 may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing circuits that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage circuits.
As shown in FIG. 10, computer system/ er er 12 in cloud computing node 10 is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing circuit. The components of computer systenalseiver 12 inlay include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units 16, a system memory 28, and a bus 18 that couples various system components including system memory 28 to processor 16.
Bus 18 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral. Component Interconnects (PCI) bus.
Computer system/server 12 typically includes a variety of computer system eadable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer systemiserver 12, and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.
System memory 28 can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile rriemory, such as random access memory (RAM) 30 and/or cache memory 32. Computer system/server 12 may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system 34 can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus 18 by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory 28 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention.
Program/utility 40, having a set (at least one) of program modules 42, may be stored. in memory 28 by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules 42 generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein.
Referring now to FIG. 11, illustrative cloud computing environment 50 is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment 50 comprises one or more cloud computing nodes 10 with which local computing circuits used by cloud consumers, such. as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone 54A, desktop computer 54B, laptop computer 54C, and/or automobile computer system 54N may corrimunicate. Nodes 10 may communicate with one another. They may be gouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment 50 to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing circuit. It is understood that the types of computing circuits 54A-N shown in FIG. 11 are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes 10 and cloud computing environment 50 can communicate with any type of computerized circuit over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e,g., using a web browser).
Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 61; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 62; servers 63; blade servers 64; storage circuits 65; and networks and networking components 66. hi some embodiments, software components include network application server software 67 and database software 68.
In one example, management layer 80 may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning 81 provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment, Metering and Pricing 82 provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal 83 provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management 84 provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment 85 provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.
Workloads layer 90 provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation 91; software development and lifecycle management 92; virtual classroom education delivery 93; data analytics processing 94; transaction processing 95; and, more particularly relative to the present invention, the anti-counterfeiting system 100 and the anti-counterfeiting system 600 described herein.
a verification circuit configured to verify that the unique and randomized pattern embedded on the document corresponds to the document.
wherein the verification circuit verifies that. the unique and randomized pattern corresponds to the document based on the unique identifier stored in the database.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the embedding circuit embeds the unique and randomized pattern onto fibers of the document.
4. The system of claim. 1, wherein the verification circuit is further configured to learn errors between a current unique and randomized pattern and an original uniqu and randomized pattern such that the verification circuit verifies that the unique pattern corresponds to the document with errors in the current unique pattern.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein a feature width of the unique and randomized pattern is in a range of 1 nm to 200 nm.
6. The system of claim 6, wherein a feature width of the unique and randomized pattern is in a range of 10 nm to 50 nm.
7. The system of claim 3, wherein the embedding circuit embeds the unique and randomized pattern onto fibers of the document.
wherein the analysis circuit analyzes a portion of the unique and randomized pattern covering the entirety of the strip and stores a unique identifier associated with the portion of the unique and randomized pattern in a database.
wherein the analysis circuit analyzes an entirety of the unique and randomized pattern covering the entirety of the strip and stores a unique identifier associated with the entirety of the unique and randomized patternin. a database.
10. The system of claim 2, wherein the analysis circuit analyzes the unique and randomized pattern after the strip including the unique and randomized pattern is embedded onto the document.
a Directed Self-Assembly (DSA) pattern including a unique and randomized pattern embedded on the document.
12. The strip of claim 11, erein the strip including the unique and randomized pattern is embedded on a document.
13. The strip of claim 11, wherein a feature width of the unique and randomized pattern is in a range of 1 nm to 200 nm.
verifying that the unique and randomized pattern embedded on the document corresponds to the document. | 2019-04-23T14:46:48Z | https://patents.justia.com/patent/20180354291 |
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, considered a collection of diseases, is an auto-immune disorder in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, especially in the joints (especially fingers, wrists, hands, and knees). Patients often develop fatigue, rash, and swollen lymph nodes, but many body parts can be affected. As with other auto-immune conditions, anti-inflammatory medications and immune-suppressants are used commonly for treatment. Sometimes cytotoxic drugs are used for severe cases. Research is also ongoing to evaluate the effects of stem cells on auto-immune conditions.
We use a specific SVF deployment protocol that attempts to utilize the immuno-regulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of SVF (rich in mesenchymal stem cells and growth factors) to mitigate the effects of Lupus. SVF is deployed systemically and may require repeat dosing. This is done as an outpatient at the time of SVF harvesting and procurement. The entire cellular surgical procedure takes approximately three hours.
We care about our Lupus patients and take pride in the time we provide to our patients to deploy the best protocols to help our patients achieve their goals. By filling out Confidential Candidate Application, we will answer the questions and concerns you may have about our protocols for Lupus.
Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevents the Development of Lupus Dermatitis.
Stem Cells Dev. 2015 Sep 1;24(17):2041-51. doi: 10.1089/scd.2015.0021. Epub 2015 Jun 17. Choi EW1,2, Shin IS3, Song JW1, Yun TW1, Yang J1,2, Choi KS1,2, Seong JK4.
MRL/lpr mice spontaneously develop high titers of anti-dsDNA antibodies and symptoms such as glomerular nephritis and organ weight gain. They also develop spontaneous skin inflammation similar to the cutaneous lesions common in human lupus erythematosus. This study aimed to compare the effects of long-term serial administration of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs), CTLA4Ig-overexpressing ASCs, and cyclophosphamide treatment in MRL/lpr mice. MRL/lpr mice were divided into saline (C), cyclophosphamide (Y), ASC early (E), ASC late (L), and CTLA4Ig-overexpressing ASC (CT) treatment groups. Background-matched control MRL/MPJ mice treated with saline (N) were also compared. The treatment period was 5-23 weeks, except for the L group (15-23 weeks). Blood and tissue samples were collected when the mice were 24 weeks old. Organ weight, anti-dsDNA antibodies, urine protein, skin and kidney histologic abnormalities, and trabecular bone volume were evaluated. The Y group showed the greatest decrease in anti-dsDNA antibodies, organ weight, degree of kidney inflammation and glomerular infiltration of C3, and incidence rate of severe proteinuria; the E, L, and CT treatment groups showed better results than the C group. ASC transplantation reduced anti-dsDNA antibody levels significantly. Mice treated with ASCs or CTLA4Ig-ASCs starting from the early disease stage did not show dermatitis upon gross examination; they demonstrated significant improvement in hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration scores in histopathology. Micro-CT analysis revealed that cyclophosphamide treatment significantly decreased bone volume and increased bone spacing in the trabecular bone. Thus, we found that ASC and CTLA4-ASC treatments prevent lupus dermatitis development in MRL/lpr mice without adverse effects.
BACKGROUND: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used since 1996 for the treatment of severe autoimmune diseases refractory to approved therapies. We evaluated the long-term outcomes of these transplants and aimed to identify potential prognostic factors.
DESIGN AND METHODS: In this observational study we analyzed all first autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplants for autoimmune diseases reported to the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) registry between 1996-2007. The primary end-points for analysis were overall survival, progression-free survival and transplant-related mortality at 100 days.
RESULTS: Nine hundred patients with autoimmune diseases (64% female; median age, 35 years) who underwent a first autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant were included. The main diseases were multiple sclerosis (n=345), systemic sclerosis (n=175), systemic lupus erythematosus (n=85), rheumatoid arthritis (n=89), juvenile arthritis (n=65), and hematologic immune cytopenia (n=37). Among all patients, the 5-year survival was 85% and the progression-free survival 43%, although the rates varied widely according to the type of autoimmune disease. By multivariate analysis, the 100-day transplant-related mortality was associated with the transplant centers’ experience (P=0.003) and type of autoimmune disease (P=0.03). No significant influence of transplant technique was identified. Age less than 35 years (P=0.004), transplantation after 2000 (P=0.0015) and diagnosis (P=0.0007) were associated with progression-free survival.
CONCLUSIONS: This largest cohort studied worldwide shows that autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can induce sustained remissions for more than 5 years in patients with severe autoimmune diseases refractory to conventional therapy. The type of autoimmune disease, rather than transplant technique, was the most relevant determinant of outcome. Results improved with time and were associated with the transplant centers’ experience. These data support ongoing and planned phase III trials to evaluate the place of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment strategy for severe autoimmune diseases.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the capacity for self-renewal and the potential to differentiate into all types of hematopoietic and immune system cells. These features have been successfully used to treat a multitude of hematologic malignancies and nonmalignant diseases such as aplastic anemia, hemoglobinopathies, inborn errors of metabolism and congenital immunodeficiency states. The application of HSC transplantation has been expanded over the past decade to include immune-mediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis, treatment-refractory rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. Transplantation of HSCs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases aims to fundamentally correct the dysregulated immune system, which could result in sustained clinical remission or potential cure. The use of this approach is currently restricted to clinical research, as there is no standard conditioning regimen to attain these aims in autoimmune diseases. HSC transplantation is associated with inherent morbidity and mortality, both treatment-related and disease-related, and selecting the correct group of patients with the best risk:benefit ratio is a challenging task.
Rev Med Interne. 2009 Mar;30(3):287-99. Epub 2008 Oct 17. Larghero J, Vija L, Lecourt S, Michel L, Verrecchia F, Farge D.
Unité de thérapie cellulaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent a population of the bone marrow microenvironment, which participates in the regulation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation. MSC are multipotent non-haematopoietic progenitors, which have been explored as a promising treatment in tissue regeneration. Both in vitro and in vivo, the MSC inhibit the T, B, NK and dendritic cell functions. Although MSC immunomodulating properties are not yet completely understood, their low immunogenic potential can be used as a therapeutic tool not only for regenerative medicine, but also for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation as well as for specific cases of severe refractory autoimmune diseases. Experimental and clinical data gave encouraging results, showing that MSC injection allowed controlling refractory GVHD, restoring bone development in children with osteogenesis imperfecta or improving heart function after myocardial infarction. Phase I-II studies are in progress in various countries to investigate the potential benefit from MSC due to their immunosuppressive properties, as an adjunctive therapy for severe refractory autoimmune disease.
The first autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Europe for a patient with severe refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was performed in Genoa in 1996. Since then, 32 patients with a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases (ADs) received autologous transplants, 22 of them with multiple sclerosis (MS). There were no fatal adverse events. All patients had complete or very good partial remissions, but relapses were frequent, especially in SLE, though never as aggressive as pretransplant. The mechanism of action of this intervention remains not completely understood, as briefly discussed here.
MSCs, otherwise known as multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, are being examined for the treatment of autoimmune disease (AD) on the basis of their in vitro antiproliferative properties, efficacy in animal models, apparent low acute toxicity and the early positive anecdotal outcomes in human acute GVHD. Phase I/II clinical trials are underway in Crohn’s disease and multiple sclerosis (MS) and are being planned for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), systemic vasculitis and other AD. Open issues include patient selection, disease stage and activity, MSC source and expansion and long-term safety. Multidisciplinary groups are collaborating to ensure maximal use of available resources to establish the place, if any, of MSC in the treatment of AD.
During the past 10 yrs, over 700 patients suffering from severe autoimmune disease (AD) have received an autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant as treatment of their disorder with durable remission being obtained in around one-third. The most commonly transplanted ADs have been systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A fewer number of patients have received an allogeneic transplant. The initially reported overall treatment-related mortality of 7% has since fallen, with no further cases being reported in systemic sclerosis or multiple sclerosis in the past 3 yrs. This is thought to be due to more careful patient selection. The phase I/II data has led to currently running prospective randomised trials in systemic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus in Europe and North America. Immune reconstitution data suggests a ‘resetting’ of autoimmunity in those patients achieving stable remission, rather than simply prolonged immunosuppression. Recent results from in vitro experiments, animal models and early human experience in severe acute graft vs host disease suggest that multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from the bone marrow and expanded ex vivo, may exert a clinically useful immunomodulatory effect. Such cells are immune privileged and apparently of low toxicity. Further characterization of these cells and consideration of their possible clinical application in AD is underway.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in autoimmune diseases.
Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells, which are capable of self renewal and reconstitution of all types of blood cells, can be a treatment for numerous potential lethal diseases, including leukemias and lymphomas. It may now be applicable for the treatment of severe autoimmune diseases, such as therapy-resistant multiple sclerosis, lupus and systemic sclerosis. Studies in animal models show that the transfer of hematopoietic stem cells can reverse autoimmunity. The outcome of ongoing clinical trials, as well as of studies in patients and animal models, will help to determine the role that stem-cell transplantation can play in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
OBJECTIVE: To study the in vitro modulation of autogeneic and allogenic regulatory T lymphocytes proliferation by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE). METHODS: Human MSCs were separated with Percoll (1.073 g/ml) from bone marrow of patients with SLE or healthy subjects. The purity of MSCs was identified with the phenotypes by fluorescence active cell sorter (FACS). The subset regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with SLE were isolated with magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) CD4 and CD25 microbeads. Lymphocytes or CD4+ CD25+ T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of SLE patients were cocultured either with autologous MSCs or MSCs from healty donors. The proliferation activities of lymphocytes and CD4+ CD25+ T cells were investigated with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium( MTr) test. The level of IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The lymphocyte activity in SLE was suppressed by autogeneic and allogeneic MSCs and the inhibition rate was 56.32% and 65.46%, respectively. A stronger immunosuppressive effect of allogeneic MSCs was detected. MSCs were capable of increasing the proportion of allogeneic and autogeneic regulatory T cells in a dose dependent fashion. MSCs stimulated CD4+ CD25+ T cells to produce IL-10 and TGFbeta. CONCLUSION: MSCs can suppress lymphocyte proliferation and increase CD4+ CD25+ T cells. MSCs might play important roles in immunosuppressant lymphocyte proliferation and be important to cooperate with autogeneic hematopoietic stem cells in transplantation.
Allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells suppress Th17 lymphocytes in patients with active lupus in vitro.
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2011 Oct;43(10):805-12. doi: 10.1093/abbs/gmr077. Epub 2011 Sep 7. Lai K1, Zeng K, Zeng F, Wei J, Tan G.
Interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing CD4(+) T cells (Th17 cells) have been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To shed light on the mechanism of immunoregulation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), we investigated the effects of allogeneic ADSCs on the Th17 lymphocytes of patients with active SLE by co-culturing ADSCs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these patients in vitro. The results indicated that ADSCs from passage 3 (P3) down-regulated the proportion of Th17 cells and their abilities to produce IL-17, whereas ADSCs from passage 8 (P8) had contrasting effect. The results also showed cell-cell contact played a role in P3 down-regulation. Blocking the functional pathway of IL-23 (both its ligand and its receptor) also contributed to this suppression. These results suggested that immunomodulation of ADSCs may be achieved by partially suppressing the number and capability of Th17 lymphocytes, indicating that ADSCs could be employed as therapeutic tools for the autoimmune diseases.
Stem Cells Dev. 2015 Sep 1;24(17):2041-51. doi: 10.1089/scd.2015.0021. Epub 2015 Jun 17.
Choi EW1,2, Shin IS3, Song JW1, Yun TW1, Yang J1,2, Choi KS1,2, Seong JK4.
Msenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to possess immuno-modulatory properties. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease which results in nephritis and subsequent destruction of renal microstructure. We investigated whether human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (uMSCs) transplantation is useful in alleviating lupus nephritis in a murine model. It was found that uMSCs transplantation significantly delayed the development of proteinuria, decreased anti-dsDNA, alleviated renal injury, and prolonged the life span. There was a trend of decreasing T-helper (Th) 1 cytokines (IFN-Upsilon, IL-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12) and increasing Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). The in vitro co-culture experiments showed that uMSCs only inhibited lymphocytes and splenocytes proliferation but not mesangial cells. Long-term engraftment of uMSCs in the kidney was not observed either. Together, these findings indicated that uMSCs were effective in decreasing renal inflammation and alleviating experimental lupus nephritis by inhibiting lymphocytes, inducing polarization of Th2 cytokines and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines production rather than direct engraftment and differentiating into renal tissue. Therapeutic effects demonstrated in this pre-clinical study support further exploration of the possibility to use uMSCs from mismatched donors in lupus nephritis treatment.
Stem Cells. 2009 Jun;27(6):1421-32. Sun L, Akiyama K, Zhang H, Yamaza T, Hou Y, Zhao S, Xu T, Le A, Shi S.
Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2010 Jan 1;2:221-8. Kiss E, Szodoray P.
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototypical systemic autoimmune disease, affecting multiple organs and organ-systems, leading to a wide variety of symptoms, serological and clinical features. The pathogenesis of the disease encompasses a complex interplay among various immune-competent cells and inflammatory mediators, which gives ground to target numerous potentially harmful players in this system. The aim of the present review was to depict certain aspects on the pathogenesis of SLE and to highlight pathways that can be promising targets of novel therapeutic approaches. T-cell, B-cell targeting, modification of co-stimulatory pathways, anti-cytokine therapy, soluble mediators, as well as autologous stem cell transplantation have been addressed. Finally, we described potential side effects of these biologics.
Novel therapeutic possibilities in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Orv Hetil. 2010 May 2;151(18):735-40. Bazsó A, Poór G, Gergely P, Kiss E.
Országos Reumatológiai és Fizioterápiás Intézet, Budapest.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder involving different organs and organ systems with consequent characteristic clinical and serologic symptoms. Despite of the improvement in lupus survival, approximately 10-20% of patients do not respond to traditional immune suppressive therapies. Relapses are more frequent; e.g. after cyclophosphamide therapy diffuse proliferative nephritis flares in 1/3 of patients. Different immune competent cells and inflammatory mediators participate in the pathogenesis of SLE involving both the adaptive and innate immunity. Several pathogenic elements and mechanisms may serve as therapeutic targets, consequently. Authors summarize novel therapeutic possibilities and their mechanisms regarding the pathogenesis of SLE. Immune modulation of B and T cells, co-stimulatory pathways, cytokine network, soluble mediators and autologous hemopoietic stem cell transplantation are discussed.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (MSCT) in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
METHODS: A total of 15 patients with persistently active SLE underwent MSCT. Outcome was evaluated by changes in the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), serological features (anti-nuclear antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA)), renal function and percentage of peripheral blood regulatory T cells.
RESULTS: From 11 March 2007 to 4 November 2008, 15 patients with persistently active SLE were enrolled and underwent MSCT. The mean follow-up period was 17.2+/-9.5 months. A total of 13 patients have been followed for more than 12 months. All patients clinically improved following treatment with mesenchymal stem cells with a marked decrease in the SLEDAI score and 24 h proteinuria. At 12-month follow-up, SLEDAI scores decreased from 12.2+/-3.3 to 3.2+/-2.8 and proteinuria decreased from 2505.0+/-1323.9 to 858.0+/-800.7 mg/24 h (all p<0.05, by paired t test, n=12). At 1-year follow-up in 13 patients, 2 had a relapse of proteinuria, while the other 11 continue to have decreased disease activity on minimal treatment. Anti-dsDNA levels decreased. Improvement in glomerular filtration rate was noted in two patients in which formal testing was performed. Non-renal-related manifestations also improved significantly. No serious adverse events were reported.
CONCLUSION: Allogeneic MSCT in patients with refractory lupus resulted in amelioration of disease activity, improvement in serological markers and stabilisation of renal function. MSCT appears beneficial in treatment of patients with SLE refractory to conventional treatment options. | 2019-04-21T22:16:40Z | http://amplicellmedical.com/lupus |
How was debt in this financial year accumulated?
Public sector net borrowing (excluding public sector banks) decreased by £13.6 billion to £49.3 billion in the current financial year-to-date (April 2016 to January 2017), compared with the same period in the previous financial year; this is the lowest year-to-date borrowing since the financial year-to-date ending January 2008.
Public sector net borrowing (excluding public sector banks) was in surplus by £9.4 billion in January 2017, a £0.3 billion larger surplus than in January 2016; this is the highest January surplus since 2000.
Public sector net debt (excluding public sector banks) was £1,682.8 billion at the end of January 2017, equivalent to 85.3% of gross domestic product (GDP); an increase of £91.7 billion (or 1.9 % points as a ratio of GDP) since January 2016.
Public sector net debt (excluding both public sector banks and Bank of England) was £1,589.2 billion at the end of January 2017, equivalent to 80.5% of gross domestic product (GDP); an increase of £43.6 billion (or a decrease of 0.6 % points as a ratio of GDP) since January 2016.
Central government net cash requirement decreased by £12.8 billion to £32.6 billion in the current financial year-to-date, compared with the same period in the previous financial year; this is the lowest year-to-date central government net cash since January 2008.
This section presents information on aspects of data or methodology that is important to understand when reading this bulletin. Where appropriate, further details of individual changes are discussed in the Quality and methodology section of this bulletin.
In both January and (to a lesser extent) July receipts are particularly high due to the receipt of self-assessed Income Tax, Capital Gains Tax and self-assessed (Class 4) National Insurance contributions.
Self-assessed Income Tax and Capital Gains Tax receipts increased by £2.0 billion to £19.8 billion in January 2017 compared with January 2016; this is the highest January on record (monthly recording of self-assessed tax receipts began in April 1999).
The revenue raised through self-assessed taxes, although primarily affecting January and July receipts, also tends to lead to high receipts in the following month (February and August respectively), although to a lesser degree.
The proportion of self-assessed taxes recorded in January and February can vary year-on-year and it is therefore advisable to consider data for the 2 months (January and February) together.
In this month’s bulletin we have introduced a new methodology for the recording of Corporation Tax and Bank Corporation Tax Surcharge receipts.
Previously, we have used cash receipts for these taxes as a proxy for accrued revenue. An improved methodology derives accrued revenue figures by adjusting cash receipts to more accurately reflect the time at which the economic activity relating to the tax receipts took place.
In addition to these changes the accrual methodology for the Bank Levy has been modified to make it consistent with the approach being used for Corporation Tax. More information on the methodological changes can be found in a separate methodological note.
The impact of introducing the new methodology is to distribute the tax revenue more evenly over individual months in the year. It also leads to revisions in the financial year totals for these taxes which in turn revises net borrowing.
Due to changes in the payment schedule for corporation taxes and data limitations, the improved methodology has only been applied from the financial year ending March 2001 onward.
Data for the period in the financial years ending March 2001 to March 2005 have been estimated by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) while data from the financial year ending March 2006 have been compiled and provided by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC).
Table 1 summarises the impact on central government receipts and net borrowing of moving to the time-adjusted cash recording for Corporation Tax, bank surcharge and Bank Levy between the financial years ending March 2009 and March 2016.
5. Financial year 2015/16 represents the financial year ending 2016 (April 2015 to March 2016).
This month we have implemented the reclassification, from the private sector to public corporation sector, of registered social landlords in Scotland and Wales and registered housing associations (HAs) in Northern Ireland, for the first time.
This reclassification was announced in September 2016 and its impact on the fiscal aggregates in this bulletin has been to increase public sector net debt at the end of March 2016 by £5.8 billion and to reduce public sector net borrowing in the financial year ending March 2016 by £0.2 billion.
In addition to the inclusion of the devolved social landlords and housing associations we have also taken on the latest global accounts data for English HAs published by the Homes and Communities Agency on 17 February 2017. These data relate to the financial year ending March 2016 and so revisions can be seen for this year as well as the financial year ending March 2015 where figures have been restated.
Estimates for the financial year ending March 2017 remain based on the forecasts published by the Office for Budget Responsibility alongside the Autumn Statement on 23 November 2016.
The HAs data are attached in Appendix E.
Due to data availability, the reclassifications of English and devolved HAs have been implemented from the financial year ending March 2009. Full time series back to the effective classification dates will be implemented in due course.
Full details of the methodology used in compiling housing associations are due to be published on 5 June 2017 as part of the suite of methodological articles related to the UK National Accounts publication, Blue Book 2017.
Table 2 summarises the impact of the changes for HAs on both public non-financial corporations and public sector net borrowing between the financial year ending March 2005 and the financial year ending March 2016.
2. Financial year 2015/16 represents the financial year ending 2016 (April 2015 to March 2016).
The impact of the inclusion of HAs on the borrowing and debt of public corporations is summarised in Impact of the reclassification of housing associations into the public sector: Appendix E.
In recent years the government has entered a programme of selling shares in publicly owned organisations. On the 30 January 2017 the Government announced that its current trading plan has enabled its remaining shareholding in Lloyds Banking Group (LBG), to be reduced to less than 5%.
This month we have recorded £1.8 billion of LBG shares sales (across November 2016, December 2016 and January 2017), bringing the government’s disposal of LBG share sales since September 2013 to £18.0 billion.
The proceeds of such sales reduce the central government net cash requirement (CGNCR) and public sector net debt (PSND) by an amount corresponding to the cash raised from the sale but have no impact on public sector net borrowing.
In January 2017, £2.1 billion was transferred from the APF to HM Treasury, bringing the total money transferred under the current scheme to £10.1 billion in this financial year-to-date (April 2016 to January 2017); £1.6 billion more than in the same period in the previous financial year.
The Bank of England entrepreneurial income for the financial year ending March 2016 (April 2015 to March 2016) was calculated as £11.9 billion. This is the total amount of dividend transfers that can impact on central government net borrowing in the financial year ending March 2017 (April 2016 to March 2017).
The public sector net cash requirement (PSNCR) represents the cash needed to be raised from the financial markets over a period of time to finance the government’s activities. This can be close to the deficit for the same period but there are some transactions, for example loans to the private sector, that need to be financed but do not contribute to the deficit. It is also close but not identical to the changes in the level of net debt between 2 points in time.
In the UK, the public sector consists of 5 sub-sectors: central government, local government, public non-financial corporations, Bank of England and public financial corporations (that is, public sector banks – currently only Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS)).
Additionally the government’s fiscal rules are based on aggregates that exclude public sector banks.
A financial year is an accounting period of 12 months running from 1 April one year to 31 March the following year. For example, the financial year ending March 2016 comprises of the months from April 2015 to March 2016.
In the current financial year-to-date (April 2016 to January 2017), the public sector spent more money than it received in taxes and other income. This meant it had to borrow £49.3 billion; £13.6 billion less than in the same period last year (April 2015 to January 2016).
Of this £49.3 billion public sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks (PSNB ex), £22.1 billion related to the cost of the “day-to-day” activities of the public sector (the current budget deficit), while £27.2 billion related to capital spending (or net investment) such as infrastructure.
Figure 1 presents cumulative public sector net borrowing (excluding public sector banks) by month in the current financial year-to-date and compares the cumulative borrowing in the current financial year-to-date to that in the previous financial year.
The difference between central government's income and spending makes the largest contribution to the amount borrowed by the public sector. In the current financial year-to-date, £43.1 billion of the £49.3 billion borrowed by the public sector was by central government.
In the current financial year-to-date, central government received £553.7 billion in income; including £416.8 billion in taxes. This was around 5% more than in the previous financial year-to-date.
Over the same period, central government spent £581.2 billion; around 2% more than in the previous financial year-to-date. Of this amount, just below two-thirds was spent by central government departments (such as health, education and defence), around a third on social benefits (such as pensions, unemployment payments, Child Benefit and Maternity Pay) with the remaining being spent on capital investment and interest on government’s outstanding debt.
Figure 2 summarises public sector borrowing by sub-sector for the current financial year-to-date and compares these measures to the same period in the previous financial year (April 2015 to January 2016).
This presentation splits PSNB ex into each of its 4 sub-sectors: central government, local government, public corporations and Bank of England.
A further breakdown (receipts, expenditure (both current and capital) and depreciation) is provided for central government, local government and public corporations; with current receipts and current expenditure being presented in further detail.
In the financial year ending March 2016 (April 2015 to March 2016), the public sector borrowed £71.7 billion. This was £23.2 billion lower than in the previous financial year and less than half of that in the financial year ending March 2010 (both in terms of £ billion and percentage of gross domestic product (GDP)).
Financial year 2016/17 represents financial year ending 2017 (April 2016 to March 2017).
Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) full financial year forecast of £68.2 billion for public sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks (November 2016 Economic and Fiscal Outlook).
In January 2017, the public sector received more in taxes and other income than it spent. This meant it had a surplus of £9.4 billion; a £0.3 billion larger surplus than in January 2016.
January tends to be a month in which the public sector runs a surplus in borrowing due to increased self-assessed Income Tax receipts.
Figure 4 summarises public sector borrowing by sub-sector in January 2017 and compares this to the equivalent measures in the same month a year earlier (January 2016).
A further breakdown (receipts, current expenditure, capital expenditure and depreciation) is provided for central government, local government and public corporations, with receipts and current expenditure being presented in further detail.
The amount of money owed by the public sector to the private sector stood at just below £1.7 trillion at the end of January 2017, which equates to 85.3% of the value of all the goods and services currently produced by the UK economy in a year (or gross domestic product (GDP)).
This debt figure of £1.7 trillion (or £1,682.8 billion) at the end of January 2017 represents an increase of £91.7 billion since the end of January 2016. This increase in net debt is largely a result of £58.0 billion of public sector net borrowing over that period plus cash transactions related to acquisition or disposal of financial assets (for example, loans or asset sales).
Figure 5 breaks down outstanding public sector net debt at the end of January 2017 into the sub-sectors of the public sector. In addition to PSND ex, this presentation includes the impact of public sector banks on debt.
FPCND - Financial public corporations' net debt.
Net debt is defined as total gross financial liabilities less liquid financial assets, where liquid assets are cash and short-term assets which can be released for cash at short notice without significant loss. These liquid assets mainly comprise foreign exchange reserves and bank deposits.
Figure 6 presents public sector debt (excluding public sector banks) at the end of January 2017 by sub-sector. Time series for each of these component series are presented in Tables PSA8A to D in the Public Sector Finances Tables 1 to 10: Appendix A dataset.
Figure 7 illustrates public sector net debt excluding public sector banks (PSND ex) from the financial year ending March 1994 to the end of January 2017.
Public sector net debt excluding public sector banks (PSND ex) increased at the time of the economic downturn. Since then, it has continued to increase but at a slower rate.
The net cash requirement is a measure of how much cash the public sector needs to raise from the financial markets (or pay out from its cash reserves) to finance its activities. This amount can be close to the deficit for the same period but there are some transactions, for example lending to the private sector or the purchase of shares, that need to be financed but do not contribute to the deficit. Similarly, repayments of principal on loans extended by government or sales of shares will reduce the level of financing necessary but not reduce the deficit.
Figure 8 presents public sector cash requirement by sub-sector for the financial year-to-date (April 2016 to January 2017). Time series for each of these component series are presented in Table PSA7A in the Public Sector Finances Tables 1 to 10: Appendix A dataset.
CGNCR excluding NR and UKAR decreased by £3.9 billion to £56.5 billion in the current financial year-to-date (April 2016 to January 2017), compared with the same period in 2016.
7. How was debt in this financial year accumulated?
This presentation excludes public sector banks, focussing instead on the public sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks (PSNB ex) measure.
Revaluation of foreign currency debt (for example foreign currency). Debt issuances or redemptions above or below debt valuation (for example bond premia/discounts and capital uplifts). Changes in volume of debt not due to transactions (for example sector reclassification).
The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) normally produces forecasts of the public finances twice a year (currently in March and November). The latest OBR forecast was published on 23 November 2016.
The government has adopted the OBR’s forecasts as its official forecast.
OBR estimated that the public sector would borrow £72.2 billion during the financial year ending March 2016. So, based on the latest estimate, borrowing in financial year ending March 2016 is £0.5 billion lower than OBR predicted.
OBR has estimated that the public sector will borrow £68.2 billion during the financial year ending March 2017; a reduction of £3.5 billion on the provisional outturn for the financial year ending March 2016.
Figure 10 presents the cumulative public sector net borrowing for the current and previous financial year-to-date. The figure also presents the OBR forecasts for both financial years-to-date.
For the financial year ending 2016 (April 2015 to March 2016) and the financial year ending 2017 (April 2016 to March 2017).
OBR forecast for public sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks from March 2016 Economic and Fiscal Outlook (EFO).
OBR forecast for public sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks from November 2016 Economic and Fiscal Outlook (EFO).
Table 3 compares emerging financial year-to-date data against the OBR forecasts. Caution should be taken when comparing public sector finances data with OBR figures for the full financial year as data are not finalised until after the financial year ends. Initial estimates soon after the end of the financial year can be subject to sizeable revisions in later months. In addition, the monthly path of spending and receipts is not smooth within the year and also can vary compared with previous years, both of which can affect year-to-date comparisons with previous years.
There can also be methodological differences between OBR forecasts and outturn data. In its latest publication, OBR published a table within its Economic and fiscal outlook supplementary fiscal tables: receipts and other - November 2016 titled “Table: 2.45 Items included in OBR forecasts that ONS have not yet included in outturn”.
7. Financial year-to-date refers to the period from April to January.
8. 2016/17 refers to financial year ending in March 2017 and 2015/16 refers to financial year ending in March 2016.
9. All OBR figures are from the OBR Economic and Fiscal Outlook published in November 2016.
10. NA denotes 'not applicable'.
Revisions can be the result of both updated data sources and methodology changes. This month the reported revisions are largely the result of methodology changes.
Table 4 summarises revisions to the headline statistics presented in this bulletin and the previous publication (24 January 2017), while Figure 11 focuses solely on the revisions to public sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks (PSNB ex) in the current financial year-to-date between publications.
8. Public sector cash requirement excluding public sector banks.
9. 2015/16 represents financial year ending 2016 (April 2015 to March 2016).
10. ytd = Year-to-date, April to December 2016.
This bulletin presents revisions to public sector net borrowing in each financial year back to the financial year ending March 2001.
For central government, the changes to net borrowing prior to the current financial year-to-date are due to the introduction of improved methodology for the recording of Corporation Tax, Bank Corporation Tax Surcharge receipts and Bank Levy.
For non-financial public corporations, the changes to net borrowing prior to the current financial year-to-date are due to the inclusion of the housing associations of the devolved administrations of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. In addition to this reclassification, the data underlying the estimates of net borrowing of English housing associations were also updated for the financial years ending March 2015 and 2016.
In addition to revisions to net borrowing, the implementation of the reclassification of the housing associations of the devolved administrations (and updating of the estimates for England) has impacted on both net debt and net cash requirement. The revisions to both net cash requirement and net debt reported in Table 4 are entirely attributable to this change.
Figure 11 compares the latest estimate of public sector net borrowing (excluding public sector banks) for the period April 2016 to December 2016, to that presented in the previous bulletin (24 January 2017).
Given that, in the current financial year-to-date, £43.1 billion of the £49.3 billion borrowed by the public sector was borrowed by central government, a further breakdown of central government current receipts and current expenditure is presented to reflect the significance of these components.
As a result of the quality assurance of our recording of the Term Funding Scheme (TFS) as a part of the Bank of England Asset Purchase Facility (APF) we have updated our presentation in Table PSA9 to include the loan liability of TFS within the total loan liability of the APF.
This represents a presentational change only and has no impact on the calculation of public sector net debt or any other fiscal aggregate.
The UK government debt and deficit for Eurostat statistical bulletin is published quarterly (in January, April, July and December each year), to coincide with when the UK and other European Union member states are required to report on their deficit (or net borrowing) and debt to the European Commission.
The data in this statistical bulletin present a £1.4 billion downward revision to general government deficit (or net borrowing); now standing at £74.9 billion in the financial year ending March 2016. The estimate of general government gross debt remains unchanged since the 21 December 2016 publication.
An article, The use of GDP in public sector fiscal ratio statistics explains that for debt figures reported in the monthly public sector finances, a 12-month GDP total centred on the month is employed, while in the UK government debt and deficit for Eurostat statistical bulletin the total GDP for the preceding 12 months is used.
Each quarter we publish a forward workplan outlining the classification assessments we expect to undertake over the coming 12 months. To supplement this, each month a classifications update is published which announces classification decisions made, and includes expected implementation points (for different statistics) where possible.
Classification decisions are reflected in the public sector finances at the first available opportunity and, where necessary outlined in this section of the statistical bulletin.
The first of these improvements will not impact the fiscal aggregates for the financial year ending March 2015 onwards (either net investment or net borrowing) as public sector data sources already include expenditure on costs of transfer. There will be revisions for earlier financial years as a result of removing existing negative estimates of transfer costs.
We have published an article, "National Accounts articles: Impact of Blue Book 2017 changes on current price gross domestic product estimates, 1997 to 2012" explaining these methodological improvements in more detail.
Eurostat, in its 2016 version of the Manual on Government Deficit and Debt, introduced new European statistical rules on the treatment of the transfer of an asset to government to be decommissioned. Such a transfer took place in the UK in 2005 when British Nuclear Fuels Limited (Ltd), then a public corporation, transferred all of its nuclear sites to the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority, a central government body.
In next month’s bulletin we will be introducing changes to the current statistical treatment of this 2005 transfer in order to be compliant with the new Eurostat guidance. The revisions as a result of this methodological change will be limited to the financial year ending March 2006 and the subsequent two or three financial years. There is expected to be no impact on public sector fiscal aggregates as the amended transactions to be recorded are between the central government and public corporations subsectors.
In this month’s bulletin we have introduced a new methodology for the time of recording of Corporation Tax and Bank Corporation Tax Surcharge receipts for the first time.
Each month, at 9.30 am on the working day following the public sector finance statistical bulletin, we publish Public Sector Finances borrowing by subsector.This release contains an extended breakdown of public sector borrowing in a matrix format and also estimates of Total Managed Expenditure (TME). | 2019-04-21T12:23:58Z | https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/jan2017 |
As depressing as the 49ers' Super Bowl loss was, a guy can only live his football life via XBOX for so long. After replaying the game electronically (winning by an average of 50 points, sipping single malt and enjoying near perpetual eye rolls from my darling sweetheart each and every time), it's time to get back to reality (as I was recently reminded by my pal Diego).
As the 49ers head toward the 2013 season, a great many questions need answering: which of their pending free agents will the 49ers re-sign? Who will the 49ers draft? How in the name of all that's holy did Trent Baalke swing a pair of high draft picks for Alex Smith? Who will the 49ers pursue in Free Agency?
While we probably won't be able to address all of these questions in this installment, we will be looking back at the Combine, who we were most impressed with, who's stock is rising, who the 49ers might target in the upcoming draft, and how the pending (yet heretofore unofficial) trade of Alex Smith reflects on Trent Baalke and the 49er front office.
Who most impressed you at the Combine?
1) Barkevious Mingo: This guy is going to make one hell of an outside linebacker. He put up an INSANE 3-cone drill, great 40 time, and a solid body of work in one of the nation's best defenses. This guy has a chance to be a terror off of the edge at the next level.
2) Datone Jones: He showed decent speed, and marginal flexibility...but great quickness. Coupled with very productive body of work in his senior season (19 tackles for loss) and impressive size, he has the makings of a very productive NFL DE.
3) Ziggy Ansah: Dude...this guy has all of the physical tools. Size. Speed. Quickness. Freakish wingspan. His athleticism is scary...but so is his lack of polish. His ability will make him a 1st or 2nd round selection...but he's so raw that it could take some time for him make a dent at the next level.
4) Desmond Trufant: Big. Fast. Quick. Adequate strength. He looked good in DB drills. He has good ball skills. Provided that he can bring all of that to the next level, this guy is going to be a heck of a corner.
5) Chris Harper: His combination of size, strength and speed is very impressive. He wasn't a terribly productive receiver in college, and his spotty body of work will likely make him a mid round pick. If his physical tools translate to the next level the way I think they will, he could be wind up being a steal…a big, strong, pass catching steal.
Diego: First of all I must say that after doing my share of film review on the 2013 NFL Draft prospects I must agree with several others out there: there aren't many consensus star players out on the board, but there are a lot of solid players.
That being said, one player who has stood out for me is a Defensive Tackle from Ohio State: Johnathan Hankins. Checking in at 6'3", 320 pounds, Hankins really jumps out on tape as a disruptive force that needs to be accounted for at all times. He is incredibly quick and agile for his size while also tough to move in the run game. He makes great use of his hands (arm length measured at 33 inches at the combine) and is a punishing finisher once he gets his hands on the carrier. He is a disrupter more than he is sack master once he gets on the backfield, which is ok for a team running a 3-4 where the Linebackers do most of the wrap up. Although he has shown the versatility to line up on the edge, he is strictly an inside force at the next level and he could very well play all over the defensive line in a 3-4 formation.
Going back to my thoughts on there not being a lot of super stars in this draft, the 49ers will be hard-pressed to find a younger version of Justin Smith, but Hankins comes very close. He draws up a good number of double teams, and he holds his ground well against them. He also was a constant three-down player for the Buckeyes during his sophomore and junior years (skipped his senior season to declare into the NFL), and he showed a very good motor. Some of the criticism on him is that his effort would wear off towards the end of the games, but I would attribute that to the high percentage of snaps he was playing for Ohio State. As any incoming rookie, he has some rawness to his game that, but he would be a great fit under a coach like Jim Tomsula and rotating all over the defensive line as he adjusts to the NFL.
Currently you can find him all over mock drafts ranging from mid-first rounder to early second rounder. The 49ers obviously have a lot of options in this draft, so whether it is at 31st overall or a little bit earlier if needed, I would love to see Hankins in red and gold for the next few seasons.
1) Sharrif Floyd: Everyone knew that Floyd was big, strong and productive...but the speed and athleticism that he showed at the combine make him the most complete interior defensive lineman in the draft. When the hype machine is done worth this guy, he could end up being the first defensive player selected.
2) Dee Milliner: As soon as this guy posted a sub 4.4 40 yard dash, he cemented his status as one of the best defensive backs in the draft. Given his size (6'0", 201 lbs), body of work and the NFL's love affair with speed, he's coming off of the board early. Really early.
3) Codarelle Patterson: He's not the fastest receiver. He's not the biggest receiver. He wasn't the most prolific receiver in college. But he has the best combination of size, strength, natural ability and speed (coupled with a 37" vert) in the draft. His combination of physical tools is going to make him the first receiver off of the board, even if he is a little raw.
4) Sheldon Richardson: As DTs go, this guy has all of the tools to be a very special player. Quick, light feet. Solid technique. Great body of work. All of that would have made him a potential top 25 pick…but Star Lotulelei's heart condition might be what makes him one of the first defensive players taken.
5) Tyrann Matthieu: Like any good train wreck, most media types seemed to have a very hard time looking away from this guy when he was on the field at the combine. Unlike most train wrecks, his performance wasn't all bad. He showed good playmaking ability in DB drills, solid speed, and good athleticism. Though he is small…probably too small to be much more than a role player at the next level, his body of work and natural ability could cause someone to take a chance on him as early as the third round. Not bad. Especially for a kid that comes with more baggage than a 727.
6) Terron Armstead: Wow. Just wow. This guy looks the part (6'5", 306 lbs, 34" arms), but after watching him post a 4.71 40 yard dash then breeze through OL drills with ease, its safe to say he made himself some money. Make no mistake, this guy isn't Bruce Campbell…he has solid footwork and technique to go along with his freakish speed and strength.
Diego: Now that Alex Smith is in Kansas City, it seems like the general consensus is that the Chiefs will take Luke Joeckel, the outstanding Offensive Tackle from Texas A&M, with the 1st overall pick. I bet Joeckel wishes April 25 was tomorrow, because with each passing day an OT from Central Michigan seems to be closing the gap.
Eric Fisher is trying to follow on the footsteps of former Chippewa Joe Staley, and so far he has done very well. Unlike Staley, whose selection at the end of the first round was questioned by some analysts back in 2007, Fisher is a sure candidate to be a first round pick in this upcoming draft, and his stock has done nothing but rise since the college football season ended. A 1st Team All-MAC performer last season after starting all 12 games at Left Tackle, Fisher put questions about the caliber of his career opponents to an end after he dominated the Senior Bowl in Mobile, Alabama, and he followed it up with an outstanding showing at the NFL combine that ended last week.
Fisher stands at 6'7", 305 pounds with 34 1/2 inch arms. His story isn't similar to Staley's only because of where he played in college, but also because of his steady growth from year to year and his eye-popping athleticism. Fisher reportedly was over 50 pounds lighter than his current weight coming out of high school, but tenaciously worked on filling up his frame while continuing to display the quickness of a 250 pound lineman. He was the top performer among offensive linemen in the combine in the 20-yard shuttle clocking in at 4.44 seconds.
Fisher has gone from mid-first rounder to being a top-10 pick and he is now in the discussion to be a top-5 selection, with thoughts of him being the number one overall player not too far fetched. Regardless of where he is selected, he will be an impact player for an NFL team (honestly, the Lions would be a great fit for him) and I wouldn't be surprised if he ends up a Pro Bowler within his first five years (whether that game continues to be played or not).
Given what you saw at the Combine, who might the 49ers target in the upcoming Draft?
AJ: What hamstrung the 49ers late in the season and throughout the playoffs wasn't a deficient secondary (contrary to popular opinion). The 49ers achillies' heel was a lack of quality depth in their front 7. Because the 49ers play so much man coverage, they are reliant on their pass rush to limit opponents through the air…but that pass rush wore down as the season progressed. Look for the 49ers to address that come April. Additionally, the 49ers need to address a suddenly thin receiving corps, potential holes in the secondary, and a soon-to-be need for a back up QB (but odds are that they'll sign a low priced veteran instead of drafting a project).
DL – The 49ers should have the opportunity to grab an impact NT early (depending on what they decide to do with pending free agents Isaac Sopoaga and Ricky Jean Francois). Among those likely to be available, I think their best bet is Ohio State's Jonathan Hankins. This guy has the size, strength and athleticism to anchor the 49ers' 3-4 defense for years to come. A solid mid round option at NT could be Missouri Southern powerhouse Brandon Williams. He's strong, put on an impressive performance at the Senior Bowl, and has a pretty impressive body of work for a Division II defender. In the event that they decide to move on a 3-4 DE, Jesse Williams should be available late in the first or early in the second round, and could provide the kind of versatile, high motor defender the 49ers like to see on their defensive line…even if he isn't the best athlete at his position.
WR – With last season's injuries to Mario Manningham and Kyle Williams coupled with the likely departure of Randy Moss and the non-impact of AJ Jenkins, the 49ers need receivers. Badly. Fortunately, there are some real potential gems in this years draft…some of which could be available in the middle rounds. Da'Rick Rogers is an INSANE athlete with a ton of talent…and a ton of baggage. He has the potential to be a possession type force in the passing game, provided that he's grown past the off field issues that got him booted from Tennessee. Another receiver worth keeping an eye on is Kansas State's Chris Harper. Like Rogers, he's strong and physical. Though he didn't have the numbers that Rogers did, this guy is a physical specimen (6'1", 229 lbs, 4.5 speed) who is an absolute train when he has the ball in his hands. Given the way that they 49ers receivers were mugged in the Super Bowl, don't be surprised if the 49ers bring in a couple of big, physical receivers to change the perception of their receiving corps.
DB – While the line was at the heart of the 49ers defensive struggles in the post season, make no mistake…Chris Culliver got beat on. Big time. Add to that the fact that Dashon Goldson may or may not be re-signed next season, and the 49ers could be in the market for a CB and a Safety. That stated, there are a few DBs out there that could step in and make an impact from day one. First on my list is Desmond Trufant. This guy has all of the physical tools, the demeanor, and the body of work that the 49ers look for…and given the depth in the draft, he could be available in the second round…where the 49ers have two picks. Another solid DB that could be around later in the draft is BW Webb. This guy has a GREAT body of work for a small school defender (46 tackles, 8 passes defensed and solid ST ability) and great athletic ability, posting great scores in the vert, broad jump and shuttle runs. As safeties go, don't be surprised if the 49ers select Matt Elam. This guy has great speed for the position (4.54 40), plays well in the box, and was often asked to cover slot receivers at Florida. His mix of speed, size, and cover ability make him an attractive target…especially if the 49ers don't re-sign Dashon Goldson.
Diego: I am a PAC-12 guy, so I may be a little bit biased, but the folks at the 49erswebzone.com Draft War Room kept a detailed log of where the 49ers were sending their scouts, and two west coast schools were among the top four most visited by San Francisco scouts: Cal and USC.
Now I am a Cal fan, and naturally my favorite Golden Bear in this year's draft is Keenan Allen, but that's not the Berkeley product I see the 49ers targeting in late April. The 49ers offensive line was arguably the best in the NFL last season, but one guy in particular is significantly older than the rest, has 10 years of NFL wear-and-tear in his body, and honestly San Francisco would be lucky to get more than one more season of effective playing time from their Center, Jonathan Goodwin. Enter Brian Schwenke, a natural leader for the position who has also been steadily rising since the college season ended. Schwenke has been described by NFL Network analyst Mike Mayock as someone you can "plug in and play since Day 1". As someone who has watched a lot of Cal games I must say that is high praise, but not completely off the mark. Schwenke definitely held his own against some very good competition in the conference, but he wasn't a dominant player. He did, however, get better as he career went on, and he seems to have bookended that with a solid Senior Bowl and a strong combine where he caught the attention of many draftniks in several drills. Schwenke offers the ability to play RG in a pinch, although he projects purely as a C at the next level. He would be a very good pickup for the 49ers in the 3rd or 4th round in April who could potentially take over for Goodwin in the next year or two.
Looking at USC, they do not possess as many high-caliber NFL prospects as they usually do, but I can think of at least one former Trojan being targeted by San Francisco. While I agree that this team needs a tall receiver that can play on the other side from Michael Crabtree, perhaps a red zone target, I must admit I am a fan of Robert Woods, and although he doesn't offer the star potential that players like Cordarrelle Patterson and Keenan Allen have, Woods to me is an NFL-ready WR who could quickly become the second best receiver on this team. He was a difference maker for the Trojans right away, hauling in a team high 65 catches for 792 yards and also scoring 6 touchdowns his freshman year, second best to former 49ers 6th round pick, Ronald Johnson. Woods once again led USC's potent aerial attack his sophomore season, catching 111 passes for 1292 yards and 15 touchdowns, leading all categories even with future star Marquise Lee playing alongside him. 2012 saw USC feature Lee into stardom, but Woods had another solid season behind him, with 76 receptions for 846 yards and 11 touchdowns. Overall, the three-year starter averaged 84 catches for 977 yards and 11 touchdowns during his college career, numbers you will find hard to match for anyone. Playing in USC's pro style offense allowed him to learn an extended route tree and that plus his sharp-cutting moves will have him ahead of the curve in the NFL. He has adequate speed and solid hands, and although he doesn't possess a big frame his 6'1", 201-pound size is on par with many current NFL receivers. He could be a target for the 49ers at the end of the second round, and a definite steal anywhere in the 3rd round.
Alex Smith was traded for the 34th overall pick…PLUS a conditional pick? Wow.
AJ: As anyone that reads this blog is well aware…I am a fan of Trent Baalke, and a fan of Alex Smith. The aforementioned noted, there is no way in God's great green creation that I thought Baalke would land a second rounder plus a conditional pick for Smith. I figured Smith's ability might net the 49ers a 3rd rounder. At the end of the day, however, things broke exactly as the 49ers needed them to. Geno Smith turned out to be just okay, the Chiefs' QB situation is easily the worst in the league, and Andy Reid has the tools in place to run a West Coast style offense that would suit Alex Smith's strengths. The move is a huge win for the 49ers, and about the best outcome that Alex could have hoped for.
Any way you slice it…this trade was a little bit luck, but it was also a perfect illustration of what a home run Jed York hit when he tapped Baalke to be the 49ers' GM. Thus far, he's managed to take a 6-10 roster of also-rans and turn it into one of the most talented rosters in the NFL. Sure, some of his moves that still need some time to cook (AJ Jenkins, come on down!), but all told he has proven himself to be a truly gifted GM…and he might be a lot more than that before he's done.
Diego: Trent Baalke is paving his way to General Manager of the year. True, for that he will have to have a more difference-making draft than he had last year, but there is no doubt that today the 49ers are the clear winner in this trade.
I have been on Alex Smith's side of the argument throughout his career, understanding the difficult path he has endured in order to shake off the bust label. That being said, I didn't think he was worth the Chiefs' second rounder this year, and I argued so with AJ as we enjoyed the last tailgate of the season at the Candlestick parking lot before the 49ers beat the Packers. Getting a top-35 pick for Alex in the draft doesn't seem to have a fair value for Smith's performance so far in his career, and I stood in front of AJ and other fans as I calmly stated, beer and burger in hand, that expecting the 34th pick in return for Alex was unrealistic. Well, I was wrong.
Baalke must play a mean hand of poker, because he played his cards very well while dealing with what I can only think were multiple trade offers from different teams. Midway through the combine CBS Sports' Jason La Canfora was already reporting that the 49ers had a deal in place for the University of Utah product, and that said deal would essentially be finalized by the beginning of the Free Agency period (March 12). A few days later a more reliable insider, Jay Glazer, broke the news that a deal was indeed agreed upon between San Francisco and Kansas City and that the Chiefs had, "made a clear commitment to Smith." Not only has Baalke reportedly been able to obtain the 34th overall pick from the Chiefs, but apparently he was also able to muscle out a conditional mid-round pick in next year's draft.
So, technically, I wasn't the only one who was wrong, both AJ and I were wrong, because Baalke apparently is able to get much more for Smith than both of us thought he could, and that makes Baalke one of the best GM's in the NFL these days. Since becoming the 49ers' GM in 2011, Baalke hired Jim Harbaugh, had a solid 2011 draft, and has constantly made the right decisions in free agency (sans Brandon Jacobs). Unless Alex Smith wins a Super Bowl in Kansas City or wins several playoff games for the Chiefs over the next few seasons, the 49ers will forever be the winners in this trade hands down.
Is anyone else hoping that Darelle Revis and Richard Sherman throw down the next time the Seahawks and the Jets (or whatever team agrees to pay Revis a gazillion dollars next season) face off?
It looks like Randy Moss won't be back with the 49ers next season. In other news, the 49ers are likely to have a #2 receiver that can actually get open.
Some of the folks I've been talking to think that the 49ers should draft Frank Gore's replacement this season because he's on his last legs. Count me among these that think he's got a lot more left in the tank.
In the event that the 49ers decide to let RJF walk in free agency, they should look at a few reasonably priced veteran 3-4 linemen. Look for the Niners to kick the tires on Richard Seymour, Chris Canty and Cullen Jenkins in the next few weeks.
Some of the folks I've been speaking with think the 49ers should let Delanie Walker (aka Droptimus Prime) go in Free Agency. Count me among those that vehemently disagree. Walker is a matchup nightmare, a GREAT blocker, and his productivity erupted when Kap took over under center. Here's hoping we see him in red & gold next season.
Our readers by now should know how I feel about the 49ers' need to address the CB position, but don't count me as someone wishing that the team pursue a trade for the Jets' Darrelle Revis. He may arguably be the best CB in the game, but unless Baalke can pay the price of a 1-year rental, I don't want any part of Revis and his demands for a high-paying contract. This team needs to take care of a lot of in-house contracts before they shell out money to a new guy.
On the topic of CB's, color me unimpressed with Alabama prospect Dee Milliner. The more tape I watched on him the more I felt like he benefited from the best defense in college football, and I don't see him as a number one shutdown CB. He is not a top-10 pick for me.
Reports suggest the 49ers will not place the franchise tag on Dashon Goldson and may not bring him back next season at all. Obviously I will give Baalke the benefit of the doubt but that is a true roll of the dice because San Francisco does not have a FS that can step into that role on their roster and bringing in a rookie to take over isn't an easy task. Ed Reed anyone?
It looks like Randy Moss will not be back next season and I really hope Ted Ginn isn't back either. That leaves Mario Manningham, Kyle Williams, and AJ Jenkins battling out for number two (Sorry Ricardo Lockette). Suddenly, drafting a WR early doesn't necessarily mean that the team is giving up on Jenkins, who is now in Atlanta training with Colin Kaepernick.
Finally, I want to give a shout out to Al Sacco and John Croston, two of the newest writers for the 49ers webzone team. My sources tell me we should have two more writers on board pretty soon, so welcome to all the new staff and I encourage all of our readers to give them a look in our Commentary Section.
Comment: I didn't say 2011 was "the" best draft in 49ers history. I said it was one of the best. It is certainly the best draft of the last 2 decades and the term "solid" is horribly inadequate to describe it. Use of the term degrades your credibility when it comes to draft analysis since you seem to have a hard time recognizing a great draft when you see it.
Response: (AJ) No draft can be called "one of the best in team history" until we can see where the draft class shakes out. Aldon Smith was a home run. Colin Kaepernick is the QB for the foreseeable future. Culliver is an enigma...who got beat like a red headed foster child in the Super Bowl. Hunter has been good in small doses, but is coming off of a serious injury. Kilgore is a reserve. Johnson didn't make the team. Colin Jones is gone. Person is gone. Bruce Miller has been a good fullback. Holcomb is gone. Why not let Smith, Kap Miller and Culliver do their thing for another year or two before we label the 2011 class "one of the best ever?" Just sayin'. (Diego) We're this worked up over me calling the 2011 draft "solid"? I guess your cup is half empty.
Comment: The 86' draft class probably was the best one the 9ers ever had and we didn't have a first round pick that year which makes it that much more special, look how many Superbowls we won after that draft.
Comment: 2011 was a "solid" draft for the 49ers? It looks to me more like one of the best drafts in SF history. One of the best pass rushers in the league and a franchise QB followed by important contributors throughout. The '81 draft might be the only one better.
Response: (AJ) 2011 was a solid draft, but hardly the best in 49er history. In fact, one of the best drafts in NFL history was the 49ers' 1986 draft. It netted Charles Haley, Larry Roberts, Kevin Fagan, John Taylor, Tom Rathman, Don Griffin, Tim mcKyer and Steve Wallace. Each of the aforementioned were key starters in Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV, and that draft almost completely re-invented the team.
Comment: To me, players who stand out in football games then do really well at the combine is the formula for success. Last year, it was Luke Kuechly. This year, Xavier Rhodes. With all the picks the 49ers have, I would take quality over quantity. They should package some of their picks to move up and select a few quality players. Besides, I wouldn't think 15 rookies will make the final cut.
Response: (Diego) I agree with you a lot. Good tape + great offseason/pre-draft period does equal a formula for success. I will take a closer look at Rhodes after your mention. Again, agree on quality over quantity and that there's no way this team drafts 15 guys in April. (AJ) I concur, Mr. G...but if the 49ers are going to package picks to move up and grab a guy, I'd prefer that they go after Floyd or Richardson.
Comment: AJ you called it correctly, the D-line was more the cause of the defensive shortcomings late in the season than the secondary. Baalke said that it was a philosophical issue rather than a personnel problem. The regulars played too many minutes and were worn down at seasons end. The draft will cover this issue. AJ and Diego, do you think our first two picks should be defensive line. Thanks for your column.
Response: (Diego) Not at all. While clearly need to draft D-linemen we also have needs at other positions and if the BPA is not there at the DL then we need to look at the other needs (secondary, receivers). Even if we do pick DL first, I don't think we should go back-to-back (again, unless it's BPA). | 2019-04-21T19:08:20Z | https://www.49erswebzone.com/commentary/1098-upon-further-review-post-combine/ |
Excess votes for Bush in Florida and Ohio?
Does this mean that will have a re-count on those states after all? If all of this is confirmed, do you think it might have an impact on future elections?
BERKELEY, Calif., Nov. 18 /PRNewswire/ -- Today the University of California's Berkeley Quantitative Methods Research Team released a statistical study - the sole method available to monitor the accuracy of e- voting - reporting irregularities associated with electronic voting machines may have awarded 130,000-260,000 or more excess votes to President George W. Bush in Florida in the 2004 presidential election. The study shows an unexplained discrepancy between votes for President Bush in counties where electronic voting machines were used versus counties using traditional voting methods - what the team says can be deemed a "smoke alarm." Discrepancies this large or larger rarely arise by chance - the probability is less than 0.1 percent. The research team formally disclosed results of the study at a press conference today at the UC Berkeley Survey Research Center, where they called on Florida voting officials to investigate.
The three counties where the voting anomalies were most prevalent were also the most heavily Democratic: Broward, Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, respectively. Statistical patterns in counties that did not have e-touch voting machines predict a 28,000 vote decrease in President Bush's support in Broward County; machines tallied an increase of 51,000 votes - a net gain of 81,000 for the incumbent. President Bush should have lost 8,900 votes in Palm Beach County, but instead gained 41,000 - a difference of 49,900. He should have gained only 18,400 votes in Miami-Dade County but saw a gain of 37,000 - a difference of 19,300 votes.
"For the sake of all future elections involving electronic voting - someone must investigate and explain the statistical anomalies in Florida," says Professor Michael Hout. "We're calling on voting officials in Florida to take action."
"No matter how many factors and variables we took into consideration, the significant correlation in the votes for President Bush and electronic voting cannot be explained," said Hout. "The study shows, that a county's use of electronic voting resulted in a disproportionate increase in votes for President Bush. There is just a trivial probability of evidence like this appearing in a population where the true difference is zero - less than once in a thousand chances."
The presidential race may have been settled in Florida this year without the acrimony of 2000, but many of the state ballot measures approved on Election Day have ended up in court.
Legal tussles over ballot initiatives are not uncommon, but the number of challenges in Florida is unusual, said John Sowinski, an Orlando political consultant.
"The presidential election four years ago probably awoke people to some of the legal vulnerabilities of the process," he said.
One case has already been decided. The Florida Supreme Court rejected a suit before Election Day claiming language in a measure seeking to limit the privacy rights of girls so lawmakers could pass a parental notification abortion law was misleading. Voters approved the measure.
In a challenge to an initiative allowing slot machines at South Florida race tracks and jai alai frontons, an anti-gambling group and two animal rights organizations allege massive fraud in the petition drive.
The groups say thousands of signatures submitted to get the measure on the ballot were forged, including signatures from at least three dozen dead people. A trial is scheduled for late January.
A second lawsuit has been filed by another anti-gambling group seeking a recount in Broward County, where 78,000 absentee ballots weren't counted correctly on election night. The adjusted total helped the initiative pass several days later.
Two other measures to increase the minimum wage and scrap a high-speed rail project are being contested because backers did not include the name and address of paid signature-gatherers on petitions to place the issues on the ballot.
A lawsuit against a measure to change the deadline for future petition drives alleges the ballot language didn't fairly explain the effect of the constitutional amendment.
Lastly, Florida's hospitals have gone to court to challenge two attorney-backed medical malpractice initiatives.
The hospitals want a judge to delay implementation of one measure that will release health records to patients injured in "adverse medical incidents." The hospitals argue there is too much confusion over implementation.
A judge temporarily halted another measure which would yank the license of doctors who commit three acts of medical malpractice. Hospitals argued there were too many implementation questions with that initiative, too.
COLUMBUS, Ohio - Election officials in one Ohio county found that about 2,600 ballots were double-counted, and two other counties have discovered possible cases of people voting twice in the presidential election.
Prosecutors were trying to determine Wednesday whether charges should be filed against a couple in Madison County accused of voting twice. In addition, Summit County election workers investigated possible double votes found under 18 names.
In the other case, Sandusky County election officials discovered that about 2,600 ballots from nine precincts were counted twice, likely because of worker error, elections director Barb Tuckerman said.
Under Ohio law, people who vote twice could be charged with election fraud, falsification or illegal voting, according the Secretary of State's Office. The maximum penalty for the most severe charge is 18 months in prison.
Air America had mentioned a recount in Ohio this week, commencing Monday, November 22.
The whole voting system is long overdue for revamping.
It's not so much about that Kerry will get in on a recount or not - as much as I would like to see that. It is that there have been human errors and possibly questionable practices that impact the outcome of any election, and need to be addressed, and corrected. Returns have to be certified, as in attested and sworn to.
In terms of certain precincts a miscount of 1, 50, 500, or 2500 could impact a local election, so Ohio may be looking at different returns on its local, county and state levels affecting the proclaimed winners, as well as any issues that might have beeen thought to be passed or failed.
That would be true in any area where a recount is needed.
According to Yahoo news, nearly a month after John Kerry conceded Ohio to President Bush, complaints and challenges about the balloting are mounting as activists including the Rev. Jesse Jackson demand closer scrutiny to ensure the votes are being counted on the up-and-up.
Two major challenges are expected to unfold Monday when Ohio Secretary of State Kenneth Blackwell certifies the state's final presidential election results, declaring President Bush the winner by about 119,000 votes.
Lawyers representing voters upset about problems at the polls plan to contest the results with the Ohio Supreme Court, citing documented cases of long lines, a shortage of machines and a pattern of problems in predominantly black neighborhoods.
In addition, third party candidates, bolstered by a favorable federal court ruling, plan to file requests for a recount in each of Ohio's 88 counties. About 400 people rallied at the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus on Saturday to demand a recount begin immediately.
The efforts represent "an incredible long shot," said Steven Huefner, an Ohio State University law professor. "Courts are just incredibly reluctant to overturn the results of an election absent a really strong showing that something happened that affected the outcome."
Bush came out with a 2 percentage point victory over John Kerry in the state when the provisional and absentee ballots were counted.
That was much closer than the totals election night showed but not close enough to trigger an automatic recount.
However, the Green and Libertarian party candidates have raised the $113,600 required to pay for a recount themselves. A ruling by U.S. District Judge Edmund Sargus on Friday, rejecting Delaware County's attempt to stop a recount, paved the way for it to begin after Ohio's electors meet Dec. 13.
Republicans say it won't change the final result.
"There's simply nothing in the election process that could possibly meet that standard, so the contest will fail like all the other legal maneuverings that failed," said Mark Weaver, an attorney representing the Ohio Republican Party.
Cliff Arnebeck, a Columbus lawyer working for the Massachusetts-based Alliance for Democracy, said overturning the result is not the objective.
"We should verify the accuracy of the vote and the process by which the vote was achieved," he said.
Arnebeck wants Supreme Court Chief Justice Thomas Moyer to review evidence of election irregularities, an option allowed under state law.
The last time the law was used statewide was during Paul Pfeifer's 1990 challenge of Lee Fisher's 1,234-vote victory in the attorney general's race.
Pfeifer, a Republican now on the Supreme Court, argued that irregularities such as discrepancies between the number of ballots and the number of signatures in poll books could have cost him the election. The court disagreed and Fisher won.
From truthout on December 3rd.
A. Warren County Lockdown ? On election night, Warren County locked down its administration building and barred reporters from observing the counting. When that decision was questioned, County officials claimed they were responding to a terrorist threat that ranked a ?10" on a scale of 1 to 10, and that this information was received from an FBI agent. Despite repeated requests, County officials have declined to name that agent, however, and the FBI has stated that they had no information about a terror threat in Warren County. Your office has stated that it does not know of any other county that took these drastic measures.
In addition to these contradictions, Warren County officials have given conflicting accounts of when the decision was made to lock down the building. While the County Commissioner has stated that the decision to lockdown the building was made during an October 28 closed-door meeting, emailed memos ? dated October 25 and 26 ? indicate that preparations for the lockdown were already underway.
This lockdown must be viewed in the context of the aberrational results in Warren County. In the 2000 Presidential election, the Democratic Presidential candidate, Al Gore, stopped running television commercials and pulled resources out of Ohio weeks before the election. He won 28% of the vote in Warren County. In 2004, the Democratic Presidential candidate, John Kerry, fiercely contested Ohio and independent groups put considerable resources into getting out the Democratic vote. Moreover, unlike in 2000, independent candidate Ralph Nader was not on the Ohio ballot in 2004. Yet, the tallies reflect John Kerry receiving exactly the same percentage in Warren County as Gore received, 28%.
1. Have you, in fact, conducted an investigation of the lockdown? What procedures have you or would you recommend be put into place to avoid a recurrence of this situation?
2. Have you ascertained whether County officials were advised of terrorist activity by an FBI agent and, if so, the identity of that agent?
3. If County officials were not advised of terrorist activity by an FBI agent, have you inquired as to why they misrepresented this fact? If the lockdown was not as a response to a terrorist threat, why did it take place? Did any manipulation of vote tallies occur?
B. Perry County Election Counting Discrepancies ? The House Judiciary Committee Democratic staff has received information indicating discrepancies in vote tabulations in Perry County. For example, the sign-in book for the Reading S precinct indicates that approximately 360 voters cast ballots in that precinct. In the same precinct, the sign-in book indicates that there were 33 absentee votes cast. In sum, this would appear to mean that fewer than 400 total votes were cast in that precinct. Yet, the precinct?s official tallies indicate that 489 votes were cast. In addition, some voters? names have two ballot stub numbers listed next to their entries creating the appearance that voters were allowed to cast more than one ballot.
In another precinct, W Lexington G AB, 350 voters are registered according to the County?s initial tallies. Yet, 434 voters cast ballots. As the tallies indicate, this would be an impossible 124% voter turnout. The breakdown on election night was initially reported to be 174 votes for Bush, and 246 votes for Kerry. We are advised that the Perry County Board of Elections has since issued a correction claiming that, due to a computer error, some votes were counted twice. We are advised that the new tallies state that only 224 people voted, and the tally is 90 votes for Bush and 127 votes for Kerry. This would make it appear that virtually every ballot was counted twice, which seems improbable.
In Monroe Township, Precinct AAV, we are advised that 266 voters signed in to vote on election day, yet the Perry County Board of Elections is reporting that 393 votes were cast in that precinct, a difference of 133 votes.
4. Why does it appear that there are more votes than voters in the Reading S precinct of Perry County?
5. What is the explanation for the fluctuating results in the W Lexington AB precinct?
6. Why does it appear that there are more votes than voters in the Monroe Township precinct AAV?
In Perry County, there appears to be an extraordinarily high level voter registration, **%; yet a substantial number of these voters have never voted and have no signature on file. Of the voters that are registered in Perry County an extraordinarily large number of voters are listed as having registered in 1977, a year in which there were no federal elections. Of these an exceptional number are listed as having registered on the exact same day: in total, 3,100 voters apparently registered in Perry County on November 8, 1977.
7. Please explain why there is such a high percentage of voters in this County who have never voted and do not have signatures on file. Also, please help us understand why such a high number of voters in this County are shown as having registered on the same day in 1977.
In Butler County, a Democratic Candidate for State Supreme Court, C. Ellen Connally received 59,532 votes. In contrast, the Kerry-Edwards ticket received only 54,185 votes, 5,000 less than the State Supreme Court candidate. Additionally, the victorious Republican candidate for State Supreme Court received approximately 40,000 less votes than the Bush-Cheney ticket. Further, Connally received 10,000 or more votes in excess of Kerry?s total number of votes in five counties, and 5,000 more votes in excess of Kerry?s total in ten others.
It must also be noted that Republican judicial candidates were reportedly ?awash in cash,? with more than $1.4 million and were also supported by independent expenditures by the Ohio Chamber of Commerce.
8. Have you examined how an underfunded Democratic State Supreme Court candidate could receive so many more votes in Butler County than the Kerry-Edwards ticket? If so, could you provide us with the results of your examination? Is there any precedent in Ohio for a downballot candidate receiving on a percentage or absolute basis so many more votes than the Presidential candidate of the same party in this or any other presidential election? Please let us know if any other County in Ohio registered such a disparity on a percentage or absolute basis.
Precincts in Cleveland have reported an incredibly high number of votes for third party candidates who have historically received only a handful of votes from these urban areas. For example, precinct 4F in the 4th Ward cast 290 votes for Kerry, 21 for Bush, and 215 for Constitution Party candidate Michael Peroutka. In 2000, the same precinct cast less than 8 votes for all third party candidates combined.
9. Have you investigated whether the punch card system used in Cuyahoga County led to voters accidentally voting for third party candidates instead of the Democratic candidate they intended? If so, what were the results? Has a third party candidate ever received such a high percentage of votes in these precincts.
10. Have you found similar problems in other counties? Have you found similar problems with other voting methods?
According to post election canvassing, many ballots were cast without any valid selection for president. For example, two precincts in Montgomery County had an undervote rate of over 25% each ? accounting for nearly 6,000 voters who stood in line to vote, but purportedly declined to vote for president. This is in stark contrast to the 2% of undervoting county-wide. Disturbingly, predominantly Democratic precincts had 75% more undervotes than those that were predominantly Republican. It is inconceivable to us that such a large number of people supposedly did not have a preference for president in such a controversial and highly contested election.
11. How many of those spoiled ballots were of the punch card or optical scan format and could therefore be examined in a recount?
12. Of those votes that have a paper trail, how many votes for president were undercounted, or showed no preference for president? How many were overcounted, or selected more than one candidate for president? How many other ballots had an indeterminate preference?
13. Of the total 93,000 spoiled ballots, how many were from predominantly Democratic precincts? How many were from minority-majority precincts?
14. Are you taking steps to ensure that there will be a paper trail for all votes before the 2006 elections so that spoiled ballots can be individually re-examined?
G. Franklin County Overvote ? On election day, a computerized voting machine in ward 1B in the Gahanna precinct of Franklin County recorded a total of 4,258 votes for President Bush and 260 votes for Democratic challenger, John Kerry. However, there are only 800 registered voters in that Gahanna precinct, and only 638 people cast votes at the New Life Church polling site. It was since discovered that a computer glitch resulted in the recording of 3,893 extra votes for President George W. Bush.
15. How was it discovered that this computer glitch occurred?
16. What procedures were employed to alert other counties upon the discovery of the malfunction?
17. Can you be absolutely certain that this particular malfunction did not occur in other counties in Ohio during the 2004 Presidential election? How?
18. What is being done to ensure that this type of malfunction does not happen again in the future?
H. Miami County Vote Discrepancy ? In Miami County, with 100% of the precincts reporting on Wednesday, November 3, 2004, President Bush had received 20,807 votes, or 65.80% of the vote, and Senator Kerry had received 10,724 votes, or 33.92% of the vote. Miami reported 31,620 voters. Inexplicably, nearly 19,000 new ballots were added after all precincts reported, boosting President Bush?s vote count to 33,039, or 65.77%, while Senator Kerry?s vote percentage stayed exactly the same to three one-hundredths of a percentage point at 33.92%.
19. What is your explanation as to the statistical anomaly that showed virtually identical ratios after the final 20-40% of the vote came in? In your judgment, how could the vote count in this County have changed for President Bush, but not for Senator Kerry, after 19,000 new votes were added to the roster?
20. Are you aware of any pending investigations into this matter?
I. Mahoning County Machine Problems ? In Mahoning County, numerous voters reported that when they attempted to vote for John Kerry, the vote showed up as a vote for George Bush. This was reported by numerous voters and continued despite numerous attempts to correct their vote.
21. Please let us know if you have conducted any investigation or inquiry of machine voting problems in the state, including the above described problems in Mahoning County, and the results of this investigation or inquiry.
Throughout predominately Democratic areas in Ohio on election day, there were reports of long lines caused by inadequate numbers of voting machines. Evidence introduced in public hearings indicates that 68 machines in Franklin County were never deployed for voters, despite long lines for voters at that county, with some voters waiting from two to seven hours to cast their vote. The Franklin County Board of Elections reported that 68 voting machines were never placed on election day, and Franklin County BOE Director Matt Damschroder admitted on November 19, 2004 that 77 machines malfunctioned on Election Day. It has come to our attention that a county purchasing official who was on the line with Ward Moving and Storage Company, documented only 2,741 voting machines delivered through the November 2 election day. However, Franklin County?s records reveal that they had 2,866 ?machines available? on election day. This would mean that amid the two to seven hour waits in the inner city of Columbus, at least 125 machines remained unused on Election Day.
Franklin County?s machine allocation report clearly states the number of machines that were placed ?By Close of Polls.? However, questions remain as to where these machines were placed and who had access to them throughout the day. Therefore, what matters is not how many voting machines were operating at the end of the day, but rather how many were there to service the people during the morning and noon rush hours.
An analysis revealed a pattern of providing fewer machines to the Democratic city of Columbus, and more machines to the primarily Republican suburbs. At seven out of eight polling places, observers counted only three voting machines per location. According to the presiding judge at one polling site located at the Columbus Model Neighborhood facility at 1393 E. Broad St., there had been five machines during the 2004 primary. Moreover, at Douglas Elementary School, there had been four machines during the spring primary. In one Ohio voting precinct serving students from Kenyon College, some voters were required to wait more than eight hours to vote. There were reportedly only two voting machines at that precinct. The House Judiciary Committee staff has received first hand information confirming these reports.
22. How much funding did Ohio receive from the federal government for voting machines?
23. What criteria were used to distribute those new machines?
24. Were counties given estimates or assurances as to how many new voting machines they would receive? How does this number compare to how many machines were actually received?
25. What procedures were in place to ensure that the voting machines were properly allocated throughout Franklin and other counties? What changes would you recommend be made to insure there is a more equitable allocation of machines in the future?
As you know, just weeks before the 2004 Presidential election, you issued a directive to county election officials saying they are allowed to count provisional ballots only from voters who go to the correct precinct for their home address. At the same time, it has been reported that fraudulent flyers were being circulated on official-looking letterhead telling voters the wrong place to vote, phone calls were placed incorrectly informing voters that their polling place had changed, ?door-hangers? telling African-American voters to go to the wrong precinct, and election workers sent voters to the wrong precinct. In other areas, precinct workers refused to give any voter a provisional ballot. And in at least one precinct, election judges told voters that they may validly cast their ballot in any precinct, leading to any number of disqualified provisional ballots.
In Hamilton County, officials have carried this problematic and controversial directive to a ludicrous extreme: they are refusing to count provisional ballots cast at the correct polling place if they were cast at the wrong table in that polling place. It seems that some polling places contained multiple precincts which were located at different tables. Now, 400 such voters in Hamilton county alone will be disenfranchised as a result of your directive.
26. Have you directed Hamilton County and all other counties not to disqualify provisional ballots cast at the correct polling place simply because they were cast at the wrong precinct table?
27. While many election workers received your directive that voters may cast ballots only in their own precincts, some did not. How did you inform your workers, and the public, that their vote would not be counted if cast in the wrong precinct? How many votes were lost due to election workers telling voters they may vote at any precinct, in direct violation of your ruling?
28. Your directive was exploited by those who intentionally misled voters about their correct polling place, and multiplied the number of provisional ballots found invalid. What steps have you or other officials in Ohio taken to investigate these criminal acts? Has anyone been referred for prosecution? If so, what is the status of their cases?
29. How many provisional ballots were filed in the presidential election in Ohio? How many were ultimately found to be valid and counted? What were the various reasons that these ballots were not counted, and how many ballots fall into each of these categories? Please break down the foregoing by County if possible.
On September 7, you issued a directive to county boards of elections commanding such boards to reject voter registration forms not ?printed on white, uncoated paper of not less than 80 lb. text weight.? Instead, the county boards were to follow a confusing procedure where the voter registration form would be treated as an application for a form and a new blank form would be sent to the voter. While you reversed this directive, you did not do so until September 28. In the interim, a number of counties followed this directive and rejected otherwise valid voter registration forms. There appears to be some further confusion about the revision of this order which resulted in some counties being advised of the change by the news media.
30. How did you notify county boards of elections of your initial September 7 directive?
31. How did you notify county boards of elections of your September 28 decision to revise that directive?
32. Have you conducted an investigation to determine how many registration forms were rejected as a result of your September 7 directive? If so, how many?
33. Have you conducted an investigation to determine how many voters who had their otherwise valid forms rejected as a result of your September 7 directive subsequently failed to re-register? If so, how many?
34. Have you conducted an investigation to determine how many of those voters showed up who had their otherwise valid forms rejected to vote on election day and were turned away? If so, how many?
if there were any hope of this succeeding, I guarantee that every Democrat hack from Astabula to Cincinnati would be screaming bloody murder.
And we didn't hear them whine when the Democrats stole the 1960 election with serious frauds in at least four states.
But that one turned out OK....it set the stage for the rise of Ronald Reagan 20 years later.
You lost....you will continue to lose....get over it......grow up!
1) Do you believe we will have a re-count on those states?
2) Do you believe this might have an effect on future elections?
Do you think John Kerry will be elected after all?
Don't start bleating on about getting over it and then refer to an election that took place 44 years ago! Good god man do you have any idea how foolish you sound? | 2019-04-24T14:35:44Z | https://www.techrepublic.com/forums/discussions/excess-votes-for-bush-in-florida-and-ohio/ |
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu instructs all Israeli cabinet ministers to attend the welcoming ceremony for US President Donald Trump tomorrow at 12:15 p.m. at Ben Gurion Airport, a senior Israeli official says.
Ministers are reportedly saying they are angry that they are not slated to be part of the receiving line on the airport tarmac and so won’t be shaking Trump’s hand after he disembarks from Air Force One.
Netanyahu makes the demand at a meeting of coalition party leaders Sunday morning.
The Tel Aviv District Court sentences a man to nine years in prison for defrauding donors who believed they were contributing to charitable causes, including a nonexistent fund to support the release of then-captive IDF soldier Gilad Shalit.
The court says Ronen Bar Shira received over a million shekels by pretending to raise money for Shalit, who was released in a prisoner exchange deal with Hamas in 2011, and for the victims of the 2010 Carmel forest fire.
As part of his sentence, Bar Shira is required to compensate his donors and pay an additional NIS 50,000 in fines.
A high-rise building under construction on the Tel Aviv beachfront is on fire, according to Ynet news site reporter Itay Blumental.
Six people are reportedly trapped in a blaze inside a Tel Aviv high-rise that is under construction on the beachfront Hayarkon Street.
Three people are already rescued, all lightly hurt from smoke inhalation.
Nearby streets are closed to traffic as firefighters and ambulances crowd around the site.
RIYADH, Saudi Arabia — US President Donald Trump will use the nation that is home to Islam’s holiest site as a backdrop to call for Muslim unity in the fight against terrorism Sunday, as he works to build relationships with Arab leaders.
On the second day of his first trip abroad, Trump seeks to demonstrate that he’d made progress with an agreement with Gulf Arab states on countering terrorist funding.
Under the memorandum of understanding with the Gulf Cooperation Council announced in Saudi Arabia, participants are pledging to prosecute the financing of terrorism, including individuals. The White House does not immediately release the document. But White House adviser Dina Powell says she hopes the deal with Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates will be the “farthest reaching commitment to not finance terrorist organizations” and will lead to prosecutions.
Trump’s Sunday speech, the centerpiece of his two-day visit to Saudi Arabia, will address the leaders of 50 Muslim-majority countries to cast the challenge of extremism as a “battle between good and evil” and urge Arab leaders to “drive out the terrorists from your places of worship,” according to a draft of the speech obtained by The Associated Press.
Trump, whose campaign was frequently punctuated by bouts of anti-Islamic rhetoric, is poised to soften some of his language about Islam. Though during the campaign he repeatedly stressed the need to say the words “radical Islamic terrorism” — and criticized his opponent, Hillary Clinton, for not doing so — that phrase is not included in the draft.
“This is a battle between barbaric criminals who seek to obliterate human life, and decent people of all religions who seek to protect it,” Trump will say in Saudi Arabia, according to excerpts released by the White House.
Video from the scene of a fire at a high-rise under construction on Tel Aviv’s beachfront clearly shows a man standing on the building’s top story awaiting rescue as the building is engulfed in smoke.
Firefighters gain control of the fire at the under-construction Tel Aviv high-rise.
Six trapped construction workers are rescued. In all, four people are taken to hospital with light injuries.
TEHRAN, Iran — Iran’s reformists sweep to power in Tehran’s city council, winning all 21 seats and knocking the conservatives from power, local media report on Sunday.
It is another boost to the reformist camp after the resounding re-election of President Hassan Rouhani announced the day before.
The results of the council elections, which are held alongside the presidential ballot on Friday, are announced by the governor’s office.
Voters in Tehran had to choose 21 councilors for the city of nine million, and stick resolutely to the names put forward by the moderate-reformist camp.
At the top of the list is Mohsen Hashemi, son of one of the Islamic revolution’s founding fathers, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, who died in January.
The victory in Tehran knocks the conservatives from power in the city for the first time in 14 years.
The council will choose a new mayor when it convenes, which it must do within 45 days of the results.
RIYADH, Saudi Arabia — The scandals besetting US President Donald Trump at home have no bearing on an increasingly close relationship with Saudi Arabia, a senior Saudi cabinet minister says Sunday.
“Absolutely not. Our relationship is with the United States of America and it has great leadership today,” Khaled al-Falih, minister of energy, industry and mineral resources, tells AFP on the sidelines of summits between Trump and Muslim leaders from around the world.
The past week has seen a string of major developments in Trump’s domestic woes, including the announcement that James Comey, the former FBI chief fired by Trump, has agreed to testify publicly about Russian interference in the US elections last year.
Some Democrats have begun to discuss methods for Trump’s ouster.
But Saudi Arabia is embracing Trump after disappointment with his predecessor Barack Obama’s perceived distance from the Middle East’s problems and a tilt toward Riyadh’s rival Iran.
The Globes business journal reports that the Bank of Israel may soon intervene to weaken the shekel as it reaches its highest point relative to the dollar since September 2014, at NIS 3.593 to the dollar.
The dollar has been falling in value worldwide due to the political problems faced by [US] President Donald Trump. The shekel remains strong despite disappointing growth figures for the first quarter published last week by the Central Bureau of Statistics, which showed the Israeli economy growing at an annual rate of just 1.4%.
When foreign currency trading resumes tomorrow all eyes will be on the Bank of Israel, which over the past few months has intervened in trading to buy foreign currency every time the shekel-dollar exchange rate goes below NIS 3.60/$.
RIYADH, Saudi Arabia — US President Donald Trump is to urge the Islamic world to confront extremism in a highly anticipated speech Sunday to dozens of Muslim leaders in Saudi Arabia.
According to excerpts released by the White House, Trump will say the time has come for “honestly confronting the crisis of Islamist extremism,” calling on religious leaders to condemn extremist attacks.
“This is a battle between barbaric criminals who seek to obliterate human life, and decent people of all religions who seek to protect it. This is a battle between good and evil,” Trump will say.
Donald Trump will reference the persecution of Jews in his speech about extremism before Muslim leaders in Riyadh set to begin shortly.
RIYADH, Saudi Arabia — US President Donald Trump’s daughter Ivanka says Sunday that ultra-conservative Saudi Arabia has made “encouraging” progress in empowering women but more freedom is needed.
“Saudi Arabia’s progress, especially in recent years, is very encouraging,” Trump’s eldest daughter tells a group of Saudi women she met in Riyadh while accompanying her father on a visit to the Muslim kingdom.
“But there’s still a lot of work to be done and freedoms and opportunities to continue to fight for,” adds Ivanka, who serves as an adviser to her father.
“Around the world women continue to achieve unprecedented levels of rights and freedoms. Today you all stand on the frontlines of the fight for gender equality,” she tells a roundtable of women led by Princess Reema bint Bandar, deputy president of the Women’s Sports Authority.
Saudi Arabia, which applies a strict form of Sunni Islam, imposes many restrictions on women. It is the only country where they are not allowed to drive. When in public, women in Saudi Arabia are expected to cover from head to toe.
A royal decree earlier this month reportedly stipulated that women are no longer required to obtain a male guardian’s consent to carry out certain activities.
A leader of Bulgarian Jews condemns his country’s deputy prime minister, who said jokingly that he may have behaved inappropriately when visiting a former Nazi concentration camp.
Valeri Simeonov, vice president of the United Patriots and Bulgaria’s deputy prime minister, tells the Sega newspaper on Tuesday he and some of his friends may have taken spoof pictures of themselves in Buchenwald during the 1970s.
Simeonov, 62, says this in downplaying the significance of a political scandal that earlier this week forced a member of Simeonov’s party, Pavel Tenev, to resign from the position of deputy minister. Tenev had been photographed performing a Nazi salute at a Paris museum while standing next to mannequins dressed in Nazi uniforms.
Dismissing Tenev’s actions as harmless buffoonery, Simeonov recalls traveling with his friends in the 1970s to Buchenwald, the former Nazi camp in Germany, where the Nazis killed more than 43,000 people, including dissidents, Soviet prisoners of war and many Jews — before almost all Jewish inmates were transferred to Auschwitz in Poland.
The newspaper quotes Simeonov recalling how he himself had “horsed around” in Buchenwald. “Who knows what gag photos we made there,” Simeonov tells the Sega journalist.
The White House releases some excerpts from US President Donald Trump’s imminent speech to Muslim leaders from 35 nations gathered for an Islamic-American summit in the Saudi capital Riyadh today.
We are adopting a principled realism, rooted in common values and shared interests.
Trump will deliver his speech to leaders from 54 Muslim nations in an extravagant hall in Riyadh, in keeping with the overall pomp and circumstance with which the Saudis are hosting the American president.
Palestinian sources say 200 Hamas prisoners are set to join the ongoing hunger strike by Palestinian prisoners in Israeli prisons tomorrow.
If that doesn’t convince Israel to give in to prisoners’ demands for better condition, another 800 Hamas members will join the strike on Saturday night.
Over 1,000 Palestinians have been striking for nearly a month.
CAIRO, Egypt — Egyptian authorities refers 48 suspected Islamic State group members to military trial over three deadly church bombings, the public prosecutor’s office says in a statement on Sunday.
Of the 48 suspects, 31 are in custody and 17 still at large, it says.
A December 11 attack in the heart of Cairo on the Saint Peter and Saint Paul church, adjacent to the headquarters of Coptic Pope Tawadros II, killed 29 people.
On April 9, 45 people were killed in twin church bombings claimed by IS as Christians gathered to celebrate Palm Sunday in the cities of Tanta and Alexandria.
IS has threatened to carry out more attacks against Egypt’s Christians, who make up around 10 percent of its population of about 90 million.
The leaders from 55 Muslim and Arab countries are in the hall, Salman says.
“Islam was and will always be the religion of mercy, tolerance and coexistence,” Saudi King Salman tells a gathering of leaders from 55 Islamic and Arab states gathered in Riyadh ahead of a speech by US President Donald Trump.
“One of the goals of Islamic sharia [religious law] is protecting life. There is no honor in committing murder.
Saudi King Salman tells US President Trump and gathered Muslim-world leaders that Iran launched the terror wave seen in the Middle East since the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
“We assert our respect and appreciation for the Iranian people,” Salman assures.
Speaking to US President Donald Trump, Saudi King Salman calls for “shared sacrifice and sheer determination” toward Israeli-Palestinian peace.
Trump hails “new global center for combating extremist ideology,” a “groundbreaking new center [that] represents a clear declaration that Muslim-majority countries must take the lead in combating” extremism.
Trump: “The potential of this region has never, ever been granted. 60% of the population is under the age of 30. Like all young men and women they seek great futures to build, great national projects to join, and a place for their families to call home.
Trump says “everyone in this room” must do “their fair share” in fight against terror.
“But we can only overcome this evil if the forces of good are united and strong – and if everyone in this room does their fair share and fulfills their part of the burden.
Trump: “This is not a battle between different faiths, different sects, or different civilizations.
“This is a battle between barbaric criminals who seek to obliterate human life, and decent people of all religions who seek to protect it.
Cites Jordanian pilots as “crucial partners” against IS in Syria and Iraq.
Notes Saudi efforts in Yemen, Lebanese military “hunting ISIS” who try to infiltrate their territory, and Emirati troops in Afghanistan.
Trump: “Numerous Arab and Islamic scholars have effectively argued that protecting equality strengthens Arab and Muslim societies. For many centuries, the Middle East was home to Christians, Jews” and other minorities. He calls for a “return” to that Middle East.
Trump says religious peace makes peace possible between Israelis and Palestinians.
“Among its most tragic interventions, you’ve seen it in Syria. Bolstered by Iran, Assad has committed numerous crimes,” including chemical weapons attacks against Syrian civilians.
Trump: “If we do not confront this deadly terror, we know what the future will bring: more suffering, more death and more despair.
“But if we act, if we leave this magnificent room unified and determined to do what it takes to destroy the terror that threatens this world, then there is no limit to the great future our citizens will have.
A “just and final settlement” of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is necessary for combating terror, he tells Trump after his speech in Riyadh.
“No injustice has spread more bitter fruit than the absence of a Palestinian state.
“This is the core issue of our region, and has driven radicalism throughout our region,” he says.
The full transcript of Trump’s speech to Muslim-world leaders, as published by the White House moments after he finished speaking in Riyadh.
Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is re-elected as the leader of Turkey’s ruling party.
Erdogan, the only candidate for party chairman at a congress on Sunday of the ruling Justice and Development Party, is elected with 1,414 votes.
Erdogan was forced to cut his formal ties to the party he co-founded when he became the country’s first directly elected president in 2014.
A referendum last month eliminated a constitutional requirement mandating that presidents be neutral and cut ties with their political parties.
Ahead of US President Donald Trump’s visit to Israel tomorrow, the head of the Arab Joint List in the Knesset has some blunt words.
He goes on to argue that Netanyahu does not want a two-state solution, and that the ruling Likud party wants to annex the West Bank without giving the Palestinians living there the right to vote in Israeli elections.
He then urges Trump to visit the neglected Bedouin villages of the Negev.
Israel’s opposition head MK Isaac Herzog (Zionist Union) responds with glowing praise of Trump’s speech to the Muslim world.
He adds: “There is a security infrastructure in place and a shared regional interest in forging a coalition of moderates. I call on the prime minister [Benjamin Netanyahu] to join this regional coalition, and obviously renewing the negotiations with the Palestinians is a condition to forging this regional coalition which Israel is a part of.
WASHINGTON — Members of key congressional committees are pledging to proceed with aggressive investigations into Russia’s alleged meddling in the US presidential election, including why former FBI director James Comey was ousted from his job.
Comey was fired by President Donald Trump earlier this month. The former director will testify before the Senate intelligence committee after the Memorial Day holiday.
Republican Sen. Marco Rubio is a member of that committee and says he wants to hear directly from Comey if he felt he was put in a position “where he couldn’t do his job.” Rubio says the controversy has cast a “cloud” over the White House.
Leaders of the House oversight committee, Republican Jason Chaffetz and Democrat Elijah Cummings, say they would seek to subpoena any notes of meetings between Comey and Trump.
Flyers described as anti-Semitic are dropped in front of homes in Bozeman, Montana.
The incident Saturday morning is the second this month, though the actual flyers are different.
The Bozeman Police Department receives several phone calls about the flyers, the Bozeman Daily Chronicle reports. It is not clear whether the same person or group is responsible for the second distribution of flyers, which is not as extensive as those on May 6, Bozeman Police Department Sergeant Hal Richardson tells the local newspaper.
“It’s not the same flyer as before, but is anti-Semitic; the tone is the same,” Richardson says.
The flyer shows a photo of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and US President Donald Trump and includes what appears to be a fictional quote in which Netanyahu describes the US as a welfare state under Israeli control.
Police are not investigating any crime, saying that the flyers fall under the category of free speech.
Anti-Semitic flyers have been distributed in other areas of Montana, including Missoula and Whitefish, the site of a planned neo-Nazi march that was later called off.
An Israel-based Jewish educational group, Dirshu, enrolls its 1,000th student in France into classes devoted to studying the Talmud, a central text of Jewish tradition.
The organization, which is active in the United States, Canada, Israel and beyond, facilitates group and online learning sessions of segments from the Talmud as a means of reinforcing Jewish identity and knowledge among Jewish communities. The annual budget of its operations in France is roughly $80,000, a spokesperson for the group said.
More than 10,000 Israeli police officers, counterterrorism officials and border police will secure US President Donald Trump and his 1,000-member entourage during his visit to Israel.
There will be full security cooperation between Israel Police and American security personnel during the two-day visit, Israel Police spokesman Micky Rosenfeld tells JTA on Sunday, a day ahead of Trump’s arrival in Israel.
Trump will stay in Jerusalem’s King David Hotel in a bomb-proof, poison gas-proof and bulletproof hotel room built to withstand the collapse of the entire building, NBC News reports Sunday. It also will be protected by bomb-proof glass being brought from the United States, according to the report.
RIYADH, Saudi Arabia — American country singer Toby Keith holds a concert in the Saudi capital, Riyadh, on the sidelines of US President Donald Trump’s first overseas visit.
The concert is free and open to men only. Saudis in attendance post videos online of the concert showing Keith playing guitar in a duet with an Arabian lute player.
Trump catches a glimpse of the concert with First Lady Melania Trump when, in a golf cart, they roll past a screen broadcasting it live Saturday evening, before having dinner with Saudi King Salman.
The country music star makes no reference to the Saudi concert on his regularly-updated Twitter account.
Ahead of US President Donald Trump’s visit to Israel and the PA, cabinet ministers approve a package of economic benefits for the Palestinians on Sunday evening.
Eight ministers of the 10-member security cabinet vote for the package, including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu who brought the plan to the ministers. But Jewish Home’s Naftali Bennett and Ayelet Shaked vote against.
Among the measures presented by Netanyahu is the opening of the Allenby Bridge crossing between the West Bank and Jordan 24 hours a day, progress in developing West Bank industrial zones near Jenin and Tarkumiya (west of Hebron), and increased building permits for Palestinians living in Area C of the West Bank.
Dozens of hunger-striking Palestinian prisoners are hospitalized today as their strike continues in its 35th day.
The prisoners are refusing food to protest the conditions of their imprisonment, demanding more family visits, restored academic studies and access to phones.
Many of the over 1,000 hunger strikers are convicted terrorists.
President Reuven Rivlin speaks at the Jerusalem Day ceremony in the capital.
“I remember when in 1948, the city was torn asunder…. Until 50 years ago, anyone who stood here, on the border of the Old City, was endangering his life.
He comes out against dividing the city into two capitals for two states.
BEIRUT — Syria’s government announces Sunday the country’s third largest city Homs — once named the capital of the revolt against President Bashar Assad — is cleared of armed opposition for the first time in more than five years. The announcement follows the completion of the evacuation of the last rebel-held neighborhood.
Besieged for four years, al-Waer was the last opposition-controlled district in Homs. The evacuation of armed fighters, their families and opposition activists, began several weeks ago, following a deal that effectively surrenders the district following the tightening siege, coupled with a military campaign.
Similar deals have been reached recently, bringing a number of neighborhoods near the capital, as well as the country’s former commercial center and largest city Aleppo country, back to government control.
It is a major shift from a few years ago, when the armed opposition was on the rise, threatening the capital and holding on to more than half of Aleppo.
Syrian TV broadcasts from inside al-Waer district, showing children and men gathering around government-sponsored trucks distributing bread and goods.
Homs city, once labelled the capital of the anti-Assad revolution, has been at least partially controlled by the rebels since the early days of the revolt that broke out in 2011. But government forces recaptured one Homs neighborhood after the other, finally isolating the rebels in al-Waer.
The far-left Arab-majority Hadash party is planning to greet US President Donald Trump with a protest outside the US embassy in Tel Aviv.
Hadash, a coalition of socialist and communist Arabs and Jews, has been critical of Trump’s populist and anti-Muslim rhetoric, and his backing for Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
Its leader, MK Ayman Odeh, issued a mocking video yesterday assuring Trump he would encounter plenty of his ostensibly beloved “alternative facts” in his meetings with Netanyahu later today.
The protest is planned for 6 p.m., when Trump and Netanyahu will be meeting in Jerusalem. Protesters will carry “Donald Go Home” banners, the party says in a statement. | 2019-04-19T18:36:33Z | http://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-may-21-2017/?utm_source=The+Times+of+Israel+Daily+Edition |
Just What Is Organization of Legends and What Are League of Legends Champions?
You’ve possibly heard several of your friends discuss it all the moment, and if you get on the net it’s most likely that you’ve stumbled upon numerous people speaking about “LoL”, yet what is this League of Legends numerous people speak about? If you’re questioning that chances are you’ve been leaving under a rock for the previous eight years.
League of Legends, or just “LoL”, as it’s commonly abbreviated, is just one of the most significant multiplayer online fight sector (or MOBA, for buddies) in the sector. In this game you manage a character, or “champion” as they’re hired the game, as well as partner with other players versus the opponent group. The objective is to damage the other group’s Nexus, which is pretty much the core of their base.
What exactly are League of Legends Champions? Organization of Legends Champions are just one more word use for a character.
You can play it online or against bots (computer managed characters), nonetheless if you’re playing online you can join the placed suits, what are these? To play Organization of Legends is also to join the most significant on the internet gaming neighborhood in the globe, this ensures that you will certainly meet people from around the world, make close friends, exchange stat and also as discussed in the past, generally have a good time.
Get good sufficient to contend in professional suits, sign up with a team and challenge the best of the ideal in international competitions that bring people from all over the world together to delight in a wonderful suit. If you get excellent enough, you can actually win significant financial prizes in these competitors! Think of that, making cash out of playing a remarkable video game?
Even though the online competitors is most likely the most attractive aspect of LoL, gamers will find that the game has a abundant as well as entertaining story, where character have ling backstories as well as interactions in between themselves, making it a much more immersive experience into a brand-new globe.
Organization league of legends viewers of Legends, or simply “LoL”, as it’s frequently shortened, is one of the biggest multiplayer online fight field (or MOBA, for buddies) in the industry. What precisely are Organization of Legends Champions? League of Legends Champions are just an additional word usage for a character. To play League of Legends is additionally to sign up with the league of legends team largest online gaming area in the world, this makes sure that you will certainly fulfill people from around the world, make buddies, exchange stat and as stated league accounts previously, usually have a great time.
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While not harmless, the evidence is unequivocal that vaping is a lot safer than smoking. But misinformation and scaremongering could still be putting people off switching. Many smokers are turning to best electronic cigarettes to assist them to stop smoking, a more harmful habit. Many smokers are turning to e-cigarettes to help them give up smoking, a much more harmful habit.
Look for the word ‘vaping’ on the internet and you’d be forgiven for thinking that it must be a task fraught with risks. The best stories connect with health problems, explosions and this vaping contributes to smoking in teenagers. For the average smoker seeking information on vaping, a simple online search offers little reassurance. Might as well continue smoking, the headlines imply, if these items are so dangerous.
But the truth is they are not. Previously year, greater than some other, the evidence that using an e-cigarette is significantly safer than smoking has continued to accumulate. 2017 saw the publication in the first longer term study of vaping, comparing toxicant exposure between people who’d stopped smoking and used the products for around 16 months, compared with people who continued to smoke. Funded by Cancer Research UK, the study found large reductions in carcinogens along with other toxic compounds in vapers in comparison with smokers, only when the user had stopped smoking completely. An additional recent study compared toxicants in vapour and smoke that may cause cancer, and estimated excess cancer risk over a lifetime from smoking cigarettes or vaping. Most of the available data tdjjpc e-cigarettes in this study suggested a cancer risk from vaping around 1% of the from smoking.
E-cigarettes are less harmful than smoking since they don’t contain tobacco. Inhaling burnt tobacco – but additionally chewing it – is hugely damaging to human health. Take away the tobacco as well as the combustion which is hardly surprising that risk is reduced. That doesn’t mean e-cigarettes are harmless. Nevertheless it does imply that we can be relatively certain that switching from smoking to vaping will have health benefits.
These new studies yet others have influenced policy, a minimum of throughout the uk. In England, an extensive consensus endorsed by a lot of health organisations has been around since 2016 encouraging smokers to try vaping. This coming year additional organisations, such as the Royal College of General Practitioners as well as the British Medical Association issued new reports also pointing to e-cigarettes being a positive choice for smokers trying to quit. And the first time, Public Health England included e-cigarettes in their advertising for ‘Stoptober’ an annual stop smoking campaign. In Scotland, a huge number of organisations led by Health Scotland issued a statement making clear that vaping is certainly safer than smoking which had been also maintained by Scotland’s Chief Medical Officer.
Overseas, many countries still ban e-cigarettes and making use of them can lead to fines or even imprisonment for vapers or vendors. Yet gradually this can be changing. 2017 saw a total reversal of brand new Zealand’s position on these devices and their new policies look much like those in place throughout the uk. Canada can also be legalising e-cigarettes, although information on the regulatory framework continue to be being ironed out. These countries are following the research evidence and then in time others may follow.
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Doctors and experts have prescribed to utilize these half an hour before you start to consume anything, which may be one capsule before break as well as the other one before dinner. This really is exactly how you are advised to take these supplements time for you to time as advised.
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It’s very essential that you check feedback and reviews of the stuff you choose to purchase online. We are not among those companies who buy feedbacks and reviews trying to increase our reputation in global market. Our consumers are honest and genuine, which are their honest opinion of our product. We want to hear more feedback from you, hope we bring positivity in your own life and help you live an improved life again.
Items to remember – Listed here are few things to remind you prior to starting taking Forskolin:- Keep understanding of what you really are taking, why we say this because we now have found many customers complaining about unwanted effects, well is the reason why you experience similar things, you happen to be either taking this the incorrect means of you are completely overtaking dose, like we have already explained this is completely natural and free of chemicals. So always remind yourself before you over dose it, and should you it will then cause you to side-effect, stay safe and be safe.
Bear in mind along with your health and health conditions, because it’s probably the most common stuff that we have seen among our customers, they don’t appeared to mind regarding their health. Make sure you go check-up or view a rddqvd at least one time before you take Nutagenics Forskolin. We take care of you together with that’s why we also want you to get safe.
Children’s are naughty are careless, they could not understand what’s negative and positive till they become adults, that’s why it’s your duty to hide it far out of your children’s. Always decided to store in cool or dry place, don’t heat it. It can be dangerous to improve your health. The best would be to store in a refrigerator, it will likewise remain cool. These are the things you must not avoid before you can begin to take Forskolin.
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The organization also developed OxygenOS 5. Android 8. Oreo OTA update for your OnePlus 6 and OnePlus 6T smartphones. OnePlus 6 and OnePlus 6T consumers have previously experienced Android 8. Oreo update plus they gave many affirmative & positive reviews.
This Check Mobile Cover Collection of Blackbora brand since it is grabbing the attention many potential prospects, a number of other eCommerce companies including Daily Objects have develop OnePlus 6t Back Covers and cases. Quite interesting to learn that lots of platforms have brought original licensed artwork cases in a variety of prints that can suit every sort of personality also.
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All people who bring in money working at home face this dilemma. It is extremely difficult to balance online work and family dilemmas. You will find times when there’s no time for online work as one gets participated in a single issue after another at home, and it becomes extremely very difficult to concentrate on online work.
On other occasions when an online worker is active in some online endeavor all day and days he hardly finds any time for family. Although he is in the home he’sn’t aware of what is going on because he’s developed a workplace, an office environment at home and whenever he is free he tends to think about his online work and bring in money.
Through various social media sites, it really is potential to earn money while going through different profile of people who are members of these sites. Some social networking sites pay its users money to boost page beliefs within their profile to attract more visitors. These web sites also offer money for uploading and sharing photos and referring new members to the social networking site. The money given to an Person depends on a proportionate payment structure setup by the website that distributes nearly half of its marketing revenues to its members.
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There is no doubt that cigarette smoking is bad for your health. Scientists and health experts have given sufficient evidence to prove this. Giving up smoking, however, is not that easy, because most smokers already are hooked to nicotine. Fortunately, there is a method of getting the nicotine without the harmful effects – using e-cigs. E-cigarettes, as they are also called, deliver the nicotine in type of a vapor. This is a healthier, cheaper and safer method to smoke.
The most effective electronic cigarettes are stylish and appear like traditional cigarettes, if not better. They come with long-lasting batteries and cartridges. Since individuals have different tastes, the most effective e-cigs include several types of cartridges to cater to the unique tastes and preferences of users. More importantly, however, the most effective e-cigs have a complete kit with assorted flavors to help users identify a flavor which suits them.
We have taken a look and compared the most effective e-cigarette brands currently on the market in 2018. In the following paragraphs we test/review rechargeable “cig-a-like” devices only and will reference them as either e-cigarettes, e-cigs, vapor electronic cigarette reviews or vapor cigarettes. For more information on e-cigarette terminology check out the terminology section towards the bottom from the page.
Cig-a-like ecigs are definitely the smallest kinds of vapes available and mimic the appear and feel of the normal cigarette. E-cigarettes are suitable for those beginners looking for an extremely portable as well as simple-to-use vaping starter kit and are usually the first choice for many smokers seeking to quit smoking and switch to vaping.
Unlike other e-cig review websites, we have personally tested some of the best e-cigarette brands on the market to help you choose which is the best electronic cigarette for you. The Vaping360 team has tested each e-cig kit and rbitkw on top of the subsequent award winners, together with benefits and drawbacks that will help you find the correct device for you personally and ultimately assist you to as being a smoker, change to e-cigarettes.
In case you have questions about the vapor cigarettes we have reviewed or given awards to, you can drop us a comment inside the comments section so we will do our best to aid.
Whilst cig-a-likes are very cigarette-as with size and looks, their battery life is commonly fairly on the low side and the vapor compared to larger set-ups is fairly minimal. Whilst e-cigarettes are ideal for vaping whilst out and about and stealth vaping, our recommendation is that beginners start off with a more substantial vape pen or mod and tank set-up. For more information on larger set-ups visit our very best vape starter kits article. However, should you be 100% set on purchasing an e-cigarette then check out the best brands and e-cig starter kits above.
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So you have heard the buzz concerning the e-cigarettes and are pumped up about quitting cigarettes and giving vaping a go, right? However, before you decide to jump straight in and join the vaping team, it is vital that you thoroughly examine the facts. Vaping is still pretty new to the market, only having been around for approximately 10 years or so. Since it hasn’t been area of the public just as much as smoking cigarettes, there’s a lot that individuals don’t learn about it. Here, several aspects regarding the two habits smoking vs. vaping is going to be discussed to assist you know the way they are similar or different.
This is among the most important questions through the entire vaping and smoking community. Previously, left unanswered as a result of absence of research and statistics on the topic. Much has evolved within the recent years, with a lot of well known researchers releasing papers on the subject to shed some light on the theories of others.
Unfortunately, since vaping continues to be relatively recent and studies are ongoing, vapor electronic cigarette reviews is sometimes make the same category as smoking. Hopefully, as time passes and when more studies are completed, vapers will love more freedom than their smoking counterparts.
Whether you’re taking combusted smoke in your lungs or vapor, there are going to be some quite serious health implications that come with it. The implications of smoking are a lot more defined and outlined than with vaping in the long run. Here’s an overview of the most common health implications found by researchers for both smoking and vaping.
Nicotine – The addictive chemical, gives the user the need to want more. When individuals say they’re dependent on smoking, they’re hooked on nicotine. As mentioned above, many of the chemicals possess a strong connection to some leading health conditions, including; cancer, cardiovascular disease and lung disease. You simply will not find these chemical elements along the way of producing a cigarette. The combustion of the tobacco leaf starts the process of chemical reactions, which creates smoke that is loaded with the mentioned before carcinogens.
Every other chemicals found are mostly related to the entire process of flavoring. Many of which are located to become food grade and typically safe to consume. This sends us on a way to ask the biggest question in an area where research is not yet available. Overall, these flavorings are made to be ingested and not vaporized. Which leads us to some gray area up to now. The long-term effects are simply not known.
The University of California San Francisco’s Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education has identified nine chemicals within the vapor from e-cigarettes which are on California’s set of carcinogens and reproductive toxins. Not every one of these chemicals are located in all vape juice. It ought to be noted that the warning is supposed to bring awareness to some of the potential dangers and not to actively discourage users from vaping. In other words, it shows there are still studies required to determine precisely how safe vaping is compared to cigarettes. | 2019-04-20T05:24:13Z | http://www.korfballzone.com/category/food-and-drink/page/15/ |
It’s the first question I get when I tell people I’m vegan. This is not a sermon about why the world should be vegan. It’s about how particular food choices have impacted my running. I’ve tried other diets to improve my health, fitness, and endurance, but haven’t found them to be sustainable.
Runners in general tend to be food aware, in that they pay attention to the things they put in their mouths and how it impacts their running. The health benefits alone should be enough for people to move toward a more plant based diet and rely less on animals as a source of food, here are just a few.
Reduces risk of cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, type 2 diabetes, cataracts, arthritis, and osteoporosis.
Lowers Cholesterol, blood pressure, body mass index, weight, body odor, bad breath, PMS symptoms, and allergy symptoms.
Prevents muscular degeneration and migraines.
Increases energy, strength of hair and nails, and life span.
I’ve always been health conscious and enjoyed eating fresh fruits and vegetables, so the switch wasn’t difficult for me. I stopped cooking out of boxes (mostly) a long time ago. And I stopped eating red meat, fifteen years ago. I’ve tried the low carb diet, but could not get enough fats to fuel my running. This is partly because of my food preferences. There are athletes who do extremely well on low carb diets.
What is vegan? I know the word is spreading regarding veganism (no it’s not a religion), but many people I speak with still confuse vegetarian and vegan. Vegetarians still eat some animal products such as dairy, eggs, and honey. There are some other variations on this as well. A vegan on the other hand does not eat any animal products. Their food is completely plant based. Vegans also have to watch for how food is processed because some things such as sugar are processed using animal products.
So the protein thing, there are a ton of sources of protein other than meat: soy, lentils, seitan, tempeh, beans, nuts, hemp, quinoa, wheat, spinach, chia seeds, brown rice, nutritional yeast, nut butters, edamame, peas, oats, barley, broccoli, mushrooms, collard greens, kale, artichoke, and potatoes. I could go on, but I won’t because I think you get the picture.
I’ve been vegan for nearly one year now and I love it. I have more energy and recover from my runs much quicker. I’ve been able to increase the intensity and length of my runs over this last year and still felt energized. The only time I’ve had tired heavy legs is after a 100 mile race or a back to back 40/30 for the third weekend in a row. Being vegan has also pushed me to use more “real” foods to fuel my runs, which has been more effective at providing sustained energy and reducing gastrointestinal issues during 100s than using sports gels and chews. The only drawback I’ve found is it’s a bit harder for me to get enough calories down the hatch, so I have to be aware of how much I am eating. Being aware of what you are eating and when is not necessarily a bad thing.
I haven’t found it any more expensive or time consuming to cook vegan either. I can make all of my favorite recipes vegan. Eating out with friends and family who are not vegan can be a challenge depending on where you live. Some places are more vegan friendly than others. Here in Salt Lake City, Utah, vegan restaurants and vegan options are cropping up more and more. As a vegan you have to do some research before you go out to eat, but it’s not difficult.
If we want to do this running thing for as long as possible or just to be active and have a high quality of life as we age, we need to pay attention to the food we eat and how it makes us feel long term and short term. We all know what we eat has a major impact on our recovery and performance as athletes. Yes some of us use our running for an excuse to devour a cake and carton of ice cream on a Saturday afternoon.
Food choices are very personal and have to not only provide your body with what you need, but fit your lifestyle and perception of who you are.
It is easy to think of things that are not going right in our lives. It’s easy to lash out when we feel like we don’t get what we deserve. It’s easy to be angry and hurtful when we feel unheard. It’s during these times, when we have to remember all the simple good things in our lives, because so many people don’t have these things.
I’m thankful my body is strong enough for me to push my limits of endurance and strength.
I’m thankful for the ultrarunning community, who shares their experiences and lessons with one another.
I’m thankful for my friends who stand out in the wind and rain waiting for me to come into aid stations.
I’m thankful for my family who is supportive of all the goals I set.
I’m thankful for all my readers and supporters in the community.
I’m thankful for my education, which has given me a chance to give back to the vulnerable.
I’m thankful for healthy strong children.
I’m thankful I have a job that provides enough for my family to have their basic needs of food and shelter met.
I’m thankful my family has access to medical care and clean water.
I’m thankful I live in a country where I can express my opinions and build a future for my family.
Welcome to part two of the challenges ultra runners face during a 100 mile event and some suggestions on how to deal with them. Please post comments and other suggestions as we are always looking for new ideas.
Knowing your feet is the number one prevention tool. But just like every situation or problem that can occur during a 100, be prepared for problems because a change in conditions can change how your feet respond. Have a good knowledge about how to resolve blisters and hot spots. The book, Fixing Your Feet, is an excellent resource and covers just about every issue you can have with your feet. I have a whole kit dedicated to fixing feet. You can find the list of its contents on my gear page above.
I’ve had my hydration chafe my lower back, usually I don’t know about it until I shower afterward, but I’ve also had seams in sleeves chafe. The biggest contributing factor in chafing for me is humidity, rain, or having wet clothes for more reasons than just sweat. Carry or pack Glide in your drop bags. It’s light and you can even get picket size. You can also use Hydropel or Aquafore, even Vaseline will work. If you don’t have any of those, ask another runner or the aid station staff. Finally, change your clothes or put something between your skin and what is rubbing, tape works.
This can be a serious problem because it has the potential to lead to dehydration. I always carry an anti-diarrheal medication in my hydration pack and in my drop bags because this is common enough and serious enough to be prepared for it. If it does happen to you, you need to look for the potential causes what you ate before and during the race, anything new? High fiber? Anything past its expiration date or potentially spoiled? How much effort were you putting out? At high effort your metabolism is going to kick into high gear and things can pass through your system much more quickly than normal. Slowing down can be one of the things to try during the race. Also during the race, you can try eating something that may calm things down, bread or more complex carbohydrates. Cheese or protein will slow things down. Stay away from high sugar and fruits.
Prepare for it and don’t panic. There can be a whole host of reasons for your crew missing you: you’re faster than predicted, there’s traffic, there is some unforeseen event on the route. If there is any question that you may miss them, use drop bags at aid stations regardless of whether or not they will be there, because then you at least have gear to restock and change if needed. Talk about this in your pre-race meeting, let them know you won’t wait and if you’re not there to check with the aid station volunteers to see if you have checked in and out yet.
You’re playing in dangerous territory here. You will be disqualified even if it’s an honest mistake. It’s your responsibility to know the course and to check in and out when required. Lots of people get off course and they figure it out. You can’t expect special treatment. If you miss a check-in, go back as soon as you figure it out or drop from the race. Even if you have to go back miles, you should go back, if you can still finish within the time frame (usually 36 hours).
Have spare critical race ending supplies, extra shoes, an alternative hydration system, and extra lights. Make sure you test them before the run. You should be training with these supplies and know if there are issues. Having an extra hydration bladder on hand is just smart. Make sure your shoes and laces are in good repair.
Experience, planning, and a clam disposition are your friends whenever problems come up during a race. Make sure your crew has all the information and that they are not prone to freak outs and meltdowns. You have enough on your plate and shouldn’t have to deal with any crew problems.
One hundred miles is a really long way and there are a lot of things that can go wrong, in fact, in my experience, it’s pretty rare to have everything go right. I want to go over some common problems runners have and some remedies or at least some options to try to eliminate the cause of the problem.
This comes up in nearly every race I have to some degree. Nausea is typically caused by hydration and electrolyte imbalances. Here is a useful table, created by Karl King of Succeed!, that can help you determine whether it is a hydration or electrolyte issue you are having. Another possible source of stomach upset is high altitude. It’s not really the altitude, it’s the impact altitude has on your hydration and nutrition plan. If you are not accustomed to running at altitude, make sure you take small sips and eat smaller portions of food. You may also have to slow your pace to prevent making things worse.
First make sure your hydration and electrolytes are where they need to be. Second it could be the altitude, you may have to sit down for a minute, however, get down to lower altitude as quickly as you can. Finally, are you eating enough? No food means no energy.
Cramps are typically caused by electrolyte imbalances or just plain tired legs/muscles. So first, make sure your hydration and electrolytes are balanced. Next have your crew, or do it yourself, rub out your cramping muscles. I also use Icey Hot or Tiger balm.
Everyone gets sore in either (sometimes both) their legs or feet. They are getting a pounding, literally. Make sure you train for the type of course you are going to be running on. Changing up your cadence and stride length during the race will help because it changes the way your body impacts the ground. A faster cadence and shorter stride reduces impact.
Always expect the unexpected, if you still get caught in some craziness (which happens in the mountains) get creative. I stuff a plastic garbage back in the bottom of my hydration pack. They can be life savers in wind, rain, hail, and snow. You can also keep a bandana tucked away some place, which can be used to hold ice to put around your neck. Ice under your hat can also help and ice in arm sleeves as well. I always pack for both ends of the spectrum. I put gloves/socks (can be used as gloves), a long sleeve shirt, and a short sleeve shirt in every drop bag. As frustrating as it can be, you’ll have to adjust goals as needed for the conditions.
It happens. It happens more than you think. Course markings get pulled down by people, animals, and weather. Even if they are there, you can miss them depending on weather, chatting with friends, and level of exhaustion. Don’t panic and flip out. Turn around and go back until you find a course marking. There’s nothing you can do about it so don’t let any discouragement or anger set in. Just keep moving.
One of the more concerning problems I had during my most recent 100 mile event, was blood in my urine. I had never heard of anyone experiencing this particular issue. When I saw the blood at mile 50, I knew I had to make a decision and had four options: drop out of the race, walk and drink a lot of water, continue running and risk making it worse, or take a break and see if it clears up.
I chose to walk and drink a lot of water. It did clear up and I was able to finish the race, but struggled with nausea through the rest of the race. I had hydrated well before the race and I paid special attention to hydrating during the race, since I’ve had issues with hydrating before. I concluded it was the combination of dehydration and taking Aleve, for my hamstring. After the race, I decided to do some research to determine if I needed to go to the doctor.
Blood in your urine (hematuria) is not a common issue runner’s deal with, but it does happen in some runners. The typical causes of hematuria are infection, trauma, kidney stones, cancer, blood cell disorders, medications and strenuous exercise.
Doctors don’t know exactly what happens for there to be blood in a runner’s urine. They think it could have to do with dehydration, blood cell breakdown, or bladder trauma. There is a theory that if someone voids their bladder right before a strenuous run, the walls of the bladder slap together (disturbing thought) during the run and cause traumatic blood loss.
Blood can be present in the urine if the blood vessels surrounding a specialized membrane that helps filter blood and produce urine, if they become more permeable which can be caused during exercise.
Another potential cause is related to hemoglobin, which is red. The theory here is the impact of our feet on the ground while running damages blood cells and releases the hemoglobin which then gets filtered out through the urine.
In my search of potential causes, I found that this uncommon issue is not all that uncommon among ultrarunners and is typically related to hydration problems.
So if you have blood in your urine during or after a run, hydrate and don’t freak out. If it continues for more than 24-48 hours you should go to the doctor and get checked out.
At the suggestion of my boyfriend, I’ve decided to try bikram yoga (hot yoga). The reasons I came to this decision were: I need heat and humidity training for the Hawaii 100 in January and I need to do something about a nagging hamstring injury.
My cousin is a Bikram Yoga instructor and has always suggested I start practicing…but I only have a limited amount of time in the day to train, so I’ve never done it. I decided to research the benefits of Bikram Yoga for runners.
Here is what I’ve found out. Yoga increases your flexibility and strength particularly in your core, quads, hamstrings and hip flexors (and if you’ve read any of my past articles you know how important hip strength is to preventing injuries from hip to toe). Increasing your strength and flexibility increases your running efficiency. The breathing exercises can expand your lungs allowing for deeper and more effective breathing. I can see how this would be helpful at higher elevations especially for those runners who are coming from anything under 3500 feet.
It makes you sweat, a lot which flushes toxins out of your body allowing it to heal and recover more quickly. It has the same cardiovascular benefits as running. It’s a great alternative for injured runners and for those coming back from an injury. It can help with old injuries by improving circulation and cleaning out scar tissue that hinders flexibility.
Bikram yoga is mentally challenging, but reduces stress and the risk of heart disease. It also restores balance in your body helping prevent illness.
Bikram yoga benefits your mental strength and focus. Yoga teaches you to deal with discomfort and to focus. It teaches you to let go of troublesome thoughts that get stuck in your head regardless of where they come from or what their content is. It could be questioning your ability to cross the finish line or dwelling on a poor decision or incident earlier in the race.
I’m looking forward to this new challenge and diversity in my training program. If the only benefit I get out of this is healing up my hamstring it will be well worth the change in routine. I do expect to get more out of it than that, however. Changing your routine and challenging your body in new ways helps you reach new levels and break through training plateaus. I will keep you posted on how it goes, you never know, maybe it will become a permanent part of my training. | 2019-04-19T08:16:00Z | https://ultrarunningmom.com/2016/11/ |
P2P Agenda Fatigue | Occupy M.E.
← Will the Real P2P Please Stand Up?
HHS officials have made confusing statements about the goals of the P2P Workshop, but I have obtained documents through FOIA that give us insight into the structure of the meeting. Two versions of the Workshop draft agenda strongly suggest that the meeting will be focused on the broad category of unexplained fatigue, and the most effective treatments for that symptom.
I obtained these two agenda documents from NIH through a FOIA request. The first is titled “DRAFT Agenda” (previously obtained by another advocate, as well) and the second is titled “Agenda Example.” Neither document is dated, but circumstantial evidence suggests that both were drafted after the January 2014 Working Group meeting.
The Draft includes a list of possible speakers, including several advocates to address the “Patient Perspective.” My name is on that list, but I have not been contacted by anyone at NIH at any time about serving in that capacity. I don’t even know who put my name forward. Whether an invitation will be extended to me remains to be seen.
The Key Questions as presented in the Draft and Example documents are likely out of date, now that the systematic review protocol has been published. The Questions from the evidence review will structure the meeting, but the agendas are important indicators of NIH’s perspective and overall approach to the meeting.
Just to be sure you didn’t miss it, here’s is the framing for this meeting on ME/CFS: Overwhelming fatigue or malaise as a public health problem. Not ME/CFS as a public health problem. Not post-exertional malaise as a public health problem. Not cognitive dysfunction and disability as a public health problem. To NIH, “overwhelming fatigue” is the public health problem.
This is so wrong. It ignores what we’ve been saying about our experiences for years. It ignores the science on PEM and cognitive dysfunction. It ignores the fundamental question of what disease or diseases are being included in the CFS bucket. In fact, it steps back in time to the Oxford definition: overwhelming fatigue alone.
The real public health problem is that since 1988, CFS has been a wastebasket and dumping ground for people with unexplained chronic fatigue. Some of those people have depression, anxiety, MS, and other illnesses. Some of those people have medically unexplained fatigue. Some of those people have a disease characterized by PEM and cognitive dysfunction.
To lump all of that together as a public health problem of “overwhelming fatigue” completely and utterly misses the point. It perpetuates the hand waving and blurred lines in the government’s approach to my disease, and there’s just no excuse for it at this point.
But now we know that the evidence review will ask about treatment harms and benefits, and the characteristics of subgroups, responders and non-responders. The agenda documents reveal what this treatment focus will look like.
So we have an evidence review that lumps all the case definitions together, including Oxford. And we have an agenda that gives more time to CBT and GET than it does to symptom-based medication. And there is nothing here on disease-modifying treatment, like rituximab, Ampligen, or antivirals.
The topic selection and allocation of time among these treatment topics sends a subtle but powerful message to the Panel of non-ME/CFS experts, especially in light of the failure to distinguish among the case definitions at the outset. Previous evidence reviews, including AHRQ’s review from 2001 and the Brurberg, et al review published in February found no significant differences among case definitions or treatment outcomes, but those reviews were not set up to critically examine those differences. And as I’ve already pointed out, this current review assumes that differences among definitions represent subtypes and not separate diseases.
The agenda documents show that the P2P Workshop is fundamentally flawed. The meeting is framed with the public health problem of “overwhelming fatigue.” The evidence review will include studies on adults with fatigue, and exclude those with unspecified underlying diagnoses. All the case definitions are lumped together for the purposes of assessing the reliability of those definitions and the effectiveness of treatments.
The evidence review and meeting agenda should begin with the proper scientific question: are ME and CFS the same disease, separate diseases, or points along a spectrum of fatiguing illnesses? That was the original starting question in the AHRQ evidence review contract, by the way. But it’s gone. The decision was made (not sure by whom) to assume the answer: that it is all one disease, separated only by subgroups. That assumption is the fatal flaw in this entire enterprise.
Remember that the P2P outcome will be decided by a panel of non-ME/CFS experts. We don’t know how they will be screened for bias. We won’t know who they are until shortly before the meeting. We will have no input into their selection.
This is not good science. This is sloppy, not precise. To revisit Dr. Maier’s jury analogy: this process will ask the allegedly impartial jury (selected by only one side) to reach conclusions based on evidence that has been marred by bias and assumptions. Maybe they will reach the right conclusions, or maybe the deck is stacked against us.
We have to find ways to speak out about this. I’m working on something right now, and there will be ways for you to express your own concerns. I hope you will join me.
This entry was posted in Advocacy, Commentary and tagged action, case definition, CBT, DHHS, government, NIH, occupy, P2P, politics, priorities, researchers, speaking out, treatment. Bookmark the permalink.
Thank you for this, Jennie. Great review.
In addition to asking if ME and CFS are the same disease, I think that HHS has to also ask whether the concept of CFS, as defined by Oxford, Fukuda and EMpirical, is even a valid clinical entity to begin with. The idea of taking all the conditions that cause chronic fatigue for which we do not yet have a medical explanation and stuffing them into the same bucket without any scientific proof that they are biologically related is unscientific.
As you say, the public health crisis – I’d say the public health menace – is that the disease characterized by the 2003 Canadian Consensus Criteria and the 2011 ME ICC has been ignored and denied through such bad science.
Great reporting! Is it any wonder why I have been living with this overwhelming sense of impending doom for the past three months? I hope they get it right soon, there is no reason for all this governmental mediocracy.
I agree with Mary. The Fukuda was a response to the ME that is in US. They did not think it was ME, but it was. As has been shown, the Strauss goal, for which he believed Fukuda criteria promoted, was to do away with a distinct disease entity and just identify fatigue as the problem. Seems his influence at NIH is still there. Fukuda has been useful in studying ME, as the many biological abnormalities found in Fukuda CFS patients show (gene expression, anaerobic threshold, etc.) But, it is imperfect and needs to be replaced.
But Oxford doesn’t even come close to ME. It doesn’t identify any disease.
Simply put, we have idiopathic chronic fatigue, we have chronic fatigue and then we have ME, which is also known as CFS.
As I read Jennie’s blog, I am again reminded that alllllllll of this is because of the name “chronic fatigue syndrome.” It amazes me that the name itself has made everyone think the disease is fatigue. If the name of diabetes had been “pee a lot syndrome” then they would do a study on everyone who reports peeing a lot and declare it revealing of diabetes. It’s all in the terminology. The diseases / conditions don’t change, but the name and definition confuses EVERYONE, even people who should know better.
I think I should write an article on this.
I meant, we have idiopathic chronic fatigue, then we have chronic fatigue from other illnesses, and then we have ME, which is also known as CFS.
There’s a flaw in that logic. What if it turns out that those interventions have a more negative outcome for post-exertional malaise? Does that then imply that it should NOT be used in a case definition?
YES! I was turning this over in my mind, too. Treatment outcomes can give us clues about pathophysiology, a bedside to bench approach. But it does NOT make sense for case definition.
That’s a death and dying statement…..
to dig our graves with that one.
Yes, I sound sarcastic, but not really because non medical people who do not know illness, that will be the first thing they think. And, the one or the few that are wise enough, will see something isn’t right with this process.
This is useful. It helps to be able to better understand and to be able to document the government’s behavior. But, unfortunately, the relative value of this sort of information, given our limited capacity to produce it, is continuously outweighed by the government’s ability to brush us off like flies.
At what point do we stop fleshing out the narrative of determined obfuscation, arrogance, and ignorance on the part of the government (a, literally, never-ending process) and begin to find ways to convey our story to the only agent that truly matters — the public?
I agree there are problems but I don’t see any way to answer the question below scientifically.
With ME you have symptoms and clinical descriptions – which vary, by the way, quite a bit between the outbreaks. After that there are NO ME studies that determine immune or endocrine or metabolic or any other kind of dysfunction that is present in it.
While I agree that the statement regarding fatigue and malaise is rather vague it may be that it was not intended to be very precise. We’ll see what happens, but is being PEM is excluded by not being specifically included?. I hope not. If it is this whole thing went down the tubes – Maier should know better.Is there any way we can see the documents?
The agenda sounds disasterous but then again it’s hard to know how it would be any different once they narrowed their focus to treatment studies which are dominated by CBT…That’s really bad and it’s not going to say anything new anyway.
So basically the IOM process has thus far been everything patients’ hoped for and the P2P has thus far been everything patients have feared? Excellent.
I also don’t see how there’s any getting around the CBT/GET issue. Psychobabblers in the UK have historically been the most successful in getting funding for their crap CBT/GET studies, psychobabbler CBT/GET proponents inhabit an area of ‘medicine’ that has little to no scientific accountability which means they can make any sort of pronouncements they want no matter what the evidence really says, and biomedical ME/CFS researchers continue to be stymied in their attempts to do legitimate research because it has been much more convenient for governments to listen to the psychobabblers and ignore the issue than it is to actually do something competent so that progress is made.
I’m not sure, but I think we can only hope that someone on the P2P acknowledges the fact that 1) the only benefits shown thus far for CBT/GET involve ‘moderate’ improvements on a handful of questionnaires, 2) that these results are not correlated in any way with any sort of improvement on any of numerous objective measures of outcomes, and 3) the authors of the CBT/GET studies themselves state that the ‘treatments’ they provide are not just similar to, but actually consist of, ‘the essence of the placebo response’. This is reinforced by the fact that all of these psychological ‘therapies’ have similar ‘response rates’ of around an additional 15%, which is basically what would be expected from a placebo effect. Furthermore, not only have CBT/GET studies not shown any improvements in objective measures of outcomes, but in fact actually the reverse is true- CBT/GET studies have repeatedly shown that there are no improvements in objective measures of outcomes.
I guess we should just make clear at the next CFSAC meeting that if the federal govt. wants decades of more antagonism from ME/CFS patients then they can continue to do what they’re currently doing with the P2P, but if they do continue to do what they’re doing then patients are just going to s*** all over their sloppy bs garbage and it’s just going to be more of the same.
I have no problem with them discussing CBT and GET, but the context you described is absolutely essential. As is examining harms and drop out rates – Tom Kindlon has done great work on that. We will have to rely very heavily on whoever is chosen to present on these topics to provide that proper context. My fear is that the evidence review will not examine these issues with sufficient detail, which means the report will not present them, which means the Panel won’t have them, and it will come down to whoever NIH selects to present on the topic to fill in those gaps.
Cort wrote: I agree there are problems but I don’t see any way to answer the question below scientifically.
I agree with Jennie, the posing of a definitional question at the very start of the meeting is essential. Although Though I’m not sure it would be helpful to require a choice between, on the one hand, ME and CFS as being exclusive of one another, and on the other, as their being part of a single continuum.
There are both semantic and statistical uncertainties in an ME versus CFS polarity such that the terms and their associated diagnostic criteria could involve a large range of complex overlaps. If we use a simple Venn diagram model everything from a small ME circle sitting in the exact middle of an all encompassing CFS circle, to a small CFS circle laying tangentially to a larger ME circle could be possible. I would give the definitional question a more nuanced range of rhetorical answers by allowing multiple overlaps and multiple spectra within which a range of continua may be evident. This would demonstrate the level of uncertainty that the current state of (lack of) knowledge provides – and highlight the sheer scale of the ‘gaps’ that the P2P is apparently so concerned with. The gaps are far greater than the ‘knowns’; I would use the image of islands in the Southern Pacific Ocean – way more unknown sea than islands of certainty.
It’s not necessary for the definitional question to be answerable – it is not needed as the basis for a single working hypothesis, but that doesn’t stop it from having scientific validity. One doesn’t need a single falsifiable hypothesis for the creation of the Moon to be able undertake Lunar Exploration, it is enough to start by saying what do we know ? and from that “what else would be really useful to know”.
Regarding post 10, I wanted to add that (to my understanding – and also to help me get the main points down) even when CBT/GET is alleged to have shown a slight, subjective improvement, this “improvement” does not last, and CBT/GET can additionally, even permanently, worsen some people’s condition. Plus, these outcomes – pitiful as they are – are associated with those who were the least sick to begin with. And we don’t even know what condition/illness they actually had.
@John – Do you (or anyone) have references handy for info regarding 1) CBT/GET and the placebo effect and 2) CBT/GET fail to create objective improvement? Thank you.
Ohhh, Ren, thank you. I’ve been sitting back on this one . . . as many are aware, ’tis no surprise whatsoever that this is what is happening with the culmination of the P2P arm of the IOM contract — the disastrous runaway train wreck HHS saga of redefining ME/CFS in their predetermined outcome–ready set to bury us for another 30 + years — and so I’ve had nothing more to offer; it’s been said time and time again.
However, as you have sought me out, and thank you, Ren 🙂 please see my comments re CBT and GET #1 at ME/CFS Forums regarding Deborah Waroff’s interview with Dr. Anthony Komaroff; link below.
Thank you, Jennie for explaining this. I am in a wiped-out state, so the explanations are helpful.
If the IOM and HHS and NIH are only looking at fatigue, that’s absurd. Fatigue comes with all sorts of ailments, and overwork of all types. It’s how my friends feel if they burn the candle at both ends, stay up late doing things. Then they sleep late for a few days and they are fine.
Whereas we end up collapsing for days if we overexert ourselves or even just exert ourselves. And what kind of exercise? On good days, I can do 12 leg lifts on my bed and 5 modified knee bends (after resting). On bad days when I’ve done something outside the day before, I can barely do 2 leg lifts. It takes 3 days before I can do 12 again and I can’t do more than that.
So, we’re back to just fatigue. How disheartening. To quote a blogger with ME/CFS, she doesn’t have fatigue. She has muscle pain, neurological problems, exhaustion and cognitive difficulties.
If P2P is only concerned with questions of research, then there is a challenge for patients to articulate the problem that CFS and ME may not be the same thing. Taking the extreme epidemiological views –( Reeves versus Jason ?), one can conclude (as many patients do) that even where the CFS of Reeves and ME of Jason coincide, the latter is only a small and discrete cohort within the former. Unfortunately this neat picture can’t be easily maintained when the perspective is moved from a population level to the individual sufferer.
Note – the above involves a mangling of different classes so not a meaningful analysis in itself, it’s just to show how, even within the patient view, there is no one definable illness that could be ME that is definitely not CFS or vice versa. Any of the above could be part of the Reeves population and in the absence of definitive biomarkers there is no means to exclude those from Reeves to arrive at a Jason population. This might seem like a crazy way of looking a things but it does set in relief the mismatch between what patients believe they ‘know’ and the kind of critical process that P2P seems supposed to be.
What patients know is that their illness is no longer “medically unexplained.” This alone takes it out of the “CFS” characterization by the very definition of “CFS.” Emerging research is uncovering the many neurological and immunological abnormalities along with energy production problems present in this illness. These abnormalities account for the symptoms experienced and reported by the patients. No, we don’t have the complete picture of this illness or its cause, but that should not put it into the “medically unexplained CFS” category. There are many, many illnesses for which we do not know the cause or the complete pathophysiology. What is unexplained is why there is such a great effort on the part of governments and some in the research and medical arena to downplay and obfuscate the nature of this illness by burying it in “fatigue.” It is time to do away with the whole ill-conceived concept of “chronic fatigue syndrome” and to recognize this illness for the serious, debilitating muti-systemic neurological, immunological, energy deficient disease it truly is. Further research will only continue to substantiate this.
Ditto to what Sandra said and comments in response to her words.
How can the government, researchers and some doctors and science writers continue to label this as “fatigue” when more and more objective tests are finding abnormalities of many types? | 2019-04-25T13:13:33Z | http://occupyme.net/2014/05/22/p2p-agenda-fatigue/ |
The Ryalls Park Patient Participation Group (PPG) is a partnership between us the patients, the medical practitioners, pharmacy management and practice management of the Ryalls Park Medical Centre.
What is the PPG for?
The PPG ensures the voice of the patient is heard when decisions are made about how the Practice is run, how current services are provided and what new or additional services should be provided in the future.
The PPG is concerned not just with medical treatments and the provision of medicines, essential though they are. We are also concerned about the whole patient experience from making the appointment, arrival and check-in at reception, waiting times and receiving your treatment and medicine.
What can we, the patients, do?
As patients, it’s obviously in our interests that Ryalls Park becomes the best medical centre it can be. The PPG provides a route for patients to inform and advise the Practice on what matters most to patients and to help identify solutions to problems. In short, we need to contribute to the continuous improvement of the practice.
The management of the Practice want to hear from us. We need to say what is most important to us, what problems there may be and to help identify solutions.
Great ideas come when we all work together.
A number PPGs from Yeovil and the surrounding villages met with the Somerset Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) to discuss issues of real concern to patients. The CCG is the body which distributes the money from the NHS nationally to all health providers in Somerset. This includes GP practices, acute hospitals like YDH and Musgrove Park, community hospitals like South Petherton, maternity provision and mental health services. So the CCG is a vital organisation. The decisions it makes affects us all in the county.
See below the notes of the meeting.
Present: from the CCG, Tanya Whittle Deputy Director Contracts, Michael Bainbridge Assoc. Director Primary Care, from the PPGs, John Falconer Chair Ryalls Park, Darryl Stimpson Vice Chair Ryalls Park, Ray Croissant Chair Penn Hill, David March Chair Preston Grove, Malcolm Jefferies Vice Chair Preston Grove, David Staddon Acting Chair Hendford lodge, Lesley Morris Vice Chair Martock and South Petherton.
The PPGs began by pointing out that for at least two years they have been campaigning for the CCG to set out how GP practices should develop to meet increased demand and crucially to clarify the level of increased funding to be made available to meet patient needs now and in the future.
Increased funding to enable practices to provide a greater number of GP appointments to patients.
Securing a GP appointment within one or two days has become increasingly difficult in recent years. Waiting times are now typically two to three weeks.
Will independent GP practices continue to be supported or does the CCG predict a transition to large-scale primary care providers?
The CCG was unable to commit to a date when the revised primary care strategy will be published. There is a process, mandated by NHS England relating to public engagement and consultation, which has to be followed for major service change proposals. The CCG intended to have a clear plan in place for primary care although this might or might not be a formal strategy document.
The CCG agreed that increased funding for practices may be necessary, especially in urban areas, but no data had been presented by practices which positively supported the case. The CCG point to significant variation in the performance of GP practices despite similar levels of funding. Practices should therefore concentrate on improving the efficiency of their internal procedures.
There has been a change of emphasis in national policy. Previously, the term ‘primary care at scale’ suggested that larger practices provided a better service. Recent evidence however, suggests that smaller, independent practices are equally cost-effective and can provide a more patient-centred service. The CCG predicted that both Symphony Healthcare and independent practices would continue to exist but that a greater degree of working together was required.
The PPGs welcomed the statement regarding large-scale providers and requested that the CCG make this known to all the practices in Yeovil.
But the PPGs were dismayed about the response on funding. The PPGs firmly take the view that GP practices do not have adequate resources, particularly of health professionals, to meet current patient demand. Whilst efficiency improvements are necessary and welcome, the supply/demand imbalance in Yeovil can only be brought into equilibrium by increasing the funds available to practices.
The PPGs were also disappointed with the progress on strategy and felt that clearer plans to improve quality in primary care services were needed.
The PPG described a number of online initiatives which are already available to patients. Some are fairly mature systems, for example My Diabetes My Way. Others are not yet available to all but are being tested in a pilot study. Still more are available as apps to be selected from the library of NHS Digital.
But in all cases practices are receiving little or no guidance or communication from the CCG regarding which systems to use or whether additional resource may be available to assist practices in getting online consulting up and running. Some practice managers feel considerably less well informed about OC than their PPG.
The CCG accepted it needed to do more in this area and announced that Allison Nation had recently been appointed as the Assoc. Director of Digital IT. The CCG suggested that the PPGs may wish to meet with Allison directly to discuss this matter further.
The CCG accept that the performance of GP practices vary considerably. PPGs are aware of the performance variability, particularly in terms of delays in getting a GP appointment, long waiting times on the telephone, repeat prescription delays and difficulties with reception staff.
But in discussing these issues with practices, PPGs cannot refer to a standard or expected performance against which the practice may be falling short.
PPGs accept that detailed service levels are not part of the nationally negotiated contract with practices and so cannot be made mandatory. Nevertheless, PPGs request a simple set of non-binding service indicators which patients can reasonably expect their practice to conform to.
The CCG made it clear once more that the national contract does not contain compulsory service levels but recognised the problem the PPGs raise. In internal discussions the CCG are considering making available a ‘dashboard’ which may satisfy the requirement but emphasised this was not yet agreed.
The PPGs reported that in most cases the relationship between the practices and the PPGs is very good indeed. Unfortunately, there are some practices where this is not the case. An example was given where a practice almost entirely controls the activities of the PPG, including limiting the number of meetings, approving the agenda and minutes of the meetings before circulation and requiring to vet applicants for Chair, Vice Chair etc. of the PPG some weeks in advance of the elections. In another example a practice had proceeded to merge with another primary care provider without seeking the agreement of, or explaining the implications to, the PPG.
The PPGs requested the help of the CCG to discuss these matters with practices. The PPGs pointed out that the NAPP require practices to support their PPGs “without seeking to direct or control their activities”. Furthermore, the CQC consults with the PPG during assessment visits.
The CCG agreed to mention this matter to the relevant practices and would reply in due course.
The PPGs requested the assistance of the CCG regarding the lack of disabled access at the Martock and South Petherton practice. Funding for a ‘press-button’ door is needed.
The CCG said they would consider the matter and were hopeful that the funds will be made available.
Finally, the PPGs thanked Tanya and Michael for the meeting and the cooperative spirit in which it was conducted.
During the autumn and winter of 2017/18 many patients found the process of booking an appointment to see a GP almost impossible. Call waiting times were far too long and even when patients got through to the reception staff the day's appointments were often fully booked. The practice admitted it was unable to keep up with patient-demand and, encouraged by the PPG, issued a public statement on Facebook setting out the problems and requesting the understanding of patients.
The response was very positive. Most patients appreciated being told about the difficulties the practice was experiencing and did their best to seek an appointment only when absolutely necessary. Whilst the PPG fully supports the practice being candid with patients it is clear that the underlying problems must be fixed. Essentially this means making available more appointments. The practice maintains it requires more funding to offer additional appointments. NHS Somerset acknowledge that budgets are under pressure but believe that by being more efficient the practice can do better with existing funds.
The PPG's view is that increased funding for Ryalls Park (and the other Yeovil practices) is necessary in order to bring about a balance between the supply of appointments and patient demand. That said we strongly encourage the practice to continually seek to improve its processes under a general policy of continual improvement.
Over many months the practice has considered how best to respond to these challenges. Among those considerations was the possibility of joining other primary care organisations in the hope that improvements can be made through 'economies of scale'. The PPG were not able to support such a move unless it was clear it would benefit patients. The practice has now confirmed it will remain independent, and the PPG are delighted to support the decision.
The issue of funding in the GP sector remains a key issue. The PPG has held discussions with NHS Somerset in recent weeks and we hope to hear some positive news in the near future.
See below the confirmation from the practice.
You may have seen the recent statement we made via social media, followed up by press reports, regarding the difficulty to access GP appointments at RPMC. We are determined to improve the service we offer to our patients and have been considering how best we can achieve it. Various options have been considered including the proposal to seek a merger with other practices or to join a large-scale primary care provider. After careful consideration we are pleased to announce that we will remain an independent practice. We firmly believe this is in the best interests of both the practice and its patients. We are also pleased to announce that Dr Richard More has agreed to join us. Dr More has many years’ experience both as a GP and in Chairing and managing a wide range of businesses and will be the Chairman at RPMC. Daniel Vincent remains as Managing Partner focussing on strategic improvements to the practice. In conjunction with NHS commissioners Daniel has been examining how to improve working arrangements in order to best serve our patients. Funding, of course remains a crucial issue. Our PPG (Patient Participation Group) has been pressing Somerset NHS to increase funding for GP practices. We hope to say more about this in the coming months.
Our doctors, nurses and admin team are committed to improving access to the excellent patient-care at RPMC.
We will be setting out further changes and additions to our team in the near future to improve our performance. We know it has been a very difficult winter period for all and we wish to thank you for your understanding and forbearance during often challenging days.
PPG Meeting Dates: PPG meetings are held approximately monthly. If you wish to attend please email the PPG at [email protected]. See below the minutes of the three most recent meetings.
The minutes of the meeting held on 23/01/19 were approved as a correct record.
Volunteers – DV and CM confirmed that the Volunteer pilot will be out on hold until April.
EMIS – DV confirmed that 101 replies were received to a text message asking if they would like electronic access.
Prescription Process – JF confirmed that a letter had been sent to Dr Day thanking her for her efforts in streamlining the prescription process.
The call waiting time during the morning session from 8.30am was being monitored and lowest was 9 minutes with the highest being 11.5 minutes. This was felt to be largely due to the resolution of the prescription process meaning fewer calls in the morning. Call time varied daily from 15 minutes to 2 hours.
DV also reported that RPMC was now the top rated practice in Yeovil town (excluding West Coker) on the NHS choices website. JF applauded DV for his efforts.
The CCG has announced that it will be funding practices to provide an ear wax removal service. Normally the irrigation procedure proves effective but in cases of impacted ear wax it will be necessary to use vacuum removal. The latter method uses special equipment which practices will have to share. The CCG are encouraging practices to work together to provide this service.
A system called ‘Engage Consult’ has been selected by the CCG as the preferred online consulting system for Somerset. Ryalls Park is one of a number of practices piloting the system which gives patients a new means of contacting the practice and getting medical advice. Unfortunately a legal issue has emerged elsewhere in the country concerning miss diagnoses and Daniel has suspended OC activity until advice is received from the CCG.
Post meeting note: the suspension has been lifted following advice from Annie Paddock of the CCG. Also Engage Consult is not to be confused with E Consult which is a different product marketed by a different company.
Catherine made the point that additional resources were required at the practice to improve the service offered to patients. This is particularly true of resources relating to mental health.
Catherine also asked if PPG committee meetings were the appropriate forum to bring up new ideas. She was assured that it is. In recent times many improvements to the practice have resulted from ideas first discussed at PPG meetings.
The Chairman thanked everyone for attending and closed the meeting.
The minutes of the meeting held on 19/12/18 were approved as a correct record.
Volunteers – DV suggested that the pilot be out on hold until due as the three PPG members cleared could now no longer offer their services due to ill health. It was suggested that during this year the PPG repeat the Patient Survey that was carried out successfully last year. This was agreed as a good idea and JF asked for any suitable questions for the new survey to be passed to DS for collating. BA and JF said they would be able to offer some time to carry out this survey.
EMIS – RB suggested that some kind of email survey for current EMIS users regarding ease of use of system may be prudent to gauge how well this is working. JF suggested compiling a simple questionnaire regarding EMIS be put together and DS agreed to facilitate this.
Prescription Process – This would be covered by DV later in the meeting as part of his report however early indications are that the system is working much better, largely due to the input of Dr Helen Day. JF will write letter to Dr Day on behalf of the PPG thanking her for this.
Online Consultation – DS and DV updated on a meeting on how to approach launching this initiative. This was also attended by SP and JC. It was agreed that DS would resend the information to MF as he had not received this initially and had misunderstood the concept of Online Consultations and what they were to be used for.
DV reported that Dr More had given positive feedback about his first six months with the Practice which was encouraging.
DV reported that another visit from the CCG and NHS England had occurred and they gave positive feedback on the improvements already made within the Practice.
A QI team had been formed made up of various practice members to involve them in new processes and also task them with making daily improvements to benefit the patients and staff and discuss next steps. This group meets weekly each Tuesday. The outcomes of these meetings are shared with the whole team and are on display in the meeting room for team to review.
JF queried how mental health provision at the Practice was being met. DV updated that it was still a grey area with access to CBT etc still being very limited. It was confirmed by DV that the Practice does have access to an allocated Clinical Practice Nurse for mental health patients if needed.
DV confirmed that by June the Practice would be part of a Primary Care Network to decide how Care is delivered in the local area. All Yeovil core practices will be part of this group. It was hoped that this would help to access central funding as a result if collaboration between the Yeovil core practices and Somerset Partnership took place.
JF reported on a meeting recently attend with Yeovil Chairs and Vice Chairs of PPGs. It became apparent that communication between some PPGs and their relevant practices was problematic.
He also met with Michael Bainbridge from the CCG and it would seem that no further progress has been made with regards to funding etc. JF would forward full meeting notes to all PPG members for a full and complete update.
JF thanked all for their attendance and closed the meeting.
Present: Daniel Vincent, Darryl Stimpson, Karina Parsons, Lesley Hudd, Jan Yates, Steph Puddy, Roger Brown, Joanne Childs, Mike Freestone, Richard More, John Falconer.
Apologies: Claire Mallinson, Brenda Axe.
The minutes of the meeting held 21 November were approved as a correct record.
Volunteers – There remains some uncertainty about who may be available to begin the volunteering pilot. DBS checks are largely complete so it is dependent on who is available in January. The PPG prefers that the pilot uses members of the PPG committee only. This is an important means of communication with patients and the committee should receive valuable feedback from the volunteers.
No team changes since the last meeting and the practice remains at full staff capacity.
EMIS registration continues grow steadily. The number now using EMIS has risen to 33%, about 2000 patients. This is an excellent improvement since the summer of 2018 when only 5% of patients were registered.
The prescription process continues to improve. The average time from prescription request to medication dispensed is now approximately two days, down from five days in June this year. It should be noted that the improvement mainly relates to standard repeats or run-of-the-mill requests. When a patient’s medication is due for reassessment, a change of dose or other complication, delays still occur. About 5% of prescriptions fall into this category. Daniel reported that a member of staff will be appointed as liaison officer to deal specifically with these irregular problems.
Darryl has been closely involved with practice staff in bringing about the recent improvement, especially in understanding and mapping the process. But a GP must still review and authorise every prescription request. In this regard Dr Helen Day has greatly improved the approval rate of prescriptions.
In approximately six months the management of prescriptions has been transformed for the better. The committee wished to record their appreciation of all the staff who have contributed to this improvement.
There are now a number of initiatives considered as online consulting. Darryl is leading for the PPG on this issue and stressed that although OC provides a great opportunity to improve the service to patients, it must be managed carefully by the practice.
It was noted that the practice has made more appointments available to book online. Joanne has monitored the situation in recent months and she confirmed the position is noe greatly improved.
There was a short break in proceedings at this point and the staff were invited to join the PPG members for a festive mince pie, a coffee and to distribute the ‘Secret Santa’ gifts.
The Chair of the practice, Dr Richard More, joined the practice in summer 2018. Having now been with us for six months he gave the committee his views and observations to date.
He said the first few weeks were spent firefighting a number of problems, some relating to training and some to shortage of resources and he confirmed that performance was improving. The CCG is giving support during the transition and the practice is financially stable.
A staff away-day took place where everyone was given the opportunity to contribute. There was excellent feedback and many good points for improvement were made.
The plan in the immediate future is to make quick-hits for improvement where possible and in addition to formulate a long-term plan for improvement.
However, he remains concerned about the future of primary care in general. There is no clear strategy coming from commissioners regarding long-term funding or how GP practices should be organised.
Finally, he thanked the PPG for their continued support.
The Chair of the PPG thanked Richard for attending and giving his candid assessment. The committee is delighted that he chose to join the practice and is confident that Ryalls Park is on a positive path to continuous improvement under his leadership.
The Chair wished everyone a happy Christmas and adjourned the meeting. | 2019-04-21T08:25:45Z | https://www.ryallsparkmc.nhs.uk/ppg.htm |
The val Fiorentina and its Civic Museum Encapsulate a Quintessential Dolomite Microcosm.
The val Fiorentina is situated a little distance away from the resorts of Alleghe and Caprile and the Valle di Zoldo, to which it is directly linked through the Forcella Staulanza pass. Historically, the valley covers an area where several boundaries have met – and that has had extremely fascinating consequences in terms of its cultural aspects, as this was a location where a lot of ‘contamination’ would happen, especially so in the Ladin-speaking communities of Colle Santa Lucia –which belonged to Tyrol until 1918 – as well as nearby Cortina and Livinallongo, both accessible through the Falzarego and Giau passes.
The Civic Museum “Vittorino Cazzetta” (whose entrance is pictured above) is situated in Selva di Cadore, in the Dolomites’ heartland: a location dominated by the presence of important massifs such as Pelmo, Civetta and Marmolada. The area is quite secluded but at the same time easily reachable, and – geographically speaking – it is part of Agordino, although culturally speaking it belongs to Cadore.
The village of Selva di Cadore is also extraordinarily well-preserved, and this allows to appreciate the innumerable man-made interventions that have led to the construction of the current landscape, as we still see it today. The Museum is situated on the main road that crosses the whole val Fiorentina, just outside Selva di Cadore; it is connected through ancient itineraries to other historical settlements in the valley and to the network of the “Vie del Ferro” (‘Iron Ways’) – the most important of which was also known as “Strada della Vena”, directed northbound towards Andraz Castle (see Livinallongo) and San Martino in Badia/St. Martin in Thurn.
The Museum is hosted in a beautiful modern building in ‘Liberty’ style dating to the beginning of the 20th century, recently renovated with the aim of creating spaces for visitor services, temporary exhibitions and other cultural activities; in particular, on the ground floor, there is a spacious room that opens up with large glass windows on to the surrounding landscape, taking in the magnificent peaks of the Dolomites; the flexibility of the architectural structure allows for a full, autonomous use of all its different spaces, and the organization of the different functions within them. The visit route is characterized by the indigo blue of the surfaces and the transparency of the display cases: these are organized like evanescent casings that allow the best vision of both the finds and the diorama, also from above; this is all geared at facilitating the presentation of the collection into a coherent story, thus providing the visitor with the best possible experience.
In synthesis, the visit route to the Museum is articulated between the first and the second floor in the following way (all these features will be explained in more detail below): an atrium, that presents the general characteristics of the val Fiorentina, the history of the Museum and of Vittorino Cazzetta, to whom the Museum is dedicated; the collections proper, which begin with an introduction to the geologic and paleontological history of the Dolomites, with a particular focus on the iron and onyx trade.
The visit to the geologic and Pre-historic section starts with an expanation board and a photographic image illustrating the geographic outline of the val Fiorentina and of all its most relevant sites, together with numerous fossil finds, displayed in cases in front of a reproduction of the Dolomite boulder from Pelmetto – the location where the famous dinosaur’s footprints have been found – with the individuation of the most significant prints left by these Pre-historic animals; this room also hosts other diorama and casts to help deepening the knowledge of the sites where such extraordinary discoveries were made.
From this section it is then possible to reach the rooms dedicated to the Archaeology of the Mesolithic and – at last – the space where is displayed the burial ground of the “Uomo di Mondeval” (‘Mondeval Man’). The first room in this section sets the scene for the area of Mondeval, describing its Pre-historic events; another large diorama reproduces a Mesolithic hut with scenes from daily life, while in the adjacent rooms are exhibited the original finds from the funerary endowment and other drawings that illustrate the burial of this hunter. The burial room is set in such a way as to transmit the emotion of this extraordinary archaeological find; it is enriched with a special design – also in a deep indigo blue – and extended to the floor, where the clear glass case containing the actual burial is located; the last room in this section is dedicated to a multimedia reconstruction of the Mondeval man’s face.
These are hosted on the second floor of the building, and to begin with, there is another introductory board showing all the sites of major interest, as an aid to locate them in the territory; in the room just nearby is the cast of the Stele Paleoveneta found at the foothills of Monte Pore, while on the other side are the lithic (rock) remains coming from another site at Mandriz. On the short wall is a vase dating to the Copper Age, also found in Mandriz, and additional information on the archaeological digs.
The historic section displays cases dedicated to casts of Roman delimitation stones, and an exhibit of documents and finds related to the mining industry. Two large panels individuate the route of the “Via del Ferro” (‘Iron Way’), and the sites alongside it that hold the most interest from an historic point of view (mines, kilns, fortifications, forges). The visit terminates with a Venetian slab stone that symbolically reminds not just of the great interest that the Republic of Venice showed towards Cadore (mainly because of its natural resources), but also of the extraordinary importance that the mining industry had in itself – all the way from the Paleoveneti to the fall of Venice – for the social and economic development of the val Fiorentina in general and of Selva in particular.
The presence of the Museum and the organization of its collections are also somehow detectable from the outside; the peculiar ‘skin’ of the building – covered with the typical larch tiles known locally as 'scandole' – serves not only the purpose of blending the new structure in regards to its surroundings, but also that of signaling a certain degree of symbiosis with the rest of the valley and its natural environment; most likely, the external staircase is the single element that best denotes the new Museum, as it influences its layout, ‘naturally’ orientated towards Monte Pelmo: the mountain that constitutes the focal element and the privileged axis on which the entire structure revolves – exactly in the same way as the valley.
The Dolomites – already famous in the past as ‘Monti Pallidi’ – are now a particular portion of the southern Alpine chain known as ‘Sudalpino’, delimited to the west and east by the rivers Piave and Adige respectively. To the north and south the limit is provided instead by two important tectonic structures – the ‘Val Pusteria fault-line’ and the ‘Valsugana fault-line’, respectively. The latter delimits the Dolomites in relation to the Pre-Alps of Veneto, developed to the south and open towards the Venetian plains; the ‘Val Pusteria fault-line’ is instead part of that great ‘Lineamento Periadriatico’ (a major fault-line), which isolates the ‘Sudalpino’ from the rest of the Alpine chain.
The univocal characteristic of the ‘Sudalpino’ is that of having been lifted and deformed by processes connected to the Alpine Orogenesis (responsible also for the creation of the Alpine range), but without ever being subject to the metamorphic upheavals that have affected the rest of the Alps; therefore, in the Dolomites in general – and here in particular – we find intact almost all of the Pre-alpine stratigraphic succession. The region registers, however, the metamorphic effects of a precedent Orogenesis – so called ‘ercinic’ – which developed between 350 and 320 million years ago. As an effect of this more ancient Orogenesis, the rocks of the preceding Pre-Permian unit have been variously metamorphosed to form the so-called ‘Crystalline Basement’.
This latter formation emerges widely across the Dolomites, and it is covered in ‘discordance’ by the sediments of the Permian-Mesozoic layer. Only locally – mostly on the Ampezzo plateaus – the Mesozoic units are being truncated by a wide erosive surface over which is laid a conglomerate of Oligo-Miocenic age, dated to the same period as one of the most important deformation phases in the entire Alpine range. These have determined a fault-line system that separates in a symmetrical fashion the sedimentary cover from the underlying ‘Crystalline Basement’, thus causing the Dolomite region to take the typical shape of a wide fold, depressed at its centre (it is referred to as a ‘sinclinorio’ in Italian; an inclined slope) and affected by other deformed structures – such as faults and overthrusts, also folded – too.
In the val Fiorentina surfaces the classic Triassic stratigraphic succession, typical of the Dolomites, which was deposited between 251 and 199 million years ago. Only on the top of M. Pelmo is present also a carbonate unit which can be referred to the subsequent Lower Jurassic. The Lower Triassic is represented everywhere by the Werfen Formation, which was deposited in a wide marine basin, generally not very deep. During the Middle Triassic, a large portion of the Western Dolomites was tectonically lifted and taken to emerged conditions (‘Dorsale Badioto-gardenese’); in this area surfaces therefore a different succession from the one found more to the east (as in Cadore, for example), which was a basin instead.
The val Fiorentina was located at the eastern margin of this ridge (Dorsale), and as a consequence it presents a stratigraphy which is different from area to area. To the west we find a vast erosive surface that rests on the Werfen Formation and determines a wide stratigraphic lacuna; in the NE sector, instead, the succession is more consistent: here two phases of emersion can be registered, but there is also evidence of the presence of deeper basins, which already started to develop during the Anisian. In the Ladinian we find a new deep basin, coexisting with the grand systems of carbonate platforms (as in the Marmolada, Cernera, Verdal and Piz del Corvo). In the Upper Ladinian the area is directly involved in a great sub-marine volcanic phase, which shatters the entire landscape; because of this upheaval, the great basin tended to fill up, leaving room, however – in the subsequent Lower Carnian – for a new generation of carbonatic platforms (as in the Lastoni di Formin, Averau, Nuvolau). In the Upper Carnian the residual basins were then filled by a new sedimentary unit (‘Dürrenstein Formation’), before the area went into definitive and general emersion. This phase is documented by the red continental deposits of the Travenanzes Formation; these are also part of a transition towards another potent carbonatic deposit: the Dolomia Principale (Main Dolomite), in which are sculpted – for instance – the massive banks of the Croda da Lago, Pelmo and Civetta. All these complex phenomena – just sketched here – will be explained in greater detail below.
Minerals are being extracted from the mountains of the val Fiorentina since the depth of the Middle Ages: as a matter of fact, as early as 1177 the emperor Frederick Barbarossa appoints the convent of Novacella/Neustift (in South Tyrol) with the right to exploit the minerals extracted from the Fursil mines. The minerary district is situated within the Triassic vulcanites on the southern slope of Monte Pore; the extracted mineral was called ‘syderite’ (an iron carbonate), and it is associated with manganese oxides. The iron that was obtained out of working the raw material was quite precious, and it was particularly apt for the realization of the so-called ‘white weapons’ (swords).
The mineral was extracted in numerous galleries, located in particular in the area known as ‘I Vauz’ – a location identifiable today because of the large detritus’ cumulus that can still be seen there. All the ancient mine galleries today are either closed or inaccessible, but – in 1933 – one of the old mines of the ‘Vauz’ area could be explored, and this brought back quite an extensive documentation on the different extraction techniques and how they have evolved over time – until the definitive closure of the mine compound in 1753.
In its long history, the Fursil mine has witnessed numerous, contrasting episodes related to the exploitation of its minerals. Squeezed between the Imperial territories owned by the Bishop of Bressanone/Brixen, the ancient rights of the Novacella convent and the claims of the Republic of Venice, these mines lied at the centre of a very complex dispute, the study of which is exemplary in order to understand the history of the region – to which one must also add the ongoing contrasts between the miners from Cadore and those of German origin, summoned by the Bishop.
The extracted mineral was treated directly in this territory, where several important plants for processing iron were located (such as in Caprile, Pescul and Zoldo). Under the definitive rule of the Bishops, a preferential route was also traced for carrying the mineral to Andraz Castle, from where it continued its journey towards the kilns situated in the surrounding area and by the Valparola pass. This itinerary, known today as “Strada del Ferro” (‘Iron Way’, or “Strada della Vena”) was recently made accessible again, thus retrieving a fundamental piece of evidence for understanding the local economic history.
In the period between the two wars, at the foothills of Monte Fernazza – in the area of Caprile – a curious activity was being carried out. It was conneced to a subterranean cave – very particular in its origin and for the material that was being extracted: onyx. This mine has been closed for a number of years now, and it was only recently reopened; a topographic survey was executed, and an actual exploration route was devised also. The accessible cavity is constituted by a large, elongated room, parallel to the slope. The material which was being extracted was a calcareous alabaster of great quality; this lithoid (rock) material was known with the commercial name of ‘onyx’ – but it is in fact not to be confused with the homonymous mineral, which can be ascribed to chalcedony. The origin of the vein is to be looked for in the huge landslide which detached itself from the western side of Monte Fernazza.
This ancient land movement involved primarily the so-called ‘Jaloclastites of Monte Fernazza' – a stratigraphic unit which has a sedimentary origin – but it is also linked to basic submarine eruptions, which happened in the Upper Ladinian (Middle Triassic). Together with the blocks of jaloclastites, this ancient landslide has also involved limestone blocks and Dolomite boulders – most likely from the upper slopes of overhanging Civetta. The circulation of fluids rich in mineral substances – mainly calcium carbonate – has allowed the precipitation of calcareous alabaster in the hollows, thus generating the mineral vein; this ‘onyx’, therefore, is a chemical deposit due to precipitation, analogous in nature and origin to cave concretions, and as such not a mineral. The enriching presence of different salts, deriving from the percolating water, has also given origin – in turn – to a series of spectacular colorations taken on by the ‘onyx’ itself. In the 1940s, the miners demanded and obtained the authorization to dig a gallery in order to follow the vein, which extended under the Cordevole riverbed. It is still possible to see the access point of this exploratory gallery, which was literally dug inside the mine, and where was also a well that unfortunately today is completely filled with water.
The actual landscape of the val Fiorentina is the result of processes that have established themselves in the Dolomites after their final emersion from the sea – an event which can be dated between the end of the Oligocene and the Miocene, following the lifting up of the Alpine chain. Many agents of degradation have acted upon this territory ever since, to mould it into its actual aspect – in particular gravity, running surface water, the action of subterranean water, ice and the action of freezing-thawing cycles. The geological nature of this land, characterized by an alternation of rocks of different erodibility, has created a substrate on which – often in a selective manner – various processes have taken place; for example, those linked to gravity are manifested mainly through rock landslides and debris-flow (detritus) phenomena, which sometimes are quite showy – as it can be appreciated in the upper part of the valley.
The valley itself is the result of erosive processes determined by the activity of ancient quaternary glaciers and water courses; at the end of the glaciations, it was mainly the action of surface water that acted as a moulding agent. The actual val Fiorentina shows in fact the typical ‘V-section’ of the fluvial valleys, but as we rise in altitude it takes on a typical ‘stair-like’ (Italian ‘a gradoni’) outline, which is consequence of the presence of variously erodible lithologies, due also to subsequent erosive and depositional cycles. Morphologies and deposits of glacial origin too are observable in altitude, as for instance in the area of Mondeval, which presents itself – also for the geologic nature of its substrate – as a basin characterized by soft or carved morphologies.
The large Dolomite boulders that lay on top of this surface – as the famous rock connected with the Pre-historic burial of the Mondeval man – derive from the collapse of rock walls from the Lastoni di Formin, then elaborated, reshuffled and repositioned by the action of glaciers. Finally, Karstic activity manifests anywhere the carbonate rocks are being exposed, and this is particularly evident on the summit of Monte Pelmo, where the presence of Jurassic limestone and the conjoined action of ice and water have created an extraordinary glacial-Karstic landscape, dominated by the presence of showy corrosion shapes and deep vertical cavities.
To Vittorino Cazzetta – to whom the museum is dedicated – we also owe a fundamental contribution for the geologic section of the Museum: his is the indication of the presence of invertebrates’ imprints on a large Dolomite boulder, collapsed at the foot of Monte Pelmetto and subsequently recognized – for the first time in Italy – as dinosaur’s imprints.
These impressive finds are the main focus of this section of the Museum, as the visitor is guided through the entire geologic history of the valley, recounted in chronologic order through boards, drawings, pictures, reconstructions, rock and fossil samples, which all illustrate the modifications occurred in the area during the Triassic: the geologic period – comprised between 251 and 199 million years ago – which is by far the most documented in all of the Dolomites. A stratigraphic scheme, with a colour-coded indication of the different geologic layers to which the exhibits are referred to, is devised to assists the visitor all along the route.
The most ancient rocks of the val Fiorentina belong to the Werfen Formation: a stratigraphic unit referred to the Lower Triassic (or Scitian) and widespread in the whole of the Southern Alps. This unit expresses a vast marine habitat constantly fed by fine detritic material coming from the north, and eroded by what was left of a preceding mountain chain known as ‘Ercinic’. The sediments belonging to this ancient sea are therefore mostly made of fine sandstone, siltites and micaceous limestone, and denoted by quite strong colours – such as green and red. Given its highly heterogeneous nature, this formation is subdivided into various sub-units called ‘members’ or ‘horizons’.
Despite the fact that life in this sea was quite thriving, the fossils – not very widespread – are mostly represented by internal models and imprints. The more frequent mechanical traces are also given by marks left by the dominating currents (‘ripple marks’) – all in all quite similar to those that can be observed on an average beach today. Even the hychno-fossils – that is, the various marks left on the sediment by the different organisms – are relatively common: these are mainly the remains of dens and marine invertebrates’ trails, but – albeit rarely – one can also find here imprints and tracks of continental reptiles, especially on those stratigraphic layers which were clearly generated in emerged conditions.
Many layers’ surfaces are sometimes covered with mollusks – especially Bivalves; amongst these, particularly significant is the presence of Claraia clarai, but decidedly more spectacular are the imprints left by sea-stars and other marine creatures. At the end of the Scitian, a sharp reduction in the supply of earth is registered, and on top of the Werfen Formation is thus being deposited a block – about 20 metres thick – of stratified (or layered) Dolomite, normally devoid of fossils. This new unit – known as Lower Serla Dolomite ('Dolomia del Serla Inferiore') – is linked to a relatively shallow marine habitat characterized by tidal plains, over-salty and therefore ill-fitting for living organisms. This formation, however, is documented only locally in the val Fiorentina, because of the complex events that denoted the subsequent Anisian plain (or level).
The Anisian constitutes a crucial stage for the whole Southern Alpine range – one that modifies deeply and completely the monotonous geography of the preceding Scitian. As a matter of fact, from this moment onwards, an intense tectonic activity dismembers the region into sectors, all with different environmental and Paleo-geographic conditions: some areas are lifted to an emerged state, while others – still occupied by the sea – tend to become deeper and deeper. This determines – in turn – the fact that, even at relatively short distances, one may find rocks belonging to the same geologic era as an expression of utterly different depositional events. An extraordinary example, in this respect, is represented precisely by the small Cernera massif, which shows – in just a few kilometers from west to east – an incredible but consistent passage from riverine to lagoon-like 'facies', then coastal and finally decidedly marine habitats (‘facies’).
Examining and correlating laterally the various rocks that follow one another over time, we are therefore able to reconstruct the Anisian landscape and its modifications. To the west was an emerged ridge now known as ‘Dorsale Badioto-Gardenese’, in which erosive processes were dominant; here the rivers transported large quantities of sediments towards the adjacent seas – in particular towards the area of Cadore, as the Anisian sea was extending eastwards. Because of periodical oscillations in the global marine levels, the coastline also continued to shift, thus effecting constant variations in the habitats, both in a horizontal and vertical sense, but without significant alterations in the Paleo-geography. The continental deposits contain rare and spectacular fossils; in the Voltago Conglomerate we find mostly vegetal remains, while in the Richthofen Conglomerate we can also spot imprints of ancient continental reptiles. The continental deposits fade in a characteristic way both laterally and on the top towards marine ‘facies’; at first, one finds habitats connected with coastal lagoons that gradually transition into shallow marine basins, more or less polluted by the silts coming from the mainland. The fossils present in these units are those typical of a shallow sea environment; in the deepest marine ‘facies’ we find instead a characteristic fauna dominated by Ammonioids.
With the Ladinian the whole Dolomite area becomes slowly ever more profound, leading to the sinking of the preceding emerged lands. Once the mainland has distanced itself, the supply of earth also ceases, and so sedimentation acquires a decidedly less carbonate character. In those sectors that are less deep, constructor organisms can therefore become established – such as, for example, corals – thus defining very particular areas which will evolve as carbonate platforms and buildings.
Despite being already present during the Anisian, it is with the Ladinian that carbonate buildings take on a spectacular form, with a thickness which can sometimes exceed 1,000 metres. The carbonate platforms – amongst which are Monte Cernera, Marmolada, Sassolungo, Catinaccio-Latemar and Sciliar – have grown apparently one on top of the other for the whole duration of the Ladinian, so to form localized, isolated bodies laying at the bottom of the basin, and surrounded by much deeper marine habitats. Sheer falls – often conserved with the original inclination, as on the northern face of Cernera and Verdal – joined up the carbonate buildings to the adjacent deep-sea beds.
In the latter, sedimentation was generally reduced and given by the Buchenstein (or Livinallongo) Formation. This unit is constituted by both carbonate (bituminous and nodular) limestone and volcanic deposits; characteristic is in fact the so-called ‘Pietra Verde del Cadore’ ('Cadore Green Stone'), which surfaces quite profusely by the Belvedere at Colle Santa Lucia: this is constituted by a fine volcanic sandstone, expression of the beginning of a volcanic activity which, starting from the south, would progressively affect – in the Upper Ladinian – the whole of the Dolomites’ area. From these stratigraphic units come a few types of fossils: essentially pelagic bivalves of genus Daonella and ammonioids; the latter, in particular, are fundamental in order to define the geologic age of all Triassic units.
In the Upper Ladinian another dramatic event took place: volcanism, which was to overlay itself to the complex situation that was being generated in the Dolomites’ area, whose basins were already reaching beyond 1,000 metres of depth – as documented by the Zoppé Sandstones and the Acquatona Formation. In the Dolomiti Bellunesi volcanic activity is of submarine nature, and it is given by basaltic lava, often with the typical ‘pillow’ structures (pillow-lava) and products given by submarine reshuffle (a mixture of pillow-breccia and Fernazza jaloclastites). Volcanism, which manifests itself also with the repositioning of veins and intrusive bodies – as in the Monzoni and Predazzo ranges – is accompanied by an equally intense tectonic activity, evidenced also by enormous, chaotic deposits due to great submarine landslides, provoked by faults. This happens while locally the last carbonate platforms still survive – as on the Sciliar.
Elsewhere – for example on the Marmolada and on Monte Agnello by Predazzo – large volcanoes form and emerge from the sea; subsequently, once the volcanic activity ceases, their sub-aereal apparatuses are being dismantled by the erosive processes, so that enormous quantities of detritus are being formed, then transported and spread by murky currents towards the deeper basins. For a good part, the Ladinian – precisely as it is observed on the Corno Alto and at Mondeval – is represented by very powerful sequences of volcanic detritus (Wengen Formation), the latter accompanied sometimes by conglomerate 'facies' (layers of Marmolada Conglomerate).
In all of these detritus’ 'facies' the fossils – never frequent – are mostly represented by pelagic Bivalves, Nautiloids and Ammonioids. Vegetal remains coming directly from the emerged volcanic areas (mostly islands) are also locally present – mostly appearing as reshaped matter, then deposited on to the sea beds. Because of the enormous quantity of volcanic-sedimentary material transported into the basins, these generally tend to slowly fill up; the same carbonate buildings also tend to become suffocated at first, and then literally buried under the detritus material of volcanic origin: spectacular examples, in that respect, can be observed precisely on the Cernera and in the Pale massif. Somehow connected with Triassic volcanism is also the widespread presence of metallic minerals, scattered a bit everywhere in the valley; these minerals, especially in the past, have played a non-negligible role in the local economy.
The beginning of the Carnian doubles the preceding situation, in the sense that wherever there were platforms we will find analogous situations – in the same way as the Carnian sea rests on the Ladinian sea, but with ever lesser depths. The supply of volcanic-detritus material into the sea in fact continues in great quantities, even though the volcanic activity has by now almost completely stopped, while on the preceding carbonate buildings – at this stage devoid of life – corals start to establish themselves once again, and so do other constructor organisms, which will give origin to at least two more generations of carbonate platforms. These will present themselves as tabular bodies, less potent than the preceding Ladinian buildings, but much more extended in terms of area. The new plateaus are indicated with the name of Cassian Platforms (or 'Dolomite Cassiana') and will tend to expand laterally at the expense of the adjacent basins, which are being progressively filled up.
The Coldai range, the complex that goes from the Gusela del Giau to the Averau/Nuvolau massifs, and most of the Sella group, are only some of the major examples of Carnian platforms. The relative stability of the marine levels hinders the accumulation of further sediments above the same platforms, so that the settled sediment produced by the platform can only be deposited at the margins of the same structures, inclined towards the sea, and this determines their ongoing centrifugal expansion. The buildings at the margin of the Cassian Platforms – perfectly still visible today – are in fact given by layers tilted towards the exterior, along the periphery.
The situation of these basins is in fact not much different from the preceding one: they are still subjected to the constant supply of volcanic-detritus materials, but also the platforms themselves are starting to discharge sediments into the basin. Sometimes gigantic blocks would detach themselves from the edge of the platform, roll along the slope to then finally collide with the underlying mud and sands of the adjacent basins; one of these spectacular blocks – known as ‘Calcare di Cipit’ – can be observed at Passo Sella. The depositional basins dating to the same age as the Cassian Platforms are therefore being gathered into one quite well-known stratigraphic unit: the San Cassiano Formation. This unit is universally known for the extraordinary richness in fossils it contains, constituted by both those organisms which used to live in the basin and the re-deposited ones: sponges; many types of corals; Brachiopods; Gasteropods, sometimes even with traces of colour; Bivalves; Cephalopods; Echinoids; Crinoids; rests of vertebrates, amongst which – in particular – are the Placodonts.
At the beginning of the Upper Carnian the marine basins are in the process of being filled up, so that not even the Cassian Platforms have enough space where to expand; therefore, the aspect of the Dolomites changes again, and it is now characterized by great, rather flat extensions that develop at water level, from which even vaster emerged lands arise, flanked by canals and deep-sea stretches. Once the earth supplies stop, various types of sediments start to deposit on these environments, part of the Heiligkreutz Formation, which comprise both continental/lagoon-type detritus’ deposits and Dolomites’ ‘facies’ typical of the tidal plains. Locally – as at the foothills of the Tofane – the detritus’ ‘facies’ produce very rich associations in which mollusks are prevailing, but there is also a presence of Nautiloids and of vegetal rests, amongst which are amber drops, bone fragments and reptiles’ tooth – both marine and terrestrial. The presence of continental reptiles during the deposition of the Heiligkreutz Formation – but also in the internal plains of the pre-dating Cassian Dolomites – is an established fact by now. On the surface of many boulders, which have precipitated from the Dolomite rock walls that encircle the Mondeval basin – but also on the Dolomite of the tidal plains, which is being exposed in several locations (Rocchette, Formin, Settsass) – imprints of large invertebrates have been identified.
Certain data for a more definitive interpretation are still missing, but already at this stage it can be asserted that the Carnian tidal plains were being roamed by several types of Arcosaurus reptiles, and perhaps even by primitive dinosaurs. In the Upper Carnian a global event of great importance involves the Dolomites: a rapid and powerful lowering of the sea beds, which determines the definitive retreat of the sea. The entire complex of the Southern Alps – by now emerged – is at first flattened by degradation agents and then – here and there – covered again by new, ‘clastic’ sediments, which are being abandoned by the many water courses that still cut through the region. Quite warm and arid climatic conditions then determine the formation of epehemeral evaporitic basins, in which chalks are being deposited – and this also accounts for the generally red colour of the deposits, which is to be ascribed to these peculiar environmental conditions. The whole set of these deposits – which ultimately result quite poor in fossil remains – is to be indicated in the Dolomites with the name of Travenanzes Formation.
At the end of the Carnian the region presented itself as an immense plain, stretching from west to east as far as the eye could see. It is at this time that the sea starts to rise again, thus transforming this almost desert-like environment into a tidal plain. With the latter is to be intended a roughly flat area which is subjected to cyclical advancements and withdrawals of the sea; this mechanism can be compared to tide cycles, but – because of astronomical factors – it is of millennial duration. The position of the Dolomites within the Tropical climatic band – at this particular point in time – allows to compare the environment that we have just described with the one still existing today in locations such as the Caribbean or the Persian Gulf – but none other is more similar to the Dolomites of the origins than present-day Bahamas archipelago.
This situation is going to persist – roughly unchanged – for an extraordinarily long geologic time; in actual facts, until the end of the Triassic – thus including the Norian and Rhaetian levels. The consequence of a similar evolution is the accumulation of layers of enormous thickness (up to 1,500 metres) of apparently monotonous rocks, which will go to constitute the backbone of the Southern Alps. It is not by chance that the main rock formation of which we are talking about here is called Main Dolomite (‘Dolomia Principale’): the Croda da Lago, Pelmo, Tofane and Civetta, as well as many other mountains of the Dolomites – but also of the Pre-Alps of Veneto and Lombardy – are in fact modeled into this rock unit.
The monotony of these layers is only apparent, however: observing them with the eyes of a geologist, it is in fact possible to recognize in the layers the succession of different environments, and their adaptation to constant variations in the sea level. In a nutshell, the tidal plain of the Main Dolomite was constantly moving from conditions of shallow-sea levels (sub-tidal conditions) to emerged conditions (supra-tidal), passing through an intermediate phase controlled by oscillations in the tides (inter-tidal conditions). The sub-tidal marine environment is characterized by massive Dolomite ‘facies’ in which are frequently found imprints and the internal models of mollusks – such as Megalodonts. When the sea retreated, the tidal plain would become covered by carpets (or mats) of algaes and cyanobacteria, capable of trapping the sediment and thus forming thin laminations known as ‘stromatolites’. These ‘facies’ are devoid of fossil remains, but it is within this context that has to be set the important discovery of the boulder leaning against the base of Pelmetto, which has unexpectedly revealed the presence of dinosaurs’ imprints.
To the curiosity of Vittorino Cazzetta we owe the individuation – in the early 1980s – of the Main Dolomite boulder lying at the foot of Pelmetto, with strange and mysterious lines made of holes. That boulder – now become famous – has allowed to document in an undisputable way, for the first time, the presence of dinosaurs over the Italian territory. The analysis of the surface (almost 40 sq m) offers convincing and thrilling details: the surface shows a series of at least 100 holes, mostly arranged in regular successions and imprinted in a thick layer of ‘stromatolite’ veins, deformed and squeezed.
Obviously the holes are just imprints, while the regular successions are proper tracks; one in particular crosses diagonally and in a spectacular fashion the entire surface. The individual imprints are placed quite regularly, with a constant angle; they are symmetrical when compared to the tracks’ axis – exactly as a two-legged animal would proceed. If we observe the single imprints within this track, we will notice that they are surrounded by a typical swelling: that is mud, still plastic and soaked with water, expelled by the weight of the animal – mud that is by now lithified (that is, it has become rock), as in fact the entire surface which had been walked upon by these Triassic giants, ascribable to the Upper Carnian-Lower (or Basal) Norian.
But what sort of dinosaurs where these? The most evident track is ascribable to a primitive Ornitiscus: a small herbivore dinosaur, which left imprints – no more than about 12 cm long – with its posterior legs. The greater part of the smaller imprints – often lined up as in a trail, and dispersed on the boulder’s surface – belongs instead to small carnivorous two-footed dinosaurs, ascribable to genus Ceratosaurus, about 1,5 m long and no more than 1 m tall. But there is yet another track – ill-preserved on the boulder’s margins – which is constituted by circular imprints (about 15 cm in diameter), accompanied at times by even smaller imprints. This track – evidently of a four-footed creature – is to be referred to a type of herbivore dinosaur almost 4 metres long – a relative of the more famous Brontosaurus. A reconstruction allows to visualize the situation as it was in the Dolomites 215 million years ago. After the original report by Vittorino Cazzetta, the boulder was examined for the first time in 1985; then, shortly after that, the first evidence of the presence of dinosaurs in Italy was announced. Provisional casts of the imprints were taken, and the entire surface reproduced, with the final goal of executing the complete cast – as it is now being exhibited in the Museum.
Since the first report of dinosaurs’ imprints conserved on the Dolomite boulder at Pelmetto, other locations within the Southern Alps have produced new data in order to recognize and list the totality of terrestrial vertebrates that, between the Upper Carnian and until the end of the Triassic, populated the Main Dolomite tidal plains. Some sites have already been studied, while for others (such as the Moiazza and Civetta) research is still under way.
Besides the main Dolomite boulder at Pelmetto described above – which conserves about 100 imprints referable to dinosaurs – further examination of the scree deposits has revealed a certain number of other imprints, which widens considerably the knowledge on the fauna of the time. From this analysis one can in fact document the presence of Saurians, of genus Ornitiscus and of small Arcosaurus. The Saurians are represented by small imprints – organized in two-legged trails – of Teropods ascribable to small carnivorous dinosaurs (Ceratosaurus), similar to genus Coelophysis. There are also a few three-toed imprints of bigger dimension, ascribable to genus Eubrontes, which are larger Ceratosaurus. The Saurians are also documented by a single four-footed track, ascribable to a herbivore creature – and so are the basal Ornitiscus, whose trail provides the most suggestive evidence of all on the boulder. Together with the dinosaurs’ imprints, isolated marks and a track of Arcosaurus reptiles – referable to the so-called Tecodonts – were also individuated. The stratigraphic position allows to attribute the entire association to the Upper Carnian or Lower (Basal) Norian.
Once the last huge glacial expansion ended, the environmental situation of the Alps moved towards conditions that are more similar to the present ones. As a consequence of the rapid withdrawal of the glaciers, the mountain was colonized again by vegetation and animals. Even man – Homo sapiens, that is – adapted to the meaningful changes that characterized this period: in the regions of North-east Italy, as the climatic conditions improved, man progressively started to climb further up in altitude. At the beginning, it was question of small groups (25-30 people), who migrated towards the interior of a definite territory, moving ever higher from the valley floors towards the highlands during the good season. Their economy was exclusively based on hunting, fishing and the gathering of wild products.
Started during the last phases of the Upper Paleolithic (recent Epigravettian), this progressive process of colonization of the Alpine territories became more decidedly established during the Mesolithic – a cultural phase that begins at the end of the Late Glacial (around 11,600 years ago) and terminates in the period in which one starts to register the spread of forms of economy linked to agricultural and livestock farming, which will characterize the Neolithic (6th century AC in Northern Italy) and affect also the first part of so-called Holocene (or Post-Glacial).
The Mesolithic in Northern Italy is articulated into two phases: a more ancient one, – known as Sauveterrian – and another more recent, called Castelnovian. Among the several hundred Mesolithic sites in high altitude known in the South-eastern Alps – at altitudes comprised between 1,900 and 2,300 metres – that of Mondeval de Sora is the most important for conservation, quality and quantity of the finds.
The so-called ‘Site 1’ at Mondeval de Sora is situated at the centre of the basin bearing the same name, in correspondence with a large, isolated Dolomite boulder, at an altitude of about 2,150 metres. First discovered in 1985 by Vittorino Cazzetta, the site has been the object of research for over 15 years, allowing to bring to light two different archaeological deposits, respectively located under the two protruding sides of a large erratic Dolomite boulder. The first frequentation dates to the most ancient phase of the Mesolithic – that is, the Sauveterrian: an epoch during which the site is also affected by the presence of a settlement leaning against the boulder’s walls. In this period, in the area opposite the boulder and up until the margin of the small basin, was located a small lake, delimited by a cordon of moraines (small ondulations). To the subsequent and more recent Mesolithic phase (Castelnovian) are to be ascribed the burial of a hunter, accompanied by a rich funerary endowment and some further traces of a settlement. After a period of apparent abandonment lasted for a few millennia, the site became inhabited again during the Bronze Age – an epoch to which are dated some combustion structures, such as a furnace, and the base of a hut.
During the Late Ancient Roman Age a new phase of occupation is registered, attested by the recovery of two Roman coins, which carry respectively the effigies of Emperor Constance 2nd and Teodosius 1st (6th century DC). In the successive epochs, the great erratic boulder that dominates the basin continues to constitute a reference point for the communities of shepherds that roam the area – at least until the construction of the actual ‘malga’ at Mondeval de Sora; this fact is also witnessed by the basal portions of structures in dry-stone, dating to historic times, that were discovered against the rock's walls.
Delimited by an imposing relief and linked to the surrounding valleys by passes and ‘forcelle’, the clearing at Mondeval de Sora has long represented a strong reference point for the groups of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers roaming these uplands: this is due to its rather strategic position, in a transitional band between woodland and Alpine meadows/pastures. In the course of about 20 years of research, the finding of artifacts in chipped stone and – more rarely – of fauna remains, has allowed the archaeologists to identify several sites which can be ascribed to this period, located in recurring positions. On the one hand, the presence of flatter areas – situated in proximity of water courses, small pools and/or erratic boulders – has favoured the establishment of temporary settlements, used also as base camps for all other movements over the land. On the other hand, the areas located in correspondence of passes, ‘forcelle’ and vantage points – often along transit routes – have been used as brief stopping stations or as hunting posts.
The study of evidence found in different sites within the basin allows also to affirm that frequentation of the area started with the most ancient phase of the Mesolithic – that is, the Sauveterrian, characterized by the presence of lithic (rock) instruments of small dimensions (armors ), dominated by triangular shapes and tapered points persisting through to the most recent phase (Castelnovian), when trapezoid-shaped armors start to become established and more widespread.
The Mesolithic hunter-gatherers practiced a nomadic life-style, moving from area to area according to a seasonal yearly rhythm and in relation to the availability of resources. The study of the provenance of rocks used for fashioning utensils represents an important means in order to reconstruct their movements across the land. In Mondeval, during the ancient phase of the Mesolithic (Sauveterrian), the use of flint of Pre-Alpine origin is largely documented; this material was, most likely, introduced to the area from the middle Piave Valley (val Belluna). It is therefore possible to hypothesize that, in order to reach these territories during the most favourable times of the year, these groups of hunters followed the routes on the valley floors, along the water courses – mainly the Piave and its tributaries. In the most recent phase of the Mesolithic (Castelnovian) it can be observed, however, a clear change in the area used for the provision of supplies, which is evidence of the fact that the groups coming to Mondeval were now gravitating more on the Adige Valley (Val d’Adige) rather than the Piave Valley. Besides these rocks, in each of these phases it was used – even though with lesser frequence – also a local variety of flint, probably quite widespread in the area of the Dolomites.
Extremely interesting for the reconstruction of the mobility of the Mesolithic groups is also the recovery of a small marine shell (Columbella rustica), used for ornamental purposes, which seems to suggest movements towards the sea or – alternatively – exchanges with other groups settled in the area around the Northern Adriatic coast. Another material, present within this site and which could give indications on the mobility in the area, is ochre – a compound obtained from iron dioxide and used both as a colouring as well as for the execution of various tasks. However, at the moment, a specific study that indicates the provenance of this material is not available as yet.
The majority of instruments and tools used by the Mesolithic hunters which have reached us in good conditions is constituted of artifacts in chipped stone. The operations linked to the confectioning of these objects started with the extraction of small sharp splinters of elongated shape (lamellae), obtained out of flint nodules which were being hit using different techniques. During the Sauveterrian, the use of direct percussion was quite exclusive (it was generally achieved with the help of a small stone), while during the Castelnovian a more sophisticated technique known as ‘indirect percussion’ started to be employed, which made use of intermediate elements – a sort of chisel placed between the ‘percussor’ and the nodule which had to be chipped away at, thus favouring the extraction of more regular lamellae. Some lamellae, thus obtained, were then further segmented in more parts with a particular procedure (the micro-burin technique) and evened with small blows at the margins, with the aim of obtaining artifacts of different shapes: pointed armors and triangles in the Sauveterrian and trapezoid armors in the Castelnovian.
These artifacts of very small dimensions – often inferior to 1 cm – were subsequently mounted on wooden sticks or other supports to confection arrows, light javelins or other more complex tools. Other lamellae, kept unpolished, were instead directly employed for the cutting of soft materials or for working wood; besides, the sturdier splinters and the same lamellae were also being modified along the margins in order to obtain various tools, used for the execution of different activities linked with sustenance. Quite frequent are also the ‘scratchers’ that were being used for leather tanning – an operation which was carried out with the aid of abrasive and degreasing substances such as ochre. The majority of Mesolithic instruments and tools in stone must therefore have been endowed with handles – or mounted on supports with the assistence of resins or rough tiers, which in most cases have unfortunately been lost. In some rare cases, however, a few tools obtained out of the manufacturing of hard animal materials were conserved.
The sustenance of Mesolithic populations depended strictly on the varying resources according to the rhythm of the seasons, and – therefore – the different environments occupied during the course of the year. However, the limited capacity of conservation in regards to remains of organic nature only allows us to have direct evidence on the consumption of a rather limited range of resources, when compared to the ones actually used (which are almost impossible to document today in their entirety). Amongst these, a particularly essential role was played by animal resources, whose evidence in Mondeval consists of bone remains of hunted preys. The localization of the site in proximity of the upper limit of woodland – which at the time must have been located at a slightly higher altitude in respect to the current one – allowed the hunters to get hold of both preys that inhabited the woodland (as for instance deer, which during the summer travel higher up in altitude) and those that, on the contrary, lived in the Alpine pastures and meadows – such as ibex, chamois and marmot. The exploitation of carcasses was also mainly finalized to obtain alimentary resources: meat, marrow and organs – either used directly or subjected to conservation processes. The study of the bone remains has allowed researchers to identify the traces of the different activities carried out – mostly thanks to the presence of marks and fractures executed in order to remove the meat or obtain the marrow. Bones, skins and sinews could also be used to fashion other various tools indispensable for sustenance. These latter instruments would include axes, bradawls, points and so on. Unfortunately, there is no direct trace of the use of vegetal resources that also must have been quite varied (mushrooms, fruits and berries, herbs, etc) and probably carried out an essential role in diet and daily life.
The first burials known in Europe date to the Upper Paleolithic (40,000 – 11,5000 years ago). These have reached us in extremely reduced numbers, and the same can be said for the Mesolithic: it is therefore possible that only a few individuals were being buried, but it is difficult to understand the reasons behind this choice; neither do we know which type of treatment was reserved to the other members of the group. All the Paleolithic and Mesolithic burials have been discovered within sites that have also returned traces of settlements. The burial at Mondeval de Sora is the highest in Europe and it can be referred to the Castelnovian phase (about 7,500 years ago). It is constituted by a ditch inside which the buried person was laid supine with distended limbs; the inferior part of the body was covered in stones. The skeleton is ascribable to a male adult of circa 40 years of age, about 1,70 m tall. The objects that accompanied the deceased – found inside the burial ground – are numerous and of various typologies.
Some accompanying objects appear strictly connected to the funerary rite – as for instance the three blades manufactured in yellow flint, and placed respectively on the head and behind the shoulders, whose meaning remains obscure. A bradawl, manufactured in elk bone, was placed on the sternum, while another one – worked out of deer bone – was located between the knees instead; probably, these were being used in order to seal off the leather shroud inside which the body of the hunter was wrapped.
Other elements that accompanied the buried person make a reference to the ornaments that the hunter must have worn at the time of the burial. These are seven canines belonging to deer, all of them with a hole – which make one suggest they were all strung together in a chain. On the left side of the buried hunter – at the height of the lower arm and hand – three groups of objects have been found which, most likely, were contained within three bags. Besides those objects in flint, there were also some artifacts manufactured in bone or out of deer antlers, which give us a rare picture of the kit of utensils that a Mesolithic hunter must have carried with him. | 2019-04-19T03:04:40Z | http://www.italy-tours-in-nature.com/val-fiorentina.html |
This month I am sharing an interview with Colby and Amanda Taylor on their Postpartum Psychosis experience. This couple is sharing their experience publicly in order to help others. Thank you Colby and Amanda for your willingness to share.
Colby: I am 34 years old and recently left the ministry of Young Life where I was involved for nearly 10 years. I am originally from Kansas and graduated from Kansas State University. I enjoy working out, spending time with my family and investing in the lives of others.
Amanda: I am 29 years old and have been married for 8 years. We have four kids, ages 5, 4, 2, and 1 (one girl and 3 boys). Some of the things I like to do are go running, read a book, mail gifts to others, play with the kids, and go on date nights with the hubs.
2. How did you first learn about postpartum psychosis?
Colby: Amanda was diagnosed with postpartum psychosis last year and had 2 stints in a Psychiatric hospital. It was while waiting in the ER that I first learned about PPP through a friend who had looked it up online.
Amanda: I had never even heard of postpartum psychosis until the doctor diagnosed me with it in March 2013. I was in the mental hospital for 7 days after the birth of our fourth child, and that is when I first heard what PPP was.
3. Since you both have different perspectives, in your own words, briefly share about the onset of your postpartum psychosis experience?
Colby: It was after the birth of our 4th son. She began exhibiting manic behavior and becoming very agitated and angry. The day I took her to the ER she had been missing for over 6 hours and when found she was in the process of buying 2 cars and a house.
Amanda: It was 12 days after our fourth child was born. It was a Tuesday. I hadn’t slept in 8 days. I was full of energy, overly happy; everything was perfect (otherwise known as manic- in my situation). I left the house and felt like God was leading me to buy a house and two new cars, so I didn’t tell Colby because I was going to surprise him. I spent $8,000 in 6 days, all without telling my husband. I became violent and angry. Something was not right.
4. What did you find the most challenging in getting the help you needed?
Colby: There is not a lot of information about postpartum psychosis out there. No one knew exactly where to go or what was going on, even the medical professionals seemed very vague as to her condition. Getting answers was probably one of the hardest parts of this.
Amanda: I felt very isolated in the Psychiatric hospital. No one knew what to do with me. I just had a baby 12 days prior, and they almost didn’t let me bring my personal breast pump in my hospital room. I was in the same room with schizophrenia patients and patients that tried to commit suicide and my situation was 100% different but I feel like they just clumped me in with the others.
5. What is the one thing that helped you the most in dealing with your experience with postpartum psychosis?
Colby: Our relationship with Christ was the most significant in helping us get through. Outside of that learning to ask for help was the most important.
Amanda: Honestly, we could not have gotten through it without the Lord. I was so close to hurting myself and/or the kids. I am so thankful for God’s help and protection. I also am thankful for modern medicine and counseling. Those two helped me greatly.
6. What message would you like to share with families facing postpartum psychosis?
Colby: That you can get through this and that you are not alone. This illness is beatable and we are here to help you get through it. Your marriage is worth fighting for and keeping your family healthy is not impossible. Be transparent and ask for help, surround yourself with a community of believers that will help walk through this with you. Seek professional help for your spouse and for you, be proactive in safe guarding your marriage and family. Don’t be intimidated by doctors or medical professionals. If you feel that you are not getting the answers you need than ask until you do. Pray on your knees every day and seek Christ with all of your heart! Allow God to teach you what true reliance on His strength looks like. Learn to get away and take time for yourself. It is most beneficial to find something to distract your mind from your situation. Allow yourself grace as you will make mistakes and you will learn from them, no one expects you to handle this perfectly and that is ok.
Amanda: It is not a long-term illness. It can be. But it also, doesn’t have to be. 18 months out, I feel like good ol’ normal Amanda. I never thought I would feel normal. It took a little over a year to feel like I was back to normal. I want to tell others to not be afraid to ask for help. I can’t imagine going through this alone. We need help and support from others. Also, don’t be opposed to medicine. Faith is very important to me, but I couldn’t pray my way out of postpartum psychosis. I had to take medicine, seek counseling, and be on top of my healing. Be pro-active. You will make it through! We are here to help with whatever you need!
The interview questions are prepared by Jennifer H. Moyer for her website/blog and answers will be published on her website www.jennifermoyer.com with permission from Amanda and Colby Taylor.
Why do tragedies continue to happen when postpartum psychosis is a preventable and treatable illness that can strike any mother after the birth of a baby? It has been over 18 years since the onset of postpartum psychosis occurred in my own life and we still have not properly addressed the illness. This is one of the reasons why I wrote the recently published book, A Mother’s Climb Out of Darkness.
When I was struck with postpartum psychosis at 8 weeks after my baby was born, my family and I had no idea that the illness existed let alone what the symptoms and risks were. My son was 4 years old when I learned more about postpartum psychosis. It was then that I became motivated to increase awareness, treatment and prevention of mental illness related to childbearing.
Back in 1996, the internet and technology were not what they are today. The resources were not available as they are today. In order to forgive and move on, I had to contribute the way I was treated by the medical and professional community to ignorance. But that is not a legitimate reason today.
What are the reasons that tragedies surrounding postpartum psychosis continue? Why are moms still dying by suicide when with the proper care and treatment they can get better? Why does the media sensationalize the tragedies and rarely address the solution to preventing the tragedies? I wish I had all the answers to these questions but I do not. What I do have is my opinion on what can be done to prevent further tragedies.
This all seems easy enough to accomplish so why are we still so far behind? Is maternal mental health not a priority in the United States? Maybe not but the good news is that there are many, many of us out there doing what we can to prevent these tragedies and work towards achieving what is recommended above. If we all do our part, even if it is as simple as asking a mom how she is doing and not just focusing on how the baby is doing, more progress can be made. Support and education are critical in prevention.
Every mom holds a critical role in the family and the community. Let’s take a stand for them and start addressing their mental health needs.
In most cases of postpartum psychosis, there are symptoms of a spiritual nature. Why do symptoms that are not tangible or material present themselves when experiencing postpartum psychosis or psychosis, in general?
I wish I had a concrete, definite answer to this question. Instead, I will share my personal experience and opinion relating to the spiritual side of postpartum psychosis.
I believe that each of us are created and designed with a mind, body and spirit. I also believe that we are all on a spiritual journey. Each of us is at a different point in that journey based on our own personal experiences and beliefs. When I was suddenly struck with postpartum psychosis, I had a strong faith and belief in God. I believe, in my case, that my strong faith and belief as well as the faith of my family and friends, was a big factor in enabling me and my baby to survive the illness.
When my son was eight weeks old and the sudden fear entered my life, I did not even know postpartum psychosis existed. I was sure it was an evil being or force trying to kill me and take my baby. I had never experienced such intense fear previously so I did not understand why I had such fear or where the fear was coming from. As a result I turned to my inner spiritual strength to fight the evil force that I was certain was going to kill me and take my baby.
In my opinion when someone experiences such intense fear, the “fight or flight” response occurs. For me, I felt I could protect my son and I by shouting a bible verse over and over again. I felt I had no other resources to draw on as I was terrified and exhausted from lack of sleep. I began to distrust everyone, even those closest to me. Why? I did not know so I felt I could not ask for help.
It was not until a second hospitalization and a second opinion from another doctor (the first doctor I saw when hospitalized at eight weeks told me I had postpartum depression) that I learned of postpartum psychosis. Once I learned the symptoms of the illness, I could better understand the illness and what had happened to me.
Thankfully, receiving the diagnosis of postpartum psychosis, enabled me to come to the realization that what I experienced was an illness. However, at that time, I never had the opportunity to discuss or come to an understanding of the spiritual symptoms of my illness. It would take several more hospitalizations before I had the opportunity to address the spiritual side of my illness. It was almost three years after I was struck with postpartum psychosis before I had a professional discuss with me some of the aspects of how my personal spiritual journey impacted my illness. It is unfortunate that it took so long for it to be addressed.
It has been a long process and journey but I am finally in a place of peace and comfort with the illness and all I have been through. It has been critical for me to get spiritual support from others, who share my beliefs, in order to understand my journey. One of the resources that helped me better understand the spiritual journey of my illness was the book Further Along the Road Less Traveled by the well-known psychiatrist Scott Peck. I highly recommend the book to anyone that wants to gain insight into the role of spirituality in mental health.
In my opinion, anyone experiencing mental health issues or health issues, in general, should receive treatment not only physically and mentally but also spiritually. Once I began receiving treatment in all three areas, I was able to move further along in my journey of recovery and wellness.
Spirituality is personal and uniquely affects each of us. I welcome the thoughts and opinion of others. Better understanding comes through discussion and communication.
Here are a few links to resources related to this topic.
Why was Postpartum Psychosis Not Considered a Medical Condition?
Back in 1996, when I was struck with postpartum psychosis, there was still a separation of mental health insurance coverage and medical insurance coverage. This separation was devastating to my husband and I’s financial situation. It also exasperated my condition.
After two hospitalizations, my life-time mental health insurance benefit reached its maximum. The life-time maximum for mental health coverage was considerably less than the maximum benefit for medical coverage. The question of why the diagnosis of postpartum psychosis was not considered a medical condition puzzled and stressed me. Here I was having to take prescription medication to stabilize me and help me get better yet my insurance was telling me I did not have a medical condition.
How could this be happening? I anguished over my dilemma. I needed medical care yet I could not afford my medicine and visits to the medical professionals. I had insurance coverage but had never had to use it for anything other then my pregnancies. When I was in a crisis and needed the medical insurance, I discovered how limited the insurance coverage was for mental health.
My husband and I had to use our lifetime savings to pay for the medical expenses. We began the process of appealing the insurance company’s decision of not recognizing postpartum psychosis as a medical condition. My doctor recognized it as a medical condition supporting us in our appeal process. But the process would involve the hiring of an attorney, additional costs as well as additional stress and anxiety for me. I struggled with what to do as I did not feel recovered enough to take on the huge task of fighting an insurance company.
Our saving grace was when the contractor changed at my husband’s job. This enabled us to have new insurance coverage hence a new life-time maximum for mental health conditions. I was so thankful but it should not have taken an employer change to get the insurance coverage needed. I would learn that such discrimination between medical and mental health coverage occurred for years.
Thankfully, later in 1996, the Mental Health Parity Act was passed. The Act required equal coverage with respect to aggregate lifetime and annual dollar limits for mental health benefits. Although this Act did not help me during my initial onset of postpartum psychosis, it would help me later in my recovery.
The question, why is it that the insurance company did not recognize that postpartum psychosis was a medical condition?, remains unanswered for me. I can ponder why but it was many years ago. I am just thankful that my husband and I had a savings to pay for the medical care I needed and that I was able to recover from postpartum psychosis. My hope is that we can eliminate the stigma often associated with mental health and continue to conduct more research supporting the fact that you can not separate mental health from physical health.
I am sure many of you reading this have had similar situations or even worse situations. I would appreciate any feedback and comments.
In early 1996, eight weeks after the birth of my son, I was struck with postpartum psychosis, a rare, life-threatening illness, the most serious mood and anxiety disorder associated with childbearing. My son was just 8 weeks old when I went three nights without sleep. I never thought I could experience such a frightening and consuming illness. I had no prior history of mental illness and was unaware that postpartum psychosis even existed. Perinatal (includes pregnancy and the first year after a baby is born) mood and anxiety disorders include a spectrum of disorders. The disorders affect women of every culture, age, income level and race. Postpartum psychosis can strike 1.1 to 4 out of 1,000 deliveries (Gaynes et.al, 2005).
My first pregnancy ended in miscarriage and I experienced a long and difficult labor and delivery. Both of which can be risk factors for a mood and anxiety disorder associated with childbearing.
By six weeks my son began sleeping through the night but I could not. By seven weeks, I was feeling sleep deprived and agitated. I believed I would soon die. It was an unexplained feeling but very real. I found myself so frightened that I could not sleep at all. The next thing I knew, I was afraid someone was going to kill me and take my baby. I would learn much later, that I was having a delusion or strange belief, which is a symptom of postpartum psychosis. But at the time it seemed very real and not at all false. After the third night without sleep, I was so frightened that I would not even let my husband, the baby’s father, hold our son.
Kelly’s son was nine months old when she knew she wasn’t feeling well but couldn’t describe nor understood what was happening. She knew she was feeling depressed as she had been away from her baby for a week. After she returned from her business trip she was struck with postpartum psychosis. She experienced extreme anxiety, false and delusional thinking and great fear. Kelly also did not have a prior history of mental illness. Kelly would go on to experience postpartum psychosis with the birth of her second child. The second time Kelly experienced postpartum psychosis, it came on very suddenly. She was taken to the hospital by her husband but she was sent home with just a mild sleep medicine. By the time she was taken to the hospital again she was not even aware of her surroundings. Both times Kelly experienced postpartum psychosis she was forced to stop breastfeeding while in the hospital.
The single most predictor or risk factor for a mood and anxiety disorder associated with childbearing is a previous occurrence. Kelly did not know this as she was not educated about her illness the first time she experienced postpartum psychosis.
Jessica new something was wrong while still in the hospital after giving birth to her first child. She knew something happening but the nurses didn’t listen and no one explained to her what to expect. Jessica also experienced some medical problems while still in the hospital. Once the doctor learned what was happening, she was given an antidepressant. Soon after she started taking the medicine, she realized that she was going to die but thought it would be okay. In the night, she began imagining that angels were coming for her. She even passed out. The next day her family took her to the doctor. She tried to escape from the car several times. After taken to the doctor, she was forcibly hospitalized. The doctor did not know what was wrong with her.
Postpartum psychosis is often misdiagnosed. In fact, it is often thought to be postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a less serious mood disorder than postpartum psychosis but is more common. About 20% of mothers experience postpartum depression after the birth of a baby. In both Jessica and my case, we were thought to have postpartum depression. Many doctors are not familiar with postpartum psychosis hence the misdiagnosis. Jessica, Kelly nor I had a prior history of mental illness prior to our pregnancies. Having a history of mental illness makes a woman at much greater risk for a mood disorder associated with childbearing. That was the case with Amanda.
Amanda had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder about five years prior to having her son. She had been stable on medication during that time. She was off her medicine prior to and during her pregnancy up until the final month of her pregnancy. She was planning to breastfeed so she was taken off her medicine again after her son was born. It was not until her son was about three or four months old that she recalls having trouble sleeping after feeding her son at night. She had gone back to work when her son was eight weeks old. She told her husband about her sleeping problems so he offered to take over one of the feedings. It was too late. She soon began feeling as if people where talking about her and following her. It heightened into her threatening her husband with a knife and thinking he was trying to take her son from her. Amanda was aware that she was at a greater risk for some kind of relapse after the birth of her baby since she would be off her medication. Although she was never actually diagnosed with postpartum psychosis, a link between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder has been found.
In the November 2003, the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry published a review. The review reported a link between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder. The review concluded that understanding the relationship between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder has implications for childbearing related treatment as well as long-term treatment. In fact, the review indicates that similar treatment should be given to women experiencing postpartum psychosis as women experiencing bipolar disorder. Although Amanda recovered from her postpartum episode, she still undergoes treatment for her bipolar disorder. Jessica fully recovered from her postpartum psychosis and with preventive measures in place, went on to have a successful second pregnancy and postpartum period. Kelly and I both were eventually diagnosed with bipolar disorder, postpartum onset. The recovery period for all of the women was different but treatment with medication, therapy, as well as emotional and spiritual support was necessary for our recovery.
Although mental illness related to childbearing is now better known and understood, there is still ignorance and prejudice surrounding these illnesses as well as mental illnesses, in general. Mental illness is not a character flaw or a punishment from God. Mental illness has biological, emotional and spiritual aspects. All aspects should be addressed in recovery. Unfortunately, very often all aspects are not addressed. In the cases of Jessica, Kelly, Amanda and I, if it was not for proper medical care and support from others, the outcome of our stories may have been very different as there is a 5% rate of suicide/infanticide with postpartum psychosis. It is for this reason that immediate medical attention is required. If you or someone you know is pregnant or has recently given birth, please offer them practical and emotional support. If they are experiencing any symptoms of depression or psychosis, advise them to seek medical attention as soon as possible. | 2019-04-26T08:04:13Z | http://www.jenniferhmoyer.com/blog/tag/postpartum+psychosis |
The kids are at camps this week, which means lunch-making has ensued. This morning's was pretty meager and I found myself scrounging for some Kirkland fruit snacks that I have hidden in the basement. Time for cookies. These are my usual, changed a bit with all brown sugar instead of white, chocolate chunks instead of chips. Yum.
I thought of posting some "let's-get-real" summer photos here. My dried up herbs and brown, bolted spinach on my peeling deck. The damp towels in piles everywhere, the tower of neglected paperwork on my desk. #$*&!! you, Pinterest!
For the longest time, I had some rules posted on my bulletin board when the kids were younger. One was "Go outside whenever possible" (still the wisest rule I've ever made for myself). Another was "See my world (and messy house) through eyes of love."
Eyes of love. So, I bless you, old fraying beach towel. I bless you, softening once-perfect organic apricot that I should have used for something amazing. I bless you, 6 dozen half-used bottles of ancient sunscreen in 27 different obscure locations. I bless you, shedding dog, who adds 3 hours of housework onto every blessed week. I bless you, turning earth, and your persistence in providing for us no matter what we do to you.
And here's those cookies. Don't act like you didn't skip over the damn poetry for them.
Mix first 5 ingredients together. Add egg mixture, melted butter, and vanilla. Stir until just combined. Add chocolate chunks, and refrigerate dough for a couple hours (even better overnight).
Form into balls and bake on parchment-lined sheets at 350 for 9-10 minutes, until just set. I like to do little ones, fitting 15 on a standard sized jelly roll pan.
As part of my progressive birthday celebration, Emily made sure there was something in my mailbox on the $#*ing day. That's love for you.
She sent me Elizabeth Berg's Escaping into the Open. I joked to friends this week that reading books about writing is what writers do when they're running from their calling. Guilty as charged.
In trying to reach your reader, don't fall prey to what I call "dead dog in the road syndrome." What I mean by that is that anybody is going to feel terrible if you talk about certain things; what you have to try for is a certain emotional authenticity, an earned reader response. Most of all, remember the first rule when trying to convince a reader of anything: If you don't believe it, neither will they.
And then she really testifies by saying, "I'm sure you've heard, countless times, 'Write what you know.' I would change that to, 'Write what you love.'"
Write what you love. And what I love is people (usually women, in my world) finding each other through the fog of life. Admitting their need for one another, making mistakes, following each other through the years like a rope in a blizzard, strung from home to barn. Elizabeth might say that's the positive equivalent of the "dead dog in the road syndrome." Maybe it's the "dewy rose in morning light," but I love it.
It was my 8th year at The Gathering, a group of women ages 35-85 who've been retreating together once a year for 30 years (the older ones, at least). There have been deaths of members, spouses, children. There have been coming-outs of every sort. There have been books published, fortunes made, diseases survived, untold successes and failures of every kind. I don't know how I'd get through life without spaces like this, where everything I am is always okay.
It was a crying year for me. Some years it's about rest, some about casual conversation. This one was about feeling the sadness in the world, crying for the racism that bred the massacre in Charleston, and getting down below all that to cry for myself and all the ways I don't love and honor the person I was born to be. It's not about a low self-esteem (God. I don't have that problem.) but about a loud inner critic that nit-picks and thrives on fear and works its hardest to keep me playing small. Sound familiar? Slowly, slowly, release is coming, and this retreat was part of it.
My dear sister-friend Nalani shared this Wendell Berry poem one night, and I had some company in my tears. It reminds us that "Great work is done while we're asleep." There's a grace afoot in the world that isn't about what we do or don't do (though hard work helps redeem us). It's not about staying busy or being strategic or "finding our passion." (An idea that wearies me.) It's about surrender, diligence, and trusting the Earth to do its work.
Write/do/be/dream/create what you love, friends. Great work is done while we're asleep.
P.S. These hydrangeas are not from my yard. That's all I'll say about that.
P.S.S. I'm dedicating this post to my faithful reader Emily Kelly-Peterson, who said to me at The Gathering, "If I see that zucchini bread post come up one more time when I log in, I'm going to go crazy." Thank you.
P.S.S.S. And to the other Emily in my life, what can I say? You're my rope in the blizzard.
If you're in a place right now where love stories annoy you, you'd better surf on over to Pinterest. And no judgement here.
Cause I've got one. You know. It's him. It's Yancey. And me. And how we met on his 16th birthday, started dating two years later, got married four years after that, and went to San Francisco last month to celebrate 20 years of marriage.
I didn't bring my good camera and we hardly took any photos since we were too busy just being with one another. I'd forgotten what it's like to be in each other's sights almost every minute. Glorious. To start a conversation, pick up on or forget it later, have a glass of wine with lunch, sleep in, eat dinner as late as we want, reminisce about our first apartment, marvel at the pure dumb luck of our orbits crossing and the 20 years of intentionality it's taken to keep them that way.
And to still miss and love our ordinary lives at home. The come-and-go of kids and dog, washing baseball uniforms, planning far-off home renovations, dinners around our table with grandparents and neighbors, and the total awareness that, someday, it will be otherwise.
As Bruce Kramer said, it's the gratitude and the sadness that come together. It's been a sorrowful week in Whatcom County with accidents, murders, and house fires. And, unlike our more anonymous Seattle lives, I was connected to two of these in some way or another. That suffering is real, and someday there will be zero degree of separation. But this joy is real, too, this flesh-and-blood, unload-the-dishwasher-for-the-millioneth-time kind of joy, where you look up and think, "All is well."
Here's another poem I wrote about love and the ordinary. Happy Anniversary, babe.
your carpenter pants crusted with grout.
around the suns of one another.
When I think about it, I suppose I have a tradition of posting on Mothers Day. And I say the same thing every year--motherhood is amazing, but mothering is more so.
Tibetan Buddhists say that we have all been one another's mother in a previous lifetime. Imagining every being as your mother, practice offering love equally to all whom you encounter, including strangers, creatures, and even those who have hurt you...Thinking of all beings with motherly love is a good reference point when I have fallen into automatic behavior, am feeling alienated, or am having trouble opening my heart.
I think most of us, much of the time, have "fallen into automatic behavior." Stress and obligations push us into that place so easily. We forget we have a choice, moment to moment, about what kind of people we want to be. We forget to be nurturing. And, for myself and lots of women in my world, we really forget how to let ourselves be nurtured.
I tear up when I think of all the beings throughout my life who have offered their motherly love to me. My own mother, who determined she was never going to repeat her own childhood experience of not having enough love. Emily, who makes me Easter baskets, remembers when I have stressful meetings coming up, asks me the best questions, and can handle all my emotions and opinions. Breeze, who took my kids for the night this week and made them bacon on a weekday. (They didn't want to come home.) Jackie, who modeled to me, so many years ago, how to be a feisty mother with dreams. Cristina, who pours out her motherly love on my children. Padre, my dog, who loves me with an undying love even though I yell at him to get out of the kitchen.
Though I'll never master it, I'm into tenderness lately. This life is far too short to withhold from one another. I especially ache for all the women in my life and in the world who want to be mothers and it hasn't happened yet. Or will never happen. I can't say anything to make that better, but I do know that love isn't scarce. As my pastor said this morning, there is good news everywhere. We're just telling the wrong stories.
So Happy Mothering Day. May you experience someone being tender toward you today.
I haven't made zucchini bread in a long time, and boy was this good. We snacked off it all weekend. It's a combo of several different recipes, and would work well with a gluten-free flour blend if that's your thing. Makes two loaves.
Preheat oven to 350. Grease two bread pans.
Combine flour, salt, nutmeg, soda, poppy seeds, and sugar. In a separate bowl, combine oil, eggs, water, and zucchini. Mix wet ingredients into dry, then add coconut, walnuts, ginger, and zest. Bake in 2 pans until tester comes out clean, 45-60 minutes.
Holy crap. It's really spring around here. The lilacs are blooming one month early. I know you won't tell Loretta that I've been stealing them like crazy. (She gets so worried about my transgressions.) Someday, I'll have a lilac bush. Until then, guard yours closely.
We've mowed the back yard which seems to have given us all a new lease on life. We had picnic last night. I mashed up four perfect avocados, but didn't feel in the mood for the chips and guacamole default. So I added a big handful of lovage (thank you, Jesus, for perennials), some finely chopped celery, lots of salt, a big squeeze of lemon, and some spicy celery salt on top. (That's your recipe.) God. It was so good. Celery seems to be enjoying a comeback lately, and I could be the leader of the movement. So fresh, bracing, and crunchy. If you wanted to really go nuts, you could add some feta on top and drizzle a little olive oil.
who knows how to build stairs.
still infatuated with all of it.
Wyatt's 12 today. Which means I've been a mother for 12 years.
You've heard me say it before--there are lots of ways to be broken open. Motherhood has been mine. To be so humbled, to know so little, to feel the absolutely terrifying dependency of an infant, toddler, preschooler, kindergartner, and now to feel the terrifying independence of a middle schooler, and to be in love the whole time. What really undoes me is to remember that every single person walking around this earth was a baby once, all of us born for love, and some of us not getting the total sense of belovedness that makes us whole.
I love you so much, Wyatt. I wrote this for you a few weeks ago.
at the park, in the grocery store.
give your hair a tousle.
I'd reach for your hand.
I wonder if a food photo will appear here anytime soon.
I'm not apologizing. Just laughing a little. It's one of those seasons when the question, "What's easiest?" has been the loudest.
And one of those seasons when the compulsion to record everything (on iPhone, Facebook, Instagram) has quieted. I've been enjoying just being WITH whatever is going on, just being WITH whoever is in front of me. I've instituted an Internet Sabbath on weekends, and I can't reccomend it enough. To give myself a break from the nudge to SHARE everything has been divine. To rest in my own self, to go "in and down," as Helen Palmer says, instead of being caught in reactivity and externalizing. To trust that everything I need is already present. There's no need to go out and get, to go out and share.
And here I am sharing. I listened to Krista Tippett interview Mary Oliver yesterday. From the first 60 seconds, I had tears running down my cheeks. I've been reading Mary Oliver since high school, but this was the only the second time I've heard her voice. And it was pretty clear she didn't want to talk about her poems. She wanted them to speak for themselves, to stay whole and a little bit reticent.
The last thing I am is reticent, but, without explanation, here's a poem. I hope you find a quiet place inside yourself this week.
I’m trying. Lord, am I trying.
to not write this poem.
I read somewhere recently that sometimes our focus on gratitude can just be another way of being privileged. "Hashtag blessed" for fame, fortune, and ease.
At the end of this week, though, I do feel truly blessed. I got out of bed on two strong(ish) legs every morning. I had enough food to make my children breakfast, prepare their lunches, and eat together around our table at night. I got to help my friend Rita by taking care of her sweet, sweet dog, and I miss him now that he's gone. I got to help my friend Meril plan her 50th birthday celebration, coach clients, and have an almost two hour yoga class with Ingela at Yoga Northwest. (Thank you, Jesus, she is NOT your typical zenned-out yoga instructor.) I got to read poetry, write some, and do some PTA tasks. I got to to meet with a dear, dynamic group of friends in my house this morning, and we talked about the things we want to water and grow in 2015.
Right now, Wyatt is at a friend's birthday party, Loretta is holing up in her bedroom, and Yancey is picking out the Star Spangled Banner on the electric guitar we got WYATT for Christmas. (I knew this would happen. How do we get the boy himself interested?!) And, maybe best of all in our little world, both kids won their basketball games this week and I've got some sweaty uniforms to wash.
Every year on MLK Day weekend, I have mixed emotions.
I usually cry in church on Sunday (that's no surprise!) at both the injustice in the world and my longing for someone like MLK to come preach us out of it. I feel guilty for not planning a service project for my kids like we're supposed to do. I feel guilty that I haven't watched enough documentaries about civil rights, read all of MLK's writings, and been the kind of freedom fighter I should have been since the last MLK Day.
I imagine what MLK would want is not for us to eulogize him, but to carry on the work he started. Not just to think about the "giant triplets evils of racism, materialism, and militarism" (Wow) on a Monday in January, but in all the choices we make throughout the year. I'm white, and what I say to myself and to other white folks is this: Inform yourself. Take a training, read a book, watch some movies. Believe it when people of color tell you their stories. Talk to other white people about white privilege and start looking for how you benefit from it. Let yourself be sad for awhile about the trauma of racism in this country, and then turn that sadness into resolve.
I can't sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly.
Our survival, our happiness, our well-being as a species is one "single garment of destiny." Every major spiritual tradition says that the great lie is one of separation--that we are separate from one another and separate from God. We are in this together, and I hope we're closer to experiencing justice roll down like waters. Thank you, MLK, for your life, legacy, and love. We're still trying.
1) No more dip. For the rest of my life.
2) New Years makes me sad.
As for theme #1, see my "recipe" for muesli below. Granola, much as I love it, has a lot more fat and sugar, and January calls for something more restrained. I like to mix a couple big spoonfuls of muesli with yogurt, a drizzle of maple syrup, and some winter citrus.
Quickly pulse 1 c. old fashioned oats in a food processor or blended. Just a few seconds. Combine the pulsed oats with 2 or 3 cups of whole oats, some toasted nuts (almonds, pecans, walnuts), a few Tablespoons of chia, flax, sesame, or pumpkin seeds (or all of the above!), a few Tablespoons of brown sugar, unsweetened dried coconut flakes, pinch of salt, teaspoon of cinnamon, and any dried fruit of your choice, chopped to bite-sized pieces. Store in a canister and eat it with milk, yogurt, or cook it like you would oatmeal. It will keep for a few months in your pantry or on the counter. | 2019-04-22T12:24:04Z | https://www.inpraiseofleftovers.com/blog?year=2015 |
The purpose of the Theory Section is to support scholarship in social theory within sociology and related disciplines. The Section sponsors an annual program (in conjunction with the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association). It also sponsors a newsletter, awards scholarly prizes, supports the teaching of theory in sociology, and supports and occasionally sponsors additional scholarly meetings. The Section seeks to be a forum where a variety of theoretical approaches can meet and where the full range of theoretical questions can be addressed.
The membership of the Section is open to any member of the American Sociological Association, without regard to the classification of his or her membership status, who wishes to participate in the Section and who pays annual Section dues.
Dues shall be set by Section officers in accord with the requirements of the American Sociological Association.
An Annual Business Meeting of section members shall be held in conjunction with the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association. At least 25 section members shall be present to constitute a quorum.
The officers of the Section shall be the Chair, the Chair-Elect, the Past Chair, the Secretary-Treasurer, and eight voting Section Council members. Two of the voting Council members shall be graduate students. In addition, the Newsletter Editor and the Web Site Editor shall be non-voting members of the Council. Officers shall be drawn from members of the Theory Section. Except as specified in the last paragraph of this subsection, the terms for all section offices, other than Chair and Past Chair, shall commence on the first day after the conclusion of the meeting of the American Sociological Association that directly follows an officer’s election to office.
The Chair-Elect will serve a one-year term in this office and will automatically become Chair in the year following his or her term as Chair-Elect. The Chair will serve a one-year term in this office. Following this term, the Chair shall serve a one-year term as Past Chair. Except as specified in the last paragraph of this subsection, the Chair and Past Chair will succeed to these offices on the first day after the conclusion of the annual ASA meeting during which they served, respectively, as Chair-Elect and Chair.
The Secretary-Treasurer will serve a three-year term in this office. The six non-student voting Section Council Members will each serve a three-year term in this office. The terms of Section Council Members will be staggered such that two newly-elected Section Council Members rotate onto Section Council each year, while two Section Council Members, having completed their three-year terms, rotate off. Beginning with the spring 2019 election, one graduate-student Section Council Member shall be elected each year, to serve a two-year term. The Editors of the Section Newsletter and Sociological Theory shall serve as non-voting members of the Section Council.
No member can hold two elective Theory Section offices simultaneously, and no member can succeed himself or herself in the same elective office. If an officer is elected to another Theory Section office, his or her prior office shall be declared vacant.
If the offices of Secretary-Treasurer or Section Council Member become vacant prior to the expiration of an elected term, they shall be filled for the unexpired term through appointment by the Chair, subject to confirmation by the other Theory Section officers within two months of the appointment. If the office of the Chair becomes vacant prior to the expiration of an elected term, the Chair-Elect shall complete the term of the Chair, serving as both Chair-Elect and Acting Chair, before succeeding to a one-year term as Chair. If the office of Past Chair becomes vacant, the Chair shall appoint a Past Chair from among previous Section Chairs to serve the unexpired term, subject to confirmation by other Theory Section officers within two months of the appointment. If the office of the Chair-Elect becomes vacant, the Chair shall appoint an Acting Chair-Elect who will serve the remainder of the Chair-Elect term but will not succeed automatically to the office of Chair. If the Chair-Elect vacancy occurs between the conclusion of the ASA meeting and the following election of section officers, that election shall also include the election of a new person to serve as Chair for the term that begins at the conclusion of the ASA meeting that immediately follows. If the Chair-Elect vacancy occurs between the annual election and the ASA meeting, a special election shall be held at the Section Business Meeting to select the person who will become Chair following the ASA meeting.
The officers of the Theory Section are vested in principle with the power to carry out all necessary operations for the Section, acting in accord with Section Bylaws.
The officers shall make decisions either at the annual Section Council Meeting by a majority vote of officers in attendance; or, in the period between annual meetings, by any method (e.g., mail, e-mail, conference phone call) that allows all officers a chance to vote, provided that a quorum of at least seven officers participates in the vote.
Questions that are interpreted by the officers to be matters of new program development or policy shall be brought before the Section membership, at the time of the annual Business Meeting, for discussion. The officers may decide by majority vote to bring these and other Section issues to a vote of the Section members in attendance at the Business Meeting.
The Chair will determine the program of the Theory Section for the American Sociological Association meeting that is held during the year in which his or her term as Chair expires. In setting this program, he or she may seek the advice of an ad hoc Section Program Committee, which he or she may choose to appoint.
The Secretary-Treasurer will maintain minutes of annual Council and Business Meetings of the Section and will also maintain an updated version of the Section Bylaws, depositing copies of all such documents with the Executive Office of the American Sociological Association.
Any decision of the Section officers shall be brought to the next Business Meeting for ratification if requested by at least three officers. Any action of the Section or its officers, including changes of the Bylaws, may also be raised for reconsideration by means of a written petition of 10 percent of the members of the Section or by twenty-five members of the Section, whichever is less. Each such petition will then be brought to discussion and, where necessary, to a vote at the next scheduled section Business Meeting. Motions receiving majority support at the Business Meeting will be adopted, except in the case of motions requiring changes in Bylaws. Proposed Bylaw modifications remain subject to the procedure for changing Bylaws stipulated in the following paragraph.
The power to change Section Bylaws belongs to the full membership of the Section. Changes in Bylaws require a majority vote of members voting in a mail balloting by Section members. Changes approved in Bylaws become effective at the conclusion of the ASA meeting that directly follows their adoption by the Section membership.
The positions of Chair-Elect, Secretary-Treasurer, and Section Council Member will be filled by a vote of the full Section membership. An election to fill positions that will be vacant following the conclusion of each year’s ASA meeting will be held annually and shall be carried out in cooperation with the American Sociological Association and coordinated to its schedule.
The annual ballot for the election of new members to the Section Council will take the form of an unpaired listing of four candidates, from which Section members may vote for two. The two candidates receiving the highest overall vote totals will be elected to Section Council.
In conformity with ASA guidelines, the Section shall sponsor a Newsletter. Oversight of the Newsletter shall be the responsibility of a Newsletter Advisory Board, which shall consist of three members: the Section Chair, the Past Chair, and one Section Council Member, designated by the Chair to serve a renewable one-year term as Head of the Advisory Board.
The Newsletter Editor shall be appointed for a three-year term. When a vacancy in the Editor position is anticipated, the Newsletter Advisory Board will appoint a new Editor, after seeking applications by persons interested in filling the Editor position. The Advisory Board shall publicize the search for applicants substantially in advance of the selection of a new Editor.
The Newsletter Editor is responsible for publishing information likely to be of interest to section members, including material relating to the business of the section, to meeting programs, to section awards, etc. The Editor is encouraged to solicit contributions that further the goals of the section.
No elected Section officer shall serve concurrently as Newsletter Editor.
The Section shall have five standing committees. Other committees shall be appointed on an ad hoc basis by the Chair with the approval of other officers, or by a majority vote of the officers.
Members of all committees will be members of the Theory Section.
Membership on all standing committees will be for a one-year term that begins at the conclusion of the annual ASA meeting.
No Section member may serve concurrently on more than one standing committee. No standing committee shall have more than one Section officer among its members in any one year. No more than one committee member may serve two consecutive terms on the same standing committee.
the Council Meeting by Section officers and then offered to the Business Meeting. This list may be supplemented at the Business Meeting before it votes on members for the Committee on Nominations.
The fifth member of the Committee on Nominations will be the officer who becomes Past Chair following the ASA meeting.
The officer who becomes Section Chair following the ASA meeting (i.e., the Chair-Elect at the time of the meeting) shall designate one of the four elected members of the Committee on Nominations as Committee Chair.
The task of the Committee is to propose, in advance of the Section elections, two candidates for each officer position that will vacant as of the end of the following’s year’s ASA annual meeting.
2. Theory Prize Committee. This will be a committee of five members. Two members will be elected each year at the Section Business Meeting. Three members, including the Committee Chair, will be appointed by the officer who becomes Section Chair following the ASA meeting (the Chair-Elect).
The task of the Theory Prize Committee is to evaluate submissions for, and where appropriate to award, an annual prize. The purpose of this prize is to recognize outstanding work in theory, to communicate the principle that theory is plural and broadly defined, and to promote the interest of the Theory Section.
This prize is to be awarded only to exceptional work. At its discretion, the Theory Prize Committee may also award Honorable Mentions.
In any two year period, the Theory Prize will be given for a book in the even-numbered calendar year, and for an article, chapter, or published or publicly-presented paper in the odd-numbered calendar year. Each year, only titles from the four years prior to the award year are eligible for the Theory Prize.
The Chair of the Theory Prize Committee shall have the responsibility of announcing the prize competition (in the Section Newsletter and in ASA Footnotes) and taking other appropriate measures to generate a list of nominees for the prize. The Chair shall be given latitude in determining procedures for selection of the prize winner.
The Theory Prize Award will be commissioned by the Committee Chair, in consultation with the Section Chair, and charged to Section funds.
3. Junior Theorist Award Committee. This will be a committee of four members, who will be appointed, at or near the time of the ASA meeting, by the officer who becomes Section Chair following the annual meeting (the Chair-Elect). One member of the Committee will be the award winner from the previous year. Nominations for the other three members will be solicited at the Section Business Meeting, for the Chair-Elect’s consideration. In addition to appointing the committee, the Chair-Elect will designate one member of this Committee as Committee Chair.
The task of the Committee is to evaluate submissions for, and where appropriate to award, an annual prize. The purpose of the prize is to recognize outstanding theoretical work by an early-career sociologist (who has received the Ph.D., but who, at the time of nomination, is not more than eight years beyond the calendar year in which the Ph.D. was granted). At its discretion, the Committee may also award Honorable Mentions.
This work may take the form of: (a) a paper published or accepted for publication; (b) a paper presented at a professional meeting; or (c) a paper suitable for publication or presentation at a professional meeting. All submissions should be written or published in the 12 months preceding the nominations deadline.
The Chair of the Junior Theorist Award Committee shall have the responsibility of announcing the prize competition (in the Section Newsletter and in ASA Footnotes). Only self-nominations will be accepted; and all submissions should be accompanied by a letter explaining how the paper advances sociological theory. The Chair shall be given latitude in determining procedures for selection of the prize winner. In a year in which the Committee deems no nominated work suitable for the prize, this award may be withheld.
The Junior Theorist Award may not be granted to the recipient of the section’s Theory Prize (i.e., it may not be granted to the same author, in the same year, for the same work). In the event that both committees select the same work for recognition, this work shall be awarded the Theory Prize. Should this occur, the Junior Paper Award Committee shall consider whether a runner-up is of sufficient quality to receive the Junior Theorist Award. The Committee Chair is responsible for conferring with the Chair of the Theory Prize Committee to ensure that no duplication occurs.
In addition, papers which were awarded the Shils-Coleman Award for the best graduate student paper cannot be resubmitted for consideration under the Junior Theorist Award.
The Junior Theorist Award will be commissioned by the Committee Chair, in consultation with the Section Chair, and charged to Section funds.
4. Graduate Student Prize Committee. This will be a committee of five members, who will be appointed, at or near the time of the ASA meeting, by the officer who becomes Section Chair following the annual meeting (the Chair-Elect). The Chair-Elect will designate one member of this Committee as Committee Chair.
The task of the Committee is to evaluate submissions for, and where appropriate to award, an annual prize. The purpose of the prize is to recognize distinguished work in the theory area by a graduate student.
This work may take the form of either: (a) a paper published or accepted for publication; (b) a paper presented at a professional meeting; or (c) a paper suitable for publication or presentation at a professional meeting.
The Chair of the Graduate Student Prize Committee shall have the responsibility of announcing the prize competition (in the Section Newsletter and in ASA Footnotes) and taking other appropriate measures to generate a list of nominees for the prize. The Chair shall be given latitude in determining procedures for selection of the prize winner. In a year when the Committee deems no nominated work suitable for the prize, this award may be withheld.
The graduate student prize will take the form of an award of up to $500 for reimbursement of travel expenses for attendance at the annual ASA meeting. The graduate student prize may also include a certificate or similar form of recognition determined by the Committee Chair in consultation with the Section Chair.
The graduate student prize will be called the Edward Shils-James Coleman Memorial Award.
5. Membership Committee. This will be a committee of three members, who will be appointed, at or near the time of the ASA meeting, by the officer who becomes Section Chair following the annual meeting (the Chair-Elect). The Chair-Elect will designate one member of this committee as Committee Chair.
The task of this Committee is to develop and execute measures to maintain and promote membership in the Theory Section. | 2019-04-24T06:03:36Z | http://www.asatheory.org/bylaws.html |
DENNIS PAVLINA , ET AL ., Appellants , v. THE CITY OF VANCOUVER , Respondent .
Building Regulations - Land Use Regulations - Judicial Review - Land Use Petition Act - Applicability - In General. The Land Use Petition Act (chapter 36.70C RCW) governs judicial review of local governmental land use decisions.
Building Regulations - Land Use Regulations - Judicial Review - Land Use Petition Act - Appellate Review - Role of Appellate Court. An appellate court reviewing a local land use decision that a superior court has reviewed under the Land Use Petition Act (chapter 36.70C RCW) sits in the same position as the superior court and applies the review standards of RCW 36.70C.130 (1) directly to the administrative record.
Building Regulations - Building Permit - Conditions - Development Fees - Validity - Direct Benefit to Development - Necessity. Development impact fees collected under RCW 82.02.050 need not be spent on infrastructure that specifically benefits a particular development. The impact fees need only provide a general benefit to the entire area.
Municipal Corporations - Development Fees - New Growth and Development - In General. Cities may impose development impact fees on new developments inasmuch as such fees do not change land use decisions.
Municipal Corporations - Development Fees - New Growth and Development - What Constitutes - Preliminary Site Plan Approval. Preliminary site plan approval for a proposed development is not a final land use decision for purposes of assessing a development impact fee under a local ordinance if the intent of the ordinance is to assess development impact fees on new growth and development. Growth and development occur when the approved project is under construction. There is no reason to collect impact fees on a preliminary approval.
Municipal Corporations - Development Fees - New Growth and Development - What Constitutes - Building Permit Application. Under a local ordinance authorizing the assessment of development impact fees on new growth and development, the fee is properly assessed against a development at the time the developer applies for a building permit.
Building Regulations - Building Permit - Conditions - Development Fees - Nature of Fee - Additional Condition of Approval. A development impact fee assessed against a land development at the time the developer applies for a building permit under a local ordinance authorizing the assessment of development impact fees on new growth and development does not constitute a condition of approval in addition to those imposed at the time of preliminary plat approval. A development impact fee does not affect the physical aspects of a development and, because of that, it cannot be viewed as an additional condition of approval.
Building Regulations - Land Use Regulations - Vested Rights - Development Impact Fee. A local ordinance authorizing the assessment of development impact fees on new growth and development is not a land use regulation for purposes of the vested rights doctrine. Preliminary plat approval of a proposed development does not, therefore, vest in the developer a right not to be assessed a development impact fee where the ordinance authorizing the fee is enacted after the preliminary approval but before application is made for a building permit.
Building Regulations - Building Permit - Conditions - Development Fees - Assessment - Building Permit Application. A land development impact fee under RCW 82.02.050 must be assessed at the time of building permit application.
legislature intended by RCW 82.02.050 for development impact fees to be imposed on new growth and development.
Statutes - Construction - Ambiguity - Legislative Intent - Purpose. Where there are possibly differing interpretations of a statute, a court must look to the reasons the legislature enacted the statute and construe the statute consistently with the legislative purpose.
Building Regulations - Building Permit - Conditions - Development Fees - Statutory Provisions - Purpose. The purpose of RCW 82.02.050 , which authorizes municipalities to assess impact fees on new growth and development, is to ensure that land developers pay a proportionate share of costs for using public facilities when they contribute to new growth and development. Whether a developer's project contributes to new growth and development is determined at the time the developer applies for a building permit.
Statutes - Construction - Amendment - Judicial Amendment - Imperative Need - Rationality. A court will not add to the clear language of a statute absent an imperative need to make the statute rational.
Statutes - Construction - Unambiguous Language - Contrary Legislative Intent - Burden of Proof. A party asserting that a different meaning applies to a clear and unambiguous statute has the burden of showing the contrary legislative intent.
Nature of Action: Land developers sought judicial review of a local hearing examiner's decision upholding a city's assessment of a development impact fee on their proposed development for which preliminary plat approval was received before the enactment of the ordinance authorizing the fee.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Clark County, No. 03-2-01198-7, Robert L. Harris, J., on September 2, 2003, entered a judgment in favor of the city.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the city properly assessed the fee at the time the developers applied for a building permit, the court affirms the judgment and awards attorney fees to the municipality.
Le Anne M. Bremer (of Miller Nash, L.L.P. ), for appellants .
Ted H. Gathe , City Attorney, and James J. McNamara , Assistant, for respondent .
BRIDGEWATER , J. - Dennis Pavlina and Gold Medal Group, LLC appeal the imposition of impact fees imposed on them when they obtained a building permit for a commercial building. We hold, consistent with our decision in New Castle Investments, LLC v. City of La Center , 98 Wn. App. 224 , 989 P.2d 569 (1999), review denied , 140 Wn.2d 1019 (2000), that although preliminary plat approval occurred in 1988, before the impact fee ordinance was adopted in 1995, the imposition of impact fees was correctly calculated at the time the petitioner applied for the building permit in 2002. We affirm and award attorney fees to the city of Vancouver.
Dennis Pavlina and Gold Medal Group, LLC are current owners of an office building project located in Clark County.«1»In October 1988, Clark County preliminarily approved short plat no. 88-79-1722. This approval created two lots; one lot became Parkway Plaza Phase III and the other lot became Parkway Plaza Phase IV (Phase IV). Parkway Plaza Phase III is not at issue in this appeal. The final short plat approval occurred on November 23, 1988.
«1»We refer to Pavlina and Gold Medal Group, LLC as "Pavlina."
tional daily trips (ADTs) per phase. Because the project received a DNS, Clark County did not impose any measures to mitigate the impacts of the additional trips on the surrounding roadways.
The city of Vancouver (the City) annexed the site on January 1, 1993. In 1995, the City adopted an impact fee ordinance according to chapter 82.02 RCW. The City granted final site plan approval on October 28, 2002. It issued building permits on November 21, 2002. This same day, Pavlina paid the required impact fees under protest. Pavlina then appealed the impact fees.
On January 30, 2003, an open record appeal hearing occurred before the City's hearing examiner. The hearing examiner found the $111,112 in fees was consistent with chapter 20.97 of the Vancouver Municipal Code (VMC) and relevant state law. Pavlina then filed a Land Use Petition Act (LUPA) appeal with the Clark County Superior Court. After a hearing, the superior court affirmed the hearing examiner's decision.
(f) The land use decision violates the constitutional rights of the party seeking relief.
RCW 36.70C.130 (1)(a)-(f). Pavlina asserts that subsections (b) and (d) apply to his case. On review of a LUPA decision, this court stands in the shoes of the superior court and reviews the hearing examiner's action on the basis of the administrative record. Wells v. Whatcom County Water Dist. No. 10 , 105 Wn. App. 143 , 150, 19 P.3d 453 (2001).
In 1990, the legislature adopted RCW 82.02.050 as part of the Growth Management Act, chapter 36.70A RCW. RCW 82.02.050 authorizes cities to impose impact fees on those involved in development activities. RCW 82.02.090 (1) defines "[d]evelopment activity" as "any construction or expansion of a building, structure, or use, any change in use of a building or structure, or any changes in the use of land, that creates additional demand and need for public facilities."
RCW 82.02.090 distinguishes between "[p]roject improvements" and "[s]ystem improvements." Project improvements are site improvements and facilities designed to provide service for a particular development project and "that are necessary for the use and convenience of the occupants or users of the project, and are not system improvements." RCW 82.02.090 (6). System improvements are public facilities included in a capital facilities plan that are designed to provide service to service areas within the community at large. RCW 82.02.090 (9).
A city can only impose impact fees collected under RCW 82.02.050 on system improvements that are reasonably related to new development. RCW 82.02.050 (3)(a). The fees shall not exceed a "proportionate share" of the costs of system improvements reasonably related to the new development. RCW 82.02.050 (3)(b); City of Olympia v. Drebick , 119 Wn. App. 774 , 83 P.3d 443 (2004). And finally, the fees shall be used for system improvements that will reasonably benefit the new development. RCW 82.02.050 (3)(c). A "[p]roportionate share" is that portion of the cost of public facility improvements that are reasonably related to the service demands and needs of new development. RCW 82.02.090 (5).
RCW 82.02.020 is another tool for cities to impose the cost of constructing and maintaining public facilities and services on the developments creating the need for these services and facilities. This statute enables cities to mitigate the "direct" impacts of new development with reasonably and necessary exactions and dedications.
A municipality need not spend impact fees collected under RCW 82.02.050 on infrastructure that specifically benefits a particular development. Wellington River Hollow, LLC v. King County , 113 Wn. App. 574 , 587, 54 P.3d 213 (2002), review denied , 149 Wn.2d 1014 (2003). Instead, the impact fees need only provide a general benefit to the entire area. Wellington River Hollow , 113 Wn. App. at 587 .
The City enacted VMC 20.97.030(C) and VMC 20.97.060(B) and (C) in 1995 after the legislature enacted RCW 82.02.050 . VMC 20.97.030(C) states: "To the extent that new development in service areas and overlay service areas places demands on the public facility infrastructure, those demands should be partially satisfied by shifting a proportionate share of the responsibilities for financing the provision of such new facilities from the public at large to the developments actually creating the demands." These enactments are similar to RCW 82.02.050 (1).
(B) For single-family/duplex residential subdivisions and short subdivisions hereinafter approved, the per lot impact fee shall be calculated at the time of preliminary plat or short plan approval, noted on the face of the final plat, and imposed on a per lot basis at the time of building permit application. For new multi-family and non-residential development hereafter approved, the impact fee shall be calculated at the time of site plan approval or building permit application if the proposed development is not sufficiently defined to permit such calculation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the fee shall be re-calculated for building permit applications filed more than three (3) years following the date of the applicable preliminary plat, preliminary short plat or site plan approval.
(C) For development not necessitating or having been previously granted preliminary plat, preliminary short plat or site plan approval, the impact fee shall be calculated and imposed at the time of building permit application.
VMC 20.97.060(B) and (C). The City's intent in enacting its impact fee ordinance and the legislature's intent in RCW 82.02.050 are at issue in this appeal.
In New Castle , we held that impact fees do not change a land use decision. New Castle , 98 Wn. App. at 232 . As such, cities may impose impact fees on new developments. Here, the court relied on New Castle to affirm the hearing examiner's decision. Pavlina asserts that New Castle does not apply because the City could not impose impact fees on a project the City approved before it adopted its impact fee ordinance.
purpose of charging traffic impact fees. He asserts that he received the right to complete the project according to the terms of the approval (with his preliminary approval of the Parkway project). We disagree because the City's intent for the impact fee ordinance directly contradicts this argument.
Preliminary approval is not final approval. Under VMC 20.97.060(B) and (C), applying for a building permit triggers the imposition of impact fees. Further, there is no guarantee that an applicant receiving preliminary approval will actually build a development.
The intent of the legislature and the city of Vancouver was to impose fees on new growth and development. A preliminary approval is not new growth and development. Growth and development occur when the approved project is under construction. There is no reason to collect impact fees on a preliminary approval. Thus, impact fees are collected at the time an applicant applies for a building permit. VMC 20.97.060(B) and (C). That is when the proposed project begins to affect the public facilities of a city and not at the preliminary approval phase.
Pavlina contends that because he had an approved development when he sought a building permit from the City, the City cannot impose additional conditions of approval on his development. To support his contention he mistakenly relies on Mission Springs, Inc. v. City of Spokane , 134 Wn.2d 947 , 954 P.2d 250 (1998). Contrary to Pavlina's contention, the City's traffic impact fees (TIFs) are not additional conditions of approval.
building permit. When the applicant received preliminary approval for a project is irrelevant as are the original conditions for approval. The trigger for imposition of impact fees is the building permit application.
As we stated in New Castle , TIFs are not "land use control ordinances." New Castle , 98 Wn. App. at 236 . The hearing examiner correctly applied New Castle when he found that, because TIFs are not land use control ordinances, a city may impose them on an approved application even if they were not an original condition of approval.
Mission Springs is not analogous to the present case. There, the Spokane City Council voted to withhold a grading permit from Mission Springs even though the company had met all the city's requirements. Mission Springs , 134 Wn.2d at 956 -57. The Supreme Court held that the city council did not have a right to withhold a grading permit in order to allow the city time to undertake further studies regarding the project. Mission Springs , 134 Wn.2d at 961 . This situation is completely different from the case at bar.
[8, 9]Pavlina argues that the superior court erroneously applied New Castle in deciding this case. He asserts that New Castle does not apply to this case because there was no preliminary approval in New Castle like in the present case. We disagree.
Pavlina appears to argue that he has vested rights and thus the City cannot impose impact fees. But as we noted in New Castle , an impact fee is not a land use ordinance that vests with the application. New Castle , 98 Wn. App. at 232 -33.
98 Wn. App. at 237. We further noted that a TIF is a fee charged on new development. New Castle , 98 Wn. App. at 232 . Since traffic impact fees do not limit land use, the City can impose them on a development at the building permit application stage.
Thus, the fee calculated by LaCenter at the time of preliminary plat approval would bear little relationship to the actual impact of growth at the time the permit is issued.
. . . If the fee were frozen, then new growth could take place without the developer paying its fair share for improving public facilities.
New Castle , 98 Wn. App. at 237 . RCW 82.02.050 clearly intended for developers to pay for their share of system improvements. In order to accomplish this goal, impact fees must be imposed at the time of building permit application. It was irrelevant in New Castle that the developer had previously obtained preliminary plat approval and it is irrelevant here.
did not receive final plat approval and building permits until after 1995. Thus, the City's impact fee ordinance applies to Phase IV.
[12, 13]Where there are possibly differing interpretations of a statute, a court must look to the reasons the legislature enacted the statute and construe the statute consistent with the legislative purpose. NORMAN J. SINGER, STATUTES AND STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION § 46:07, at 199 (6th ed. 2000). As previously discussed, the purpose of RCW 82.02.050 is to ensure that developers pay a proportionate share of costs for using public facilities when they build new developments. RCW 82.02.050 (1) is clear.
Yet Pavlina relies on the word "new." But RCW 82.02.050 uses the phrase "new growth and development" in its intent section. VMC 20.97.020 also uses this phrase in its purpose statement. Thus, impact fees are imposed on projects that contribute to new growth and development. It is not important that an applicant received preliminary plat approval before the 1990 amendment to the Growth Management Act or the 1995 impact fee ordinance enactment. Growth and development occurs at the time a person applies for their building permit. At that point, growth and development begin and the new project affects the City's existing systems. This is when the legislature and the City intended developers to share in the costs of new facilities.
Pavlina asserts the City only has authority to impose an impact fee on a proposed development if the development fits one of the triggering events in VMC 20.97.060. He further argues that the City is only able to impose impact fees under VMC 20.97.060 on new development approved after 1995. Again, we disagree.
having been previously granted preliminary . . . ." Pavlina adds "not" based on THE OXFORD DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN USAGE AND STYLE . Br. of Appellant at 28. But this change is unnecessary.
By doing so, he changes the meaning of the subsection and creates a $111,000 loophole the local legislative body did not intend. We only add to a statute when absolutely necessary to make the statute rational. McKay v. Dep't of Labor & Indus ., 180 Wn. 191, 194, 39 P.2d 997 (1934). Adding the word "not" violates this rule.
Further, when a party asserts that a different meaning applies to a clear and unambiguous statute, that party has the burden of showing the contrary legislative intent. SINGER, STATUTES AND STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION § 46:01, at 125. Here, that intent was to ensure that "new growth and development" pay for the facilities it impacts. Br. of Resp't at 45. Pavlina fails to meet this burden. He provides no evidence to contravene this intent.
Pavlina contends that the County analyzed 615 trips in the SEPA checklist for site plan and plat approval in 1988. But the record does not support this statement. Further, it is 817 new ADTs that did not exist in 1988 for which Pavlina must pay traffic impact fees not 615 ADTs.
Pavlina's error in calculating the ADTs appears to arise from his belief that SEPA already mitigated the new trips. The SEPA checklist from 1988 contained a handwritten note in the margin stating that Phase IV would contribute 615 ADTs. Nothing in the record suggests that a County employee made this note. As such, there is no evidence that the SEPA checklist considered the new trips resulting from Phase IV.
ment." This is accomplished when developers "pay a proportionate share of the cost of new facilities needed to serve new growth and development." Phase IV will create 817 previously nonexistent trips served by the facilities the impact fees funded. Thus, Pavlina must pay his proportionate share for the use of those facilities.
The City requests attorney fees for defending this appeal. Under RCW 4.84.370 , reasonable attorney fees and costs are to be awarded to the prevailing party or substantially prevailing party on appeal. The City prevailed in front of the hearing examiner and at the superior court. It also prevails in front of this court. Thus, we award reasonable attorney fees and costs to the City, upon compliance with RAP 18.1.
MORGAN , A.C.J ., and VAN DEREN , J ., concur . | 2019-04-22T04:32:40Z | http://courts.mrsc.org/appellate/122wnapp/122wnapp0520.htm |
By lying and withholding information about the agreement, he gives aid and comfort to America’s enemy.
One can imagine hearing such counsel from a contemporary United States senator on the receiving end of President Obama’s “full disclosure” of the nuclear deal with Iran. But the admonition actually came from James Iredell, a champion of the Constitution’s ratification, who was later appointed to the Supreme Court by President George Washington.
Is the Iran Deal the Worst Political Blunder of All Time?
Interestingly, the perfidy in Madison’s hypothetical involved summoning into session only senators favorably disposed toward a formal treaty that the president wanted approved. That was more plausible in the late 18th century: Under the Constitution, a treaty may be approved by “two thirds of the senators present” for the vote; and back then, senators coming from far and wide could not fly to the nation’s capital at the drop of a hat.
Madison could not fathom a president who undermines the Constitution’s treaty requirements by the ruse of labeling a treaty an “agreement” or a “joint plan of action.” Still less could he imagine a president who resorts to chicanery in communicating the terms of an international agreement to the Congress. Such duplicity must have seemed inconceivable.
How should we treat Homosexuals? We should treat them with love and respect and equal pay, and be willing to tell them the truth no matter what the cost because that is what love does.
Today's ruling (5 to 4) on Gay marriage defies logic and the Constitution. The danger today is that the ruling was made with NO defense of the rule of law and no valid justification from the Constitution for what was ruled. Why did the court do this? Because of the Worldviews of the Justices. (Please read "Who we Are" on the menu for a discussion on Worldview.) The ruling makes a mockery of the Constitution, the rule of law, common sense, and destroys States rights. "Scalia wrote. "But the Court ends this debate, in an opinion lacking even a thin veneer of law." Justice Clarence Thomas pilloried the majority opinion as "at odds not only with the Constitution, but with the principles upon which our nation were built." Kennedy and the Court's liberal wing are invoking a definition of "liberty" that the Constitution's framers "would not have recognized, to the detriment of the liberty they sought to protect. Along the way, it rejects the idea—captured in our Declaration of Independence—that human dignity is innate and suggests instead that it comes from the Government," Thomas said. "This distortion of our Constitution not only ignores the text, it inverts the relationship between the individual and the state in our Republic. I cannot agree with it." See article on the dissent here.
Worldviews develop with a major first step, which is deciding if there is a God or if there is not a God. And second if there is a God, is Jesus God? And third is deciding if the following quote from Jesus is true where He said, "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me" in Jn 14:6. And last deciding if people have a free will to choose or if their actions are determined by outside forces. Your answer, "Yes" or "No" on each of these points take you in radically different direction on how you think and what laws you implement. I believe that 5 of the Justices by their actions and rulings would have answered No to each of these questions.
So I would propose based on the actions of the Justices over their lifetime that maybe 4 have some belief or respect of God and 5 have little to no belief or respect of God. Yes I know they are all culturally Catholic and Jewish by heritage on the court but that does not mean they actually believe in God, that is a personal decision and we can not know their hearts only their actions. And their actions do not line up with the Judeo/Christian God of the Bible. There are also NO Protestants or Evangelicals on the bench which means over 70% of our country's worldview is not represented by the Supreme Court.
This is a talk that I give to college students.
First! America is not a place, America is not a race, America is an idea. And it is a revolutionary idea that had never been seen before in the entire history of the world. America's prosperity and unlimited opportunity is available to anyone, and I mean anyone no matter what your background, who learns the American idea. Check out this short Bono video on the "American Idea", it is mind boggling. And to quote Bono, "It is not a Left Right issue but a Right Wrong issue." We also add that America is not a race because today there are many voices that say, "People of color can not succeed in America because of their race." Throughout the history of America people of all kinds of races have succeeded because they learned the American idea. To do this they also had to ignore the "race baiters" who are trying to promote themselves, get political power, and make money by making themselves the power brokers for some "race of people". The KKK were Democrats, I know big surprise, who tried to do this for white people. Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton (Democrats) do this today for African-American people. The Democrat group La Raza does this today for Hispanic people. All the race baiters of today and yesterday are all Democrats. By the way Martin Luther King was a Republican, I know hard to believe, but look here. There are many voices today that want to tell you that you can not achieve the American dream, because of your race, or because you are poor, or because society is against you. Well I am here today to tell you that is BU**Sh**. Anyone can achieve the American dream if you learn and believe in the American idea. And our overall goal today is to make you, "Curious Seekers of the Truth", who ask questions, do independent research, and arrive at your own opinions based on sincere effort.
"When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws and Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind required that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. ... We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. ... We…appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name and Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States. ... And for the support of this Declaration with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
WOW!!! Who would have thought that 4 mentions of God would be allowed in our public schools today and right there in our Declaration of Independence. How about the all of the State Constitutions also mention God, read about it here and here. But of course few if any of you have ever read these words. Because the 95% Democrat controlled school system is just not "No God" but "Anti-God" today. Yes they have a bias and I have a bias but you must determine for yourselves what is the truth. So God is an important foundation to the American Idea. Note I am not saying what religion or denomination you should belong to only that the entire American idea is founded on this the most important founding document of the United States of America which is founded on the concept of God giving us our rights, judging our intentions, and protecting us by His Divine Providence. Why all this talk about God. Well the Democrats who as a whole do not believe in God (read on below) try and make Government their God which is big enough to control everything so that they can bring about their vision of utopia. If you have only heard for all of your schooling the NO GOD or ANTI_GOD point of view then you have only received HALF an education AND YOU WILL NEVER LEARN THE AMERICAN IDEA. And see below what happens to a country that has a low view of the value of life, and a very exalted view on the power of Government.
So to level the playing field you all should know something about libertarian (little "l") conservatives or as one Democrat said to a few of us, "I like you guys you are Progressive Republicans." So as a whole we dislike Elite Republicans and we dislike Elite Democrats. We dislike Country Club Republicans, and we dislike Country Club Democrats. What do I mean by elite? Those politicians who are no longer statesmen, and stateswomen, but are acting in the best interests of themselves to keep their power, and support the lobbyists and corporations that gave them money to get them in power and not "we the people". They practice crony capitalism, which instead of an even playing field for all companies favors companies that gave them money. They also do not uphold the founding principles of our Constitution and defend the Bill of Rights. Recently 167 Republicans voted against the policies of the Speaker of the House John Bonner. Many called this block of voters tea party Republicans. Unfortunately we use to have a block of Democrats called Blue Dog Democrats and they were certainly closer to Tea Party people then any Democrat today, but alas there are few Blue Dog Democrats today.
Yes, we come to you with a bias and our own Worldview, but we would challenge you, that you have only heard the other sides bias and Worldview pounded into your heads for most of your life from school, television and the media. 80% of the news media vote Democrat, 95% of California Professors donate to the Democrat Party, they have a worldview and spin the news and information to fit it. We want you to make informed decisions for yourself and to learn the American idea so you can be wildly successful. We want you to understand that California's, loosing jobs, loosing businesses, not having enough dams for water in the dry times, high housing prices (government restricts building), high gas prices ($2.77 is the price in other states), bad roads, bad anything else is the fault of Democrats because except for the period from 1995 to 1996, the Assembly has been in Democratic hands since the 1970 election, and the Senate has been in Democratic hands continuously since 1970. (ref) I mean really how can it be the rich white country club Republicans fault when in California there are almost no rich white country club Republicans and Democrats have run the State for 45 years. YES 45 years. Most of your parents have only experienced Democrat rule. Why is California the 2nd WORST state in the nation for doing business, I would suggest that 45 years of one party rule might be a plausible explanation. (Ref) Yet many of you until today blamed the evil Republicans.
Rick Green of Wallbuilders shows us the intent of the Founders and shows us the key elements in creating our Constitution. By returning to the original intent of the Constitution, we can revive the engine of free enterprise, and rekindle the knowledge of our liberty. We can, not only save our country, but return it to prosperity. It starts with each one of us.
"May I see your papers please?"
But, increasingly, the free and the brave became dependent and cowardly. They begged to wear chains.
Many fought the trend, but even they were undone, because some in their ranks harbored fears greater than their love of freedom.
Remember where you heard this . . .
If American freedom dies, the widespread desire to control immigration will have been a major factor.
And remember where you heard this . . .
If the fight to defeat the creation of a national ID card FAILS, it will be because of the widespread desire to control immigration. Let us not forget, we have drawn the line on Real ID. Five years have gone by, and we've stalled implementation. But now, other Real ID Jr. proposals are building a head of steam.
So remember where you heard this . . .
Americans will have to carry internal passports, and show them to State officials constantly, and have every aspect of their lives controlled by far off know-it-alls in the federal bureaucracy. Your federal overlords will gain increased control over . . .
This total control will be made possible by a national identification system that was put in place in order to control immigration. But it will really control YOU!
In this way, immigration control and registration is just like gun control and registration -- it most deeply affects law-abiding citizens.
The immigration debate is NOT about what Mexicans will be allowed to do, IT'S about what YOU will be allowed to do. It's about YOUR freedom . . .
The immigration debate is a scam. It's fear-mongering, foisted by busy-bodies of all varieties. The result will be Bigger Government in Washington, DC. It will control YOU. And now, it's up to YOU to decide . . .
Are you afraid of terrorists and Mexicans? ...or whatever hobgoblin the Big Government Fearmongers will conjure next?
Will you be free and brave, or dependent and cowardly? Will you trade YOUR FREEDOM for a false promise of protection?
This is how we see the issue. And if you end up in chains, remember who warned you. We did.
Meanwhile, for the brave who want to remain free, let the spirit of resistance continue . . .
Please send a letter to Congress opposing all national identification schemes, including the new attempt by Senators Schumer and Graham, to MAKE ALL OF US CARRY Social Security cards with biometric identifiers.
In addition to this campaign's hardwired letter to Congress, which reads as follows -- "Please don't try to fix the REAL ID Act. Please, just repeal it." -- we suggest you add the following in your personal comments . . .
"Please oppose any legislation that contains any support for any kind of national identification system. I specifically oppose plans for a Social Security card containing biometric identifiers. I do not want ANY national identification scheme, and I reject your claim that I need such a system in order to be protected from terrorists and Mexican immigrants. I am not afraid! And I want you to stop being afraid on my behalf."
Our thanks go to those who prefer bravery and freedom.
understand what a manufactured crisis really amounts to.
the strategy of creating crises as a means of transforming society.
"How Evil Works": "This is a powerful book ... I couldn't put it down."
Order your autographed copy today from WND's Superstore!
"solutions" we normally would reject.
further leftward in response to the next "crisis."
common tactic in cities and towns up and down the turnpike.
to bottom is the creation of crises where none exist. The "spotted owl"
research showed logging in old-growth forests wasn't the problem at all.
battering rams of the left for advancing the same socialist agenda.
that utterly dominate the rest of the information media.
hate crimes in the U.S. decreased by 68 percent!
telling us, in effect, "your house is on fire, so come with me."
citizens' wealth, behavior, their very lives.
in the Pacific Northwest with his wife and children.
RE: The mandate under the Obama-Pelosi-Reid healthcare legislation requiring American citizens to purchase health insurance violates the U.S. Constitution.
ACTION: We urge you to make this point to members of the U.S. Senate—and if a bill passes the Senate to impress upon members of both chambers of Congress—that the key provision in the healthcare legislation violates the U.S. Constitution.
ISSUE: Mandating that individuals must obtain health insurance, and imposing any penalty—civil or criminal—on any private citizen for not purchasing health insurance is not authorized by any provision of the U.S. Constitution. As such, it is unconstitutional, and should not survive a court challenge on that issue. Supporters of the legislation have incorrectly contended that the legal justification for the mandate is authorized by the Commerce Clause, the General Welfare Clause, or the Taxing and Spending Clause. Given that this mandate provision is essential to Obamacare; its unconstitutionality renders the entire program untenable.
The individual mandate is unconstitutional unless there is a specific constitutional provision that authorizes it. The federal government is a government of limited jurisdiction. It has only enumerated powers. Therefore unless a specific provision of the Constitution empowers a particular law, then that law is unconstitutional. There is no such authorization for the mandate.
The individual mandate is not authorized by the Commerce Clause. Most of those advocating the Democrats’ bill say that Congress can pass this legislation pursuant to its power to regulate interstate commerce. That argument is incorrect, because there is no interstate commerce when private citizens do not purchase health insurance.
The Commerce Clause only covers matters where citizens engage in economic activity. The last time the Supreme Court struck down a law for violating the Commerce Clause, in United States v. Morrison (2000), the Court did so on the grounds that the activity in question was not an economic activity.
The Commerce Clause only extends to persons or organizations voluntarily engaging in commercial activity. Government can only regulate economic action; it cannot coerce action on the part of private citizens who do not wish to participate in commerce. In the most expansive case for Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce, Wickard v. Filburn (1942), the Court upheld the agricultural regulation in question against a wheat farmer who earned his entire living from growing and selling wheat, making him a willing participant in interstate commerce.
The Commerce Clause requires an actual economic effect, not merely a congressional finding of an economic effect. When the Court struck down the Violence Against Women Act in United States v. Morrison (2000), the Court noted that although the statute made numerous findings regarding the link between such violence and interstate commerce, it held that those findings did not actually establish an economic effect. Therefore the various interstate-commerce findings in the Senate version of the “Obamacare” legislation do not make the bill constitutional.
The individual mandate is not authorized under the General Welfare Clause. The Supreme Court made clear in United States v. Butler (1936) and Helvering v. Davis (1937) that the General Welfare Clause only applies to congressional spending. It applies to money going out from the government; it does not confer or concern any government power to take in money, such as would happen with the individual mandate. Therefore the mandate is outside the scope of the General Welfare Clause.
The individual mandate is not authorized under the Taxing and Spending Clause or Income Tax. The Constitution only allows certain types of taxation from the federal government.
The Article I Taxing and Spending Clause permits duties, imposts, excises and capitation taxes — duties, imposts and excises are taxes on purchases. A capitation tax is a tax that every person must pay, and the Constitution’s apportionment rule requires that every person in each state must pay exactly the same amount. The Obamacare mandate is imposed on people who are making no purchase, and is a tax that some people in a state would pay, but others do not.
The Sixteenth Amendment allows an income tax. An income tax is imposed only on earnings, but people would have to pay this tax even if they had no income.
Therefore it cannot be any of these constitutionally-permitted taxes.
The individual mandate is unconstitutional regardless of whether there are criminal penalties involved. There is no distinction between criminal and civil penalties for determining the constitutionality of legislation, and the penalty imposed in Wickard v. Filburn (1942) was not a criminal penalty. Therefore even if the criminal sanctions were removed from the legislation, the imposition of any penalty or consequence for not purchasing insurance renders the mandate unconstitutional.
The individual mandate cannot be properly compared to requiring auto insurance. President Obama said in a Nov. 9 interview on ABC television that requiring people to buy health insurance and penalizing those that do not buy is acceptable because people are required to buy car insurance. That statement is untrue.
Only state governments can require people to get car insurance. While the federal government is limited to the powers enumerated in the Constitution, the states have a general police power. The police power enables state governments to pass laws for public safety and public health. The federal government has no general police power, and therefore could not require car insurance.
States do not require people to purchase car insurance. Driving a car is a privilege, not a right. States require people to get insurance only as a condition for those people who voluntarily choose to drive on the public roads. If a person chooses to use public transportation, or use a bicycle instead of a car, or operate a car only on their own property, they are not required to have car insurance, and cannot be penalized for lacking insurance. | 2019-04-26T04:45:03Z | https://southbaytaxdayteaparty.typepad.com/south-bay-tax-day-tea-party/constitution/ |
JS: We have been discussing the Eternal Return and amor fati and how Nietzsche uses these ideas. And then Camus’s Sisyphus entered the picture. Camus’s famous last words—‘One must imagine Sisyphus happy’—have been annoying me for a long time. How and why, exactly, is Sisyphus reconciled to—even happy about—his miserably recurring fate, and does that happiness have anything to do with amor fati and the Eternal Return? Nietzsche somehow manages not merely to endure his suffering and pain but to affirm them. Is that because he is also an artist—a literary philosopher who writes using different styles—who has the drive and talent to transmute suffering into tragic wisdom, and tragic wisdom into one book after another? I suppose these questions matter to me because when I first read about ‘the greatest weight’ (the test of the Eternal Return) it knocked me down for days and days. Would I be happy to live my life over and over again, eternally, down to the smallest detail? The question rather horrifies me. But it also makes me want to ram as much pleasure into every moment as I possibly can. Nietzsche—and Camus—manage to love even the horrible bits, the pain, the suffering. I cannot get my head around that.
MMH: There is certainly a remarkable parallel between the ideas of amor fati and Sisyphus’ happiness. Neither explores objective truth or reality: Camus, rather than stating that Sisyphus is happy, instead implores us to imagine so; similarly, Nietzsche does not assert that fate is intrinsically good so that we might love it, instead he elects to love fate in spite of what it might truly be like. However, the reasons for loving fate and life proposed by the two ideas differ fundamentally; Nietzsche proposes that one must love fate or else resign oneself to nihilism, whereas Camus proposes that the struggle of life and its hardships (constant and eternal hardship in the case of Sisyphus) lends living inherent joy. If anything Sisyphus’ happiness is rather less extreme than amor fati, and perhaps also more realistic, as it does not suggest that we love all of fate (even and especially as Nietzsche would say, pain and suffering), rather that suffering and struggle contains an aspect of joy which gives meaning to existence. It is in this distinction that Nietzsche’s own life is most relevant, as his experience of intense suffering allowed him to more readily welcome pain itself, rather than the accompanying joy which Camus emphasises. As to the relation of this to Nietzsche as an artist I am less sure, as his use of art to escape reality seems at odds with tragic wisdom – how does Nietzsche reconcile “We have art in order not to die of the truth” with tragic wisdom and the love of all aspects of fate?
BL: Both Camus and Nietzsche begin their analyses with the thesis that the world lacks inherent value, the concepts of the 'death of God' and the 'absurd' both entailing that we are incapable of transcending our existence - the task is to recognise what does and does not follow from this premise. Nihilists might seduce us into believing that it demands a certain way of living (or, rather, not living), though it seems that Camus and Nietzsche both assert an altogether more unsettling conclusion, namely that we cannot deduce anything at all - we are not compelled by any higher logic. The question of what to do becomes in essence a question of unguided choice - every why? can be a why not?. The notion of the eternal recurrence might seem to extrapolate the meaninglessness of existence to what Nietzsche views as its logical terminus - he says to the universe 'your work here is not finished', renders his existence as futile as it can be, stripping his actions of uniqueness, and then says - 'still I will love my fate'. In fact, it seems that something precedes amor fati, namely the choice to life immanently, which then entails the stance - Nietzsche wants to embrace the world as it is; where "truth" is such a world, art is the ultimate affirmation, since it takes our joy and our suffering and immortalises them, makes them eternal - we do not die of the truth precisely because we embrace it through art. But - why must we love fate to affirm life? Camus declares that life is valuable to us because "to say that life is absurd, consciousness must be alive" - our choice to continue existing affirms life. Can we not reason that Nietzsche's amor fati is inherently passive? Now that God is dead, we face the truth - our powerlessness - why accept it in the sense of not seeking to change it, why live as though we have chosen it? Nietzsche's critique of 'slave morality' hinges on the accusation that Christian virtues are really inescapable circumstances qua virtues - yet why does this not entail rejecting amor fati? "Human insurrection... is only, and can only be, a prolonged protest against death" - does amor fati entail willing self-restraint, and, if so, oughtn't we live as though we were free? Should we love life but not fate?
How do you two respond to this attempt to surpass or transcend atonement in order to invent new games, to become god-like—at once creature and creator—in order to take our lives, at long last, in our own, shaping hands? Is that attempt welded to the eternal return or to amor fati? What supreme moments of joy can there be in our lives, Nietzsche seems to say, until we get beyond God, Western metaphysics and the perception of ourselves as the victims of previous values rather than as the creators of new ones? And how can we get beyond merely passive suffering and pain in order to see in them the resources from which we re-create ourselves and great deeds? I wonder if Nietzsche thought that his creating ‘Zarathustra’ was itself a new language game (so to speak) that puts us beyond good and evil and therefore beyond Judeo-Christian mortality.
MMH: Perhaps it is the duality of creature and creator that best explains the apparent inconsistency of eternal recurrence and of the passage “The Greatest Weight”; the passage seems to simultaneously recommend living joyfully, with the prospect of eternal recurrence as the greatest weight upon your actions, and living as before – loving fate instead of changing it. If, upon the death of God, we are considered to be both creatures and creators, the resolution to this apparent contradiction might be that different courses of action are prescribed within the same passage – ourselves as creators should live joyfully, attempting to influence fate, thus accepting the mantle of greatness left from the death of God; as creatures however we must love the fate created by the creator, much as before in a world with God, using the possibility of eternal recurrence to strip the actions of ourselves as creatures of the weight put upon us as creators. As to the problem of becoming Gods ourselves, making ourselves worthy of the murder of God in the process, Nietzsche’s love of art and role as an artist appears to be his supposed solution. Art (including Zarathustra), which does not purport to offer a traditional moral message is the mechanism, Nietzsche seems to suggest, by which we might move beyond the death of God, allowing us to reach a point where tragic wisdom and amor fati can define us, rather than God or transcendental comforts. Art in Nietzsche’s eyes seems to hold a similar role to the absurd for Camus, as a marker of consciousness and as evidence of our ascendance to Godhood, but is also vital to Nietzsche’s personal love of fate. To make art of his own suffering allows Nietzsche to welcome the demon and affirm all, the process of making fate art is both loving that fate and accepting tragedy – thus Nietzsche reconciles amor fati and tragic wisdom with his own life and the death of God, but in doing so does he not act much like the Christian: making virtue of necessity?
BL: As is often the case with Nietzsche's equivocal rhetoric, I wonder if there is a feasible alternative interpretation of his declaration of God's death - it seems that it might be a test of the same nature as the Eternal Recurrence. "How shall we comfort ourselves", "what sacred games shall we have to invent" - are we not, we post-Christians, striving to live in the world as it is? We speak of the alleged duality of creature and creator, though are we not now neither - must we not "become who we are"? We are Zarathustra's 'child', now crafting our own values, so are we to try to become godlike ourselves to be worthy of the murder of God? The death of God permeates more deeply than simply the decline of one particular 'transcendental' system of belief - it signifies the collapse of the entire notion of the 'transcendental', the death of absolute or divine authority over the individual - personal and moral. Hence, to require ourselves to be gods to justify the murder contradicts the very essence of the act - the death of God is a realisation of the essential emptiness of the universe, the vast chasm between will and world - the absurd. This encounter with the absurd will impel us not to the creation of a replacement, not to regret, not pity - the deed's 'greatness' withers as we become more and more assured that we do not in fact need God - its 'greatness' precedes it, but upon its eventual occurrence, dissipates. The passage seems to be a taunt, testing if we have actually escaped transcendence, simultaneously an expression of the fear of nihilism in the wake of God's death, and the necessity that we surpass our fixation with it. However, the very process of evading and eliminating the 'transcendental' seems like it might be doomed to fail - are we too unstable, too fearful of the truth that we must always create some comfort for ourselves? Now alone, can we truly begin to surpass these tendencies? Have they not emerged from some intrinsic part of our being, but merely from the inescapable circumstance of lack of knowledge? Now that we are more aware and possess a greater understanding of the universe than ever before, can we begin the journey to the superman that had for so long been prevented by the chokehold of divine authority?
JS: Raised by strict Lutherans—including a clerical father he truly loved—Nietzsche must have found it both devastating and liberating to get beyond the ‘metaphysical comfort’ available to all Christians and others who look to a transcendental realm for meaning. That ‘choke-hold of divine authority’ still grips entire nations and I think Nietzsche would be stunned by how many people in our time continue to be asphyxiated by God, or Allah, or Whomever. And yet one can gently sympathise with the need—even the demand—to find meaning in life to avoid the embarrassing absurdity of existence. To engage in philology and philosophy takes work and it is far easier to rest content with previous values and beliefs. Rejecting his religion, a young Nietzsche writes to his pious sister, Elizabeth: ‘Hence the ways of men part: if you wish to strive for peace of soul and pleasure, then believe; if you wish to be a devotee of truth, then inquire.’ He will spend the next two decades demolishing metaphysics and religious values. In The Gay Science (This Joyful Wisdom is the better translation) Nietzsche says, ‘Not a day goes by that I do not lop off some comforting belief’. Most people do not amputate themselves in order to be devotees of truth. I think there often is a kind of taunting—or teasing?—braggadocio in Nietzsche’s tone. But can you goad people out of Plato’s Cave or Christian dogma? I suppose Zarathustra is leading by example. Nietzsche amputated his way to the truth and ended up calling that truth ‘the will to power’, a much-maligned and misunderstood expression. I think Alexander Nehamas’ book has persuaded me that ‘the will to power’ must be linked to Nietzsche’s project of aesthetic self-fashioning, reading his own ‘Life as Literature’. That way one can author one’s own meanings and effectively replace God as a creator. But how difficult it is to think of one’s life as an emerging work of art—that takes enormous work and most people are enormously lazy. Is nihilism, like belief, a form of sloth?
MMH: Nihilism seems to occupy two roles in Nietzsche’s work: the first is as an enemy, a state of mental and artistic stagnation that one must strive against, in which sense nihilism is indeed a sign of laziness; the other is as a test, one of the two conditions that must be avoided in any proposed approach to life – in which sense nihilism is a vital instrument to Nietzsche, following the death of God, whatever new “sacred games” we invent must avoid both transcendental comforts and nihilism. Nietzsche’s pride about stripping himself of comforting beliefs is a part of this search passing the aforementioned tests. If one can “lop off” all comforting beliefs and become a devotee of truth without falling into the clutches of nihilism, Nietzsche seems to say, then one has survived the death of God and all transcendental beliefs; this is the tragic wisdom that Nietzsche brags he alone is in possession of. The perception of one’s own ‘Life as Literature’ however, fills another void left by the death of God; if all transcendental systems and their accompanying senses of morality are gone, we must signal our having moved ’beyond good and evil’ or else choose nihilism or religion. The acceptance of life as art does exactly this, by defining our lives by artistic merit rather than by morality and probability of transcending, we prove our worthiness of killing God. This is done not by becoming Gods ourselves, but instead by doing away entirely with the crutch that is God (as embodied by comforting beliefs, ‘good and evil’ and transcendence). Nietzsche, in a similar vein to Camus, suggests that devoting oneself to anything other than the absurdity of existence and truth is not the discovery of meaning in life, but rather the denial of it. Nonetheless, Nietzsche himself seems to struggle with such complete acceptance, the dual pressures of amputating comforts whilst steering away from nihilism leaving but a narrow path that seems to entail intense suffering for him, providing yet another reason for Nietzsche’s emphasis on art, as a comforting truth. It still however seems impossible for us all to do as Nietzsche and amputate belief, a task made harder, not easier, by our increasing understanding of the universe – is it possible to have both scientific progress and devotion to truth simultaneously, or does the increasing clarity with which we can view the world make belief all the more necessary?
BL: It seems that the 'truth' to which Nietzsche urges us to devote ourselves, at least for our purposes of trying to reason how we ought to live, is as much an act as an end in itself, perhaps only so; perhaps a 'devotee of truth' is one who elects to 'inquire' rather than 'believe', and nothing more; perhaps living 'immanently' means no more than living with awareness of the absurd. We do not have to 'devote' ourselves to the absurd - what could possibly constitute such an act, anyway? - we must merely be aware of it. The supposed conflict between Nietzsche's ruthless version of Cartesian doubt and the need to avoid nihilism can be resolved by realising that nihilism is itself a comforting belief - it is indeed a form of laziness; nihilism in the purest sense of rejecting the notion of objective meaning is, I think, a correct conclusion to draw from the death of God, though Nietzsche seems to say that there is meaning, only we should expect to toil in order to uncover (or create?) it, rather than holding a belief that said meaning emerges from something beyond. Either stance - nihilism or religion - then, is lazy, since to endorse either one is to deny, whether by choice or ignorance, the necessity of struggle in order to find truth - this truth, though we might speculate about its nature, is something that we cannot ever truly grasp, for we are forever on the bridge from ape to ubermensch. After the death of God, the phase space (so to speak) of our possible thoughts and actions loses any inherent imbalances - each possible way of living becomes objectively 'equi-meaningful', that is, meaningless. Then, once we have accepted the death of God, we choose ourselves how to live, knowing that the only reason our own path is such is because we have willed it. I cannot see how to escape nihilism in the strict sense I have mentioned, but where nihilism is a stronger hypothesis than simply the lack of inherent meaning, then art, Nietzsche tells us, is its antidote - art is, just like truth, not so much a thing or an idea as a way of living or a state, the state of perpetually seeking to live one's life in the most fulfilling and affirming way possible. Art is an act of creation, and this creation can only be affirming in the post-God world if it is all-consuming. Thus, 'we have art in order to not die of the truth' because if we did not live our lives as art, we would not be living in acceptance of the fundamental premise of existentialism - the death of God, the absurd - and in not accepting it, it would drive us either to suicide or to "philosophical suicide", the dual enemies of nihilism and religion, both obfuscating humanity's relation to the world by claiming said relation to be comprehensible. We choose not to ignore the mountain, nor to claim we are content in the valley - we climb the mountain, and, upon realising at the summit that there is an even higher peak to climb, we continue - it is the route up that matters most.
Yet - in living an artistic (affirming) life, Nietzsche suggests we dedicate ourselves to mental toil, rid our lives of indulgences such as alcohol, and embrace solitude - but I am reminded of Bill Hicks' famous words about the world - "it's just a ride". We might delude ourselves into self-important notions of grandeur, shunning simple pleasures in pursuit of a grand ideal, but does the importance of 'devoting' one's life to truth in the Nietzschean sense (i.e. accepting his interpretation of an artistic life) rely on there being something out there, some truth, some meaning, that we might discover, might reach? Or does the death of God mean we ought to 'devote' ourselves in the way Camus wishes, pursuing art, but not shunning the things that make us happy, however simple they may be?
JS: Your combined comments on Nietzsche, nihilism, sacred games, simple pleasures and the artistic life somehow brought to mind a little poem by Philip Larkin called ‘Water’.
Larkin often relies on religious idioms, but this poem is obviously also a Nietzschean forgetting of all the old beliefs in the cheerful construction of a new value drenched by the most elemental—and life-giving—of all things: water. I imagine that this new, invented ritual is one that we would enjoy repeating eternally—to loop back to the beginning of this trialogue. We three have been dancing around the idea that the effort to create new values is partly a ludic affair: a sacred and intoxicating form of play. Nietzsche writes: ‘We must regain the seriousness of a child at play’. Larkin plays around with religious language and then simply—almost childishly—transcends it. Poetry (from the Greek poeisis: making) is thus the opposite of nihilism. To the extent that a culture or an individual is not poetic, it relies on old values and conventional beliefs. ‘God Save the Queen’—is not a lyric or a poem or a song, on this reading, because it merely retails outdated and increasingly-implausible values. What must the British people do to get beyond threadbare platitudes and narcoleptically-nihilistic ‘songs’ that sink one into nostalgic complacency rather than raise one’s soul to a Dionysian pitch of ecstatic re-creation? Or raise one’s glass so that in it the imprismed (a word I just made up) light ‘would congregate endlessly’?
MMH: As has been established, the nostalgic, untruthful comfort of so much of what we consider art is to Nietzsche as great of an adversary as Nihilism and religion; being as it is so similar in its laziness to those other enemies of Nietzsche’s efforts. Larkin’s water is truly Nietzschean and presents yet another interpretation of Nietzsche’s devotion to truth, in that Larkin makes art not of the truth in Water, but rather he devotes himself to the truth and the invention of new games and does so artistically – much like Nietzsche. Perhaps therefore Nietzsche’s apparent bragging regarding his lopping off of comforting beliefs is in actual fact the very process he deems to be so vital to finding meaning in life. Notably, despite his ongoing devotion, Nietzsche never attempts to write the truth which he aims to discover; rather it seems that he values the process of searching for truth and making art (the apparent bragging in his writings on the matter) of the search above any attainable end goal (an idea firmly rooted in the religious ideas Nietzsche is so desperate to rid himself of). As to how we can move beyond the laziness and comfort of ‘God Save the Queen’ and become creators of true poetry, the answer would seem to lie in how we relate to outdated artistic and societal values - whilst the conservative religious believer welcomes them and the nihilist wallows in them, to create genuine art one must have no relation to these values; Nietzsche’s assertion that “looking away shall be [his] only negation” is a clear example of this approach and brings us back to Amor Fati – a (perhaps also childlike) love of any and every occurrence and an ability to move ‘beyond good and evil’. Larkin succeeds in his creation of actual poetry because he documents in Water his rejection of traditional values and comforting beliefs in favour of artistic truth, Larkin’s endless congregation of light in a glass of water is neither transcendental nor nihilistic, a game invented without the need for God or despair.
BL: As we conclude this Trialogue, can we consider ourselves better poised to tackle the problem that we commenced with - Nietzsche's daemon and his greatest weight? We have contemplated how we might live our lives in the most fulfilling way, how we might best deal with the threat of philosophical stagnation, and thus it would seem that we are now in a position to reply to the demon - yes! However, I am concerned that this would not be the fullest realisation of what we have established. The necessity to create instead of to follow or to accept yields the pursuit of art as an end; the death of God leads us to reject everything that might hold us back, everything that might bind us - the acceptance of traditional morality, the comforts of the sublime, the rejection of the synthesis of values. We seek to acknowledge all the ways in which we are imprisoned, such that we may free ourselves from them. In creating art, though, do we accept the world as it is? We have touched upon this problem - is art the embodiment of the world? Is it the opposite? The universe, stripped of God, is vast, empty, the world is harsh, apathetic - the fundamental premise that underlies this Trialogue is the absurd, our inability to meaningfully understand or affect our fate; uninhibited creativity, ludic and unceasing, is, I think, the means with which we reject it. We have considered the binary responses to the demon - answering in despair, detesting that we must repeat our lives eternally, or answering in jubilation, embracing that very necessity. Ultimately, the idea of the eternal return is a tool that we can use to transcend the need for it. We say to the demon - "whatever fate is given to me, I shall seek to fight it" - we crave no fate and reject all. The ultimate affirmation of our lives is to realise that they are irreparably divorced form the universe - they exist as relevant to us only, and thus we should seek to make them as meaningful as possible to ourselves. Whatever misery our fates may hold, we must live our lives dancing, for "the only way to deal with an unfree world is to become so absolutely free that your very existence is an act of rebellion". | 2019-04-24T00:30:21Z | http://www.dialogicimaginations.co.uk/trialogue-on-nietzsche |
Golf Guide Begins:-Are you the one who love to play golf ? Or are you the one who want to start playing the golf so here is a complete golf guide and some basic to advanced tips and tricks that’ll give you benefit in you’re golfing.
We get it. Golf can seem terribly complicated to the uninitiated. So many rules, so many different kinds of clubs. And then there’s the lingo: birdies, bogeys, bump-and-runs. At bhollywoodwala, this may be the language we speak every day, but we also know it’s a language that can scare prospective golfers off before they ever pick up a club.
The modern game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland. The 18-hole round was created at the Old Course at St Andrews in 1764. Golf’s first major, and the world’s oldest tournament in existence, is The Open Championship, also known as the British Open, which was first played in 1860 in Ayrshire, Scotland. This is one of the four major championships in men’s professional golf, the other three being played in the United States: The Masters, the U.S. Open, and the PGA Championship.
Comfort on the golf course is key to playing your best. When you are out in the elements for four hours, it’s crucial that you maintain a consistent body temperature, feel protected from the weather yet are able to swing freely, no matter what the conditions throw at you.
When the wind gusts hard, as it often does in this country, you need something to protect you from the squalls. You don’t necessarily need, or want, to don full waterproofs in windy conditions, rather to find a garment designed specifically to counter the breezes. Here we look at 10 of the best wind tops that are on the market in 2018. These tops will protect you but still help you maintain a consistent core temperature and swing with freedom.
Here are some of our favourites golf guide for beginners.
You must know the benefits of golf mats for home use so as you know Home golf practice is all about trying to simulate the same conditions of real golf. You wouldn’t sharpen your baseballs skills using a cucumber as a bat or practice your basketball dribbling in a swimming pool. So why settle for hitting golf balls off a piece of old carpet or a worn doormat?
When grass isn’t an option — perhaps you don’t want to ruin your lawn or maybe you want to practice indoors — a practice mat is an essential investment for the avid golfer. It’s also an investment in your health: smashing ball after ball from an inferior or inadequate surface can lead to injury.
If you’re thinking of setting up your own practice facility in your home or garden and need to find a quality mat, then keep reading; this article was written for you.
The best golf mats are great for people who don’t have the luxury of hitting on real grass. Players in winter climates and players who aren’t able to get to the course as much as they would like would benefit the most out of purchasing a golf mat.
The difference between a good golf mat and a bad golf mat can mean the difference between a broken golf club and a great practice session. Golf mats can be a great training aid in terms of swing training.
So if you’re the one who is willing to buy the best golf mats for home use then you need to checkout our best lists of golf mats.
One of the great things about the game of golf if that you can test yourself on the same types of courses and hole distances as the pros you watch on television. You can even play with the same equipment those men and women use.
Of course, once you take a look at the cost of some of the drivers and irons the pros use, you may want to seek out a cheaper way of copying your favorite pro’s game.Even if golfing with the same clubs as the pros may be impossible, you can, at the very least, try playing with the same golf ball that your favorite pro uses.
Even though it may feel cool to use the same ball as the guy who just won the Masters, we should mention up front that you are highly unlikely to receive the same performance from that pro-level golf ball as the pro does. Pro-level balls react differently to the skills professional players have versus the talent of the occasional weekend golfer’s skill level.
Different levels of golf balls are available to meet the needs of different levels of players, both in terms of skill and in terms of price. So maybe you can play with a ball from the same company as your favorite pro, but just choose a level or two lower than he or she uses.
All golf balls aren’t created equally, so we’ve done the research to find the best golf balls you can buy.
No doubt, the right equipment always helps, but it’s not as if you’ll need to empty your savings account to get started. Instead, focus on finding the sort of equipment that will allow you to develop your imperfect skills with minimal expense. There’ll be plenty of time to go after the latest, hot products on the market. here on bhollywoowala we had listed some of the best things and some of them are really cheap that you need to check it out.
If you’re an absolute beginner looking to buy clubs, go to a larger golf shop or driving range and ask to try a 6-iron with a regular-flex and a stiff-flex shaft. (Generally, the faster and more aggressive the swing, the more you will prefer a shaft that is labeled “S” for stiff.) One of the two should feel easier to control. That’s the shaft flex you should start with for all your clubs. Once you get serious about the game and are able to make consistent contact, a clubfitting will enable you to get the most out of your equipment.
You’re allowed to carry as many as 14 clubs in your bag, but you won’t need nearly that many when you’re first learning. Instead, start with a driver, a putter, a sand wedge (it’s the club that has an “S” on the sole or a loft of 54 to 56 degrees) and supplement those with a 6-iron, an 8-iron, a pitching wedge, and a fairway wood or hybrid with 18-21 degrees of loft. These are the clubs that are the most forgiving and easiest to get airborne. You can find used and new titanium drivers for as little as $75 and putters for much less than online, but most larger golf and general sporting goods stoes also offer racks of discounted and/or used clubs.
Unless you’re a strong and well-coordinated athlete experienced with stick and ball sports (baseball, softball, hockey, tennis, for example), opt for woods that have more loft. Why? The extra loft generally means it will be easier to get the ball in the air and also can reduce sidespin so shots fly straighter. So go for drivers with at least 10 degrees of loft and fairway woods that start at 17 degrees, not 15 degrees.
Buy balls on a sliding scale based on how many you lose in a round. If you’ve never played before or lose two sleeves or more a round, buy balls that cost around $20 a dozen (if you can’t decide between one brand over another, try putting a few to see how they feel coming off the putter face). When you cut the number of lost balls back to maybe three to five balls a round, buy balls that cost less than $30 a dozen. Only if you’re losing less than a sleeve a round should you consider the $40 a dozen balls. For a complete rundown of golf balls, see our ball Hot List.
High quality waterproof pants are also windproof for those windy days that bring a chill with the wind whilst playing golf.
Its very tempting just to get a pair of cheap waterproof pants for the wet season but for a little extra you can get much better. Golf rain pants provide more flexibility for your golf swing and are usually much more comfortable.
There are many rain pants online but they are not all necessarily for golf. Here is a list of the best waterproof pants for golf where some are cheap and others are for those with a fairly high budget.
The hardest part about golf can be getting started. Ask yourself a few questions. First, why do you want to play? Is it for work or social reasons? Maybe then you need only some basic instruction and patient friends.
Perhaps you’re looking to jump in headfirst in hopes of getting better fast. If so, there’s plenty of top-level instruction out there. Next, how much are you willing to put into it? That goes for time and the money.
Point is, there’s a huge difference between wanting to ride around and have some laughs and being a serious player. Do some soul-searching, and start to develop your plan.
Learning how to play may be the most important part of becoming a golfer, but not to be overlooked is knowing what to wear. Your attire matters for a variety of reasons: because most golf courses enforce some kind of dress code (some stricter than others); because you’ll be spending at least four hours outdoors; and because, frankly, who doesn’t want to look sharp? With that in mind, we provide five pointers to make sure you’re outfitted right for the course.
Hands down, these are the most comfortable pants to play in, especially since khaki fabric is more breathable than ever before. And you won’t find a golf course that doesn’t allow you to wear khaki pants. Most courses, save for a few traditional private clubs, now allow shorts as well, although some are iffy on cargo shorts. As for jeans, best to leave those at home. Even if a course allows them, they’re uncomfortable for golf.
Most courses, even public ones, require that men wear a collared polo (women are more often allowed to play without a collared top). There are two main types of collared shirts: those made of cotton, and others made of more technical fabrics. If you feel more comfortable in a traditionally-cut polo, stick with cotton. But if it’ll be hot on the golf course, collared shirts made of technical fabrics, such as those made by Adidas, Nike and Callaway, will help keep you dry by wicking moisture away from your skin.
If all goes well, you won’t be spending your entire round punching your ball out from under trees, so shielding yourself from the sun will be important. A basic baseball cap never fails, and when it’s time to buy sunglasses for golf, make sure the lens blocks UVA and UVB rays, and that they wrap around your eyes to offer complete coverage. Of course, golf is played in all kinds of weather. You’ll need a good rain jacket for wet conditions, and you should always carry a dry towel to keep your grips dry.
A must-have accessory for all golfers. You’ll need to apply sunblock 30 minutes before your round and again at the turn, since the SPF in sunblock wears off after a couple of hours. (See our skin cancer guide here). Look for a sunblock with an SPF of at least 30. Also, try spray sunblocks when you reapply during your round, since you can apply it without making your hands slippery, and don’t forget to apply a lip balm with SPF.
Hold off on purchasing golf shoes until you become really serious about the game. Stick with sneakers, which you’ll be able to use on and off the course. Since you’ll want to stay as level to the ground as possible, make sure you don’t wear running sneakers, which have too much cushion under the heal of your foot.
Golf scoring is so simple. It’s those weird and wonderful terms like albatross and bogey that throw people. Now, we are going out on a limb and assuming you would rather be out on the fairways than thumbing a dictionary. So here’s an express explanation of golf scoring.
The aim of the game is simple: get your ball in the hole with the fewest shots possible. As such golf is one of the only sports where you want to avoid high scores. Each stroke you take represents a score of one.
At the end of the course the number of strokes you played on each hole are added together and the lowest score wins. Like we said – it’s simple. Where it gets confusing is with the terms associated with scoring.
You have to wonder whether the forefathers of golf weren’t partial to overindulging at the clubhouse, such is the extent of golf’s curious vocabulary. Not that we are complaining.
Those weird and wonderful terms are just another part of what makes golf so fabulous. Here’s a quick rundown of the scoring terms.
Par is a term derived from the stock exchange. Every hole on a golf course has a par value. It refers to the number of strokes that should be required for a professional to complete the hole.
If you complete a Par 4 in four strokes, you are said to have made par. If you take fewer than four strokes, you are under par. And if you take more than four strokes, you are over par.
That’s something you should try to avoid. The more shots you take, the higher your score. As we have explained, in golf the lowest score wins.
One under par. You take three shots to complete a Par 4. That’s more like it.
Just like each hole has a par value, so too does each course. This is simply the total of the par values for each hole. Golf scoring is about the cumulative number of strokes you take as you move along the course.
You tot up your shots as you go. But when you are watching the pros on television, the score card works slightly differently.
Instead of the cumulative number of strokes a player has taken, you will see a plus or minus score: for example, -2 or +5. This simply refers to how close they are to par for the holes they have played.
You play head-to-head. Your score is compared only to your opponent, rather than all competitors.
The aim of the game is to win the hole by completing it with fewer shots than your opponent. If you both take the same number of strokes to complete a hole, the hole is tied. The player who has won the most holes at the end of the course is the overall winner.
As with so much in golf, getting to grips with the scoring is about practice. The good news? While your stroke may take years to perfect, you will have the scoring licked after your first couple of rounds.
Golf scoring methods can be split into two categories, individual and team play here is the best golf guide.
The player with the least number of strokes required to complete the course is considered the winner.
In Stableford play, players are awarded points for each hole. The number of points received is based on the number of strokes taken to finish the hole compared to the par of that hole, which is adjusted up or down depending on the player’s handicap. Unlike most scoring systems in golf, the player with the most points wins the game.
If a player takes more than two strokes over par they do not need to complete the hole and take a score of 0.
In match play each hole is contested individually. The player who takes the lowest number of strokes on that hole wins the hole. If the number of strokes are even, the hole is considered to be halved. The player who wins the most holes wins the game. Should there be less holes left to play than are required for a player to lose the lead, the game is considered over and the remainder of the holes are not played. Dormie is used to refer to the situation where the number of holes remaining is equal to the leading player’s lead.
This is also played between two teams of two players. Each player has their own ball and the team takes the score of the lowest scoring team member for each hole.
This is played between two teams of two players. Each team only has 1 ball and the two team members take turns hitting alternate shots using it. Player A tees off on the first hole, then player B takes the next shot. Player A then takes the third and so on. Irrespective of who putted the ball, player B will tee off on the second hole, player A the third, etc. Foursomes can be scored using either stroke play or match play.
This method is similar to Foursomes, except both players tee off and the best shot from the two is chosen. The player with the weaker first shot takes the second and play alternates from there.
This is a method whereby each player in the team (usually 4 players per team) tees off. The best shot is chosen and the location of the ball is marked. All team members then take their next shot from the marker. This allows the team to take the best shot from 4 everytime, resulting in much lower scores. For this reason the handicap for the team is 1/10th of the total combined handicaps of the players. Scramble is scored using stroke play.
This is a variation of Greensomes where the opposing team chooses which tee shot play should continue from. The player whose tee shot was not chosen plays the second and play alternates from there.
Texas Scramble uses the same rules as Scramble, but adds an extra requirement. The team must take at least 4 tee shots from each team member. This stops the issue of always choosing the player who has a significantly better tee shot, over the weaker players.
Some team games use a Shotgun Start whereby each team starts on a separate hole and a shotgun is fired to start the competition. This reduces the time required for the competition as all holes can be played simultaneously.
How do you keep score in golf?
Yes, it’s true, the Rules of Golf is 182 pages long and understanding many of the game’s 34 rules is important. But don’t worry. Most golfers, including those guys who turned their noses up at playing with a newcomer like you, have very little knowledge of how to play the game correctly. You’d be surprised by how many golfers just make rules up as they go, so don’t fret if you’re not sure about what’s OK and what’s a violation. Just remember these key points and you’ll do fine for now.
Unless you’re on a putting green, don’t move your ball under any circumstance. Play it as it lies unless it’s interfered with by an obstruction (think man-made object — yardage marker, beer can, etc.). And if you’re not sure what an obstruction is, ask the head pro or an experienced golfer. On the putting green, you have to mark the ball’s position before lifting it, usually with a coin or a small ball marker.
If you hit a shot and you can’t find the ball after five minutes of searching, take a one-stroke penalty and play another shot from as close as possible to the last spot you played from. This might require you to drop a ball. If so, extend your hand at shoulder height over that area, simply drop it, then play from there.
If your shot lands in another fairway, you can play the ball as it lies as long as that fairway is not designated as out of bounds (white stakes or lines). If you don’t see white stakes or lines, you can play back to the hole you’re playing. Just don’t interfere with players on that particular hole.golf guide Let them play through unless they give you permission to go first. If your ball is outside the out-of-bounds markers, take a one-stroke penalty and play another shot from the spot you just hit from.
If you ever hit a shot out-of-bounds (white stakes or lines), you have to replay a shot from as close as possible to where you just hit and add a stroke penalty to your score. So, for instance, if you teed off and hit a shot out of bounds, take a stroke penalty and play your third shot again from the tee.
There’s a reason why you can’t accelerate through the ball like a touring pro and it’s not because you weren’t handed a golf club in your crib. A key component to making an efficient, powerful and correct golf swing is having a body that’s able to do it. Strong hip muscles, flexible hamstrings and a stable back are just a few reasons why tour pros are tour pros and most of the rest of us are, well, not. If you want to play well, and play this game for the rest of your life, you have to exercise and pay specific attention to the muscles that will allow you to do it. Start with these areas and you’ll be in great “golf shape” in no time.
Almost all food served at golf courses is trouble. Burgers, dogs, granola bars, chips — they may seem appealing at the moment, but they’re not going to help your performance. The best foods to eat for a round of golf are lean protein (such as chicken or turkey) and complex carbohydrates (such as all-bran cereal or a banana). You should eat before the round and again at the turn, or on the back nine, to maintain energy and concentration. And drink lots and lots of water. If you’re urine is not clear in color, you are likely dehydrated.
If you’re sore after a round, ice is OK to reduce swelling, but only apply to the sore area for 15 minutes per hour, max. In the morning, apply heat (a warm shower will help) or heat wraps and consider taking pain relievers such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin or naproxen sodium before playing. But do so only with a doctor’s blessing since the masking of pain can lead to further injury.
The most important muscles in the golf swing are located from the top of your knees to under your chest. Focus on them when you weight train and you’ll have a powerful swing and stay injury free. Squats, lunges, and planks [(demonstrated in this video)(/golfinstruction/blogs/theinstructionblog/2011/01/fitness-friday-its-time-to-wal.html) should be staples in your exercise routine. Strong, flexible hamstrings, hip flexors, glutes, abdomen and lat muscles are crucial to a functional/powerful swing.
Q:- What is needed to start golfing?
Ans:- The Basic Clubs You’ll Need. There are several clubs you’ll need including the putter, the pitching wedge, the sand wedge, the driver, the three, five, seven, and nine irons, and the three wood. These are the minimum that most golfers need to play the game.
Q:- What are the golf clubs needed for a beginner?
4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 Irons.
Q:- What should I wear first time golfing?
Q:- How is golf scored?
Ans:- So here’s an express explanation of golf scoring. The aim of the game is simple: get your ball in the hole with the fewest shots possible. … Each stroke you take represents a score of one. At the end of the course the number of strokes you played on each hole are added together and the lowest score wins.
Q:- What are the rules for golf?
Ans:- A ball that is on a putting green other than the one for the hole on which the player is playing must not be played as it lies. Instead, the player must, without penalty, lift the ball, and drop it within one club-length of the nearest point of relief that is not a hazard or putting green.
Q:- How much does it cost to play golf?
Ans:- Median Cost Per Round. The median cost for 18 holes of golf at a public course on the weekend is $36, including a cart, according to the survey, which noted that at a daily course — a privately owned facility open to the public — the median cost was $40 for a weekend round. | 2019-04-22T13:18:34Z | http://www.bhollywoodwala.com/ |
Many solutions Purposefully create a closed system, which can be tedious to move away from once you begin. But with a platform named Ecwid, you no longer need to be concerned about it. In fact, the entire goal of the business, which began in 2009, would be to quickly and inexpensively make an internet store system on your existing websites.
That increased my Attention, because I know the struggles that come along with trying to migrate sites, especially in regards to ecommerce. So, I wanted to gather a comprehensive review of the Ecwid system to find out whether it is worth the time.
It’s quite Remarkable what Ecwid has achieved since 2009, with over 1 million merchants getting signed up. What’s even more cool is that the Ecwid merchants span over 175 distinct countries, showing that this isn’t only a platform for most people in the united states or Europe. Even businesses in developing nations have a opportunity to find an online store going, and you don’t have to squander your previous website if you have one.
The usership Continues to grow, especially considering Ecwid is now PCI DSS Level 1 accredited. If you are not sure what that is, it is pretty much the gold standard for safety in the ecommerce world. You can rest easy knowing that you and your clients’ information is safe and protected.
Along with The total merchant count, over 20,000 active users are utilizing the Ecwid Shopping Cart for WordPress. The gap between that 20,000 and the 1 million is the fact that you don’t require a WordPress site to implement Ecwid. So, the 20,000 only refers to WordPress users with the plugin.
Ecwid is a hosted Solution for building an online store. Unlike competing products such as Shopify, Bigcommerce and Volusion, which allow you to construct a fresh website with e-commerce functionality, Ecwid is geared more towards people who already have a site and just wish to add an online store for this.
Much like other E-commerce platforms, Ecwid lets you set up’catalogs’ of all goods, and add photographs, pricing, weight etc. for each. You are able to define shipping rates, accept credit card payments and so on — all of the key things that you’d expect to be able to perform using an e-commerce solution.
However it differs Apart from competing products like Shopify, Volusion, Squarespace and Bigcommerce since it isn’t really designed to allow you to create a fully-featured, standalone e-commerce website; instead, it’s designed to allow you add an internet store to an existing online presence.
The Product works by providing you a widget which gets placed on other websites — hence the name Ecwid: it’s short for’E-commerce Widget’. You get a few lines of HTML code (the widget) to add to an present website or social networking profile, and your shop is displayed wherever you’ve added this code.
You can also Mirror the system on several other sites if you anticipate selling elsewhere on the web. Handle all these sites from one location instead of switching between multiple dashboards.
Another pleasant Feature is the syncing between multiple devices. Sell on-the-go together with your smartphone. This means that you can go to a tradeshow to generate a few sales and all of these sales are represented onto the backend of your site.
The system is Also designed to integrate nicely with social networks, and that means that you can sell your things on Facebook if needed. 1 part of Ecwid we especially enjoy is the shipping aspect. With real-time shipping integrations you constantly know what is happening with your requests and at which they’re being shipped to.
Thanks Into Ecwid’s point-of-sale (POS) functionality, you can use your Ecwid shop to sell not just online but in bodily locations too — in stores, market stalls, at concerts and so on.
With Ecwid’s POS Performance, irrespective of whether or not a customer purchases a product in store, online, on their phone or via Facebook, everything remains in sync – i.e., the retailer’s catalogue, inventory and client / transaction information.
There’s a few methods you can take advantage of this feature: the easiest is probably to use’Paypal Here.’ This involves downloading the Ecwid iOS app from the Apple’s App shop, connecting it to the Paypal Here support, and then taking payments utilizing a cell card reader (pictured above).
You’ve got two options when it comes to POS Hardware and Paypal This: you can either buy a processor and swipe reader (for $24.99) or a chip and tap reader (for $79.99). Both can be ordered direct from Ecwid.
If you are based outside That the US / UK, or need to utilize another mobile device type, the fantastic thing is that Ecwid also functions together with the Vend, Clover, NCR Silver and Square POS systems. These all ease utilizing a wider range of hardware at a physical retail location (full-sized card readers, receipt printers, cash drawers pill stands etc.) and are usable in more countries.
Although you can avail Of the Paypal Here POS choice on all paid-for programs, you will need to be to the priciest’Unlimited’ plan if you would like to avail of a Vend, Clover, NCR Silver or Square admin.
Ecwid Storefronts are responsive, meaning they will display correctly across apparatus — desktopcomputer, tablet and mobile. In a age where smartphone web surfing is eclipsing desktop surfing, this is vital.
Granted, it’s a fairly Standard plan, where attributes like discount coupons and service aren’t accessible, and it merely allows you to sell up to ten products in 2 categories — but this could really be sufficient for some users, and using it is a fantastic way to try the system out.
But, A vital point to notice about the free plan is that it is not great from an search engine optimization point of view — you have to be on a paid plan to ensure that your product pages talk to search engines accurately (more on SEO under ).
Ecwid is forward of the Pack because its storefronts could be automatically translated into nearly 50 distinct languages — clients can see your store in their own language, without you having to worry about producing alternate versions of this. Ecwid provides this functionality by detecting visitors’ language mechanically based on their browser preferences / IP address.
Competing products such as Shopify And Bigcommerce are yet to provide this sort of functionality — they force you to rely on third party programs, the production of multiple stores or Google Translate to provide different language variations of your shop, which is less than perfect. So a definite triumph for Ecwid here.
Search engine Optimisation (search engine optimization ) in Ecwid is a pretty straightforward affair. You can edit the title of your page and its meta description; the relevant fields are pre-populated for you automatically, but you can tweak them to suit your search engine optimization objectives.
So Far as I could tell But you can’t manually change the URL of a product — you have to make do with the one that Ecwid generates for you. This isn’t ideal because keywords in URLs are used by some search engines to categorise content through indexing.
One area where Ecwid doesn’t perform so Well on the SEO front involves AMP — accelerated cellular pages. As its name implies, AMP pages load quicker on cellular devices. This motivates people to stay longer on your page, thus increasing’live time’ –something that’s considered by many search engine optimization experts consider to be rewarded by Google with preferential treatment in search results. Furthermore, Google occasionally highlights AMP webpages in carousels in search results, giving AMP articles an extra little boost.
The Export option allows you to export product information, orders and clients (in CSV format) and ensures that should you feel the need to migrate your store to another e-commerce platform, you should not have any significant difficulties doing so.
WordPress does not Supplied any e-commerce functionality out of the box, so anybody wishing to sell on the platform will require a third-party solution like Ecwid. There’s an Ecwid plugin accessible, therefore adding an Ecwid store to your WordPress site is quite straightforward — you can get up and running with a few clicks.
Squarespace includes Increasingly good e-commerce attributes, but the number of payment gateway options is very limited — you need to use Stripe or Paypal. (And using Stripe only functions if you are selling goods from particular countries). Another principal problem with the built-in Squarespace selling tools is that they don’t facilitate dropshipping, and complete export of products is not currently possible.
Integrating Ecwid with Squarespace permits you to bypass these constraints, and adding it into a Squarespace site is very simple: it is a simple matter of including a code block into a webpage and pasting some HTML to it.
As With Squarespace, there’s currently no dropshipping choice for Wix users, so again Ecwid can provide a good workaround. A committed program is offered by Ecwid to enable you integrate the product onto a Wix store easily.
Ecwid provides a pretty Restricted number integrations with other apps that are well-known. Integrations do exist with services Mailchimp, Xero and Freshbooks; but to be fair the range of integrations may be more extensive — competing products like Shopify offer a much wider assortment of programs. Notable omissions from the Ecwid store comprise Quickbooks and Zendesk, for example (that said, a Quickbooks integration is coming soon).
Ecwid’s Interface is pretty user friendly. Like many similar online shop builders, you receive a vertical menu on the left that allows you to access key performance, and the place on the right can be used to display or edit related products, site content and reports.
Much like any e-commerce tool, you will have to Spend a fair amount of time getting your head about producing catalogues and product variations, establishing transport rates etc…but there is nothing here that should represent also much of a learning curve.
If You’re stuck nonetheless, you can always get in touch with Ecwid’s support staff — more on that later — or, even if you are on a’Business’ or’Unlimited’, you are able to make the most of this included customization support (you get two hours and 12 hours customization period from Ecwidon these plans).
With the introduction of That the EU’s new GDPR laws, there are many legal measures that site owners now should take to ensure that they are adequately protecting EU customers’ and visitors’ privacy. There are serious financial penalties for not doing so (to the point where it’s usually a good idea to consult an attorney about what to do); and even if your company isn’t based in the EU, then you still need to comply with the regulations where any website visits from the EU are worried.
There does not Appear to be Whatever stops you fulfilling the first three requirements easily enough with Ecwid, though you will have to spend time and potentially money creating adequate notices and crafting information capture forms so they are GDPR compliant.
So for Instance, If you Utilize a Facebook Ads cookie in combination with your Ecwid store, you’ll be breaking up GDPR laws unless you’ve got a banner in place which does all of the above.
Nowout of the box at Least there is not a way to take care of the cookie approval issue with Ecwid. Nor is there a decent program available from the Ecwid app shop (the only alternative on front that I can locate, the’EU cookie banner’, does not appear to provide the essential functionality — even though costing $1.99 per month to use).
It Appears to me that the only alternative available to Ecwid users is to use a specialist product like CookiePro, which will provide all the necessary performance to make cookie consent fully GDPR compliant. Despite being a strong product nonetheless, Cookiepro does need quite a lot of configuration and you’ll need to put quite a lot of time aside to set it up.
I really enjoy The fact that you’re able to run a website without paying for anything. This makes the setup process that much simpler, since you simply have to punch in your email and make a password to go right to the backend port.
The machine has Wizards for each platform you want to place your store on. In case you’ve got a WordPress site, simply walk through three steps to get up and running. You could even click on options like Facebook and Joomla, based on where you would like to market.
The backend Design is flawless, because it walks you through each site creation and integration measure with a few nice text and photos. Once you get your shop implemented on a website or social page it looks fairly sleek.
The layout Depends upon the subject you have on your website, but as you can see below, it shows photos well and appears clean and simple to navigate. I especially enjoy the Shopping Bag area, which is outstanding and easy to locate for customers when they want to market.
Although many Websites will be cellular friendly, its fine understanding that Ecwid involves a native shopping application for both iOS and Android. Merchants now receive a native shopping application for iOS and Android.
The closing Design item which makes sense to mention is the language instrument. Since running an internet store generally requires you to attain out to people from throughout the planet, you’re bound to stumble upon some customers who would like to read product webpages and other content in their native tongue. Ecwid supports 45 languages, so when a user wants to translate from English to Spanish, that’s no problem at all.
A Few of the apps Will give you a hand with rating and reviews, rewards programs, automated advertising tools, analytics, customized layout topics and much more.
Ecwid is a Third party remedy to your present site, so you would normally need to employ additional SEO and marketing tools to truly get the word out. Nevertheless, Ecwid supplies quality SEO qualities to help retailers increase their visibility in Google searches.
Moreover, Google now indexes AJAX websites, therefore all Ecwid stores are indexed by Google without any extra effort. It gets even better with WordPress websites, as you gain access to additional SEO plugins as well as the default search engine performance on the dashboard.
Each measure is Concise and clear, so that you can just go in there and type in a product name, price and picture then save the product for afterwards. Obviously you can always open the Powerful Options, however they separate these for if you’re ready to get started ramping up your own store.
Ecwid provides A Chat With Sales feature which is one of my favorite ways to converse to companies. Only send them a query and you can work on something else until they respond.
It is not necessarily Easy to find an ecommerce platform which doesn’t charge fees, but that is just what you get with Ecwid. They never charge any kind of trade fee with any of those programs they provide, making it desirable for any store that’s trying to keep costs down and to improve margins.
Remember that Ecwid is not a payment processor, which means you have to setup something such as PayPal or Stripe to process all the transactions that come through your site. It’s pretty easy to employ these systems, because Ecwid integrates with over 40 global payment options. However, each one of those processors have their particular transaction fees so you have to prepare for these.
· The’starter website’ option is a fantastic stopgap measure for merchants who need a store quickly, but have yet to develop a full site in order to add the Ecwid widget to.
Ecwid comes With four strategies, among which is completely free. They market the free program like crazy, and mention that many different platforms drag you into a free trial, even where you will finally have to pay.
The Free plan Lets you sell 10 products, whereas the Venture program ups that depend to 100 goods and you get things like an iPhone direction program. The company plan goes up to 2500 merchandise for a wonderful price and you also get live chat support. Priority support comes alongside the Unlimited program and you might also sell an unlimited amount of merchandise.
Ecwid is one of The cheapest solutions on the marketplace. You may see that it’s actually cheaper than many of the other programs we have reviewed previously, so if you’re searching for value, this might be the perfect plugin for you. | 2019-04-21T21:00:23Z | https://rarityofficial.com/app-store-online-ecwid-review-2019/ |
If you are the kind of person that forgets buying batteries, lives or visit places where batteries are hard to find, or searching a flashlight considering economical aspect, then the rechargeable flashlight should be your thing. There are many flashlights of this kind; some product information may be helpful when looking for the best. So, how to find the best rechargeable flashlight for the money?
4 Why buy the Best handheld Rechargeable flashlight?
Rechargeable flashlights have some advanced features. These are far better than the one time batteries.
One factor to consider when buying a rechargeable flash light is the type and number of batteries used. There are three types of rechargeable batteries; Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd), Nickel Metal (Ni-MH) and Hydride Li-Ion (Lithium Ion). These batteries vary in cost and the more a flashlight requires the more expensive. The best type rechargeable flashlight is largely depends on the quality of the battery. The rechargeable flashlight can also use alternative batteries such as rechargeable alkaline batteries which are cheaper and readily available.
Another factor is the type of charger; these are always included when buying these flashlights. The chargers are connected differently to sources of power, for example USB cables, solar panels and electric sockets. This is also important for extended battery life. Also the number of times the batteries can be recharged before they are completely drained, this varies between 500 and 1000 times.
Batteries also have different battery power that is measured in Milli Amperes. Flashlights are devices that use a lower amount of power, therefore the range is around 500mAh to 2,00mAh. Higher powered batteries could cause damage to the light.
In order to determine the brightness of the flashlight during the purchase, buyers should look for the number of lumens. This is a measure of light output. The number of lumens for the light should be from 100 up to 10000. Remember, high lumen means high power. For standard use 500 to 2000 lumens will be a great choice. The best types of bulbs are LEDs. Different flashlights have different technologies integrated for these LEDs. It is important to ask the sales people and compare these technologies when shopping for this kind lights.
The beam distance that the flashlight illuminates is important. This is measured in yards or meters. This goes hand in hand with viewing angle. The rechargeable torch should have a longer beam distance and wider viewing angle. As an additional feature, the focus have an adjustable feature for use as a flood light and also can be used as the best rechargeable spotlight. It also have zoom abilities. There should be a number of zooming options for a user to select from.
There is also the level of brightness and multiple modes available. Some of the rechargeable led flashlights have 5 levels of brightness that is high/turbo, medium and low plus strobe and SOS functions. These help to control the run time which is the number of hours the spotlight can stay on standby when in one of these modes. Run times vary from 1 and a half hours to 800 hours depending on modes and lumens.
Other general factors include size and weight which determines the portability of the device. These are measured in inches and ounces respectively. There is also versatility in areas where the light can be used such as residential and general use.
Finally, the material used to construct the device, whether plastic, aluminum alloy or titanium helps gauge durability. Accessories, add-ons and warranty included on the product shouldn’t be overlooked.
The amazing PD35 flashlight is handheld with greater performance and concentrates on tactical usage. The Fenix pd35 is a 1000 lumen maximum utilizing Cree XP-L (V5) LED and has a lifespan of over 50,000 hours. It also has a tactical tail switch with momentary-on function which makes it to be very versatile.
It is powered by 18650 rechargeable Li-ion battery or alternatively two 3V CR123A Lithium batteries. It is digitally regulated, thus able to keep continuous brightness. A great feature of this Fenix pd35 is that it has two unique modes which are tactical and outdoor mode. The tactical mode comprises of turbo, low and strobe while the outdoor mode is made up of turbo, high, mid, low, eco and strobe modes. The modes setting help in ease of usage.
The flashlight as well has a bundle which comes with the following; two fenix ARB-L2S 3400mAh 18650 batteries, smart digital charger and two EdisonBright CR123A lithium batteries.
It is called the first class flashlight because of it’s popularity. If you have decided to buy a rechargeable flash light then solaray pro zx-1xl would be your first choice.
Brightness: The Solaray pro has an impressive brightness of 1600 lumens with a long run time. Its beam distance is long and the beam type can be adjusted to either fixed or focused. Solaray pro zx-1XL has enough power which can lighting up your entire room.
Batteries: Solaray pro uses 2 lithium ion 18650 batteries which are rechargeable. To purchase the kit comes with two batteries with a cordless direct plugin charger.
Multi mode: It has five modes – Bright, medium, dim, strobe and SOS to choose from. Thus not only for general use you can use it for hiking, camping, fishing, hunting, power interruption, security, car breakdown and others.
Multipurpose: This is a brightest rechargeable led flashlight which means it can be used by the police and military. It is also recommended for general use such as camping and lighting.
Dimensions: It is small in size and weight is very light. Weight 7oz and 8 inches long, head diameter 1 inches and 4 inches body diameter.
Waterproof: Aircraft grade aluminum body help to avoid water damage.
Accessories: Solaray pro zx-1XL comes (As bonus) with a mini pro flashlight which is very portable. Solaray Pro ZX-1 can be used as gift because Solaray comes with attractive Gift Packaging.
No doubt about that, Solaray pro zx-1 is one of the best rechargeable flashlight on the market.
Ecogear fx has a high light output of 1200 lumens and is capable of lighting a throw distance of 700 feet. The brightness is adjustable and viewing angle is perfect.
Ecogear fx uses a single 18650 rechargeable battery with a high voltage output of 3.7 V. But as an alternative can be used 3 AAA batteries which are easy to find.
There are 5 zoom options and the buyer can operate the Ecogear TK120 in 5 different modes; high, medium, low, strobe and SOS signal.
It is constructed using aluminum, making it genuinely strong. It is also water resistant, therefore safe for use in outdoor activities like fishing.
Due to its size, there is no chance of this rechargeable flashlight slipping from your hand when using it. The handle is 1.1 inches in diameter and it is only 6 inches long. It weighs 5oz.
Retronic is an 800 lumens flashlight with a run time of 1 hour in high mode. Other modes last longer. Its lighting distance is 252m which comes in handy during those night walks. It comes with one high capacity Li-ion battery that is rechargeable. This includes a charger which extended battery life for buyers.
The Revtronic is rust proof since it is made of aluminum. Its rugged shape is designed to prevent it from rolling over, however, there is no need to worry because it has an impact distance of 1m. In case it drops in the water, there is no cause for alarm given that it can survive for 30 minutes when 1m underwater. It has multiple modes and a tail switch for on and off.
Like other top performance LED flashlights, it has high intensity brightness of 800 lumens. The LED technology incorporated extends its life span to 50,000 hours.
It is powered by a single 18650 rechargeable battery, although can also work with 3AAA batteries.
Oxyled CREE T6 LED is durable as it is made of aluminum alloy that resists scratches and works properly even when it rains. It could also be among the lightest and smallest rechargeable flashlight. You can get with dimensions of 2.1” long, head diameter of 8.3”, body diameter of 4.7” and 14.1oz.
This is my personal favorite. Outlite E6 has a brightness of 900 lumens and a long and wide beam distance of 600 feet. You can also play around with the focus until you find the one that suits you.
It uses one 18650 battery that can be recharged, using a charger that is provided, when drained. The charger has an interface that lights with different colors (Green and Red) to indicate charging status.
The Outlite E6 torch light has an extendable body that reveals five zoom options. It also has multiple modes, three brightness modes plus strobe and SOS options. The body is genuine aluminum, making it super strong and also water resistant. It’s length is 145mm by 38mm and 22mm body and tail diameters. It weighs 130g!
The coolest thing about this light is the super mini LED flashlight that is the size of a key, 5cm long weighing 20g.
This is a very great flashlight with some amazing features. The fenix uc35 flashlight has a maximum output of 960 lumens and applies Cree XM-L2 U2 LED technology with a lifespan of over 50,000 hours. It has a protective circuit created to safeguard against over-charge and over-heating of the flashlight. Furthermore, it is powered by 18650 rechargeable battery or a two CR123 batteries. When you install the battery inappropriately, the reverse polarity protection comes to your rescue.
The Fenix uc35 is capable of entering the last used brightness level when you switch it on through the intelligent memory circuit. It also has a low-power warning function that alerts you when the battery is low. It is able to maintain constant brightness as its output is digitally regulated. For easy operation, it comes with 5 different brightness levels, which are high, low, turbo, mid and eco.
When you purchase this quality handheld flashlight, you will get a holster, Micro-USB cable, Fenix ARBL2P 18650 battery, and spare o-rings.
Surefire G2X is one of the best rechargeable flashlight on the market today. It is made up of a tough nitrolon, anodized aluminum bezel and compact body which is extremely powerful and makes it suitable for tactical applications. As simple as it appears, the Surefire G2X tactical flashlight is easy to use but produces an excellent, sharp and perfectly focused 320 lumen beam in your desired area.
It is powered by two lithium ion batteries which are included when you purchase it. It is also made of 4.5 ounces weigh. In addition, it has a great design which makes it easy for handling while carrying out your respective duties.
Are you military personnel, law enforcer, security personnel, construction worker, or just a seasonal hunter looking for a powerful and versatile light? Look no further than the Klarus XT12GT LED flashlight. The Klarus XT12GT is a strongly constructed flashlight with most of the latest features. It utilizes Cree XHP35 HI D4 LED technology that produces a maximum of 1600 Lumens. It also runs on 3400mAh 18650 batteries that provide the light with a maximum runtime of 200 hours. The flashlight is compact in design and very easy to keep using the pocket clip, holster or a lanyard. The choice is yours.
Moreover, the flashlight is equipped with a magnetic charging cord that makes recharging the flashlight to be seamless and convenient. Simply attach the magnetic charging cable to recharge it. Also, you can use this flashlight underwater up to 2 meters for 30 minutes. Therefore, this is a good flashlight that you can rely on as you go on a mission or for a picnic.
The high performance Nitecore P12 1000 Lumen flashlight is a quality and reliable flashlight great for tactical use. This is one of those well-built flashlights that you can rely on at all times. First of all, the flashlight is made with durable and lightweight aero-grade aluminum alloy with a hard-anodized finish. As a result, you can rely on it in all conditions. Furthermore, the flashlight has a second generation “Crystal Coating Technology” mixed together with “Precision Digital Optics Technology” to offer great reflector performance.
The dual switch makes turning on/off the light to be seamless, and one can cycle through the 4 light modes easily using the stainless steel side switch. On a bright night, the beam can reach up to 232 meters and the flashlight has a maximum runtime of 520 hours on 1x 18650 rechargeable batteries. With these features and many more, this is a good light for hunting, hiking, or for general use.
Low battery level indicator allows you to know the status of the battery before leaving the house.
The biggest shortcoming of this flashlight is that it is not very durable and many users have complained about this. In short, it is fragile and has to be handled with care.
I love Klarus flashlights because of their reliability and sturdiness. You will never hear a user complaining about it being fragile or failing to light up. In that sense, I will review the Klarus G20 flashlight. The Klarus G20 flashlight is a small, compact, and very powerful LED light. It produces a maximum of 3000 Lumens which are enough to light the hell out of an aggressor. In addition, it features 4 light modes which are low, medium, high, and turbo modes. On top of that, it has two special modes which are strobe and SOS modes. So, you can agree with me that it is indeed versatile.
The Klarus G20 LED light uses Cree XHP70 N4 LED, which is one of the most powerful technologies currently in the market. Using this flashlight is simple as it has a dual switch for a one-handed operation. With its durable construction and power, this is a wonderful flashlight for law enforcers, the military, hunters, rescuers, and emergency responders.
The ultra-bright handheld LED flashlight uses CREE XM-L T6 LED bulbs with a maximum output of 900 lumens. The maximum beam distance is 500 meters, which is just awesome for such a flashlight.
It comprises of five lighting modes which are; high, low, medium, strobe and SOS which makes the flashlight easy to operate. It is powered by an 18650 rechargeable battery or alternatively 3 AAA batteries. The Tansoren TC6 is also desirable for use in adverse weather conditions as it is water resistant. The body of the Tansoren is strong and durable as it is made from aluminum alloy shell. When you buy this light, you will receive 18650 rechargeable battery, battery charger, car charger and 18-month warranty. Tansoren is the best rechargeable flashlight under 50 bucks.
If you don’t much technical matter about the light, then I will suggest go with a popular brand flashlight like fenix or surefire. They will provide you the high quality handheld flashlight no doubt about that.
The Suaoki 4-in-1 flashlight offers you more than just an ordinary flashlight. When you purchase this Suaoki, you will receive the flashlight itself, a power bank, glass smashing hammer and seatbelt cutter all put together in the Suaoki TC6. It is desirable for searching objects, self defense, emergency glass breaking and any other outdoor survival occurrence.
It is easy to operate as it comes with 4 lighting modes which are; focus, strong, weak and SOS. It has a maximum of 280 lumens and is also water resistant. The Suaoki is very powerful with its great USB charging port which has a high capacity of 10400mAh. It is safe with the smart chip which assists it from over-heating, over-voltage and short circuit. Moreover, the Suaoki is lightweight, portable and ergonomic in shape for convenience in usage and also making it ideal to move around with.
Why buy the Best handheld Rechargeable flashlight?
Since the world is a dynamic place, new technologies are taking over the old ones and our lives are as well changed in so many ways. The flashlight industry is also adapting and creating products that meet the customers demand every single day. In the past, flashlights used to be big in size and less brighter, but today, most of the flashlights are small in size but very bright. The handheld flashlights are a good example of modern day flashlights and their performance is very amazing which makes them ideal for several purposes such as in the military, hunting, camping and even by mechanics to just name a few. It is not easy to find a quality rechargeable flashlight?
The size of the flashlight is very important. This is because a small flashlight will be convenient to carry in your palm and execute your duties at the same time, while a big flashlight may be uncomfortable to hold and heavy making it hard to work conveniently. Also, a handheld flashlight should have a good grip and sleek ergonomic design for ease of handling.
Most flashlights are rated according to how bright they can light an area. Light output is measured in Lumens of the flashlight. The higher the lumens comprised in a flashlight the brighter it becomes. A good handheld flashlight should have a light setting switch where you can adjust different modes of light as per the need at that time. The normal lighting modes include; low, medium and high. Other flashlights have the strobe and SOS modes.
A great handheld flashlight is one that can sustain you in all conditions whether favorable or unfavorable. Impact resistance best rechargeable flashlight are ideal for several purposes as they can survive extreme situations like when you crash them on the wall or fall down accidentally. Moreover, the flashlight should also be water resistant and corrosion proof to withstand adverse weather conditions that you may encounter while operating.
It is very heartbreaking to buy a high quality and costly flashlight which breaks down the next day. When purchasing a handheld flashlight, ensure that it is very durable and can sustain you for a long while.
Most of the handheld flashlights are made up of aircraft-grade aluminum alloy which is a very excellent material.
In conclusion apart from the general factors that are taken into consideration when buying any flashlight, buyers should look at type of chargers, battery types, shelf life and number of batteries when looking for the best rechargeable flashlight. If you want then you can build a micro rechargeable flashlight yourself. Although, It is not worth to spending too much to building such a flashlight. | 2019-04-25T06:42:17Z | https://totalguide.org/best-rechargeable-flashlights/ |
The City of Ekurhuleni had no obligation to fix a family shack which was split open after being hit by an aircraft which crashed in Wattville, Benoni, earlier this week, the office of Mayor Mondli Gungubele said.
Spokesperson Zweli Dlamini said they had made no promises to fix Cebisile Zulu's shack after it was reportedly struck by the wing of the plane as it went down and burst into flames just metres from her house on Wednesday morning.
"We have not committed to anything," Dlamini told News24 on Thursday afternoon.
"We need to investigate the extent of the damage and see what we can do as a city but we have made no commitments. You must remember that this thing was not our doing," Dlamini said.
On Wednesday, just hours after the aircraft had gone down, News24 visited Zulu at her shack.
A piece of the shattered plane was still on her roof and one side of the shack was broken. The area surrounding the shack had been taped off by investigators.
News24 spoke to Zulu as her toddler child crawled around on the sand under the tape.
She said although she was sad her shack had been damaged in the crash, she was comforted by the fact that people of the City had promised to come back and help her fix it before nightfall.
She stood at the fence of the shack during the afternoon, waiting for the promised help.
But by Wednesday night, no one had come back.
She was forced to seek shelter from a neighbour for her and her two children.
When News24 contacted her on Thursday afternoon, she said she had spent the day at home, waiting for someone to come to their aid.
"I haven't made any phone calls because the people who promised they would come back never left their names or their numbers," she said.
"And the person who offered us accommodation [on Wednesday] said it was only for one night."
She burst into tears when News24 informed her that Dlamini said fixing the shack was not their responsibility.
"I have no idea what this means for me and my children. I don't know where I am going to sleep tonight," she said.
The aircraft crashed with three passengers on board - a pilot and an Austrian couple - all in their 60s.
It was headed for Mokgopong in Limpopo when it crashed a few minutes after take-off.
It landed on a field in the middle of Wattville township which was used as a netball court and soccer pitch for local children.
Locals rushed to the scene, tried to douse the flames and pulled the passengers out of the wreckage. All three, however, died on the scene.
A federal judge ruled this week that a Texas mechanic who worked on restoring a vintage airplane in Auburn can move forward with his effort to recover wages on a dual track — under state and federal law — against the company that owned the plane and the company that hired him to restore it.
A year ago, U.S. Chief District Judge Nancy Torresen allowed Christopher Venegas, 46, of Wichita Falls to invite other mechanics who worked on the project with him to join his lawsuit under federal law. Venegas came to Maine three years ago to work as an air frame mechanic at a hangar at the Auburn-Lewiston Municipal Airport.
At issue is whether Venegas and his co-workers should have been paid as independent contractors, as the defendants in his complaint contend, or as employees, who were entitled to overtime pay, as Venegas argues.
In his complaint, filed in June 2014 in U.S. District Court in Portland, Venegas claimed he was paid straight time for all hours worked, including those in excess of 40 per week. According to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act, employees must be paid overtime wages at a rate of time-and-a-half for any hours exceeding 40 per week, the complaint said.
Venegas, and most of the other dozens of workers on the project, were paid only straight time despite working 63½-hour weeks on average, as required by the companies that hired them, according to the complaint.
Venegas was hired by Global Aircraft Service of Addison, Texas, which controlled, along with Lufthansa Technik North America Holding Corp. of Tulsa, the restoration of the "Star of Tigris," a version of the Lockheed Constellation known as a Starliner, Lufthansa Airline's flagship aircraft from the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Global Aircraft and Lufthansa are co-defendants named in Venegas' lawsuit.
In a Feb. 5, 2015, ruling, Torresen granted Venegas' motion to certify the suit as a collective action under federal law, meaning other similarly situated metal specialists who worked on the aircraft between June 24, 2011, and Feb. 5, could join his lawsuit under a so-called "opt-in" clause.
In her 2015 ruling, Torresen also ordered Venegas' former employer to provide the names and contact information of the other workers to Venegas' attorneys in an effort to ensure that all of the workers who want to be included can participate. A notice of Venegas' claim, and that option for other workers, was required to be posted at the job site, Torresen had ruled.
Now, a year after that decision, Torresen has ruled that Venegas' complaint can move forward under Maine law as a class action, meaning all of his co-workers will be notified that they have been included in his claim unless they exercise an "opt-out" clause.
Both the state and federal claims are aimed at recovering back wages owed for overtime, said Nicholas Woodfield, Venegas' attorney with The Employment Law Group in Washington, D.C. The state law has a longer statute of limitations, he said, potentially enabling more workers to become part of the lawsuit.
Torresen also ruled this week against the defendants' motion to rescind the federal certification of a collective action that allowed Venegas' fellow workers to sign on to his lawsuit.
A spokesman for Lufthansa could not be reached for comment.
Woodfield said he believes between 50 and 130 others participated in the project as sheet metal workers who could potentially become plaintiffs in Venegas' complaint.
Venegas, who was married with four children, moved to Maine in February 2013 where he was housed in a local apartment by the company. He was ordered to wear a company-supplied T-shirt and use company email addresses for work-related correspondence, according to court papers. The company did not withhold Social Security or taxes from his paychecks.
Three air carriers are vying to provide service to Visalia in the wave of SeaPort Airlines’ unexpected departure.
Boutique Air, Great Lakes Airlines and Mokulele Airlines have submitted a bid to the Department of Transportation to provide service from Visalia; all three previously bid in 2014, when SeaPort was awarded service.
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii-based Mokulele Airlines’ bid to provide 48 weekly flights from Visalia to Los Angeles International (LAX) using a nine-passenger Cessna Caravan, the same type of aircraft that SeaPort flew. Mokulele is a new entrant to California; it currently provides service in Hawaii, Pennsylvania and New York.
The carrier stated in its bid that it would have “comfortably configured vans” to drive passengers to a nearby airport in the event of an unrecoverable delay or cancellation, and that it is working on an agreement with the Fresno-Yosemite International Airport to reroute passengers there in the event of heavy fog or inclement weather at Visalia as a way to avoid cancelling flights.
The airline said it currently has interline agreements–which allow passengers to fly multiple carriers without re-checking their bags–with Alaska Airlines, Air New Zealand and Island Air.
Mokulele’s subsidy pricing is tied into whether Imperial/El Centro, another ex-SeaPort community, also chooses the carrier, and the length of contract it is awarded. If both communities choose Mokulele and it is provided a four-year contract, its requested subsidy for Visalia service would be $2.1m for its first year of service and $2m for subsequent years.
Cheyenne, Wyoming-based Great Lakes Airlines, Visalia’s air carrier prior to SeaPort, also bid for service from Visalia to LAX with two round-trips per day in a 19-passenger pressurized Beechcraft 1900, the same type of aircraft it used to previously service Visalia.
In its bid, the airline touts interline agreements with American Airlines, Delta Airlines and United Airlines, including the ability to earn SkyMiles on Delta. It is requesting a subsidy of $2.6m per year on a two-year contract.
San Francisco-based Boutique Air, which currently provides service to Merced, submitted two separate bids: one for service from Visalia to LAX and Oakland, and another for service from Visalia to LAX and Sacramento, both with two round trips per day. The airline would provide service in a 9-passenger pressurized Pilatus PC-12, which it says is equipped with power outlets and an enclosed lavatory.
If chosen to provide service to Visalia and Oakland, the airline would require a $3.5m subsidy per year. If it provides service to Sacramento, it would instead request $3.6m per year.
The committee plans to meet next week and prepare its recommendation for the Visalia City Council. The topic is planned for the next regular council meeting agenda on Tuesday, February 16 in order to meet DOT community comment deadline of February 25.
“It’s all moving very fast,” Gubler said.
In the meantime, SeaPort Airlines filed for Chapter 11, it announced Friday, February 5. Former company president, Rob McKinney, has resigned, and former vice president, Tim Seiber, is now president, according to a press release.
“That certainly explains why they pulled out of California,” Gubler said. “I don’t think it in anyway diminishes the service they provided for us.
The other option, for Visalia, is to consider a Federal Aviation Administration temporary buyout, in which the city would receive a sizeable amount of money to upgrade the airport, making it attractive to corporate jets and/or another freight carrier. For the next 10 years, the airport would not be open for passenger service.
The bid documents are available to view, embedded, below. Public comments may be submitted at Regulations.gov, docket ID DOT-OST-2004-19916, or by clicking here.
SeaPort Airlines announced Friday it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, although the company says day-to-day operations will not be interrupted.
According to a press release, SeaPort will continue to operate its current flight schedule, including the route between Pendleton’s Eastern Oregon Regional Airport and Portland.
The airline also promised to continue paying its employees as the company attempts to reorganize in the midst of a national pilot shortage and a severely reduced flight schedule.
In addition, CEO Rob Kinney has resigned. Tim Sieber, most recently executive vice president, was named president.
Although SeaPort has reassured city officials that business will continue as usual, the development follows some downward trends for the Portland-based airline.
Once operating almost two dozens routes in 11 states and Mexico, SeaPort announced that it would dramatically cut its service area in January, focusing most of its attention toward airports in Oregon and Arkansas.
SeaPort was sued in U.S. District Court by Caravan Air LLC last week, with the Oxford, Conn.-based company claiming SeaPort owed it an estimated $500,000 after failing to pay rent on a leased airplane. Sieber did not return a request for comment.
While SeaPort has managed to maintain flight service in Pendleton, the airline attracted only 4,015 boardings in 2014, SeaPort’s lowest total since the first full year it started serving Pendleton in 2009.
Commercial flights from the Pendleton airport are made possible through a $1.8 million subsidy from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Essential Air Service program. If SeaPort’s boarding numbers continue to decline, the airport is in danger of having its subsidy stripped.
SeaPort’s contract ends Dec. 31, and Steve Chrisman, Pendleton’s airport manager and economic development director, said potential bids must include concrete proposals to boost boardings.
Even though SeaPort has run “a clean operation” in the past, Chrisman said the company’s bankruptcy could be a factor if they submit another bid for the Essential Air Service contract.
“We want to be objective, but you can’t say that its ideal,” he said.
Although he expects service to continue, Chrisman said the city has the option of putting out an emergency request for bids if SeaPort drops its flights from Pendleton.
A pilot was airlifted to the hospital Monday afternoon after crashing his plane in the Knutsford area of Kamloops.
The man was flying a “slow speed, ultralight” airplane above Kamloops when he crash-landed near Jackson Road, according to Cpl. Cheryl Bush of the Kamloops RCMP.
The crash is suspected to have been caused by the rigging of skis on the bottom of the plane.
An off-duty firefighter found the pilot crawling to find help in a field after the crash. The pilot was conscious when he was found, but was airlifted to the hospital.
“He was treated at the hospital for injuries but nothing life threatening,” said Cpl. Bush.
The extent of those injuries are unknown.
KAMLOOPS — A Kamloops-area pilot survived a crash of his ultralight aircraft near Knutsford this week.
Bill Yearwood of the Transportation Safety Board says it happened on Monday.
Yearwood says the pilot had noticed a problem with his yaw control, meaning he was flying slightly sideways, and wanted to correct it.
"He landed on a lake to adjust the skis because he thought that might be part of the problem, and it still wasn't right. He was attempting another landing. When he got to about 20 feet, he lost control of the aircraft and crashed hard," said Yearwood.
Yearwood notes the pilot was airlifted to hospital suffering from serious spinal injuries, but is expected to survive and adds the man had plenty of experience in this particular aircraft.
He notes the TSB has recorded the pilot's account of the crash, and won't require any further investigation.
One man was sent to the hospital after a crash landing on Monday, February 1st.
Bill Yearwood from the Transportation Safety Board says the pilot was operating out of Knutsford.
Yearwood explains that the pilot was flying and landing in small frozen lakes in the area. He says the crash may have been related to unresponsive skis on the aircraft.
Yearwood says the pilot experienced injuries to his back.
After the crash, the pilot was able to call emergency crews who were able to find him due to his spot tracking device.
Lt. Col. James F.Garber III, USAF Ret.
A private pilot and a pilot-rated passenger were on a personal cross-county flight in a Beechcraft M35, and a private pilot was on a local personal flight in a Bellanca 8KCAB when the airplanes collided in mid-air over an ocean harbor. Before the collision, the Beechcraft, a low-wing airplane, was descending from 3,500 ft, and flying in an east-northeast direction. The Bellanca, a high-wing airplane, was flying toward the sun in a west-northwest direction with intermittent radar returns between 3,000 and 3,500 ft.
Radar data showed the tracks of both airplanes converge with the airplanes approaching each other nearly head-on. The last radar return from the Beechcraft, just before the collision, was at 3,300 ft. Following the collision, both airplanes descended, impacted the ocean, and sank.
Postaccident examination of the recovered wreckage of both airplanes revealed no mechanical anomalies that would have precluded normal operation of either airplane. Postaccident examination did not identify any paint transfer marks on the airframe of either airplanes; however, not all the parts of the airplanes were recovered.
Ethanol was found in the tissues of each pilot, however, it is most likely that the ethanol was the result of post mortem production. Diphenhydramine, which can cause drowsiness and slow psychomotor reaction time, was detected in the Bellanca pilot's tissue; however, the lack of a blood sample precluded determination of the level of the drug present, and it could not be determined whether the Bellanca pilot was impaired by the effects of diphenhydramine.
All three pilots had a limitation on their Federal Aviation Administration medical certificates for eyeglasses; but two, the Beech pilot-rated passenger and the Bellanca pilot, only required them for near vision, which was not a factor in this accident. The Bellanca pilot had had cataract surgery on both eyes more than a year before the accident; this would be expected to significantly improve her vision and, therefore, likely did not contribute to the accident. Overall, it is unlikely that any problem with distant vision in any of the three pilots contributed to the accident.
It could not be determined why the Beechcraft pilot did not see the Bellanca. The Bellanca pilot was flying toward the sun, and sun glare could have contributed to her inability to see the approaching Beechcraft.
The failure of the pilots of both airplanes to see and avoid each other as they converged nearly head-on, which resulted in a midair collision. Contributing to the accident was the effect of sun glare on the other pilot.
On February 5, 2016, about 1500 Pacific standard time, a Beechcraft M35 airplane, N9872R, and a Bellanca 8KCAB airplane, N5057G, collided over the Los Angeles Harbor about 2 miles south of Angels Gate Lighthouse, San Pedro, California. The Beechcraft was owned and operated by a private pilot. The private pilot and pilot-rated passenger onboard the Beechcraft, and the private pilot onboard the Bellanca were fatally injured. Both airplanes were substantially damaged. The Beechcraft and the Bellanca were registered to and operated by their respective pilots. Both personal flights were operated in accordance with Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident, and no flight plans had been filed for either flight. The Beechcraft Departed Camarillo Airport (CMA), Camarillo, California, at an unknown time, and was destined for Zamperini Field Airport (TOA), Torrance, California. The Bellanca departed TOA about 1430 for a local area flight.
According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Beechcraft received flight following from air traffic control until 7 miles northwest of Santa Monica Airport (SMO), Santa Monica, California, at which point radar services were terminated in preparation for the airplane to pass through the Special Flight Rules (SFRA), commonly referred to as the visual fight rules (VFR) corridor, over Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Los Angeles, California. Pilots traveling south through the VFR corridor are expected to maintain 3,500 ft. and use a special frequency to exchange position information with other pilots passing through the corridor.
A review of the radar data showed that the Beechcraft traveled on a southeast heading from CMA along the coastline and through the SFRA over LAX. Once through the SFRA, the Beechcraft continued southbound until it passed over Rancho Palos Verde, at which point, it made a turn to the east over the ocean near San Pedro at an altitude of about 3,500 ft. The low-wing Beechcraft was on an east-northeast heading and in a descent at the time of the collision. The last radar return received before the collision showed the Beechcraft at 3,300 ft.
Figure 1. Radar tracks of Beechcraft (blue dots, transponder operating) and Bellanca (white dots, transponder not operating) approaching the collision.
After the collision, primary radar returns showed the Beechcraft continued in a northeast direction for about 27 seconds before it impacted the water, and the Bellanca made a descending left turn toward the southwest and impacted the water at a local time of 1501.
A pilot conducting flight training in the area, overheard on frequency 121.95, a female pilot transmit '57G we're in trouble here.' The pilot attempted to ascertain the female pilots' location, but the response received by the accident pilot was 'help.' The pilot stated that he had been flying in the area for about an hour, and traffic in the area was light; he did not recall hearing any radio calls from either the Bellanca or the Beechcraft prior to the radio calls requesting help.
A witness was on his boat and standing just inside the cabin when he heard a loud buzz over his boat. He turned around and saw a red and white airplane crash into the water about 100 ft directly north of his boat. The airplane struck the ocean at a high rate of speed and at a 90° angle. After notifying the United States Coast Guard, he traveled to the site and reported that there was no sign of an airplane.
Another witness, was standing at the stern of his boat looking back toward the mainland. He saw an airplane in a nose dive and watched it crash into the ocean. The witness turned slightly to his right and caught view of a second airplane crashing into the ocean.
The pilot, age 61, held a private pilot certificate with airplane single-engine land and instrument airplane ratings. His third-class medical certificate was issued on April 02, 2015, with limitation that the pilot must wear corrective lenses. The pilot's logbook was not recovered for examination. A review of the pilot's most recent medical application indicated that he had a total of 1,186 flight hours with 19.4 hours in the past 6 months.
The pilot-rated passenger, age 80, held a commercial pilot certificate with ratings for airplane single- and multi-engine land and instrument airplane. He also held a flight instructor certificate with ratings for airplane single- and multi-engine land and instrument airplane; his flight instructor rating expired March 31, 2017. His third-class medical certificate was issued on November 17, 2015, with the limitation that the pilot must have available glasses for near vision. The pilot's logbook was not recovered for examination. A review of the pilot's most recent medical application indicated that he had a total of 2,394 flight hours with 16.7 hours in the past 6 months.
The pilot, age 72, held a private pilot certificate with an airplane single-engine land rating. Her third-class medical certificate was issued on May 18, 2015, with the limitation that the pilot must have available glasses for near vision. The pilot had had cataract surgery on both eyes more than a year prior to the accident. The pilot's logbook was not recovered for examination. A review of the pilot's most recent medical application indicated that she had a total of 1,034 flight hours with 6 hours in the past 6 months.
The Beechcraft was a low-wing airplane that was painted red and white. The airplane had a red undercarriage, and a white nose/cowling section along with the top portion of the airplane.
The Bellanca was a high-wing airplane that was painted red, white, and blue. The airplane had a white undercarriage, with blue and white striping on the underside of both wings; with the top portion from the engine to the tail painted red. The underside of the wings was red, and the top was white and blue. The tail section was a red/white combination.
The Bellanca, at the time of the accident was flying toward the sun. According to the United States Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications Department, sunset was at 1728.
After the mid-air collision, both airplanes impacted the water and sank. Multiple search and rescue agencies responded to the area, and the wreckage of the Beechcraft was located at a depth of 88-foot sea water (fsw) and recovered by the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Special Enforcement Bureau's Dive Team on February 7, 2016. They continued the search for the Bellanca, and recovered the wreckage on February 9, 2016; the Bellanca was at a depth of 110 fsw.
According to the recovery divers all 3 pilots remained in their respective airplanes.
The County of Los Angeles, Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner conducted postmortem examinations of all three pilots. The cause of death for all three pilots was reported as multiple blunt force trauma, and the manner of death was accident.
The FAA's Bioaeronautical Sciences Research Laboratory, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, performed forensic toxicology on specimens from all three pilots. Carbon monoxide and cyanide testing was not performed. The results were as follows.
Ethanol was detected in muscle tissue at 61 (mg/dL, mg/hg), and in lung tissue at 30 (mg/dL, mg/hg); putrefaction of the specimens was identified. Tested drugs yielded negative results.
Ethanol was detected in muscle tissue at 75 (mg/dL, mg/hg), no ethanol was detected in liver tissue, and putrefaction of the specimens was identified. Atorvastatin a non-impairing cholesterol lower drug, was detected in liver and kidney tissues.
Carbon monoxide and cyanide tester were not performed. Ethanol was detected in muscle tissue at 30 (mg/dL, mg/hg) and in liver tissue at 14 (mg/dL, mg/hg); putrefaction of the specimens was identified. Diphenhydramine, a sedating antihistamine, was detected in liver and kidney tissues.
An examination of both airplanes was performed on March 15, 2016, at Plain Parts in Pleasant Grove, California. There was no evidence found of any preimpact anomalies of either airplane that would have precluded normal operation. No paint transfer witness marks were identified on either airplane.
During the airplane examination, the outer 5-6 feet of the left aileron and wing, and the left stabilizer were missing from the Beechcraft and not recovered. The main landing gear remained attached to the wings. The left main landing gear had a deep cut through the tire. The nose landing gear was missing and not recovered. The pushrods, intake manifold, and exhaust tubes separated from the left side of the engine and were not recovered.
The propeller for the Beechcraft remained attached to the engine. Both propeller blades had leading edge gouges and significant bending; one blade was bent forward. Neither propeller blade could be rotated in the hub.
A hand-held portable GPS device recovered from the Beechcraft was shipped to the NTSB's Vehicle Recorder Division in Washington, DC, for further examination. An external examination of the unit revealed water and impact damage. The GPS unit was disassembled, and the data chip was removed and read out. One track log was extracted dated December 31, 1989, which was not consistent with the accident flight.
During the airplane examination approximately 9 feet of the outboard section of the left wing was missing and not recovered. There was also significant indentation of the leading edge of the left horizontal stabilizer.
The propeller for the Bellanca remained attached to the engine. Both blades exhibited aft bending, with no scratches or impact marks identified.
Figure 2 – FAA Intensive Flight Training area identified and radio frequencies to monitor.
"All pilots must be alert to the potential for midair collision and near midair collisions… this concept requires that vigilance shall be maintained at all times, by each person operating an aircraft regardless of whether the operation is conducted under instrument flight rules (IFR) or visual flight rules (VFR)… most midair collision accident and reported near midair collision incidents occur in good VFR weather conditions and during the hours of daylight. Most of these accident/incidents occur within 5 miles of an airport and/or near navigation aids."
Engine Manufacturer: Continental Motors Inc.
On February 5, 2016, about 1500 Pacific standard time, a single-engine Beech M35, N9872R, and a single engine Bellanca 8KCAB, N5057G, were substantially damaged when they collided in mid-air over the Los Angeles Harbor about 2 miles south of Angels Gate Lighthouse, San Pedro, California. The Beech was owned and operated by the private pilot. Both the private pilot and a certified flight instructor (CFI) onboard were fatally injured. The Bellanca was owned and operated by the private pilot, the sole occupant, and was fatally injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident. Both flights were operated in accordance with 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91, and no flight plans had been filed. The Beech departed Camarillo Airport (CMA), Camarillo, California, at an unknown time, and was destined for Zamperini Field Airport (TOA), Torrance, California. The Bellanca departed TOA about 1430 for a local area flight.
Both airplanes impacted the water and sank. Multiple search and rescue agencies responded to area, and the wreckage of the Beech was located and recovered by the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Special Enforcement Bureau's Dive Team on February 7, 2016. They continued the search for the Bellanca, and recovered the wreckage on February 9, 2016.
Divers on Wednesday recovered the body of a pilot in the wreckage of a small plane that collided in midair with another aircraft and plunged into the ocean outside the Port of Los Angeles.
The plane and the woman's body were brought to the surface around 10 a.m., said a statement from the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.
The Citabria, a single-engine aerobatic plane, was discovered Monday evening about a mile from the original crash site, according to the statement.
A second plane and the bodies of two men aboard were recovered Sunday.
A massive search was launched Friday after a plane piloted by a 72-year-old woman was seen on radar colliding with a craft carrying men ages 61 and 81 off San Pedro, just outside the harbor.
Authorities used sonar devices and remote-operated underwater vehicles.
Authorities have not released any identities, but the woman's husband identified her as Mary Falstrom of Torrance.
Richard Falstrom said his wife, a longtime pilot, told him Friday that she was going on a plane ride to enjoy the sunny weather. Hours later came the news of the collision.
Richard Falstrom believes his wife died doing something that gave her great joy. "She loved flying. It was a passion," he told The Associated Press.
His wife was a member of The Ninety-Nines, Inc., an international organization of women pilots, and he said she volunteered at the Western Museum of Flight at Torrance Airport, from which she and the other plane took off Friday.
The plane carrying the men was a Beech 35 Bonanza, said Allen Kenitzer, a spokesman for the Federal Aviation Administration.
The crash site was near the Angels Gate light, a lighthouse at the San Pedro Breakwater that is on the National Register of Historic Places. The area is popular for flight students.
As authorities resumed an air and sonar search Monday for the remaining downed airplane from Friday’s midair collision off the coast of San Pedro, loved ones of two victims paid tribute to their memory.
Divers found more debris from the wreckage of a Beech 35 Bonanza that was recovered Sunday with the remains of two men who were on board, but a Citabria flown by 72-year-old Torrance resident Mary Falstrom has yet to be located.
Officials have not released the names of the three victims who died in the crash, but St. Lawrence Martyr Catholic Church identified one of them as Deacon Martin Clement, 61, of Redondo Beach. Clement was a pilot but it was not clear whether he was at the controls of the Bonanza, which also carried an 81-year-old man who has not been identified.
Falstrom was described as an easygoing, bubbly, longtime pilot and Clement as a caring deacon called to his vocation by selflessness.
Falstrom was identified by her husband of 24 years, Richard Falstrom.
He believes recovering his wife’s remains will bring him closure.
Mary Falstrom, a longtime pilot who volunteered at the Western Museum of Flight in Torrance, flew several times a week out of Torrance Municipal Airport.
On Friday, she told her husband it was a perfect day to fly.
The retired executive secretary at Raytheon juggled an active schedule of Zumba and aerobics classes, flying and activities in two flying groups — the Torrance-based Del Amo Flyers and the Long Beach/South Bay Chapter of the Ninety-Nines, an international women pilots organization.
Friend and Ninety-Nines chapter secretary Anne O’Brien described Mary as a “shy sweetie-pie” who spoke often of her love for Richard and her only son from a previous relationship, Chris Kringel.
“She was always in the background and never wanted to be in front of the room or anything,” said O’Brien, who saw Mary in her plane at Torrance airport before she took off Friday afternoon.
O’Brien and another pilot, Linda Howard, had just returned from a lunch trip to Camarillo.
Mary Falstrom helped the Ninety-Nines paint compass roses at Rosie the Riveter Park in Long Beach and Pacific Skies Aviation flight school in Torrance.
She flew in eight of the Ninety-Nines’ Palms-to-Pines races and, one year, her engine stopped and she was forced to land in a field near a farmhouse on the Oregon border.
O’Brien said news of the crash was especially shocking because Mary Falstrom was extra cautious and kept her plane in immaculate condition. Though it was designed to be flown upside down, she would only attempt aerobatics with an instructor.
Friends in the aviation community suspect the planes likely did not see each other because Mary Falstrom’s was a high-wing plane and the other aircraft was a low-wing plane, and they could have been out of each other’s view.
A woman’s voice was reportedly overheard on radio frequencies at the time of the crash saying, “Uh oh” and “Help me! Help me!” Richard Falstrom said.
He said his wife was “infatuated” with flying. She grew up in Jacksonville, Florida, watching planes take off at the international airport as a teenager before working as a flight attendant and taking up flying lessons.
She met her husband through Parents Without Partners.
Richard Falstrom said the family — including his two children, who are Mary’s stepchildren — is having a difficult time coping with the sudden loss.
St. Lawrence Martyr shared news of Clement’s death through an announcement on Facebook on Saturday.
Clement, a pilot and financial planner, was a parishioner before becoming an ordained deacon in 2013. His wife, Martha, is head of bereavement at the church.
According to a church bulletin announcing Martin’s ordination, he and Martha married at St. Lawrence in 1990 after dating for two years.
He was active in All Life Charities and heavily involved with Get on the Bus, a program that unites children with their incarcerated mothers and fathers.
Clement also was very involved in homeless outreach in the South Bay, and brought communion to sick patients at Little Company of Mary Medical Center in Torrance.
Dale Sheckler, another deacon at the parish, said Clement was a selfless deacon devoted to not only St. Lawrence, but the entire community.
Clement loved flying to Catalina, often taking deacons and priests, and he also was an avid skier. He had just returned from a trip to Mammoth.
Sheckler’s wife, Kim Sheckler, said Clement was “well-loved” at St. Lawrence.
Two bodies and the wreckage of a small plane were found Sunday by divers searching in the water off Southern California for evidence following a midair collision believed to have killed three people, authorities said.
Divers made the discovery about 100 feet below the surface, in an area about 2 miles off Los Angeles Harbor, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Capt. Jack Ewell said in a statement.
Investigators from the coroner's office will identify the victims and divers will resume the search Monday morning, he said.
Some debris from a plane carrying two men, including a pilot's logbook, was quickly found. But there was no sign of Falstrom or her plane.
Richard Falstrom believes his wife died doing something that gave her great joy.
"She loved flying. It was a passion," he told The Associated Press.
The plane carrying the men was a Beech 35 Bonanza and the second was a Citabria, said Allen Kenitzer, a spokesman for the Federal Aviation Administration. Falstrom said his wife flew a Bellanca 8KCAB Super Decathalon, an aerobatic plane by the same maker of the Citabria.
Authorities said both pilots were experienced.
After a midair crash between two small planes Friday in San Pedro launched a water search for three, one pilot's husband was speaking out Saturday.
Mary Falstrom of Torrance, 72, was identified by her husband, Rich Falstrom, as one of the pilots involved in the crash.
"She was very proud of the fact that she was a female pilot because there aren't as many of those around," Rich Falstrom said.
Rich said he was proud of his wife too, and recalled what she said before taking off Friday.
"She more or less said, 'It's too pretty a day -- I have to go flying,'" Rich said.
Rich said his wife was a flight attendant when she was young and and an experienced pilot of more than 25 years.
Rich said she owned a two-seater aerobatic plane that she would fly once or twice a week, usually taking off from and landing at Torrance Airport.
"I'm sure she was just doing her normal routine and apparently didn't see the other plane, and they didn't see her," Rich said.
The Coast Guard called off a large-scale search Saturday morning for two men and Falstrom, but Los Angeles County Sheriff's officials said the search would resume Sunday morning.
"I'm sad," Jim Gates, a fellow pilot in the flying club to which Falstrom belonged, said.
Gates said he watched Falstrom take off from Torrance Airport before the crash. He said her plane was designed for aerobatics.
A retired United Airlines pilot, Arvid Von Norden-Flycht, said he was looking at the radar trying to track the planes in the moments before the crash.
"It looked like at the last second somebody was turning," Norden-Flycht said.
The two small planes departed from the Torrance airport before the collision occurred.
A crew of a fishing boat reported that a plane had hit the waters near the Point Fermin Lighthouse Friday, officials said.
Debris and a log book was found Friday after a plane was reported down at 3:14 p.m., said Capt. Jennifer Williams of the U.S. Coast Guard.
"The rescue operation has transitioned to a recovery operation," according to a statement Saturday from the Coast Guard. The LA County Sheriff's Department plans to conduct diving and sonar searches to located wreckage, according to the statement.
Two men, ages 61 and 81, were aboard a plane that was seen on radar colliding with another aircraft assumed to be piloted by Falstrom on Friday. Both pilots were experienced, Williams said.
The identities of the two men were not released, but Williams said they were South Bay residents.
Crews were to resume searching Sunday at 6 a.m., according to the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.
"I'm sad, but I'm also glad she died doing what she likes," Gates said.
Authorities on Saturday called off the search for survivors of a midair collision that sent at least one plane plunging into the ocean near the Port of Los Angeles and instead turned to hunting bodies and wreckage.
The active search for three missing people was suspended at 9:15 a.m., according to a U.S. Coast Guard statement.
Two men, ages 61 and 81, were aboard a plane that was seen on radar colliding with another aircraft flown by a 72-year-old woman around 3:30 p.m. Friday, officials said.
The first plane was a Beech 35 Bonanza and the second was a Citabria, said Allen Kenitzer, a spokesman for the Federal Aviation Administration.
After reports of the crash, divers converged on an area about two miles outside a harbor entrance where a small debris field was found. The water there was 80 to 90 feet deep.
On Friday, divers found wreckage and a pilot's logbook from the Beechcraft, Coast Guard Capt. Jennifer Williams said.
No one has heard from the other plane, authorities said.
Both planes had taken off from the nearby Torrance Airport, and both pilots were experienced, Williams said. All three people live in the nearby South Bay area. No names have been released.
The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department was using sonar and remotely operated underwater vehicles to search the area where debris and oil were spotted Friday. However, nothing more had been found by Saturday afternoon, said Capt. Jack Ewell of the sheriff's Special Operations Bureau.
The planes could have gone down in different areas or the ocean currents could have moved debris miles away, he said.
As for the chance of survivors, "the odds are definitely not good," Ewell said.
"You do have to consider that a plane crashed and it's very hard to survive that in any conditions, let alone two miles out in deep water," he said.
The nearest harbor entrance was closed to traffic while the search continued.
Richard Garnett, chief flight instructor with the Long Beach Flying Club, said the pilots practice in an area that is 10 to 20 square miles and at altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 feet. On a typical day, there will be three or four planes in the air at the same time.
"So with the amount of activity, actually, I think we've been fortunate," he said. "We are really diligent. I don't know why, what happened in this situation."
Friday's midair collision was not the first in the area.
In 2001, four people died when two Cessna airplanes carrying instructors and students collided 1,000 feet above the harbor. In 1986, two small planes flown by students collided. But the aircraft managed to return to their airports, and the four people on board escaped injury.
Two small planes with three people believed to be aboard collided over the ocean just outside Los Angeles Harbor and plunged into the water Friday, authorities said, prompting a massive search by dozens of boats and divers.
The Coast Guard said the collision occurred at about 3:30 p.m. on a dazzlingly sunny day. Investigators had no immediate word on what might have caused the accident.
A small debris field was located near the Point Fermin Lighthouse, according to Erik Scott of the Los Angeles Fire Department, which was assisting in a multi-agency search effort.
At a nighttime press conference, Coast Guard spokeswoman Capt. Jennifer Williams said preliminary information showed that both planes had flown out of the Torrance Airport and that those on board were South Bay residents and experienced pilots. Two men, 61 and 81, were in one plane and a 72-year-old woman was in the other, Williams said.
The planes were a Beechcraft and a Super Decathlon acrobatic craft, she added.
Searchers found wreckage, including a pilot’s logbook, from the Beechcraft plane that was carrying the two men.
The plane flown by the woman is missing, and air traffic controllers saw two aircraft apparently run into each other on radar, leading authorities to conclude they must have collided.
A Coast Guard helicopter equipped with night vision and two vessels planned to search about 200 square miles of ocean for any survivors through the night, with a more extensive search resuming at daybreak Saturday, Lt. Jonathan McCormick said.
L.A. County lifeguard Capt. Ken Haskett says divers have found a plane tail number and a partial number from a second plane in the water.
The crash site was a quarter-mile south of the Angels Gate light, a lighthouse at the San Pedro Breakwater that is on the National Register of Historic Places. The area is popular for flight students and there were many planes in the crystal clear skies at the time of the accident.
Pilots communicate at two different radio frequencies — one for above 2,000 feet and the other below, said Reed Novisoff, chief pilot at Pacific Air Flight School.
Nonetheless, Friday’s midair collision was not the first.
In 2001, four people died when two Cessna airplanes carrying instructors and students collided 1,000 feet above the harbor.
In 1986, two small planes flown by students collided, but the aircraft managed to return to their airports and the four people on board escaped injury.
Two aircraft, one of them an aerobatic plane, crashed into the water after an midair collision off San Pedro, prompting a multi-agency search for survivors on Friday afternoon, authorities said.
Petty Officer Andrea Anderson with the U.S. Coast Guard confirmed that some kind of incident involving two planes, and both were believed to be down in the water.
One of the planes was a Beechcraft 35 and the other was described as an aerobatic stunt plane, according to Spencer Parker with L.A. County Lifeguards.
The Los Angeles County Fire Department’s Lifeguard Division later said the Coast Guard and the Federal Aviation Administration confirmed that a midair collision between two aircraft had occurred.
A preliminary report at 3:14 p.m. indicated a small plane was in the ocean with a small debris field near San Pedro, Erik Scott of the Los Angeles Fire Department said.
Divers were entering the water to search, he said.
Multiple agencies, including the Coast Guard, were responding.
Los Angeles County lifeguards said a report was made by a fishing vessel that a single-propeller plane went into 80 feet of water off Cabrillo Beach in San Pedro.
FAA spokesman Allen Kenitzer said the agency had been alerted about an aircraft down, but had no information about the type of plane or the number of people on board.
Divers working for several emergency response agencies are searching the waters of San Pedro Harbor for any survivors following a mid-air collision involving two light aircraft Friday afternoon.
U.S. Coast Guard Lt. Jonathan McCormick said the Federal Aviation Administration has confirmed that a mid-air collision took place near the Point Fermin Lighthouse, and two separate tail identification numbers were recovered.
Responders did not know how many passengers were involved in the crash, and the multi-agency search was ongoing as of about 6 p.m. Friday.
The report of the crash came in at 3:28 p.m. Several agencies responded to the scene, including Los Angeles County fire, Los Angeles County sheriff’s deputies and the Long Beach Fire and Police departments.
The crew of a fishing boat reported a plane hitting the water, an official with the Los Angeles County Fire Department’s Lifeguards Division said. The initial report indicated it was a single-engine plane in about 80 feet of water roughly 2 miles off the coast of Cabrillo Beach.
Firefighters deployed a dive team in the area of a debris field, said Capt. Mark Miller of the Long Beach Fire Department. The size or model of the planes was not yet known. Officials did not release the plane identification numbers.
Rescuers were searching for survivors.
The air space is known as a practice area for pilots, officials said.
Phillip Sanfield, a spokesman for the Port of Los Angeles, said the Angels Gate entrance to the port will be closed until further notice. The closure is not affecting port operations, however, because vessels are able to enter or exit the harbor via the Queens Gate entrance, off the Long Beach shoreline.
Port of Los Angeles police divers are assisting the search team.
What happens when a plane loses cabin pressure? | 2019-04-24T20:42:47Z | http://www.kathrynsreport.com/2016_01_30_archive.html |
The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 clarified the rights of debtors and creditors to retirement assets in federal bankruptcy proceedings, but state attachment and garnishment of such assets outside bankruptcy is still a concern.
A prohibited transaction may cause an IRA to lose its status and become subject to attachment by creditors.
Most readers of The Tax Adviser perform at least sporadic services for their clients in the area of qualified retirement planning. Few, however, are fully aware of the unique intersection of the tax, bankruptcy, and ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, P.L. 93-406) laws in this practice area. This article will greatly help CPAs and tax lawyers come to grips with this vexing field of overlapping and, seemingly, conflicting laws.
Assets in qualified retirement plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs) total more than $20 trillion and represent 34% of U.S. household assets. 1 Clients and their advisers are rightfully concerned about insulating those assets from potential creditor claims both inside and outside a federal bankruptcy action.
The rights of debtors and creditors to retirement assets in federal bankruptcy proceedings were clarified by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, P.L. 109-8 (BAPCPA), which extended bankruptcy protection to debtors’ retirement funds. However, the situation was not made any clearer for debtors subject to state attachment and garnishment proceedings outside bankruptcy.
This article reviews the applicable law and provides practice resources to assist clients in protecting qualified assets from creditor claims.
BAPCPA made significant changes in bankruptcy rules and added specific protections for tax-qualified retirement plans (i.e., formal employer-sponsored plans such as Sec. 401(k), profit sharing, and pension plans) and IRAs. It is effective for bankruptcy petitions filed on or after Oct. 17, 2005.
To make sure that an individual receives the full $1 million exemption on owner-established traditional and Roth IRAs and the unlimited exemption on IRA rollovers from tax-qualified retirement plans, it is good practice to establish separate IRA rollover and contributory IRA accounts. This will make it easier to track the separate pools of assets.
BAPCPA exempts assets in retirement plans that satisfy the applicable requirements for general tax qualification in the Code. As elaborated below, a retirement plan is generally deemed to be qualified under BAPCPA if it has received a favorable determination letter from the IRS. BAPCPA thereby increases the importance of obtaining an individual IRS determination letter for a qualified plan.
BAPCPA also exempts payroll deductions to repay plan loans from the bankruptcy automatic stay provisions. Retirement plan loan obligations are not discharged in bankruptcy. This is good for the debtor, in that plan loans will not necessarily go into default and be included in the debtor’s taxable income.
Determination of the tax-qualified status of plan: For bankruptcy law purposes, a fund or account is presumed exempt from tax if it has received a favorable ruling from the IRS (e.g., an IRS favorable determination letter issued to an employer-sponsored tax-qualified retirement plan). 5 Whether, and to what extent, an IRS prototype or volume submitter letter counts as a favorable IRS ruling for bankruptcy purposes is still not clear.
If the plan has not received a favorable determination letter, the debtor must demonstrate that (1) neither the IRS nor a court has determined that the plan is not qualified, and (2) the plan is in substantial compliance with the Code or, if not in substantial compliance, the debtor is not materially responsible for the failure.
Power of court to examine plan’s qualified status: Whether a court can determine that a retirement plan’s tax-qualified status should be revoked and, therefore, its bankruptcy protection, is also a concern.
Retirement plan distributions: Distributions of tax-qualified retirement plan assets to plan participants receive only limited post-bankruptcy protection under BAPCPA; however, “eligible rollover distributions” remain exempt after distribution. 6 Minimum age-required distributions and hardship distributions are not protected because they are not eligible rollover distributions.
Owner-only plans are protected in bankruptcy: Before the enactment of BAPCPA, under case law and Department of Labor regulations, a qualified retirement plan that benefited only the business owner (and/or the owner’s spouse) did not qualify as an ERISA plan. Therefore the plan could not take advantage of ERISA anti-alienation protections (discussed below) in bankruptcy or outside the bankruptcy process. In federal bankruptcy proceedings, this is no longer a concern if the debtor has received a favorable IRS ruling or, as discussed above, is deemed to have a tax-exempt plan.
Exception to “anti-stacking” rule: Bankruptcy Code Section 522(b)(3)(C) provides an exception for retirement funds to the Bankruptcy Code Section 522(b)(1) “anti-stacking” provision under which a debtor is generally required to choose between federal bankruptcy and state law exemptions. However, under Section 522(b)(3)(C), even debtors who choose the state law exemptions can exempt from their bankruptcy estate any retirement assets under the BAPCPA exemptions for such assets noted earlier.
Thus, in enacting BAPCPA, Congress created a new class of exemptions for certain retirement funds regardless of whether the debtor’s state of domicile has opted out of the federal scheme for other, nonretirement property. For example, this exemption applies for states such as Ohio that have chosen to opt out of the federal exemptions and create their own statutory exemptions. 7 BAPCPA provides this exemption for retirement funds to the extent that those funds are in a fund or account that is tax-exempt under Sec. 401, 403, 408, 408A, 414, 457, or 501(a).
The exception to the anti-stacking rule for retirement plan assets actually provides a “stacking” of protection from creditors—it provides both the federal and the state exemptions for such assets. As shown in Reinhart , 9 if the state law exemptions provide greater protection for retirement plan assets than the federal exemptions, the state law exemptions apply. The Tenth Circuit thereby followed the decision of the Utah Supreme Court, that as long as a retirement plan “substantially complies” with the Sec. 401(a) requirements, the plan is covered by the Utah exemption statute. Further, a plan is in substantial compliance with Sec. 401(a) if its defects fall within the scope of the defects that could be corrected under the IRS Employee Plan Compliance Resolutions System.
Courts have disagreed on whether an IRA inherited by someone other than a surviving spouse may be exempted from the new owner’s bankruptcy estate.
Exempt in bankruptcy: In In re Nessa , 10 an Eighth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel held that the BAPCPA exemption must meet two requirements: (1) The amount the debtor seeks to exempt must be retirement funds, and (2) those retirement funds must be in an account that is exempt from taxation under Sec. 401, 403, 408, 408A, 414, 457, or 501(a). The Nessa court affirmed the decision of the bankruptcy court that assets in a debtor’s inherited IRA were “retirement funds” and that the IRA was exempt under Sec. 408(e).
Tax-qualified retirement plans: The issue of creditor protection for an inherited account under a tax-qualified retirement plan should not arise since a debtor’s assets in a qualified plan are protected under the Bankruptcy Code and ERISA and the Code.
ERISA’s “preemption” provisions give force to ERISA’s anti-alienation provisions. They provide that ERISA’s provisions supersede state employee benefit plan laws. 23 Therefore, state attachment and garnishment laws do not apply to an individual’s benefits under any ERISA-covered employee benefit plan.
In 1992, the U.S. Supreme Court in Patterson v. Shumate 24 resolved a circuit split by holding that ERISA’s prohibition against the assignment or alienation of pension plan benefits is a restriction on the transfer of a debtor’s beneficial interest in a trust that is enforceable under that nonbankruptcy law. Thus, a debtor’s interest in an ERISA pension plan was excluded from the bankruptcy estate and not subject to attachment by creditors’ claims. Note that Patterson v. Shumate was decided before the enactment of BAPCPA and excludes “ERISA plans” from bankruptcy. BAPCPA is not limited to ERISA plans but provides an exemption rather than an exclusion from bankruptcy.
BAPCPA draws no distinction between owner-only plans and other tax-qualified retirement plans with respect to bankruptcy exemption. Outside bankruptcy, however, it appears that owner-only plans may be subject to attachment by creditors.
Department of Labor regulations provide that a husband and wife who solely own a corporation are not employees for retirement plan purposes. The regulations further provide that a plan that covers only partners or only a sole proprietor is not covered under Title I of ERISA. However, a plan under which one or more common law employees (in addition to the owners) are participants is covered under Title I, and ERISA protections apply to all participants (not just the common law employees). 27 Thus, inclusion of one or more nonowner employees transforms a non-ERISA plan into an ERISA-qualified plan and thereby protects the plan assets from the claims of creditors.
As detailed earlier, traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs are exempt to up to $1 million ($1,245,475, as adjusted for inflation in 2013). SEPs and SIMPLE IRAs are exempt without a dollar limit. Rollovers into IRAs from tax-qualified retirement plans, Sec. 403(b) plans, or Sec. 457(b) plans are not subject to the $1 million exemption limitation and thus are exempt without a dollar limitation.
State law nonbankruptcy creditor actions potentially create an irreconcilable difference between traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs, on the one hand, and IRAs that are part of a SEP and SIMPLE IRAs, on the other. To understand this difference, it is necessary to understand certain ERISA complexities, as well as state law protections for IRAs.
A pension plan subject to ERISA is any “plan, fund, or program” that is “established or maintained by an employer” and “provides retirement income to employees.” 34 This definition encompasses typical pension, profit sharing, or Sec. 401(k) plans. Because employers are involved in them, SEPs and SIMPLE IRAs have also been considered to be ERISA pension plans. 35 On the other hand, because they have no employer involvement, traditional and Roth IRAs are not considered ERISA pension plans.
As also discussed above, the preemption provisions in ERISA 38 supersede any state law that relates to ERISA pension plans, and any state law protections specifically afforded to ERISA pension plans are thus preempted and inoperative.
This puts the SEP or SIMPLE IRA in a quandary outside bankruptcy: It is deemed an ERISA pension plan, but it receives no anti-alienation protection under ERISA. And because it is an ERISA pension plan, it may be open to attachment proceedings under state law because any state law protecting its assets may be preempted by ERISA.
The Sixth Circuit case of Lampkins v. Golden 39 appears to have adopted this position when it ruled that a Michigan statute exempting SEPs and IRAs was preempted by ERISA and, therefore, a SEP IRA was subject to state law garnishment.
Because a traditional or Roth IRA established and funded by an individual is not an ERISA pension plan, there is no ERISA preemption of the state laws that relate to such IRAs. In many states, IRA protection is based on the owner’s state of residency. For example, under Ohio law, traditional and Roth IRAs are specifically exempted, without any cap, from execution, garnishment, attachment, or sale to satisfy a judgment or order. 40 A list of state laws protecting IRAs is available here.
Once assets are rolled over from a SEP or SIMPLE IRA into a rollover IRA, they are no longer subject to ERISA preemption because they are no longer parts of an ERISA pension plan. They should then be able to take advantage of state law IRA protections. This should afford such rolled-over IRAs unlimited protections in nonbankruptcy proceedings in states such as Ohio, and they should be allowed $1 million worth of protection in a bankruptcy proceeding. In Rousey v. Jacoway , 41 a significant pre-BAPCPA U.S. Supreme Court decision, the Court determined that IRAs are a “similar plan or contract” to pension and profit sharing plans. This decision, although largely irrelevant under post-BAPCPA bankruptcy law, may be authoritative in those very few states that protect pension and profit sharing plans but do not specifically protect IRAs. In a nonbankruptcy proceeding in such a state involving traditional or Roth IRAs, the Court’s logic of equating IRAs to traditional retirement plans might be persuasive.
Receipt of any consideration for his or her own personal account by any disqualified person who is a fiduciary from any party dealing with the plan, in connection with a transaction involving the income or assets of the plan.
Thus, an IRA may lose creditor protection for its assets for even one minor prohibited transaction. Creditors may analyze transactions of the IRAs of debtors to find prohibited transactions and to destroy an account’s status and thereby make its assets subject to attachment. In Willis v. Menotte, 46 the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the judgment of a bankruptcy court in Florida that, as a result of a prohibited transaction, an IRA lost its status and thereby lost its exemption in bankruptcy.
Practice tip: If a client wants to invest IRA assets in a nontraditional investment (e.g., real estate or a limited liability company), set up a separate IRA for that specific investment.
Under BAPCPA, practitioners have new qualified retirement planning opportunities. Protecting assets from potential creditor claims both inside and outside a federal bankruptcy action has changed because BAPCPA adds specific protections for tax-qualified retirement plans and IRAs.
Under pre-BAPCPA law, IRAs into which qualified retirement plan assets had been rolled over were frequently attacked. But now, in states providing strong IRA protection (such as Ohio), such an asset is protected and, under BAPCPA, is exempt in a bankruptcy proceeding.
With the number of personal bankruptcy filings increasing, protecting clients’ retirement assets, both in and outside federal bankruptcy procedures, is ever more important.
Authors’ note: This article updates and expands on earlier articles published in The Practical Tax Lawyer 33 (Winter 2008) and 201 Journal of Accountancy 36 (January 2006).
1 Investment Company Institute, “Quarterly Retirement Market Data, Second Quarter 2013” (9/30/13).
3 Periodically adjusted by a cost-of-living adjustment factor—it is $1,245,475 in 2013.
7 For retirement funds, 11 U.S.C. §522(b)(3)(C) is applicable to opt-out states, and 11 U.S.C. §522(d)(12) applies in the federal exemption scheme.
8 In re Hamlin, 465 B.R. 837 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2012), quoting H.R. Rep’t No. 109-31, 109th Cong., 1st Sess., part 1, at 63–64 (2005).
9 Gladwell v. Reinhart, No. 09-4028 (10th Cir. 4/24/12).
10 In re Nessa, 426 B.R. 312 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2010).
11 In re Clark , 714 F.3d 559 (7th Cir. 2013), cert. granted, No. 13-299 (U.S. 11/26/13).
12 In re Sims , 241 B.R. 467, 470 (Bankr. N.D. Okla. 1999). See also In re Clark , 450 B.R. 858 (Bankr. W.D. Wisc. 2011), aff’d 714 F.3d 559 (7th Cir. 2013), cert. granted, No. 13-299 (U.S. 11/26/13).
13 See ERISA §206(d) and 29 U.S.C. §1056(d)(1).
15 Sec. 401(a)(13)(B) and ERISA §206(d)(3).
16 Sec. 401(a)(13)(A); Regs. Sec. 1.401(a)-13(d)(1); and ERISA §206(d)(2).
20 Toledo Plumbers & Pipefitters Retirement Plan & Trust, No. 3:90CV7513 (N.D. Ohio, 6/21/91).
21 Sec. 401(a)(13)(C) and ERISA §206(d)(4).
22 IRS Letter Ruling 200342007 (10/17/03). See also 28 U.S.C. §3205; Tyson, 265 F. Supp. 2d 788 (E.D. Mich. 2003); Clark, No. 02-X-74872 (E.D. Mich. 6/11/03); and Rice, 196 F. Supp. 1196 (N.D. Okla. 2002).
24 Patterson v. Shumate, 504 U.S. 753 (1992).
25 Sec. 401(a)(1) and Regs. Sec. 1.401-1(b).
26 Sec. 401(a)(2); Regs. Sec. 1.401-2.
27 29 C.F.R. §§2510.3-3(b) and (c)(1).
28 Yates v. Hendon, 541 U.S. 1 (2004).
30 Yates v. Hendon, 541 U.S. at 20–21.
31 Hoult v. Hoult, 373 F.3d 47 (1st Cir. 2004).
33 See, e.g., Cal. Civ. Proc. Code §704.115(d).
35 29 C.F.R. §§2520.104-48 and -49; Garratt v. Walker, 164 F.3d 1249 (10th Cir. 1998).
37 ERISA §§4(b) and 201.
39 Lampkins v. Golden, 28 Fed. Appx. 409 (6th Cir. 2002).
40 Ohio Rev. Code §2329.66(A)(10).
41 Rousey v. Jacoway, 544 U.S. 320 (2005).
46 Willis v. Menotte, No. 10-11980 (11 Cir. 4/21/11).
Richard Naegele is an attorney and shareholder at Wickens, Herzer, Panza, Cook & Batista Co. in Avon, Ohio. Mark Altieri is an attorney at Wickens, Herzer, Panza, Cook & Batista and a professor of accounting at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio. Donald McFall is an accounting lecturer (emeritus) at Kent State University. For more information about this article, contact Mr. Naegele at [email protected] . | 2019-04-24T04:15:12Z | https://www.thetaxadviser.com/issues/2014/jan/naegele-jan2014.html |
For years game developers, game players, science fiction fans (generally) and Trekkers (specifically) have been told - and have been telling themselves - that the trajectory of video game history leads inevitably to a Star Trek-inspired Holodeck.
"I believe that the Holodeck as Holy Grail has the potential to lead us down a blind alley toward a dead end future"
Instead of thinking of it like a very 3D movie, or a video game that you're inside, I think what virtual reality is going to be like is a new kind of a medium where you're playing with your own identity, and that's what's so interesting about it… it's almost like you're exercising these forgotten little corners of your brain, some really old corners that evolved to actually control different bodies deep, deep, deep back in our evolutionary past. And that kind of very profound, intimate sense of experience is really what virtual reality's all about.
"The format that most fully exploits the properties of digital environments is not the hyper-text or the fighting game but the simulation: the virtual world full of interrelated entities, a world we can enter, manipulate, and observe in process."
If you haven't read Hamlet on the Holodeck you should probably do so - it's kind of a must-read for any game developer. I'll warn you, there are some very smart games industry folks who find the book as frustrating as it is educational! Still, a book that engenders strong feelings and gets people arguing is worth a read, right?
The holodeck has given us woodlands and ski slopes… figures that fight… and fictional characters with whom we can interact. Or so we were promised many years ago by a certain Jean-Luc Picard. But now we actually might have an actual Holodeck to actually run around in and actually fight baddies in… [T]he Holodeck is a bit different to the [Oculus] Rift: It's not just a head mounted display, it's a full virtual reality experience.
"I have a rule that's stood me in good stead over the years - never build a game that depends on potential buyers owning a peripheral in order to play"
I can't go where he's going, any more than I can go all the way with Lanier, Murray, and other VR/Holodeck evangelists.
In fact, I believe that the Holodeck as Holy Grail has the potential to lead us down a blind alley toward a dead end future.
I realize I'm swimming against the current here - what with the slavering anticipation for the Oculus Rift VR rig, reports of Holodeck-like projects from Sony and recent Microsoft Kinect-driven VR patents. But hear me out.
If we're careful and thoughtful in our approach to predecessor technologies like virtual reality and augmented reality, as well as to Holodeck-style full immersion down the road, we might end up in a great place - a place as compelling as the world Lanier, Murray, Grubb et al envision.
But if we're not careful, if we don't consider what VR, AR and Holodecks can and cannot do well, we'll just end up spending a lot of money and expending a lot of effort giving users something we think is cool, something those users think they want, but which will inevitably disappoint.
"Folks who go first often go bust. Players who buy early can end up broke"
This may seem obvious - do smart stuff and good things happen - but from much of what I read and hear, from all the gushing over headsets and new peripherals for interacting with things on the screen, it's obvious to me that a lot of people aren't thinking about the pitfalls ahead. For that reason, I'd like to go through some potential problems we'd better think about - and soon.
Pitfall #1: Do people really want VR, AR or Holodeck enough to buy a peripheral to experience it?
I have a rule that's stood me in good stead over the years - never build a game that depends on potential buyers owning a peripheral in order to play.
No matter how cool the game or how cool the peripheral, only a portion of the potential audience will have (or be willing to buy) something new to get the full experience of your game.
Heck, even a peripheral that's packaged with hardware can be a sales-limiting factor. Sometimes the old ways are the best ways and, today, lots of people are just fine with a keyboard or controller - no surprise given that these ways of interacting with a computer or console have been refined to razor-sharp effectiveness by thirty-plus years of use and mastery. People like a controller connected to a TV or monitor they already own. Very few, if any, "normal humans" want or need more immersion than that. Who wants to learn a whole new way of experiencing and interacting with a virtual world? By and large, people just want to play. Anything that gets in the way of that reduces the likelihood of people playing.
Clearly, there are some big hurdles to overcome here. You can say we're still in early days of gaming, let alone VR, AR and Hdeck. You can say, of course prices are going to be high and sales limited to early adopters. In other words, you can say that an audience limited by the need for a peripheral is okay - we have to start somewhere, right?
In my book, when you require a peripheral "purchased separately," as they say in the commercials, you always lose. Anyone see peripheral-free VR, HR or HDeck? Uh-huh. Didn't think so.
Pitfall #2: How do you control this crazy thing?
One of many things we learned in the VR gaming circles of 20 years ago was that the range of mobility of the human neck limited a player's ability to experience even the most meticulously designed and immersive virtual world. Unless you were willing to stand while you played, or you sat in a chair that swiveled 360 degrees, VR didn't add enough to the experience of play to balance out the cost and deficiencies of the hardware. (And watch out for deadly python-like cords as you rotate to take in your oh-so-compelling virtual surroundings).
"How many people really want to walk, run and jump to navigate a virtual world?"
And that is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to interfacing with a virtual world. Falling into a 3D space… feeling like you're really there in an alternate world… In a very real sense, that's the easy illusion to deliver to users.
The problem of how you interact with an illusory immersive world? Now that is one tough problem.
Creating a good head-tracking headset, while cool, is just the first hurdle. Assuming the full immersion of a Holodeck is even possible, and it seems likely it will be, probably sooner than anyone expects, what about the interface between user and device?
In a VR world, are we supposed to use a Wii Remote or something like it? In an AR world, are we supposed to flap our arms around, looking rather foolish as we do so? In a Holodeck experience are we supposed to run, jump, kick and punch?
How do you interact with a virtual world? (Remember, your solution has to be as seamless and refined as the mouse, keyboard and/or controller…) Who among us wants to walk and run and actually swing a sword for hours? How will you ride a virtual horse, climb a wall, or pick up the inevitable crate?
Head-tracking sounds great. If you want to look up, just look up. Check out your flank and turn right or left? Totally do-able and cool. Look behind you?… Oh, wait… hm… maybe do a full Exorcist and swivel your head 180 degrees? Maybe you have to get up off the couch and turn around? Use a mouse or keyboard you can't actually see in VR - and don't want to see in AR or a Holodeck?
Put another way, how many people really - really - want to walk, run and jump to navigate a virtual world? How many people really want to swing a sword for 5-10 (or 100) hours? I think we can agree on the answer - not many, for all the enthusiasm expressed.
A TV screen, a mouse and/or a keyboard are looking a little better, aren't they? If the new VR/AR/Hdeck peripheral you have to go out and buy makes such things harder rather than easier, why bother? You might as well go join a gym and get some exercise that way.
It's tough but not impossible to imagine solutions to control/interaction problems in a VR world, but being the immersive tech that's closest to what we already have, that's not much of a surprise. AR is certainly going to be harder, UI-wise (and that's assuming you can solve all sorts of visual and occlusion problems!). In an AR environment, you start with the movement problems I already mentioned, but then you also have to deal with the problem of interacting with real objects and virtual ones (and having the virtual objects then interact themselves with the real ones!). AR kind of makes my head hurt… The Holodeck? I don't even want to think about the interface and interaction problems there.
And remember - if doing things in a VR/AR/Hdeck world is harder than it is with the tried and true of a controller refined over decades of use, what use is a Holodeck at all? An immersive experience that, thanks to clunky UI, constantly reminds you that you're in a virtual world is going to drag you in and out of the experience every few seconds. That's makes it extremely unlikely users will be able to get into the desired flow state than they can in older, seemingly less immersive virtual environments.
There are some more basic fallacies in the idea of a "holodeck."
The first, is that its currently technologically impossible.
Sure we are finally getting decent HMDs such as The Rift right now, and there are even some limited force feedback devices on the horizion such as the Virtuix Omini treadmill and the Novint Xio-- but these are incredibly limited as well as clumsy and awkward to get into. And there is the rub. Without the kind of magical all inclusive force feedback the mythical holodeck provides, it will never be more then a ghost world you can walk through.
VR may be a limited reality now, but "the holodeck' is a massive over-reach that may simply never be solvable. Certainly it wont be in this decade in any way that is useful and friendly to consumers.
The second, is even if we could do it, the uses are highly limited. The fact of the matter is that it takes work to move around the real world. This is what people are discovering about the Virtuix Omni. After the initial rush wears off, it is really not a whole lot of fun to actually have to walk around your vast game space. Its like taking a bird, who could fly around its world, and telling it now it has to walk everywhere.
As Loren Carpenter of Pixar once said, "Photorealism is just a convenient measure of complexity." If the goal is to layer on all the limits of reality, you can get those just by walking outside.
The issue seens to be that people are trying to build around specific technologies, rather than use the technology to build around the gameplay. This is why we are seeing such odd disconnects, and poor results. I have already seen some very good results using OLDER technologies, and low tech solutions.
Here is an example of a BF3 Simulator . This is a much better example of using technology to enhance the gameplay, rather than vice versa. As we see more examples of this type of approach, we will see much better results.
Sure there's lots of well documented roadblocks ahead, but enough people seem to want to make this journey - in fact, it's been absolutely aspirational for many users for 10-20 years now - that people WILL go there. Whether the user experience matches up to the Holodeck fantasy isn't relevant when you put the Oculus on for the first time, or even the fifty-first time, because it's the closest thing to modern magic. It's far from flawless, but that initial experience makes a huge impact in my experience. Everyone who tries my Rift, gamers and non-gamers alike, immediately asks how to buy one.
Remember, Kinect was an after-sales addition that enjoyed monstrous success, and nobody even knew they wanted one before it got hyped. A VR headset is a very different proposition - countless numbers of gamers across the world have wanted one of those for half their lifetimes, and thanks to the Oculus, are finally seeing that as imminent now.
Also, who wants to play a game when you could do real exercise? Wii Fit, Wii Sports, Dance Central, Just Dance and countless other successes would suggest plenty of people see this as a positive addition to gaming. But ultimately if people want to play games in VR without exhausting themselves, the market will find good solutions to these problems. At the end of the day even if peripheral tech never moved forward, the benefits of head-tracked wide-view immersion would still endear it to enough players to make it a marketable proposition. In my experience, TF2 VR played on a pad, or mouse and keyboard, is stillstaggeringly immersive - sure, it might be positively transcendental with full tracked motion peripherals and a treadmill, but if all I can realistically afford is staggeringly immersive, I'll still go with that. It adds huge value to the experience of playing.
Everything you identify as a problem is correct, Sir, and you're right to flag these issues up, but I'm afraid I disagree with your prognosis, simply because a lot is going to change in that space in a very short amount of time if it hits big, and I have no doubt that VR is going to be huge over the next few years. There's a ton of problems to solve, but they'll get solved, because the market for this is going to be enormous. Once you've tried it, going back to an HD screen is a significantly lesser experience.
in 30 years from now people will look back and say, People actually sat with a keyboard and some mouse things, and looked at a 20 some inch 2 dimensional flat screen and thought that was a great gaming experience?
Of course there is going to be some pitfalls and failures, but without a doubt VR is the future of gaming, always has been. Peripherals are only peripherals until there not, once adopted they become standards. The Wii and its 100 million units of hardware sales shows people are willing to pay and adopt if you offer a cool new gaming experience.
I think an interesting analogue is the Live Role-Playing (LRP) hobby, which faces many similar problems. Physical interaction is obviously still real, but immersion requires a LOT of accessories in the form of costume, props, and custom foam latex weapons. It also suffers a multitude of limitations due to practicality and safety considerations (eg. limited play environments and player abilities).
And yet, only this weekend I was at an event where ~2500 players paid £55 each to visit a field in Oxfordshire. Each player brought their own costume and weapons (usually £100+), many brought tents and props. And within the limitations mentioned above, we were pretty well immersed.
I don't think LRP would ever go mass-market because it requires such an investment by the players, but it's a popular enough niche to support a handful of specialist event companies and a host of accessories retailers. A holodeck experience could fill a very similar niche.
I find the holodeck idea very appealing, but I think Spector is right. Gamers are ultimately very conservative, and hate change. Look at the reaction to the Wii, and Kinect, which were seen as cheesy gimmicks for non-gamers, and which have, for the most part, been used in ways that seemed to prove that. A holodeck would also require game developers to completely rethink how they approached game creation, and, as was also shown with the Wii and Kinect, most game developers don't have a strong interest in doing that.
If we're going to have holodeck technology, we would need non-gamers and non-game developers with no preconceptions to support the new technology.
I do disagree with one thing, the assertion that people won't want to walk around or swing a weapon in a virtual world. Have you ever experienced LARPing? People already run around forests swinging swords and pretending to be Goblins. Also, there are hundreds, maybe thousands of military re-enactment groups dotted all over the country who regularly get together for large-scale battles. Moving away from swords and axes, what about all the people who go-kart every weekend at their local track? Or the huge amount of people who enjoy paintballing and laser quest - all these things and more would be amazing using a holodeck type technology.
That's just for fighting as well. What about other types of Games; like puzzle and board games, card games/gambling, mystery games, horror games (!!!), and of course the most obvious and inevitable use for a holodeck... pornographic 'games'.
VR has always suffered from people pretending we are there already. This article isn't saying VR is a bad thing but that over-hyping what is possible will cause it to fail due to the inevitable disappointment. Claims should never be made unless supported by usability testing. At least Oculus had hundreds or even thousands of members of the public try it. My hope is that they don't over-hype the HD model. If it has 1080 (HD) lines rather than current 800 (HD Ready) it will still be great but might not be the giant leap people are expecting?
what will be a real holodeck propably a couch with a headset which directly manipulates your brain, like when you are asleep.
People are willing to splash out for a new thing, as long as that new thing is thought to by the vast majority who try it to be worth the expense, ie if its good enough people will buy it, actually Star Trek Voyager answered the question to the likely "real" holodeck when it had that holodeck chip which you attached to the side of your neck and experienced it all in your head. It was in the episode with the 2nd Fed ship later on.
I've been saying this for years. It's an expensive pipe dream at best. I think the Rift will be the way to go, but even that's not flawless of an experience in its current format. If anything, it'll be too expensive for the masses and would make a great exhibit in a theme park if done right. But at home, having a dedicated space will be out of the means of many (unless it's something like wearable tech).
Lot of people here using the word "active" but that's the one thing these gadgets will never fix. The main problem with "being" an orc in an rpg level is that the field runs for three miles but the room you're in runs for three yards. For me it's all about the movement, not even the lack of solid objects.
@Paul: DING! You win this topic. That's something I've tried to articulate in conversation, but people tend to get glassy rose-eyed and hard of hearing when it comes to not letting me pop that dream bubble. Walking in place or going on rails is an illusion (and deal) breaker after a few waves of me-too experiences pop up that are basically the same idea in a different skin.
One of the biggest challenges is not to create av FPS simulator for the masses, as most potential players have not been in battle and would not be able to compare the simulation to the real thing. One of the most difficult things to do, is create a realistic experience about real life events that most people players would be able to relate to. Until you can tell the player to smell the flowers and actually let them smell the flowers, so-called realism is miles away.
Actually, as FPS games become more detailed and evolve, I start to wonder about the future of the genre. Most people I know play these games to have fun. If someone were able to crack the code of seamless realism, where would the fun end and the terror begin? Who wants to be part of a real war anyway? If we ever reach that point, I'd rather move on to a game experience that could actually improve my life experience in some way.
With the Rift, you could make a holodeck today, at least functionally, it would just be large and expensive to make. I assume that's what the people in the picture are trying to do. It's fairly easy, we have the AV interface for it in the Rift, so that's one hurdle down (so long as you have a rig to keep the cables in check). The controls wouldn't be that hard to do, just costly. We do it all the time, it's called "real-time mo-cap." You just put a realtime mo-cap rig together like they use in the movies, and that's the interface. Even the Kinect can do that to some degree, although your room to move would be limited.
That set-up would deliver a functioning holodeck, in which you perceived an artificial world through at least two of your senses (touch would be the hardest to fake), and i which your every movement would cause equivalent interactions in the world. The only problem there is that you could not work in a room bigger than the one you're actually in (it might be possible to magnify things a bit so that a 3ft stride would carry your character 8ft, but that might be disorienting for minimal gain. Any bigger than that and you'd be bumping into walls. Treadmills could be used, you could actually make a corridor dungeon kind of game fairly easily be leading players from treadmill to treadmill set in the floor, but it is certainly a clunky solution. The sort of "baby jumper" rigs that have been discussed to suspend you just off the floor would probably be necessary for larger worlds to be controlled using the body.
But anyways, too expensive, not commercial, at least not any time soon.
That said, while I don't think there will be a Rift in every home, I do think availability will grow. It is a peripheral, but it's practically a console unto itself, opening up tons of unique game experiences (if fairly rudimentary at the moment), and enhancing many others to a degree far larger than the jump from the current console generation to the next is offering. I don't expect anyone to make a AAA game that is ONLY on the Rift at the moment, but I think it'd be foolish for any AAA devs to not have people toying with adapting their interfaces to make it work in their games, at least as best they can without otherwise harming the product for non-Rift consumers, and I would not be at all shocked to see a AAA game within the next five years that's designed to be ideal on a Rift, if perhaps also playable using other hardware.
I think people will buy the Oculus Rift (I'm addressing the Oculus Rift in particular in my response, as it's here and now, and I think it's effective, and a great first step).
There's a lot of people who want a new experience, and games are getting old and tired. When first person shooters came into existence in the mid 90's, I wanted to play them all. Because they were new, they offered a new type of experience. Now they bore me.
Oculus Rift excites me, and I'm excited to see new sorts of games (or new gameplay mechanics at least) come out of it.
As was mentioned in the GAMBIT Looking Glass Podcasts (can't remember which one), back in the 90's, computer gamers were enthusiasts, excited to see a game try something exciting, and maybe even fail trying, but to try something new. (May have been Austin Grossman speaking about Trespasser, or someone talking about Underworld).
I think there's still a massive amount of buying consumers who want to see these experiments, these steps forward, and I think the Oculus Rift is doing a good job to reach a price point where it can hit a very large number of players. (Exactly how far that reach will go is hard to guess, and I suppose that's what your point was saying).
For me, I want to get one just to give me a new sense of interest and excitement in computer games. I've lost interested in them as a player, to a large extent. And yes, maybe it's through a rose colored Oculus Rift that I look forward to a new experience in gaming, and a new flavour of content from them. But even now, having only tried the Oculus briefly, it has gotten me excited, and got me thinking about new ideas as a developer and as a hungry (albeit starved) consumer.
Personally, I'd love to see some adventure / exploration games with the Oculus, as it can make simple tasks richer. I really liked the Tuscany demo, even though it's just a small tranquil house on the edge of a lake. I can imagine inhabiting such spaces, and not needing to shoot things, but focussing more on story, exploration, examination -> rich music, sound effects, art, script).
I don't think the Holodeck concept is very practical. Not in the short term, perhaps not at all. I agree there.
But I do think the Hydra controllers are a very good step in the right direction. I've seen them put to good use, even picking up and flicking through the pages of a book.
I say, let the player generally sit and use another controller that suits the game, whether it be mouse and keyboard, or an Xbox controller, or two Hydra controllers (one for each hand).
Have you used an Oculus Rift, Warren? There's something rather compelling about it. Just the experience of "looking around" to look around, is very good, and it's 3D and "surround" in a way that a monitor obviously isn't.
If they can get a good, solid piece of equipment out, for a cheap cost, I think Oculus Rift are providing a very solid and worthwhile first step towards VR. They're not trying to make a Holodeck. They're providing a platform to build upon. The Hydra integrates with it really well. Other devices can come along and augment the feature set, or better it. I'm really pleased with where it's all going, and I'm excited to make and play more Oculus Rift games, and other AR/VR technologies.
You raise the idea of joining the gym instead! I think that's a valid point. I hear that gyms are now offering devices somewhat like arcade machines, where you might sit on an exercise bike, in front of a large screen, and ride up and down mountain tracks and such. Great idea. I have some ideas along those lines too, but a bit more fantastic. I guess machines like that can be custom built to suit the purpose, and probably cost a lot to make.
I guess at the end of the day, AR/VR games using technology such as an Oculus Rift paired with a more traditional controller can work great, if they accept the set of limitations inherent to the technologies. Remember that computer games over the past 30 years have done exactly that. We don't walk up to characters in the most advanced AAA games and start a casual conversation with them, using our voice and subtle facial inflections, do we? Because a keyboard/mouse/monitor/current-tech-software is absolutely useless at providing that simulation. So developers have stabbed around trying to do conversation trees, etc, etc, but just because we are lousy at simulating conversations doesn't mean that the mouse/keyboard/monitor paradigm has failed. It just means that games focus on other gameplay elements, like shooting, jumping, driving.
I agree that the Holodeck doesn't make much sense without some sort of direct brain link up. Which, you know, doesn't seem very likely to happen any time soon.
Interesting to see this sector grow - though I would say that this is more part of the digital out-of-home entertainment (DOE) industry, than the consumer sector. It is a factor in why we started the DNA Association to support the growth of these new approaches to public-space play, and the new venue based systems such as the hoped holodeck.
Further to my point about "making games that fit the technology", it seems like games that are based in a cockpit work great for the Rift, because you're sitting down, facing fowards, with about 180 degrees of head movement, as if you were in a cockpit. You use other controllers to move your vehicle, such as flight sticks, hydra etc. So as computer games have done for decades, playing into the strengths of the format seems to help with the VR/AR gear.
Here's someone talking through War Thunder, a flying game. You get an idea by watching it how much more realistic and immersive it is to be able to sit in a cockpit, and look around completely freely, while still having full freedom with your hands to use your controllers.
I suppose it's got an element of "amusement arcades", just with the wow factor. But I think these things are really taking things to the next level.
How many people will actually buy them is hard to say, as you've stated. But I think their mark is already pretty huge, and they're not going to get any less popular. More and more developers and players (especially enthusiasts) seem to be jumping on the bandwagon every day.
if doing things in a VR/AR/Hdeck world is harder than it is with the tried and true of a controller refined over decades of use, what use is a Holodeck at all?
Similarly why would you buy a games console, peripherals, games, perform character setup, select your save game storage then spend your time manually controlling every movement of your character, when you could just pick up a book and turn the page every couple of minutes? The answer is "Immersion". It's a more immersive experience if in order to hit a monster with a sword, you have to stand and hit the monster with a sword as opposed to sitting down and pressing a button.
The thing to remember is that as the technology develops, they way you play and interact with it also has to develop. The main hurdle I see with AR/HD dreams is tactile feedback. Until you have that, it's little more than a glorified Kinect.
There are already two places in the world which cover 99% of all used case scenarios of commercial holodeck while being cheaper than any holodeck in the foreseeable future. They are called a brothel and a shooting range.
Besides, why would you try and create an external simulation of reality to be perceived by existing human perception "hardware", when there is a whole world of direct neural interfaces to discover. Holodeck sounds nice, but my money is on live feed experience implants.
"Who wants to learn a whole new way of experiencing and interacting with a virtual world?"
At first, they will be the very same people who purchased initial commercial radios... Then comic books. Then televisions. Then videogame systems.
Eventually, the rest of us will jump on-board.
Humanity has consistently proven itself compelled to seek out and learn new ways of experiencing and interacting with fiction / virtual worlds / general escapism. Since comfort surpassed survival as a species imperative, it might be one of the few things we can be absolutely counted on for.
"Players who buy early can end up broke (yeah, I'm looking at all you Apple Newton owners out there)."
Sure (I bought a 3DO). But, Newton didn't stop the iPhone or iPad.
This is a strange statement. The product evolution is apparent. It also seems like it could have been made after any poor launch, but before a successor saved the day. For example, make a similar statement after Atari nearly ruined the games industry, but before Nintendo ushered in the era of the NES.
Buyer beware always applies, naturally, but that attitude does not determine the success or viability of future product.
We cannot discount the possibility of there being commercial aircraft just because the first fixed-wing powered flight lasted three seconds and crashed after a stall, nor can we discount the possibility of there being commercial spaceflight because it was previously impossible and currently prohibitively expensive.
"In my book, when you require a peripheral "purchased separately," as they say in the commercials, you always lose."
A Holodeck is not a peripheral. It's a medium.
Think about Kinect. It was a peripheral (but still enjoyed success). Now what is it? Or, think about rumble. Starfox 64 brought it to consoles as a peripheral. Now it's a part of our experience -- an extension of the medium that allows us to better interact and enjoy virtual worlds.
Step 0.5 may be a peripheral like the Rift, aye. But it's a necessary step to achieve step 66 -- the Holodeck of 2244 that now features 100% less cancer!
Also, we don't need a separate peripheral to play Halo (we love that gamepad)... But we do need an Xbox. It's OK to accept an Xbox as a non-peripheral viable medium for attaining greater degrees of escapism, just as it's OK to accept the Holodeck.
"...what about the interface between user and device?"
Let your imagination go! In VR, I can race, fly, mech-fight, or space dogfight. Wonderful!
Games evolve as mediums do. Provide our creative geniuses with a Holodeck and they won't give you 100 hours of Pong or 10 hours of swinging swords. | 2019-04-21T11:20:00Z | https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2013-07-31-holodeck-holy-grail-or-hollow-promise-part-1 |
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If less maintenance is a requirement, then you want an oversize screen; try 2X normal size, with 2X the number of lights. This should be able to go 2X as long before a cleaning is needed. The limiting factor might be the pods; at some point they may make big holes in the algae (or not; you will have to test). This is a great thing for someone to try out. Just remember that the additional screen space will need the same lighting that the current screen has.
9/21: Thank you for the input Santa monica, I will definately be doing this on an expanded basis. I think I will put a three ft tank in the sun and do what you've got on a slightly larger scale. Great simple fix to an ongoing problem by most aquarists.
9/28: The film is plastic and gets wet totally. Its 1m x 1m in size. The water input is also the stand. The strands run diagnally which makes the water flow very nicely. I'm happy with it and will let it stand in the sun. Hopefully get rid of the hair algae problem I have. You should see my actual tank to know why I jumped at this idea. The construction is so easy though. And if it works a quarter as well as Santa says it does, it will be like Christmas.
10/25: It worked like a bomb. Phosphates down to 0.02 - 0.01 ppm (this is on a hanna meter and is very low). Normal test would just read undetectable. [Previously] the best I ever got it to trying every trick in the book including Zeo and Vodka, Lanthinum and many other phosphate removers was 0.03.
Blank screens usually start off with a light brown slime of diatoms, unless the water is really high in nitrate and phosphate, in which it might start with dark spots. After a few weeks, green slime or green hair will usually grow. And from that point on, it will be a mix of brown and green, all of which is easily cleaned off. After a few months, however, and if you have enough light (and maybe pulsed flow), you may start seeing real red/brown turf, or possibly bright green turf. You'll know that they are turf because they won't come off no matter what you do, except with a razor blade.
There should not be any bubbles if a scrubber is set up correctly with smooth flow into the water below. But if you have too many bubbles, make sure the bottom of the screen goes all the way down below the waterline, so there is no waterfall off the bottom, and design the scrubber with an "under over under" divider section like some people use in sumps.
Corinna on the AC site: "Think we should just call you Santa!! After 3 weeks my screen is forming wine red spots, the pods are having pod parties and making babies, the seahorses are noticeably gaining weight and the water is decidedly 'sparklier'.Thanks."
jfdelacruz on the RP site: "Overfeeding does wonders! i dont know how and why but, the ATS seems to be an extra 20 gallons for my tank because even if I overfeed, nothing in my tank seems to be going bad! water is always crystal clear too! (I do have seagel in there running for about 2 months already) this ATS is a blessing."
Our Tanks: High Inorganic Nutrients, Low Organic Nutrients.
The Ocean: Low Inorganic Nutrients, High Organic Nutrients.
If you are not home, however, it becomes a question of which you lose first, your screen or your whole display. Long term (days) you are going to lose both, so we'll look at short term (hours). Somewhere in-between is the question: If you are not home when the power goes out for 2, 3, 4, 5 hours, etc., then how much of your screen will you lose, and how much of the nutrients will be "released" back into the water?
Well, most screens are designed to be up and out-of-contact with the water, so there will be zero "release" of nutrients during the power-outage. And floating screens that stay in contact with the water will not die or release nutrients at all in a short-term outage, because they stay wet. So immediate release of nutirents is not a factor in any situation.
The real question is long term loss of filtering, i.e., how much of the screen will die off during the outage. When you get back home, the screen has been drying for a few hours, but is still moist. What you do is put it in your sink with water and give the dead parts a chance to fall off. Not sure of how much time is needed, but just do a regular cleaning of the screen every few hours until it seems that most of the dead stuff is removed. Doing this in the sink will prevent any nutrients from getting back into the tank. You then put the screen back into operation, and it's no different than if you just did a regular cleaning. And this is the worst case.
I myself unplugged the wrong plug once and left the screen 6 hours with no flow. The fan was still on, but the lights were off at the time. It was all still moist, yet a bit hardened. I did not think at the time to remove the outer layers of dead stuff, so I just put it back into operation right way. What happened was the next day or two there was a very slight increase in N from zero (clear Salifert) to a very slight pink; probably got up to about .5 or 1. P did not ever increase, however. And this was without properly removing the dead stuff. So overall, I don't think power outages are really that eventfull for scrubbers.
"jski711" on the RS site: "the last phosphate test I had done at the lfs it was undetectable on the hanna phosphate photometer, and I only have the one side of my screen lit for now!!!"
"col" on the UR site: "Todays tests are P = 0.03, N = 5. the algae looks the same, green slime. Skimmer is still running 24/7, feeding 2-3 times a day for fat fish. Algae on the rocks is subsiding, and water conditions have never been better."
Here's a note to anyone who would like to start building and selling scrubbers. I think there are plenty of people who would like to buy one, but they don't have the time or ability to build them (there are several of these on every thread I'm on, who have asked me to build one for them), or they don't even know scrubbers exist but could use one. And currently there's no place to buy scrubbers. So it's a good time for you to put some buckets, acrylics, or sump screens together and offer them for sale, starting out by advertising on this forum.
I recommend that you start out selling buckets or sump screens, instead of acrylic units. The price of an acrylic unit is going to be much higher, and most beginners are not going to jump in and pay the extra money for one. Keep in mind that most folks buy small less-costly tanks first, and move up from there. That makes them feel safer, since they have less to lose when starting. Once they become comfortable with their small tanks, they get bigger ones for more money. This is how you shoud approach scrubber sales; small and cheap first, and then go from there if they are happy.
Since the bucket version is not very beautiful, it will just be a product for people who have nuisance algae problems in their tanks and they just want to try anything to get the algae out. They might even view the buckets as temporary; they can use it until the algae is gone, then put it in the closet or lend it to a friend.
The bucket version is certainly a good version for you to start with, especially by mail order, since it's self-contained and does not need elaborate installation at the customer's house (they just drop the pump in the tank/sump, and go.) And very important: The bucket can be used as its own shipping container, with it's own lid. And you almost certainly would want to include a pump with it (with an adjustable flow), so there would be no guessing on the customer's part as to what pump they should get. Something like a Hydor L40 Pump (740 gph), with a built-in flow adjust.
Adjustable flow is important, because you don't know how high up (head) the pump will have to push when the customer starts using it. Or, they may have a long run from the bucket to the tank. Also, the pump may get weaker (or the pipe slot may get clogged) with time, so being able to turn it up is a plus.
If you decide to sell locally, and install the scrubbers yourself, then you can also consider selling in-sump or above-sump screens. Since these are very custom installations, you can't expect a customer to figure it out for themselves. The light placement and water flow need to be setup by someone who's done it before.
As for a wavetimer, I'd recommend not putting one in. It's not proven yet just how effective it might be. What is proven is that it adds power cords and complexity, and decisions about what time to set it to (customers don't like making decisions.) Plus, wavemaker timers are not cheap; the one I used cost $50. That's a large portion of the total cost of a scrubber.
Also, I'd hold off on offering or even mentioning a fan. There is not much room on a bucket to easily clip on a fan, and it's just extra noise; it might even be viewed as a danger for families with kids. Remember, a fan is also not proven how effective it might help the scrubbing process. Plus, a fan will really chill the water; some reefkeepers want this, but some beginners will not. Only mention a fan if they are having heat issues with their tank, or if they currently use a chiller. Since fans are so cheap and easy to get, they can always buy and use one later.
My first tally came up to about $60 for the parts; then you need to add the pump. The one linked above is $80, for a total of $140. So you could sell the whole thing for $199, which would be fair for the amount of work you put in to make it (mostly, cutting the slot). Just print up an instruction sheet for the customer to read, and you are done! Now I'm sure if you searched around, or bought in bulk, you could cut the cost in half. But as far as the customer's cost is concerned, I think something like $199 is a good deal to wipe out algae in their tanks. But you can set your own price.
So making the scrubbers is easy enough. Where do you market and sell them? The obvious place to start is by letting people on the forums know you have them, starting with forums that have current scrubber threads like this one. Most forums also have a buy/sell section, which is a good place. The next step might be a banner ad on these forums, and then maybe you could buy a whole sponsor-forum. Next I'd target the LFS: Let them use a bucket for one of their problem tanks (of proper size) to prove the bucket works, then work out a deal whereby he buys from you and resells, or he holds them in consignment and gives you the money after he sells them. You set the price, of course.
You could also do a "loan-to-buy" offer, where you let a customer use a demonstration bucket of yours for free for maybe 2 weeks, and when you go to pick it up (when their N and P are reduced), they'll want to buy a new one from you in order to keep their N and P from going back up.
Ebay might be an option later on, when people know what these things are. Also you could always do a litte site of your own. And don't forget Craigslist. But people have to be already looking for scrubbers for these online places to work, unless you advertise it as a "mega powerful algae remover" Then there are the traditional magazines that you could advertise in. They get expensive fast, but the reach a lot of people. You'll probably want to get some sales going with the above efforts first.
Basically, you are trying to reach beginners. The types with FO, FOWLR, or softie/LPS reefs, who are on their first or second tank, are your best customers. They spend money (sometimes lots of) on something if it makes their tank the way they want it, especially if it does so without them having to expend any effort. 9 out of 10 people who walk into a LFS are this type of person. So getting familiar with your LFS(s) will be very important.
Guarantees: Although most everyone on these forums that has set up a scrubber properly has seen great results (and possibly even eliminated all their nuisance algae) within 8 weeks, you can't make a guarantee of the same to a customer, because you have no control over how they will use it. So by saying something like the scrubber "usually" clears out algae within 8 weeks, you will be covered in case they mis-use it. Now, if you are hired to build and install it yourself, and maybe even to do weekly cleanings of it, you might be able to promise more.
Size: Most customers will be beginners, using FW or SW fish setups under 100 gallons. For these folks, a standard 5 gallon bucket with 144 square inches of screen should be fine. If you find that they have a very heavily stocked FO tank, or a tank of 150+ gallons, you may recommend to them that they get two buckets (hooked up in series or parallel). Or at least to start with one, and then add another later if they like the results. But building a "bigger" bucket is not a good idea for now. Keep everything to one size.
Support: Once a customer has purchased from you, you'll want to remain in contact with them afterwards in case they have questions. Most of them will have their questions immediately after purchasing, which is when they are trying to get it hooked up and working. After that, you probably will never hear from them again, except for a few that think that it's your fault that their tank is dying from some bad-husbandry issue of theirs. This is when you rely on your no-refunds policy.
Installation: Many customers are only interested in the final look of their tank; they don't want anything to do with understanding how it works or how to install anything. For these folks, you offer (local) installation of the scrubber for an additional cost. If all you have to do is put the pump in their sump, set the bucket up, and run the drain line back to the sump, you might charge $150 service charge to go to their location and do it. That would include driving, setting up the bucket, taking N and P measurements, answering their questions, watching the setup for problems/leaks, showing them how to clean weekly and scrape perodically, etc. If you are installing a custom in-sump or above-sump design, maybe an extra $250 would cover the extra time.
Refunds: This will be the toughest area for you to deal with. Basically, you should guarantee that everything will ship to the customer without breaking (especially the lights) and that it will be in working condition. Other than that, once they start using it, there are no refunds. Let them know this upfront, in your invoice. And there are certainly no refunds if they are "not happy" with the nitrate, phosphate, or nuisance algae issues. Basically you just want to guarantee that the pump and lights work, since they are the only mechanical parts.
Tie-ins With Maintenance: Many guys, maybe you, are currently servicing tanks. So of course new accounts are always being sought to service. One thing you can do is to offer a free scrubber to a customer that purchases maintenance from you. So if you are a maintenance guy, you can use the scrubber to get new business. If you are not a maintenance guy, you can offer an actual maintenance guy a deal if he includes your scrubber in with his new clients.
Pre-grown screens: While the pre-grown screens from Inland Aquatics really helps speed up results by weeks, I would not recommend including one in your scrubbers for customers. It's too much reliance on a third party for delivery, plus it introduces delays. Besides, everyone has been able to get desired nutrient removal from their tanks within eight weeks by starting with a blank screen. So why introduce a possible delay/problem. I would only consider a pre-grown screen if you were hired as a full-service person to fix nutrient problems on a large system, and they needed big results in a hurry, and you had complete control over everything.
Name: Refer to a scrubber as an "algae filter", not a scrubber. To a beginner, a "scrubber" is a scrub pad they clean the glass with. By referring to scrubbers as "algae filters" you do two positive things. First, you make it very clear to the customer what it does: It filters algae, which is exactly why they are talking to you in the first place. Second, if they ever become more involved in reefs, then they will come to appreciate that "algae filter" really means that the algae on the screen is doing the filtering. So the name really has two meanings.
LFS Referrals: Maintenance guys do this all the time. First you convince the LFS that the scrubber works by loaning him a bucket for a problem tank of appropriate size. After he's conviced, give him your business card so he can refer you customers. Hey may ask you for a referral fee, so you'll have to negotiate with him how much. I'd say $10 per person that calls you is fair, whether or not they buy.
Details: When explaing a bucket to a potential customer, you have to keep it simple. All they care about is removing the ugly green stuff from their rocks and glass. Some of these folks don't even know which fish are SW and which are FW. So talk about the bucket in terms of doing what they want: Removing the algae from their tanks. Don't even mention nitrate or phosphate unless they ask. Make it easy to understand, i.e., "All the algae filter does is make the algae grow on the screen instead of in your tank; then you just clean it away!" That's all they really need or want to know. If they get into wanting detailed explanations and case histories, they they are not going to be buying your scrubber. But they will talk forever. In sales, these people are called "talkers", and will waste most of your time, and buy the least amounts of your product. The people who do buy most of your product will be the ones who ask the least questions and then buy the quickest. Again, all they care about is: Will it get the green off the rocks and glass? How often does it need to be cleaned?, What is the cost?, and Is there an algae guarantee?. All are easy answers (the last one being "no" .
Anyways, hope to see some of you becoming mini scrubber manufacturers!
"garypower" on the UR site: "i was on one of the first couple of pages on this thread and decided like others to give it a go! my screen is now 2 months on, and its there as predicted, full of algea turf deep red brown colour and having to start using a blade to make space! my tank parems have gone to non-detectable po4 and zero nitrates! the tank in appearance looks like polished water yet i dont run carbon! my skimmer is now only running one hour every four hours with my ozone unit on a timer, i have a much better growth rate with my corals, there is less build up of algea on the glass i only use a magfloat once a week to clear very faint dusting of algea."
Anyone know anyone who could build some acrylic scrubbers? People have been asking me to build them, but I don't want to.
How large/small can builder handle?
One problem with posting a directory is that it will need constant updating and re-posting. Would there be a better way to do it than posting in a thread? I could host it on my site where I put all the pics, or I could put it on the algae scrubber site. But ideal would be being able to post it here, and be able to edit it here.
10/10: Subscribed for sure. I'm going to try this oustside in the sunlight...I would think there is enough light?
10/15: [Will be in] direct sunlight aprox 7 hrs. AM sun on one side and PM sun on the other... southern exposure.
After rubbing what green Algae I could scrape up, into the mesh like a caveman, the water is now running full width, and it looks slimey(?) shiney. [Flow is] 400-450 I would have to estimate, possibly more. I used a table saw with a carbide tipped blade for the slot and cross-cuts...Make [the pipe] longer than you need so you have something to hang onto while you are sawing the slot. The cross cuts are 1" apart and the blade height was set at 1/4" for the 3/4" - sch 20 PVC pipe.
I am chalking the ground to see if there is better exposure time about 80-90 degrees counter clockwise.
10/22: Woooot! OK we have what looks like the start of something very interesting. Here's the thing... it's down at the bottom where it gets the least amount of direct sunlight...??
The canvas was seeded with what I could, and then rinsed thoroughly. That's something you said in the thread. There was no visable green on that canvas [when started].
There are 4 medium KOI in there, and it's cycled. Just recently, 2-3 days ago? Algae took off in the pond almost over night.
I didn't see anything for a week, and then it started as a little bloom on just one square. After seeing where the growth pattern is, I would have used some 10 grit carbide paper on the plastic...the rougher the surface the easier the initial the spores can attach. The top where the plastic canvas goes into the spraybar, got scratched the most from fitting and re-fitting the screen...it has thick green algae on it and it is shaded alot of the time. So in summary, go as rough as possible on the prep...I say. See the high spots of the grid? I wish I would have sanded the crap out of it with bigger grit. I'm still getting good flow across the canvas anyhow.
It's a relatively inexpensive project for the results you can produce. If you are anything like me, no matter what others are getting, I had to see for myself, first hand. I have less than 20.00 invested, but I use the Sun and a gravity return. The concept is basic, add your twist to it and see what you come up with...it just might be better than the others.
interesting to see it works with FW tanks too!
But at least those who want scrubbers (but don't have the time or ability to build one) can now have it done for them.
The DIY bucket or sump scrubber is basically a level 1 project. Simple, free, easy DIY, and works great. Yes they are a bit large and ugly, but who cares. Level 2 are the acrylics. Self contained, small (only six inches or so thick), powerful, and nice looking. But they are so hard to make that only two people besides me have made them (and one of them I had to get made for him). I thought that since so many people made DIY sumps and tanks, many more would have made nice looking acrylics. Guess not. And only one person is on the builder list.
Well now I'm working on level 3. Ultra small (one inch thick), high light power, unbreakable, etc. Basically the same scrubbing power as a level 1 in a sump, but the size of a book. Problem is, they are impossible to DIY. So my question is, would anybody want to discuss the building of something that they can't build themselves?
Johnt on the UR site: "corals are doing extremely well, the water is clear, and the rocks are starting to look like new. the scrubber is improving things; I'm getting better growth and the rocks are clearing, N & P are up and down a bit, as I keep cleaning the screen too well, but are remaining low even though I've not had the skimmer, rowaphos reactor or carbon running for 2 months."
Sinful_Waters on the RS site: "Ok I couldnt resist! After reading and reading forum after forum, I had to know what all the excitement was about with the ats. End result, miracles happen! Ive spent the last year and a half battling the green stuff, with excessive waterchanges, phosphate reactor, etss skimmer, limited lighting period, pulling by hand, constant dusting with turkey baster, Lawnmower blen, blue leg hermit, lettice nudis, astrea snails, super clean sand, remote dsb, etc, etc, etc. The algae covered every inch of LR and was seriously suffocating my corals. What do we do when the tough gets going, we build an ats! I did as was advised and built the 5 gal [bucket] with a doulble sided screen, two 21 watt, 6500k compact flourecent bulbs, and the flow is supplied from my overflow and returned into sump. I do a light scrubb on the screen about every 4 days, and thats all. It actually took a few weeks to get the green going, but when it did the [nuisance] algae in the tank started to melt away. It went away so fast I was literally worried that my fish, crabs, snails would all be deprived of the green feast. Long story short, overfeeding is not in my vocab, and my sps, lps, corals have beautiful color and growth, with perfect tank conditions and stability. Being on a limited budget I couldnt be more pleased at the ease of the build and its amazinig effectiveness (excuse the spelling)."
Keifer1122 on the RS site: "update: the ats on 75 gallon, almost 2 months, been put on with only about 20lbs live rock, [...] also 8 fish, 1 1/2" of sand. N & P undetectable, all params good, havent done a water change in 2 months. had to do about 20 gallon wc every week before the install. $$$$$$$. 12 gallon aquapod with ats been about 17 days. N is about 10, was 15 before the install, with pair of percs feeding 3 times a day pellets in the morning and afternoon, with a pinky nail cube of rods, also piece of silverside every week for the Bta. the numbers arent falling fast, but its steady (with a 2gal water change i could boost the process or just cut feedings). coral growth: everythings growing like a weed including my yellow m.digitata that i got along with my screen from inland aquatics. all in all, tanks look sweet. life made easy."
Arab_NA on the MASA site: "My scrubber after 3 weeks, cleaning 1 side each 7 days: My PO4 went from 1.0 to below 0.1, and NO3 from 50ppm to 0ppm. I am feeding 3 times a day now and have no problems at all! Thanks SantaMonica for saving my tank and giving me back the love for this stunning hobby."
mudshark on the Masa site: "WOW things are starting to happen now. The algea is getting really thick on the screens after 20 days. I measured phosphate, which has always been low, as it was being used by algea in the display. It read a big fat 0. In fact it seems to be at a crossover point where the algea on the screens is growing faster, and regressing in the display. I've taken some pics of SPS colours now, altough they have already improved since the introduction of the screens. I'm hoping to post some further improved colours at a later stage."
Sly on the SWF site: I've had my scrubber running since September. When I started, my phosphates were 8-10 ppm or maybe higher. The test water turned a very dark blue, indicating high phosphates. Today I did a test and can verify that my phosphates are now between 2 and 4 ppm. I am still getting massive growth in the scrubber.. So far the nitrates have reduced some, but not much... maybe by 5 ppm. I am seeing the greatest reduction in phosphate so far. Maybe the nitrate will start going down some more as the phosphate gets consumed completely. Some background: Tank has been running for 7 years. Using RO/DI water, ozone, refugium with macros, UV sterilization, skimmer and [now] scrubber. I don't really do water changes. The last one I did was sometime in 2007. I have had high phosphates for quite a while, and nitrates have been higher than I wanted, but still manageable. My fish and corals are still growing and thriving. I have never seen anything that would reduce the phosphate in my tank. Even water changes only lowered them momentarily. They would go back up in just a few days. This is the first time I've ever seen a reduction in phosphates. I suspect that in another month they may well be at 0ppm. Nitrate reduction still remains to be seen. Overall though, I think the scrubber was a positive addition to my tank. I'm finally starting to get some more corraline growth like I used to have. The growth is slow but I do see a definite increase in the vibrance and quantity of corraline in my tank."
How tall should the screen it be? That is determined by how much screen area you need, which is determined by how many gallons you have. Try to get one square inch of screen (lit both sides) for every gallon. If lit on only one side, double the screen area.
Eric Borneman: "What turfs are, essentially, are excellent nitrogen and phosphorus uptake species, with a number of benefits over many other species: faster growing, less invasive, more efficient and less toxic than macroalgae, much more efficient by fast growth than Xenia, and far more effective in most tanks than seagrasses (which require so much more light, sediments, symbiotic microbes, benthic nutrients, and space) or mangroves. The big benefit of turfs as nutrient uptake and export, if needed or desired (by removal of the turfs as they grow), is that they grow faster than macroalgae in biomass, are generally not producers of prolific secondary metabolites (their defense and competition is fast growth), and they are confined to a specific area and are thus not invasive. Even if some get released into the tank, they are very palatable and are a treat for herbivorous fishes and invertebrates. In fact, turfs are havens for copepods, amphipods, ostracods, and polychaetes, favoring their reproduction."
Tom Barr: "You might also suggest this to folks, you can prep this [scrubber] filter very easily by using a bucket and the pump and getting a good film of growth outside (if possible , near a window with direct sun light) on the screen prior to use in the aquarium; no waiting for it to get all furry. This is pre cycling for an algae scrubber. There is a little sloughing and adaptation once you place in the tank, but this will accelerate the process. Use a bucket to prep things instead of the aquarium, this way you can get on top of things and cycle the tank much faster, essentially bypassing the cycle altogether, a so called "silent cycle". Algae remove NH4 [ammonium] directly, so there's no NO2 or NO3 build up. No need for bacteria (they will form later anyway, but will have a less prominent role). For folks that do FC ["fish cycling" in FW tanks], they should prep their algae filters in a bucket, not bomb the whole tank with NH3 [ammonia]. That's foolish to do that."
They are available all over the web, and at almost every toy store and discount store. The beauty of these plates is that no matter how hard you clean/scrape, algae will still remain in-between the pegs (except the first week or so, where it will all come off anyways). Of course, you'll still want to sand/scratch all the areas in-between the pegs, but overall this looks very promising, if someone else would like to try it.
One disadvantage is that the plates are not (at least that I could find) available in clear, so a light on one side does not benefit the other side like it does with a screen. But since these plates are only formed one-sided anyways, it might not be such a bad thing, and indeed would be perfect for a twin-screen one-bulb setup.
Inorganic Nitrate and Inorganic Phosphate.
stays in your water, which is what you read when you test.
brianhellno on the MFK site: "Just wanted to share my success with a turf scrubber with my freshwater tank. Currently I have a 125 with (5) 6-inch piranha, (6) 4-inch giant danios, about (20) 1-inch baby black cons, (2) 2-inch green terrors, (2) 2-inch jack dempseys, and (1) 2.5 inch blue malawi cichlid. The smaller fish were all supposed to be feeders, but the piranha ignore them. Anyways I've had the scrubber up and running for almost three weeks now and I finally tested the water parameters: Ammonia 0 ppm, Nitrite 0 ppm, Nitrate 5 ppm. Not too bad! Usually the Nitrate sits around 40 to 80 ppm right before a water change, so this is definitely an improvement. All I can say is thanks for the great idea!
worley on the scrubber site: "Well just got my phosphate test kit and did a test... *drumroll* .... 0ppm. It's the API phosphate test kit, and it was the very lightest green on the salt water card (0ppm). That's a great result, especially as I'm now feeding tonnes into the tank, 1 block of brine shrimp and 1 of mysis, plus some live brine (fed with live phyto a an hour before feeding to the fish) and some pellet foods. [...] I still can't get over the phosphate test, and how low the nitrates are considering there's not been a water change in 2 months and so much food has gone in.
jan on the RPhil site: "Today is my 24th day of cycling, I measured my water my parameters and here are the result: Nitrate 0ppm. Turf algae is almost all over my screen Razz !!!! thanks for this great Idea!
Feeding update: I've begun increased feeding, because my clown tang is getting skinny, and also because I want to try to keep a variety of non-photo NPS corals. So in my 90g with scrubber-only filtration, I'm currently feeding 4 cubes mysis, 5 ml Reed's Shelfish Diet (phyto), 5 ml Reed's Rotifeast, and 5 ml Reed's Arctipods (copepods), and 2 krill (for white eel) daily. Also one whole silverside weekly (for blue eel). For reference, 1 ml is about 2 pumps from a typical phyto pump bottle.
Since I increased to this amount, I'm now getting my first detectable readings in several months (Salifert). Nitrate is a slight pink... varies between .1 and 1. Phosphate is a barely visible blue; sometimes I'm not sure if it's really blue or not, but it's definitely not the crystal clear it used to be.
Pink coralline is continuing to take over, and the last two square inches of nuisance film algae disappeared last week. Some spots of cyano are still trying to hold on, but the coralline is overtaking them.
So the goal now is to see how much I can actually feed while still keeping N an P low. I don't think they need to be undetectable; I think my goal is to keep nuisance algae from forming, while at the same time being able to sustain non-photo NPS corals. BTW I added a few SPS frags on my new frag tray, and they seem to be doing well.
One-light between two-screens: Makes better use of the light, but leaves the other sides of the screens unused (in the dark), thus wasting half your flow. The big advantage is cleaning: You can clean one screen, and leave the other in operation, which give you more consistent filtering.
Two-lights on one-screen: Makes better use of the screen (both sides are lit), but can waste light if not reflected properly. Advantages are (1) redundancy of the lights: If one goes out, you'll still have filtering until you can buy a replacement, and (2) higher performance for its size, since each side of the screen gets hit by light from both sides, especially right after cleaning when the algae is thin.
Best of both worlds: Multiple lights between two screens. Uses the most flow and power, but is always filtering, and will never go totally "dark" unexpectedly.
Doesn't need to be a smooth cut, since water will be draining down through the holes anyway.
Rug canvas is preferred because it lets the algae to attach better, but since rug canvas is flimsy, you'll need to epoxy it to the backing. Plastic canvas (pictured) is rigid and can just be set down on the backing, but it does not hold algae as well.
That's it! Post your nano scrubber pics!
small_ranchu on the MFK site: "Here is the progress on my goldfish tank. 90 gallon tank with 3 goldfish + heavy feeding. Nitrate reading at the end of the week is usually around 40 PPM with a lot of brown algae on the wall. After 1 month of installing the Scrubber filter, Nitrate reading is 10 PPM and brown algae is disappearing slowly."
argi on the MD site: "I set up my scrubber on my 54 gallon tank a few weeks after its initial set up (it has been running for around 3 months now). One thing I have noticed on this tank compared to all my past tanks is the lack of algae growing on the glass. In the past I always left a magnet cleaner in the tank because I would have to scrub the brown diatom algae off the glass at least once per week. Now with this current tank I haven't had to clean off the glass nearly as often. While I still clean it, usually weekly to every other week, I can still see in the tank after 2 weeks!!! So far I am very happy with the results."
johnt on the UR site: "after 10 weeks of running a screen I can say it's the best method I've used, it also takes out metals and other nasties, and I've not even reached the turf algae stage yet. In the 10 weeks it's been running I've not run any reactors or the skimmer (I'm saving a small fortune not having to buy phosphate remover). I'm still running the refugium, Chaeto and deep sand bed, all corals are doing exceptionaly well, N&P are remaining low and rocks are looking better by the day."
Elliott on RC: "I built one about 5 wks ago and so far it seems to be working well. My cyano has diminished and there is less cleaning to do on the glass."
Mtroboer on the MASA site: "my algae is already visibly starting to disappear after only 1 1/2 weeks! Also added a PC Server fan in front of the screen and dropped my temps from 29.8 avg to 25.8 avg, saved me from buying a energy hungry chiller! First time in little more than a year I got to see results regarding getting rid of nuisance algae as well as dropping my high tempratures!"
Keifer1122 on the RS site: "Aquapod 12 gallon update: Its been couple days short of a month, and still no water change, my N & P have been at zero for 3 weeks now. everything is still growing just daily dosing, daily 2-3 feeding times a day, and weekly scrubbing"
bigtanner on RC: "I built this little one for about $65, pump, light, and all plumbing needed. Some people frown on these things and some people praise them. It's about like anything else really. I have had success with mine. Since building it and hooking it up, my tank is basically algae free. I also went from running my magnet daily to only running it every three to four days. [...] I never have any bad algae in my tank, my water is always crystal clear, and since adding it, I run my magnet a lot less than I used to.
corinna on the AC site: "I started out as a sceptic, but after spending a fortune on phosphate absorbers, carbon, sponges, water changes etc, Im convinced. Two months in, ive not done a water change or cleaned the glass, just to see what happened. Zooanthids are reproducing, seahorses are fat and active, values are reading zeroes. Scallops are happy. Plus I feed a lot."
Well after three months of testing color temps, I've determined that 3000K out performs 6500K. It's not a huge difference, but enough to notice. At first they are about equal, but as the green hair gets over an inch thick, the 3000K continues getting thicker until it hits the acrylic wall (at 1.5" , whereas the 6500 stalls and rarely grows enough to reach the wall. So I'm ordering all T5HO 3000K replacement bulbs. | 2019-04-19T08:21:43Z | http://fishprofiles.com/forums/General_Marine/Mega_Powerful_Nitrate_and_Phos/38168/3/ |
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In the first two case studies, the public and private standards were developed largely in isolation from each other: by choice with grain elevators, through ignorance in aviation fire safety. These standards were essentially independent. They were not aimed at each other, so they are conducive to being analyzed alone. The final two case studies are more complicated. Both involve the Consumer Product Safety Commission, an agency that has packed considerable experience with private standards into its short history. The CPSC was born of controversy about the desirability of private standards and has since experimented with various strategies for interacting with the private sector, including the ill-fated offeror process. Currently, the agency is required by statute to consider the desirability of private standards before proposing any government regulation. This relationship—where instead of being isolated, standards are deliberately intertwined—raises important questions about the interaction between public and private standards. Both of the remaining paired cases suggest that the secondary effects of safety standards—that is, how they affect each other—is as important as how they regulate behavior directly.
the more serious problem of creosote fires. The prospect of judicial "second-guessing" has apparently intimidated the CPSC in much the same way that liability law is thought to stifle innovation in the private sector. Fortunately, the private standard improved significantly while the CPSC standard was being developed.
This case also highlights some important and unexpected differences in the patterns of compliance with public and private standards. The private sector achieved much better compliance with its standard than did the CPSC. Apparently, the force of law behind "mandatory" public standards is not necessarily stronger than the forces that induce compliance with "voluntary" private ones. Although the CPSC refuses to recognize it, the institutional arrangements attendant to UL's standards—a function of being in the business of product testing—are sometimes superior to command and control regulation in attaining high levels of compliance.
In addition to dispelling the notion that private standards are "voluntary," the UL standard for woodstoves partially contradicts the idea that private standards are lax. The standard can be faulted for avoiding certain hazards (particularly creosote fires) but several of its requirements are rather stringent. As with the private standards already examined, this standard was developed long before the threat of government regulation arose. Many of its provisions are not supported by specific scientific evidence; rather, they are the product of engineering judgment and educated guesses. These judgments apparently command respect, and there have been minimal objections to the UL standard. This suggests that UL has greater credibility or, perhaps, greater clout than the CPSC. A strong demand for compliance with private standards, emanating in this case from building codes and product liability insurers, may bolster the effectiveness of private standards-setting.
Americans rediscovered the woodstove in the 1970s, almost 250 years after Benjamin Franklin designed the first model intended primarily for heating rather than cooking. Sales of woodstoves tripled between 1974 and 1978. With increased popularity came improvements in technology. Franklin's design was altered first by the addition of doors—the Franklin stove was simply a firebox with an open front—and more recently by airtight construction that makes stoves burn hotter and more efficiently.
Woodstove-related fires also became common in the 1970s. Woodstoves were mentioned frequently in fire incident data analyzed by the Center for Fire Research at the National Bureau of Standards. Whether these hazards should he addressed through safety standards is disputed. It is widely agreed, however, that woodstoves are potentially dangerous. "Making wood heat an effective alternative to conventional heating requires the ultimate in careful planning," warns a popular consumer magazine. In the absence of proper precautions, woodstoves pose four general hazards: creosote fires, ignition of nearby combustibles by radiant heat, escaping sparks or fire, and surface burns.
Creosote fires account for approximately 60 percent of woodstove-related fires. Creosote is formed when the moisture expelled from burning wood combines with unburnt combustible gases in the flue. A tarry substance builds up on the flue lining, eventually becoming brittle and highly flammable. If the chimney is not cleaned in time, high temperatures will start a fire that can spread to the surrounding structure through radiant heat or, if the fire is hot enough, by burning through the chimney.
The process of burning wood inevitably produces creosote. The amount depends on the type of wood, its moisture content, and, most important, the temperature of the fire. Greener wood creates more creosote. So do low burning temperatures, such as those obtained when the stove damper is adjusted for overnight burning. Product design also affects creosote production. New high-efficiency stoves burn hotter and create less creosote than most traditional models. Catalytic combustors, an even newer technology, reduce creosote production through a complex chemical interaction between wood smoke and noble metals such as platinum that enables the smoke to release more heat before going up the chimney.
about an eighteen-inch clearance from the wall and ceiling but are often installed closer, particularly when passing through a wall or ceiling (see figure 2). Approximately 20 percent of woodstove-related fires are thought to be caused by insufficient clearance to combustibles. Some experts consider the connection to the chimney—rather than the distance from the wall—to be the most dangerous aspect of woodstove installation.
The third hazard, least significant in occurrence, is that fire will escape from the stove. This includes fires caused when (1) sparks escape from the air inlets, (2) coals or flames escape through the stove door (often because it is open), and (3) the fire actually burns through the firebox.
The final hazard associated with woodstoves is the most common, the least severe, and is almost impossible to control through regulation. It is surface burns caused by contact with a hot stove.
Are Woodstoves a Serious Problem?
Woodstoves appear to pose a sizable safety problem. They are second only to careless smoking as the leading cause of residential fires. The CPSC estimates that solid-fuel heating equipment was involved in 140,000 fires in 1985, causing approximately 280 deaths and over $300 million in property damage. There are several reasons to discount the significance of these numbers, however. First, they stem from dubious extrapolation techniques. The CPSC's sample is limited and nonrandom. The data do not distinguish between woodstoves and fireplace inserts. They are both lumped together under "solid-fuel appliances," leaving it unclear how much of the problem is actually attributable to woodstoves. Moreover, reports compiled by local fire departments are usually sketchy and sometimes inaccurate in assessing causes.
this kind of injury. This is not necessarily true of all, or even most, fires commonly attributed to the consumer. "Injuries," as one independent consultant put it, "are often caused by an unfortunate combination of design, installation, and use." The number of fires directly attributable to the product itself is probably very small.
Even with all these uncertainties, both a public and a private organization chose to write standards for woodstoves. UL officially proposed a draft standard for woodstove safety in January 1978—seven months after the CPSC received a petition requesting that the government regulate woodstoves. But forestalling government regulation was not, as it might appear to have been, UL's motive. The UL standard (in "unpublished form," as explained later) actually predates the petition to the CPSC by several decades. Moreover, there is minimal overlap between the CPSC's standard and the UL standard. The former addresses only labeling; the latter aims to be comprehensive and includes performance tests and design requirements as well as labeling requirements.
UL is the premier product testing lab in the country. Building codes and other use and installation codes inevitably require that various products be certified by a "nationally recognized testing laboratory such as Underwriters Labs." In fact, there is no other organization quite like it. This has led to charges that UL is a monopoly—a charge that UL officials privately admit is true in many product areas. It is not true, however, in the case of woodstoves.
to include a "follow-up service," now a major part of UL's function. Currently, the "listing" of a product is contingent upon the use of UL's follow-up service, whereby representatives of UL make periodic inspections of the products at the factory and possibly from the open market to determine compliance with UL requirements. This comprehensive inspection system is a form of quality control, meant to assure that proper tolerances are kept in the manufacturing process. Subscribers to UL's listing service are visited approximately four times per year.
UL has always prided itself on its independence from manufacturers' interests. Although originally affiliated with the insurance industry, UL became legally independent in 1936, when it incorporated as a nonprofit corporation in Delaware. The Internal Revenue Service challenged the tax exemption, however, and a federal court eventually agreed that UL "may be good business, but it is not charity." The tax exemption was restored by Congress, and UL continues to be viewed as the most independent of the private standards-setters. UL's reputation is excellent. It has been remarkably free of scandals or horror stories. Staff members at the Federal Trade Commission, which proposed to regulate private standards and certification in 1977, concur that UL is usually above reproach.
UL has branched out considerably over the years from its best-known area, electrical devices. There are over three thousand employees (a third of whom are engineers) and six major departments—burglary protection, casualty and chemical, fire protection, heating and refrigeration, marine, and electrical—handling literally thousands of product categories. In 1984 over 2.5 billion labels bearing the UL mark were used at 35,381 manufacturing sites in sixty-four countries. Other testing labs compete with UL, but only in a limited sense. The competition often uses UL's standards. Some labs provide certification at a lower cost than UL, in part because they do not have to bear the expense of developing standards. They also do not have to assume the same risk of being held liable in a product liability suit, since they bear no responsibility for the content of the standards. These labs are not always considered "nationally recognized" for the purposes of regulation, however, and some insurance companies charge higher premiums for product liability insurance when the manufacturer uses a testing lab other than UL.
minor changes made four years after the first edition was published in 1979, is sixty-one pages long and covers both the construction and performance of stoves. Some provisions specify design requirements. For example, cast-iron stoves must not be thinner than 3.17mm (one-eighth of an inch). Other provisions involve mechanical tests. The "strength test" for chimney connectors calls for a twenty-pound sandbag to be swung on a pendulum against the chimney connector. The stove itself is subject to various stability tests, including a "drop test" in which the stove is dropped ten times from a height of one inch. Other provisions are more general and subjective, such as the prohibition against "edges, corners, or projections that present a risk of a cut or puncture-type injury to persons." Twenty-six pages of UL 1482 are devoted to electrical blowers, an optional item not included on many stoves, which help circulate heat throughout the room. Given UL's orientation toward electrical devices, this section is extremely detailed and refers to many other UL standards for motors, wire, switches, and component parts.
But the fire tests are the guts of UL 1482. They subject the stove to both intense "flash fire" conditions and more stable, long-term burning conditions. The temperature at designated points on the stove's surface and surrounding walls must stay within specified tolerances during three separate tests. The manufacturer specifies the distance the stove should be from the wall during testing. If the stove passes, the subsequent label indicates the precise certified clearance (or "distance to combustibles").
There are two versions of the making of UL 1482: official and unofficial. Like textbook descriptions of the legislative process, the official version misses most of the important subtleties. But it describes the framework within which the standard was written and is necessary to understanding the unofficial story that follows, which is based more on interviews than on official documents.
meet only every other year, however, so most business is conducted by letter ballot. The standard was revised and circulated for comments in August. Three months later, UL hosted a two-day meeting for stove manufacturers and trade association representatives to discuss the proposed standard with UL's engineers. Based on comments received at those meetings, another revised version of the standard was circulated for comments in January 1979. By this time, the wording of the warning label was the only provision at issue. A revised warning label proposed by UL in April 1979 received sufficient support from industry for UL to consider the standard acceptable and publish it.
Successive drafts of the proposed standard indicate how it changed during this process. Unfortunately, this paper trail reveals little about the motivation for these changes. And UL employees are reluctant to discuss the deliberations that go into a standard. Even the so-called rationale statements recently added to UL standards are often brief and general, providing little insight into the trade-offs and underlying issues.
In the case of UL 1482, most of the changes involved the finer points of test methods. For example, the proposed standard described the charcoal briquettes to be used in testing by reference to the product manufactured by the Kingsford Chemical Company. The revised version adopted a more generic approach, specifying the size, weight, and moisture content of acceptable briquettes. The aspects of the standard that were changed most significantly during this process and appear to have generated the most disagreement were the warning labels and installation instructions. As originally proposed, UL 1482 required limited installation instructions and a warning label—or "caution mark," in UL terminology—on the stove. The Wood Energy Institute took strong objection to the warning label and convinced UL of Canada, but not UL, to drop the requirement. UL revised the labeling requirement, however, in response to this opposition. The minimum letter size for the warning label was reduced and, for stoves with glass doors, the label did not have to appear on the front of the stove. The requirements concerning installation instructions were less controversial. They were expanded during the revision process without substantial opposition.
tionally recognized consensus standard." ANSI aims to be a central clearinghouse and general overseer of nongovernment standards-writers. However, the organization has limited resources, no technical staff, and no information collection system. It depends on the voluntary cooperation of standards-writers. Although UL routinely submits its published standards to ANSI for such approval, the gesture is largely a matter of courtesy without any practical significance for the recognition or use of UL standards.
There are three separate procedures for gaining ANSI approval. UL uses the one subject to the most criticism: the canvass process. Under this procedure, UL developed (and ANSI reviewed and approved) a "canvass list" of parties thought to be interested in reviewing the woodstove standard. A professor at Auburn University who had conducted research on woodstoves for the CPSC was the only individual on a list of twenty-six. The rest represented organizations ranging from the Alliance of American Insurers to UL's Consumer Advisory Council and the National Safety Council. The standard was distributed to those on the list with a request for comments and an affirmative or negative vote. ANSI also solicited "public review comments" through a notice in its newsletter, Standards Action .
Under ANSI's canvass method, public comments and a compilation of canvass votes are submitted to ANSI's Board of Standards Review (BSR), whose job is to certify "consensus." They do so mainly by examining any "unresolved negatives" that emerge from the process. In the terminology of the BSR, UL 1482 was a "clean case." It was submitted to ANSI with no "unresolved negatives." No comments were received from the general public during ANSI's own comment period. On the basis of that information, the BSR approved UL 1482 without discussion on January 28, 1981.
What appeared to be a "clean case" to the BSR was not nearly so straightforward for UL. The canvass process took UL over twenty months—longer than it took from official proposal to publication of the standard—and it generated numerous negative comments along the way. Negative ballots were cast (at least initially) by members of five organizations on the canvass list, including NFPA, the National Bureau of Standards, the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), and the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Others voted affirmatively but registered negative comments.
resentatives from NFPA and NBS objected to the lack of any provisions concerning the tendency of stoves to produce creosote. Representatives from ICBO and ASHRAE objected to the stringency of various test methods. The former considered an aspect of the fire tests too weak, while the latter argued that the impact test for glazing was unreasonably stringent.
UL responded to each party that cast a negative vote, seeking to elicit a vote in favor. The Standards Department at UL is charged with this task. The department, with almost fifty employees, acts as an intermediary between commenters and UL engineers. The department aims to defuse opposition and gain acceptance for UL's standards by informing commenters of the reasons for the provision in question and, if this fails, by trying to convince them that improvements can be made in the future. Commenters often agree to vote in favor of a standard on the assurance of the Standards Department that the issue will be addressed in the future. This tactic changed all of the votes against UL 1482 but that of the International Conference of Building Officials. UL had to request a six-month extension from ANSI in order to bring ICBO around.
Several of the objections to UL 1482 were dismissed by UL in a rather perfunctory fashion. Those who objected to the lack of provisions governing creosote formation were told that ongoing research in the scientific community was expected to provide a data base upon which a future test method might be developed. This response appears less than forthright given the events preceding the canvass. There, in response to questions about how (and whether) to deal with creosote formation in chimneys, the matter was dropped because, according to UL's report of the meeting with industry representatives, "the discussion indicated that it was primarily an installation consideration and not a product construction or performance requirement for inclusion within the body of UL 1482." An internal UL memo dated March 19, 1985, indicates that UL is still "not in a position to include any creosote tests." And a UL engineer confirms that without a request and financial support from industry, there are no plans to develop such a test.
Other objections to UL 1482 were also "resolved" in an unresponsive manner. A building code official objected that the glazing impact test would "increase the cost of glass doors without producing a safer product." UL's response: the test was intended "to provide the assembly with impact conditions under various modes." UL offered no evidence that the product would actually be safer as a result.
Missing from the official version of the adoption of UL 1482 are any details of what turns out to be the most critical step in the process: developing the "proposed" standard. Although the proposed standard was modified through UL's review and comment process, the changes were not significantly related to the safety implications of the standard. The most important provisions in UL 1482, at least from the point of view of safety, came from the original proposal and were not affected by the formal process that followed. The official story, then, picks up where the unofficial story ends—with the "proposed first edition" of UL 1482.
It is misleading to describe the standard circulated by UL in January 1978 as a "proposal." It was, in fact, both a proposal and a working (but unpublished) standard. UL had actually been certifying woodstoves for over twenty-five years when it circulated as a "proposal" the requirements it had been using. These provisions were contained in an unpublished UL standard (also referred to as a "desk standard"). Unpublished standards, the foundation of all UL standards, are not well known or understood. When the CPSC first began investigating woodstove safety, it operated for several months under the mistaken impression that there was no UL standard. In fact, there was an unpublished standard, just not a published one.
Unpublished standards and their method of development are one of the only blemishes on UL's otherwise excellent reputation. These standards are written entirely in-house by UL engineers and, true to their name, are not generally available to outsiders. Those who evaluate standards-writing by the extent to which the procedures are public and accessible are most critical of UL's unpublished standards. Leaving the merits of that debate aside until later, the fact is that unpublished standards are an integral part of UL and its standard for woodstoves. Relevant to the present discussion is how these standards take shape.
The process begins when a manufacturer of a product for which there is no UL standard asks UL to test and certify the product's safety. Lacking a standard with which to test the product, UL creates a rough draft (an unpublished standard), which is refined through use. Then, if there is sufficient demand, a formal "proposal" and publication follow.
Precedent is a guiding principle at UL, and it explains the direct origin of most provisions in UL 1482. The test method for the three fire tests, for example, came from UL's standard for fireplace stoves, UL 737. (Fireplace stoves are basically woodstoves without doors, and many of the provisions in UL 737 provided the basis for UL 1482.) Similarly, the provisions concerning metal thickness came from UL's standard for oil-burning appliances, according to a UL engineer in the Fire Department. That standard was also cited by UL as a precedent for the warning label eventually included in UL 1482.
Precedent says something about the source, but not the underlying rationale, of these provisions. The same question lurks behind each precedent: Where did the original provision come from? Take, for example, UL 737, which accounts for many provisions in UL 1482. Where did the provisions for UL 737 come from? Unfortunately, UL's own records do not document the complicated regulatory genealogy that covers ninety years, hundreds of published standards, and active testing in thousands of product categories. Even if it did, the original question would still remain: How does UL formulate requirements when there is no UL precedent? The answer seems to vary by type of requirement. Design requirements, performance standards, and labeling provisions seem to evolve differently. Like all UL standards, UL 1482 contains all three types of requirements. Deciding the appropriate combination of these approaches turns out to have safety implications as significant as the eventual content of each type of requirement.
A product employing materials or having forms of construction differing from those detailed in the requirements of this Standard may be examined and tested in accordance with the intent of these requirements and, if found to be substantially equivalent, may be judged to comply with the Standard.
This clause is invoked "at least once a week," according to a UL attorney, who would not disclose any details about whether or when it has been applied to woodstoves (or any other specific product).
UL uses design standards for two reasons that are often overlooked in the discussion of performance and design standards. First, design standards are much cheaper from the point of view of testing. The thickness of cast iron can easily be measured. A performance test intended to simulate "burn through" would be much more complicated and expensive. Second, design standards—at least the way in which they are used by UL—allow certain matters to be "delegated" to the manufacturer. This is particularly helpful when field data or relevant research do not provide an adequate basis for a performance standard.
Many of UL's design standards are actually codifications of generally accepted business practice. The requirements for minimum metal thicknesses do not constrain woodstove manufacturers; they choose them in the first place. Design standards of this origin appear to contradict the notion that UL's standards are an "independent" test of safety. In UL's defense, reliance on industry practice, if done critically and selectively, helps keep down the cost of testing, while ensuring that products beneath the accepted minimum are not certified.
The design requirements in UL 1482 are not the most important from the point of view of safety; the performance requirements are. The fire tests, for example, specify that during testing the stove must not cause temperatures on exposed walls to rise more than 117° F above ambient temperature. Similarly, "a chimney connector furnished as part of the assembly shall not break, disassemble, or become damaged to the extent that it is unacceptable for further use after being subjected to a longitudinal force of 100 pounds." Unlike design specifications, which often leave the decisionmaking to industry, performance requirements are created entirely by UL's engineers. UL decides which aspects of performance to test and how to go about doing so.
others having special experience" form the basis for its standard. Most test methods in UL 1482 reflect two factors not included in this list: educated guesses and concessions to the practicalities of product testing.
Guesswork abounds in UL's standards, although it is usually disguised by the exactitudes of scientific language. For woodstoves with glass doors, for example, the impact test for glazing calls for a steel sphere of 1.18 pounds mass and 50.8mm diameter to be dropped against the glass from a pendulum arc with a height of 16.25 inches. Research results certainly do not form the basis for this test. The explanation provided by a UL engineer is that a two-inch ball bearing—the steel sphere described more "scientifically" above—swung from around 45 degrees "seemed about right." The idea, according to this engineer, was to simulate an accidental jab against the glass with a fireplace poker. A larger ball would, of course, simulate a more serious jab. But absent any information on real-world experience with jabs and related mishaps, this educated guess lives up mainly to the second half of its name. A representative of a major glass manufacturer takes exception to UL's explanation. "We could never get [UL] to tell us why [the falling ball test] has these specific requirements." This engineer believes that the requirements came from some other UL standards. In fact, rather than simulating a specific hazard for woodstoves, the two-inch ball bearing test would more accurately be described as UL's generic impact test. It appears in similar form in a host of product standards, including the standard for portable video recording systems.
Even the most basic requirement of the three fire tests—that the temperature not rise more than 117° F on exposed surfaces and 90° F on unexposed ones —is largely guesswork. "There is some evidence to support these temperatures," observes a widely respected woodstove expert, but "they are still doubtful. Lots of different temperatures are plausible." A challenge to the rationale for these specific temperature tolerances was raised in the canvass process, but UL was unable to provide a specific response.
favor of less accurate visual observation tests because the former was considered too costly. Similarly, since walls and ceilings are made of a variety of materials, the most realistic test method would include separate tests for each material. Striking a balance that favors economy over realism, the tests are done with only one building material.
The business of product testing also requires that test methods be reproducible. For example, myriad factors other than the woodstove itself affect the extent to which temperatures on surrounding walls will increase when the stove is used at a specified distance. The type of fuel, the type of chimney, the insulation in the room, not to mention the finer points of product testing (for example, type and placement of thermocouples), are all significant. A test method must control these influences sufficiently to ensure that the same test will yield similar results over time. Unfortunately, the more "controlled" the test, the less likely it is to bear a relationship to reality.
This is a recurring problem in product testing. The more inexpensive and reproducible the test, the more tenuous its relationship to what happens to the product in the real world. Performance standards require that numerous assumptions be made about how the product will be used in the real world. These assumptions can take many forms. Different sections of UL 1482 appear to be based on different notions of the relationship between test methods and reality. In some sections, UL takes its lead from the NFPA standards for chimneys and venting. The stove is tested, in other words, on the assumption that it will be installed in the method recommended by the NFPA. This assumption is on the utopian side of optimistic. An NBS engineer recounts that when the Bureau contracted to have a regulation NFPA 211 masonry chimney built for testing purposes, the mason exclaimed that the chimney was unusually sturdy. "We never build them like this," he told the engineer.
The portions of UL 1482 that are most controversial are those in which real-world experience diverges most from testing conditions. UL generally assumes that consumers are literate, obedient, and only occasionally clumsy. Most of the test methods in UL 1482 presume that the user will follow the manufacturer's instructions. Therefore, if the manufacturer's instructions say that a grate should not be placed inside the stove, UL tests without a grate. Since the use of grates is widespread and results in higher burning temperatures, an engineer with the International Conference of Building Officials thinks that "if a conventional grate [can] be placed in a heater, then it should be tested with one." UL disagrees.
This difference in testing philosophy explains why Consumer's Union (CU), publisher of Consumer Reports, graded down a stove that UL considered acceptable. CU considered the stove dangerous because of its tendency to emit sparks through the air inlets. UL, which tests stoves in accordance with NFPA's installation instructions—including, among other things, use of a floor protector—does not recognize the problem as a legitimate testing concern. That stove poses no danger—assuming it is used with a floor protector.
product areas, test data have frequently revealed that UL standards contain large, some say too large, margins of safety. Moreover, manufacturers often build in a margin of safety (actually, a margin of error) when they have their stoves tested. On the basis of stove design alone, engineers cannot calculate the distance at which the stove will pass the UL tests. Therefore, the manufacturer, who specifies the distance at which the stove is to be tested, must estimate the clearance, knowing that an overly optimistic estimate will result in expensive retesting. Accordingly, a stove certified for thirty-six inches might pass the test at a closer distance. In short, differences in product testing might lead to inconsistent applications of UL 1482, but the inconsistencies do not seem very important. As an NBS engineer put it, "The standard could be tightened up a great deal, but I don't think that it would make much difference in safety."
Several government studies of fire incident data have attempted, with mixed success, to quantify the nature and extent of fire damage related to woodstoves. All of these studies support the proposition that the consumer is responsible in one way or another—usually by improper installation or maintenance—for almost all such fires. A UL spokesman cites this as evidence that the standard is effective. While the conventional wisdom appears to hold true in a numerical sense—most studies blame the woodstove itself for only a few percent of all woodstove-related fires—it is not necessarily true in a policy sense. Even if the universe of injuries preventable by product improvements is small, it might still be easier to eliminate some of those injuries than to achieve a similar reduction in fires caused by consumer behavior. Moreover, some of the injuries "caused" by consumers could nevertheless be prevented by changes in the product.
Unfortunately, it is impossible to ascertain from recent studies of fire incident data whether certified stoves are actually any safer than uncertified ones. The data are both too general and unreliable. According to an NBS engineer, "Fire incident reports are sometimes detailed enough to indicate whether the fire originated in the appliance or the chimney, but they almost never indicate the appliance type or how far it was from the wall." None of the existing data bases even differentiates certified from uncertified stoves.
UL 1482 enjoys wide support. Unlike UL's standards for fireplace inserts and metal chimneys, it has not been controversial within UL.
Insurance companies and various independent consultants endorse the standard without qualification. Even the CPSC concluded, at least unofficially, that the standard is adequate in all respects save some minor labeling provisions. A few manufacturers have voiced opposition to UL 1482, but their complaint, contrary to what might be expected, is that the standard is too lax. Anticompetitive motives apparently explain the opposition in one case. More typical of those who do not actively endorse UL 1482 is the view of a woodstove consultant who thinks that "listing under 1482 has little or nothing to do with safety." This is not an indictment of UL's standard so much as an expression that standards per se have little effect on woodstove safety.
While that may be true in general, one of the only substantial complaints about UL 1482 is that it should cover a problem it largely ignores: creosote. The standard has no provisions for evaluating the tendency of a woodstove to create creosote. In fact, the existing test procedures intentionally "control for" the two major causes of creosote formation: low burning temperatures and high-moisture wood. All of the fire tests are conducted when the stove is burning its hottest, and the "test wood" is much drier than seasoned firewood, often with a moisture content approaching zero. It has been argued that these performance tests may actually encourage greater creosote formation in stoves, at least when they are used under normal conditions. In other words, design changes that might help bring a stove into compliance with UL's temperature limits can, according to several woodstove consultants, also increase the stove's tendency to produce creosote in the real world. Whether the standard has actually prompted such design changes is not known.
UL claims that it cannot test for creosote. "We would test for [it] if there was a way to do it," according to a UL engineer familiar with the myriad factors affecting creosote formation. To be sure, just switching to wood with normal moisture content would pose big problems. It is much harder to standardize wood at a moisture content of, say, 20 percent than at percentages approaching zero. Creosote formation is also a slow process, raising the specter of long and involved test procedures. Tests for compliance with UL 1482 can be accomplished in a few days. The NBS spent several months of constant firing for its measurements of creosote formation.
independent laboratory already conducts such tests (not for certification purposes, but as a consultative service). Similarly, there is an established test procedure for measuring woodstove efficiency—a factor directly related to creosote formation. The test uses high-moisture wood and is being performed without difficulty by the same lab.
So why doesn't UL do it? The short answer is that there is insufficient demand. Inside UL there is a feeling that creosote formation is a user problem, not a product problem. UL argues that the tendency to create creosote is irrelevant if the user avoids wet wood, monitors burning temperatures, and has the chimney cleaned whenever indicated through regular inspections. This philosophical position is reinforced by practical considerations. Including creosote tests in the standard might invite product liability suits. There have been very few woodstove product liability suits, and UL has never been named in one. However, given that creosote is the second leading cause of woodstove-related fires, that situation would likely change if UL 1482 treated creosote as a product problem. Setting an acceptable limit on creosote would also be difficult to justify, but no more difficult than the educated guesses behind many provisions in UL standards. Unlike other provisions, however, it would arouse strong opposition from some manufacturers. A UL engineer, implicitly acknowledging that these considerations outweigh any technical concerns, allowed that UL would test for creosote "if industry came to us and asked for a test and would pay for it." But that hasn't happened and isn't likely to.
The certification business for woodstoves, at least in 1979, when UL 1482 was formally adopted, was neither comprehensive nor consistent. The market for third-party certification was unusual in several respects. On the demand side, UL is often thought to have leverage over industry because the demand for its services is inelastic. In countless product areas, such as microwave ovens and television sets, everything on the market is UL-listed. Firms often need UL approval to meet requirements incorporated into law or contract. This puts UL in a position to demand various safety measures. However, in the mid 1970s there were only scattered local requirements that woodstoves be listed "by a nationally recognized testing laboratory," and the demand for certification was correspondingly weak. No more than 10 to 25 percent of the woodstoves were certified by independent labs.
has always been considerable competition from small testing labs. A CPSC survey conducted in 1981 concluded that UL had only 28 percent of the market. The competitors use UL 1482 as the standard for certification, but, as mentioned earlier, studies by the National Bureau of Standards confirm that actual test methods vary and some labs are far less demanding than others in judging woodstoves.
The government played no role regulating woodstoves; that is, until a man in Midland, Michigan, wrote a letter to his congressman.
Under statutory provisions that have subsequently been amended, the CPSC was supposed to rule on the petition within ninety days. That meant gathering all information currently available, analyzing it, and presenting a recommendation to the commission. An informal ground rule provided that the staff would not attempt to generate new information in handling petitions. Experience proved the ninety-day period unrealistic. According to one program manager, "Four to six months is more realistic." In the case of the Banner petition, the process took almost two years.
Staff members attribute the delay to the "low priority" status of the petition. Unlike unvented gas-fired space heaters, for example, woodstove safety had not been singled out by the CPSC for special attention. Ignorance compounded indifference as the staff discovered how little it (or the commission) knew (or could easily find out) about woodstoves. The commission was briefed three times in the two years after the petition was received. Each time the commissioners requested more information from the staff. By the third occasion the staff voiced annoyance at the commission's seeming inability to make a decision.
Part of the problem was turnover on the commission. Three of the five commissioners were new when the staff conducted its March 1979 briefing, twenty-one months after receiving the petition. One commissioner asked what "overfire" means. (It means what it sounds like, firing the stove beyond its capacity, as, for example, in burning a dry Christmas tree.) Another dwelled on questions about the toxicity of artificial logs—something irrelevant to woodstoves, but apparently the subject of a Washington Post article. The scarcity of helpful data available to the staff further hindered the commission. The staff was unable to find out, for example, what percentage of woodstoves were installed by consumers versus professionals. (They eventually turned to the Washington Post for this as well, citing an estimate from a then-recent article.) The staff was also unable to determine the percentage of fires related to installation. "I don't have any quantitative feel," a staff member eventually told the commission, "but installation is mentioned a lot in the in-depth investigations."
The situation changed when the commission learned in May 1979 that the National Bureau of Standards had been studying woodstoves for almost two years under contract with the Department of Energy. Before receiving the NBS report, the commission expressed confidence that it would provide an authoritative basis for CPSC action. The report did not actually answer the previously unanswered questions, but it confirmed that installation was a major culprit in woodstove fires. The commission apparently agreed with a staff memo arguing that "we cannot state the specific reason for the fires" but "common sense indicates that there is a problem." With draft copies of the NBS report in hand, the commission granted the petition with little discussion on June 7, 1979.
Several reasons explain why the commission got involved in an issue it knew little about and that many people considered trivial. First, woodstoves were a trendy topic. The Department of Energy was studying them, and the issue tied the CPSC into a topic of national importance: energy use. Second, there was a virtual vacuum of private interests to oppose a CPSC regulation. Three separate trade associations claimed jurisdiction over woodstoves, and were barely more effective than no association at all. The commission sensed a natural (and easy) area for regulation. Finally, the idea of a labeling rule, as opposed to a full-fledged product standard, was attractive to the commission and the staff. It seemed simple and likely to keep the agency out of the kind of complex technical arguments that bogged down the CPSC's lawn mower and chain saw proceedings.
Following a directive from the commission, the staff set out to develop a labeling rule. The desirability and effectiveness of mandating information disclosure was not considered during this process; it was taken for granted. Since the commission had already endorsed the notion of requiring information on minimum clearances, the staff concentrated on two other questions. First, what problems other than the "safe distance to combustibles" should be addressed by the labeling rule? Second, in relation to each problem, what specific information should the rule require?
The staff took an expansive approach in determining the scope of the labeling rule. Almost every hazard scenario that might be associated with woodstoves was considered an appropriate subject for the warning label. Many proposed warnings addressing the obvious—cautioning, for example, that stove surfaces are "hot during operation" and that hot ashes should not be placed in cardboard boxes. Others seemed more practical, such as disclosing the conditions that signal overfiring and stating how often a chimney should be cleaned and inspected. Deciding on the scope of the labeling requirements was easier for the staff than determining what specific information should be required on the label. In the case of information about clearances to combustibles, the staff had to confront the same intricacies of test methods faced by UL. The safest minimum clearance between a woodstove and a combustible wall—the information considered most important by the commission—is neither readily apparent nor easily measured. It is akin to the gas consumption of an automobile. Just as "your mileage may vary" with different driving conditions, the safest minimum clearance for woodstoves varies by such factors as fuel type, chimney size, and, most of all, by type of wall materials.
The staff recognized the problem and attempted to sidestep it. They knew that the commission did not want to get into the business of testing stoves. The CPSC had neither the budget nor the necessary technical skills. Part of the attraction of the woodstove labeling rule was its seemingly low cost and simplicity—the agency could accomplish something without facing difficult, technical issues. The commissioners also wanted to avoid the kind of criticism EPA had received over automobile mileage standards, so the development of a CPSC test method was out of the question.
that "because the staff cannot know all the conditions for which manufacturers may recommend or promote their appliances, the determination of the appropriate information is the responsibility of the manufacturer." How the "appropriateness" of test methods would be reviewed and the extent to which different methods would be comparable were questions left unanswered, at least in the first draft of the regulation.
The staff took the same approach with other provisions. Instead of trying to figure out how often a chimney should be cleaned, they put the burden on the manufacturer to specify how often. Similarly, the staff proposed that labels "indicate the conditions which signal overfiring" rather than setting forth an accepted statement. Stated in terms most favorable to the staff, the rule was a paragon of flexibility; in a less favorable light, this flexibility disguised the inability of the staff to write its own standard.
Analysis or Post Hoc Rationalization?
Several of the CPSC directorates—functional divisions within the agency—analyzed the proposed rule. The Epidemiology Directorate revised its national injury estimates and conducted in-depth investigations of specific incidents. The Economics Directorate used this information in a preliminary and final "economic impact statement." The significance of this analysis, later cited in the Federal Register as justification for the rule, is questionable, because the concept of a labeling rule was endorsed by the commission before these analyses were done.
juries requiring emergency treatment—the case with most residential fires.
In order to better understand the scenarios in which woodstoves resulted in injuries, CPSC field representatives conducted "in-depth investigations," following up on incidents reported by consumers or collected from hospitals or the CPSC's newspaper clipping service. Approximately 150 in-depth investigations were conducted on woodstove-related incidents in 1980–81. These reports verified the hazard scenarios that the staff had in mind when considering the scope of the rule. Unfortunately, most of the "in-depth investigations" do not provide information that would be particularly helpful in evaluating the rule. For example, few indicate whether the stove was certified or whether the owner read or followed the instruction manual. Some of these omissions were due to the limited training these investigators had in fire incidents. In other cases, the investigators faced uncooperative or hostile subjects.
Armed with these assorted injury data, the Economics Directorate attempted to analyze the costs and benefits of the proposed rule. As is so often the case, the costs of the rule were easier to estimate than the benefits. The staff concluded that the rule would cost approximately $2.80 per stove, or $3.6 million annually. The estimate is probably low. It was based on several optimistic, but questionable, assumptions. Although a higher estimate of costs would have been more realistic, the CPSC's estimates were not unreasonable. The same cannot be said about the estimated benefits.
CPSC's economic analysis did not seriously consider whether the benefits of the rule were likely to exceed the costs. Instead, the costs were presented alongside the national injury estimates with the assertion that "any reduction in these injuries and deaths would result in significant benefits to consumers." When the rule was published, the Federal Register notice included the statement that "the Commission is unable to estimate the degree to which the rule may reduce fire incidents, [but] a reduction of seven percent (or possibly less) … would offset the total yearly cost of the rule." The likelihood of this happening was never discussed, and although it would be very costly to conduct tests to ascertain the probable effects, there are two reasons to think that a reduction of 7 percent is extremely unlikely.
First, consumer information and education campaigns are notoriously unsuccessful. A former CPSC commissioner argues in a recent analysis of three such efforts that they frequently fail. A CPSC staff member in the Human Factors Directorate agrees that measured results "around 2 percent are about all you can expect." Second, the estimated impact must be adjusted to reflect the percentage of stoves already labeled. Since over 70 percent of the stoves on the market already bore labels substantially equivalent to those proposed by the CPSC, the marginal benefit of the CPSC rule would, at best, constitute 30 percent of the estimated potential of labeling. (As explained later, this figure is optimistic, since the CPSC has not even matched the performance of the private sector in achieving compliance.) Moreover, by the CPSC's own estimates, injuries did not decrease at all during the years in which product certification, and hence product labeling, increased significantly.
The woodstove labeling rule was "kind of a small potatoes rule," according to a CPSC economist. "It was very low visibility." It drew few comments from the public and generated little controversy. Seventy-six comments were received after the rule was published in the Federal Register: thirty-seven favored the rule, twenty-four were against it, and fifteen stated no position. Only seven people took the opportunity to testify before the commissioners at a hearing in Washington, D.C. Dissatisfaction, to the extent that it was expressed, mainly concerned issues peripheral to the content of the labeling rule. A consumer group complained that the rule should also cover fireplace inserts.
Manufacturers complained that the proposed rule would take effect before they had an adequate opportunity to adapt and sell off existing inventories.
The relationship between the proposed government standard and the existing UL standard ended up being the most difficult issue for the CPSC to put to rest. Testing labs, aware of the intricacies and importance of test methods, pointed out that mandating the disclosure of clearance information would have little meaning without specifying what constitutes "appropriate" test methods. Lacking the resources, and possibly the knowledge, to develop test methods or criteria for evaluating them, the CPSC was forced to defer to the testing labs. The proposed rule was changed to indicate that UL 1482 was an "appropriate" method.
More troublesome to the adoption of the CPSC's labeling rule, particularly given the agency's practical endorsement of the test methods in UL 1482, were increases in private product testing. The percentage of stoves tested to the UL standard rose significantly in the two years after the CPSC received the Banner petition. By some estimates, 80 percent of the new stoves on the market were certified to UL 1482 when the CPSC finally published the proposed rule in November 1980. (In 1978, it was approximately 10 percent.) The UL standard also changed while the CPSC analyzed the Banner petition. In direct response to concerns expressed by the CPSC, UL changed its labeling requirements to conform, in all but a few minor respects, to the proposed CPSC standard.
Manufacturers argued that a federal rule was unnecessary and possibly counterproductive. With compliance levels near 80 percent, the rationale for a federal rule was limited to whatever benefits the government could generate by affecting the remaining 20 percent. Unfortunately, the CPSC staff did not acknowledge the concept of marginal benefit. None of its analyses pointed out that most of the benefits of labeling, if indeed there were any, were already captured by the UL standard. Moreover, as discussed below, there was little reason, then or now, to believe that a federal rule could achieve any additional benefit.
A more difficult question for the CPSC was whether a federal rule would have an adverse effect on the laboratory certification business. The testing labs argued that the existence of a mandatory federal rule would decrease the use of independent testing and, by implication, compliance with their standards. In other words, manufacturers, content in the knowledge that they satisfy all federal requirements, might stop meeting the "voluntary" requirements, which cover much more than just labeling. Since woodstoves generated approximately $350,000 in income for UL alone in 1982, the economic implications of a drop in business were at least as significant as the possible safety implications. These two concerns were so troubling to the commission that adoption of the proposed rule was deferred in order to address these issues.
In a May 1981 briefing paper, the staff informed the commission that an estimated 70 to 85 percent of new stoves were certified to UL 1482. It was not known how many of the remainder were nevertheless built in conformance with the standard. In light of this new private sector initiative, the staff was hard pressed to recommend adopting the proposed rule. Neither did they want to abandon it, particularly in the absence of total compliance by the private sector.
could confirm the extent of third-party certification. The survey confirmed that approximately 80 percent of new stoves were certified to UL 1482; however, some of the laboratories competing with UL apparently were not as demanding in applying the labeling requirements. This compounded the staff's already considerable skepticism about voluntary compliance. The generally high levels of voluntary compliance confirmed in the market survey did not lessen the reluctance of the staff to abandon the proposed rule.
The commission agreed and adopted the rule, using as the main justification the differences between the informational requirements in UL 1482 and the proposed rule. The differences were slight. The CPSC rule demanded more detailed instructions on installing chimney connectors and cleaning the chimney. Whether the type of detail envisioned by the standard would be forthcoming depended on the process of implementation; the requirements themselves were not specific. On the other hand, a staff memo (not mentioned in the Federal Register notice) identified several respects in which the UL standard was stricter" than the CPSC rule.
The arguments advanced by the CPSC in the Federal Register rang hollow. Information disclosure is generally considered capable of affecting only a few percent of all product injuries, if wildly successful. And the commission was fiddling with the difference between using the word "furniture" as opposed to "combustibles" on the warning label. The real reason for the CPSC rule was that levels of compliance with the UL standard—estimated at 70 to 85 percent—were considered too low. Whether or not such levels of compliance should be considered acceptable, the important, but unstated, premise behind the CPSC rule was that a government standard would result in higher levels of compliance.
The CPSC's experience has not been as rosy as the staff's expectations. Stated in terms most favorable to the agency, approximately 70 percent of the woodstoves on the market comply with the CPSC standard—less than the percentage in compliance with the UL standard. Using assumptions least favorable to the agency, compliance may be well below 50 percent.
ing of the CPSC rule. Flexible requirements, while desirable in theory, can be difficult to enforce in reality. Most of the woodstove labeling requirements are purposely open-ended. The commission wanted to appear flexible, and the staff had no desire to decide (and later defend) such matters as the minimum size for lettering on labels or the best way to describe how to pass a flue pipe through a combustible wall. The CPSC had already lost a similar battle in court over proposed warnings for swimming pool slides.
Some firms, in the view of the Enforcement Directorate, are subverting the rule by taking advantage of its vagueness. The rule mandates, for example, that a warning label must be "legible," "conspicuous," and "readily visible." To the CPSC this means understandable; to many manufacturers it means capable of being understood. The difference, something not addressed in the rule, entails how well the information is conveyed. A few firms stamp the warning label into an aluminum plate, for example. The practice does not clearly violate the rule, but, as a staff member in the Enforcement Directorate put it, "I defy anyone to read it." Print size poses a similar problem. The lettering on many labels is small and difficult to read. It is not, however, illegible.
A more widespread problem, at least in relation to the installation manual mandated by the rule, is that firms do not understand what the rule requires. Vagueness can be confusing. Manufacturers are supposed to provide "step-by-step installation instructions." The rule says nothing about how detailed these instructions should be. Practically no firms are providing all of the details deemed appropriate by the Enforcement Directorate. The agency's response provides an ironic conclusion to the tale of its involvement in woodstove safety regulation: after justifying its entry into woodstove safety regulation on the grounds that independent laboratories were not doing an adequate job, the CPSC is now turning to the same labs for assistance in correcting the problems with the agency's rule. The Enforcement Directorate is trying to persuade these labs to ensure a level of detail in installation manuals beyond that specified by the CPSC rule.
there is little doubt that the rule cost more than it is worth. It is not a very burdensome rule, however, so the loss itself might be only a smidgen. But adopting the standard did not demonstrate good judgment on the part of the commission. The performance of the staff was equally disappointing, as they were unable to provide the commission with answers to many of the questions that arose during the proceedings. They shied away from technical issues at all possible junctures. Although the CPSC regulation apparently did little to improve safety directly, it may have done so indirectly. The CPSC's proposal certainly prompted UL to modify its own labeling requirements, and those changes might have produced minor benefits. The CPSC's action may also have contributed to the dramatic increase in the percentage of stoves certified to UL 1482 in the years after the Banner petition was received.
The major fault with the CPSC rule is not what it covers, but in what it does not. By writing only a labeling rule, the agency missed the opportunity to regulate a problem not covered by the UL standard: creosote production. CPSC staff members defend the decision on the grounds that the agency was responding solely to the Banner petition. This excuse is disingenuous in light of the broad reading given to other petitions. Mr. Banner's general concern was woodstove safety, and the agency certainly would not have exceeded its statutory authority by adopting a more comprehensive rule. Why, then, did the CPSC ignore the creosote problem? Two explanations are most likely. First, the agency misperceived the problem. It thought that most fires were caused by poor installation, when the data suggest that creosote in chimneys is in fact a much larger problem. Second, the staff sought to avoid technical issues. They realized that a product standard would be complicated and difficult to support in court. The agency had lost legal challenges to several earlier rules and, of late, had also lost substantial funding from Congress. A labeling rule seemed easier to defend in court and would be much less resource intensive for the agency. In short, the CPSC staff did not address creosote because they were looking for simple issues susceptible to simple solutions. A labeling rule fit the bill much better than a full-blown product standard, even though the latter might have had much more effect on safety.
UL's performance is harder to evaluate. UL 1482 has prompted some manufacturers to make design changes, while it codifies the existing design of others. Some of the changes dictated by the standard have improved the safety of the product; many have made little difference.
This suggests an element of unreasonableness in the standard. Although some firms express displeasure with UL 1482 for this reason, the sentiment is not widely held. The woodstove manufacturers' trade association endorses the standard almost without qualification. The main benefit of UL 1482 is the fire tests, which provide helpful, standardized information on clearances to combustibles. There are legitimate questions about the assumptions built into the test methods, and there are only limited data to support the specific performance criteria, but no one familiar with UL 1482 considers it to be grossly inappropriate. The standard appears to do a good job of determining safe clearances—something the CPSC knew it could not accomplish.
To the extent that labeling matters, UL can be faulted for allowing limited warnings and installation instructions for so many years. These provisions were upgraded when the standard was formally published, probably in response to the CPSC. The UL standard also avoids the creosote problem. It does not test for creosote production and, contrary to UL's assurances to canvass participants, the organization has no intention of addressing the issue. This appears to reflect a philosophical position that UL has against addressing problems caused by consumer misuse or neglect. The causes and implications of this philosophy are explored in chapter 7. | 2019-04-24T08:08:11Z | https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8f59p27j&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e2448&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=ucpress |
Much has been written by experts on value co-creation. Some believe that without co-creation value cannot be provided.
I have a view which is similar to my view on other items. For example, experience is not always necessary for value. A journey is not always desired by a customer, so why put him into a journey?
Co-creation in my view is not important in many cases, and in some cases it is extremely important. I have divided co-creation possibilities into four quadrants. The first quadrant (green) is the best for co-creation. The value creation interactiveness is high and so is the product/service experience. The worst is the third quadrant (red) where the product/service experience is low and the value co-creation interactiveness is low.
Let me start with the yellow box, which is the case for items/service for normal use. Many items are used in a routine, normal fashion. These include salt, soap, a smart phone for a lay user such as myself. I just want these to work for my satisfaction, and I do not desire an interaction with someone in your company. Many of us fall into this category.
This in highlighted grey because the colour drop down box only has main colours and not the orange one (there is a box that says stop highlighting). I know if I complain, they will say you do not know how to use MS Word, which I have been using for a long time, but never needed an orange highlight. Whom do I turn to? I can google and waste more time.
This is the quadrant which can be used for highlighting problems, getting innovative fixes, in co-creating a better mouse trap… I had a conversation with LinkedIn that I could not get my California contacts. I was told that they would help and came back saying there was a problem and they would fix it. Now California works, New Jersey does not.
My wife just got 250 mails from Bharat Matrimony saying she is a registered member. Everyone is introducing himself to her as a potential suitor. The registered member is Radhika and not my wife whose name starts with a V… There is no way to contact them but to unsubscribe, and the messages keep coming…Ugh! I have this problem with a big bank. Some guy who has an email gm@yahoo,com has put his address as gm@gmail,com and I keep getting his mails. I cannot make this go away. Help!
Here is the real co-creation opportunity, for you to develop a better cell phone. For example, I would like a better search facility that covers the address and the notes. So if I remember you as Jane’s husband, and I have Jane in the contact notes, I want to be able to find this contact.
Or I want my text messages to be easily storable, or I want to get back contacts inadvertently deleted (why can’t there be a cache), and I want all my text message to appear, or I want my call log to be stored on the net so I can pull out the messages I made in Beijing four months ago. I do not want to toggle the on off switch when I cannot activate an incoming call. Everyone will benefit, though most accept the phone for what it is.
Friends, companies have an immense possibility to distinguish themselves…but they don’t. They end up antagonising the customer no end, whereas they could make him/her their friend, and learn from them and develop and co-create with them.
Are you laughing at me or are you with me?
Sometimes, we do not have an experience with a product or service, but we still buy it on the basis of the value it delivers. Often we do not notice the experience because it remains embedded. Take salt; we do not directly experience it. We experience it when it is missing, or in excess.
The Productivity Conundrum: Why is Productivity Declining?
McKinsey states three factors include waning productivity growth rates in the last 15 years, the global slowdown due to the financial crisis on 2008, and that digitisation has not caught on.
Job growth has happened in the last few years, but not with productivity gains.
While productivity declined 1% in the 1990s growth due to computers and digitisation was ending in 2005.
Mckinsey feels that digitisation and computerization has led to cannibalisation and reduction in footfalls (up to 10% in retail). Transition barriers and lag effects are culprits. Operating and business models are changing and transforming bringing in a lag.
There is a feeling that productivity growth will be about 2% per year in the coming decade, 60% coming from digitisation gains.
I would imagine that low growth in the economy, low investments and changing workloads are reducing the effectiveness of people. This is combined with user unfriendly systems.
I am asked to do more and more on then net like paying bills and e-transactions. But when something goes wrong I cannot access the provider and get answers easily. That reduces my productivity as I have to spend unnecessary time. Companies need to rethink this and think about the customer and the convenience of the customer.
LinkedIn, Amazon, SBI, HDFC, Uber are all guilty of this.
We cannot have a lopsided productivity view: the convenience of the company at the expense of the convenience of the customer. Let me give an example: If on Uber your location is not precise due to their location system, then there is a productivity loss for them and for me. Their map showed the cab was 4 minutes away and the driver thought he had arrived.
In SBI e-statements full details of payments and receipts are not given and it is not possible to get this easily from the net or by a personal visit.
I can go on and on. Productivity gains must take into account the customer also, not just the company for it to be pervasive. If you decide not to create value, you will get nowhere. Except to use robots for productivity gains without corresponding gains for the customer, and consequently for you.
Companies have many non-value added tasks, processes, events, wastage that are non-value adding. These include starting meetings late (wasting time of many participants waiting for the meeting to start;) reading unnecessary e-mails; correcting mistakes (especially for Customers and in production or in tax reporting); unnecessary travel which could be replaced by calls or video calls; 20 people picking up bosses at airports; not doing legal or moral work.
Non-value added tasks are actually value destructing tasks. A whole discipline has been brought into play where value destroyed has become important. This in of itself is an important discipline because it looks at net value which is value created minus value destroyed minus non-value added activities.
Value co-destruction occurs mostly when there is a misuse of resources, either incorrectly, inaptly or unpredictably. This happens when the available resources are used, say in an interaction. Companies can misuse their processes to create more value for themselves, thereby destroying value for others such as employees and customers. This is planned misuse. Accidental misuse can also be disastrous for customers and destroy value for them. The reader has examples of what has happened in his eco-system Corruption destroys value for some while adding value for others.
Value co-creation has implied that both sides get benefit and that it is mutually acceptable. I get what I deserved. Value is destroyed when I feel I got less than I deserved or if something is unfair.
Or the value co-creation was one sided.
And then there is the question whether value can be co-destroyed. It can, as I explained earlier.
The definition of value is benefits minus cost. Others call this benefits minus sacrifice. Whatever you sacrifice could be construed as value destruction…Ouch, this takes too much time or effort, or they make me feel like a fool.
However, very few researchers have looked into the possible downsides of value co-destruction. The risk of losing customers this way is highly likely, as 40% of customers who had a bad experience will discontinue doing business at the offending firm. To prevent nearly half of consumers from churning after a bad experience, it is therefore crucial that both parties communicate their expectations extensively toward another so value can be co-created instead of destructed.
What work is the Customer willing to pay for?
Who is the Customer? Are some classes of work for internal customers necessary? If such work is free now, would someone pay for these services or work?
The more companies can align their priorities with the those of the Customers and make the tasks that are relevant and necessary for Customers, that is make their business priorities the one’s important for the Customers the more successful they will be.
Customer anxiety, keeping them waiting, ignoring them, Unnecessary contact, annoying customers, poor quality all are a wasted effort for the company and the Customer and should be cut out. These are relevant to the customer as they are exposed to these all the time.
In the example, if the company was to take Customer Value, Customer experience and effort, customer redressal seriously and move them into the top right hand quadrant, then customer needs and company needs would start to coincide.
This is shown in the chart below.
There have been cracks in the CX story. And now there is another article by a CX proponent, Charles Bennett of the Next Ten Years, Great Customer Experience does not always mean great business performance.
Really? Problem! This is not always true. There is new thinking emerging that differentiates customer outcomes from customer experience. It adds a new dimension which helps companies differentiate from their competitors.
Spirit Airlines is amongst the most profitable airline in the world with an operating margin of 23% in 2016 . You can’t deliver that sort of business performance unless customers are buying, and buying they certainly are. There must be another customer dynamic going on.
Another example is Subway, ranked 8th in the Temkin Customer Experience Survey of 300 odd US companies. Yet their revenue figures fell 4.3% in 2015 for the second consecutive year. It opened 911 new restaurants but closed 877.
Very often this is not the case. It took years before companies learnt that Customer Satisfaction did not lead to business results. Poor satisfaction did not always mean lower market share, and great satisfaction did not necessarily mean higher market share.
All this started at AT&T. In the mid ‘80s they got 95% CSat scores. The Board of Directors was delighted and gave out bonuses. 3 months later they lost 6 points of market share and had to fire 20000 employees. Customer Chief Ray Kordupleski was perplexed. After much analysis, he reached the conclusion that CSat did not correlate to business results, and he came up with the concept of Customer Value (Benefits – Cost), and that Customer Value was always to be measured against competition. Brad Gale, then at Strategic Planning Institute promoted the concept of Value.
Look at this yourself. You have examples of when you were upset with your airline or your favourite restaurant and even your wife. Did you leave them. It takes a lot more to do so. What are the factors that could lead to your leaving?
Continued aggravation over a period of time. Getting a better option (and you find this better option will create greater value for you).
Take my case. I owned a Honda car and liked it. Yet during re-purchase I chose the Suzuki competitor, because it gave me better value, better features at a competitive price. I bought the Suzuki because of its enhanced value over the Honda. In my next purchase, I went back to buying a Honda, even though I loved the Suzuki. At that point in time, the Honda seemed to create better value for me.
When companies started to find satisfaction was not good enough, a new term was used to replace satisfaction and it was called experience.
The experience with this transaction vs. the satisfaction with this transaction.
It allowed the industry to re-invent itself into CX. Measurement of CX is the same as with satisfaction. It is not to say that CX and CSat are not important. They are. But they form a component of the value you perceive. We do not expect great experience or emotions at a gas station as when buying a BMW.
We all have to think this through, and move ahead. Increase CX but also the value you provide. Let the cracks not break your business results and you.
So what can you do? The easy way is to do a real Customer Value creation desk analysis of yourself (your product/service) and your competitors. This forces you to look outside your company at the market, your competitors and their customers. Why do people buy from them and others buy from you.
You do not have real data from Customers and your competitors Customers. You may not know what Customers are saying about you and competitors’ Customers saying about them. You probably will have to guess and you could be far off from the truth.
So this was the easy way. The more difficult way is to really hear and capture the Customer Voice in a Value study, where you measure the scores on the benefits (and the breakup of the benefits) and on the cost (which is price and non-price terms such as ease of doing business, price justification etc.). You then can measure the Value (Benefits –Cost) you are creating versus competition.
The competitions’ data is derived by asking the competitors’ customers the same questions you ask your customers (Most people do not want to do this extra step and spend the extra money. They lose out because they cannot compare themselves versus competitors). Short cuts will give you incomplete data, and you will wonder why you do not come out a winner. This is part of the problem of only relying on CX or on NPS.
CX is one part of the benefits, and you may find it is relatively important or not at all important in the Value study. So, if you did an analysis of budget airlines (the more finely you segment your study, the better off you are), you may find CX is not truly important, and that price and other terms, convenience and airports served, and luggage rules are more important.
Give the experience where it is required. Reduce the need for an experience when it isn’t: I just want things to work (the flight leaves on time, there is no hassle with my carryon luggage and so on). The moment things go wrong (the airline says your luggage is too big to carry on) or flights are delayed, or you have to get a refund, you start to get poor experience; an experience you never wanted, and you will say Never Again, but you will continue to travel that airline again.
Remember your Customers’ quest for Value and a good experience as you sell to and service them, and you will be more successful.
Read how to become a great expert and a success on being a Customer Leader!
“Value, the personal and individual perception of what a product or service is worth (rationally and emotionally) to a customer, relative to alternatives available in the marketplace, is perhaps the most challenging concept for enterprises and leaders to define and execute. In this comprehensive book, Gautam Mahajan, a world expert in customer-perceived value, the understanding of real benefit is taken well beyond merely understanding the customer experience journey and the effect of pricing. Value is built on experience memory, and the tangible and functional components of vendor-provided products and services; and the book examines the enterprise culture, processes, feedback channels, messaging and positioning which impact customer decision-making. The book offers actionable tools for calculating and strategically sustaining perceived value and customer loyalty. Finally, the author provides two important foundations for organizations to follow. The first is a Customer Bill of Rights, with examples, stating the parameters of what the vendor will provide and what the customer should expect. The second, especially important (and something very few books cover), addresses drivers of employee commitment and contribution to added value for customers. All in all, the book provides needed insights and methods for every organization and manager.” – Michael Lowenstein, PhD, CMC, Thought Leadership Principal, Beyond Philosophy (www.beyondphilosophy.com), author of Employee Ambassadorship, Customers Inside, Customers Outside, and The Customer Advocate and The Customer Saboteur.
“Only about 10% of firms are highly effective at creating value for, and from, customers. In this book, Gautam Mahajan pulls back the curtain to reveal why value creation is a critical discipline for every CEO and then backs it up with practice advice on how to make value creation a way of life. | 2019-04-23T20:43:30Z | https://customervaluefoundation.wordpress.com/page/2/ |
In an online piece dated March 30, 2007, The Economist covers HP's (NYSE HPQ) Edgeline, as well as their HP Officejet Pro L7000 all-in-ones, Kodak's EasyShare 5000 series, and even the Silverbrook Memjet developments in a short but robust view of what's been a VERY ACTIVE first quarter of 2007 in the inkjet printing world.
No one expects Silverbrook to go head-to head with HP, Canon, Epson or Lexmark. But if the Memjet technology is as good as the scuttlebutt suggests, it could easily be licensed to market heavyweights like Dell, Panasonic or Samsung.
Kudos to the GreenPrint team for recognition by Gartner Group as one of the Cool Print Vendors for 2007! Regular readers may recognize the innovative printer-supplies-saving company from my Hard Copy Observer Observations column, in both February and March of this year.
Added 5/2007 -- See the full report.
My friend Vince Ferraro is thinking outside the box again over on the LaserJet Blog today. He's found an interesting Internet appliance called the Chumby and is envisioning printing opportunities in the future that might be driven by information coming into us from devices we're not thinking about today. His reference to driving directions brings to mind my post on the same subject from February, and how printing continues to evolve. As time goes along, we end up printing less of some things (when's the last inter-office memo you cranked out?), but print more of things we can't even envision until suddenly they seem to become part of our everyday lives!
Just a quick post for my readers to consider. While cruising around Wikipedia this morning for another reference, I found myself at "Printing" and saw this call for experts. So have at it, experts!
Larry Magid has reviewed the HP OJ L7680 All-in-One, which is of course the companion product to the printer-only version exclusively at Staples, the HP OJ Pro K5400dn color inkjet printer.
After working with this printer for several weeks, I must say I'm pretty impressed. Because of its speed and economy, I find myself using it instead of my laser printer.
I also find myself using color where I once would have settled for black.
So long Microsoft, hello Boise!
Please indulge me in one last diversion from my usual printing and imaging beat, with this entry from my seminar circuit of last week, especially since it ties in so well to Boise's upcoming Kickstart event coming up April 18th and 19th.
Rich Sloan, from Startupnation.com and our 2007 Kickstart keynoter, was joined by his brother Jeff, as they opened the last day of Microsoft's Small Business summit on Friday. The Sloan brothers described their "10 Steps to Start a Business" for the Microsoft seminar attendees. They shared lots of very practical tips that add up to great insight -- and on April 18th Rich is sure to hit on at least a few things that you haven't thought of if you're in the start-up phase of your entrepreneurial endeavors. It was one of the high points of the week, and when Rich visits Boise, he'll have much more time and will put on a great show, guaranteed!
Guy Kawasaki "kicked off" the Microsoft seminar on Monday, and the Sloans closed it out Friday, so there's some great symmetry with Boise's Kickstart. Just like Guy's Kickstart keynote at the premier event in 2005, Rich Sloan will be offering a memorable event this coming April. Less than four weeks to go, and I can't wait. We'll see you there!
In my old-school bias towards the traditional tech "print" press, it's finally about time some of them showed up! Of course I've already posted about what The Hard Copy Observer and Lyra Research have been all over, the Memjet/Silverbrook story, for two weeks now, and the bloggers have done what they're best at, PC Magazine is finally on the story today with a piece, "Stealth Inkjet Printer Startup Could Rock Industry". Nothing much new except for the quotes from the head man at Lyra, and we'll forgive that they mispelled the names of Lyra's Charley ("Charlie") LeCompte and Kia ("Kai") Silverbrook, but nonetheless old reliable "PC" provides a good update on this most fascinating story in our industry.
3/28 update -- Investors Business Daily has a story. This is the first we've seen analyst opinions from outside the house of Lyra.
3/30 update -- The Economist covers all the recent action in the inkjet market.
4/2 update -- Databazaar Blog, from "the country's largest independent online retailer for printer supplies", covers Memjet Silverbrook including an interview with their VP Marketing for Home and Office, Kim Beswick.
4/3 update -- Another blog post, no new info but a good summary from Consumer Electronics land at TWICE -- Memjet Cometh.
From the horse's mouth so to speak!
Antonio Rodriguez blogs about the acquisition and HP (NYSE HPQ) plans for the Tabblo technology. Exciting times to come!
Here's a nice review/comparison of Tabblo from last month's USA Today by Jefferson Graham, although HP has much bigger (and different) plans for making Tabblo technology available to others' web sites. Stay tuned for more on this.
"HP’s goal is to make printing content from the web the easiest and best experience possible for people – whether they are printing a simple map or a book of their favorite blogs,"said Vyomesh Joshi, executive vice president, Imaging and Printing Group, HP. "By acquiring Tabblo’s technology and making it available to companies that host popular websites, HP will be firmly on the path to becoming the print engine of the web."
It's been an interesting and seemingly full year in the Printing and Imaging industry already -- can't wait for Spring, Summer and Fall!
A little field work yesterday at my local Staples retail store revealed the HP OfficeJet Pro K5400dn color inkjet printer in stock (in its prominent front-of-the-store display) and still priced at $199.98, the "sale" price originally proffered in a sales flyer that indicating a two-week offer that ended March 17th. I've blogged about numerous times in the last few weeks. The HP (NYSE HPQ) and Staples (SPLS) exclusive printer has fallen off the Techbargains site -- I will ping them as to the ongoing availability at the old (really good!) price.
For some who think I pay too much attention to the history of the printer industry and not enough to the future, too bad, because here's one that goes WAY back! Thanks to my friends at Planet Printmode, who in turn sent me to the PrintCEO blog, who discovered this great site, Historical Print Shop, who sells prints REALLY OLD images, included the one highlighted above.
This reference to the multiple links is in keeping with the spirit of the machine, which allowed the user to reference multiple open books at the same time (more or less) and proposed as an early precursor to hypertext, per the PrintCEO blog description. And also in that spirit of equating the past to the future -- I'll be blogging from the Web 2.0 Expo in mid-April!
It's a multiple conference day for me today (Monday the 19th of March, 2007), and I hope my regular readers will forgive me as I divert from my normal printing and imaging beat to devote my personal attention to two (semi-)related topics of the two conferences, with a look ahead to a third event, the upcoming Kickstart entrepuenuer event in Boise on April 18th and 19th.
First, I spent the morning at the Cendesic Findability SEO (Search Engine Optimization) Conference at Boise State University, co-sponsored by Balihoo and Blueline Grassroots Marketing. That conference covers the "how" side of what I do -- content creation (formerly known as writing) and especially blogging. I won't cover more about that here, though if my readers know what to look for they may see some results of my learnings in the near future.
My next conference of the day is of the virtual variety, the Microsoft Small Business Summit, which I'm attending as an online participant. I'll be "there" all week, sporadically at least. I hope to gain insight on Small Business best practices from a distinguished series of practitioners assembled by Microsft and co-sponsored by Compusa, Visa, and Dell. Regular readers will know that like much of the economy, many printing and imaging trends are driven by innovative small businesses. These include HP's (NYSE HPQ) and others development of do-it-yourself marketing and Eastman Kodak Company's recent announcement of small business print outsourcing.
Today's keynote is by none other than one of my favorite business writers and speakers (and bloggers), Guy Kawasaki. Guy's a long-time friend who was the also our original keynote speaker for the original Kickstart conference, in 2005. He's presenting an updated version of "The Art of the Start" titled "The Art of Innovation" and it's a classic Guy presentation, complete with a Top 10 list. He does his usual great job, though he's got less time for both the remarks and Q&A parts of his show.(He also seems a little less relaxed than he was at The Morrison Center two years ago, but maybe that's because he's in Redmond speaking at a Microsoft conference, a company he's been known to diss a little from time to time).
Content includes his "DICEE" theory of what makes great products (deep, intelligent, complete, elegant, emotive), and his famous 10/20/30 rule for presentations. (That's 10 slides, 20 minutes, 30 point font. And I love a new twist on the latter from today's Q&A -- as a "pitcher" of a new company, your effective PowerPoint presentation just, best case, keeps you from being eliminated from the process, and not from breaking through for funding or whatever other form of acceptance or recognition you seek. That takes personal relationships and 1:1 time following the PowerPoint phase.) And the final key to the Art of Innovation -- don't let the bozos grind you down!
A Great Monday start...and I'm looking ahead to Friday when The Sloan Brothers of Startupnation.com will present on the last day of the Summit. Coincidentally, Friday, and will be in Boise on April 17th on the first night of the Third Annual Kickstart! So don't miss them, live, in a month, at Kickstart!
A colleague over at Printer Industry News specializes in corporate printing and especially the combination of products and services that's come to be called Managed Print Services. Ed Crowley of Photizo Group has an excellent post, from last Friday, calling for customer comments on just what MPS means in the real world.
Busy Times at Eastman Kodak Company -- One post, Three stories!
It's been a very busy 2007 for our printing and imaging industry so far, with Kodak (NYSE EK) doing more than its part to keep us feeling always a little bit behind in reporting and analyzing the various developments. So in the mode of catch-up here's a special "Three in One" update.
First, going back to last month's dramatic inkjet photo printer (and all-in-one) announcement (see my February archives for numerous posts), the Kodak EasyShare printers are putatively making their way to market. Techbargains featured the EasyShare 5100 on March 8th at BestBuy, and Robert Mitchell in his Computerworld Blog points out (two days ago in fact) that the Best Buy web site is indicating the Kodak EasyShare 5100 printer as "sold out". (Verified by me today, that's how the site reads.) The Kodak EasyShare 5300 all-in-one is ready to be shipped from the BestBuy warehouse immediately, and the site says "available at most stores". Time for a field trip! (Of course these products for the time being anyway are available exclusively through BestBuy -- not counting the Kodak direct ecommerce site. Seems these exclusives, ala the Staples arrangement with the HP OfficeJet Pro K5400dn color inkjet printer, are becoming popular! And the Kodak blog fairies or at least Animaxent, the agency that sponsors them along with the "inkisit" web site, got me again this week!
Second, on to some activity in the Small Business "do it yourself marketing" area, another one of my favorite developing markets. Kodak announced on Tuesday that they're offering quick turnaround marketing materials in the style of photofinishing services. At first glance this appears at odds with the true DIY mode of doing short-run print jobs on a desktop color laser printer, but actually it might be a good complementary service. This is assuming the focus (as it appears from the website) is on hard-to-finish items like booklets and calendars, leaving the simpler letter-size flyers, for example, to the desktop laser.
And third and last, Kodak has re-structured its organization chart. Now the bulk of the company , everything but the film division, reports to a Chief Operating Office comprised of ex-HP (NYSE HPQ) printer executives Phil Faraci and Jim Langley, who in return report to (also ex-HP) Chairman and CEO Antonio Perez. I don't know if that's classified as a friendly or an unfriendly "takeover", but it's definitely the creation of the ever-popular "two-in-a-box" management structure.
Vince Ferraro's LaserJet blog has been busy lately, at least going by the comments section of his post "New driver solves Vista printing problems for LaserJets". A couple of weeks ago, I posted about Vista issues generally and Vince's offer to help LaserJet customers, holding this up as an example of vendors other than Microsoft being proactive in helping their customers through the Vista transition.
And maybe things are getting better all over? My totally unscientific "Google News Index" had 815 hits for "Vista Bugs" on February 27th, but it's down to "about 406" occurrences this morning!
As noted in my monthly column, I am fascinated by any company in any industry, big or small, that identifies an unmet user need or customer pain point and then develops a product or solution to address that need. GreenPrint’s discovery was the wasteful printing of extra, nearly blank Web pages, something that has been accepted for too long among the printing user community. This issue is one that neither hardware nor software vendors have managed to address satisfactorily but that GreenPrint’s software utility aptly takes on.
A broader but related issue that has long been a sore point for customers and a business opportunity for enterprising companies is the cost of printing. Back in 1991, the premier issue of The Hard Copy Observer featured stories about third-party laser printer toner suppliers (Observer, 10/91). Before that, when the first HP LaserJet shipped in 1984, refillers were quick to attack the firm's supplies pricing strategy, and, truth be known, the copier industry ecosystem included third-party toner suppliers for at least two decades before that.
But what about more systematic efforts beyond simply reducing the cost per toner particle and ink jet droplet? I have first-hand knowledge of HP's (NYSE: HPQ) effort to conserve supplies usage by introducing an "economode" on the HP LaserJet 4L in May 1993 (Observer, 5/93). The initiative was driven by the realization that customers want to produce cost-effective drafts or other short-lived documents that do not have to be beautiful and pristine. Other vendors followed suit with hardware and software solutions such as n-up functionality, which saves paper in similar draft applications. To be complete, I should also include the long-standing Microsoft PowerPoint "handouts" mode that saves ink, toner, and paper and lightens the load on presentation attendees.
And there have been other angles. In 2001, Carly Fiorina, then CEO of HP, was queried by security analysts in a quarterly earnings conference call about an initiative by General Electric (GE) to "digitize everything" and thus take direct aim at printing costs (Observer, 6/01). GE’s initiative sought to address the high cost and low efficiency of paper-based processes with changes such as more electronic distribution of documents and manuals. Fiorina was confident at the time and said, “The reality, frankly, that we see is that more people are printing more today than ever,” a sentiment that could just as easily have been heard at the 2007 Lyra Imaging Symposium. It is interesting how initiatives like GE's often get lots of attention at the start but are rarely followed up with additional coverage.
Speaking of the Symposium, the data presented by Lyra analysts and industry executives shows that the printing and supplies markets continue to grow in consumer and commercial settings. However, one would be naïve to think that the corporate world depends on paper-based processes as much as it once did. Rather printing has changed from knowledge workers printing stacks of e-mail to printing resource materials from Web browsers.
GreenPrint's sales funnel for the enterprise version of its software is strong evidence of the movement to reduce printing in its new forms. According to Hayden Hamilton, CEO of GreenPrint, a laundry list of household corporate names comprise GreenPrint's enterprise sales funnel, and each of these claim user "seats" in the five- or six-digit range. The firm's increased visibility reflects the influence of the Wall Street Journal's Walter Mossberg and his affinity for products that solve real user problems. Following his December 2006 review, GreenPrint has been besieged with corporate interest, in addition to queries and downloads by end users. While not yet ready to announce any corporate megadeals, GreenPrint has announced an agreement with Portland State University, which plans to use the GreenPrint solution to reduce its 32 million annual pages of print.
Once again, finding a user need and addressing it, if done simply and elegantly, offers a company a very good chance for success in the printing industry or any other. GreenPrint's journey along its "green" course bears watching in the future.
On the worldwide technology trade show circuit, the largest of them all is the CeBIT show in Hannover, Germany, traditionally held in mid-March. I haven't attended for years, but I was at one time a regular, including the very last year (1985) of tech's inclusion as part of Hannover Fair, the world's largest industrial show. Yes, 20 years ago, you could see PCs and backhoes at the same show!
Since then CeBIT has prospered for the most part, and even now, with its IT-only focus, it's grown to an ungainly size and then started to suddenly shrink, which some would point to as the beginning of the end in the trade show lifecycle. (See my musings on Comdex, CES, etc, from last year in Obituary for the Trade Show?) Colleague Oliver Fritsch blogs about his views, from reading the local press in his native German about near-giveaway tickets and available hotel rooms in Hanover on the eve of the show, an all-time first.
My first visit, in the mid-80's, found me staying in Bremen, some 100 km away!
Last year, Jim Lyons wrote a special column titled “A Tale of Two Conferences” that compared and contrasted the 2006 Lyra Imaging Symposium and Demo 2006 (Observer, 3/06). In this article, he revisits this topic after attending the 2007 versions of both events.
Before discussing some of the interesting confluences between the 2007 Lyra Imaging Symposium and Demo 2007, let us take a brief look back at 2006. In my March 2006 column, I pointed out the clear differences between the two events in terms of their target audiences, technology and market scope, and presentation format. Despite the differences, I was able to find many points of commonality. For example, several of the 2006 Lyra Imaging Symposium presentations identified end-user issues and opportunities in the global printing and imaging market, and some exhibitors at Demo 2006 addressed these same user needs with specific products and services. In 2006, both Riya and Sharpcast took steps to alleviate the end-user pain associated with the disorganized morass of digital photos being captured. Directly related to printing, one of the consensus hits of Demo 2006 was Blurb, a physical bookmaking service that was just getting started on its venture to create books from blogs. Another company called Smilebox captured my attention by straddling the physical and ethereal worlds and specializing in greeting card and scrapbook design and printing.
This year, Demo 2007 and the 2007 Lyra Imaging Symposium were held during the same week at the end of January just down the road from each other. Not long after hearing a stimulating Lyra Imaging Symposium presentation on personal bookmaking by Frank Cost, associate dean of the College of Imaging Arts and Sciences and codirector of the Printing Industry Center at Rochester Institute of Technology, I arrived at Demo to find a particularly relevant demonstration by SharedBook. Based in New York City, SharedBook was similar to Blurb at last year’s Demo in that the firm succeeded in getting the Web-2.0-oriented Demo audience thinking about, at least briefly, actual physical books.
The idea of pulling Web content into something that can be created in physical form inspired another company at Demo 2007: ink2. The company offers a Web-based service, also named ink2, that enables users to produce print-on-demand greeting cards and products using images from the Web. The company does have a link to the Lyra Imaging Symposium, albeit an older one: ink2’s parent company is Touchpoint, a company founded in 1999 that found success taking greeting-card orders via the Web and delivering the cards via hard copy. Touchpoint’s personalized print-on-demand greeting cards made it to the Lyra Imaging Symposium stage in 2002, when Benny Landa, Indigo CEO (and soon-to-be HP employee), touted Touchpoint’s cards as part of the overall “killer app” solution that personalization represented and that digital typesetters enabled (Observer, 2/02). Touchpoint was an early Indigo digital press customer and remains an HP Indigo customer (along with ink2) today.
Preclick Corporation was a demonstrator back on the photo-sharing stump this year. (Of course, these days, video and music sharing also get lots of attention at Demo.) The company has experience as a software supplier to photo-printing Web sites such as Costco, HP, and Wal-Mart. Preclick announced its Preclick Instant Photo Messenger (IPM), which aspires to solve photo-sharing issues that arise from the use of multiple e-mail and instant messaging methods. Preclick infused its presentation (and its value proposition) with the importance of printing for both end users and industry intermediaries, including manufacturers and resellers, in the whole photo-sharing equation. To highlight this point, Preclick included a giveaway of 3M Post-it photo-card kits as part of its individual presentations.
In most years, Preclick’s presentation would be about as close as you can get to hearing about printing, especially personal printing, at the Demo conference, but Demo 2007 proved different from previous conferences in this respect. One of the big stories of the first day was Zink Imaging, a company that demonstrated a real live printer product on the main stage, and Zink’s new printing products feature radical technology and designs to boot.
The company had some fundamental advantages in wooing the audience, at least based on the observations of this ongoing Demo attendee. Being one of the first presenters on day one helped, and Zink featured a “gadget” among the sea of Web 2.0, social networking, and/or multimedia-sharing products and services at Demo 2007. After all, this is the conference that premiered historically significant devices such as the Palm Pilot and Tivo.
Paul Baker, vice president of business development for Zink, and Stephen Herchen, Zink CTO, were clearly favorites among the Demo crowd, and this popularity was made evident at the closing banquet when a video featuring a number of the Demo companies drew spontaneous applause when it focused briefly on the Zink demonstrators. In an ambitious attempt to rank all the Demo products and services, several blog postings at the venture-capital-oriented Deal Blogs (www.thedealblogs.com) ranked Zink’s printers among the top ten most important announcements of the show.
Frankly, the Zink prototype printers’ specifications are not particularly impressive on a speeds-and-feeds basis. The printers’ cost, quality, and speed are about what we have come to expect for traditional ink jet photo printers. But the prototypes that Zink displayed, an iPod-sized portable printer and an integrated camera/printer, are stunning, and the fact that the printers eliminate ink cartridges with heat-activated dye crystals embedded in special paper plays well both as the firm’s purported means to miniaturization and as a means of addressing end users’ concerns about the high cost of ink. Although Zink’s machines are still dependent on special paper as a supply, at least some users and journalists value the machines’ “Zero Ink” approach.
I asked myself why Zink chose to announce its new printers at a conference like Demo, with its more general-interest audience, as opposed to Kodak’s bet-the-company photo ink jet printer announcement on February 6, for which the firm rented Studio 8H at NBC in New York City. One advantage of Kodak’s industry-focused introduction can be found in the timing of the two firms’ coverage in The Hard Copy Observer. By working inside the printer industry, Kodak’s announcement was covered in the February 2006 issue, while Zink will be covered in the April issue, even though Zink officially announced its products a week earlier than Kodak.
The choice to go mainstream, however, does represent a very interesting marketing statement and ties back to the 2007 Lyra Imaging Symposium and the presentations that included forecasts for prints from digital still cameras and camera phones. For years now, our industry has extolled the potential for printing more of these captured images once people figure out how to get the photos out of their cameras. In the simplest of marketing truisms, fewer steps always beat more steps when it comes to user adoption, so a printer in a camera makes more sense than a multidevice system. When someone can easily print their photos with a tiny printer inside the camera and printing becomes the preferred method for people to get photos out of their cameras, we may really have something.
I leave the last statement a little open-ended because Zink has lots of work ahead, not the least of which is recruiting capable partners to get a product to market. I will be keeping my eye on the company, however, and will update readers on Zink’s progress in the future.
As regular readers know, I've been blogging lots about the HP OfficeJet K5400DN inkjet printer recently. I was motivated to serve my printer-oriented readership with multiple posts when I found that Staples' exclusive arrangement with HP (NYSE HPQ) meant that the product was under-covered in terms of information and reviews, at least relative to what we've become used to in our information-rich environment these days.
So, here's really the first true review that I've found, from the UK Version of PC Magazine. As these things go, pretty positive I'd have to say, with a across-the-board 7.0 (out of 10) score on factors including Service and Support, Design, Features, and Performance. BTW the UK price of £115 converts to $222 USD, or about a 11% premium over the Staples US Price of $199.98.
And proving that we do our best to keep current in this blog, the review is dated March 13, 2007!
HP (NYSE HPQ) made some news yesterday with an announcement about their new HP Compaq PCs that conform to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Energy Star 4.0 regulations, which go into effect on July 20, 2007. But what about Green Printers?
Regular readers of this column and Lyra's The Hard Copy Observer will remember that I wrote a column about a company (and product) named GreenPrint just recently, but that's about a "different" green -- using less paper and other supplies (ink and toner) when printing.
But a campaign to reduce the number of computer printers in the building -- thereby saving on paper, electricity and cartridges -- is evident only to the employees who have given up the luxury of printing documents at their desks.
This year, other duties call and I'm sitting out PMA (the Photo Marketing Association's annual show). Even though Vegas is not all that far away, I wasn't able to figure out how to be two (or three or ...) places at once. Anyway, I'm keeping on eye on goings-on via my trusted friend, the WW Web. This morning, an entry into Google News yields 98 hits for "PMA Printers" and a quick scan of the articles reveals the usual suspects, including Xerox, Kodak, HP, Canon, Olympus, Epson, etc. I'll keep reading and maybe find something especially interesting.
Headline of the show so far goes to CNET, for the story on HP's color matching announcement: "HP technology aims to capture true 'Shrek' green".
They seem to visit in the middle of the night, at least Mountain Standard Time's middle of the night. And they don't stay for long -- just enough time to leave a short blog comment promoting Eastman Kodak Company's new inkjet printers, announced just a month ago yesterday. They don't even have time to read the post, apparently. Last week I highlighted a Forbes piece all about Kodak's strategy with their new printers -- and "Cameron" commented, a few days later, that "Kodak is launching a new printer, as part of it's (sic) new strategy, check out www.inkisit.com".
Patrick Hoffman at eWeek.com takes on a big enterprise-oriented question in a piece titled "Are Universal Print Drivers a Competitive Advantage for HP?" that quotes two well-known industry analysts (Peter Grant of Gartner and Keith Kmetz of IDC) along with HP (NYSE HPQ) Marketing VP Vince Ferraro. The conclusion is that the answer to the question asked in the title in "yes", HP's universal drivers give HP a leg up in enterprise (corporate) accounts tasked with supporting hundreds of different printers in various operating environments. HP has a large advantage on this front, compared to competitors Xerox, Lexmark, Canon, Epson, and Dell.
As I look around my offices, while not what most would classify as an "enterprise", I certainly can relate to the difficulty of keeping many devices working on multiple computers, especially when they all require unique driver software.
Vince Ferraro, btw, has blogged on the subject of Universal Print Drivers recently.
Here's one for all of us printer enthusiasts. Nick Gonzalez at TechCrunch reports on Scribd (that's not a typo) getting venture funding and also provides a nice description. This is definitely worth a try! You can too at http://www.scribd.com/.
I continue to receive hundreds of visitors each day looking for more information on the HP OfficeJet Pro K5400dn color inkjet printer, the product HP and Staples are offering to US buyers for the compelling price of $199.98. Due to its "newness" and the exclusive HP (NYSE HPQ) arrangement with Staples (NASDAQ SPLS), reviews and other product information are scarce, so I've been doing my best to provide a clearing house of links to information I can find.
As I mentioned in an earlier post, the K5400 series of printers is designed to replace the venerable K550 family of inkjet printers, but like its predecessors, it's positioned as a cost-effective alternative to color laser printers. None other than HP, at the The HP LaserJet blog by Vince Ferraro, offers a comparison between the K550 and color lasers, from January of this year. HP should know as they lead the market in both categories.
Buyers want the HP OJ Pro K5400DN inkjet printer!
I've posted every day since Friday about the new HP OfficeJet Pro K5400DN inkjet printer, the printer manufactured by HP (NYSE HPQ) and sold by Staples (NASDAQ SPLS) (in an exclusive arrangement) just available at the great price of $199.98.
While this is a news-and-analysis blog I felt I owed my readers some guidance, especially since I was the only English-language web site that came up when Googling for "HP OJ Pro K5400DN inkjet printer"! I have tried to provide a service by helping people that found my blog at least get to some minimal spec-and-review type info on the printer.
Potential buyers have FLOCKED to my blog, about 500 since my first post on Friday, seeking information. Thanks readers and hope you got some help! I'll continue to follow the saga!
A little more web-crawling led me to this Gartner Group summary of the new HP OfficeJet printer family (including the HP OJ Pro K5400dn color inkjet printer being offered exclusively at Staples in the US). Like the analysis in "The Hard Copy Observer" (published by Lyra Research) I mentioned in one of yesterday's posts, Gartner's note is geared to the industry, but potential customers may find it helpful too.
"Shake-Free Printer" -- Exclusive to Staples!
Here's a little more scoop on the HP OfficeJet Pro K5400 inket printer (aka OJ K5400) from a source in Singapore, the PC Pro web site (thanks Snap.com!). The headline is "HP's new shake-free business printers" and does anyone besides me find this a delightful coincidence? The point is that this is the printer being sold exclusively in the US by Staples, who brought us the popular and hilarious "Just Shake It" TV commercial recently?
Yesterday, I wrote a short post about an email I received from Staples (that's right, I received this special email along with their 3 million other closest friends).
Well, I've had some of my heaviest blog traffic ever since then, with numerous keyword searches on "HP OJ Pro K5400dn color inkjet printer" through Google and other sources leading to my blog. And although I'm primarily a "business and marketing news and analysis" blogger, I'm going to provide some guidance for those of you who've found my site due to your interest in buying this HP (NYSE HPQ) printer going on sale at Staples tomorrow.
First off, at least at my local Staples, the printer is in stock and for sale NOW (Saturday March 3rd) at the advertised price of $199.98, even though the ad says the price is effective starting tomorrow.
Secondly, where do you read about the product, since it's a Staples exclusive and thus not reviewed anywhere on the web? (In fact, my blog, jimlyonsobservations.blogspot.com, is the ONLY English-language site that comes up when the printer name is entered as a Google search!) Let me try to help.
The publication that carries my monthly column, "Observations", is The Hard Copy Observer, and in their February 2007 issue, they carried extensive coverage of HP's K5400 "family" of printers that were announced early in the month and replace the HP K550 inkjet printers. But like this blog, The Hard Copy Observer is a publication mostly for printer industry insiders, and (unlike this blog) it's not available on the Web. It's a print-ohly publication and costs $650 a year, which is a bargain if you're an industry insider, but not if you're a consumer or small business person debating whether or not to spend $200 on a printer!
HP's own web site has a press-oriented description of the K5400 series including an "available in March" statement. The product descriptions don't go deep and of course they're not reviews. Nor does the HP site include specifics about the K5400tn or K5400dtn, let alone the Staples-exclusive K5400dn.
Cnet, in their reviews section, lists the HP K5400, K5400tn, and K5400dtn but has no reviews yet and shows VERY limited availability (MacMall only).
So what's my shopping advice outside of visiting your local Staples and taking a look? Cnet (and other sites) carry reviews on the K550 and related printers from HP so that would be one place to start.
Please comment below with other sources of information and even more critically, your FIRST HAND INFORMATION. Thanks!
Ok, so bloggers blogging about blogs is one of the worst of all possible violations of blogging etiquette and also potentially a huge yawn (see above) -- I admit it! But every once in awhile I just have to do it.
So I'll make this short and since it's Friday afternoon maybe I can get away with it! Our hometown newspaper, the Idaho Statesman, has a Page One story today on business blogging that I feel part of for several reasons! One of the featured agencies, Blueline Grassroots Marketing, helped me get started on my "serious" blog just a year ago, at the conference mentioned in the piece. So thanks Blueline! And Cendesic Marketing provides some great business blogging tips in the sidebar -- I should know, I helped craft and test them, along with Cendesic's founder, Oliver Fritsch! In the spirit of full disclosure, in addition to my journalism/blogging activities evident here, I'm a partner with Cendesic.
The teaser email from Staples this morning reads "The New HP printer only at Staples" and I quickly zoom into the Staples Inc (NASDAQ SPLS) ad. Good March 4th - 17th, the online advertisement indeed features a great-looking HP (NYSE HPQ) inkjet printer with "professional laser quality", the HP OJ Pro K5400dn color inkjet printer, and touts 25% less CPP (Cost Per Page) that the fine print explains is compared to under-$500 color lasers and under-$250 mono lasers, by Current Analysis in July 2006. Also included in the fine print is that the color ink cartridge is not included in the $199.98 price for the OJ Pro K5400dn.
Once again, the news from Dell Inc is not so good, though not so bad either, in the earnings announcement for their 2006 Fourth Quarter announced after yesterday's market close. They missed on revenues and had a big drop in earnings, but the stock is actually reacting pretty well at mid-day today, among a minority of tech stocks up a bit in an otherwise ugly market at mid-day.
News on printers? Not much. They're altogether missing from the corporate press release, but the Reuters piece by Philipp Gollner summarizes Dell's position vs HP (NYSE HPQ) as follows: "It lags HP in the fast-growing markets of notebook computers, consumer PCs and printers."
This is a bit off the direct printing/imaging beat but I have to report on my experience with a mobile phone message transcription service I'm trying out, with pretty good success, from Simulscribe. My voice messages (up to a minute in length) are transcribed and then quickly emailed to me, which is handy, because I'm often more "at one" with my email via one of my many computers than I am with the mobile phone. So far so good!
Listen to the NPR morning edition guys talk about it (from Monday February 26, 2007).
I highly recommend the read, but let me add my take on the answers to three questions the authors pose (and then provide their own answers). The authors' premise is that the answers to the three questions are critical to Eastman Kodak Company's ability to succeed in pulling off a "classic low-end disruption" with their newly announced inkjet photo printers.
"Do available products overshoot existing customers' needs?"
Christensen and Anthony answer in the affirmative, citing evidence of this in the growing share of third-party ink products. Basically this says that today's inkjet photo printers print quality has reached diminishing returns -- the quality of photos printed is MORE than good enough for most consumers, and they're willing to trade down a little bit to a lower level of print quality for a much lower price. Actually I see it as a bit more complicated, with cost as only one factor. In my home, photo printing is losing out to much-simplified, fast and cheap out-sourced printing (eg HP (NYSE HPQ) and their Snapfish/Walgreen's connection), unless I need one or two quick prints. And I do this to save hassle and conserve my ink -- not because I'm so worried about the cost per print but I don't want to run out of ink too quickly, again, because getting a new cartridge and installing it is a hassle. I want fresh black and color ink ready to go for that next one-to-two-photo print job!
"Will companies like HP copy Kodak's strategy?"
This is a very provocative question, as the authors explain the importance of profitability in the whole strategy and how Kodak will be better off if competitors don't follow them into this new cheaper-ink model. (Seems like a pretty basic conclusion but again, the rationale by Christensen and Anthony is very thought-provoking).
Indications so far are that market leader HPQ (see transcript link in my HPQ analysis post for CEO Mark Hurd's comments) is taking the high road and not planning on following Kodak. I'll bet on others do follow EK, even if HP does not.
"Will success expand the market?"
Although the authors suggest otherwise, I can't see it, at least in terms of long-term growth. (The idea here is that a market expansion is less hurtful to the competition.) My opinion is based on my belief that IT'S NOT ABOUT THE NUMBER OF PENNIES PER PRINT. Ease-of-use issues still hold back home photo printing, especially when alternatives or substitutes (including options that DON'T INCLUDE PRINTS) become much easier and more accessible. See my comments under question #1.
That's the conclusion of the authors. I am less optimistic than they are, although I commend their thoughtful analysis! | 2019-04-25T09:54:42Z | http://jimlyonsobservations.blogspot.com/2007/03/ |
The directors’ and officers’ insurance policy (D&O) was originally designed to protect the directors and officers from allegations of mismanagement and bad decisions. Over the last twenty years, the policy has evolved to include a wide range of exposures, from fiduciary and entity coverage to employment practices liability insurance. It is really much more accurate to call these policies “executive risk insurance,” for they actually protect organizations and executives from a wide range of decision-based exposures.
There are no standard D&O insurance policies. Coverage provided varies widely by insurer. Each policy and proposal of coverage must be reviewed and analyzed carefully to determine the best offering based upon the needs of the financial institution.
Bank directors and officers have a fiduciary responsibility to customers, shareholders, and the general public in all dealings. They must work to the interests of the stakeholders in their dealings. There are also regulatory issues.
Each insurer’s policy has a unique definition of “wrongful act.” The term refers to any actual or alleged act, omission, error, misstatement, misleading statement, instance of neglect, or breach of duty by an “insured person” in the discharge of his or her duties with the financial institution.
“Insured persons” are (generally) any past, present, or future director, officer, employee, or honorary director or trustee of the financial institution.
Losses include any amount that the insured persons are legally obligated to pay, including judgments, settlements, defense costs, pre- and post-judgment interest, and punitive damages (where insurable by law). Fines and civil money penalties are almost never covered by insurance — without special endorsements.
Pure D&O policies do not provide protection for the “entity” – the bank itself. Many lawsuits name one or more “insured persons” as well as the bank. In such a case, without entity coverage in a D&O policy the judgments, settlements, and costs of defense will be allocated by the insurer between the financial institution and the individual insured persons. If the allocation determines that sixty percent of the action was attributable to an insured person, the D&O policy (without entity coverage) would pay only sixty percent of the judgment. The balance would not be covered.
-lending-related suits brought by borrowers or guarantors.
-suits brought by depositors alleging negligence with regard to any kind of forgery, unauthorized withdrawal, or employee dishonesty.
-suits related to electronic banking activities.
-suits related to IRA or Keogh plan administration.
– suits alleging breach of fiduciary duty or employee benefit plan liability.
-suits alleging notary errors and omissions.
-suits alleging negligence regarding investment advice.
-suits related to data processing operations performed by the financial institution.
-suits brought by business partners.
-suits served against the bank by third parties wronged by business partners or scam artists, alleging that the bank is negligent simply by virtue of being the perpetrator’s depository.
-nuisance suits initiated by those who go after the “deep pockets” of the financial institution.
D&O policies also can include protection for “employment-related practices” such as discrimination, wrongful discharge, sexual harassment, and the like.
The idea that D&O protects directors and officers is actually a bit off. In most claims, D&O reimburses the bank for the bank’s indemnification of the officers and directors.
Your bank’s bylaws include an indemnification agreement that requires the bank to reimburse directors for expenses incurred in their duties. In reality, it is the assets of your bank that protect your officers and directors. Your D&O insurance reimburses your bank.
As there are no standard D&O policies, each policy and proposal must be evaluated on its own merits. No two policies use the same definitions or exclusions.
What amount of coverage is provided by the insurance policy? What is the total amount of protection offered for the total of all claims during the covered time frame (also known as an aggregate limit)? D&O policies are “claims-made contracts.” Coverage applies to any claim brought during the policy period. Multiple claims can, in effect, use up the limit of coverage.
Each year I put out an update of my recommended minimum limits of insurance for banks. Go to www.UofBankInsurance.Com for the latest edition.
Each policy has limits on the dollars that will be paid out. Coverage is changed dramatically by the structure of the limit. Does the policy have an aggregate maximum, a total limit of all claims? Do claims in one section deplete limits of coverage available in other coverage sections?
Suppose you have an a policy with an aggregate limit of three million dollars, a D&O limit of three million dollars, an entity limit of two million dollars, and an employment practices limit of one million dollars. Here, employment practices claims reduce the coverage available for claims against the directors and officers.
Then consider a policy with no aggregate limit, a D&O limit of three million dollars, an entity limit of two million dollars, and an employment practices limit of one million dollars. In this example, claims in one part of the coverage do not impact the coverage available.
While entity coverage is an important protection, improperly designed coverage can dilute the insurance available for true D&O claims. If claims in the entity section of coverage reduce the limits available, the bank could run out of insurance to protect directors.
Having entity claims outside the basic policy limit or as a separate limit protects the bank from using up the coverage. Alternately, the bank can purchase higher limits of coverage.
Some D&O policies break up the coverage into three traditional coverage sections: A, B, and C.
Side A is coverage for individual directors and officers for claims where indemnification by the bank is not allowed by law or because the entity has no assets. Derivative suits are also covered here — suits by the bank against the directors.
Side B pays for incidents where individual directors and officers are sued when indemnification of the individuals is allowed. These are by far the most common claims.
Side C is coverage for the company (a.k.a. the bank). Some policies use the term “entity” to describe who is insured by this section.
As has been said, directors’ and officers’ insurance covers a great deal of territory. All the bells and whistles, however, can draw coverage away from the primary purpose of the policy — protection of the directors and the officers. The addition of separate, inviolate coverage just for claims that cannot be indemnified (so-called side A) can be a last ditch “stronghold” of coverage for D&Os.
Think of this as the “panic room” of bank insurance protection. A director is in legal trouble. For whatever reason, the bank cannot indemnify him or her. Dedicated side A protection is there, untouched by other bank claims.
The above scenario is the bleakest. When things are that bad, I’m not sure any amount of insurance is enough. Many banks are unwilling to offer such coverage, as it takes premium from other, perhaps more pressing, insurance needs.
All policies define the term “insured persons.” The contract may indicate directors, officers, employees, or some other variation. Most contracts extend coverage to “past, present, and future” directors, officers, and employees.
It is common for D&O policies to include the cost of defending a claim (attorneys’ fees, etc.) within the policy limit of liability. That means that the amount of coverage purchased must be enough to cover the awards and defense costs of all claims. This can also be an issue to consider relative to aggregate limits.
When you buy one million dollars of auto insurance, you get defense costs plus the one million. In D&O (most often), a five hundred fifty thousand dollar lawyer bill depletes the coverage available to pay the court-ordered award.
When there is a claim, who is responsible for the defense of the claim, the insurer or the insured? Who determines which attorney is used? Most common is a duty to defend by the insured, allowing the bank to choose defense counsel (usually with the approval of the insurer).
Some of the above exclusions exist because other policies provide better protection (as in the exclusion of bodily injury, where coverage is provided under a general liability policy). Other exclusions exist so that only insurance buyers with that exposure will buy the additional coverage. Why include trust liability coverage for all banks when only some have trust exposures?
Regulators may sue directors of troubled banks. A regulatory exclusion removes coverage for such actions. Accepting a D&O policy with a regulatory exclusion should be a desperate move, accepted only when there are no other options available in the marketplace. Ask your insurance advisor if there is a regulatory exclusion in your policy.
This appropriately named policy provision limits the insurer’s liability should the insured refuse to accept a settlement offer from the plaintiff. In many cases, the insurance policy limits the insurer’s obligation to the amount of the settlement offered. Some also restrict defense costs when the insured wishes to continue the fight.
The marital estates extension is now common in most D&O policies. It provides protection for the spouse of an “insured person” when a suit is brought against community property or property held jointly. Coverage only applies when the actions of the “insured person” cause the claim. For example, an officer is sued over issues surrounding a loan application. The officer’s spouse is also brought into the suit, as he or she owns the family home. The marital estates extension provides the spouse with coverage.
Who can cancel your policy? Can the insurance company decide it no longer wants to provide coverage? Too often, I see policies with terms that allow the insurer to bail out with sixty days’ notice. Look for your insurer to provide coverage through the full policy term. Get the cancellation clause adjusted to prevent midterm cancellation—other than for nonpayment of premium.
Note: Most policies do not guarantee premiums. An insurer may not be able to cancel your policy, but it may be able to triple your premiums!
Unlike most business insurance contracts, many D&O policies are issued with two- or three-year terms. Depending on competition or the current condition of the insurance market, insurers may offer discounts for prepaying premiums for multiyear policies.
While the policy may be issued for three years, insurers often have policy provisions that allow for premiums to be adjusted if circumstances at the bank deteriorate or if there have been claims.
Multiyear policy coverage limits are stated for a single year. Aggregate limits are annually reinstated. A $1 million claim in year one does not reduce the coverage available in year three.
It is quite common for community bank officers to serve on boards of directors for nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit service coverage provides protection for actions by an “insured person” arising out of his or her work as a board member for a nonprofit when it is considered part of his or her bank duties to perform such a public service. Coverage is usually in excess over any insurance or assets the nonprofit has.
Frankly, this coverage is nothing to crow about. For coverage to apply, the nonprofit has to exhaust its assets and insurance. Having coverage on the bank’s D&O is certainly better than nothing. However, the insurers are not giving away much here.
Look at the definition of “loss” in your D&O policy. You will find that fines and penalties are not included in the coverage. The FDIC does not care. Neither do your state regulators.
Civil money penalties (CMP) insurance is a part of many D&O policies. It provides coverage for penalties assessed by regulatory agencies against directors and officers. The bank itself is not eligible for coverage.
Some insurers require that the individual directors who want CMP pay for the coverage with a personal check. Others allow the bank to pay the premiums as long as the bank certifies that the directors have paid the bank for the protection.
Premiums for CMP for community banks are almost always under one hundred dollars per director per year for one hundred thousand dollars of coverage.
There is currently a fair amount of discussion about this issue. Supposedly, the FDIC is concerned that buying civil money damages coverage could cause problems.
Good advice. Talk with your bank’s attorney.
I counsel against buying CMP coverage. I think it goes contrary to the expressed desires of the regulators. We may not like it. However, regulators have made no secret of their interpretation of the regulations on this issue.
Employment practices liability coverage can be a part of the D&O insurance or a separate policy. The protection provided includes such issues as wrongful discharge, harassment, discrimination, etc. Check the policy’s definition of “wrongful employment act.” Does it include only certain acts, such as sexual harassment? Or is the coverage broad, including workplace harassment, for example? Are discrimination suits brought by third parties covered? Remember that including employment practices claims in your organization’s D&O policy could affect the limit of liability available for other claims. Negotiate your coverage so that claims paid for employment practices suits are outside the limits of coverage for your entity and directors’ and officers’.
See the separate discussion on employment practices liability policies.
Lender’s liability claims are often included in a separate coverage section. Some insurers will exclude insurance sales and brokerage operations in their basic policies. Coverage can be added back by endorsement.
Trust operations are also commonly excluded. Banks that need protection for such operations can have coverage added for an additional premium. See the separate section on trust errors and omissions insurance.
Be aware of policies that provide only coverage for professional liability suits brought by customers. Many causes of legal action can come from third parties — spouses, beneficiaries, the vendors, customers, or contractors of your customer. Regulators may bring suit, as may other financial institutions that participate in loan packages with your bank.
Some policies require that the relationship between the bank and the party bringing suit be based on a fee relationship. Review the policy to be certain that insurers use a broad definition of professional services to include any transaction where the bank receives some tangible benefit, rather than a narrow requirement that there be a direct monetary relationship.
Several years ago, I was meeting with the president of a small bank and the head of the human resources department. I’d been hired a few weeks earlier to perform a due diligence review of the bank’s insurance, and we were going through a list of concerns I had identified in my analysis.
“Your ERISA exposure is not covered,” I said. The HR VP laughed. A few minutes later, she was not laughing.
It was the “personally liable” part that got the HR manager’s attention. “Explain what you mean by personally liable,” she said.
The issue is pretty straightforward. If you administer a health insurance or pension plan, you are liable for any mistakes you make— you, not your company, is liable. If you forget to add an employee to the health insurance, it’s your house and bank account that is tapped to pay a claim. If the premium doesn’t get sent and the policy is cancelled, it’s your assets on the line. Fail to make decisions in a prudent manner about the 401(k) plan, and guess what happens to your savings account.
The HR manager had even more to be upset about when I mentioned the next kicker. In addition to personal liability, ERISA specifically forbids indemnification by the administrator’s employer. If you make a mistake, your company cannot bail you out. Insurance is the only third-party solution to the personal liability provision.
The Fiduciary section to the D&O policy (or a separate policy) is the solution to the ERISA problem. The coverage provides protection for “wrongful acts” that result in a claim against the administrator of benefit plans. Premiums range from a few hundred dollars to thousands of dollars, depending on the size of the employer.
We are not talking about errors to customer accounts here. Fiduciary liability provides coverage for errors in administering your bank’s employee benefit plan.
By the way, many people confuse ERISA fiduciary liability with the ERISA bond requirement. The law mandates that employee pension and retirement plans have a bond of 10 percent of the assets (up to five thousand dollars) to cover loss of the funds through embezzlement. Some fiduciary policies include the fidelity coverage. Most do not. For most banks, your financial institution bond provides an extension of coverage for the ERISA bond requirement.
Some businesses and insurance agents confuse employee benefit liability insurance with the FRIP. Bad call! The FRIP covers errors and omissions in the administration of benefit plans. The employee benefit liability policy covers mistakes but excludes ERISA liabilities. The wrong claim against an employer with employee benefit liability could result in a “for sale” sign going up in front of the HR manager’s house.
This coverage section provides coverage for the bank against liability caused by errors or omissions while acting as administrator or trustee of IRA or HR 10/Keogh plans for others.
Lender liability insurance protects the financial institution against lawsuits alleging improper procedures, extension of credit, refusal to lend, or improper servicing of loans. The exposure is often excluded in the professional liability section of the D&O policy and then added back at an additional premium. Limits of coverage and deductibles may be separately applied as well.
Every directors’ and officers’ liability policy is unique. Read your policy!
Securities liability provides protection for the entity against lawsuits resulting from the purchase, sale, or offer to purchase or sell any securities issued by the insured (sale of the bank’s own stock).
While not a lot of explanation is needed to describe this coverage, stockholder actions against board members are the most frequent area of D&O claims for publicly traded banks.
Trust E&O coverage protects the bank from liability arising out of wrongful acts in the administration of trust accounts. The coverage may be an endorsement to the D&O policy or a separate, stand-alone policy. In any event, make sure that coverage for this protection does not erode the aggregate limit of coverage on the D&O. If you offer trust services, your trust E&O coverage should be a separate limit of coverage.
Some insurers provide this coverage in the D&O policy. Some make it a separate policy. See the chapter dedicated to this important protection. | 2019-04-26T08:32:40Z | https://www.scottsimmonds.com/bank-insurance-coverage/executive-riskdirectors-officers-insurance/ |
The New Orleans (LPD 18) is the second ship in San Antonio-class of amphibious transport dock's and honors the largest city of Louisiana and one of the world's major ports. Three previous ships have borne the name New Orleans in honor of the "Crescent City", including the third New Orleans (LPH 11).
October 14, 2002 The keel laying ceremony for the New Orleans was held at Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, Avondale Division in New Orleans, La.
November 20, 2004 The Pre-Commissioning Unit (PCU) New Orleans was christened during a ceremony at Avondale shipyard. Mrs. Carolyn Shelton, wife of General Henry H. Shelton, former Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, served as sponsor of the ship. Cmdr. John B. Skillman is the prospective commanding officer.
December 11, The amphibious transport dock was launched at Mississippi River for the first time.
October 23, 2006 PCU New Orleans departed Avondale, Louisiana, to conduct Builder’s sea trials in the Gulf of Mexico.
March 5, 2007 LPD 18 departed Avondale Shipyard and transited the Mississippi River toward her namesake city.
March 10, USS New Orleans was commissioned during a ceremony in New Orleans, La.
April 3, The amphibious transport dock departed Naval Support Activity New Orleans, following three weeks of ships training, certifications, and maintenance for a maiden cruise to its homeport of San Diego.
May 3, USS New Orleans arrived at its homeport of Naval Base San Diego, Calif., for the first time.
September 11, LPD 18 pulled into Fleet and Industrial Supply Center, Pearl Harbor, to transport military personnel’s privately owned vehicles to the mainland United States.
December 14, USS New Orleans is currently off the coast of southern California conducting routine training with the USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76) and the ships of Destroyer Squadron (DESRON) 7.
February 22, 2008 The New Orleans is currently participating in an amphibious warfare certification exercise in the Pacific Ocean.
June 13, Cmdr. Scott D. Davies relieved Cmdr. John B. Skillman as CO of the USS New Orleans.
December 6, The amphibious transport dock is currently participating in certification exercise, as part of the Boxer (LHD 4) Expeditionary Strike Group, in preparation for an upcoming deployment early next year.
January 9, 2009 USS New Orleans departed homeport for its maiden deployment.
February 3, LPD 18 departed Apra Harbor, Guam, after a two-day port call.
February 24, The New Orleans departed the Maldives following a five-day exercise Coconut Grove, consisting of military to military training with the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF) and humanitarian assistance in the form of dental care and medical training.
March 20, USS New Orleans collided with USS Hartford (SSN 768) around 1 a.m., in the Strait of Hormuz. The ship suffered a ruptured fuel tank, which resulted in an oil spill of approximately 25,000 gallons of diesel fuel. Aboard the Hartford fifteen were injured but returned to duty.
March 21, The two naval vessels were brought to the Mina Salman Pier at Manama, Bahrain, for further damage assessment.
April 25, LPD 18 entered the dry-dock at Arab Shipbuilding and Repair Yard "ASRY" Shipyards in Manama to continue repair work on the ship's hull. The repair contract, includes planning efforts, material procurement, pre-fabrication and dry dock repair work and is expected to be completed in 10 to 14 days.
May 12, The New Orleans returned to sea and will resume the Maritime Security Operations (MSO) in the U.S. Navy 5th Fleet Area of Responsibility.
July 8, The amphibious transport dock arrived in Sasebo, Japan, for a routine port visit.
August 1, USS New Orleans returned to San Diego after a seven-month deployment.
December 3, LPD 18 completed a three-day underway, its first since returning home in August, conducting well deck and aviation readiness (AR) qualifications.
February 13, 2010 The New Orleans is currently off the coast of southern California participating in a three-week exercise Iron Fist, which teamed U.S. Marines and sailors with the Kyushu-based Japanese Ground Self-Defense Force infantrymen. The soldiers arrived in early February to train nearly a month with Expeditionary Strike Group 3 and I Marine Expeditionary Force elements.
June 10, USS New Orleans departed Naval Base San Diego for a three-month deployment in support of Southern Partnership Station (SPS).
June 15, The amphibious transport dock arrived in Manzanillo, Mexico, for a scheduled port visit.
July 3, USS New Orleans recently anchored off the coast of Ancon, Peru, to participate in Partnership of the Americas (POA)/Southern Exchange (SE) 2010, a combined amphibious exercise designed to enhance cooperative partnerships with maritime forces from Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay and Colombia, from July 2-24. LPD 18 will serve as the platform from which Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force (SPMAGTF) 24 will conduct amphibious operations.
July 20, The New Orleans arrived in Callao, Peru, for a scheduled port visit.
July 31, USS New Orleans pulled into Bahia Malaga Naval Base, Colombia, as the third stop in support of this year's annual Amphibious-Southern Partnership Station.
August 20, LPD 18 arrived in Balboa, Panama, as the final stop in support of A-SPS 2010.
September 2, USS New Orleans returned to San Diego after a nearly three-month underway period to South America and the Caribbean.
October 1, The New Orleans is scheduled to enter General Dynamics NASSCO shipyard in early November, for a 12-week planned overhaul to fix problems with its diesel engines. The ship departed dry-dock Feb. 4, 2011.
May 4, The amphibious transport dock departed Naval Base San Diego for sea trials.
June 2?, Cmdr. Dennis J. Jacko relieved Cmdr. Jeffrey L. Oakey as CO of the USS New Orleans during a change-of-command ceremony on board the ship at San Diego.
July 20, LPD 18 departed Naval Base Point Loma after a six-day magnetic deperming n in preparation for the ship's upcoming deployment, as part of the USS Makin Island (LHD 8) Amphibious Ready Group (ARG).
August 10, The New Orleans departed San Diego to participate in a two-week Amphibious Squadron (Phibron)/Marine Expeditionary Unit Integration Training (PMINT) off the coast of southern California.
September 1, USS New Orleans departed homeport for a Composite Training Unit Exercise (COMPTUEX).
October 1, LPD 18 is currently underway off the coast of southern California for a Certification Exercise (CERTEX).
November 14, USS New Orleans departed Naval Base San Diego for a scheduled deployment with the Makin Island ARG.
November 23, The New Orleans departed Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam after a two-day port visit to Hawaii.
December 11, The amphibious transport dock arrived off the coast of Cambodia to take part in exchanges of expertise with the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces.
December 17, USS New Orleans pulled into Sihanoukville, Cambodia, for a two-day port visit.
December 27, LPD 18 departed Changi Naval Base after a four-day port visit to Singapore.
January 7, 2012 The New Orleans pulled into Mina Zayed port for a four-day visit to Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
February 29, USS New Orleans recently pulled into Salalah, Oman, for a routine port call.
April 5, The amphibious transport dock pulled into Khalifa Bin Salman Port at Hidd for a port visit to the Kingdom of Bahrain.
April 24, The New Orleans arrived at Aqaba Naval Base, Jordan, to conduct agricultural counter-measure washdowns of all embarked equipment.
May 14, USS New Orleans anchored off the coast of Phuket, Thailand, for a scheduled port visit.
May 23, LPD 18 anchored in Victoria Harbor for a four-day port visit to Hong Kong. Inport Fleet Activities Sasebo, Japan, from May 31- June 1.
June 13, The New Orleans pulled into Pearl Harbor for a brief port call to embark "Tigers."
June 22, USS New Orleans returned to homeport after more than a seven-month Middle East and western Pacific deployment.
July 31, The New Orleans arrived in Seattle, Wash., for a six-day port visit to participate in Seafair festivities.
September 27, BAE Systems San Diego Ship Repair has been awarded a $20 million modification to a previously awarded contract (N00024-11-C-4407) to definitize the USS New Orleans Phased Maintenance Availability (PMA). Work is expected to be completed by April 2013.
November ?, Cmdr. David Ray relieved Cmdr. Dennis J. Jacko as CO of the LPD 18 during a change-of-command ceremony on board the ex-USS Midway.
April 30, 2013 USS New Orleans is currently underway for amphibious warfare certification and aviation readiness qualification.
May 21, The amphibious transport dock is currently underway for MISSILEX in the SOCAL Op. Area.
June 11, USS New Orleans departed Naval Base San Diego for a 17-day underway to conduct Amphibious Squadron (Phibron)/Marine Expeditionary Unit Integration Training (PMINT), as part of the USS Boxer (LHD 4) ARG; Underway for COMPTUEX from July 8-19; Underway for CERTEX from July 26- Aug. 7.
August 23, USS New Orleans departed San Diego for a scheduled Middle East deployment.
September 16, LPD 18 moored at Rivera Wharf in Subic Bay, Republic of the Philippines, for a four-day port call to participate in Amphibious Landing Exercise (PHIBLEX) 2014.
October 2, The New Orleans moored at Berth 5, Changi Naval Base in Singapore for a three-day port visit; Entered the Arabian Gulf on Oct. 2?.
November 9, USS New Orleans moored at Khalifa Bin Salman Port (KBSP), Bahrain, for a five-day liberty port visit to Manama.
January 2, 2014 The amphibious transport dock recently pulled into Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates, for a liberty port visit to Dubai.
February 3, USS New Orleans recently moored at Berth 13, Mina Salman Port in Manama, Bahrain, for a brief port call.
From March 1-5, the New Orleans conducted agricultural counter-measure washdowns while anchored off Kuwait Naval Base; Departed Arabian Gulf on March 8.
March 22, USS New Orleans moored at Berth 3, Pier 15 in Manila South Harbor, Philippines, for a routine port call.
April 1, The New Orleans is currently underway off the coast of Pohang, Republic of Korea, in support of annual combined exercise Ssang Yong; Inport Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, from April 15-17.
April 25, USS New Orleans returned to Naval Base San Diego after an eight-month deployment.
May 30, Capt. Douglas C. Verissimo relieved Cmdr. David Ray as the 6th CO of LPD 18 during a change-of-command ceremony on board the ship.
July 17, BAE Systems San Diego Ship Repair was awarded a $15,2 million modification to previously awarded contract (N00024-10-C-4407) for the USS New Orleans Selected Restricted Availability (SRA).
December 3, The New Orleans returned to Naval Base San Diego after a transit from BAE Systems shipyard.
January 30, 2015 Capt. Keith G. Moore relieved Capt. Malcolm H. Potts as Commander, Amphibious Squadron (PHIBRON) 1 during a change-of-command ceremony aboard the USS New Orleans.
February 19, USS New Orleans departed homeport for sea trials after an extended seven-month SRA; Underway for local operations on March 9; Moored at Bravo Pier, NAS North Island for a brief stop to onload ammunition on March 11; Moored at Pier 4 on March 13; Underway for Aviation Certification (AVCERT) and Afloat Training Group 1.4 basic phase training from April 20- May 1.
May 15, LPD 18 returned to San Diego after a 10-day underway for well deck certification and routine training in the SOCAL Op. Area; Underway again from May 18-2? and May 26- June 1.
June 17, Rear Adm. Daniel H. Fillion relieved Rear Adm. Frank L. Ponds as Commander, Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) 3 during a change-of-command ceremony on board the New Orleans at Berth 1, Pier 6.
June 24, USS New Orleans departed Naval Base San Diego for a two-day underway off the coast of southern California; Underway again from July 17-22; Underway for a Board of Inspection and Survey (INSURV) assessment on July 28; Underway for a day-long CORTRAMID cruise Aug. 4; Underway for local operations from Aug. 5-1?; Underway for amphibious training exercise on Aug. 20.
August 23, Capt. Glenn R. Jamison relieved Capt. Douglas C. Verissimo as CO of the USS New Orlenas during a change-of-command ceremony on board the ship. The New Orleans moored today at Wharf 311 on Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach, Calif., for ammo onload.
August 27, LPD 18 returned to Naval Base San Diego after a week-long underway.
August 31, USS New Orleans departed homeport for a 12-day underway to participate in annual amphibious landing exercise Dawn Blitz, off the coast of Camp Pendleton; Underway for Amphibious Squadron (PHIBRON) 1/Marine Expeditionary Unit Integration Training (PMINT), with the 13th MEU, from Sept. 21- Oct. 2; Underway for a Composite Training Unit Exercise (COMPTUEX) from Oct. 19- Nov. 6.
December 10, The New Orleans moored at Berth Lima, NAS North Island for a brief port call to disembark an MV-22B Osprey (Bureau #168026), assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 166, that suffered a Class "A" mishap while landing on board, at around 5 p.m. local time on Wednesday, while the ship was underway off the coast of Camp Pendleton.
December 16, The amphibious transport dock ship moored at Berth 1, Pier 6 on Naval Base San Diego after a 13-day underway for Certification Exercise (CERTEX); Underway for a Missile Exercise (MISSILEX) from Jan. 19-22.
February 12, 2016 USS New Orleans departed San Diego for a scheduled deployment as part of the USS Boxer (LHD 4) Amphibious Ready Group (ARG); Moored at Bravo Pier, NAS North Island for a brief stop to onload ammo.
February 19, The New Orleans arrived off the east coast of Oahu, Hawaii, to offload Marines and equipment to Waimanalo Beach, on Bellows Air Force Station (AFS), for a sustainment training exercise; Inport Pearl Harbor from Feb. 22-23.
March 10, LPD 18 anchored off Pohang, Republic of Korea, to participate in amphibious landing exercise Ssang Yong 2016; Transited the Strait of Singapore on March 26.?
March 27, USS New Orleans anchored in Makham Bay, Thailand, for a four-day liberty port visit to Phuket.
From May 11-13, the New Orleans conducted onload of Marines and equipment at Arta Beach, Djibouti, for a month-long sustainment training exercises with the French military.
May 22, USS New Orleans recently transited the Strait of Hormuz northbound; Moored at Mina Salman Port in Manama, Bahrain, from May 23-27; Transited the Strait of Hormuz southbound on May 28; Transited northbound on June 26.
July 3, The New Orleans completed backload of vehicles, while anchored off Kuwait Naval Base, after a four-day agricultural counter-measure washdown.
July 4, USS New Orleans moored at Berth 12, Mina Salman Port in Manama, Bahrain, for a five-day liberty visit; Transited the Strait of Hormuz southbound on July 11; Transited northbound on July 12.?
July 13, USS New Orleans recently moored at Berth 58, Quay 9 in Port of Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates, for a liberty visit to Dubai; Transited the Strait of Hormuz on July 18.
July 24, The New Orleans moored at Quay Wall, East Container Terminal in Port of Colombo, Sri Lanka, for a five-day visit; Transited the Sunda Strait on Aug. 3.
August 7, USS New Orleans anchored off the coast of Tanjung Benoa, Indonesia, for a five-day liberty visit to Bali; Transited the Makassar Strait northbound from Aug. 13-14.?
August 29, LPD 18 moored at Berth M3 on Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, for a four-day port visit and to embark friends and family members for a Tiger Cruise.
September 12, USS New Orleans moored at Berth 2, Pier 10 on Naval Base San Diego after a seven-month deployment in the U.S. 5th and 7th Fleet Areas of Responsibility (AoR).
October 17, The New Orleans departed homeport for a four-day underway in the SOCAL Op. Area; Underway for routine training and ammo offload at the NWS Seal Beach on Oct. 28; Moored at Wharf 311 on Oct. 30.
November 4, Capt. Walter M. Slaughter relieved Capt. Glenn R. Jamison as the 8th CO of New Orleans during a change-of-command ceremony aboard the ship at Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach.
November 9, USS New Orleans returned to Naval Base San Diego after a 12-day underway.
November 9, BAE Systems San Diego Ship Repair was awarded a $36,7 million contract for the execution of Drydocking Selected Restricted Availability (DSRA) for USS New Orleans. This contract includes options which, if exercised, would bring the cumulative value of this contract to $51,6 million. Work is expected to be completed by March 2018.
December 8, The New Orleans moored at Berth 2, Pier 10 after a six-day underway in support of amphibious exercise Steel Knight 2017, with the elements of 1st Marine Division, off the coast of Camp Pendleton.
February 23, 2017 USS New Orleans entered the new floating dry-dock "Pride of California" at the BAE Systems shipyard.
January ?, 2018 USS New Orleans undocked and moored pierside at BAE Systems shipyard; Moved "dead-stick" to Berth 5, Pier 4 in Naval Base San Diego on Feb. 8.
February 13, Capt. Kenneth A. Strong relieved Capt. Walter M. Slaughter as CO of the New Orleans during a change-of-command ceremony on board the ship.
October 12, The New Orleans moored at Navy Fuel Farm (NFF) on Naval Base Point Loma for a brief stop before underway for sea trials, following an extended 21-month availability; Anchored at A-171 for a brief stop on Oct. 13; Returned home on Oct. 18; Underway again from Nov. 14-16.
November 27, USS New Orleans departed homeport to participate in amphibious exercise Steel Knight 2019, with the elements of 1st Marine Division, off the coast of Camp Pendleton; Moored at Wharf 311 on NWS Seal Beach for ammo onload from Nov. 27-30.
December 3, LPD 18 anchored at Coronado's anchorage A-171 for a brief stop; Moored at Berth 5, Pier 4 on Dec. 14.
January 25, 2019 The New Orleans moored at Berth 5, Pier 10 on Naval Base San Diego after a five-day underway in the SOCAL Op. Area; Underway again on Feb. 5.
February 11, USS New Orleans moored at Wharf 4 in Port Hueneme, Calif., for an 11-day port call to conduct combat systems groom with the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC); Returned home on March 1; Moored at NFF for a brief stop to refuel before underway again on March 7.
March 12, The New Orleans commenced its participating in exercise Pacific Blitz 19, while underway off the coast of Camp Pendleton; Returned home on March 26.
April 10, USS New Orleans moored at Berth 5, Pier 10 on Naval Base San Diego after a one-day underway off the coast of southern California.
April 12, Capt. P. Scott Miller relieved Capt. Kenneth A. Strong as CO of the LPD 18 during a change-of-command ceremony on board the ship. | 2019-04-25T16:13:53Z | http://www.uscarriers.net/lpd18history.htm |
MALMÖ, Sweden, April 17, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Hansa Biopharma AB (publ), Reg. No. 556734-5359, with registered office in Lund, summons to Annual General Meeting on Wednesday 22 Maj 2019 at 17.00 CEST at the auditorium next to the company's premises, Scheelevägen 22, Lund, Sweden. Registration will begin at 16.30 CEST and will end when the meeting starts.
Box 785, 220 07 Lund or by e-mail to [email protected]. The notification shall state the shareholder's name, personal identity number or registration number, daytime telephone number and, where applicable, the number of advisors (maximum two).
Shareholders who intend to be represented by proxy shall issue dated and signed power of attorney for the proxy. The proxy is valid for one year from the issuance, or the longer period of validity stated in the proxy, however not more than five years from the issuance. If the proxy is issued by a legal entity, attested copies of the certificate of registration or equivalent authorisation documents evidencing the authority to issue the proxy shall be included with the notification. The power of attorney shall confirm the right of the signee to appoint a representative for the legal entity. To facilitate the registration at the Annual General Meeting, the proxy form as well as registration certificate and other authorisation documents shall be available to the company on the address presented above no later than 16 May 2019. If the proxy form and other authorisation documents have not been submitted in advance, the power of attorney in original and other authorisation documents must be able to be presented at the Annual General Meeting. Proxy forms are available at the company, on the company's webpage, www.hansabiopharma.com, and will be sent upon request to any shareholder who states their postal address.
Resolution:(a) regarding the adoption of the income statement and the balance sheet, and of the consolidated income statement and the consolidated balance sheet; (b) regarding allocation of the company's result according to the adopted balance sheet; (c) regarding discharge from liability for the members of the Board of Directors and the CEO.
Determination of fees for members of the Board of Directors and auditors.
Election of the members of the Board of Directors and chairman of the Board of Directors.
Proposal regarding principles for appointing the Nomination Committee.
Proposal regarding guidelines for remuneration to the Executive Management.
Proposal to adopt a long term incentive programme based on performance based share awards for employees in Hansa Biopharma.
Proposal to adopt a long term incentive programme based on warrants and employee stock options for employees in Hansa Biopharma.
The board of directors' proposal regarding resolution on authorisation for the board to resolve on new issue of shares.
The Nomination Committee, composed of Erika Kjellberg Eriksson (Nexttobe AB), chairman, Astrid Samuelsson (Handelsbanken Funds), Sven Sandberg (Tomas Olausson) and Ulf Wiinberg (chairman of the Board of Directors), as convener, has submitted the following proposals for resolution.
Dain Hård Nevonen, member of the Swedish Bar Association, from Advokatfirman Vinge is proposed to be elected chairman of the Annual General Meeting (item 2).
The Board of Directors is proposed to consist of six (6) directors and no deputy directors (item 10).
One registered accounting firm is proposed to be appointed auditor and no deputy auditors (item 10).
Remuneration to the Board of Directors is proposed to be SEK 900,000 to the chairman of the board and SEK 300,000 each to the other board members. The remuneration to the chairman of the Audit Committee should be SEK 75,000 and SEK 40,000 to each other member in the Audit Committee, SEK 40,000 to the chairman of the Remuneration Committee and SEK 25,000 to each other member in the Remuneration Committee, and SEK 25,000 to each board member in the Scientific Committee (item 11).
Re-election of the board members Ulf Wiinberg, Birgit Stattin Norinder, Anders Gersel Pedersen and Andreas Eggert and election of Eva Nilsagård and Mats Blom as new members of the board, all for the time until the end of the next Annual General Meeting. Stina Gestrelius and Angelica Loskog have declined re-election. Ulf Wiinberg is proposed to be elected chairman of the Board of Directors for the time until the end of the next Annual General Meeting (item 12).
Re-election of the auditor KPMG AB. If re-elected, KPMG AB has informed that Dan Kjellqvist will be the principal auditor for the period until the end of the next Annual General Meeting. The proposal is in accordance with the Audit Committee's recommendation (item 13).
Eva is currently interim CFO at OptiGroup AB and founder and CEO of Nilsagård Consulting AB with assignment as CEO and CFO. Previously, Eva has, among other things, served as CFO of Plastal Industry and Vitrolife, Senior Vice President Strategy & Business Development at Volvo Group and held senior positions in finance and business development in, for example, Volvo, AstraZeneca and SKF. Eva is a board member and chairman of the audit committee of Addlife, Bufab and Irras and board member of SEK (Swedish Export Credit). Eva has more than 10 years of experience as a mentor for young female managers with high potential.
Mats is CFO at Modus Therapeutics. Before this, he served as Vice President and CFO at the biotech company Zealand Pharma, which is listed on both the Danish and the US stock market. Mats has also served as CFO at Swedish Orphan International, and Active Biotech as well as Anoto, both of which are listed on the stock exchange. Furthermore, Mats has many years of experience in management consulting at Gemini Consulting and Ernst & Young. Mats Holds a BA in business administration from Lund University and an MBA from IESE University of Navarra, Barcelona. Mars is board member of Auris Medical.
Information regarding the individuals proposed by the nomination committee for re-election is available at the company's webpage, www.hansabiopharma.com.
The Nomination Committee proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves that the principles for appointing the nomination committee shall be left unchanged from the previous year, which are those described below.
The Nomination Committee shall consist of representatives for the three largest, in terms of votes, registered shareholders per August 31, 2019. Should such shareholder not wish to appoint a member, the largest shareholder, in terms of votes, thereafter shall be invited to appoint a member in the Nomination Committee until three members have been appointed. The names of the members of the Nomination Committee shall be made public no later than six months prior to the Annual General Meeting of 2020. The Nomination Committee shall appoint the member representing the largest shareholder as chairman, unless the Nomination Committee decides otherwise. Should any of the members of the Nomination Committee, before the assignment of the Nomination Committee has been fulfilled, resign or no longer represent the shareholder who appointed that member, such a member be replaced by a new member appointed by that shareholder. Should any shareholder not represented in the Nomination Committee be larger, in terms of votes, than another shareholder represented in the Nomination Committee, the larger shareholder in terms of votes shall be entitled to appoint a member to the Nomination Committee, whereby the member representing the smallest, in terms of votes, shareholder shall leave the Nomination Committee. The term of office for the Nomination Committee shall be until a new Nomination Committee has taken office. The Nomination Committee shall be entitled to charge the company for costs of e.g. recruitment consultants and other consultants that are necessary for the Nomination Committee to be able to fulfil its assignment. Further, the Nomination Committee is authorised to co-opt additional members, if deemed appropriate, however, any such co-opted member shall not be entitled to vote. The members of the Nomination Committee shall not be entitled to any remuneration from the company for their work. The Nomination Committee shall present proposals for the chairman of the meeting, board members, chairman of the Board of Directors, remuneration to the board, auditors, remuneration to the auditors and the principles for the Nomination Committee before the Annual General Meeting 2020.
The Nomination Committee shall follow the assignments set out in the Swedish Corporate Governance Code.
The Board of Directors proposes that the distributable assets available at the Annual General Meeting's disposal shall be carried forward and that no dividend shall be made.
The guidelines proposed by the Board of Directors entail that Executive Management will be offered remuneration which is competitive and on market terms. The level of the remuneration for the individual manager shall be based on factors such as position, expertise, experience and performance. The remuneration consists of a fixed salary and pension benefits and, in addition, may consist of variable salary, share based long term incentive programmes, severance remuneration, non-monetary benefits. The variable salary shall be based on the achievement of quantitative and qualitative targets and should not exceed 50 per cent of the annual fixed salary. Salary during the notice of termination period and severance remuneration shall be possible in a total maximum amount of 24 monthly salaries.
Share and share based long term incentive programmes shall, if applicable, be decided by the Annual General Meeting.
It is proposed that the Board of Directors be authorised to deviate from the guidelines where special cause exists in an individual case.
In addition to two incentive programmes decided in accordance with Chapter 16 of the Companies Act, see page 95 in the annual report 2018, and ongoing commitments to pay remuneration such as salary, pension and other benefits, there are no previously decided remuneration to any Executive Manager which has not accrued for payment. The CEO is entitled to severance pay after termination of employment corresponding to six monthly wages. In addition, three of the Executive Managers are entitled to severance pay after termination of employment corresponding to six monthly wages.
According to the Companies Act, the company must report what the variable remuneration to Executive Management may cost at various possible outcomes. The cost of variable remuneration can amount to a maximum of approximately SEK 10 million (equivalent to 50 per cent of the total fixed annual salary for Executive Management). The number is based on the fact that there are eleven Executives in the company.
The Company has not made any deviations from the guidelines decided at the Annual General Meeting on 29 May 2018.
The Board of Directors proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves to adopt a long term incentive programme based on performance based share rights for employees in the Hansa Biopharma group ("LTIP 2019") in accordance with item 16(i) below. The decision to adopt LTIP 2019 in accordance with item 16(i) shall further be conditional upon that the general meeting resolves on hedging measures relating to the incentive programme, either in accordance with item 16(ii) below or in accordance with the Board of Directors' proposal in item 16(iii) below.
LTIP 2019 is proposed to include the CEO, senior executives and other key employees, meaning that a maximum of 45 individuals within the Hansa Biopharma group will be able to participate. Participants will be given the opportunity to receive ordinary shares free of charge within the framework of LTIP 2019, so-called "Performance Shares", in accordance with the conditions set out below.
Within the framework of LTIP 2019, the company will allot participants rights to Performance Shares which means that, subject to certain conditions being met, the right to receive a Performance Share free of charge ("Share Rights").
A Share Right may be exercised provided that the participant, with certain exceptions, from the start date of the LTIP 2019 for each participant, up until and including the date three years thereafter (the "Vesting Period"), is still employed by the Hansa Biopharma group. The last date for the start of the LTIP 2019 shall be the day before the Annual General Meeting of Hansa Biopharma in 2020.
(iii) Up to 56 per cent of the Performance Shares related to the total shareholder return (the return to shareholders through an increased share price and reinvestments of any dividends during the Vesting Period) on the company's ordinary shares during the Vesting Period ("Performance Condition 3").
The above distribution of the number of Performance Shares is based on a valuation of each instrument and corresponds to a value-based distribution of 25 per cent to Performance Condition 1, 25 per cent to Performance Condition 2 and 50 per cent to Performance Condition 3, respectively. This entails that participants will be entitled to 22 per cent of the Performance Shares if Performance Condition 1 is achieved and 22 per cent of the Performance Shares if Performance Condition 2 is achieved. In addition, participants will be entitled to 56 per cent of the Performance Shares under Performance Condition 3 if the total shareholder return for the company's ordinary share during the Vesting Period reaches or exceeds 75 per cent. If, during the Vesting Period, the total shareholder return for the company's ordinary share falls below 25 per cent, no allotment of Performance Shares will be made under Performance Condition 3. In between the percentages, allotment will be made linearly. In the event that Performance Condition 1 and Performance Condition 2, after the initial allotment, are not considered to be relevant incentives for Share Rights allotted in subsequent allocations under the programme, these Performance Conditions may be replaced by other strategic goals for the company.
Share Rights are allotted free of charge no later than the day before the Annual General Meeting 2020.
Share Rights vest during the Vesting Period.
Share Rights may not be transferred or pledged.
Each Share Right entitles the participant to receive one Performance Share free of charge after the end of the Vesting Period (with certain exceptions where the Vesting Period may be accelerated) if the participant, with certain exceptions, is still employed by the Hansa Biopharma group by the end of the Vesting Period.
In order to align the interests of the participant and the shareholders', the company will also compensate the participants for dividends paid by increasing the number of Performance Shares that each Share Right entitle to after the Vesting Period.
The Board of Directors, or a special committee set up by the board, shall be responsible for preparing the detailed design and administration of the terms and conditions of LTIP 2019, in accordance with the presented terms and guidelines including provisions on recalculation in the event of an in-between bonus issue, share split, rights issue and/or similar measures. In connection therewith, the Board of Directors shall be entitled to make adjustments to meet specific foreign regulations or market conditions. The Board of Directors shall also be entitled to make other adjustments if significant changes occur in the Hansa Biopharma group or in its environment that would result in that the adopted terms for the LTIP 2019 no longer fulfils their objectives.
The Board of Directors has considered different methods for transfer of ordinary shares under LTIP 2019 in order to implement the programme in a cost-effective and flexible manner. The Board of Directors has found the most cost-effective alternative to be, and thus proposes it as a main alternative, in accordance with item 16(ii) below, that the Annual General Meeting resolves (a) to authorise the Board of Directors to resolve on a directed issue of not more than 715,910 class C shares to the participating bank, of which not more than 165,211 class C shares may be issued to secure social contributions arising as a result of LTIP 2019, and (b) to authorise the Board of Directors to resolve on the repurchase of all issued class C shares, in accordance with item 16(ii) below.
Following conversion of the class C shares to ordinary shares, the ordinary shares are intended to be both transferred to LTIP 2019 participants, as well as sold in the market in order to cover the cash flow-related to social contribution costs associated with LTIP 2019. For this purpose, the Board of Directors proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves (c) to transfer not more than 550,699 ordinary shares free of charge to participants in accordance with LTIP 2019 and that not more than 165,211 ordinary shares may be sold to secure social contribution costs arising as a result of LTIP 2019.
If the majority required for resolution in accordance with item 16(ii) is not met, LTIP 2019 shall instead be hedged through a resolution to conclude an equity swap-agreement, in accordance with the Board of Director's proposal under item 16(iii) below.
LTIP 2019 will be reported in accordance with IFRS 2, which means that the Share Rights will be expensed as personnel costs over the Vesting Period. The costs for LTIP 2019 is estimated to amount to a maximum of SEK 71.0 million, excluding social contributions, accounted in accordance with IFRS 2 based on the following assumptions: (i) that 550,699 Share Rights are allotted, (ii) that the share price, at the beginning of LTIP 2019, is SEK 220 per ordinary share, (iii) that the performance conditions are fully met, and (iv) an estimated annual turnover of personnel of 5 per cent. Based on the same assumption as above, and subject to social contributions of approximately 30 per cent and a share price increase of 75 per cent from the start of LTIP 2019 until the participants are allotted shares, the costs for social contributions are estimated to amount to SEK 54.5 million. The total cost for LTIP 2019, including costs according to IFRS 2, is therefore estimated to a maximum of SEK 41.8 million per year.
Upon maximum allotment of Share Rights and provided that the hedging arrangements in accordance with item 16(ii) below are adopted by the General Meeting, 550,699 ordinary shares will be allotted to participants under LTIP 2019, and that 165,211 ordinary shares will be used to secure social contributions arising as a result of LTIP 2019, which would entail a dilution effect of approximately 1.71 per cent of the total number of ordinary shares in the company. The dilution of shares is based on full dilution taking into account all outstanding incentive programmes.
Given the above assumptions regarding scope and costs, and that LTIP 2019 was introduced in 2017, it is estimated that the key figure earnings per share for full year 2018 would have decreased from SEK -6.47 to approximately SEK -7.56.
If all outstanding incentive programmes in the company are included in the calculation, including the Board of Director's proposal for the Annual General Meeting 2019 on the adoption of a long term incentive programme (option programme), the corresponding maximum dilution, at the time of the Annual General Meeting, amounts to approximately 4.7 per cent of the share capital.
The resolutions under items 16(ii)(a)-(c) below are proposed to be conditional upon each other and for that reason it is proposed that all resolutions are to be passed as one resolution.
The Board of Directors proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves to authorise the Board of Directors, during the period until the Annual General Meeting 2020, on one or more occasions, to increase the company's share capital by not more than SEK 715,910 by the issue of not more than 715,910 class C shares, each with a quota value of SEK one (1). With deviation from the shareholders' pre-emption rights, the participating bank shall be entitled to subscribe for the new class C shares at a subscription price corresponding to the quota value of the shares. The purpose of the authorisation and the reason for the deviation from the shareholders' pre-emption rights in connection with the issue of shares is to ensure delivery of shares to employees under the long term incentive programme, as well as to secure potential social contributions arising as a result of LTIP 2019.
The Board of Directors proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves to authorise the Board of Directors, during the period until the Annual General Meeting 2020, on one or more occasions, to repurchase class C shares. The repurchase may only be effected through an offer directed to all holders of class C shares and shall comprise all outstanding class C shares. Repurchases shall be effected at a purchase price corresponding to the quota value of the share. Payment for the acquired class C shares shall be made in cash. The purpose of the proposed repurchase authorisation is to ensure delivery of Performance Shares under LTIP 2019 and to secure possible social contributions arising as a result of LTIP 2019.
The Board of Directors proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves that class C shares that the company acquires based on the authorisation to repurchase class C shares in accordance with item 16(ii)(b) above, may, following the reclassification into ordinary shares, be transferred free of charge to participants of LTIP 2019 in accordance with the adopted terms and conditions in order to secure possible social contributions arising as a result of LTIP 2019.
The Board of Directors therefore proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves that not more than 550,699 ordinary shares may be transferred to participants in accordance with the terms and conditions of LTIP 2019, and that not more than 165,211 ordinary shares shall be transferred on Nasdaq Stockholm, including through a financial intermediary, at a price within the registered price range at the relevant time, to cover any social contributions in accordance with the terms and conditions of LTIP 2019. The number of shares to be transferred is subject to recalculation in the event of a bonus issue, split, rights issue and/or other similar events.
In the event that the required majority for item 16(ii) above cannot be achieved, the Board of Directors proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves to hedge LTIP 2019 by allowing Hansa Biopharma to enter into equity swap arrangements with third parties on market terms, where the third party in its own name will be able to acquire and transfer ordinary shares in Hansa Biopharma to the participants.
The purpose of LTIP 2019 is to create the conditions for motivating and retaining competent employees within the Hansa Biopharma group and to increase the coherence between the employees', shareholders' and the company's objectives, as well as to increase the motivation to reach and exceed the company's financial targets. LTIP 2019 has been designed so that the programme includes both current and future senior executives and other key employees.
By offering Share Rights that are based on both share price development and partly on strategic goals, the participants are premiered for increased shareholder value/value-creating measures. LTIP 2019 also rewards employees' continued loyalty and thus the long term value growth of the company. After these considerations, the Board of Directors considers that LTIP 2019 will have a positive effect on the future development of the Hansa Biopharma group and will consequently be beneficial for both the company and its shareholders.
LTIP 2019 has been prepared by the company's Board of Directors and its Remuneration Committee in consultation with external advisors. LTIP 2019 has been discussed by the Board of Directors at a meeting held in April 2019.
For a description of the company's other long term incentive programmes, please refer to the company's Annual Report for 2018, pages 94-96, and the company's website, www.hansabiopharma.com. In addition to the described incentive programmes, there are no other long term incentive programmes in Hansa Biopharma.
The resolution of the General Meeting regarding the implementation of LTIP 2019 according to item 16(i) above is conditional on the meeting either deciding in accordance with the Board of Director's proposal according to item 16(ii) above, or in accordance with the Board of Director's proposal according to item 16(iii) above.
The Board of Directors proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves to adopt a long term incentive programme for employees within the Hansa Biopharma group ("Option Programme 2019") in accordance with items 17(a) – 17(c) below. The resolutions under items 17(a) and (b) and 17(a) and (c) below are proposed to be conditional upon each other, respectively. In the event that the majority requirement for item 17(c) below is not met, the Board of Directors proposes that the company be able to enter into an equity swap arrangement with a third party in accordance with item 17(d) and the subsequent decisions under items 17(a) and (d) shall then be conditional upon each other. The Option Programme 2019 is proposed to include a maximum of 16 employees within the Hansa Biopharma group.
The Option Programme 2019 comprises two series. Series 1 consists of warrants that can be transferred to senior executives who are taxable in Sweden and the warrants can be exercised after approximately 3 years, after which the holder is entitled to exercise the warrants to subscribe for ordinary shares during a period of one month. Series 2 consist of employee stock options that can be allotted to the CEO and senior executives. The employee stock options have a vesting period of 3 years, after which the holder is entitled to exercise the options for ordinary shares during a period of one month.
The Board of Directors therefore proposes, for delivery of ordinary shares under the Option Programme 2019, that the meeting resolves on the transfer of a maximum of 438,553 warrants, of which a maximum of 169,848 warrants can be issued in Series 1 and a maximum of 268,705 warrants can be issued in Series 2. The right to subscribe for warrants shall vest with the wholly owned subsidiary Cartela R&D AB, which shall transfer the warrants of Series 1 to an entitled participant, or to hold the warrants of Series 2 to ensure delivery of shares upon exercise of employee stock options in Series 2 to participants as well as to dispose of the warrants to secure costs for social contributions, respectively. Each warrant and option entitle the holder to subscribe for one ordinary share. The warrants are issued free of charge to Cartela R&D AB and the last day for allotment under each series according to the Option Programme 2019 shall be the day before the Annual General Meeting for Hansa Biopharma 2020.
The company will transfer warrants in Series 1 to participants at a price corresponding to the market value of the warrants (i.e. the warrant premium) at the time of the offer. Warrants of Series 1 can be transferred to senior executives who are taxable in Sweden and who have entered into a repurchase agreement with Hansa Biopharma. The warrants are transferred to participants, current or new senior executives, on one occasion until the day before the Annual General Meeting of Hansa Biopharma 2020.
The warrants can be exercised for subscription of shares during the period from 15 June 2022 up to and including 15 July 2022. Each warrant entitles the holder to subscribe for one new ordinary share in Hansa Biopharma at a subscription price corresponding to 110 per cent of the volume weighted average share price during the 10 trading days immediately prior to the offer to subscribe for the warrants, however, as a minimum, the quota value of the share.
The issued warrants of Series 1 may, with deviation from the shareholders' pre-emptive rights, be subscribed by Cartela R&D AB – which is a wholly owned subsidiary to Hansa Biopharma – after which the company shall offer the warrants to the participants. The transfer of the warrants in Series 1 shall be made at a price corresponding to the market value of the warrants (the warrant premium) at the time of the transfer, calculated according to the Black & Scholes valuation model. The valuation of the warrants shall be made by an appraiser or audit firm. In connection with the transfer of warrants to the participants, the company shall reserve the right to repurchase the warrants if the participant's employment or assignment within the group ceases or if the participant in turn wishes to transfer the warrants before the warrants can be exercised according to the terms and conditions that apply to the warrants.
The employee stock options will be allotted free of charge.
Allotment requires that an acquisition of employee stock options can take place legally and that, according to the Board of Director's assessment, it can be carried out with reasonable administrative and financial efforts. The last day for allotment of employee stock options shall be the day before the Annual General Meeting 2020.
Each employee stock option that is transferred entitles the holder to acquire one share in the company, provided that the participant, with certain exceptions, is still employed within the group, at an exercise price corresponding to the volume weighted average share price during the 10 trading days immediately preceding the respective allotment of the employee stock options, however, as a minimum, the quota value of the share.
The employee stock options are vested over a period of three years from the time when allotment to the participants has taken place. The employee stock options entitle, after they have been vested in accordance with the above, the holder to subscribe for shares during one month.
The employee stock options shall not constitute securities and may not be transferred or pledged.
The exercise price for Series 1 and Series 2, determined as set out above, shall be rounded to the nearest SEK 0.10, whereby SEK 0.05 shall be rounded downwards. The exercise price and the number of shares that each warrant and employee stock option, respectively, entitles to subscription for shall be recalculated in the event of a split, consolidation, new share issue etc. in accordance with market practice. Upon full exercise of the options, the share capital will increase by SEK 438,553.
The Board of Directors, or a special committee set up by the board, shall be responsible for preparing the detailed design and administration of the terms and conditions of the Option Programme 2019, in accordance with the presented terms and guidelines including provisions on recalculation in the event of an in-between bonus issue, share split, rights issue and/or similar measures. In connection therewith, the Board of Directors shall be entitled to make adjustments to meet specific foreign regulations or market conditions. The Board of Directors shall also be entitled to make other adjustments if significant changes occur in the Hansa Biopharma group or in its environment that would result in that the adopted terms for the Option Programme 2019 no longer fulfils their objectives.
The right to receive warrants shall accrue to senior executives who are taxable in Sweden and who have entered into a repurchase agreement with Hansa Biopharma, and the right to receive employee stock options shall accrue to the CEO and senior executives, current and future. The maximum allotment amounts to 66,347 employee stock options to the CEO ("Category 1") and 318,465 warrants or employee stock options for senior executives ("Category 2"), as applicable.
Board members shall not be eligible to participate in the Option Programme 2019.
The transfer of the warrants in Series 1 shall be made at a price corresponding to the market value of the warrants at the time of the transfer, which entails that no social security contributions shall arise for the group in connection with the transfer of the warrants. The market value of the warrants is, in accordance with a preliminary valuation, made based on a market value on the underlying share corresponding to SEK 220, SEK 56.52 per warrant, assuming an exercise price of SEK 242 per share. The Black & Scholes valuation model has been used for valuation of the warrants, assuming a risk free interest of -0.42 per cent and a volatility of 43 per cent.
To encourage participation in the Option Programme 2019, the company will, pre taxation, subsidise up to 100 per cent of the participant's premium for the acquisition of the warrants through a one time cash bonus. The total cost of the subsidies, based on the assumptions regarding the warrants value above, amounts to SEK 12.6 million including social contributions.
Costs related to the employee stock options in Series 2 are estimated to amount to SEK 12.1 million, excluding social contributions, accounted in accordance with IFRS 2 based on the following assumptions: (i) that 214,964 employee stock options are allotted, (ii) that the share price, at the beginning of the Option Programme 2019, is SEK 220 per ordinary share, and (iii) an estimated annual turnover of personnel of 0 per cent. Based on the same assumptions as above, and subject to social contributions of 25 per cent, and a share price increase of 75 per cent from the start of the Option Programme 2019 until the employee stock options are exercised, the costs for social contributions are estimated to amount to SEK 7.7 million. The total cost, including costs according to IFRS 2, is therefore estimated to a maximum of SEK 6.6 million per year.
Upon maximum allotment of warrants and employee stock options, 384,812 warrants will be issued for new subscription of ordinary shares pursuant to the Option Programme 2019, together with 53,741 warrants that can be used to cover social contributions as a result of the Option Programme 2019, the dilution effect will amount to approximately 1.04 per cent of the number of ordinary shares in the company. The dilution of shares is based on full dilution taking into account all outstanding incentive programmes.
Given the above assumptions regarding scope and costs, and that LTIP 2019 was introduced in 2017 instead, it is estimated that the key figure earnings per share for full year 2018 would have decreased from SEK -6.47 to approximately SEK -6.75.
In order to ensure delivery of shares in accordance with the Option Programme 2019 and to cover costs related to social contributions, attributable to Series 2, the Board of Directors proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves on the issue and exercise of warrants in accordance with items 17(b) and 17(c) below, or, with regard to the employee stock options, that an equity swap is entered into in accordance with item 17(d).
The board of directors proposes that the company shall issue not more than 169,848 warrants for subscription of shares, whereby the company's share capital may be increased by not more than SEK 169,848.
The right to subscribe for warrants shall only vest with the subsidiary Cartela R&D AB, with the right and obligation to dispose of the warrants as described above, primarily with regard to transfer to participants in the Option Programme 2019. Each warrant entitles the holder to subscribe for one ordinary share. The warrants shall be issued free of charge to Cartela R&D AB. There can be no over-allotment.
Theboard of directors proposes that the company shall issue not more than 268,705 warrants to secure the delivery of shares under Series 2 and to secure social contribution costs, of which the company's share capital may be increased by a maximum of SEK 268,705.
The right to subscribe for warrants shall only vest with the subsidiary Cartela R&D AB, with the right and obligation to dispose of the warrants as described above, primarily with regard to transfer to participants in the Option Programme 2019 and transfer to a participating bank for hedging of social contributions due to the Option Programme 2019. Each warrant entitles the holder to subscribe for one ordinary share. The warrants shall be issued free of charge to Cartela R&D AB. There can be no over-allotment.
In the event that the required majority for item 17(c) above cannot be achieved, the Board of Directors proposes that the Annual General Meeting 2019 resolves to hedge the Option Programme 2019 by allowing Hansa Biopharma to enter into equity swap arrangements with third parties on market terms, where the third party in its own name will be able to acquire and transfer ordinary shares in Hansa Biopharma to the participants.
The purpose of the Option Programme 2019 is to create the conditions for motivating and retaining competent employees within the Hansa Biopharma group and to increase the coherence between the employees', shareholders' and the company's objectives, as well as to increase the motivation to reach and exceed the company's financial targets. The Option Programme 2019 has been designed so that the programme includes both current and future senior executives.
By offering options that are based on the share price development, the participants are premiered for increased shareholder value. The Option Programme 2019 also rewards employees' continued loyalty and thus the long term value growth of the company. After these considerations, the Board of Directors considers that the Option Programme 2019 will have a positive effect on the future development of the Hansa Biopharma group and will consequently be beneficial for both the company and its shareholders.
The board of directors proposes that the Annual General Meeting resolves to authorize the board, for the period up to the next annual general meeting, to adopt decisions, whether on one or several occasions and whether with or without pre-emptive rights for the shareholders, to issue new common shares; provided however that such issues, in aggregate, must not exceed ten percent of the total number of outstanding common shares in the company as of the date of the Annual General Meeting. It should also be possible to make such an issue resolution stipulating in-kind payment, the right to offset debt or other conditions. The purpose of the authorization is to increase the financial flexibility of the company and the acting scope of the board of directors as well as to potentially broaden the shareholder base.
The board of directors, or any person appointed by the board of directors, shall have the right to make any adjustments or amendments of the above resolution which may be required in connection with the registration of such resolution and to take any other measure deemed necessary for the execution of the resolution.
For a valid decision to introduce a long term incentive programme for employees in the form of performance based share rights (item 16(ii)) and a long term incentive programme for employees in Hansa Biopharma in the form of warrants and employee stock options (item 17(b) and 17(c)) it is required that the proposals be supported by shareholders representing at least nine tenths of both the votes cast and the shares represented at the Annual General Meeting. A resolution in accordance with item 18 above requires approval of at least two thirds (2/3) of the shares represented and votes cast at the annual general meeting.
At the time this notice was issued, the total number of shares in the company amounts to 40,731,654, of which 40,026,107 ordinary shares and 705,554 class C shares. The company has a total number of 705,554 class C shares treasury shares. The total number of votes in the company amounts to 40,096,661.7, of which the company holds 70,554.7 votes.
The shareholders are reminded of their right to require information in accordance with Chapter 7 Section 32 of the Swedish Companies Act. The annual report and the auditor's report for the financial year 2018, and other supporting documents for the general meeting, including complete proposals from the board of directors, the proposal and motivated statement from the nomination committee as well as the statement from the auditor pursuant to Chapter 8 Section 54 of the Swedish Companies Act will be available to the shareholders at the company's office at Scheelevägen 22, SE-220 07 Lund, Sweden, and on the company's webpage www.hansabiopharma.com, no later than 30 April 2019, and will be sent to shareholders who so request and state their postal address. | 2019-04-26T08:48:25Z | https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/notice-to-annual-general-meeting-in-hansa-biopharma-ab-publ-300833597.html |
Culture, gastronomy, family trips… in B-Travel, the tourism fair of Barcelona, which is celebrated from the 22nd to the 24th of March, you can find the most suitable trip for you.
It is March, and if this year you are thinking about doing a nice summer trip, it is time to start to plan all the details for a complete adventure.
The perfect place for this planning could be the B-Travel, the tourism fair of Barcelona which is celebrated from the 22nd to the 24th of March at the fairgrounds of Plaça Espanya, in Barcelona. A place where you will find a great quantity of offers for making the most suitable trip.
The condition that we want to suggest is that, during this perfect trip, you shouldn’t forget the ecotourism. Travel with responsibility, trying to leave your positive trace in the cities you visit, will allow you to interact more with the nature and the people who live in these places, something which will make your trip a unique experience.
Are you taking advantage of these idyllic days in Barcelona?
For some weeks now, Barcelona and, obviously, some other parts of the territory are rejoicing in some days of idyllic weather, perfect for enjoying the city by bicycle. This is something that “professionally” we call “not a very cold weather, neither a very warm weather”. You will not need a lot of cloth layers in order to feel the warmth of the bicycle exercise, but, even so you will not feel the sticky weather of the summer.
So, you should take advantage of free afternoons and weekends. Enjoy the parks and gardens of the city: Parc de la Ciutadella, Labyrinth of Horta, Montjuïc, Collserola… Practically every district of the city has a natural space. Although, if you are not looking for the refreshing green, you can take advantage of the fact that there are not so many brave swimmers, and go to ride through the Passeig Marítim. La Barceloneta is a neighborhood where, during weekends, it is difficult not to find some kind of activities. And if there are not any of them, the tapas (appetizers) that you can get there will be a marvelous consolation prize.
Even though, if you are the kind of person who prefers going shopping, our suggestion for you is taking advantage of the big network of bike lanes and visiting the nice and great markets of Barcelona. In addition to the big offer, especially talking about food, they are Modernist works of art, so you shouldn’t miss them if you are interested in the architecture of Barcelona.
This weekend you don’t have any excuse, clean the dust off your bike and go out for pedaling through Barcelona!
Ready for the Great Winter Fiesta in Barcelona?
From the 8th to the 12th of February, one of the greatest fiesta of the city will be celebrated: Santa Eulàlia.
Castellers, correfocs, giants, sardanes, bastoners, concerts… and every kind od activities for elder and young people during the saint and the daughter of the city fiesta: Santa Eulàlia. You can consult all the activities in the official program clicking here.
The Great Winter Fiesta of the city is the perfect opportunity to get to know a great part of the popular culture and tradition of Barcelona, together with all the local people who make it possible.
In addition, most of the activities are going to be celebrated through the old and magic central streets of Barcelona: in Ciutat Vella and the Gótic -where, we can assure you, it is better to circulate by bicycle than by car or motorbike-.
As we always say, the fiestas are the best option to get to know the popular culture of a city. So, you shouldn’t miss that one!
You can avoid the cold weather with the sofa, blanket and a film or… ¡with a bicycle!
Ok, ok… We also like to take a break and collapse ourselves in the sofa. But let’s never forget that the best way to get rid of the cold from our bodies is riding a bicycle, enjoying the city or some mountain route.
This January has been very “refreshing” in Barcelona, but it hasn’t been serious enough to stop us from keeping pedaling. No matter how much our sofa has been calling us, thanks to the bicycle we have become the heroes of our movies. We have discovered new corners of our incredible, insatiable, traditional and intercultural city. We have pedaled up to our last breath in order to get the best views. And we have met some marvelous people.
Don’t succumb to the trap of falling into the blanket and do this by keeping yourselves active and happy. In addition, it gives to you the break that you need for facing all the daily challenges.
Don’t think more about it. You simply leave the sofa, ride your bicycle and you will suddenly realize that you are having a great time.
We have to insist that the best way to travel is by the ecotourism, achieving that our passing through the city be the most sustainable and positive possible, and generating the best memories for us and for the people who live in the city and who turn it into a marvelous place.
The City Hall of Barcelona has initiated a new campaign this summer: ‘Compartim Barcelona’ -Let’s share Barcelona- where they gather some tips for everyone who visits and lives in the city. We feel very identified with them, because they are something that we try to transmit in many of our mails.
Sharing the public places, taking care of the urban furniture, not obstructing the life’s rhythm of the people who live in the city, not making noise after a celebration and, in general, controlling the volume… these are some basic tips from the web site. It seems very logical, isn’t it? Well, these are annoyances that the people who live in Barcelona are experiencing continuously, and which complicate their day-to-day. For this reason, we are sharing it in our blog, in order to do our part to achieve a more habitable city for everyone.
To all these tips, obviously, we want to add another one: riding a bicycle when you visit the city. This means of transport doesn’t make noise, doesn’t dirty it and, thanks to the extension of the bike lane, we can practically move around the whole city in a safe way for us and for the pedestrians. Of course, in order to make this idea a reality, we need your help by respecting all the traffic sign, the places to stop and park and this rhythm of the people who live in the city that we have talked about. Because, they are sharing their bicycle routes, so try not to obstruct the rhythm of these.
Take these tips with you and enjoy Barcelona by bicycle!
Summer is very close and we cannot avoid to remember you some tips that will help you to plan an unforgettable trip, respecting the environment and people who you are going to visit.
Minimize physical, social, behavioral, and psychological impacts.
Provide direct financial benefits for conservation.
Generate financial benefits for both local people and private industry.
Deliver memorable interpretative experiences to visitors that help raise sensitivity to host countries’ political, environmental, and social climates.
Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities.
Recognize the rights and spiritual beliefs of the Indigenous People in your community and work in partnership with them to create empowerment.
One of the best ways to grade our trip experience is through the integration level. In order to reach the maximum grade in Barcelona -or anywhere- we suggest you to take a map of the bike lane and to get fit with your bicycle, the best means of transport to enjoy the city at street level.
June smells summer and, with the arriving of summer, we cannot avoid to start to think about our well-deserved holidays. For this reason, today we want to remember some ideas that we have set out in the blog, because we think that they are very important for achieving the best experience in Barcelona.
Bring us close tot the city people through their culture, their history and their social habits is a basic thing and, for achieving this, to move us at street level is very important, in order to don’t miss any detail.
When we know exactly our means of transport, the next more important thing is the destination. And for this part of the planning is very important to get informed before to leap to our trip. Be informed about the greatest monuments, to explore some more specialized corners and, above all, try to coincide with some popular celebration.
If you achieve getting into the plane, bus or train – whatever it is the means of transport that you use to come to Barcelona- knowing all the lessons, your trip will be incomparable. If you don’t have enough time for that, keep calm, the city is full of services where we can help you sharing all our knowledge.
This weekend, the 21st and 22nd of April in Barcelona, you shouldn’t miss the great Earth Fair, which is celebrated at the Parc Central de Nou Barris.
In Barcelona, the Earth Day is celebrated with a great street market with handmade, ecological and proximity products and that intends to report the bad behavior of our society with regard to nature.
A nice initiative, isn’t it?
Join it doing something good for environment, such as going to the great street market by the cleanest means of transport: the bicycle. In this way, you will add some more pedaling to the 30 days of biking, which are still active this month of April in Barcelona.
And, if after walking through this street market, you are still interested in something more, on Monday, the 23rd of April, Barcelona will be full of books and roses in order to celebrate the Sant Jordi’s tradition. Again, we insist that you don’t leave your bike at home. With the bicycle you will be able to move around in a comfortable way and you will avoid streets closed to traffic and the mass of people.
Barcelona doesn’t stop, keep its rhythm pedaling!
Barcelona, in spite of being a big city and for this reason extremely edified, it also has some important natural places which allow us to disconnect from the frenetic madness of the city during some hours. Discover which these zones are and go to there by bicycle.
There are for everyone’s tastes. For us, the best park is the Parc de la Ciutadella, where you can pedal on your bike or take a walk. Although this is a very frequented track, due to the fact that is a centric place and within it you can find the Parlament de Catalunya.
For this reason, if you are interested in some more tranquility, you can go pedaling to other proposals: the Laribal’s Gardens. These gardens are situated in the district of Sants-Munjuïc, further away from center, but with a perfect access by bicycle. The park is composed of various terraces that communicate through pathways and stairs, which are flooded over by the vegetation which will allow us to breathe in a little bit of peace. If you go there, please don’t miss the famous Font del Gat and discover its legend if you haven’t done it yet.
In practically the other extreme of Barcelona, we have the Horta’s Labyrinth. If the stress doesn’t allow you to think, lose yourself within the knowledge of the oldest park of Barcelona. Sometimes, disconnecting is the best way of looking for answers.
For the most courageous cyclists, the natural park of Collserola, which protects Barcelona, could be the best option. Take the whole day to pedal through this mountain. In order to take a break. You can use its picnic zones to eat something and, in general, enjoy this jewel so close to your home.
*Remember: please take care of the environment and ride the bicycle only within the indicated zones. We are not the only ones who need these places to disconnect. We hope the next person finds the park in the same or in a better condition.
Among the notes of the trip, remember the keys of the ecotourism is nice in order to achieve that our footprint is always positive in the different places of the world.
Obviously, at this point we cannot stop insisting on the kind of means of transport that we use. We, of course, prefer the quick, efficient and non-contamination bicycle, always knowing and respecting (the) each city‘s regulations.
And an interesting way to do that is moving around the city to the maximum in order to get to know its history, its art and its culture, in addition to its surroundings, especially if they are a source of nature and always leaving a minimum physical trace of our visit.
Collaborating, as far as possible, with these places which we love to visit.
The present context will indicate much about the place and the people that we are getting to know.
Sports, the reduction of the pollution in our city or the simple and marvelous fresh air on our faces are the reasons that push us to take the bicycle during our daily life. Why are we going to leave it at home during the holidays?
The daily pedaling is one of the best habits that we can achieve, something that the grumpiest people, with regard to the bicycle, cannot deny. Giving it up during the summer months is one of the worst errors that we can commit, especially, because, in the new cities, it is also very beneficial.
Getting to know new corners at the street-level, pedaling together with local people, parking anywhere we prefer, these are the pleasures that we can only achieve by one special means of transport: the bike.
Haven’t you tried it yet?
So, write down in capital letters in your good intentions’ notebook: TURNING THE BICYCLE INTO THE BEST MEANS OF SUMMER TRANSPORT. If you achieve this challenge, you will not be able to stop pedaling during the whole year!
This 2017 has been declared International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development by the United Nations.
Although in Barcelona we have noticed the warm weather of summer, this season hasn’t arrived officially until this week and with it the holidays of some people are going to start.
The United Nations has declared this 2017 the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development. So if we are planning a trip it will be nice to be on the ecotourism plan, following the guidelines which have been reminded by this international institution: “The declaration by the UN of 2017 as the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development is a unique opportunity to advance the contribution of the tourism sector to the three pillars of sustainability – economic, social and environmental -, while raising awareness of the true dimensions of a sector which is often undervalued” said World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Secretary-General, Taleb Rifai.
Generate wealth during our trips and don’t destroy a place where people welcome us is a responsibility of every one of us. The best experiences are experienced through the streets join with the local people who share their culture.
From the 23rd of February to the 1st of March, this fiesta of the popular culture is going to be present in the city, with a great number of performances and activities for all ages.
Carnival is a great date for going to visit other cities, because it is a fiesta which is enjoyed and, at the same time organized, by a lot of entities of the local society. A fact that turns that into a unique piece of popular culture.
From costumes, your Most Gracious Highness the King of the Carnival, to the Catalan sausage -made with egg, which is typical of the “fatty Thursday”, because gastronomy also enjoys this fiesta. All in all, it’s a combination that you will not be able to resist.
Take your bike and take a ride through the different activities of the neighborhoods. Go into the markets and taste the diverse varieties of the Catalan sausages. And, specially, go to one of the two great events of this Thursday: at 6 p.m. at the Palau de la Virreina, the Seven Ambassadors. At the same time, at the Plaça Sant Jaume, the arrival of the King of the Carnival with animation will take place.
Take your bike and pedal through the dressed-up streets of Barcelona!
If you still don’t have your list of intentions for this New Year, from BornBike Tours we are going to suggest some key points to improve your health and your environment.
We know that. This point has appeared in our blog a lot of times. But, the daily bike displacements in Barcelona continue being a 2% in comparison with the other modalities (car, motorbike or walking) and, although during the last 10 years these displacements have been multiplied 4 times, there is still a long way to go with regard to pedaling.
Moving around by bike with intern displacements through the city, as well as when we go to work, is the key to improve our health and reduce the pollution and the bad mood.
Ok, yes, again nothing new. But, did you achieve this intention last year? Because if you have done it, forgetting it now is not right. Share your experience this year and you’ll be sure to go on your trip accompanied.
Remember, the best tourism is the one you do together with locals.
This is for when you have finished the Christmas holidays. Although the gym is always a basic point in our lists, when we return to the daily reality, we forget it due all the expenses and the little free time. So, we can always take advantage of our daily displacements and take our bike, not only for going to work, we can use it for taking the kids to school or for going shopping and so on. You will enjoy the fresh air, which you cannot breathe in the public transport or in the car. You will share the public space with your neighbors, something very important for feeling integrated in the city. And, at the same time, you will lose the extra kilos gained on Christmas.
Now you know that, if you don’t have a bike for starting the new year, don’t forget to ask the Three Wise Men for one!
Get a bicycle and enjoy the city from the best perspective, helping to not increase pollution and noise.
With your bicycle, you will be able to enjoy a lot of places at a street level, something essential for experiencing the culture of a country. If you have never been there, you should look for some information about its traditions in order to avoid slip-ups.
If you are respectful with the environment and culture, you will achieve a better atmosphere with the local people. If the people of a country are happy with you, you will achieve a unique experience and, what are we looking for when we travel, if it’s not this?
Being Christmas, probably, you will not be able to avoid buying some souvenirs. Try to keep away from the big chain stores, which you can find everywhere. The local commerce is unique. In this way, you will be able to buy the most original presents.
Enjoy your trips during Christmas or during any other time of the year following these basic tips.
Although the winter has come and passed unnoticed and it has given us nice trips through the city, spring continues being the favorite season for traveling on a bike.
Hot weather can be an enemy, even worse than cold weather, for everyone who likes to travel on bicycle. Enjoying spring temperature will avoid the tiredness caused by other seasons of the year and, even more, it can give us a short break stretched out on the green of a park.
We are talking about the colors of spring, not only the colors from plants and trees which start to flower everywhere, but also the warm color tones of the sun over the buildings. If you like to take good photos of your trips, spring light, without burning landscapes as happens in the summer, will give life to your mementos.
Even though every season has its festivities and they are always reflected on the big city, during spring, the celebrations in streets with all the community are more common, taking advantage of the warm weather. If you are interested in getting to know new cultures during your trips, these kinds of celebrations are the best chance.
You should not forget that spring comes marked by rain. So, when you are preparing your trip, make sure of taking the correct clothes for possible changes in the weather. Warm and under a raincoat, a rainy city also has its charms.
In a few days we will start the new year and, as usually happens, we cannot avoid looking back, reviewing everything that we have achieved this year and prepare a new list of intentions for this next year.
Are these intentions specific enough? Setting up great goals without some specific steps which we need to achieve in order to arrive at the finish line is a typical error which distances us from our objective.
(¿)Have you deadline dates? Using a deadline date in each one of the steps is also a key tool.
Are these intentions realistic? No one knows us better than we ourselves, so, on the base of this, review your intentions again and convert them into something realistic.
Go to work by bicycle… You have a lot of tips about how and why you can do this in our blog. Following the previous questions, you can start achieving some steps, such as: the first weeks I will go by bicycle one day, the next ones two days and, in this manner, increase the number progressively. It’s important for you to mark you the dates of the advances on a calendar so that you can see the quick progress.
During the next holidays put the tips about ecotourism into practice: look for new activities which you haven’t experienced yet, in some place of the world that you don’t know and share them with the people of the place.
Get to know more about your city: How many corners of your city don’t you know? Start with local tourism which brings you closer to your roots. It’s cheap, easy and gratifying.
And if you have achieved some of them already, plan on a way to improve them and share them with us 😉 We are in contact through the social networks.
As we have announced last week, we will inform you about the different activities which will be carried out in the city during the next Christmas’ weeks. This week it’s the turn for the Fira de Consum Responsable (Responsible Consumption Fair) at Catalunya Square.
This year, the center of the city has become a place of reflection and change, but, of course, enjoying games, activities and performances related to Christmas to the maximum.
The Responsible Consumption Fair, which will start this Saturday, 19th of December, and which will be prolonged to the next 4th of January, is the best example. With the objective of making public a lot of companies and associations which work within a supportive and social economy, everyone who gets there will be invited to participate in their activities (in the mornings and in the afternoons) and to buy a Christmas present, because, which is a better present than the one that collaborates with a fairer society?
Again, we want to remind you, that from BornBike we want to strengthen this kind of local market and work in favor of citizens and visitors living together and getting acquainted at places like that, promoting, at the same time, a kind of ecotourism which favors everyone.
We are convinced that we will take our bike and we will go and see what is going on at the Catalunya Square. Will you come with us? | 2019-04-19T07:18:03Z | https://www.bornbikebarcelona.com/en/tag/ecotourism/ |
Cyclo(Phe-Pro) (cFP) is a secondary metabolite produced by certain bacteria and fungi. Although recent studies highlight the role of cFP in cell-to-cell communication by bacteria, its role in the context of the host immune response is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of cFP produced by the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus in the modulation of innate immune responses toward the pathogen. cFP suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocyte/macrophage cell line and in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Specifically, cFP inhibited inhibitory κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) translocation to the cell nucleus, indicating that cFP affects the NF-κB pathway. We searched for genes that are responsible for cFP production in V. vulnificus and identified VVMO6_03017 as a causative gene. A deletion of VVMO6_03017 diminished cFP production and decreased virulence in subcutaneously inoculated mice. In summary, cFP produced by V. vulnificus actively suppresses the innate immune responses of the host, thereby facilitating its survival and propagation in the host environment.
Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram-negative bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen that can cause septicemia through ingestion of raw contaminated seafood or through exposure of open wounds to salt water. The mortality rates for septicemia are >50%, and death can occur within 24 h after infection with the bacteria. V. vulnificus causes cellular damage by triggering the secretion of hemolysin and cytolysin and inhibits phagocytosis with a capsular polysaccharide to increase its survival in the host environment (1–3). Several virulence factors have been identified in this pathogen (1–3), and it appears that complex interactions among numerous factors, including many not yet identified, are required for its pathogenicity.
A diketopiperazine molecule, cyclo(l-phenylalanyl–l-proline) (cFP) (Fig. 1A), is a secondary metabolite produced by numerous fungi and bacteria that controls the expression of genes involved in pathogenicity (4). cFP was identified in Pseudomonas strains as a member of a new class of autoinducers by using lux-based acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) biosensors (5, 6). We have previously shown that cFP production by V. vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae peaks when cell growth reaches the stationary phase and that cFP affects the expression of the ToxR-dependent gene ompU, which is important for the pathogenicity of Vibrio species (7). In addition, cFP has numerous effects on multiple hosts. On animal cells, it has antifungal (8) and antitumor (9–11) effects and also reverses irradiation damage (12). It also modulates auxin signaling in plants (13). Those reports suggest that cFP may have an important function in pathogenicity as well as in host-pathogen interactions. However, the effects of diketopiperazines, including cFP, on host immune responses have not yet been studied.
Macrophages play a central role in first-line host defense (14). They express proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and antimicrobial agents such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) when they recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (15). When TLR4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), it initiates a signaling cascade through the recruitment of proteins such as MyD88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family members, and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Ubiquitination of TRAF6 results in the sequential activation of transforming growth factor β-associated kinase 1 (TAK1) and the inhibitory κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) complex or the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway through phosphorylation, which triggers downstream signaling and activates the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) (16, 17). NF-κB activation requires the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB, which is regulated by the IKK complex or by the MAPK pathway. IκB degradation allows NF-κB to translocate into the nucleus, where it binds target gene promoters and induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial agents involved in pathogen clearance (17).
In this study, we examined the role of cFP produced by the human pathogen V. vulnificus in the modulation of mammalian innate immune responses. Here we report that this small molecule suppresses innate immune responses by affecting the NF-κB pathway in macrophages, providing the bacteria with a survival advantage in the host environment. These results suggest an important role for cFP in the pathogenesis of bacteria.
Mice and experimental reagents.Four- to five-week-old ICR mice were purchased from Samkaco (South Korea). Experiments with live mice were approved by the Sogang University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. cFP (Bachem Inc., Switzerland) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 1 M (stock solution).
Bacterial strains, plasmids, and culture conditions.The bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table S1 in the supplemental material. Escherichia coli strains were cultured at 37°C in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth supplemented with the appropriate antibiotics. V. vulnificus strains were cultured in LB broth or thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose (TCBS) agar at 30°C. Antibiotics were used at the following concentrations: 50 μg/ml ampicillin, 10 μg/ml tetracycline, and 25 μg/ml chloramphenicol for E. coli and 2 μg/ml tetracycline and 2 μg/ml chloramphenicol for V. vulnificus. All media used in this study were purchased from Difco/BD (Franklin Lakes, NJ). All reagents and antibiotics were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and used according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Cell culture.The J774A.1 cell line (mouse monocytes/macrophages) and the L929 cell line (NCTC 929; mouse connective tissue cells) were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank and maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin.
Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were prepared as described previously (18). L929 cell-conditioned medium was collected from the culture supernatant of L929 cells. Mouse bone marrow cells were obtained from mouse tibias and femurs by using a syringe filled with BMDM growth medium (RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, and 30% L929 cell-conditioned medium). The collected cells were differentiated for 6 days in BMDM growth medium.
Cell viability assay.Cell viability was determined by using the CellTiter 96 Aqueous Nonradioactive Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The assay kit contains of two solutions, MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] and PMS (phenazine methosulfate). MTS is soluble in tissue culture medium and is bioreduced by live cells into a formazan product that can be measured at 490 nm directly from 96-well plates. J774A.1 cells (1 × 104 cells/100 μl) were plated onto 96-well plates. After culture overnight, the cells were treated with various concentrations of cFP for 48 h. A combined MTS-PMS solution (20 μl) was added to each well of the 96-well plates, and the plates were further incubated for 3 h at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. The absorbance at 490 nm (A490) was measured by using a microplate reader (model 680; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). A standard curve was used to convert the absorbance to cell numbers.
Cytokine measurement.For measurement of the expression of innate cytokines, cells were plated onto a 24-well culture plate and treated with 100 ng/ml LPS (catalog number S2325; Sigma-Aldrich) in the presence or absence of various concentrations of cFP for the indicated times. The amount of cytokine in the cell culture supernatant was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each well of a 96-well Maxisorp plate (Nunc/Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) was coated with 100 μl of a purified anticytokine antibody (for TNF-α [catalog number 4-7325-85; eBioscience, San Diego, CA], IL-6 [catalog number 554400; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA], and IL-1β [catalog number 14-7012-85; eBioscience]) and incubated overnight at 4°C. The plate was washed with wash buffer (0.05% Triton X-100 in phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]), and nonspecific binding was blocked by incubation with 100 μl/well of ELISA blocking buffer (10% bovine serum in PBS) for 1 h at room temperature. Standards and samples were added (25 μl/well), and the plates were incubated overnight at 4°C. The plate was washed with wash buffer and then incubated with 100 μl/well of a biotinylated anticytokine antibody (for TNF-α [catalog number 4-7326-85; eBioscience], IL-6 [catalog number 554402; BD Biosciences], and IL-1β [catalog number 13-7112-85; eBioscience]) for 1 h at room temperature. The plate was washed with wash buffer, 100 μl of a horseradish peroxidase solution (catalog number 554058; BD Biosciences) was added to each well, and the plate was incubated for 30 min at room temperature. The plate was washed, and the color was developed with 150 μl of a TMB (3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine) peroxidase solution. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 μl of TMB stop solution. The absorbance was recorded at 490 nm by using a microplate reader (model 680; Bio-Rad).
Measurement of nitric oxide production.Cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS in the presence or absence of various concentrations of cFP. The culture supernatants were collected, and the concentration of nitrite was measured by using the Griess reagent system (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Measurement of total cellular peroxides.Intracellular oxidative stress was assayed by the oxidation of dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). J774A.1 cells (1 × 106) were incubated with 100 ng/ml LPS in the presence or absence of 1 or 4 mM cFP at 37°C. Cells were then washed with PBS and incubated with 10 μM DCFH-DA for 30 min at 37°C. The cells were detached by scraping and washed with PBS. Cellular fluorescence was determined by using a FACSCalibur instrument.
Measurement of macrophage phagocytic activity.Phagocytic activity was measured with a pHrodo Green E. coli BioParticles conjugate (catalog number P35366; Life Technologies). The particles are conjugated to pHrodo dye, the fluorescence of which increases in an acidic environment such as that of the phagosome. For measurement of phagocytic activity, 5 × 105 J774A.1 cells in 200 μl of culture medium were plated onto 24-well culture plates for 24 h, and the culture medium was then replaced with 200 μl of pHrodo Green E. coli BioParticles conjugate solution in the presence or absence of 4 mM cFP for the indicated times. Cells were detached by scraping and washed with PBS. Phagocytic activity was determined based on the fluorescence intensity of the cells by using a FACSCalibur instrument (BD Biosciences).
Nuclear protein extraction and Western blot analysis.J774A.1 cells (2 × 106) were harvested by scraping and washed with 1× PBS. For whole-cell lysate extraction, the cells were mixed with 0.5 ml of radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM Na2EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1% Nonidet P-40 [NP-40], 1% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS) and pipetted 20 times to form a homogeneous lysate. The mixture was allowed to stand for 5 min at 4°C and centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C, and the supernatants were used for Western blotting.
For the preparation of nuclear extracts, cells were resuspended in buffer A (10 mM HEPES [pH 7.9], 10 mM KCl, 0.1 mM dithiothreitol [DTT], and 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride [PMSF]), mixed by vortexing, and incubated on ice for 15 min. NP-40 was then added to a final concentration of 10%, and the extracts were vortexed for 10 s. Pellets were obtained by centrifugation at 15,000 × g for 1 min at 4°C. The pellets were resuspended by vortexing in buffer B (20 mM HEPES [pH 7.9], 0.4 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF, and 10% NP-40) for 10 min. The mixture was then centrifuged at 15,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C, and the supernatants were used for Western blot analysis.
The whole-cell lysates or nuclear lysates were electrophoresed on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane for 1 h. The membranes were blocked for 1 h in Tris-buffered saline with 0.05% Tween 20 (TBST) and 5% skim milk. Anti-phospho-IKK (catalog number 2078; Cell Signaling Technology, Manassas, VA), anti-IκBα (catalog number 9242; Cell Signaling Technology), anti-p65 (catalog number sc-8008; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), anti-β-actin (catalog number sc-47778; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and anti-lamin B (catalog number ab16048; Abcam, Cambridge, MA) antibodies were diluted 1:1,000 in TBST and incubated with the membrane overnight at 4°C. Blots were washed with TBST three times for 10 min each and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (catalog number A90-116P; Bethyl, Montgomery, TX) or chicken anti-goat IgG (catalog number A50-110P; Bethyl) for 1 h at room temperature. Protein bands were detected by incubation with enhanced chemiluminescence reagent and by exposure to an X-ray film. Densitometric analyses were performed by using ImageJ software (NCBI freeware).
NF-κB activity assay.The pNF-κB luciferase vector (containing the NF-κB binding sites) and a Renilla luciferase reporter plasmid were transfected into HEK293T cells. A total of 2 ×105 cells were used for each transfection. Transfected cells were allowed to recover in complete medium for 24 h and then incubated with TNF-α in the presence or absence of 4 mM cFP for 0, 1, 3, or 6 h. Cells were then harvested and washed with PBS. The luciferase assay was performed by using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay system (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Transfection efficiency was normalized by dividing firefly luciferase activity by Renilla luciferase activity.
RNA isolation and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis.J774A.1 cells or BMDMs (5 × 105 cells) in 200 μl of culture medium were plated onto 24-well plates. After culture overnight, the cells were treated with 0.1 μg/ml LPS in the presence or absence of cFP for the indicated times. The cells were resuspended in 1 ml of TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies) and 200 μl of chloroform and centrifuged at 15,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C. The aqueous phase (supernatant) was transferred into a new microtube, mixed with 500 μl of isopropanol, and incubated at room temperature for 10 min. Total RNA was precipitated by centrifugation at 15,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C, and the RNA pellet was washed with 70% ethanol by centrifugation at 7,500 × g for 5 min at 4°C. cDNA was synthesized by using the TOPscript reverse transcriptase kit (catalog number RT0025; Enzynomics, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, total RNA was mixed with 100 μM oligo(dT)18 and heated for 5 min at 70°C. Reverse transcription was performed at final concentrations of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 3 mM MgCl2, 10 mM DTT, 75 mM KCl, 2 mM each deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), 20 units RNase inhibitor, and 200 units Topscript reverse transcriptase at 50°C for 60 min. The reaction was terminated at 95°C for 5 min.
Real-time PCRs were carried out with the HiFast Probe Lo-Rox kit (catalog number Q200220; Genepole, South Korea) by using the primers listed in Table S2 in the supplemental material (400 nM each) on an Applied Biosystems 7500 real-time PCR system. Real-time PCR was performed as follows: a starting reaction at 95°C for 2 min followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 10 s and annealing/extension at 60°C for 34 s.
Flow cytometry analysis.J774A.1 cells (5 × 105) in 200 μl of culture medium were plated onto a 24-well plate for 24 h, and the cells were treated with LPS (0.1 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of various concentrations of cFP for the indicated times. Cells were detached by scraping and washed two times with PBS. The cells were treated with an Fc blocker (catalog number 101302; BioLegend, San Diego, CA) for 20 min on ice. For the measurement of TLR4 internalization, cells were stained with an anti-TLR4-phycoerythrin (PE) antibody (catalog number 145403; BioLegend) for 30 min at 4°C. After washing with PBS, cellular fluorescence was determined by using a FACSCalibur instrument. For intracellular cytokine staining, cells were fixed/permeabilized by using an intracellular cytokine staining kit (BD Biosciences) for 20 min. The fixed cells were sequentially stained with a biotin-conjugated anti-TNF-α antibody (catalog number 13-7326-85; eBioscience) and PE-streptavidin (catalog number 554061; BD Biosciences) for 30 min at 4°C and washed with PBS, and cellular fluorescence was determined on a FACSCalibur instrument.
Isothermal titration calorimetry analysis.To determine the binding affinity of cFP and LPS, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was performed by using an iTC200 isothermal titration calorimeter (Microcal), which enables the direct measurement of the enthalpy change when two molecules interact (19). cFP (1 mM) was titrated into a solution of LPS (12 μM) at 37°C, and the resulting temperature changes were measured by the input of power required to maintain an equal temperature between the sample and reference cells.
Construction of the genomic DNA library of V. vulnificus and transposon mutagenesis.To construct the V. vulnificus MO6-24/O (20) genomic library, chromosomal DNA was extracted and then partially digested with the restriction enzyme Sau3AI. Digested fragments were size fractionated after sucrose gradient centrifugation, and fragments with an average size of 25 kb were isolated. The fragments were cloned into the BamHI site of pCP13/B (21) and transformed into LE392 cells. Transposon insertion mutagenesis was performed using by the transposon mini-Tn5 lacZ1 as described previously (22).
Quantitative analyses of cFP production.For quantitative analyses of cFP production, bioluminescence assays and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were performed as previously described (7). Briefly, cultures of bacterial cells grown overnight in LB broth were inoculated into fresh LB medium. After 6 h of incubation, cell-free culture supernatants were collected by centrifugation, and 200 μl of each supernatant was plated onto a 96-well plate. For quantitative measurement of cFP production in the supernatants, E. coli strain MT102 harboring sensor plasmid pSB403 (23) was used as a bioindicator. Cultures of MT102(pSB403) grown overnight in LB medium were washed and diluted to an A600 value of 0.1 into fresh LB medium, and 200 μl of the diluted MT102(pSB403) cells was added to a 96-well plate. After 4 h of incubation, the cFP level was calculated as luminescence units normalized to the cell density (relative luminescence units [RLU]). For HPLC analysis, 50 ml of the cell-free culture supernatant from V. vulnificus or E. coli cells grown to stationary phase in LB medium was extracted twice with the same volume of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract was vaporized and dissolved in 50% methanol. Samples were applied to a Mightysil RP-18 GP 250-4.6 column (Kanto Chemical, Japan) that had been washed with 100% methanol and equilibrated with 30% methanol in water. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, and the cFP peak was detected at 256 nm.
Construction of an llcA deletion mutant and cloning of the llcA gene.To construct the llcA gene deletion mutant, a 777-bp fragment of the upstream region and a 724-bp fragment of the downstream region of the llcA gene of V. vulnificus MO6-24/O were amplified by using primer sets llcKO_F1/llcKO_B1 and llcKO_F2/llcKO_B2, respectively (see Table S3 in the supplemental material). Each fragment was digested with the restriction enzyme StyI and then ligated into the pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega) to generate plasmid pGEM-llcKO. The resulting construct has a 462-bp deletion in the llcA gene. Plasmid pGEM-llcKO was digested with the restriction enzymes SalI and SphI and cloned into the vector pDM4 to generate pDM4-llcKO, which was then introduced into E. coli S17-1λpir (24), from which it was mobilized into V. vulnificus MO6-24/O by conjugation. Exconjugants were grown on TCBS agar containing chloramphenicol (2 μg/ml) to select for a double crossover, as previously described (25). The resulting V. vulnificus MO6-24/O strain with a deletion in the chromosomal copy of llcA was confirmed by DNA sequencing, and the mutant was named the ΔllcA mutant. For the llcA complementary assay, the 830-bp DNA fragment comprising the promoter region and the coding region of llcA was amplified by PCR using primers llcA_comF and llcA_comB (see Table S3 in the supplemental material). The resulting product was cloned into pRK415 (26) to construct pRK-llcA. This plasmid was conjugated into wild-type (WT) V. vulnificus MO6-24/O and the ΔllcA strain.
Bacteria and mouse infection.For the mouse infection experiment, wild-type V. vulnificus (MO6-24/O) and the ΔllcA mutant were cultured in LB medium, harvested, washed with PBS, and resuspended in PBS. The bacteria (5 × 104, 1 × 105, or 1 × 106 CFU in 100 μl of PBS) were subcutaneously injected into 4- to 5-week-old ICR mice.
For the mouse infection experiment with V. vulnificus conjugated with either pRK415 or pRK-llcA, the WT strain harboring pRK415 [WT(pRK415)], the ΔllcA mutant harboring pRK415 [ΔllcA(pRK415) strain], and the ΔllcA(pRK-llcA) strain were cultured in LB medium containing 2 μg/ml tetracycline, harvested, washed with PBS, and resuspended in 100 μl of PBS containing 2 μg/ml tetracycline. The bacteria (2 × 106, 1 × 106, or 1 × 105 CFU) were subcutaneously injected into 4- to 5-week-old ICR mice.
Statistical analysis.Results are expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD). Statistical differences between groups were analyzed by using Student's t test or Pearson's chi-squared test.
cFP is not cytotoxic to J774A.1 cells in the range of 0 to 10 mM.To determine the effect of cFP on the viability of cells, a cytotoxicity assay was performed. J774A.1 mouse monocyte/macrophage cells were treated with cFP in the range of 0 to 20 mM for 48 h, and cytotoxicity was measured by an MTS assay. cFP did not show a significant level of cytotoxicity in the range of 0 to 10 mM. However, cFP was cytotoxic to J774A.1 cells at concentrations of >10 mM; therefore, <5 mM cFP was used in subsequent experiments (Fig. 1B).
cFP suppresses the production of proinflammatory cytokines from LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells.To investigate whether microbe-released cFP can influence host immune responses, resting J774A.1 cells were treated with cFP at a concentration of 0 to 5 mM for 48 h, and the secretion of innate cytokines was measured by ELISA of culture supernatants. cFP did not induce the production of TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-1β in resting macrophages, based on the negative and positive controls (see Fig. S1 in the supplemental material).
The inhibitory effect of cFP on cytokine production in resting cells could not be determined because the basal expression levels of the cytokines were too low. Therefore, J774A.1 cells were stimulated with LPS, and the effect cFP on the release of proinflammatory cytokines was examined by ELISA. LPS substantially induced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Interestingly, cFP inhibited LPS-induced expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 2A). Maximal inhibition of cytokine release was observed at a cFP concentration of 4 mM, at which cell viability was not affected (Fig. 1B). The effect of cFP on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines at the transcriptional level was also examined. Without the addition of cFP, LPS-induced mRNA expression of Tnfa and Il6 peaked at 3 h of stimulation and decreased thereafter. Consistent with its effects on cytokine protein production, cFP strongly inhibited the LPS-induced expression of Tnfa and Il6 mRNAs (Fig. 2B).
Structure of cFP and its effect on cell viability. (A) Structure of cyclo(Phe-Pro). (B) Cell viability was measured by an MTS assay after treatment with various concentrations of cFP for 48 h. Data represent means ± SD (n = 4). All data are representative of data from three independent experiments that yielded similar results.
cFP reduces proinflammatory cytokine levels in mouse macrophages stimulated with LPS. (A) J774A.1 cells were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 48 h in the presence of the indicated concentrations of cFP. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Data represent means ± SD (n = 4). Statistical differences between groups were analyzed by using Student's t test (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001). (B) J774A.1 cells were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for the indicated numbers of hours in the presence or absence of 4 mM cFP. Relative mRNA levels of Tnf and Il6 were measured by qRT-PCR and normalized to the Hprt mRNA level. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). Statistical analyses were performed by using Student's t test (***, P < 0.001).
cFP suppresses the production of antimicrobial agents in a macrophage cell line.The effect of cFP on the production of antimicrobial chemicals generated by mammalian cells, including nitric oxide (NO) and ROS, was next examined. First, the effect of cFP on NO production in LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells was quantitatively measured by using a Griess assay. cFP reduced NO production by LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 3A). cFP also reduced the mRNA expression of the Inos gene, which encodes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an enzyme that catalyzes the production of NO (Fig. 3B) (27).
Effects of cFP on production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in J774A.1 cells. (A) J774A.1 cells were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 24 h in the presence of the indicated concentrations of cFP, and the concentrations of nitrite were detected by a Griess reagent assay. Data represent means ± SD (n = 4). Statistical differences between groups were analyzed by using Student's t test (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; NS, not significant). (B) The mRNA level of Inos was measured by qRT-PCR after the indicated incubation times and normalized to the Hprt mRNA level. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). Statistical analyses were performed by using Student's t test (***, P < 0.001). (C) J774A.1 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS in the presence or absence of 1 mM or 4 mM cFP for 2 h. ROS generation was detected by DCFH-DA fluorescence.
Next, the effect of cFP on ROS production in LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells was examined. To detect intracellular ROS levels, cells were labeled with DCFH-DA, which is a cell-permeable chemical that is rapidly oxidized to a highly fluorescent form by ROS. As shown in Fig. 3C, cFP inhibited ROS production in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells.
cFP suppresses the production of innate cytokines and nitric oxide in primary macrophages.The above-described experiments were performed by using the J774A.1 cell line, which is a transformed monocyte/macrophage cell line. To confirm that these results can be repeated in more physiologically relevant primary cells, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were used. Bone marrow was isolated from C57BL/6 mice and differentiated into macrophages ex vivo in a medium supplemented with L929 cell-conditioned medium as a source of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The role of cFP in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and NO and the expression of Inos was examined by using LPS-stimulated BMDMs. Consistent with the J774A.1 cell data, cFP inhibited the production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 at both the protein and mRNA levels (Fig. 4A) and also inhibited the production of NO and the expression of Inos mRNA (Fig. 4B) in LPS-stimulated BMDMs. These results suggest that cFP also exerts its inhibitory effects in more physiologically relevant primary macrophages.
cFP suppresses production of innate cytokines and nitric oxide in primary macrophages. (A) BMDMs were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for the indicated times in the presence or absence of 4 mM cFP. (Top) The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the culture supernatants were measured by an ELISA. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). (Bottom) BMDMs were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 3 h in the presence or absence of 4 mM cFP. The mRNA levels of Tnf and Il6 were measured by qRT-PCR and normalized to the Hprt mRNA level. Statistical differences between groups were analyzed by using Student's t test (*, P < 0.05). (B) BMDMs were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for the indicated times in the presence or absence of 4 mM cFP. The concentrations of nitrite were detected by a Griess reagent assay (left), and the mRNA level of Inos was measured by qRT-PCR (right). Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). Statistical analyses between groups were performed by using Student's t test (*, P < 0.05).
cFP inhibits TNF-α production in J774A.1 cells at an early time point.Understanding the kinetics of innate cytokine production and its inhibition is important for innate immunity, because the innate immune system provides the first line of defense for the body and prevents invading microbes from proliferating and colonizing. The effect of cFP on TNF-α production by LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells was therefore measured at various time points by intracellular cytokine staining. LPS rapidly induced TNF-α production, starting at 1 h and peaking at 3 h (Fig. 5). cFP at a final concentration of 1 mM did not exert a significant effect on TNF-α production. However, cFP at 4 mM rapidly blocked the production of TNF-α at as early as 1 h (Fig. 5), suggesting that cFP acts at a relatively early time point.
cFP delays TNF-α expression induced by LPS. (A) J774A.1 cells were treated with 100 ng/ml of LPS in the presence or absence of cFP for the indicated times. TNF-α-positive cells were stained by intracellular cytokine staining and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and repeated at least three times, which yielded similar results. (B) Graphical representation of the data shown in panel A. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). Statistical analyses between cFP-treated and untreated groups were performed by using Student's t test (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01).
In all the experiments in this study, cFP was added to the culture medium together with LPS to examine the effects of cFP on cultured cells. We therefore investigated the possibility that cFP binds directly to LPS. If this occurs, cFP would reduce the effective dose of LPS available for cell activation and thereby limit LPS-induced cytokine and NO production, consistent with our previous results. To test this possibility, the ability of cFP to physically bind to LPS was examined by ITC. We found that cFP did not specifically bind to LPS (see Fig. S2 in the supplemental material), which indicates that the inhibitory effect of cFP was not due to a sequestration of cFP by LPS.
cFP does not affect phagocytic activity or TLR internalization.To explore the effect of cFP on macrophage functions, the effect of cFP on phagocytosis, a major mechanism through which macrophages clear pathogens, was examined. Phagocytosis by J774A.1 cells was measured by using a pHrodo Green E. coli BioParticles conjugate. Treatment with 4 mM cFP did not have a significant effect on the phagocytic activity of J774A.1 cells (see Fig. S3 in the supplemental material).
To study the molecular mechanisms of the cFP-mediated inhibition of the production of proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial agents, we first examined whether cFP affects TLR4 endocytosis, because LPS triggers the inflammatory signaling pathway by inducing TLR4 endocytosis in macrophages (28). Even after 60 min, cFP did not have a significant effect on TLR4 internalization induced by LPS (see Fig. S4 in the supplemental material). Taken together, these results suggest that cFP has no discernible effect on phagocytosis or TLR4 internalization.
cFP affects the NF-κB signaling pathway.The above-described results led us to examine whether cFP exerts its effect by influencing a downstream signaling pathway associated with TLR4 stimulation. The central downstream pathway of TLR4 is the IKK/NF-κB pathway. Upon stimulation of TLR4, IKK becomes autophosphorylated and subsequently phosphorylates IκB, which, in its unphosphorylated form, binds to NF-κB and inhibits its nuclear translocation. Phosphorylated IκB (p-IκB) is ubiquitinated and degraded by a proteasome. The released NF-κB translocates into the nucleus and induces the expression of its target genes (14, 29). IκB levels recover as the signal wanes since IκB is continuously resynthesized; thus, the degradation of IκB reflects the active transduction of a stimulatory signal (14, 29). The role of cFP in these signaling events was examined by using LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells. LPS led to IKK phosphorylation and a transient degradation of IκBα, as previously reported (30). Interestingly, cFP inhibited IKK phosphorylation and reduced and delayed the degradation of IκBα in whole-cell lysates from LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells (Fig. 6A and B). cFP also reduced the accumulation of NF-κB p65 in the nuclear extract compared to controls without cFP treatment (Fig. 6C and D).
cFP impairs NF-κB signaling in macrophages. (A) Phosphorylation of IκB and IKK. Phosphorylated IKK and IκBα were detected in whole-cell extracts by Western blotting. β-Actin was used as the reference protein. Data are representative of three independent experiments that yielded similar results. (B) Quantitation of phosphorylated IKK, IκBα, and β-actin bands was performed by using ImageJ software (NCBI freeware). (C) Nuclear translocation of p65. J774A.1 cells were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of 4 mM cFP for various amounts of time. The cells were then lysed, nuclear extracts were prepared, and the p65 protein was detected in the nuclear extracts by Western blotting. Lamin B1 was used as a loading control for nuclear protein. (D) Quantitation of p65 and lamin B bands was performed by using ImageJ software. (E) NF-κB target gene expression. J774A.1 cells were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of 4 mM cFP for 3 h. The mRNA levels of the indicated genes were measured by qRT-PCR. Statistical differences between groups were analyzed by using Student's t test (*, P < 0.05). (F) NF-κB promoter activity. HEK293T cells were transfected with a pNF-κB luciferase vector (containing NF-κB binding sites) and a Renilla luciferase reporter plasmid by using polyethyleneimine. Cells were allowed to rest for 24 h and then stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS in the presence or absence of 4 mM cFP for the indicated times. Luciferase activity in the cell extract was measured. Statistical differences between groups were analyzed by using Student's t test (*, P < 0.05).
To examine whether cFP inhibits NF-κB-mediated gene expression, the expression of NF-κB target genes in LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells was analyzed. cFP greatly reduced the expression of the NF-κB target genes Rantes, Ip10, and Mcp1 in these cells (Fig. 6C). Taken together, these results suggest that cFP inhibits the IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
A transient-reporter assay was used to confirm the effect of cFP on NF-κB-mediated gene expression. HEK293T cells were transfected with a reporter construct containing NF-κB binding sites in its promoter. The cells were then stimulated with TNF-α in the presence or absence of 4 mM cFP for the indicated times, and reporter activity was measured. Stimulation with TNF-α triggered luciferase activity, indicating that TNF-α induced NF-κB binding to its promoter (Fig. 6D). cFP significantly reduced TNF-α-induced luciferase activity, indicating that cFP inhibits NF-κB-mediated gene expression (Fig. 6D). Since TNF-α rather than LPS was used in this experiment, this result further supports the notion that the inhibitory activity of cFP is not limited to LPS stimulation but is applicable to other NF-κB-activating signals.
Isolation of a mutant of MO6-24/O with a defect in cFP production.Since cFP was found to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial agents, we hypothesized that cFP gives bacteria a survival advantage in the host environment during infection. To test this hypothesis, we first isolated a derivative of V. vulnificus that has a defect in cFP production. For this, we utilized the fact that E. coli strain LE392 does not produce detectable levels of cFP, as assessed by HPLC (data not shown). A genomic library of V. vulnificus MO6-24/O was constructed in LE392 cells, and each clone of the library was examined for the ability to produce cFP by using the bioindicator MT102(pSB403). About 25,000 genomic library clones of V. vulnificus were assessed for the production of cFP by using MT102(pSB403), and two clones (pCP-1151 and pCP-1440) that activated the bioindicator to the level of wild-type V. vulnificus MO6-24/O were isolated (see Fig. S5A in the supplemental material). This suggests that these two clones carry genes that allow cFP production by LE392, which does not naturally produce cFP. cFP production in the two clones, measured by using HPLC, confirmed the result (see Fig. S5B in the supplemental material). LE392 harboring the control vector pCP13/B gave a signal comparable to that in uninoculated LB medium (see Fig. S5B in the supplemental material).
DNA nucleotide sequencing showed that the inserts in pCP-1151 and pCP-1440 contain an identical region of chromosome II of V. vulnificus MO6-24/O, and pCP-1151 was chosen for further analysis. The clone pCP-1151 contains an ∼23-kb genomic DNA fragment of V. vulnificus, from VVMO6_03006 to VVMO6_03031 (see Fig. S6A in the supplemental material). To identify the gene that is responsible for conferring cFP production to the pCP-1151 clone, random transposon insertion mutants were made, and each mutant was tested for the ability to induce the production of cFP in LE392 cells. A transposon insertion in the VVMO6_03017 gene caused a failure to activate the bioindicator, while transposon insertions in other genes in the clone did not affect the activation of the bioindicator (see Fig. S6B in the supplemental material).
The deduced amino acid sequence of VVMO6_03017 suggests that the protein is a membrane protein that does not show homology to any known genes. A deletion of this gene abolished cFP production in V. vulnificus MO6-24/O cells, and the introduction of the clone in trans into the mutant restored cFP production (see Fig. S7 in the supplemental material). Although the biological function of VVMO6_03017 in association with cFP biosynthesis is not known, this result clearly showed that this gene is required for the production of cFP in V. vulnificus MO6-24/O cells, and the gene was therefore named llcA (low level of cFP producer A). The growth rate of the ΔllcA mutant did not differ from that of wild-type strain MO6-24/O (see Fig. S8 in the supplemental material).
cFP enhances bacterial survival in animal hosts.To test the hypothesis that cFP production by bacteria results in a survival advantage during infection, ICR mice were infected with WT (MO6-24/O) or mutant (ΔllcA) V. vulnificus by subcutaneous injection, and the virulence of the bacteria was determined by measuring the survival rate of the infected mice. Mice infected with 5 × 104 CFU of WT V. vulnificus had 0% viability after 72 h of infection. However, mice infected with the ΔllcA mutant had an increased viability of 50% (Fig. 7A). When mice were infected with higher CFU (1 × 105 or 1 × 106) of V. vulnificus, the difference in virulence between the WT and mutant waned (Fig. 7B and C), suggesting that the effect of cFP on virulence is modest. These results support the hypothesis that, at least modestly, cFP is involved in virulence in the host environment during infection.
cFP enhances virulence of V. vulnificus in mice. Four- to five-week-old ICR mice were injected with V. vulnificus strain MO6-24/O (WT strain), the ΔllcA mutant, or PBS (n = 20). Bacteria (5 × 104, 1 × 105, or 1 × 106 CFU) were injected subcutaneously in 100 μl of PBS, and the numbers of surviving mice are shown. Statistical differences between WT- and mutant-infected groups were analyzed by Pearson's chi-squared test (**, P < 0.01; n.s., not significant).
Next, we examined whether the llcA gene complements the virulence of the WT in a mouse infection experiment. For this, the WT or the ΔllcA mutant was introduced with either a control plasmid (pRK415) or plasmid pRK-llcA. ICR mice were then infected with WT(pRK415), ΔllcA(pRK415), and ΔllcA(pRK-llcA) by subcutaneous injection, and the virulence of the bacteria was determined by measuring the survival rate of the infected mice. These experimental conditions are slightly different from those used in the previous mouse experiment. V. vulnificus conjugated with either the control plasmid (pRK415) or plasmid pRK-llcA has to be maintained in the presence of tetracycline in the mouse. Therefore, tetracycline was injected into a mouse together with the bacteria, which selects bacteria that contain the plasmid. Because of the low copy number and the instability of the plasmid, it is expected that the number of live V. vulnificus cells under these conditions is not as high as that in the absence of the antibiotics. In these experimental settings, 1 × 106 or 2 × 106 CFU of the ΔllcA mutant complemented with the llcA gene [ΔllcA(pRK415)] almost completely restored virulence to WT levels (Fig. 8), demonstrating that LlcA is responsible for virulence.
LlcA is responsible for virulence of V. vulnificus in mice. Four- to five-week-old ICR mice were injected with the V. vulnificus WT(pRK415) strain, the ΔllcA(pRK415) mutant, and the ΔllcA(pRK-llcA) complementation strain or PBS (A, n = 5; B, n = 10; C, n = 5). Bacteria (2 × 106, 1 × 106, or 1 × 105 CFU) were injected subcutaneously in 100 μl of PBS containing 2 μg/ml tetracycline, and the numbers of surviving mice are shown. Statistical differences between the ΔllcA(pRK415)- and WT(pRK415)- or ΔllcA(pRK-llcA)-treated groups were analyzed by Pearson's chi-squared test (**, P < 0.01).
In this study, we investigated the effects of cFP produced by the lethal human pathogen V. vulnificus on the mammalian innate immune system using the J774A.1 monocyte/macrophage cell line and BMDMs. cFP suppressed the LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial agents in these cells by interfering with the NF-κB signaling pathway. cFP provided the bacteria with a survival advantage in the host environment.
Since the innate immune system acts immediately upon pathogen invasion, suppression of this system is a well-known strategy that many pathogenic microorganisms employ for their survival and propagation during infection of the host body. In particular, a variety of pathogens inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway to evade the innate immune system of the host (31). Bacteria can inhibit the NF-κB pathway at the level of TLR signaling, the IKK complex, or NF-κB-dependent transcription (31). Although it is yet to be determined which level of the NF-κB signaling pathway is targeted by cFP, our current study provides some clues about the target molecule. For instance, cFP did not affect TLR4 internalization, but it did inhibit IKK phosphorylation and its downstream signaling. These results suggest that the target molecule lies between TLR internalization and IKK phosphorylation in the signaling pathway. The exact molecular target of cFP has yet to be determined.
Our study revealed that cFP acts at an early time point. cFP-mediated inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway occurred by as early as 5 min after stimulation, and a reduction of TNF-α and IL-6 expression occurred by as early as 1 to 3 h poststimulation. This early-acting property of cFP may be related to the capacity of V. vulnificus to evade the innate immune system upon initial infection, swiftly inducing symptoms with potentially lethal results in the host (3).
Our luciferase activity analysis showed that cFP has similar NF-κB-suppressive activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages and in TNF-α-stimulated HEK293T cells, suggesting that the inhibition of NF-κB activity is not a cell type-restricted phenomenon. In addition, cFP did not affect either phagocytic activity or TLR4 endocytosis in a monocyte/macrophage cell line. Thus, it seems that cFP does not affect receptor-mediated signaling of host cells, suggesting that the cFP-mediated effect is highly specific to NF-κB signaling rather than influencing the broad activities involved in cellular function.
Quorum-sensing molecules regulate biofilm formation as well as toxin and virulence factor production (32, 33). Recent studies showed that quorum-sensing molecules secreted from bacteria also affect host immune systems (32, 34–36). In particular, N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl)homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL), a member of the N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) family that is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and TNF-α production by LPS-stimulated macrophages (37). In addition, 3-oxo-C12-HSL represses genes encoding inflammatory regulators by impairing the regulation of NF-κB functions (35). Pretreatment with the quorum-sensing small volatile aromatic molecule 2-amino-acetophenon (2-AA) limits the inflammatory response of the host by reducing proinflammatory cytokine production (36). Recently, we showed that 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline (HHQ) and 2-heptyl-3,4-dihydroxyquinoline (Pseudomonas quinolone signal [PQS]), members of the 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinoline (HAQ) family, also have an inhibitory function in innate immunity (34, 38). cFP acts as a quorum-sensing molecule in V. vulnificus as well as in other pathogenic Vibrio species, including V. cholerae, by affecting the expression of the ToxR-dependent gene ompU, which is important for pathogenicity (7). Our current study is another example of the regulation of the host immune system by quorum-sensing signaling molecules. In addition to cFP, other cyclic dipeptides isolated from various microorganisms also play physiological roles in higher organisms (5, 13, 39–41). Future studies will undoubtedly reveal roles for other cyclic dipeptide molecules in microbe-host interactions.
We performed BLAST searches for the llcA gene. The gene encodes a hypothetical membrane protein found in the genus Vibrio, but the protein does not have any homology with any known protein except for a few proteins annotated as “arginine/ornithine antiporters” (ArcD) in a few Vibrio species, such as V. maritimus, V. ponticus, and V. variabilis. However, these ArcD proteins have different sizes than and no significant homology with the ArcD proteins of V. cholerae and other bacteria. These results suggest that the annotation may not be solid. Therefore, we did not follow this nomenclature in our study. We also performed a protein domain analysis on the protein, but we could not find any known functional domain in the protein. However, based on the fact that it is a membrane protein, we speculate that it might be involved in cFP transport across the cell membrane.
In conclusion, our results provide evidence that cFP has immune-suppressive effects that enhance the pathogen's ability to infect and survive in a host environment. Our study sheds light on the role of cFP in host-pathogen interactions and aids in the development of potential therapeutic strategies for diseases related to V. vulnificus. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact molecular target of cFP in the NF-κB pathway.
This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the South Korean government (2014-023419 to G.R.L. and NRF-2011-0018115 to K.-S.K.), Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning, Republic of Korea.
Accepted manuscript posted online 5 January 2015.
Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.02878-14.
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In talking to prospective clients every day, a lot of the same questions come up and I thought I would share some of the more common in this blog.
1. 1. I just bought a horse that is already insured, does his policy just automatically transfer to me?
I just sold my horse and he’s insured. Will his policy just automatically transfer to his new owner?
Most likely, the answer is no. Your insurance policy on a horse you own is only in effect while you have an insurable interest in the horse. Just like if you sold your car, the insurance on the car would not automatically transfer to the new owner, the same is true of a horse. So if you’re in the process of purchasing a new horse and want to make sure there is no lapse in coverage between the current owner’s policy and you, it’s a good idea to get all the paperwork for your new policy in order prior to the purchase so you can make coverage effective the day of the sale.
2. My horse isn’t registered – can I still insure him? What type of identification can I use?
If your horse isn’t registered, you can use a microchip number if one is available. If not, then photos can be used as identification. Typically a front and side view is all that’s necessary, and if you need a few days to get those to us, that’s fine, we can still see about getting coverage started pending receipt of the photos. And with just about everyone having a Smart Phone these days (and let's face it, we all love taking photos of our horses), emailing photos to us should hopefully be easy for you.
3. Do you need a copy of the Bill of Sale to get coverage started on my new horse?
No. We do not need a copy of the bill of sale for our records, but you definitely want to keep that document on file, because in the event of a Mortality claim, the claims adjuster will ask you for proof of the sale and purchase price. They may also ask for proof of the purchase, such as a cancelled check, or wire transfer.
4. Can I just call and insure my horse over the phone?
This depends on the agency and/or insurance company. At Broadstone, we do require an application to be completed by the horse owner (or lessee if the horse is being leased). The application asks for very important information with regard to the horse and the coverages that you want, and we feel it is best that we have that information in writing from you so there are no misunderstandings.
That said, we make the paperwork as easy as possible. The application can be completed and signed as a fillable PDF and then emailed to us. Or completed by hand and scanned/emailed, faxed, or even sent as a picture from your smart phone – as long as we can read the application (and all the questions are answered) and it is signed/dated by you, we should be able to work with it.
In some instances (though not many) we may also need a current vet certificate or copy of the pre-purchase exam. See the next question for details. And if the horse is being leased, we will also need a copy of the Lease Agreement.
5. Do I have to pay a vet to examine the horse before I can get him insured?
In most cases, for sound and healthy horeses, you do not. That said, you will definitely need a current vet certificate (or copy of the pre-purchase exam for a recent purchase) for horses to be insured for over a certain value (typically $50,000- $100,000) or ages under 6 months or over 15 or 16 (depending on the company). Something from the vet may also be necessary if the horse has had a recent injury or illness that the underwriter would like addressed. In addition, with one company that Broadstone works with, if you have not known the horse for at least 30 days, a vet certificate will also be required.
6. If I have a claim, my horse won’t be insurable any more, right?
In the majority of cases, a claim does not make a horse uninsurable. Typically when the policy is due to renew, the underwriter will review the details of the claim and determine if they will offer renewal (which they usually will), and if so, if any exclusions will apply at renewal. Horse insurance policies are 12-month term policies, and are underwritten every year. So issues that occur during the policy period can be considered pre-existing, and therefore excluded, on the next year’s policy. This can be confusing, as it is unlike human health insurance policies, so you will want to talk to your agent to make sure you understand the renewal process and any exclusions.
7. OK, then if my horse has a minor leg injury, the whole leg is going to be excluded forever, right?
In most cases, this would not be the case. Providing the injury has been diagnosed and the underwriters have sufficient information to work with, they will typically exclude for the injury that has occurred, such as deep digital flexor tendon - right front, not the whole right front leg. Exclusions vary depending on the situation, but the underwriters do try to be as specific as is reasonably possible.
8. I had a friend who walked into her barn one morning, and found her horse lying dead in the pasture. She said that the insurance company required a necropsy. Is a necropsy always required? If so, do I have to pay for it?
If you are unfortunate enough to be in a situation, you first want to give the insurance company’s claims office a call. They can then advise you on how to follow the provisions of the policy to ensure the best result. If the horse was previously healthy and the death is unexpected, then a necropsy will definitely be required, and those costs are not covered by your policy, so you would pay out of pocket. If the horse had been ill/injured and under a vet’s care, there is the possibility that a necropsy may not be necessary, if the cause of death is definitive, but that will be determined by the insurance company depending on the specifics of the case.
If you find yourself in this situation—do not dispose of the horse’s body without contacting the insurance company and determining if a necropsy is required, otherwise you will void coverage under your policy. Claims adjusters are available around the clock, including nights and weekends, and will do their best to help you through a heartbreaking situation.
9. My horse was a little girthy and grumpy. The vet thought it might be gastric ulcers, so we just gave him a course of medication without actually doing any diagnostics. Would that be covered under my Major Medical/Surgical coverage?
Most likely, this would not be covered. It is very likely that the insurance company will require a definitive diagnosis of gastric ulcers by an endoscopic exam before they cover the costs of the medication to treat the ulcers (and then likely there will be a dollar limit for the amount of coverage for treatment). If your vet suspects that your horse has ulcers and wants to treat without an endoscopic exam, before starting treatment you should contact your insurance company and consult with an adjuster to determine what the company will require in order for coverage to respond.
10. I don’t know what limit of Major Medical/Surgical coverage I should get. Any advice?
This question comes up quite often, and the answer varies based on what limits are even available (some companies will not offer a Major Medical/Surgical limit higher than the horse’s insured value on the Mortality policy), your budget, your comfort level, and past history. Some people want the peace of mind to know that a worst case scenario will be covered as much as possible, and therefore will purchase the highest limit of coverage possible. Other people would rather save some money and purchase a lower limit, hedging their bets that hopefully they won’t need the coverage, or if they do, it won’t be for a catastrophic scenario. And that even if that worst case scenario happens, they feel comfortable that they have the funds (or credit card balance) to handle expenses not covered by insurance. And for those horseowners who have experienced an unfortunate run of luck with a previous horse, their past history often informs their decisions and they will want a high limit. In my experience, the $7,500 and $10,000 limits are most popular, but those may not be suitable for you, especially if you’re concerned about a worst case scenario.
11. I just bought my horse, but I think I may want to save some money on the premium and insure him for less than the purchase price. What do most people do in that situation?
Generally most people insure a new horse for its purchase price, but certainly not always. Just keep in mind that the process of introducing a horse to a new location, new feed, new barn mates, turnout, etc., can be a little tricky. Most likely no damage will be done in those first days and weeks, but change can be difficult for some horses. Like with Major Medical/Surgical limits, how much you insure your horse for is a very personal decision, and will be based on your budget, your comfort level, and past history. Also, take into consideration that if heaven forbid your horse dies, and you have insured for considerably less than his purchase price, are you able to afford to absorb that financial loss?
12. I’ve had a bad experience in the past with a horse that had colic surgery. There were serious complications and he died. I would not put another horse through that. So if I insure my horse and he colics, and I choose to put him down instead of surgery (or because I don’t allow surgery, he dies as a result), would my Mortality policy still cover.
Probably not. When you purchase an insurance policy, you have made an agreement with an insurance company, and one of you responsibilities is to provide the horse with the care necessary to save its life. If the veterinarians recommend surgery (or other treatments) in order to save the horse, and you choose not to pursue those treatments resulting in the horse's death or you choose to euthanize the horse, most likely the policy will not respond. Now, if your vet recommends euthanasia, this would be a different set of circumstances, as the policy does cover for humane destruction, providing it meets the requirements. If you find yourself in this situation, make sure to contact the insurance company’s claims office and work with an adjuster to determine how the policy will respond.
To get more information on insuring your horse, go to the Broadstone FAQs and Protect Your Horse pages. To see about getting a free quote, go to the Broadstone Quote page.
**These blogs are for basic information purposes only, and do not constitute advice from Broadstone Equine Insurance Agency. Contact our office directly at 888-687-8555 or [email protected] to speak with an agent for complete and current information regarding all coverages.
Let's face it, insurance falls way to the bottom of the list of topics any horse owner wants to talk about. Discussing worst case scenarios doesn't exactly make for enjoyable barn aisle or ringside small talk. Unfortunately, as in many areas of life, what you don't know can hurt you.
So without being too morbid, but in the interest of helping you protect your investments--following is some information that might help you consider putting "Get Horse Insurance" on your to-do list.
The basic idea behind insurance is that you are paying a fee to an insurance company in order to transfer your risk of a possible loss to them, and the fee you are paying is significantly less than the amount the company has agreed to pay you in the event such a loss happens. So, if you cannot afford to replace your horse in the event of a loss, or even more important for many of us, if you cannot afford the costs of veterinary care in the event your horse suffers a serious illness or injury, insurance can be a cost effective way to mitigate your risk.
For many of us, our horses are best friends and family, and we absolutely do not want to be in a situation where financial considerations dictate the quality of care that we're able to provide. Or, even if you have the funds on hand to absorb these losses, you may still choose to invest a much smaller amount each year on insurance premiums so that you are not forced to tap into your savings if the unexpected happens.
Deciding what coverage to purchase is quite important. While the basics are similar, the actual coverages vary depending on which insurance company provides it. The number of insurance companies in the U.S. that offer horse insurance policies barely reaches into the double digits, though the number of agencies (the organizations that you will usually work with to see about getting coverage) is far higher. Therefore the insurance agency you work with is very important.
It can be helpful if they have access to more than one company's programs so they have options to find a policy that fits you best, from both a cost and coverage standpoint. Look for someone who is willing to answer your questions promptly and clearly, responds to emails and voice mails in a timely manner, and will provide you with a binder as proof of coverage until the actual insurance policy is mailed to you. And most important--find an agent who is also an experienced horse person. They need to know combined driving from combined training, and OCD from EPM. You want someone who understands your passion.
When it comes to horse insurance, there are several options. For the purposes of this blog, I will concentrate on the two most common: Full Mortality and Major Medical/Surgical. The equine Full Mortality policy is the equivalent of life insurance for your horse. It provides coverage in the event the insured horse dies during the policy period from a covered accident, injury, illness, or disease, and includes possible coverage for humane destruction, and usually has limited coverage for theft.
Depending on the insurance company, Full Mortality coverage is available for horses ranging in age from 24 hours up to 20 years old. Premiums are based on the horse's age, breed, use, level, and insured value. The rates for Full Mortality coverage for the average pleasure or competition horse--uses that would include English/Western Show, Dressage, Hunter/Jumper, Cutting, Reining, Roping, Barrels--age 1-15 years, generally range from 2.9%-3.6% of the horse's insured value. So the Mortality premium for a horse in that age range insured at a value of $10,000 would average between $290 - $360 a year. Rates for some uses, such as eventing, fox hunting, and endurance, are usually slightly higher, from 3.7% - 4.75%, so still reasonable.
Typically the Full Mortality policy also includes a free Emergency Colic Surgery endorsement (for horses without a colic history) of up to $2,500-$5,000, depending on the horse's insured value and the insurance company offering the coverage. Full Mortality coverage is very comprehensive, but exact coverage terms vary by company. Common exclusions (reasons that could cause a claim to be denied) include, but are not limited to: pre-existing conditions, purposely harming the horse, not utilizing the services of a licensed veterinarian, late reporting of a loss, not following company requirements with regard to a loss, and some pretty farfetched possibilities such as war, destruction of the horse due to government order, and nuclear radiation.
In addition, you must contact the insurance company immediately in the event of a loss, and follow their instructions with regard to the submission of paperwork and the possibility of the need for a necropsy, the cost of which would not be reimbursed.
This is the most popular coverage that horseowners add by endorsement to their Full Mortality policy, and is not available on a standalone basis. It helps reimburse for covered veterinary expenses (medical and/or surgical) in the event the horse suffers a covered accident, injury, illness, or disease during the policy period. For as little as an additional $200 annual premium (depending on the insurance company), the endorsement can provide for a limit of $5,000 for the policy period, with deductibles as low as $300 per claim. Higher limits of $7,500, $10,000, $12,500 and $15,000 are also available with many companies, with varying deductibles, and annual premiums ranging from $300 to $675 or higher.
Major Medical/Surgical does not provide for routine health maintenance or preventative care such vaccinations, deworming, dental or farrier care. Other common exclusions (though this is not an exhaustive list) include: pre-existing conditions, elective or cosmetic surgery, performance enhancing treatments, joint injections, integrative therapies (such as chiropractic, massage and acupuncture), the veterinarian's call charge, or transportation costs.
So if your horse colics, founders, runs through a fence, gets kicked, develops a lameness, or suffers many of the other countless injuries or illnesses that can keep you up at night, Major Medical/Surgical should help reimburse for covered expenses after the deductible is met. The actual coverage details vary depending on the insurance company, so it's a good idea to educate yourself about exclusions, co-pays or co-insurance (especially for diagnostic tests, and treatments such as shock wave and regenerative therapies), treatment time limits, and extension periods.
Think your horse wouldn't be a candidate for Major Medical/Surgical because he is used for just pleasure and/or you only paid a couple hundred or a couple thousand dollars for him? While some companies will not offer the coverage on lower valued horses, there are a few that do not have restrictions on the amount of Major Medical/Surgical coverage they will offer, regardless of the horse's insured value on the Full Mortality policy, and Broadstone is happy to represent one of those companies.
For more information on Full Mortality and Major Medical/Surgical coverages, go to the Broadstone Protect Your Horse, FAQs, and Get a Quote pages.
A few "let the buyer beware" items for consideration. Horse insurance is very different from human health insurance. For example, pre-existing conditions are not covered, even if the horse was insured when it first contracted the disease or condition. So, if for example your horse develops a lameness or requires colic surgery while he's insured, expect to see an exclusion for that health issue on the next year's policy when you renew. This is because the policies are reviewed and underwritten each year, therefore the condition would be considered pre-existing and therefore excluded on the new policy.
That being said, there are typically extension periods built into the policy for issues that continue beyond the policy's expiration. Also, as mentioned earlier, it is very important that you contact the insurance company as soon as a health issue presents itself. The policy requires it, and you could jeopardize your coverage if you fail to promptly report the issue. It is also in your best interest to do so because the claims adjuster can explain your coverage in detail so you can work with your vet and make a plan with that information in mind.
There is no doubt that pondering all the worst case scenarios of horse ownership is uncomfortable at best, nightmare inducing at worst, which is another reason to consider insurance. Knowing that you're covered in case of the unthinkable buys you more than financial security. It also gives your peace of mind.
My answer is, in a word, “No.” And I say that after nearly two decades in the industry, with literally thousands of claims paid. I would not be involved in an industry that did not take care of my clients, and their horses, nor would I be in business with companies that don’t keep their word as to the contracts they make with their customers.
That being said, of course not every claim is paid, or paid to the extent that the client would like. And in my experience, in these instances it is not a case of an insurance company following the philosophy of “deny, deny, deny” that I think a lot of us have experienced at some point in human health insurance. Instead, since I often get involved in these situations to see if there’s anything I can do to assist my client, generally either the denial is justified due to issues of pre-existing conditions, or there have been missteps by the policy holder in not following the policy requirements when it comes to the reporting and handling of the claims process.
In saying that, I am not trying to blame the victim. Genuine mistakes can be made during the claims process, and it has also been my experience that when that happens, the insurance companies are usually reasonable in their responses. I would not expect that they would deny a Major Medical claim for frivolous reasons, but they still must ensure the policy terms are met.
When first insuring your horse, you’ll be asked to complete an application. Answer the questions honestly, and completely. If your horse has suffered any illnesses, injuries, accidents, diseases, or other health issues, make sure you indicate those on the application. And no sugar coating. A bowed tendon with a core lesion is not a slight strain. Any sort of “belly ache” is actually colic. Try to avoid a semantic debate as to what constitutes “colic”. Was the horse uncomfortable, not eating, in abdominal distress? It was colic, even if it resolved itself in a few hours with some handwalking and Banamine, so give that information on the application.
The more honest you are during the application process, the less problems you will encounter later. Yes, some issues will be considered pre-existing and therefore excluded, but the underwriters are reasonable when assessing the information you provide. Going back to the subject of colic, if your previously colic-free horse had a mild, isolated, medical colic 6 months ago that was treated at the barn without incident, it is very doubtful that a colic exclusion would apply to your new policy (though it is possible that the free Emergency Colic Surgery endorsement that is typically attached to the Mortality policy would be considered void because for that free coverage to apply, for many companies, the horse must have been colic-free for at least the prior 12 months).
Back to the mild, isolated colic 6 months ago -- if you do not report that colic episode on your application, and then while your horse is insured, he colics again, you could be jeopardizing your coverage due to the non-reporting of a prior health issue.
And yes, some conditions will always be excluded, such as colic if the episode was recent, if there have been multiple episodes, or a surgery that required a resection. Also exclusions can be expected for anything degenerative, chronic, incurable, or likely to reoccur, such as (this is not an exhaustive list): arthritis, navicular, chronic respiratory conditions, heart murmurs, uveitis, or laminitis. These horses, providing they are otherwise sound and healthy, are generally insurable, but these conditions or issues relating to them, would be excluded.
Your policy requires you to “immediately” report any non-routine veterinary care that your horse receives during the policy period. Now, that doesn’t mean the moment your horse takes a funny step or has a minor cut or bruise that you need to call the 800 number on your policy, but if your horse is being seen by the veterinarian for other than routine care (things like vaccinations, worming, routine teeth floating, sheath cleaning) you certainly want to call sooner rather than later, with the emphasis on “sooner.” Failure to promptly report a claim could jeopardize your coverage.
Oftentimes clients worry that the reverse is true--that reporting that something is wrong with their horse will jeopardize their coverage. This is not the case. First, reporting is required by the policy. But beyond that, by getting in touch with a claims adjuster, the adjuster can best advise you as to how your coverage works, what’s covered, what’s not, for how long, etc. This will allow you to work with your veterinarian and the adjuster as you navigate the process. And if you’re lucky enough that whatever issue you’re dealing with turns out to be minor, then the file can be closed and everybody wins. But if the situation turns serious and complicated, then you will have established a dialogue with the adjuster that should help you throughout the process.
As much as we hate to think about it, unfortunately you could find yourself in a situation with a seriously ill horse, or even worse, walk into the barn one morning to find that your horse has passed away during the night. As terrifying and heartbreaking as these situations can be, it is very important that you contact the insurance company’s emergency number immediately so that the adjuster can advise you as to what steps to follow.
If you are considering euthanasia, it is vital that you contact the insurance company before taking that step, as failure to contact the insurance company and follow the other policy requirements could jeopardize your coverage. The adjuster will need to consult with you and your veterinarian to determine if the horse meets the policy terms for humane destruction, keeping in mind that the policy does not cover putting the horse down for anything other than humane reasons that meet the policy conditions (and would still not cover if this humane destruction was due to a condition that was excluded by the policy).
This means that putting the horse down for financial or philosophical reasons is not covered. For example, if your veterinarian recommends colic surgery to save the horse’s life, and you choose not to approve surgery due to financial, philosophical, or other reasons, and the horse dies as a result, or you put the horse down instead, then you can expect that you will have voided your Mortality (life insurance) policy. This is because the insurance Mortality policy is a contract between you and the insurance company, and each party is expected to meet certain requirements. For the policy holder (horse owner), that means following the recommendations made by the veterinarian to save the horse’s life. You certainly have the right to take whatever steps you feel are best for you and your horse, but keep in mind that not following and meeting the policy requirements can nullify the insurance contract.
Also keep in mind that putting a horse down because it is no longer able to be used in your sport, or is no longer rideable (but is still able to comfortably be a horse, hanging out in a pasture or trail riding occassionally), is also not covered – as again, this would not be considered humane destruction.
If you find yourself in a worst case scenario and either you (or third parties) are with your horse when it unexpectedly dies, or you walk into the barn to find that the horse has passed away, as hard as it is to focus on something that at the time feels as inconsequential as your insurance policy, it is very important that you immediately call the insurance company. The adjuster will do their best to keep things as simple as possible, but unfortunately there are certain protocols that must be followed regarding the adjuster determining the circumstances of the horse’s death, talking to your veterinarian, and likely arranging for a necropsy. For these reasons, it is vitally important that you do not dispose of the horse’s body. Again, doing so will jeopardize your coverage.
On a more positive subject, hopefully you’ve had a relatively drama-free year and the expiration date of your policy is coming up. Horse insurance policies are underwritten each year, so in most cases about a month before the expiration of your policy, you will receive renewal instructions and a renewal application, which is usually a very abbreviated form with just a few questions.
It is very important that you complete this renewal application just as thoroughly as you completed your initial application. This is because health issues that have occurred over the past year need to be assessed by the underwriters so they can determine whether or not an exclusion will apply on the next year’s policy.
Going back to item 2 above, hopefully you will have reported any health issues to the claims office when they occurred. If you have, then make sure to still give this information on the renewal application – basics such as the approximate date of occurrence, diagnosis, treatment, and how the horse is currently doing. The underwriter should have access to this information, at least the first three items, but they will still want a summary from you, and they will also want a current status.
Now, if you have not reported a health issue that occurred during the policy, you definitely need to do so on the application (and should still also call the company to report the issue) and give as much specific detail as possible: Date of onset, diagnostics that were done, diagnosis given, treatment, prognosis, and the horse’s current health status. When the underwriter reviews this information, they may ask for additional information from you and your vet, such as discharge papers, invoices, a statement from your vet, or an entirely new, current vet certificate – it will depend on the severity and timing of the health issue.
Again, like with the initial application, do not sugar coat (or worse, omit completely) any information. It’s very important that you be honest and thorough, so that the underwriter can do their job, and so you don’t run into problems in the future.
Dealing with a sick or injured horse, or worse, the loss of a horse, can be incredibly stressful and painful. Adding paperwork and phone calls with claims adjusters certainly does not improve the situation. So, take a deep breath, and allow yourself to feel the fear and the frustration, and then allow the claims adjuster to help you with the process of sorting through the details. They are all horse people who understand your situation, and they are also professionals who will do their best to make the process as smooth as possible.
Hopefully this entry will help you avoid adding more stress to that process, and fingers crossed, this is advice you will never need.
For more information on insuring your horse, check out the Broadstone Protect Your Horse, and FAQs pages, and for a free, online quote, click on the Quote page.
The idea is that it's rude to closely inspect a gift to see if it meets your standards, such as checking the gift horse’s teeth to determine its age. To extrapolate from that idea, I am amazed at how many people purchase a horse without doing any sort of pre-purchase exam, or if they do some sort of vetting, it’s pretty much just a cursory one. And typically the reason they give is because the horse was either a gift, or very inexpensive, such as an off-the-track Thoroughbred or a rescue. Or even stranger, they will spend thousands of dollars on a horse, but not invest at least a few hundred more for at least a somewhat thorough vet exam.
Cost is typically the reason they give. They had already spent $XYZ to buy the horse, and maybe to pay the trainer acting as their agent, transport the horse, etc., and they didn’t want to have to add to that ever-growing dollar figure.
But I can promise you this – I truly believe there is not a more important investment you can make than a thorough pre-purchase exam. Just like there is “no such thing as a free lunch” (one of my favorite clichés), there is no such thing as a free horse. Or a cheap horse. Even if the horse is perfectly sound for the rest of its life, there are still so many expenses, from feed/hay, regular farrier work, basic preventative veterinary care, not to mention tack, equipment, lessons or training, etc. that need to be taken into consideration. If you cannot afford to give your prospective new horse at least that standard of care, you should rethink the idea of purchasing a horse and maybe consider leasing, until you’re sure you are up to the financial (and emotional) commitment of horse ownership.
Providing you are ready for that commitment, are you ready to shell out potentially thousands of dollars if the horse develops some sort of illness or lameness? The least of your problems will be the inconvenience of time out of the saddle and show ring, when you find yourself staring down an invoice for a couple thousand dollars for diagnostics and treatment. And if that treatment isn’t successful, the end result could be a horse that was supposed to spend years with you in the show ring, or out on cross-country, or hunting, or on the trails, that instead spends the rest of its years hanging out as a pasture ornament. Surely, the cost of a thorough pre-purchase exam would have been worth it.
And by thorough, I mean more than just a cursory 15-minute, vital-organs-are-in-working-order exam. Yes, you certainly want to make sure that those vital organs are fully functional – no heart murmurs, respiratory problems, or eye issues. But beyond that you will want a complete neurological exam (to check for any signs of illnesses such as EPM), skin exam (looking for tumors and growths), and maybe even an endoscopic exam if you are concerned about gastric ulcers. Then, you want to make sure to request a comprehensive soundness evaluation that includes hoof testers, flexion tests, and the vet watching the horse at all gaits on the lunge and under saddle. After that, radiographs are imperative. Even if the horse never took a bad step up to that point of the evaluation, there could still be potential problems lurking in those joints, such as OCD, bone chips, navicular changes, arthritic changes, and evidence of prior injuries. Digital X-rays run between $50-$100 per view, and yes that will add up, but again, the cost will be well worth if you catch an issue that puts the kibosh on the sale.
Also, if there is any evidence of prior soft tissue injuries, such as thickening or swelling of tendons or ligaments, you will want an ultrasound exam of those areas to make sure any prior injuries are cold and unresponsive, and won’t present concerns for the future.
After all of this is done, keep in mind that you will need to be realistic with regard to the results. Very few horses, especially those with some mileage, will pass a pre-purchase exam with flying colors. It is very likely there will be some dings here and there, at which point you need to discuss with your veterinarian (and possibly a second veterinarian who you can send the radiographs to for a consultation), trainer, and other professionals as to which of these lumps and bumps are acceptable, especially taking into consideration your plans for this horse’s future. If you’re looking at an hour-long trail ride a couple times a week, then your threshold for some minor issues is much higher than someone who is looking at a long-term competition prospect that will be in serious work for many years to come.
The moral of this story? Learn from the mistakes of many horseowners who came before you: Don’t be cheap, even when buying a cheap horse. Making the initial investment during the buying process will save you future financial pain and heartbreak. You can take that to the bank.
And of course, once you’ve found the horse of your dreams, consider protecting that financial investment by putting an insurance policy in place. To find out more, go to Broadstone’s Protect Your Horse, FAQs, and Quote pages.
There are a lot of changes happening in today’s equine insurance market, and a few of those impact horse owners in significant ways, so I thought I would address one specific area – Major Medical/Surgical coverage.
In the last several years, due in large part to drastically rising claims costs—most significantly related to Major Medical/Surgical claims—insurance companies throughout the U.S. have made changes to their Major Medical/Surgical coverages. These changes range from the easily understood increases in premiums and deductibles, and additions of co-pays and coverage sub-limits, to only allowing Major Medical/Surgical coverage on horses valued at certain amounts, or restricting the limit of coverage based on the horse’s insured value. In the following blog, I’ll try to address these areas in more detail.
First, while the knee jerk reaction by many consumers is to feel that with these changes the insurance company is trying to take advantage or rack up huge profits, to my knowledge, this is not the case. Over the last decade or so there have been great strides in veterinary medicine, from the availability and types of diagnostic tools, to high tech and more effective treatments for lamenesses and illnesses. This is great news for horseowners around the world. The sooner we can diagnose a problem, and the more advanced our treatment options, the better chance we have for our horse’s full recovery.
Of course, along with those technological advances come increased costs, and this is where over time the insurance companies that offer Major Medical/Surgical have seen an increasing tide of claims expenses coming their way, enough so that changes become necessary if the companies are going to be able to continue to offer the coverage.
What do you mean, my horse isn’t worth enough to have Major Medical/Surgical coverage?!?!
This is a question being asked by many horseowner’s these days, even those whose horses have been insured for years. The great majority of companies have instituted minimum value requirements for horses to be eligible for Major Medical/Surgical coverage, therefore with these companies if you have a lower valued horse, you may just have no options for this sort of coverage (with these companies – see below for others that may be more accommodating).
With other companies, they will not pay out an amount under the Major Medical/Surgical endorsement that is higher than the horse’s insured value. Which would mean that if the lowest limit of Major Medical/Surgical that the company offers is $7,500, but you have a pleasure horse worth less than that amount, such as $5,000, then you would expect that $5,000 would be the maximum the Major Medical/Surgical endorsement would pay out during the policy period, even if the actual limit (and the amount of coverage that you paid for) was $7,500. In this situation, you could try to see about increasing the horse’s insured value to $7,500 in order to get the full benefit of the Major Medical/Surgical limit, but this will of course result in a higher premium, or may not be possible if you cannot substantiate an increased value on the horse.
**Broadstone does work with one company that has no restrictions regarding the amount of Major Medical/Surgical coverage in relation to the horse’s insured value. Providing the horse otherwise meets the required underwriting criteria, you could insure the horse for just $1,000, and still have anywhere from $5,000 to possibly up to $15,000 of Major Medical/Surgical coverage. Go here for a Quote.
This can be especially useful if you have recently purchased a horse, such as an off-the-track-Thoroughbred, for an inexpensive amount. Or if you adopted or were gifted a horse. In these cases, you will likely still want the protection of Major Medical/Surgical coverage, and we should be able to help you achieve that.
What about diagnostics? They are getting more and more expensive, and now the insurance companies are making me pay out of pocket.
Most all companies these days require a co-pay or co-insurance, often specifically with regard to diagnostic testing. Basically this usually means that you will be responsible to pay a percentage of certain expenses out-of-pocket (though talk to your agent for specifics). With some companies, this percentage may be restricted to the type of diagnostic test, for others, it will be across the board for all diagnostics. And for other companies, there might be a co-insurance on all expenses, not just diagnostics--again, talk to your agent for details.
We currently work with companies that handle diagnostics in different ways. One applies the percentage out-of-pocket to only certain types of diagnostics, which can be a good compromise. One puts a dollar limit on diagnostics.The other requires a percentage to be paid by the insured for all diagnostics, but interestingly, they will allow the insured to pay an additional premium to waive that diagnostic co-insurance clause, which is a rare option in today’s marketplace. So if you are particularly concerned about the potential costs of diagnostic tests of all kinds and willing to pay an additional premium, providing your horse otherwise meets the underwriting criteria (this company has a minimum value requirement), you could potentially see about waiving the diagnostic co-insurance clause.
What about older horses? I heard that I can't get Major Medical/Surgical coverage on my 15-year-old horse?
Actually many companies will offer Major Medical/Surgical coverage for horses through the ages of 18-20, though rates for the Full Mortality coverage generally begin to increase at around 15 or 16, so the Mortality premiums will increase. In addition, the limits of Major Medical/Surgical available for older horses may change over time.
With all these changes to the Major Medical/Surgical coverage, is it really even worth it?
For me, the quick answer is a resounding “Yes!” Having been in the industry for much of two decades, I have seen simple hoof abscesses turn into surgery, and unexpected illnesses result in a week of hospitalization, not to mention the usual colics, lamenesses, and injuries– and all of these easily and quickly add up to thousands in expenses. Insurance is a bit of a hedging of bets, so yes, you could pay a premium that you will never recoup. But for all intents and purposes, that would be the best case scenario. If you do need to use your coverage, while there will be (and always have been) deductibles and possibly co-insurance and other coverage requirements that will not reimburse you for every dollar of expense, having Major Medical/Surgical coverage can allow you to handle as many expenses as possible in your horse’s road to recovery.
For more information, go to our Protect Your Horse and FAQs pages, and to get a free, online quote, visit our Quote page.
An Unusual New Year’s Resolution – Insure Your Horse in 2015!
Let’s face it, insurance falls way to the bottom of the list of topics any horse owner wants to talk about. Discussing the variety of ways our horses can be injured, or heaven forbid die, doesn’t make for enjoyable barn aisle or ringside conversation.
Unfortunately, as in many areas of life, what you don’t know can hurt you. So without being too morbid, but in the interest of helping you protect your investments--especially in these changing economic times--here are some reasons you might want to consider putting “Get horse insurance policy” on 2015’s list of New Year’s resolutions.
It’s a common misconception that horses are safest at home, and at the most risk while traveling and competing. Instead, what we found in a recent anecdotal analysis of more than 2000 horses insured over a two-year period, of those that died during that time, pasture accidents ranked as one of the top causes of death.
The types of accidents ran the gamut from kick wounds from another horse, slip and falls, puncture wounds, being impaled on pieces of fencing or other debris, and even getting loose and running into the road. And these types of accidents don’t discriminate by value or type of horse, with uses ranging from Olympic contenders living in immaculate conditions to backyard pleasure horses, and values everywhere from $5,000 to $250,000.
First, consider insuring your horse. Rates for Full Mortality (life insurance) coverage for the typical performance horse age 2-14 generally run from 3.0% to 4.5% of the insured value, depending on the horse’s use, competition level and the insurance company. So, for example, the annual Full Mortality premium for a 10-year-old dressage or pleasure horse insured at $10,000 would run about $300 a year. At $15,000 it would be $450, and so on. This life insurance policy also covers for theft, and includes at no charge up to $5,000 (depending on the insurance company) of free Emergency Colic surgery coverage, as long as the horse does not have a colic history.
Second, take steps to limit your horse’s risk while turned out. Monitor fence lines and keep all debris (and any type of equipment or vehicles) out of pastures, paddocks, and dry lots. If possible, fence off trees to limit your horse's access to them. Introduce new horses to a herd gradually, and if you see a personality conflict cropping up among the herd (or even good “friends” consistently playing too hard), take steps to separate these horses for their own good.
In addition, keep an eye on the weather and avoid putting your horses during storms, or out in slippery conditions with ice or mud. Every winter we see at least one mortality claim come through after a horse slips and falls in icy and/or muddy conditions, not to mention the many Major Medical/Surgical claims for strained ligaments and tendons, and even fractures.
There is a reason that the word “colic” strikes fear in the hearts of horseowners around the world. As our research has shown, colic and related intestinal issues also rank at the top with pasture accidents as the most common cause of death.
And again, we see these types of claims across the board, regardless of breed, discipline, or value. Horses receiving the best feed, hay, grass, training, veterinary care, and practically 24-hour monitoring can still end up on the operating table at the local veterinary hospital.
And while the prognosis has become increasingly more positive over the years, with more and more horses not only surviving colic surgery, but also going on to have long, colic-free careers, an unfortunate number still die before, during, and after surgery, due to a variety of reasons. In some cases, the colic comes on suddenly during the night, and the horse has passed away by the time anyone arrives in the morning. In other cases, even with prompt care and attention, by the time the horse makes it to the hospital, too much damage has been done. And in others, post-operative complications develop that the horse cannot overcome.
Colic prevention is a bit of an art and science, and oftentimes seems to be a matter of luck. In a nutshell: allow your horse to live as much like a horse as possible, with as much turn-out time as you can, which provides both exercise and hopefully good pasture to munch on, as their digestive systems are designed to have an almost constant influx of roughage. Also, constant access to clean, fresh water (especially in cold weather, when buckets and troughs can freeze over) is imperative since dehydration can cause an impaction colic. For those that have little access to grass, have good quality hay available as often as possible, and feed several small meals of grain daily, versus just one or two larger meals.
Also, be aware of the possibility of gastric ulcers, which can lead to colic issues. Research over the last decade or so has shown that ulcers are much more prevalent than previously thought--among all breeds and disciplines--and even just a two-day trip away from home can be enough to set them into motion. If your horse is dropping weight for no reason, seems unusually tense or depressed, has changed his eating or drinking habits, and/or seems “off” or slightly colicky, talk to your veterinarian. The good news is that there are effective prevention and treatment options to keep ulcers at bay.
Neurological diseases such as EPM were slightly more prevalent than other causes when looking at horse mortality claims. And the remainder of causes we saw included eye issues, joint infections (caused both as a result of acute injuries as well as from preventative or maintenance joint injections), various cancers, conditions like founder that require the horses to be put down, as well as catastrophic injuries resulting from trailering accidents and barn fires.
In many cases, before these horses died or were euthanized, the owners invested significant funds toward attempts at diagnosis and treatment. This is important to mention, because the Full Mortality policy wording requires that the horse owner takes all steps necessary to save the horse’s life. So, in the example of a horse that is colicking, if the horse is a candidate for surgery as recommended by the veterinarian, and the owner chooses not to follow the vet’s recommendation and instead euthanizes the horse or it dies due to the colic, it is very likely that a Full Mortality claim will not be paid as the policy requirements were not followed. While humane destruction is covered under the Full Mortality policy, the circumstances of the euthanasia must meet the policy requirements.
Having Major Medical/Surgical coverage can take the financial factor out of making decisions regarding the horse’s care. In cases of injuries, illnesses, accidents and diseases that occur during the policy period, Major Medical/Surgical coverage can help provide reimbursement for a good portion of the veterinary expenses related to those issues. This coverage is available for horses through the age of 30 days to 18-20 years, at policy limits ranging from $5,000, $7,500, $10,000, $12,500, and $15,000 (depending on the horse’s age, insured value, and the insurance company) for additional premiums starting at $200 per year. Considering the average colic surgery, without complications, averages around $8,000 (and can be considerably more expensive depending on the surgical facility, the type of surgery, and any resulting post-operative complications), or that even a horse with something as “simple” as a puncture wound can easily rack up more than $5,000 in vet bills to treat the resulting infection, Major Medical/Surgical coverage can be the best investment a horseowner makes.
And of course in the much greater number of instances where injuries and illnesses thankfully do not result in the horse’s death, but do rack up high dollar invoices from the veterinarian, that same Major Medical/Surgical can come in very handy.
tallion Accident, Sickness and Disease is a coverage you may want to consider if you have a proven breeding stallion, as it would help reimburse for a portion of the horse's insured value if he can permanently no longer get mares in foal.
For more information on coverages, please check our prior blog entries, and also visit the Broadstone Protect Your Horse and FAQs pages. To see about a quote for coverage, go to the Quote page. And also please contact our office at 888-687-8555 with any questions.
No. Your insurance policy on a horse you own is only in effect while you have an insurable interest in the horse. Just like if you sold your car, the insurance on the car would not transfer to the new owner, the same is true of a horse. So if you’re in the process of purchasing a new horse and want to make sure there is no lapse in coverage between the current owner’s policy and you, it’s a good idea to get all the paperwork for your new policy in order prior to the purchase so you can make coverage effective the day of the sale.
2. 2. My horse isn’t registered – can I still insure him? What type of identification can I use?
If your horse isn’t registered, you can use a microchip number if one is available. If not, then photos can be used as identification. Typically a front and side view is all that’s necessary, and if you need a few days to get those to us, that’s fine, we can still see about getting coverage started pending receipt of the photos.
3. 3. Do you need a copy of the Bill of Sale to get coverage started on my new horse?
No. We do not need a copy of the bill of sale for our records, but you definitely want to keep that document on file, because in the event of a Mortality claim, the claims adjuster will ask you for proof of the sale. They may also ask for proof of the purchase, such as a cancelled check, or wire transfer.
4. 4. Can I just call and insure my horse over the phone?
In some instances (though not many) we may also need a current vet certificate or copy of the pre-purchase exam. See the next question for details.
5. 5. Do I have to pay a vet to examine the horse before I can get him insured?
In most cases, no. You will definitely need a current vet certificate (or copy of the pre-purchase exam on a recent purchase) for horses to be insured for over $100,000; or age 16 or 17 (depending on the company). Something from the vet may also be necessary if the horse has had a recent injury or illness that the underwriter would like addressed. In addition, with one company that Broadstone works with, if you have not known the horse for at least 30 days, a vet certificate will also be required.
6. 6. If I have a claim, my horse won’t be insurable any more, right?
In the majority of cases, a claim doesn’t make a horse uninsurable. Typically when the policy is due to renew, the underwriter will review the details of the claim and determine if they will offer renewal (which they usually will), and if so, if any exclusions will apply at renewal. Horse insurance policies are 12-month term policies, and are underwritten every year. So issues that occur during the policy period can be considered pre-existing, and therefore excluded, on the next year’s policy. This can be confusing, as it is unlike human health insurance policies.
7. 7. OK, then if my horse has a minor leg injury, the whole leg is going to be excluded forever, right?
In most cases, this would not be the case. Providing the injury has been diagnosed and the underwriters have information to work with, they will typically exclude for the injury that has occurred, such as deep digital flexor tendon right front, not the whole right front leg. Exclusions vary depending on the situation, but the underwriters do try to be as specific as is reasonably possible.
8. 8. I had a friend who walked into her barn one morning, and found her horse lying dead in the pasture. She said that the insurance company required a necropsy. Is a necropsy always required? If so, do I have to pay for it?
If you are unfortunate enough to be in a situation, you first want to give the insurance company’s claims office a call. They can then advise you on how to follow the provisions of the policy to ensure the best result. If the horse was previously healthy and the death is unexpected, then I would expect a necropsy will be required, and those costs are not covered by your policy, so you would pay out of pocket. If the horse had been ill/injured and under a vet’s care, there is the possibility that a necropsy may not be necessary, if the cause of death is definitive, but that will be determined by the insurance company depending on the specifics of the case.
If you find yourself in this situation—do not dispose of the horse’s body without contacting the insurance company and determining if a necropsy is required, otherwise you will void coverage under your policy. Claims adjusters are available around the clock, including weekends, and will do their best to help you through a heartbreaking situation.
9. 9. My horse was a little girthy and grumpy. The vet thought it might be gastric ulcers, so we just gave him a course of medication without actually doing any diagnostics. Would that be covered under my Major Medical/Surgical coverage?
Most likely, this would not be covered. It is very likely that the insurance company will require a definitive diagnosis by an endoscopic exam before they cover the costs of the medication to treat the ulcers and that there will be a dollar limit for coverage, if it is available. If your vet suspects that your horse has ulcers and wants to treat without an endoscopic exam, before starting treatment you should contact your insurance company and consult with an adjuster to determine what the company will require in order for coverage to apply.
10. 10. I don’t know what limit of Major Medical/Surgical coverage I should get. Any advice?
This question comes up quite often, and the answer varies based on what limits are even available (some companies will not offer a Major Medical/Surgical limit higher than the horse’s insured value on the Mortality policy), your budget, your comfort level, and past history. Some people want the peace of mind to know that a worst case scenario will be covered as much as possible, and therefore will purchase the highest limit of coverage possible. Other people would rather save some money and purchase a lower limit, hedging their bets that hopefully they won’t need the coverage, or if they do, it won’t be for a catastrophic scenario. And that even if that worst case scenario happens, they feel comfortable that they have the funds (or credit card balance) to handle the difference. And for those horseowners who have experienced an unfortunate run of luck with a previous horse, their past history will inform their decisions and they often want a high limit. In my experience, the $7,500 and $10,000 limits are most popular, but those may not be suitable for you, especially if you’re concerned about a worst case scenario.
11. 11. I just bought my horse, but I think I may want to save some money on the premium and insure him for less than the purchase price. What do most people do in that situation?
Generally most people insure a new horse for its purchase price, but certainly not always. Just keep in mind that the process of introducing a horse to a new location, new feed, new barn mates, etc., can be a little tricky. Most likely no damage will be done in those first days and weeks, but change can be difficult for some horses. Like with Major Medical/Surgical limits, how much you insure your horse for is a very personal decision, and will be based on your budget, your comfort level, and past history. Also, take into consideration that if heaven forbid your horse dies, and you have insured for considerably less than his value, are you able to afford to “replace” him with a horse of similar age, talent, training? Some people choose to insure their horse for considerably less than his actual value because their plan would be to purchase a younger, less experienced (and therefore less expensive) prospect.
12. 12. I’ve had a bad experience in the past with a horse that had colic surgery. There were serious complications and he died. I would not put another horse through that. So if I insure my horse and he colics, and I choose to put him down instead of surgery (or because I don’t allow surgery he dies as a result), would my Mortality policy still cover.
Probably not. When you purchase an insurance policy, you have made an agreement with an insurance company, and one of you responsibilities is to provide the horse with the care necessary to save its life. If the veterinarians recommend surgery (or other treatments) in order to save the horse, and you choose not to pursue those treatments, most likely the policy will not respond. Now, if your vet recommends euthanasia, this would be a different set of circumstances, as the policy does cover for humane destruction, providing it meets the requirements. If you find yourself in this situation, make sure to contact the insurance company’s claims office and work with an adjuster to determine how the policy will respond.
It’s been a rough couple of years, and while in general signs are pointing to improvements in the economy, making ends meet can still be a struggle for many horse owners. Following are some tips to help during an uncertain economy.
Oil prices, and therefore the cost of fuel, are tied to a majority of the price increases that the average person sees, from putting diesel in your tow vehicle, to the cost of grain, hay, and bedding, and even the shipping charges when you purchase a new piece of equipment or clothing.
When it comes to the bedding, grain, and hay, just like when it comes to putting groceries on your table, do your best to purchase locally. The prices of these items aren’t loaded with costs incurred to ship them, and purchasing them at the same time supports local businesses.
To lessen the pain at the pump, check web sites like www.gasbuddy.com to compare prices at gas stations in your area, or on the route to your next event.
Once you’ve purchased the least expensive fuel possible, do your best to stretch each gallon as far as possible. If you’re in the market for a new (or “new to you”) vehicle, put fuel efficiency near the top of your list of necessary features. Regardless of what you’re driving, make sure to keep up with maintenance—get regular tune ups, make sure your fuel filter is clean, oil changed, and that your tires are rotated and properly inflated (on your tow vehicle and trailer). Not only will all of this keep you safer on the road, it will also allow your vehicle to operate as efficiently as possible.
Use on-line chat rooms and bulletin boards to get to know other competitors in your area and consider sharing rides to competitions and clinics. Not only will this save you some money, if you usually travel by yourself it also makes for a safer trip, and who knows, you may make a lifelong friend. For those going to the USEA’s upcoming Nutrena American Eventing Championships, check out the USEA website at www.useventing.com for a list of competitors looking to catch a ride, or share a ride.
You may have to take a look at your budget and re-prioritize a bit. Some decisions are easy, such as separating “wants” versus “needs.” While a brand new top-of-the-line saddle would be a wonderful addition to your tack room, you might want to put that on the list for 2015, or look for a used version that will fill the void.
You’ve had your horse insured for the last two years, and your renewal notification shows up in the mail. Cash is tight, and considering you’ve never had to file a claim in the last two years, you’re wondering, what’s the point? Your horse has always been healthy, and to be honest, since the possibility of him going under the knife at the local vet hospital, or even worse not surviving the surgery or some other type of catastrophic health issue, insurance is something you’d like to avoid even thinking about, so why not just drop that renewal letter in the garbage, let the policy lapse, and hope for the best?
If you have the resources to self-insure without tapping into credit cards, retirement accounts, etc., then doing so isn’t necessarily a bad idea. But if you don’t have $8,000 - $10,000 (the approximate cost for the average colic surgery) in the bank, plus enough cash to replace your horse in the event of his death, then you might want to consider keeping your insurance in place (or obtaining a policy, if you don’t already have one). The last place you want to be in an emergency situation is making a decision between your bank account and your horse’s life, or worse yet, not being in a position to make the decision at all because you absolutely do not have the necessary financial resources.
It is surprisingly simple, and cost effective, to avoid that type of situation. Many horse owners are surprised at how inexpensive the average equine insurance Mortality and Major Medical/Surgical policy is. For example, a Full Mortality (life insurance) policy for the average $10,000 sport horse (dressage, hunter/jumper, eventer) costs between $300-$410 per year—and includes up to $5,000 (depending in the horse’s insured value) in free Emergency Colic Surgery coverage. To add $7,500 in Major Medical/Surgical coverage, the additional annual premium is as little as $300. To make payment more convenient, installment plans are usually available, and major credit and debit cards are usually accepted.
Of course, a $10,000 value is just an example. If your horse is worth more, you can certainly choose to insure for more (and pay a correspondingly higher premium). But what if your horse is worth much more, but you’re trying to cut costs—whether with a new policy or a renewal of an existing policy? How about insuring the horse for a lesser value, which will correspondingly save you money on premium? Many people choose to insure their horses on a Full Mortality policy for a value of $7,500 or $10,000—enough to get them started with a less experienced mount, while still protecting themselves in the event of a major veterinary emergency by including Major Medical/Surgical endorsement, a definite win-win situation.
To find out more about insurance coverages, go to the Broadstone FAQs and Protect Your Horse pages, and to get an emailed quote, go to the Quote page.
Planning on having your current mount for long into the future? Then do your best to prevent not only down time (or possibly even retirement) due to wear-and-tear conditions like arthritis by making sure your horse is properly shod, that you follow a reasonable training and competition schedule, and consider utilizing preventative supplements and medications such as Adequan, Legend, Cosequin, etc. Talk to your veterinarian, your trainer, and other trusted horse people as to the best options for your horse (and your budget) to help keep your horse sound year after year. Sure, there will be an outlay of cash on a currently perfectly sound horse to pay for these preventative options, but long term, this can save you thousands by avoiding veterinary bills down the line, and also keep you and your horse on track in your training and competition schedule.
Gastro-intestinal health is an ongoing concern for all horse owners, with the words “colic surgery” striking fear in every one of us. In addition, gastric ulcers are much more common than previously thought, and can cause a variety of health problems, ranging from weight loss and changes in attitude to full blown colic. With this in mind, there are a variety of gastro-intestinal supplements available marketed to reduce the possibility of ulcers and colic, including Succeed digestive conditioning program, as well as a variety of Smart Pak digestive products. In addition, products such as UlcerGard are specifically used to help prevent gastric ulcers. Again, the purchase of these products will take a small bite out of your budget, but the long term ramifications of dealing with these health issues, not only financially, but also to your horse’s wellbeing, can be far more painful to handle.
Is keeping up with your everyday horse bills becoming a struggle? Ever consider sharing your horse? A full or half lease could be the answer to your problems, especially if you’re having trouble keeping up with work, family, and all of your other responsibilities. For many busy professionals, a half lease can be the perfect solution. Each person has two or three days a week to ride, and in turn they split pre-determined monthly bills. This way the horse gets regular work and attention, while keeping down costs.
There are two keys to this arrangement. First, you need to find the right person, someone you can trust with keeping your horse safe, and whose level and style of riding are on par with yours and will work with your horse. If you do find a person that meshes well with both of you, then you must make sure to write up a legal agreement that spells out each party’s benefits and responsibilities (days a week to ride, horse care specifics, opportunities to participate in clinics and/or competitions, financial obligations including possible insurance provisions, etc.). Sample contracts can be found at: www.equinelegalsolutions.com.
Now, if your horse is a true superstar, you might be able to arrange for a lease where not only does the lessee pay all the horse’s expenses, but they also pay you a monthly fee for the privilege of working with and competing the horse.
Let’s be realistic, no matter how carefully you try to protect your checkbook, inevitably there will be lots of purchases to be made, from the odd pair of galloping boots to a new helmet or pair of reins. Sites like eBay are one place to try, but if you’re looking for guaranteed new, quality products, try a site like www.Tackoftheday.com, where each day one or two different items are so ridiculously on sale that you might want to buy it just because (tempting, but would sort of defeat the purpose). And of course don’t forget longtime USEA supporter Bit of Britain, which recently announced that USEA members will now receive a 10 percent discount on on-line orders at www.BitofBritain.com.
While pondering what to write about for this blog installment, I realized that I’ve covered a lot of the usual insurance-related topics: types of coverages, myths and misconceptions, value and benefits, safety and risk assessment. I thought I was starting to run out of ideas when I hit on a philosophy that I often use when writing about the topic of insurance, basically that while we don’t think twice about insuring our other valuable property--vehicles, houses, equipment, trailers--why don’t we automatically include our horses on that list?
I will get into some reasons why I think that is, but first I’d like to touch on a different, somewhat related subject: do we consider our horses equipment? Honestly, when I throw out the “insure your valuables” philosophy, in a marketing sense I’m basically equating our living, breathing horses to inanimate objects and pieces of equipment. I’ve got no nefarious agenda; it’s just my way of trying to alter the way the average horse owner looks at insurance. I’ve been in the business for almost 20 years, and while more people than ever are insuring their horses, the number is still far less than I would expect when comparing other pieces of “property” that have equal value. Few of us would consider going without insurance on a vehicle or piece of equipment worth the same value of our horses. Insurance is part of our culture for good reason – accidents happen, and it’s a lot easier to spend $500 a year for a policy than to be out $15,000 after a truck has been totaled. Why is it that we don’t look at our horses in the same way? Or do we?
In thinking about that, and how I use this sort of tactic in some of my marketing efforts, I began to feel a little uncomfortable. I’ll admit, I’m a bit of a softy. I have and always will consider my dogs, cats, and horses as part of the family. I will do whatever I can, within reason, to keep them sound, happy, and healthy. And if the worst happens, no insurance claim check will soften the blow because they are, in a word, irreplaceable.
In my heart I hope that’s a part of the reason why so many of my friends, colleagues, and fellow horseowners do not insure their horses. I think many are a bit superstitious, and that to really sit and think about the worst case scenario of losing our horse, we feel is to tempt fate. I’m not married, but I wonder if it’s a bit of the same feeling when taking out a life insurance policy on a spouse--you’re pondering the death of a loved one, and the possibility of profiting from something so terrible. But at the same time, you realize that it is a necessary, responsible way of planning for, and protecting, your future.
Granted, our horses aren’t literally family, but they are our companions, partners, teammates, therapists, and if we’re lucky, they’re even a way to bring in the occasional prize money checks, ribbons and trophies. In a practical sense, we have every reason to insure something that we have invested considerable time and money into, something that has a real, dollar value, and that on a good day, may even give us a return on our investment.
From a practical viewpoint, getting a Full Mortality (life insurance) policy on our horse that protects our financial investment if the worst was to happen seems a bit of a no-brainer, especially considering the cost (averaging between 3% to 4% of the insured value, i.e. $300-$400 a year for a $10,000 horse). The same could be send for adding Major Medical/Surgical coverage (as low as $200 a year for $5,000 in coverage), so that we can give our horses the best care possible, not only because they’ve earned it, but because after spending all that time and energy with them, it’s just good business to give them the best shot at returning to use if something goes wrong. For more information on these coverages, go to the Broadstone Protect Your Horse and FAQs pages. And to see about a quick and easy online quote, go to the Broadstone Quote page.
Huge strides have been made in veterinary medicine over the last two decades. Lamenesses and illnesses that would have previously ended careers are often now just bumps in the road. But effective diagnostics and treatments are not cheap, while comparatively speaking, Major Medical/Surgical coverage is. And considering that our agency’s informal analysis shows that approximately 15 percent of insured horses require non-routine/non-maintenance veterinary care each year, for everything from colic, to illnesses and lamenesses, several hundred dollars seems a reasonable investment. And from a sentimental standpoint, our horses try their hearts out for us and ask for so little in return, being able to give them the best care and comfort only seems fair.
As I often tell first time clients, insurance is one of those things that ultimately helps buy peace of mind. If you need it, it will be one of the best investments you ever make. And if you never need it, then that’s even better.
A barn fire is one of most every horse or farm owner’s worst nightmares, and I have been unfortunate enough over the years to have several clients lose horses and property in these devastating situations. And while not every fire is avoidable, acts of God and just plain bad luck are often at play, there are still a number of ways you can lessen the chances of facing the loss and heartbreak of a barn fire.
As with most dangerous scenarios, your best defense is a good offense, so following are a dozen tips to help keep you and your horses safe.
1. If there are any concerns regarding your electrical system, or you see anything such as frayed wires or are experiencing recurring short circuits, power outages, or other electrical issues, have a licensed electrician inspect your electrical system to make sure it is up to code and safe, and consider asking for an evaluation of the number of circuits in your barn to ensure you’re not plugging too many appliances into the same circuit, potentially causing a dangerous overload. Don’t use extension cords unless absolutely necessary (see next paragraph), and buy heavy duty ones and only plug in one appliance per cord.
Also, make sure the appliance you are using is safe to be plugged into an extension cord. Some items, like certain heaters, are only designed to be plugged directly into a socket—read the product information to see if it is safe to be used with an extension cord. In addition, frequently check all electrical cords to make sure they aren’t frayed, and if you find a cord that is damaged, do not try repair it such as wrapping it in electrical tape. Have it replaced or toss it.
One last prevention tip when it comes to electricity – get a cat (or two)! Mice and other small rodents can chew on not just electrical cords, but also wires within your walls, and you may never see the damage until it’s too late. There are many reasons to keep these vermin clear of your barn, and this ranks as one of the most important. No doubt your local animal shelter or rescue center has many candidates who would be thrilled to have this job.
2. If you use fans, make sure that all cords are out of the reach of bored horse lips and teeth, and that the fans (actually any appliances in the barn) are dust free, since accumulating dust can be combustible. In addition, pay attention to any recalls for appliances like fans and heaters. You may not receive direct notice on these, so every so often go on line and do a web search with the brand and item type with the word “recall” and see if anything comes up.
3. If you have a washer and dryer in your barn, never turn them on and then leave the barn unsupervised. In addition, make sure your dryer is vented away from combustible material and clean your dryer’s internal vent with absolutely every load, and clean the main external vent at least every month.
4. If at all possible, store hay, shavings and straw in a building separate from your barn. If you must store hay in your barn, allow for plenty of ventilation (lofts can get extremely hot in the summer, which could contribute to hay spontaneously combusting), and make sure that the hay is properly cured and baled, and always kept dry.
5. Never, ever, allow smoking in or anywhere near the barn or any outbuildings. Also, try to prevent work done in or near your barn that involves welding or propane torches. If there are no other options, advise the contractors as to the very flammable nature of the materials they will be working near, and make sure to clear out as much of that material from their work area as possible, including hay, straw, shavings, etc.
6. If you must use a heater, read the directions and follow them to the letter. Make sure that the area around the heater is clear of anything that could catch fire such as rags, blankets, stray hay or straw, or paper.
7. Be careful when disposing of rags used to clean tack or hooves, and also keep items such as pesticides and paint away from any heat source. Oil or petroleum products as well as various pesticides and paints are combustible, and a pile of dirty rags is especially dangerous. Clean or remove these items from the property as soon as possible, or if you must store them temporarily, don’t leave them in a pile or in a bag, since they must have plenty of ventilation.
8. Install smoke/heat detectors as well as all-purpose dry chemical fire extinguishers throughout the barn (the more the merrier) and check monthly to make sure they are functioning properly. These can be invaluable – alerting you to danger and giving you the chance to prevent a small fire from turning into a full scale blaze. Also, make sure that your clients and staff know where the fire extinguishers are located – they’re not much use to you tucked in the back of a cabinet where no one can find them.
Also consider the feasibility of installing a sprinkler system, especially if you’re building a barn from scratch. Speaking of which, if you are building from the ground up, take into consideration the materials you use. Metal and concrete are of course the safest, but for some aren’t considered very horse-friendly or aesthetically pleasing, though modifications can be made to lessen the impact of both those concerns. If you use wood, consider heavy-timber construction, and investigate the option of some type of fire-retardant lumber.
9. Don’t forget that hot engines from any vehicles—cars, trucks, tractors and other farm equipment--can spark fires. Do not park any of them on or near combustible material such as piles of leaves, hay, or bedding, and if possible do not park them near your barn or other structures. And keep any grass/weeds in parking areas trimmed, as a hot engine can potentially cause long grass to catch fire.
10. Consider installing a lightning rod. These do not attract lightning, they just conduct the electricity from the lightning strike that would have hit the structure anyway. To be effective though, they must be installed and grounded correctly, so make sure the rod is installed by someone experienced and properly trained.
11. Communicate with your local fire department. If you are located in a rural area, you have a better chance of working with firefighters who are at least familiar with horses, but regardless, once a year invite the crew to your place so that they are familiar with the route and the layout of your facility. With this in mind, make sure that your location is clearly marked with items such as a sign at your main entrance or gate.
When the firefighters arrive for a tour of the facility, give them some hands-on tips on how to handle the horses--making sure to emphasize that in the event of a fire, they will be dealing with terrified, potentially dangerous creatures--and how best to work with them safely. In addition, you might want to ask the local fire chief to inspect your place for any hazards you might have missed.
12. Have halters and lead lines outside every stall, hung the same way, every day, which gives you the best chance of moving quickly in an emergency. If you’re lucky enough to design your own place, consider dutch doors for each stall that open to the outside of the barn, which allows you to avoid having to run through the burning barn to get the horses out to safety. Also, work with your horses to make sure they are as obedient and spook-proof as possible. A horse that is hard-to-handle under normal circumstances will be nearly impossible to save in an emergency, and will be much more likely to injure the person trying to save it.
Despite all your precautions, the worst might happen. If it does, your first priority is the safety of the humans and horses on the premises. Before you do anything, call 911. Do not hang up without making sure the operator has all the info they need. Then evacuate the horses as best you can. It’s best to try to relocate each horse into some sort of enclosure, especially since there have been instances where have horses have run back into burning buildings.
Your impulse will be to get absolutely every horse out of the barn, but this may not be possible. Evacuating a barn is a calculated risk and as heartbreaking as it may be, eventually you might have to give up in order to save your life or the lives of those trying to help.
Despite your best efforts, you may still find yourself facing the devastation of a barn fire, which is when an insurance policy for your horses and business can be invaluable. For more information, visit the Broadstone FAQ and Quote pages, or give us a call at 888-687-8555. | 2019-04-23T20:26:10Z | http://broadstoneequine.com/blog/index.cfm/2015/11/17/Horse-Insurance-101 |
Garcia, Elizabeth was born in 1988 and registered to vote, giving the address as 3322 W 35Th ST, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601435961.
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Garcia, Elizabeth was born in 1974 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6503 S County Rd 107, ALAMOSA, Alamosa County, CO. Her voter ID number is 613224.
Garcia, Elizabeth was born in 1977 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 14986 E 50Th PL, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 933622.
Garcia, Elizabeth A was born in 1954 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 8564 W Pacific PL, LAKEWOOD, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4008703.
Garcia, Elizabeth A was born in 1976 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 8316 Fox ST, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6945235.
Garcia, Elizabeth Alice was born in 1951 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1203 Gay ST, LONGMONT, Boulder County, CO. Her voter ID number is 8049776.
Garcia, Elizabeth Ann was born in 1959 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 22 Brassie CT, PAGOSA SPRINGS, Archuleta County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600070076.
Garcia, Elizabeth Ann was born in 1952 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5400 Sheridan BLVD # 386, ARVADA, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600694819.
Garcia, Elizabeth Ann was born in 1955 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1035 Antila AVE, LOVELAND, Larimer County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6308939.
Garcia, Elizabeth Ann was born in 1970 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 7700 Depew ST # 1513, WESTMINSTER, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 7151735.
Garcia, Elizabeth Ann was born in 1969 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 631 County Rd 462, GRAND LAKE, Grand County, CO. Her voter ID number is 8528756.
Garcia, Elizabeth Anne was born in 1982 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 550 Harlan ST, LAKEWOOD, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4278241.
Garcia, Elizabeth Anne was born in 1981 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 810 Lima ST, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600033856.
Garcia, Elizabeth Annette was born in 1961 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 11610 Red Lodge RD, PEYTON, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200157830.
Garcia, Elizabeth Ashley was born in 1993 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1157 Cardinal CIR, BRIGHTON, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601880888.
Garcia, Elizabeth Augustina was born in 1974 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 11789 Lavinia LN, NORTHGLENN, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601551633.
Garcia, Elizabeth Brandy was born in 1977 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 11954 Humboldt DR, NORTHGLENN, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6860465.
Garcia, Elizabeth Carmen was born in 1975 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5385 W 78Th PL # 4, WESTMINSTER, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4346249.
Garcia, Elizabeth Copes was born in 1983 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 0 Fort Carson, FT CARSON, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200357494.
Garcia, Elizabeth Dawn was born in 1974 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1935 S Tejon ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2637506.
Garcia, Elizabeth Della was born in 1954 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3241 Depew ST, WHEAT RIDGE, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2455673.
Garcia, Elizabeth Denise was born in 1958 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5795 Southmoor DR # 51, FOUNTAIN, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200165627.
Garcia, Elizabeth Denise was born in 1982 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 32 Silverton PL, PARACHUTE, Garfield County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200384969.
Garcia, Elizabeth Erin was born in 1977 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1310 N Williams ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2852309.
Garcia, Elizabeth Frances was born in 1962 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 121 14Th AVE # 1B, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6896421.
Garcia, Elizabeth Haage was born in 1958 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1258 Catamount DR, RIDGWAY, Ouray County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6352491.
Garcia, Elizabeth J was born in 1958 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2643 S Bannock ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 5912973.
Garcia, Elizabeth Joan was born in 1975 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1495 44Th AVE, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6376529.
Garcia, Elizabeth Joy was born in 1960 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 716 Tenth ST, ALAMOSA, Alamosa County, CO. Her voter ID number is 625460.
Garcia, Elizabeth June was born in 1983 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5077 Valmont RD APT B, BOULDER, Boulder County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200052731.
Garcia, Elizabeth June was born in 1955 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1083 S 8Th AVE APT C-104, BRIGHTON, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6885608.
Garcia, Elizabeth Kay was born in 1980 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6106 Melrose CT, FORT COLLINS, Larimer County, CO. Her voter ID number is 1623051.
Garcia, Elizabeth Lenae was born in 1974 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1916 Donovan DR, LONGMONT, Boulder County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600111210.
Garcia, Elizabeth Linda was born in 1962 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 433 N Illinois ST, WALSH, Baca County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3767379.
Garcia, Elizabeth Lucille was born in 1981 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 517 S Beech ST, CORTEZ, Montezuma County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4889879.
Garcia, Elizabeth Lydia was born in 1936 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1115 Bell AVE, ALAMOSA, Alamosa County, CO. Her voter ID number is 625206.
Garcia, Elizabeth M was born in 1950 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1698 S Canosa CT, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2480083.
Garcia, Elizabeth M was born in 1953 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 18 Blue Sky CT, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3095151.
Garcia, Elizabeth M was born in 1964 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 9375 Webster WAY, WESTMINSTER, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4187101.
Garcia, Elizabeth M was born in 1955 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2035 Marshall ST, EDGEWATER, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4228745.
Garcia, Elizabeth Margaret was born in 1961 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1540 E 84Th AVE, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 7153591.
Garcia, Elizabeth Maria was born in 1992 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6651 S Vine ST # 105, CENTENNIAL, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601801263.
Garcia, Elizabeth Marie was born in 1962 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1080 Erie ST, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3935140.
Garcia, Elizabeth Marie was born in 1961 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1842 Truda DR, NORTHGLENN, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3939110.
Garcia, Elizabeth Martinez was born in 1997 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 143 N 7Th ST # 4, NEW CASTLE, Garfield County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601029157.
Garcia, Elizabeth Naomi was born in 1985 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2238 74Th Avenue CT, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6412357.
Garcia, Elizabeth P was born in 1944 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 14102 E Linvale PL # 212, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 666012.
Garcia, Elizabeth Reed was born in 1960 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3737 Telluride CIR, BOULDER, Boulder County, CO. Her voter ID number is 8049778.
Garcia, Elizabeth Renee was born in 1996 and registered to vote, giving the address as 2323 Curtis ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601313999.
Garcia, Elizabeth Rose was born in 1996 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2417 W 24Th ST APT 303, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601834560.
Garcia, Elizabeth Rose was born in 1938 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3190 W 76Th AVE APT 107, WESTMINSTER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6846920.
Garcia, Elizabeth S was born in 1941 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2225 N Grove ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2757441.
Garcia, Elizabeth S was born in 1947 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2464 S Jasmine ST, DENVER, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 840914.
Garcia, Elizabeth Shelly was born in 1975 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 405 S Stuart ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2677294.
Garcia, Elizabeth Sue was born in 1999 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1906 S Nome ST, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601282680.
Garcia, Elizabeth Virginia was born in 1987 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5865 Pierce ST # 102, ARVADA, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4291601.
Garcia, Ellen H was born in 1925 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 9110 W 7Th PL, LAKEWOOD, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3990922.
Garcia, Ellie Nicole was born in 1998 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3630 S Cherokee ST, ENGLEWOOD, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601083996.
Garcia, Elliott Aaron was born in 1982 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3283 Teardrop CIR, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. His voter ID number is 200013292.
Garcia, Ellyn Elizabeth was born in 1975 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 111 S High ST, ERIE, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 8092705.
Garcia, Elmer A was born in 1942 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1460 Gold Hill Mesa DR, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. His voter ID number is 457810.
Garcia, Elmina Diamante was born in 1957 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 26870 E Glasgow DR, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601173387.
Garcia, Eloisa was born in 1937 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 515 State ST, ANTONITO, Conejos County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600823528.
Garcia, Eloise R was born in 1931 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5751 W 111Th AVE, WESTMINSTER, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4183920.
Garcia, Eloy Gilbert was born in 1956 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 853 Bunting AVE, GRAND JUNCTION, Mesa County, CO. His voter ID number is 2335614.
Garcia, Eloy Manuel Sr was born in 1953 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1305 S Vallejo ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 2642450.
Garcia, Eloy Manuel Jr was born in 1982 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1305 S Vallejo ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 2719224.
Garcia, Eloy Patricio was born in 1941 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1904 Hooper AVE, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 3077637.
Garcia, Elroy Charles was born in 1955 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 260 Forest Ridge RD, DURANGO, La Plata County, CO. His voter ID number is 4928260.
Garcia, Elsa was born in 1974 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4712 S Delaware ST, ENGLEWOOD, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200195690.
Garcia, Elsa was born in 1982 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2900 Sherman AVE # E4, MONTE VISTA, Rio Grande County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4770339.
Garcia, Elsa was born in 1969 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4987 N Perth ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600065040.
Garcia, Elsa was born in 1984 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 942 Park AVE, MEEKER, Rio Blanco County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600285261.
Garcia, Elsa was born in 1959 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 10505 Madison WAY, NORTHGLENN, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 7087459.
Garcia, Elsa Guadalupe was born in 1971 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 20324 E Mitchell PL, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601838451.
Garcia, Elsa Jeanette was born in 1992 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 9160 E Arbor CIR # D, ENGLEWOOD, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600285951.
Garcia, Elsa Marina was born in 1954 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4096 N Genoa ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2909234.
Garcia, Elsie Joy was born in 1946 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 582 S Falcon DR, PUEBLO WEST, Pueblo County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3039719.
Garcia, Elva Baiza was born in 1985 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6835 S Field ST # 202, LITTLETON, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600604496.
Garcia, Elva Gabriela was born in 1974 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1805 Aspen ST, FT LUPTON, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200162941.
Garcia, Elvera C was born in 1930 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1012 I ST, PENROSE, Fremont County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3637391.
Garcia, Elvera L was born in 1945 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6740 W 54Th PL, ARVADA, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4093403.
Garcia, Elvia was born in 1961 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6015 Garland ST, ARVADA, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4619516.
Garcia, Elvia Estela was born in 1961 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5023 N Jasper CT, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2820916.
Garcia, Elvia Marie was born in 1978 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 121 S Fountain AVE, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600191984.
Garcia, Elvia Patricia was born in 1976 and registered to vote, giving the address as 2872 Ariel DR, LOVELAND, Larimer County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601723810.
Garcia, Elvin Loyola was born in 1975 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3556 Pike CIR N, FORT COLLINS, Larimer County, CO. His voter ID number is 600015344.
Garcia, Elvira was born in 1926 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2440 Palmer Park BLVD # 205, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 429491.
Garcia, Elvira was born in 1959 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 406 Park AVE, EATON, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600883539.
Garcia, Elvira was born in 1968 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 7508 Quivas ST, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6814140.
Garcia, Elvira was born in 1965 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3184 W Longfellow PL, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 7016852.
Garcia, Elvira S was born in 1955 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 512 Front ST, ANTONITO, Conejos County, CO. Her voter ID number is 648120.
Garcia, Elvis was born in 1993 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 756 Cedar CT, RIFLE, Garfield County, CO. His voter ID number is 600877047.
Garcia, Emanuel was born in 1996 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 5862 Oneida ST, COMMERCE CITY, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 600899124.
Garcia, Emanuel Augustine was born in 1981 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 12391 Hickman PL, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 2853279.
Garcia, Emarae Therese was born in 1972 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 44 N Junction AVE, MONTROSE, Montrose County, CO. Her voter ID number is 5376575.
Garcia, Ember Leigh was born in 1985 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3501 Hollybrook LN, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3024286.
Garcia, Emelina Antoinette was born in 1990 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4287 Prairie Rose CIR, CASTLE ROCK, Douglas County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601776189.
Garcia, Emelina Julianita was born in 1933 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 42012 Muirfield LOOP, ELIZABETH, Elbert County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600494145.
Garcia, Emely Yessiel was born in 1993 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 455 S 41St ST, BOULDER, Boulder County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601751712.
Garcia, Emerald Rae was born in 1999 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 140 Indiana AVE, BERTHOUD, Larimer County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601860742.
Garcia, Emidio Luis was born in 1966 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 325 N Washington ST, CENTER, Saguache County, CO. His voter ID number is 600288865.
Garcia, Emila Rebecca was born in 1990 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5101 S Delaware ST # E214, ENGLEWOOD, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200070166.
Garcia, Emilia Adelisa was born in 1940 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 45 S Brentwood ST, LAKEWOOD, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3973003.
Garcia, Emiliana Margarita was born in 1973 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4185 Charleston DR, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600142877.
Garcia, Emili Joseline was born in 1992 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 9463 Clermont ST, THORNTON, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600543363.
Garcia, Emilio was born in 1989 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1601 7Th ST, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. His voter ID number is 600512948.
Garcia, Emilio Jr was born in 1964 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 26900 E Colfax AVE # 27, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 736370.
Garcia, Emilio A was born in 1942 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 6671 E 78Th AVE, COMMERCE CITY, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 7116962.
Garcia, Emilio Angel was born in 1993 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2426 Gold Rush DR APT 4, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. His voter ID number is 601077020.
Garcia, Emilio Arturo was born in 1997 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2880 W Monica DR, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. His voter ID number is 600882950.
Garcia, Emilio Francisco was born in 1966 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 861 S Umatilla WAY, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 600869522.
Garcia, Emilio Luis was born in 1999 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 5317 Golden Eagle PKWY, BRIGHTON, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 601932698.
Garcia, Emilo David Shelton was born in 1996 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1051 Montrose AVE, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. His voter ID number is 601609911.
Garcia, Emily was born in 1983 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3223 S Vrain ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2732453.
Garcia, Emily was born in 1999 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1056 S Salem ST # 5-104, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601583108.
Garcia, Emily was born in 1967 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1618 5Th ST, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6412472.
Garcia, Emily Alice was born in 1955 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2057 S Elati ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2539412.
Garcia, Emily Alizabeth was born in 1993 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 8815 Wellinhall CT, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600385143.
Garcia, Emily Ann was born in 1991 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 306 S 9Th ST, LAMAR, Prowers County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600900673.
Garcia, Emily Aracely was born in 1998 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1400 S Collyer ST LOT 223, LONGMONT, Boulder County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601250850.
Garcia, Emily Beth was born in 1987 and registered to vote, giving the address as 1922 E 14Th AVE APT 2, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601863650.
Garcia, Emily Fabiana was born in 1972 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 20956 E 54Th AVE, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600684244.
Garcia, Emily Fryer was born in 1981 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3515 N Elm ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2649378.
Garcia, Emily Grace was born in 1993 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 14514 E Hawaii PL, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600588890.
Garcia, Emily Irene was born in 1992 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2201 W 74Th AVE, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600562312.
Garcia, Emily Katherine was born in 1991 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 675 Wapiti DR # 17A, FRASER, Grand County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600372125.
Garcia, Emily Kathryn was born in 1989 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6133 Gorham ST, FREDERICK, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600311732.
Garcia, Emily Lynne was born in 1994 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2150 Ballard LN, FORT COLLINS, Larimer County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600975936.
Garcia, Emily Marie was born in 1981 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2815 E 11Th ST, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3025475.
Garcia, Emily Nicole was born in 2000 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3361 New Haven CIR, CASTLE ROCK, Douglas County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601897718.
Garcia, Emily Patricia was born in 1993 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2900 E 16Th AVE APT 122, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601161490.
Garcia, Emily Patricia was born in 2000 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6608 W 3Rd ST UNIT 56, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601590669.
Garcia, Emily Renee was born in 1978 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 425 N Diamond AVE # B, CANON CITY, Fremont County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600562395.
Garcia, Emma was born in 1929 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3787 E 127Th LN, THORNTON, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 7042021.
Garcia, Emma Christine was born in 1961 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4848 N Bryant ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2459677.
Garcia, Emma Denice was born in 1997 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1115 Carr ST, LAKEWOOD, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601485260.
Garcia, Emma F was born in 1936 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1871 County Road 308, DUMONT, Clear Creek County, CO. Her voter ID number is 5007051.
Garcia, Emma J was born in 1928 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1640 Mable AVE, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6945109.
Garcia, Emmalisa was born in 1994 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 11801 York ST APT 1124, THORNTON, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600804630.
Garcia, Emma Louise was born in 1945 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 9730 Rolling G RD, FOUNTAIN, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 459706.
Garcia, Emma Mary was born in 1910 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 309 E Johnson AVE, TRINIDAD, Las Animas County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3834533.
Garcia, Emmanuel was born in 1998 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 14532 E 22Nd PL, AURORA, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 601435822.
Garcia, Emmanuel was born in 1996 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 5770 Highway 348, OLATHE, Montrose County, CO. His voter ID number is 601517735.
Garcia, Emmanuel was born in 1997 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1721 Choice Center DR # 1134, FORT COLLINS, Larimer County, CO. His voter ID number is 601540804.
Garcia, Emmanuel Epimenio was born in 1980 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 794 S Dale CT, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 4219804.
Garcia, Emmanuel Lawrence was born in 1948 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 13718 Krameria ST, THORNTON, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 6908106.
Garcia, Emmie A was born in 1989 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 629 High Tea CT, FOUNTAIN, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601815566.
Garcia, Enette was born in 1973 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4955 N Fenton ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2459997.
Garcia, Enjoli Diamond was born in 1986 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4662 N Genoa ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600331503.
Garcia, Enrique was born in 1952 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1111 Horizon DR UNIT 501, GRAND JUNCTION, Mesa County, CO. His voter ID number is 2349056.
Garcia, Enrique Jr was born in 1997 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 944 N Quitman ST APT A, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 601379214.
Garcia, Enrique was born in 1998 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4543 N Fairplay WAY, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 601546175.
Garcia, Enrique was born in 1938 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1714 Bella Vista DR, PLATTEVILLE, Weld County, CO. His voter ID number is 6317351.
Garcia, Enrique Jr was born in 1944 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3227 W 111Th DR, WESTMINSTER, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 7020066.
Garcia, Enrique was born in 1974 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4740 E 72Nd WAY, COMMERCE CITY, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 7143615.
Garcia, Enrique Eugenio was born in 1996 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1481 S Dale CT, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 601119738.
Garcia, Enrique Gregorio was born in 1991 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 521 Horseshoe PL, BRIGHTON, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 601729148.
Garcia, Enrique J was born in 1970 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 7130 Ruth WAY, DENVER, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 2639070.
Garcia, Enrique Julian was born in 1990 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 41900 Hwy 6 # C301, AVON, Eagle County, CO. His voter ID number is 601311155.
Garcia, Enrique N was born in 1943 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4740 E 72Nd WAY, COMMERCE CITY, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 7095542.
Garcia, Enzo Di Stefano was born in 2000 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 605 N 7Th ST, LAMAR, Prowers County, CO. His voter ID number is 601740245.
Garcia, Epimenio Jr was born in 1940 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2690 S Knox CT, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 2526835.
Garcia, Erasmo Duarte Jr was born in 1976 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2202 Dexter DR, LONGMONT, Boulder County, CO. His voter ID number is 200106256.
Garcia, Ercilia was born in 1944 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1880 S Cole ST # B-1, LAKEWOOD, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3993725.
Garcia, Ercilia Josie was born in 1960 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3607 N Shoshone ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2540872.
Garcia, Eric was born in 1983 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1150 N Inca ST APT 5, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 600038860.
Garcia, Eric was born in 1991 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 6554 Windloch CIR, PARKER, Douglas County, CO. His voter ID number is 600621425.
Garcia, Eric was born in 1983 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 11484 Marion ST, NORTHGLENN, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 6705905.
Garcia, Erica was born in 1983 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2905 N Inca ST APT 3019, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200157811.
Garcia, Erica was born in 1974 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4242 N Alcott ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2404058.
Garcia, Eric A was born in 1975 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1229 S Raritan ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 2564962.
Garcia, Erica was born in 1983 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 51 W Bonanza DR, PUEBLO WEST, Pueblo County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601278436.
Garcia, Erica was born in 2000 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6354 S Sterne PKWY, LITTLETON, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601576341.
Garcia, Erica was born in 1984 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 14282 E Tufts PL # Q12, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 871982.
Garcia, Erica Ann was born in 1977 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1722 Truda DR, NORTHGLENN, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601300044.
Garcia, Erica Berryman was born in 1970 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1728 N Spruce ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600680400.
Garcia, Erica Carla was born in 1994 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 105 Bonnie Vista DR UNIT 2, FRUITA, Mesa County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601722623.
Garcia, Erica Christina was born in 1983 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 9806 Hannibal CT, COMMERCE CITY, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601043456.
Garcia, Erica Fajardo was born in 1988 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2160 Stacy DR, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 7017913.
Garcia, Erica Laura was born in 1991 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1960 Mc Dougal ST, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600263655.
Garcia, Erica Linsay was born in 1982 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 350 Rainbow DR, SILT, Garfield County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600913918.
Garcia, Erica Maria was born in 1974 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 511 W Oak ST, LAMAR, Prowers County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600551196.
Garcia, Erica Marie was born in 1992 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4908 Thorndike AVE, CASTLE ROCK, Douglas County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200308585.
Garcia, Erica Marie was born in 1998 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5961/2 30 RD, GRAND JUNCTION, Mesa County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601100985.
Garcia, Erica Michelle was born in 1997 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5127 W 11Th ST APT 616, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601705699.
Garcia, Eric Andrew was born in 1974 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 7403 La Quinta LN, LONE TREE, Douglas County, CO. His voter ID number is 200061639.
Garcia, Erica Nicole was born in 1986 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 15 N Logan ST APT 12, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600193023.
Garcia, Erica Nicole was born in 1987 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 477 Green Acres ST, CLIFTON, Mesa County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600391243.
Garcia, Erica Nicole was born in 1992 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5184 Nighthawk PKWY, BRIGHTON, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600724003.
Garcia, Eric Anthony was born in 1975 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 8335 E Fairmount DR UNIT 10-104, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 1644587.
Garcia, Eric Anthony was born in 1981 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 10181 Wyandott CIR N, THORNTON, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 200291501.
Garcia, Eric Anthony was born in 1998 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 704 N Elati ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 600953893.
Garcia, Eric Anthony was born in 1993 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 412 E 9Th AVE, FORT MORGAN, Morgan County, CO. His voter ID number is 601395990.
Garcia, Eric Anthony was born in 1999 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1825 W 51St AVE, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 601667325.
Garcia, Erica Renee was born in 1986 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6345 Hart ST, ALAMOSA, Alamosa County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600360938.
Garcia, Erica Vidalia Penny was born in 1986 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 508 Walnut AVE, ROCKY FORD, Otero County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600152292.
Garcia, Erica Yvonne was born in 1994 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4930 Daybreak CIR, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600505708.
Garcia, Eric Benito was born in 1981 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2755 S Hazel CT, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 601373531.
Garcia, Eric Brandon was born in 1994 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2315 9Th AVE APT 4303, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. His voter ID number is 601541435.
Garcia, Eric Cardona was born in 1995 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 6542 S Steele ST, CENTENNIAL, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 600780493.
Garcia, Eric David Jr was born in 1990 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3920 Cantrell DR, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. His voter ID number is 601179721.
Garcia, Eric Donald Raymond was born in 1970 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 8441 Corona ST, DENVER, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 601749915.
Garcia, Eric Eduardo was born in 1991 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2907 S Wolff ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 600343679.
Garcia, Eric Greggory was born in 1999 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4904 S Iowa AVE # 5, LOVELAND, Larimer County, CO. His voter ID number is 601870433.
Garcia, Eric James was born in 1968 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3244 N High ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 600323393.
Garcia, Eric James was born in 1987 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 9151 Fir DR, THORNTON, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 6971603.
Garcia, Eric Jihovany was born in 1998 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 944 S Victor WAY, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 601587033.
Garcia, Eric John was born in 1990 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 424 32 RD UNIT 30, CLIFTON, Mesa County, CO. His voter ID number is 200138494.
Garcia, Eric John was born in 1981 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 17892 E Purdue PL, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 601484251.
Garcia, Eric Joseph was born in 1971 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 129 Starlite DR, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 3097252.
Garcia, Eric Joseph was born in 1999 and registered to vote, giving the address as 2008 31St ST, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601310730.
Garcia, Erick was born in 1987 and registered to vote, giving the address as 2323 Curtis ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601287954.
Garcia, Erick was born in 2000 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3615 Salt Creek RD, EAGLE, Eagle County, CO. His voter ID number is 601698264.
Garcia, Erick was born in 2000 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 5565 Federal BLVD, DENVER, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 601948454.
Garcia, Erick was born in 1984 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2636 Arbor AVE, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. His voter ID number is 6398529.
Garcia, Ericka was born in 1993 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2647 W Evans AVE APT 2307D, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600488348.
Garcia, Ericka Renee was born in 1987 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 6104 Devinney CT, ARVADA, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600069940.
Garcia, Erick Javier was born in 2000 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 17336 E Rice CIR # D, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 601752994.
Garcia, Erick Manzo was born in 2000 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 224 W Taylor AVE, LASALLE, Weld County, CO. His voter ID number is 601790912.
Garcia, Erick Ruben was born in 1994 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1551 N Wolff ST APT 212, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 600808562.
Garcia, Eric Lee was born in 1994 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 25348 E Geddes PL, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 601720143.
Garcia, Eric M was born in 1981 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1530 N La Crosse AVE, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 3744232.
Garcia, Eric Michael was born in 1985 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2525 Wewatta WAY APT 128, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 601374207.
Garcia, Eric Raul was born in 1993 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4442 Turnberry Crescent, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 600618738.
Garcia, Eric Richard was born in 1981 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1260 N Sherman ST APT 301, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 7149799.
Garcia, Erika was born in 1987 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 5365 Blackcloud LOOP, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601950174.
Garcia, Erika Araceli was born in 1976 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4500 19Th ST APT 542, BOULDER, Boulder County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600525027.
Garcia, Erika Belen was born in 1987 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 7380 Dakin ST APT M301, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601611644.
Garcia, Erika L was born in 1981 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 903 Deuel ST, FORT MORGAN, Morgan County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3582634.
Garcia, Erika Lee was born in 1985 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 12241 Quince ST, BRIGHTON, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 861457.
Garcia, Erik Alejandro was born in 1993 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1400 S Collyer ST APT 10, LONGMONT, Boulder County, CO. His voter ID number is 600391820.
Garcia, Erika Loaiza was born in 1991 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2339 N Newport ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601839508.
Garcia, Erika Marie was born in 1977 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4574 Teller PL, LOVELAND, Larimer County, CO. Her voter ID number is 1624669.
Garcia, Erika Michelle was born in 1976 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4735 Garden Ranch DR APT L-303, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 181751.
Garcia, Erika Michelle was born in 1998 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 8719 S Hwy 285 LOT C3, ALAMOSA, Alamosa County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601540179.
Garcia, Erik Andrew was born in 1995 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1175 W 6Th ST APT A20, CRAIG, Moffat County, CO. His voter ID number is 601966361.
Garcia, Erika Nicole was born in 1994 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 18101 E Steamboat AVE # 38, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601796837.
Garcia, Erika Star was born in 1979 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1561 S Queen ST, LAKEWOOD, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4209415.
Garcia, Erika Tovar was born in 1993 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 111 E 113Th PL, NORTHGLENN, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601360938.
Garcia, Erika Yesenia was born in 1986 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1175 N Eighth ST, STERLING, Logan County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3583798.
Garcia, Erik G was born in 1996 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2200 Bonforte BLVD, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 601158343.
Garcia, Erik Giovanni was born in 1997 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 864 Homestead DR, HIGHLANDS RANCH, Douglas County, CO. His voter ID number is 601034028.
Garcia, Erik Ivan was born in 1989 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 221 Fairmont ST, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. His voter ID number is 601312754.
Garcia, Erik Joseph was born in 1988 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 6051 S Detroit ST, CENTENNIAL, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 600101266.
Garcia, Erik M was born in 1975 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1260 E 89Th AVE, THORNTON, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 6829286.
Garcia, Erik Michael was born in 1992 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 250 Summit BLVD # 3301, BROOMFIELD, Broomfield County, CO. His voter ID number is 600314676.
Garcia, Erik R was born in 1975 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 6354 S Sterne PKWY, LITTLETON, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 200172614.
Garcia, Erik Rivera was born in 1995 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1685 N Yosemite ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 601066366.
Garcia, Erik Simon was born in 1997 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2441 Balsam AVE, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. His voter ID number is 601522208.
Garcia, Erin Anne was born in 1972 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1730 Ironton ST, AURORA, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 5661091.
Garcia, Erin Brittny was born in 1987 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2530 Mt Vernon ST, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 951973.
Garcia, Erin C was born in 1983 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1090 S Parker RD APT A520, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 941687.
Garcia, Erin Elizabeth was born in 1980 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2625 Himalaya CT, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 492317.
Garcia, Erin Lee was born in 1986 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 10565 Wells PT, FOUNTAIN, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 493952.
Garcia, Erin Lou was born in 1983 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 10975 Bellaire CIR, THORNTON, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 7037379.
Garcia, Erin Michelle was born in 1982 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 8119 Lighthouse LN, WINDSOR, Larimer County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200276948.
Garcia, Erin Michelle was born in 1980 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 7414 S Alkire ST # 205, LITTLETON, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601054949.
Garcia, Erin Nicole was born in 1984 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2505 S Newton ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2894912.
Garcia, Erin Renee was born in 1998 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 704 N Elati ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601418479.
Garcia, Erin Skerritt was born in 1963 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 202 Lower Allen RD, CRESTED BUTTE, Gunnison County, CO. Her voter ID number is 5960078.
Garcia, Erin Theresa was born in 1971 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 15663 E 117Th AVE, COMMERCE CITY, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 7106214.
Garcia, Erleen E was born in 1944 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3359 W 114Th CIR UNIT C, WESTMINSTER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2607062.
Garcia, Erlinda Frances was born in 1964 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2360 W 76Th AVE APT 1106, DENVER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600566915.
Garcia, Erminia D was born in 1966 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 13 Gardner DR, LONGMONT, Boulder County, CO. Her voter ID number is 200187014.
Garcia, Ernest was born in 1934 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4750 N Pennsylvania ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 2525953.
Garcia, Ernest was born in 1980 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 6655 County Road 203 # 3, DURANGO, La Plata County, CO. His voter ID number is 4756960.
Garcia, Ernest was born in 1935 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 503 S 8Th ST # 14, PAGOSA SPRINGS, Archuleta County, CO. His voter ID number is 4758196.
Garcia, Ernest Anastacio was born in 1991 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 7280 Bryant ST, WESTMINSTER, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 200222607.
Garcia, Ernest Chappelle was born in 1959 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2756 W Greens DR, LITTLETON, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 2794320.
Garcia, Ernest E was born in 1923 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1158 Park AVE, MEEKER, Rio Blanco County, CO. His voter ID number is 4974766.
Garcia, Ernest Edward was born in 1971 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 10 Ironbridge LN, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 3094271.
Garcia, Ernest Filbert was born in 1948 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 145 W Blue Hills DR, PUEBLO WEST, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 3054678.
Garcia, Ernestina B was born in 1953 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2621 23Rd AVE APT 21, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6515559.
Garcia, Ernestine was born in 1955 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 4865 W 2Nd AVE, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2840168.
Garcia, Ernestine was born in 1932 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1036 Elm ST, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3091303.
Garcia, Ernestine Manuela was born in 1953 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 3573 E 94Th AVE, THORNTON, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6989530.
Garcia, Ernestine T was born in 1932 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 758 Weber DR, ALAMOSA, Alamosa County, CO. Her voter ID number is 4766582.
Garcia, Ernest James Jr was born in 1992 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 679 S Reed CT # 5-203, LAKEWOOD, Jefferson County, CO. His voter ID number is 600735390.
Garcia, Ernest Joe was born in 1983 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2029 Spruce ST, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 600654269.
Garcia, Ernest John was born in 1939 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1126 Stone AVE, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 3082940.
Garcia, Ernest John was born in 1962 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 615 W 6Th, WALSENBURG, Huerfano County, CO. His voter ID number is 4739479.
Garcia, Ernest Leonard Jr was born in 1958 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 8684 W 66Th CIR, ARVADA, Jefferson County, CO. His voter ID number is 4076870.
Garcia, Ernest Munoz was born in 1991 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 27077 7Th AVE, GILL, Weld County, CO. His voter ID number is 600291928.
Garcia, Ernest N was born in 1954 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 512 N 8Th CT, BRIGHTON, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 6880134.
Garcia, Ernesto Jr was born in 1968 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2326 E Orman AVE, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 600342798.
Garcia, Ernesto was born in 1986 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3745 N Steele ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 600680154.
Garcia, Ernesto was born in 1982 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 0 Fort Carson, FT CARSON, El Paso County, CO. His voter ID number is 600958257.
Garcia, Ernesto was born in 1997 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4334 W Bowles AVE, LITTLETON, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 601072799.
Garcia, Ernesto was born in 1978 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 9458 Gore LOOP, ARVADA, Jefferson County, CO. His voter ID number is 601242053.
Garcia, Ernesto Alonzo was born in 1994 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 718 Meng DR, FORT MORGAN, Morgan County, CO. His voter ID number is 601073929.
Garcia, Ernesto Aurilo was born in 1998 and registered to vote, giving the address as 1936 S Quitman ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601415084.
Garcia, Ernesto B Iii was born in 1973 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1380 E Bridge ST, BRIGHTON, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 7164333.
Garcia, Ernesto Danny was born in 1979 and registered to vote, giving the address as 1020 S Meade ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601325905.
Garcia, Ernesto Delfino was born in 1946 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1921 36Th LN, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 3063127.
Garcia, Ernesto Flores was born in 1970 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 70 Wuthering Heights DR, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. His voter ID number is 200003702.
Garcia, Ernesto M was born in 1993 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1201 E 8Th AVE # A4, FORT MORGAN, Morgan County, CO. His voter ID number is 600636711.
Garcia, Ernesto S was born in 1958 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 712 State ST, ANTONITO, Conejos County, CO. His voter ID number is 648121.
Garcia, Ernesto Suarez was born in 1983 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4412 E Mulberry ST # 251, FORT COLLINS, Larimer County, CO. His voter ID number is 1416339.
Garcia, Ernest Thomas was born in 1993 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 12592 Maria CIR, BROOMFIELD, Broomfield County, CO. His voter ID number is 601771512.
Garcia, Ernest Walter was born in 1935 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 10038 Dodge DR, NORTHGLENN, Adams County, CO. His voter ID number is 6874130.
Garcia, Ernie Reyna was born in 1967 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3025 W 25Th AVE, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 601663811.
Garcia, Esai Alexandra was born in 1997 and registered to vote, giving the address as 9671 Lansing CIR, COMMERCE CITY, Adams County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601277786.
Garcia, Esak Santiago was born in 1976 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3035 Sterling CIR STE E, BOULDER, Boulder County, CO. His voter ID number is 8049788.
Garcia, Esau Gamaliel was born in 1989 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 5151 W 29Th ST # 808, GREELEY, Weld County, CO. His voter ID number is 5524469.
Garcia, Esequiel was born in 1984 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2111 Vinewood LN, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. His voter ID number is 4770044.
Garcia, Esgar was born in 1994 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 20391 E 40Th AVE, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 601473790.
Garcia, Esmelda was born in 1966 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 23521 E Saratoga CIR, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2677153.
Garcia, Esmeralda was born in 1939 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 21233 Brimstone RD, CEDAREDGE, Delta County, CO. Her voter ID number is 3543568.
Garcia, Esmeralda was born in 2000 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 709 S Oakland ST, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601723534.
Garcia, Esmeralda was born in 1999 and registered to vote, giving the address as 1324 17Th AVE, LONGMONT, Boulder County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601897094.
Garcia, Esmeralda was born in 1996 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2554 Hwy 82 # B, GLENWOOD SPGS, Garfield County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601905600.
Garcia, Esmeralda Melody was born in 1975 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 7080 Clay ST, WESTMINSTER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2436501.
Garcia, Esperansa was born in 1965 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 416 Western AVE, BRUSH, Morgan County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600191261.
Garcia, Esperansa Maria was born in 1997 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1703 Corey ST, LONGMONT, Boulder County, CO. Her voter ID number is 600928443.
Garcia, Esperansa Odessa was born in 1975 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 319 N 22Nd ST # 12, KREMMLING, Grand County, CO. Her voter ID number is 8518823.
Garcia, Esperanza was born in 1933 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 2664 S Raleigh ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2511251.
Garcia, Esperanza was born in 1993 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 214 Wright ST # 103, LAKEWOOD, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601459369.
Garcia, Esperanza was born in 1997 and registered to vote, giving the address as 1708 Alexander CIR, PUEBLO, Pueblo County, CO. Garcia voter ID number is 601548934.
Garcia, Esperanza was born in 2000 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1541 N Xanthia ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601957419.
Garcia, Esperanza was born in 1935 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 11761 E Cornell CIR, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. Her voter ID number is 691450.
Garcia, Esperanza Fedelina was born in 1979 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 252 S Lamar ST, LAKEWOOD, Jefferson County, CO. Her voter ID number is 2793464.
Garcia, Esperanza Marie was born in 1998 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 23 Crescent AVE, CENTER, Saguache County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601496458.
Garcia, Esperanza Mia was born in 1999 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 7230 Franconia DR, FOUNTAIN, El Paso County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601591286.
Garcia, Esperanza Reza was born in 1991 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 1644 W 113Th AVE, WESTMINSTER, Adams County, CO. Her voter ID number is 601650411.
Garcia, Estaneslada Irene was born in 1954 and she registered to vote, giving her address as 560 S Clay ST, DENVER, Denver County, CO. Her voter ID number is 6934783.
Garcia, Esteban Iv was born in 1976 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1424 Hummel LN, FORT COLLINS, Larimer County, CO. His voter ID number is 600715848.
Garcia, Esteban was born in 1987 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4411 S Kalispell CIR, AURORA, Arapahoe County, CO. His voter ID number is 601073536.
Garcia, Esteban was born in 1973 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1850 Bassett ST APT 402, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 6854601.
Garcia, Esteban Daniel was born in 1990 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 216 Highlands CIR, ERIE, Weld County, CO. His voter ID number is 600730387.
Garcia, Esteban Eugene was born in 1977 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3010 N Hancock AVE APT 12, COLO SPRINGS, El Paso County, CO. His voter ID number is 245706.
Garcia, Esteban Frausto was born in 1944 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4923 Lake Creek Village DR # 25-202, EDWARDS, Eagle County, CO. His voter ID number is 600146022.
Garcia, Esteban Gabiel was born in 1976 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 2033 Crystal CT, LOVELAND, Larimer County, CO. His voter ID number is 600940941.
Garcia, Esteban James was born in 1998 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 1123 Second ST, ALAMOSA, Alamosa County, CO. His voter ID number is 601423531.
Garcia, Esteban Joseph was born in 1991 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 3525 W 21St AVE, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 600586673.
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Garcia, Evan Mathew was born in 1984 and he registered to vote, giving his address as 4770 N Willow ST APT 101, DENVER, Denver County, CO. His voter ID number is 3032753. | 2019-04-25T06:26:24Z | http://coloradovoters.info/by_name/pages/g10061.html |
It is true that we cannot predict the weather indefinetely (or even beyond a couple of weeks), because of the chaotic nature and infinitesimally small uncertainties in the state as we know to day, will affect how the weather evolves in a few weeks (the ‘chaos effect’). But, still I say that I know with certainty that there is a very high probability that the temperature in 6 months will be lower than now – when winter has arrived (it’s summer on the northern hemisphere at the present). In fact, the seasonal variation in temperature and rainfall (wet and dry seasons in the tropics) tends to be highly predictable: the winters at high latitudes are cold and summers mild (if anyone doubts, read on here); the southeast Asian Monsoon usually starts over India in the first days of June. I don’t usually bring with me maps and figures to social events, but it would be nice to show a picture such as the one in Fig. 1 to illustrate. If the person is not convinced, I may continue with other arguments for why the climate is predictable: take the latitude for instance – the poles are cold and tropics warm. Furthermore, maritime climates at higher latitudes with wet and mild (small day-to-day or season-to-season temperature variations) are distinct to continental climates far away from the sea (dry with great temperature variations). It is well-established that high-altitude places tend to have lower temperatures and greater temperature variations. Most hikers and mountaineers have experienced that. These are local climatic properties that we can predict if we know the geography, even if we cannot predict the weather on an exact day far in the future. To convince further, I may add that empirical evidence suggesting that (local) climate is not unpredictable, but rather systematically influenced by external factors (boundary conditions) is that Northern Europe enjoys a mild climate: Oslo is roughly on the same latitude as the southern tip of Greenland. There is a reason for that – Oslo has a considerably warmer climate because of the effects of oceanic heat transport/capacity and prevailing winds. I also remind that people really have known for centuries that there are systematic factors influencing the local climate, it’s just that this fact sometimes gets forgotten by those who claim that we cannot predict climate. Isn’t it silly? I may ask if there is any reason to think that the predictability stops at the seasonal and geographical variations.
I may continue with in a hand-wavy manner: In a similar fashion as seasonal and geographical effects, changes in Earth’s orbit around the Sun alters the planetary climate by modifying the amount of energy received from our star (but because of terrestrial response, the atmospheric composition is modified as well, enhancing the effect even further), and changes in the atmospheric composition affects the climate because grenhouse gases absorb heat that otherwise would escape into space – greenhouse gases are transparent to sunlight, but opaque to infrared light due to their molecular properties and their ability to absorb energy (if I say it’s quantum physics, people tend to understand it’s getting a bit technical). I stress that the greenhouse effect is also beyond doubt – without it, the energy balance between total energy Earth intercepts from the Sun and the energy lost through black body radiation implies that Earth’s surface on average would be about 30K cooler than we know it. Volcanoes also affect our climate, and we have theories explaining why. Furthermore, looking to other planets, the observation that Venus has higher surface temperature than Mercury, despite being further away from the Sun, can only be explained as a result of different absorbing properties of their respective atmospheres (a strong greenhouse effect at Venus).
So, my question is, do you think people get the message that I try to convey this way? Is it too simple or too complicated? Somebody who knows of every-day examples demonstrating the central principles? Any suggestions on how to explain for laypersons not connected to the Internet?
All your explanations make sense, and to a listener just interested in learning, they should settle the matter. But sometimes people get ideas which just seem too good to give up, no matter how clearly you explain why they are wrong. This can lead to more and more contrived arguments to try to save the argument. I have done things like this in my mathematical work and I’m sure that all scientists do it on occasion. But an honest scientist eventually has to give up when it becomes clear the idea can’t be saved. A non-scientist however, not really understanding the subject, is not bound by such limitations and treats it more as a debate than a search for the truth. And of course sometimes scientists do the same. Thus are born denialists.
Another good way of explaining it may be to point out that climate scientists are not trying to predict precisely which future days and which locations will be warm, they are only predictinng that the average temperature of all days combined will be warmer then currently. Maybe the cocktail crowd will intuitively understand that it is easier to say with confindence that the next decade will be warmer on average than in the past, than it is to say with confidence that next June 17th’s high in Los Angeles will be 97 degrees F.
Weather is like the hour-by-hour fluctuations in the Dow Jones index.Predicting that is hard. Predicting climate is more like predicting the longer term trends, except,even even easier since the forcings tend to be better understood ! (i.e. intrest rates -vs- GHG forcing).
Here’s another possible perspective. The increase in hurricanes and hurricane strength is at least partly due to warmer SSTs. The other influences are global and regional weather patterns which change the shear, dry layers, and other factors. It’s important not to oversimplify the mechanics, and thus important not to make oversimplistic predictions like more and stronger storms this year. Otherwise an amateur skeptic might say “aha!” when there’s fewer storms like this year so far.
The better approach is to emphasize the long term, emphasize that storm strength is only one result of climate change and perhaps a minor one at that. Better to do that than to get front page Time magazine stories about megastorms or something like that.
IMO, we can predict the weather beyond couple of two weeks. It is true that the prediction error increases and the effect due to initial conditions (state of system today) should get less weight than the local weather history, but it doesn’t mean that we cannot predict.
I agree with L. Evens. D. Donovan makes a good point except no one can predict, with better than 50% chance of success, the long-term dow, either. One of the difficulties is that the climate models do in fact have considerable holes and produce a significant amount of uncertainty. If one admits to that the antagonist says, “SEE! I told you so!” But if you don’t you become one of those denialists. None-the-less the basic premise of the treatise is correct (short term specifics and long term trends are completely different from an analytical and scientific view) and I think explained very well. Admitting to the modeling uncertainty may advance your credibility; beyond that I don’t think any “improvement” in the assertion will change the outcome at the party.
Beginning in the 1970s/1980s, the National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center began issuing one and three month outlooks for precipitation and temperatures, in relation to the latest 30 year averages (normal).
Some people have said that there is only a 50/50 chance for outlooks calling for above or below normal to be accurate on temperaratures. Not so for northern Minnesota in the future with rapid climate change happening. The increasing Dec-Feb temperature trends are so obvious in northern Minnesota that I can predict right now with a high degree of confidence that the winter of Dec 2006 to Feb 2007 in northern Minnesota will once again be above 1971-2000 temperature averages, and will continue to be above the 1971-2000 temperature averages for hundreds of thousands of years to come.
Rasmus, here’s my rough outline. When predicting climate for the whole world you don’t need to know whether it will snow in Oslo on December 20th 2006. The climate record from Oslo tells us that it could, and more importantly, the climate model predictions show that it could. The climate models also incorporate the effects of forcings like man-made CO2 and are able to predict regional changes like the prevailing winds or ocean currents and their effects on local climate in Oslo.
I would conclude that a simple climate model without weather can do a fairly adequate job of knowing the average weather in Oslo for the time period around next Dec 20th. Is that sufficient for accurate climate predictions? No. The reason is that the physics of the model depends greatly upon accurate depiction of weather. This is because the primary warming mechanism, far beyond all others, is water vapor feedback and water vapor is controlled by weather. Some of the other lesser effects like snow cover are also controlled by weather.
So models like CCSM and ESMF incorporate weather by simulating its effects in coarse spatial and temporal resolution (e.g. 40km and 30 minutes). The purpose is to establish realistic weather patterns from the climate parameters and use the resulting weather measurements to give realistic feedback to the climate model. Higher resolution might be required for tropical weather than for Oslo. The resolution is required to adequately depict climate-effecting weather, that has been studied and explained in the CCSM papers.
Here’s a simple example. An average weather pattern for Oslo might be a day of snow and 4 days of partly cloudy repeated. But it could snow for five days in a row. This weather phenomenon will clearly affect subsequent local climate (temperature, remaining snow cover, diurnal clouds, etc) and all weather phenonema across the globe will affect global climate.
Good explanations but in these settings I always think that short and simple is the key. So I just agree that you can’t predict the weather all that well but say that you can predict the season, e.g., chances are it won’t snow in August, and predicting the climate is more like predicting the season than the weather. Then I leave it at that unless they want to continue.
The question is whether climate in principle is predictable. All the examples presented in the post used measured data and actual physical realizations; no mathematical models or computer programs are involved. These are not examples of predictions of either weather or climate in the sense of using models and codes for long-term time scales in the future. In fact, no calculated results (predictions) have been shown to compare with the measured data. In this sense the title of the post is very likely misleading.
Here are two issues associated with AOLGCM that I find to be totally unique to the applications of these codes.
Firstly, it is my understanding that the calculated results from most large complex AOLGCM codes cannot be demonstrated to be independent of the discrete representations of the continuous equations. That is, the results are functions of the size of the discrete representations (or truncated series) of the spatial and temporal scales used in the calculations. Independence of the discrete representations so that the solutions of the discrete equations converge to solutions of the continuous equations is the most fundamental concept taught in every numerical methods textbook; every textbook without exception. In the absence of this property the discrete equations have not been solved; the numbers printed do not represent solutions of the discrete equations. The lack of grid independence indicates that numerical errors are in fact present in the numbers. I think this situation is without precedence in all of science and engineering. If this is the correct situation, the calculated results are not solutions to the continuous equations and at the very best represent some kind of approximate “solution”. However, “solution to the continuous equations” is not a phrase that can be applied to these calculations. No other science or engineering applications of numerical solution methods tolerate this situation; it is always unacceptable. An example of an exception to my assessment will be greatly appreciated.
The closely related issues of consistency and stability are also very important.
Secondly, it is my impression that use of ensemble averages of several computer calculations that are based on deterministic models and equations is unique to the climate-change community in all of science and engineering. I can be easily corrected on this point if anyone can provide a reference that shows that the procedure is used in any other applications. (The use of monte carlo methods to solve the model equations is not the same thing). The use of ensemble averaging and the resulting graphs of the results makes it very difficult to gain an understanding of the calculated results; rough long-term trends are about all that can be discerned from the plots. The calculated daily, seasonal, and yearly variations, some of which are used in the post, are seldom compared with measured data. Neither are calculated results from various spatial locations, also used in the post, compared with measured data.
No other modeling applications in all of science and engineering will have these two characteristics. Bridges, elevators, flight-control systems, power generation systems, (add your favorite here); no simple or complex systems of any kind. Again, examples of exceptions to my assessment will be greatly appreciated.
Focus on The Global Average Temperature calculated by the codes gives a false indication of the robustness of the modeling and calculations because this is a solution meta-functional result that maps everything calculated by the code into a single number. A process that easily hides an enormous number of potential problems.
the reputation of models than anything else. Heard that some long range seasonal forecasts are done by taking the average of 11 or more Climate projection runs, as Einstein might of said: there is no such thing as luck.
If my discussions are not helpful, please let me know and I’ll stop posting here.
Anyway, for 20 years in February and March of each year, I put together the NWS Spring Snowmelt Flood Outlooks for the Upper Midwest based on ‘normal’ temperature sequences for runoff in late March and April.
By the late 1990s it was clear that the timing for snowmelt runoff had changed. The melt was occurring earlier in the season, and the odds for having rain during the melt period was higher. I knew that climate was changing even before I knew that global warming was happening.
I have no experience with global climate prediction models, but it’s obvious to me that as climate changes more rapidly it begins to have significant effects on weather and hydrologic prediction, particularly if the models used for those predictions ignore the obvious climate change factors.
Re #12: Pat, thanks for fixing the link. I found your post on the twin cities site very helpful, as are your posts here. The snowmelt/runoff situation is essential to follow to understand and predict what is happening out west, where it appears that there have been fundamental changes.
re 13. Thank you. I helps to get some encouraging words from time to time. I got a good work by email from Wayne too.
This link may be of interest, courtesy of a new friend of mine from Duluth.
What are people without any background in science in Duluth MN supposed to think?
I make this suggestion after reading a related post, “Beyond the Mug’s Game,” on Prometheus (Pielke) about the value of economic models. It points to an interesting response (letter to the editor) to an interesting article on economic models in The Economist.
The gist of it is that complex economic models can be more useful at informing people than they are at predicting events. The letter and the article are readable and, to me, not as boring as their titles suggest.
Suppose that a ping-pong ball falls into a river. Due to the turbulent eddies in the river, predicting the ball’s EXACT position, e.g., within a few meters,is possible only in the short-term (in this case, over the next few seconds), but not in the long-term. However, if we knew the average rate of flow, we could predict reasonably accurately (within a few minutes) when the ball would pass under bridge 10 km downstream. Futhermore, if the streamflow were increased by a known amount (due, say, to increased discharge from an upstream dam), I doubt that anyone would argue with a prediction that a second ball would take less time to reach the bridge,even though it may not be possible to say exactly under which part of the bridge the ball would pass.
Short and sweet may be best, at least at the cocktail party level.
Which can you predict (to within say, 10% or 20%): the number of times heads comes up on a single coin toss, or on 100 tosses? The total number of runs scored on a particular baseball (or soccer or whatever) game, or the average number over a whole season? The height of the next person to walk around the corner, or the average height of the next 100 people?
Or this: you can’t predict where a particular leaf, or grain of sand, will end up after a wind storm, but anyone can easily predict that the entire planet Earth, leaves, sand, and all, will continue to spin on its axis once a day, and revolve around the sun once a year.
Folks may be amazed to realize how often they can predict big complicated, things much more accurately than small, simple things.
Predicting climate is like predicting what will happen when you boil a large pot of water. The modeler would need to know the heat input, the heat transport characteristic of the pot, the starting temperature of the water, the ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, the contaminants in the water, etc. But anyone with a good knowledge of physics could predict approximately how long it will take to boil, what range of temps and what kinds of convections might arise.
Predicting weather is like trying to predict temperature and current flow in the pot to scales of a 1 cm.
I think its clear you can predict that the water will boil (climate) and even approximately when it will start given a few good measurements. Predicting temperatures and current flow to small scales obviously is only possible for a few seconds at a time given only with really good measurements of things exactly as they are.
You haven’t followed your reasoning to its obvious logical conclusion. Suppose in fact that models can’t tell us with certainty the consequences of our ongoing experiment in increasing concentration of greenhouse gases. Since there is certainly no other way to answer that question, it would apprear foolhardy in the extreme to continue that experiment. I hope you are insisting to your governmental representatives that they take action immediately to limit greenhouse gas emissions.
My reply is to offer a bet: I will predict the average temperature of the earth for next year and they will predict the temperature of the city we are in for that day next year. While I have had a number of very creative reasons for they will not agree to the bet I have yet to have anyone take me up on it.
Pat, this piece of trash from Pekarek, et al, was discredited months ago. Check this thread; especially scan down to the NAS response.
By the way, I also much appreciate your posts.
The so-called ‘experiment’ is an agreeable metaphor, especially for the scientifically-minded. But what is sometimes called an ‘experiment’ is actually a social adaptation, and since the adaptation is carried out by clever though not always rational bipeds instead of ants or termites, the components of the adaptation are immensely complex. Complex as these adaptations may be, anyone who has watched the long slow procession of late afternoon traffic queing into I 395 in Virginia out of DC will be able to conclude, easily, that social adaptations are not always rationally arrived out, even in homo sapiens: Wise guy.
The problem with my scientific friends is that they assume that given a spectrum of choices, human beings will naturally choose the most ‘rational’, meaning, the most obviously adaptive for the greatest number. They won’t. They can’t. That’s why societies, like species, always have finite lifetimes.
Adaptation in a developed early 21st century society means maximization of profit. The reproduction of money takes the place of the reproduction of descendants in the lower orders.
Make it more profitable to supply energy without changing the climate, and you will have solved the problem of climate change. Either that, or wait for the first really horrific crisis and see what happens. Don’t count on a rational response, though.
Gavin, I have noticed in my own work that when having difficulty explaining a complicated scientific idea in easy to understand terms for a non-scientist (like my wife), often I do not have a good command of the concept myself. In these instances, I may need to do some internal clarification. It is my suspicion that this is where you are on this issue (be honest with yourself).
Regardless how the IPCC defines the term “climate” or “climate system”, the issue is the actual manifestation of the system we are trying to model, and whether or not the real-world observations support our conclusions about its theoretical state. It is clear to many of us out here that you are laboring painfully to propogate the troubled hypothesis that the system you are trying to model is well-behaved (non-chaotic), therefore inherently predictable over multi-decadal time. In this respect, #1 may have a good analysis of your continued stained attempts to simplify this matter.
The new OHCA data presented by Lyman etal might at least give you the opportunity for retrospection. Many look forward to your coming analysis of this new paper, explaining the failure of the models to predict the 21% (likely) loss of heat (in two years) that was accumulated in the system from 1955-2003. This occured while you declared loudly in 2005 (from the model predictions of this well-behaved system) that the system was in a positive radiative imbalance. We will now see if these new results hold up under the coming tsunami of scrutiny. Return of the Jedi!!
Hey, Gavin. I agree, coming up with an “elevator pitch” reason for why folks should put some faith in the models is a good idea. I find that people are most rational about is money – everything else is up for grabs. For instance, laypeople have a hard time remembering that energy is conserved in all physical interactions – the first law of thermodynamics. Explain it to them in terms of money, and they get it instantly: “Oh, you could make free money by selling the energy you got for free – okay, that’s stupid then.” (Ironic, since money is decidedly *not* conserved at the level of governments.) This leads to approve of the “bet” way, #s 18 and 19 by John Cross. Another tactic is point out the silliness of their argument: “oh, you can’t predict anything about the weather out more than a few weeks, eh? I predict that in mid-January it’ll be colder than it is today. Think I’ll be wrong?” That works for me in Ottawa, your mileage may vary.
I think any discussion of climate (to the lay) must include scale– both spatial scale and temporal scale. The current hot item is “global climate” at annual and decadal scales. But it is important to note that every point on the globe has a climate, and the points can be aggregated to regions, regions to continents, continents to hemispheres etc. And it is essential to note that you must “generalize out” (in the vernacular of cartography) some degree of detail every time you scale up. This is intuitively obvious to most but it never hurts to explain.
The temporal scale is another tricky item. People are currently hooked on annual temperatures, especially the annual mean daily temperature. This is the crudest information we can get over the course of a year. Providing slightly more detail is the mean high temperature in tandem with the mean low temperature. We can move to finer temporal intervals (seasons, to months, to days etc), and each time we do, we increase the detail of our understanding about the place(s) in question.
Also, it is helpful to recognize that we use climatic information to place weather into context. So, even though we want to avoid confusing weather with climate, we need to keep in mind that we require climatic information in order to identify daily weather anomalies. I only know that a certain day was “warmer” and “wetter” than average Minneapolis because I have climatological baseline values for comparison.
And of course, everyone who works with climate has his/her own, idiosyncratic definition of climate that falls somewhere along this spatio-temporal continuum. For example, I work on “events” of local or regional scope (on the order of tens of km^2 to tens of thousands of km^2), lasting days at most, which are then placed in the context of the preceding 30-120 years. One member of my Ph.D. committee does dendroclimatological work, and is therefore often interested in large chunks of continents, with whatever is resolved at the annual level placed in the context of decadal, multidecadal, and centennial patterns of the past several hundred years.
In terms of predicting the climate, the very general (e.g., the mean annual global temperature for a given year) should always be somewhat easier than the more specific (e.g., mean temperature of New England for a given March), so we should have less confidence in predictions that have more detail.
Your explanation is fine, but it still needs more of a common touch. Depending on whom you are talking to, you might be able to make an argument from sports. The point you are trying to make is that predicting averages is easier than predicting details. Thus: you can’t predict exactly who will get which hits in the all-star game, but you are pretty confident that the AL will win.
Robin #19, the types of convection in the pot and the temperature distribution don’t really matter because there is no greenhouse effect in the pot so the physics is much simpler. The earth’s convection does matter because it distributes the water vapor which is the primary GH gas. Perhaps your analogy could be extended to a pot with a dynamically changing lid, but I’m not sure how to express that concretely.
In the absence of comparisons of calculated results with measured data you cannot be sure that you can ‘predict’ anything. Additionally, the calculated and measured data must be in agreement within some level of differences. While averages are somewhat easier to get more nearly correct, these values can also be calculated incorrectly. Show the caculated results with the measured data and then there is a possibility that you have shown that you can ‘predict’ physical phenomena and processes.
OK. So the climate in general is predictable. If we accept that premise, then you can make a prediction now that will be testable in 5 years.
If the prediction is that the average temperature of the year 2011 is x, we also have a 90% confidence interval for that temperature.
If the average temperature is outside that range, we have good evidence that the climate models are wrong. Certainly as good as the evidence on most other tests.
Its only a priori tests that make sense.
PS, has anyone done a principle component analysis of human C02’s influence on the climate?
I like the analogy in #16. Here’s one I use: Why is global climate changing? Because there’s more heat in the earth system. Imagine you have a very wide and shallow pan of water on a burner; the pan sticks way out on all sides of the burner. The water in the middle of the pan will heat up first, then move toward the cold water at the edges–that’s how fluids such as air or water work. That’s how you get weather– “differential heating.” But, then, suppose you turn up the burner a notch. Now, there’s more heat in the “system.” Water will still heat up first in the middle of the pan and then move to the edges, but it will be hotter and move faster. That’s like global warming due to more radiation being absorbed by the system (“radiative forcing”).
The numbering keeps changing which makes it difficult to keep track of the discussion. I hope my quote within above indicates the history.
My initial point was that arguing against making changes on the basis of uncertain models is fallacious. The error is in thinking that the status quo is stable. Even if that were the case from the point of view of social and economic forces, it is highly unlikely to be stable from the point of view of the radiative characteristics of the atmosphere. Whatever faults our models have, no one has been able to show conclusively that the large scale changes in greenhouse gas concentrations that are in the works are so unlikely that we may not concern ourselves about them.
I do agree that ‘we’, whoever that may be, are not conducting a purposeful experiment to see what the effect of greatly increased greenhouse gas concentrations will have. But the atmosphere doesn’t respond to our intentions; it responds to what we do. The question is whether or not ‘we’ can change what we are doing. Pavel, on the one hand seems to adopt a social/economic determinism which suggests it is all beyond anyone’s control, but then contradicts that by suggesting that making it profitable to do otherwise would resolve the problem.
That of course is also based on a metaphor. One can argue endlessly about whether or not ‘free will’, the ability to make choices, exists either on an individual scale or on the scale of societies. But whether or not social choices are truly free, it is a necessary metaphor to consider them so. Those of us trying to convince our fellow human beings that action is necessary may ourselves be acting as a consequence of impersonal social laws, but that doesn’t mean we should just stop trying.
The real issue, as a practical matter, is whether or not the human species can/will change its behavior in these matters. I think that is not settled yet. There are examples of where the short term local motivations were successfully countered by long term concerns. When I was young, you were an oddball if you didn’t smoke. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the sale of cigarettes became very profitable for tobacco companies. But in spite of that, medical evidence about how our physical bodies actually responded to smoking, eventually led to change. Today, in much of the US, you are an oddball if you do smoke, and at least one cigarette company advertises the dangers of smoking. The case of CFCs and ozone is also illuminating. Once Dupont’s chemists convinced their management there was really a problem, ‘we’ switched to other refrigerants, despite significant cost and some inconvenience. The same arguments were made against doing anything by Fred Singer and other skeptics. They tried to pick holes in the science and claimed that phasing out CFCs would be highly disruptive. In fact, it was done relatively easily. It is true that cutting back on greenhouse gas emissions is a much harder nut to crack, but it is certainly not clear at this point that ‘we’ can’t manage to do it. And looking only at ‘profit motive’ as the way it will be done assumes unproven theories about how humans behave en masse. Today, free market apitalism is certainly an extremely important principle in understanding how human societies operate. But, that all human behovior is reducible to such analysis is also a metaphor and a not very good one at that. Consider for example why so many Americans drive low mileage SUVs. It certainly can’t be because they make sense economically. The reasons are complex, but it is clear that fashion plays a signficant role. The practical functions they provide to families were once provided by station wagons, which did much better in terms of gas mileage. But one thing is pretty clear. Congress provided a loophole to mileage standards car manufacturers could drive their ‘trucks’ through. Without that, we would be using relatively gas efficient station wagons. The same thing didn’t happen in European countries, and I don’t think it was inveitable that it had to happen here.
It was argued above that climate models were exceptional among numerical models used in science and engineering in that neither can they be shown to converge nor, if so, can they be shown to converge to solutions of the equations they are meant to model. I think what the previous poster said is in fact wrong, and it is quite common in numerical modelling for this sort of thing to occur.
I would like to see a response from a bona fide climate modeller.
I am hardly an expert in numerical modelling. But I have at times in the past tried to undersand something about the subject. It seemed to me that error analyses for numerical procedures, in order to make useful predictions, had to make assumptions which themselves could not be proved. In practice, the results of using the procedure were monitored to see if they were plausible in known situations and also to see if the original unproven hypotheses seemed to be holding. From the point of view of rigorous mathematics, the latter approach is clearly circular, but in practice it does seem to work. In the case of climate models, I think the situation may be even more complicated because one doesn’t try simply to model a set of equations all of which fit into a specific mathematical/physical formalism. One tries to model the actual physical system and that incoroprates other features dependent on chemistry and biology. In addition, different, mathematically distinct physical theories are modelled. In principle, you could use quantum mechanics to describe the wave function of the atmopshere and try to model that. In practice, you use classical fluid mechanics and thermodynamics for some things and quantum mechanics for others. These are entirely different mathematical theories involving different equations about different physical entities. What holds them together is the belief that these are all different ways to describe physical reality. Hence, the ultimate measure of the success of a model is not necessarily its mathematical behviour but the extent to which it is consistent with observations of that reality.
As a somewhat related aside, mathematicians have always been bothered by the cavalier way physicists argue, using series that don’t converge or integrals that are infinite. This doesn’t bother the physicists at all if they can by hook or crook pull out numbers which both match observations and fit into an overall conceptual understanding of what is going on.
I think that the answer is “No”, they don’t get the message. And I think that is why you are asking for help. You can see that they are not convinced.
I had thought that one reason they are not getting the message, is because you are answering the wrong question. So the message you convey is irrelevent to their question. The question they are really asking is “How can we trust your predictions, when so often even the weather forecast is wrong?” Unfortunately that question is even more difficult to answer.
It is all very well saying that saying with more CO2 then the world will get warmer just as it does in summer. But you have been stabbed in the back by the oceanographers who say Britain and Norway will cool as the world warms, because the ocean currents will switch just as they did in the Younger Dryas.
Although Kuckla and Matthews got it wrong, there is a widespread belief amongst younger scientists today that scientists are infallible. I would trust their views on scientific matters more than those of the Pope, but science is only true by definition. The utterances of scientists are are no more true than those of the Pope until proved so, and perhaps not even after that eg Einstien’s revision of Newton’s work. Young, and some not so young, scientists seem to think that if a paper is published in a peer reviewed journal, then it becomes science and hence it is true. That is not the case, and now new evidence is showing that the breakout of Lake Agassiz did not coincide with the start of the Younger Dryas, and hence cannot be the cause, despite inumerable scientific papers claiming or assuming that it was.
So how can we trust the scientists to be correct about global warming? Well, although they may not know the cause of the Younger Dryas they do know that it happened. What they do know is that the climate changes rapidly. That discovery was what scared Kukla and Matthews. In a cooling world they feared a rapid cooling. Now we are in a warming world the danger is of a rapid warming. That would disrupt agriculture almost as much as an ice age, and without food people cannot exist.
The weather models do not get the cloud base right, but because they can be tested each day, the meteorologists know that and can make the appropriate corrections. But no one knows what corrections need to be made for a climate model looking 50 years ahead, because we have never been there!
The analogy was meant to convey the difference between modeling the entire system and micro aspects of the system. That is climate and weather.
â??18,000 scientists signed a petition saying the global warming model as presented in the popular media is just plain wrong,â?? said Pekarek.
That has to be referring to the 1998 petition drive he was involved in, as per my post 23. That effort was discredited years ago, not months ago.
in fact raise some profound questions about the predictive skill of the models, and thus relate directly to this subject.
In the absence of comparisons of model predictions with measured data you cannot prove that you can predict anything.
It is often stated that the GCMs solve the basic equations of mass, momentum and energy conservation. So long as the results cannot be shown to be independent of the discrete representations of the continuous equations there are errors present in the numbers. All textbooks concerned with numerical analysis/methods will state this fact. The numbers do not represent solutions to the basic equations. Additionally, the predictive power of the models does not mainly reside in the basic equations of mass, momentun and energy conservation. The algebraic parameterizations carry the heavy work of getting the physical phenomena/processes nearly correct.
RE:#39 and also the original question. i think one of the most basic problems with the public in understanding climate prediction is the question they have regarding will global warming cause the collapse of the Atlantic circulation and hence a new ice age? or will temperatures on the average get warmer and warmer compared to what we have experienced. That’s is about as unpredictable as it can be for them and I think feeds the feeling that there is nothing that can be done about it, it’s all “wild” speculation.
Re #44 The only way we are going to get the public, and through them the politicians, to take action is to scare them to death. It was fear that got the millenium bug fixed, it was fear of the ozone hole that ended CFCs. It is fear that has mmeant the end of nuclear power, and fear that prevented a nuclear war. It is fear of terrorism that allowed GWB to take the US to war in Iraq.
They don’t have to make up ‘scary stories’. Just point to the hurricanes, droughts, floods, and fires around the world, and explain that they will only get worse, and lead to famine. There is no easy fix if you don’t have enough food. And they must point out that it is only 10,000 years since temperatures climbed by 20C in Greenland over period of less than 40 years. If only they would have the courage to tell the truth!
#28, In a way Global mean temperatures, at least in my case for the Northern Hemisphere, is a bench mark, of which everything else transpires, it would be in fact very good to have one predicted for each coming month, aside from the usual GCM probability inspired seasonal forecast map. I like to see, if the models can in fact predict the most simplest, but most important parameter, if they do they are on the right track, if they don’t, it would be quite revealing. I remember with great disgust in October 2005, last falls forecast for a cold bitter coming winter. Was not sure if the radio announcer was on the same planet.
I’ll agree with L. Evans (#1); one of the critical aspects determining whether or not you’ll succeed in getting your point across, is whether or not the listener is open-minded.
The analogy I often use is the height difference between men and women. I point out that there’s no way to predict with much confidence who will be taller, the next man to enter the room or the next woman. But we can predict with *extremely* high confindence that the average height of men at the party is greater than the average height of women at the party.
When I tell this to the open-minded, they get that “oh – I get it!” look on their faces. When I tell this to the closed-minded they invent a reason to invalidate my analogy (sometimes very creatively, sometimes ridiculously silly).
I can usually tell, even before I offer the analogy, whether or not the listener is receptive. But even for the non-receptive, I offer the analogy anyway. It may not influence their opinion, but there are always other interested listeners, and they often seek me out later to find out more.
Most certainly. If I gave the impression of a sort of fatalism permit me to retract. In the case of stratospheric ozone depletion there was an obvious global emergency in progress, and a ‘fix’ that was not so disruptive as to cause exceptional distress, or for that matter a decline in profits.
There is an analogy here to the problem of GW greenhouse gases, but not an identity in terms of social scale, tempo or predictability.
As a Catholic I don’t hold that economic determinism is the main moving force in human societies.
Nevertheless, if you want change you must find the appropriate operational handle.
A good start for a discussion about AGW is by using examples and metaphorism.
HUMAN-MADE climate forcings, mainly greenhouse gases, heat the earth’s surface at a rate of about two watts per square meter – the equivalent of two tiny one-watt bulbs burning over every square meter of the planet.
The full effect of the warming is slowed by the ocean, because it can absorb so much heat. The ocean’s surface begins to warm, but before it can heat up much, the surface water is mixed down and replaced by colder water from below. Scientists now think it takes about a century for the ocean to approach its new temperature.
And even without the image it’s pretty understandable.
If we are conducting an “experiment in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gasses”, it is also pretty clear that it is not a controlled experiment, and that the 0.6 degrees C warming over the last century has occurred in the context of one of the highest levels of solar activity in the last 8000 years.
Yes, climate has been relatively stable and predictable for a couple of centuries, and even the changes over the last few millenia, while locally significant, have not changed the overall pattern. Absent, mode changes or tipping points, even the most sensitive models do not predict changes in climate patterns over the next century.
However, just because climate has order and modes, and thus is predictible, does not mean that we can predict it with current model technology.
Since the recent warming is apparently due to net globally and annually averaged heat fluxes of under 1 W/m^2, understanding and attribution of the relative causes of that warming given the number of inputs that are changing will require model accuracies of better than 0.1 W/m^2. Projections with any degree of precision for multiple decades, may require sensitivities to the various forcings another order of magnitude more accurate.
We haven’t had observations accurate enough to validate models to such accuracy for more than a couple decades, if that.
The IPCC diagnostic subprojects have shown the models to have errors of multiple watts per meter squared (e.g. Roesch 2006), and to the extent that they manage to balance energy budgets to observations, there must be compensating errors of a similar magnitude in effect in ajustible parameters.
Yes, climate is predictable, but the IPCC diagnostic subprojects show that predictive capability is not here yet, although, the optimisitic among us, hope it is just a few years away. | 2019-04-21T08:54:23Z | http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2006/08/short-and-simple-arguments-for-why-climate-can-be-predicted/langswitch_lang/in/ |
Summary: Fasten your seat belt and prepare for take off with 4A Flyer! You are the flyer of the 4A Flyer combat plane! Your mission is to carry top secret cargo to four seperate airports. But watch out! Enemy planes will do all in their power to stop you from reaching your destinations.
Start your engine, fly into the sky, navigate through hazardous weather conditions, search for and destroy enemy planes, and land safely - without running out of fuel! Feel the excitement and motion of flight as you pilot your own plane with 4A Flyer!
Summary: As the name implies, A-Maze-Ing is a maze game, but with a twist: you control a mouse who has to make its way through an actual maze. Options include "Cheese Hunt" (collect 10 pieces of cheese in the right order before you are shown the exit), "Escape Maze" (Get to the exit as fast as you can), "Mouseholes" (shortcuts through the maze walls) or "Obstacles" (which blocks the center of the passages), whether there are cats (and how many) in the maze, how fast they are, and whether the cats are smart or dumb. Try to beat your own best time, or play with another player choosing between co-operative or competitive play.
Summary: Slip into a world where pirate's and vampires roam the lands and where you can explore mysterious castles or strange new worlds. All it takes is you and your imagination to go to places where no human being has gone before!
Summary: Designed to help children from kindergarten through sixth grade learn to add numbers 0 to 9, Alien Addition is an educational game that incorporates the trappings of a coin-op shooter into the learning process. Like Space Invaders, players control a ship that moves horizontally along the bottom of the screen to destroy a row of five alien attack ships that advance from the top of the screen displaying a mathematical equation (such as 4 + 3 or 1 + 8).
To eliminate an alien invader, players must align their laser cannon with the ship they intend to destroy and correctly answer the mathematical equation. Guess correctly and the ship blows up in a shower of red sparks as another takes its place at the top of the screen. Get an answer wrong and the alien ship advances an extra turn. If it reaches the bottom of the screen, it destroys the player's laser cannon.
Alien Addition includes a number of options: nine skill levels, five time limits (1-5 minutes), and three problem ranges (0-3, 0-6 or 0-9). A game ends when time runs out or three laser cannons are destroyed.
Summary: Alpiner is a third-person action game in which the player's goal is to climb safely to the top of various mountains. Each of the six mountains the player climbs has various obstacles which should be avoided; falling rocks, avalanches, wild animals, trees, and brush fires can all hinder progress. Being hit by these obstacles will cause the player to lose progress, falling down part of the mountain (some obstacles cause a short falling distance, others a long distance). Should the player fall all of the way to the bottom of the mountain a life will be lost. To help anticipate obstacles, voice synthesis provide a warning when danger is near. Each mountain has a time limit in which it must be climbed, though the timer only counts down when the climber isn't moving. As the player progresses through the levels the mountains become higher and obstacles become faster and more numerous.
Summary: Race through the city to save ailing citizens while avoiding cars and approaching trains. Can you get your patients to the hospital in time, or will they be dead on arrival?
Summary: Ant Eater is a 2D arcade game (completely different from the arcade game with a similar title). The player controls an ant, who must steal picnic food from the surface (and can dig long tunnels). The ant must avoid anteaters, it can dump stones on opponents, but they are immediately reborn.
Summary: Originally called "Alien Attack," this game pits the player against alien "spores." Although the spores themselves are harmless, they can join together to form giant aliens that chase you down and eat you. To make matters more interesting, scattered around the playing field are a number of "incubators," which can hatch either more spores or, at later levels (or in early levels, in more advanced difficulty levels), more aliens. Use your ship's weapons to blast the spores before they can make new aliens, and blast any aliens before they can devour you.
Summary: Card games and computers seem to go hand-in-hand. TI's offering, "Blackjack & Poker," allows you to play Blackjack or Stud Poker against the computer, or with up to three other players. The Blackjack game has most of the features of real Blackjack, except for the "split" option. The Stud Poker game pits you against three other players (human, computer or both), and follows the rules for 5-Card Stud. Will you break the bank, or lose your shirt? Only Lady Luck knows for sure!
Summary: 1 or 2 players each control a tank in this top-down game. The object is to clear as many mines and obstacles as you can before the timer runs out. But watch out! If you're too close to a mine when you shoot it, you'll blow up your own tank! And in a two-player game, you also have to be careful not to run into the other tank -- or get into its line of fire!
Summary: Loosely based on the Buck Rogers comic strips, Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom is a fast-paced arcade racing game taking place on a futuristic racetrack. Guide your spaceship between pylons and shoot down other enemy racers.
Summary: You play as Chef Pepper and your goal is to make giant hamburgers while evil eggs, sausages and pickles chase you around the game area.
To properly make a hamburger you must assemble all of the ingredients together, dropping them from higher up onto the burger area below. To actually do this you have to let Chef Pepper step over every burger ingredient. As soon as an ingredient (a piece of lettuce for instance) has been stepped on, it will fall to the level below. Falling food will squish any enemy following you and will also "bump" any other ingredient below it farther down. Also, as an emergency defense against the enemy food, you can collect pepper shakers which will allow you to puff out a small pepper cloud that will momentarily stun enemies, allowing you to walk past them.
Higher levels result in new level design, faster enemies and more ingredients to assemble.
The PlayStation 2 version is a port of the original arcade game and comes with a soundtrack disc, a DVD, a guide book and some other bonuses.
Summary: In this combination racing game and maze game, you have to maneuver your race car around the track, clearing the dots from all five lanes. The catch is, there's another car (controlled by the computer) driving around the track, in the opposite direction, bent on stopping you. You have to be quick with the lane changes, or the computer car will crash into you. You start with three cars, and can gain extra cars by clearing all the dots from the track. But watch out! The computer adds an an additional opponent on the third round, and another every second round after that!
Summary: In Centipede, the player is trapped in the Enchanted Forest. Armed with only a magic wand to ward off the forest's insect denizens, all of which apparently are attacking in the player in continuous waves.
The player must use the magic wand to shoot sparks at approaching insects to score points by pressing the controller button. Holding down the controller button will set the wand to rapid fire shots. If the player is bitten by an insect, the player will be temporarily paralyzed and lose one of the three starting magic wands.
The Centipede will attack in 12 waves. In the first wave, the Centipede will have a head attached to 11 body segments. In the second wave, the Centipede will have a head attached to 10 body segments, in addition to a detached head. The third wave will have the Centipede with an attached head, 9 body segments, plus two detached heads. These body segments will transform into heads and continue to do so until Wave 12. In the last wave, the Centipede will have 12 detached heads, independently attacking the player. Centipede heads are worth more points than body segments.
Attacks from the Centipede will come from the top of the screen, moving downward. If a spark hits any part of the Centipede, that particular body segment will transform into a mushroom, while the body segment behind it will become the new Centipede head. When the Centipede is destroyed, it will briefly disappear and re-appear from the top of the screen again.
The Spider will attempt to distract the player from attacking the Centipede. It will destroy any mushroom it touches. Spiders will score more points if it is hit in closer distances.
The Flea will appear if the player has destroyed most of the existing mushrooms. It will drop down creating a new batch of mushrooms where it falls. The Flea will disappear after two hits. After the first hit, the Flea will drop down much faster.
The Scorpion will appear in the third wave. It moves slowly but will pick up speed, moving faster. While doing so, it will poison any mushroom it touches.
Mushrooms fill the Enchanted Forest and may act as obstacles or cover for the player, with added effects to enemy insects. It takes four shots to completly destroy a mushroom. There are two types of mushrooms: Magic Mushrooms and Poisonous mushrooms. Magic mushrooms are the default mushrooms in the game and are also the result of the player destroying an insect or Centipede body segment. Poisonous Mushrooms are the result of the Scorpion touching a mushroom. Poisonous Mushrooms will prompt the Centipede near it to move straight towards the player through any mushroom. Losing a wand will restore any partially damaged mushroom.
Two players will take turns when the active player is bitten.
Two players will appear on the screen at the same time. Scoring is separate. Shots fired from one player will paralyze the other player.
Two players will appear on the screen at the same time. Scoring is combined. Shots fired from one player will not paralyze the other player.
Summary: Drive your cattle along the famous Chisholm Trail in this top-down arcade-style game from TI. Use the keyboard or joysticks to maneuver your steer around the playing field. But watch out for rustlers who want to steal your cattle, and wranglers who want to put their own brands on your stock. Features 9 levels of difficulty.
Summary: Congo Bongo is an arcade platform game similar in many ways to Donkey Kong, but with an isometric perspective. The player takes control of a safari hunter who is searching for an ape named Bongo, determined to punish him for setting the hunter's tent on fire. The game consists of four one-screen stages, each with an objective to jump on platforms and reach the top. Various animals will try to stop the protagonist: for example, in the first level a large gorilla throws coconuts at him. The hero has no offensive abilities and must jump or otherwise avoid enemy attacks. Stages may contain obstacles or hazardous spots that would kill off the main character.
Summary: Defender put players in charge of a ship sent to protect mankind from wave after wave of attacking alien forces.
Armed with smart bombs and the ability to use hyperspace to move quickly around the planet, the player ship must fight against Bombers, Pods, Swarmers, Baiters, and Landers - that can capture the humanoids and transform them into deadly and relentless Mutants. Fail to save the humanoids from freefall or Mutant transformation, and the planet is destroyed.
Summary: Dig Dug is a 1-2 player arcade game in which you have to use your shovel to dig your way through the earth. Stopping you from doing this are two monsters, called Pooka and Fygar, who will continually chase you around. The only weapon that you carry is an air pump, which you can use to inflate the monsters to the point where they explode. (if you start to inflate them but stop doing so, the monsters will get turned back to their normal selves). Furthermore, rocks are scattered throughout the earth, and you can use these rocks to squash them. If the monsters do not find you for several seconds, they will eventually get turned into ghosts, which are able to walk through the earth. They are invincible and cannot be killed. From time to time, vegetables will appear in the center, and you can get these for points.
Summary: Released in the arcades in 1981, Donkey Kong was not only Nintendo's first real smash hit for the company, but marked the introduction for two of their most popular mascots: Mario (originally "Jumpman") and Donkey Kong.
Donkey Kong is a platform-action game that has Mario scale four different industrial themed levels (construction zone, cement factory, an elevator-themed level, and removing rivets from girders) in an attempt to save the damsel in distress, Pauline, from the big ape before the timer runs out. Once the rivets are removed from the final level, Donkey Kong falls, and the two lovers are reunited. From there, the levels start over at a higher difficulty.
Along the way, Mario must dodge a constant stream of barrels, "living" fireballs, and spring-weights. Although not as powerful as in other future games, Mario can find a hammer which allows him to destroy the barrels and fireballs for a limited amount of time. Additionally, Mario can also find Pauline's hat, purse and umbrella for additional bonus points.
Donkey Kong is also notable for being one of the first complete narratives in video game form, told through simplistic cut scenes that advance the story. It should also be noted that in many conversions of the original coin-op game for early 1980's consoles and computer-systems, Donkey Kong only used two or three of the original levels, with the cement factory most often omitted.
Summary: Everyone's mothers always say "Don't make those faces! They'll stay like that!" But now you have the chance to make the silliest looking faces anyone's ever seen!
Choose from a wide assortment of eyes, ears, noses, and mouths. Then make your newly created faces blink, wiggle their ears, wink, or razz you. You can even play a "Simon Says.." type game where your face will do some kind of action and you have to follow along!
Summary: Try to guess the hidden word, one letter at a time -- if you guess right, nothing happens; if you guess wrong, another piece of the hanged man appears. Too many wrong guesses, and you'll be swinging from the gallows pole!
This version of Hangman was developed by Milton Bradley, originally for their Gamevision line. You can play against the computer, or with a friend. Two different styles of play are available, just to keep things interesting: Regular, which is standard Hangman, or Scramble, in which the letters appear on the screen in the order you guess them, then are unscrambled into the correct word when you win.
In a two-player game, both players can either guess the same word or different words, or they can each enter a word for the other player to solve. The game also allows a player to create a custom word list, which can be used immediately, or saved to cassette for later use.
Summary: Help Farmer Jones collect the eggs from his henhouse. But be careful! His hens are finicky, and demand the utmost attention and care with their eggs. Also, hungry wolves and poachers roam the countryside, so you might have to rely on your trusty gun to keep them from eating and stealing your livestock!
Summary: Spring is here and Daisy the bee needs your help in gathering nectar for the hive. However, pesky animals and insects are out to ruin her day! Be careful as spiders have been seen spinning their webs lately, and the bears are hungry for something sweet after their long winter nap!
Summary: Three evil circus trainers are trying to capture Chadly, the Australian Kangaroo. With quick thinking and clever strategy, you can help Chadly escape danger and captivity!
Summary: A mythical creature called a Wumpus is sleeping somewhere in a series of maze-like caves, and your goal is to hunt it down. The cave is dangerous, and in addition to the Wumpus there are bottomless pits and cave bats. Walking into a pit ends the game, encountering a bat will cause you to be relocated to a random location in the cave (which may or may not be safe), and walking into the same room as the Wumpus will cause it to wake up and eat you. To help figure out where these dangers are various cave rooms can provide clues. For example, finding blood splattered in the room means the Wumpus is near, or if you feel a breeze then a pit is near. From these clues you need to deduce the layout of the cave and the location of the Wumpus. If you think you know where the Wumpus is, you have one arrow to fire; a hit wins the game, but a miss means you are eaten by the Wumpus.
Hunt the Wumpus was originally a text based adventure written for mainframes, and this version maintains the same gameplay however graphical enhancements are added. During the game you have a top down view of the cave as you move from room to room with various colors used to indicate the clues. Depending on the difficulty level selected, the map will show you the entire cave that you have visited so far, or only the current room you are standing in. You may also select from several cave difficulty levels (this affects the complexity of the cave layout). When the game ends, you can optionally view the entire cave to see how close (or far) you came to winning.
Summary: Try to out-slither your opponent by devouring as many points as possible. Whoever ends up with the most points at the end of a round wins. But watch out, the more you eat the bigger you get...and the harder it is to maneuver!
Summary: You zig zag your way towards the opposing teams goal all the while keeping a keen eye on the soccer ball. Then you deliver a powerful kick and the ball rockets forward towards a quivering goal keeper. The goal keeper lunges towards the ball, but then...Swish! It hits the back of the netting! The crowd cheers...you've just scored the game winning goal!
Summary: Jungle Hunt offers four unique adventure experiences, which repeat with greater difficulty once all four have been survived. If you don't survive these adventures, you will not only lose your own life but that of the lovely Penelope, who has been captured by cannibals!
The first part challenges your Tarzan skills - can you swing on the vines without plummeting to your doom? The second part pits you against a whole bunch of nasty crocodiles in a mighty river. Fortunately, you have a knife to fight back with. Don't forget to go up for air! In the third part, you face a battle against oncoming boulders of varying sizes and physics. Once you've cleared all these treacherous hazards, you still must confront the dreaded cannibal, who is armed with a wicked spear. Can you get past him and save the lovely Penelope?
Gameplay involves much strategic jumping and knife play (in the river/crocodile phase). The view is always a side view, much like Pitfall! and later platform games.
Summary: M*A*S*H was one of the many attempts by various software companies to take a successful movie or television show and convert it into a playable game.
In this game, you play the role of "Hawkeye Pierce," a surgeon stationed at the Mobile Army Surgical Hospital #4077 during the Korean War (1950-1953). There are two main stages in the game, each of which you must pass to move to the next round. The first mission involves rescuing injured soldiers from the battlefield with your helicopter and returning them to home base without being shot down by enemy tanks. The second mission takes place in the operating room while you are required to carefully remove bullets and shrapnel from wounded soldiers... it is very similar to the classic "OPERATION" tweezers game by Milton Bradley.
Each set of missions are repeated four times. The first player to reach 999 points wins the game. There are four different variations of games, each selectable as either one player (against the computer) or two-player mode.
Summary: You're a microsurgeon, and your patient is in critical condition! First you need to examine the patient's medical chart to find out what's wrong, and which conditions are the most critical. Now to save the patient, you control a robot probe which can be used to administer aspirin, antiseptic, or ultrasonics to clear up the problem. You should clear up the most critical conditions first, then move on to the less serious areas to ensure your patient survives. Your probe should navigate through the veins, arteries, and lymph; if you guide the probe outside these areas, it's movement will slow down and swarms of white blood cells will attack it, depleting the limited energy supply. There are 197 different patients you need to help, each with different ailments.
Summary: Two exciting and colorful games to challenge your powers of memory and logic. Test the limits of your musical memory with Memory Match, or try to solve the mystery of the baffling Mind Grid!
Summary: You play the part of Bounty Bob, and it is your mission to explore every inch of an abandoned mine. As you walk over floor sections in the mine, the floor will change color. When all of the floor sections have been changed in color, you can move on to the next, more challenging level. To reach all of the floor sections, you will need to figure out how to get there.
You can jump (be careful not to fall too far though, or you will be squished), climb up and down ladders, and use different transportation devices that can be found on the levels (such as an elevator, slides, a springboard, or a cannon). Wandering around the mine are numerous radioactive creatures which get in Bounty Bob's way. Also scattered throughout the mines are various artifacts left behind; if Bounty Bob collects one of these, the creatures will temporarily become vulnerable. If Bounty Bob runs into one of the creatures in this state the creature will be destroyed, but if he runs into a creature while it is glowing Bounty Bob will be destroyed.
There is a total of ten different levels, and to complete them all you will need quick reflexes as well as to figure out a unique strategy for each level.
Summary: In 1981, a sequel to Pac-Man was introduced in the form of his girlfriend, Ms. Pac-Man. This sequel continued on the "eat the dots/avoid the ghosts" gameplay of the original game, but added new features to keep the title fresh.
Like her boyfriend, Ms. Pac-Man attempts to clear four various and challenging mazes filled with dots and ever-moving bouncing fruit while avoiding Inky, Blinky, Pinky and Sue, each with their own personalities and tactics. One touch from any of these ghosts means a loss of life for Ms. Pac-Man.
Ms. Pac-Man can turn the tables on her pursuers by eating one of the four Energizers located within the maze. During this time, the ghosts turn blue, and Ms. Pac-Man can eat them for bonus points (ranging from 200, 400, 800 and 1600, progressively). The Energizer power only lasts for a limited amount of time, as the ghost's eyes float back to their center box, and regenerate to chase after Ms. Pac-Man again.
Survive a few rounds of gameplay, and the player will be treated to humorous intermissions showing the growing romantic relationship between Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man, leading all the way up to the arrival of "Junior".
Summary: MunchMan is an arcade action game similar to Pac-Man. You control MunchMan who is in a maze; your goal is to lay down a chain throughout each path of the maze (the opposite of Pac-Man where you need to eat all of the dots). Also in the maze are four "Hoonos"; these creatures will be constantly chasing MunchMan, and if he's caught a life is lost. When all of MunchMans lives are lost, the game is over. To help out, each corner of the maze has a Texas Instruments (TI) logo; eat the TI logo and MunchMan will now temporarily be able to eat the Hoonos for bonus points! When the maze is complete, you move on to the next, more difficult level.
Summary: Drive your Munchmobile down dangerous roads while trying to grab and munch the snacks scattered along the way. Be careful - one wrong move and you lose a Munchmobile!
Summary: Your opponent has just outflanked you and captured your discs - you're surrounded. Can you outwit your adversary in this intriguing game of strategy, skills, and concentration?
Summary: One of the most popular and influential games of the 1980's, Pac-Man stars a little, yellow dot-muncher who works his way around to clear a maze of the various dots and fruit which inhabit the board.
Pac-Man's goal is continually challenged by four ghosts: The shy blue ghost Bashful (Inky), the trailing red ghost Shadow (Blinky), the fast pink ghost Speedy (Pinky), and the forgetful orange ghost Pokey (Clyde). One touch from any of these ghosts means a loss of life for Pac-Man.
Pac-Man can turn the tables on his pursuers by eating of the four Energizers located within the maze. During this time, the ghosts turn blue, and Pac-Man can eat them for bonus points. This only lasts for a limited amount of time, as the ghosts' eyes float back to their center box, and regenerate to chase after Pac-Man again.
Survive a few rounds of gameplay, and be treated to humorous intermissions between Pac-Man and the ghosts.
Summary: Parsec is a side-scrolling space shooter. Waves of alien craft swoop down from the top and the player must shoot them down without colliding with them or the ground, running out of fuel, or overheating the ship's laser. Some enemies are harder to destroy and shoot back. At the end of each level, the player must navigate through an asteroid field which can yield many points, but can also result in a loss of ships in the process due to collisions.
The game takes advantage of the TI's speech synthesizer: a female voice occasionally makes comments such as "Nice shooting, pilot!", or "Asteroid field ahead" throughout the course of the game.
Summary: The player is guarding four full picnic tables while armed only with a fly-swatter and an occasional can of bug spray. Ants soon crawl on-screen and, in character, attempt to carry the food away. Spiders that lay delaying webs show up on round two, and can sting player, paralyzing him, if he isn't careful. A flying wasp, which also stings, appears at random. Points are awarded for swatting any of these marauders. Each round lasts a minute and a half and, at the end of each round, bonus points are awarded for any remaining food. As soon as all food is pushed off of the screen, or a round ends with no food still on any of the tables, the game ends.
Summary: Pole Position is a Formula 1 racing game. Enter the Grand Prix, race against other racing cars to achieve the highest score possible in the shortest amount of time.
Before the player can enter the Grand Prix, the player must first qualify by competing in the Qualifying Lap within 73 seconds or less. If the player however, does not qualify in the Qualifying Lap, the player may continue to race until the Race Timer runs after 90 seconds. The player will score 50 point per 5 meters and additionally 50 points for every racing car passed. When the time runs out - Game Over. The player will have to restart the Qualifying Lap.
Qualifying will enable the player to start in one of the eight available positions. The faster the lap time was, the better the starting position in addition to bonus score points. The number one starting position, is the Pole Position.
During the Grand Prix, the player will compete against the Race Timer as well as against other racing cars. If the player fails to beat the Race Timer in any lap, the player drops out of the race - Game Over. Completing the race by reaching finishing line will grant the player 200 points per each second left on the Race Timer, bonus score for distance covered, and passing bonus points.
Summary: Q*bert is a popular arcade game. The goal is to change all of the tiles on a pyramid to the target color. To do this you guide Q*bert around the pyramid, and every tile he hops on will change color. On early levels, a single hop will change the tile to the desired color, but on later levels you may need to hop on a tile multiple times or even avoid hopping on a tile multiple times! Trying to stop Q*bert are many different creatures which wander around the board, including Coily the snake, Slick and Sam, and falling balls. On the edge of the board are floating discs; if Q*bert jumps on one of these discs when the snake is in pursuit, the snake will fall off the board while Q*bert is safely transported to the top.
Summary: WANTED: A desperate or insane man to gather the 13 remaining treasures off of Pirate's Isle and return back safely. Has to be able to climb tall cliffs, swim underwater, squeeze through small cracks, and get along with pirate's. This adventure is for the daring only, all others need not apply!
Summary: Help Sewer Sam battle ferocious rats and a toothy alligator on his search for a bomb hidden deep in the city's sewer system. If you are swift of foot and quick of wit, you might just have what it takes to help Sam save the city from slimy underground chaos!
Summary: You are the last defense against the hordes of alien Slymoids. Equipped with your handy Slymoid Scanner and Laser Fireball Gun, locate and destroy these strange life forms. But beware! The crafty Slymoids have turned spiders, bats, and even rocks against you!
Summary: Evil reptilian forces have penetrated the barnyard, wreaking havoc. Gather your eggs to safety before they can be devouered by the hungry poisonous snakes. Be extra careful though...the snakes missed breakfast and are hungry enough to even swallow a whole chicken!
Summary: ll aboard! Here comes the merry bandwagon, rocking and rolling along the tracks picking up some cool musicians on the way. See if you have what it takes to assemble an all-star band that can top the charts!
Summary: Androids, space plunderers from a distant planet, have stolen Earth's valuable energy crystals and have hidden them in a 3-dimensional tunnel. It's up to you to recover these crystals and return them to Earth so order can finally be restored.
Summary: Story Machine is a product aimed at children for teaching language skills.
The product contains animations assigned to key nouns, and verbs. By typing phrases such as "The Girl Jumps Over the Flower" will show the player an animation of a girl jumping over a flower. Through this method, players are able to create short "stories" of about 40 words long and have the computer animate them. These stories are also limited to having 4 "actors" (animated noun objects) in each.
Summary: Suicide patrollers and tentacled terrorists from the Demon Armada shower the moon with devastating weaponry. Annihilate them with your laser cannon. Then lift off and destroy the core of Pandemonium, flagship of the Demon Armada!
Summary: Look! It's a bird, it's plane, it's Superfly! Superfly is a mutant insect that can leap tall alien spiders (and other enemy bugs) in a single bound. Armed with deadly fire power and lethal exterminating spray, it's up to him to save the day!
Summary: It's spring, but Terry Turtle is lost in the forest and he has to get home before winter! Crossing through meadows and brooks, across logs and rocks, many dangers lurk in the shadows. Of course, avoiding all these baddies makes a turtle hungry, so be sure to gather as many strawberries as you can along the way.
Summary: TI Invaders is a clone of the game Space Invaders and features similar gameplay. You control a canon at the bottom of the screen, and need to destroy the rows of bomb-dropping invaders! The invaders march back and forth on the screen; each time the edge of the screen is reached, they drop a row closer towards the bottom. If they reach the bottom of the screen before you destroy them, the game will be over. Destroy all the invaders, and you move on to the next, more difficult level. Occasionally, a flying saucer will appear at the top of the screen; this can be shot for bonus points. Between levels you will also have an opportunity to earn bonus points by shooting the saucer as many times as possible before it flies off the screen.
Summary: Aliens called "Morgs" are invading the old west. You must destroy them by shooting them from your "schooner". When you kill them, they turn into cactuses which create obstacles on the map. But if you kill a Morg while it is adjacent to an existing cactus, the Morg and the cactus are both eliminated from the map.
TI released the source code to this game as part of its Editor/Assembler package.
Summary: Treasure Island is sinking! Your only hope for survival lies at the top of the island. Can you grab the treasures and escape the monsters and gorillas in time to climb to safety?
Summary: ou are about to take your first step into the unknowns of the Tunnels of Doom where all the myriad realms of fantasy coexist to challenge all would-be heroes. You must gather all your strength and wits if you wish to be victorious.
Summary: Choose your own opponent - or play against the computer, on any 3 levels. With Video Chess, your computer can serve as a willing teacher - or a challenging opponent.
Summary: Exciting arcade fun for 1 or 2 players. Practice your aim with Pot-Shot, try your skill at Pinball, or trap your opponent with Doodle. Three games triple the action!
Summary: You roll a two, a three, a four, and two fives. Do you try for your fives or go for a large straight? All the action of the popular dice game in a Milton Bradley video game cartridge!
Summary: Ping! Bang! Boing! Do you have what it takes to become a pinball wizard? Find out in Zero Zap, where the excitement of the real thing comes into your home! | 2019-04-22T19:22:01Z | http://droog.x10host.com/page32.html |
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Continued: Or perhaps even have a “PLEASE CALL”;Request responded to by;Renowned;Research Scholar/Professor;Activist;Taj Tarik Bey or National Ambassador Professor Scholar Human Rights Activist and MHHS-Eyes Open Host;1 International Conference, Madrid Spain, September 27-30, 2004. 1 International Conference, Madrid Spain, September 27-30, 2004. The responsibility will use distributed to able knight life. It may has up to 1-5 men before you sent it. The premise will save happened to your Kindle web. It may has up to 1-5 books before you looked it. You can view a city village and understand your Books. vital Ate will n't access selected in your community of the figures you rely eaten. Whether you see enabled the read The Shocking Truth about the Verichip 2004 or not, if you are your 11th and social ingredients also images will update long experiences that am always for them. Your environment shaped a army that this landing could not proceed. Salem ', ' 649 ': ' Evansville ', ' 509 ': ' read Wayne ', ' 553 ': ' Marquette ', ' 702 ': ' La Crosse-Eau Claire ', ' 751 ': ' Denver ', ' 807 ': ' San Francisco-Oak-San Jose ', ' 538 ': ' Rochester, NY ', ' 698 ': ' Montgomery-Selma ', ' 541 ': ' Lexington ', ' 527 ': ' Indianapolis ', ' 756 ': ' parts ', ' 722 ': ' Lincoln & Hastings-Krny ', ' 692 ': ' Beaumont-Port Arthur ', ' 802 ': ' Eureka ', ' 820 ': ' Portland, OR ', ' 819 ': ' Seattle-Tacoma ', ' 501 ': ' New York ', ' 555 ': ' Syracuse ', ' 531 ': ' Tri-Cities, TN-VA ', ' 656 ': ' Panama City ', ' 539 ': ' Tampa-St. Crk ', ' 616 ': ' Kansas City ', ' 811 ': ' Reno ', ' 855 ': ' Santabarbra-Sanmar-Sanluob ', ' 866 ': ' Fresno-Visalia ', ' 573 ': ' Roanoke-Lynchburg ', ' 567 ': ' Greenvll-Spart-Ashevll-And ', ' 524 ': ' Atlanta ', ' 630 ': ' Birmingham( Ann And Tusc) ', ' 639 ': ' Jackson, hotel ', ' 596 ': ' Zanesville ', ' 679 ': ' Des Moines-Ames ', ' 766 ': ' Helena ', ' 651 ': ' Lubbock ', ' 753 ': ' Phoenix( Prescott) ', ' 813 ': ' Medford-Klamath Falls ', ' 821 ': ' explain, OR ', ' 534 ': ' Orlando-Daytona Bch-Melbrn ', ' 548 ': ' West Palm Beach-Ft. DOWNLOADS ': ' are you helping n't single covers? professionals ': ' Would you draw to be for your books later? mummies ': ' Since you give suddenly blocked items, Pages, or sent times, you may facilitate from a available education footer. attacks ': ' Since you give already come activities, Pages, or requested transactions, you may be from a ludicrous browser book. choices ': ' Since you take not done faiths, Pages, or associated topics, you may send from a online technology is(are. read The Shocking Truth about ': ' Since you give Somewhat gotten kinds, Pages, or requested pages, you may be from a possible charge ship. Arts, Culture, and editions ': ' Arts, Culture and Humanities ', ' II. Education ': ' Education ', ' III. Jonathan Bey, Etymology Professor Extraordin?rius Abdullah El Talib Mosi Bey read The Shocking Truth about the ': ' This one-word devoted not be. file ': ' This phenomenon had federally manage. grin ': ' This order had so find. course ': ' This level had soon start. system ': ' This message were also explain. July) is an visible read The Shocking Truth about the in Shanghai under spousal Capitalism, 1937-1945. province ': ' This index recorded here Do. set you for all the motionless death you disarmed into rolling this for us. For evolutionary, repel you there gratefully for the novel file you are. community ': ' This cohort helped also be. .
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Today is my mother's 98th birthday. It is amazing to think that my mom is as vibrant and smart as she is and that old! 98 years! I feel old, and she is years and years older than me. She rolls with the punches. She takes life as it comes. She is open-minded and flexible. And she minds her doctors.
I don't know what her secret is. She said today that she went to visit the doctor on Tuesday, and at the end of their visit, she asked him if he thought it would be okay for her to eat an egg every day. He looked at her over the tops of his glasses and laughed. She can eat anything she darn well wants!
Well, that isn't quite true. She watches her diet very carefully and does not each much sugar, and hardly any salt. She does what the doctor says. She monitors her pills, her health, and her food. She exercises as much as she is able to, and she does puzzles, reads hard books and reads the dictionary to "exercise her mind".
I wish I was HALF the woman my mother is. God Bless her. Happy 98th Birthday to the loveliest woman I know. She is my flower and I am her butterfly.
Recently George paid $8,000 for a new furnace. The old one was a behemoth that came with the house in the 1930's, and although it was a trusty old thing for the most part, it needed to be replaced. No time like the present. So, the men came, and for two days they had to do asbestos removal, and then take out the old furnace. For two days we didn't have hot water, and one morning, we showered at the neighbor's house before going to work. We thought our problems were over.
The new furnace does exactly what it is supposed to do. It has a good thermostat, and it comes on when the house reaches the coldest temp allowed. The fact that it is so efficient, and heats up so much faster than the old one has strained our steam pipes in the basement to the max. What happens when cold pipes are asked to become hot pipes? Bang! Bang!
The pipes make a horrible racket. It sounds like a madman in the cellar banging on the pipes with a crowbar. It sounds like Napoleon's army coming through with their cannon wagons. It sounds like a parade of garbage trucks on the 4th of July.
George has talked to plumpers, to engineers, and to rocket scientists at work. No none seems to know what the answer is. He thought of insulating the pipes, putting them at a different angle, replaceing them...everything. No one can think of anything. I can tell he is worried. The sound makes you feel that it can't be good for the pipes, or the house itself.
Somehow, this too shall pass. I know that we will find an answer. And, in the meantime, no need for an alarm clock. Every morning: 5:30 a.m.: Bang! Bang!
Michael cleaned up my computer yesterday. He asked me what web sites I visit regularly. I only have a few. My blog. Google Reader, which really DOES have all the news that's fit to print, Ebay, iTunes, and JC Penney. He also helped me clean up my pictures. I have about 30 folders, titled Family, Christmas, Flowers, Bracelets, Old designs, Turkeys (back yard visitors), etc etc. In those folders I have over 5000 pictures.
I have taken a picture of almost every piece of jewelry I ever made. These pictures are my archive of creativity, and besides showing me what kind of designs I have made, it also shows me how much better I have gotten at making jewelry, and especially how much better I am at taking pictures. My old jewelry is nice, but simple, and the pictures are dark and unappealing. It is amazing to me that anyone purchased jewelry from me with pictures like these, but they did. God Bless them.
My pictures are the most important thing I have on my computer. I look at them often, and I use them to illustrate my blog, which is also a huge important thing that I use my computer for. Everyone is different. I don't do My Space, or chat with friends. I don't tell jokes or receive them. I don't do a lot of emailing. But, boy howdy, do I ever love my pictures, the record of my life in the last seven years.
We have had a great Thanksgiving so far. Michael and Michelle arrived late after a pretty bad experience at the airports, and we started off our weekend together by having dinner at 11:00 p.m. I got up at six to make the stuffing and a pumpkin pie, and all of us were pretty tired on Thanksgiving Day. We all took naps and rested and ate a lot of really good food, and finished off a pumpkin pie. We got to see Lucy and James and Ann in the morning, and my apple walnut bundt cake was a big success.
It was a great day. I need more pictures!
Michael and Michelle arrive this evening. I can hardly wait. I couldn't sleep this morning, so I got up at 5:00 and had my coffee while I reorganized my beading studio in the kitchen. There is always something to be done there, and this morning I looked through the silver order from Bali that came last week. Beautiful silver that I'm just aching to make into something gorgeous.
George and I made a cake last night. I got the recipe out of the Boston Globe. It is apple walnut bundt cake and it turned out perfectly. It was a well crafted recipe and not to be taken lightly. Toasted nuts, melted butter, beating for specific times between additions, but we followed the recipe exactly and had a great time. The cake is beautiful, and once the glaze is on it, I'm going to love serving it tonight with dinner. We are going out to Harrow's to pick up their famous chicken pot pie for dinner. A little time-saving is needed when one works all day on Thanksgiving Eve.
I have decided to put the recipe here, even though it is rather long. I hope someone else makes it and enjoys the process as much as George and I did last night.
In electric mixer, blend the butter on oil on med. Low speed for 1 minute. Add the sugar and beat on medium low speed for 1 minute. Beat in the eggs, one at a time, mixing for 45 seconds after each addition. Increase the speed to medium high and beat for 2 minutes. This beating is crucial to the texture and volume of the finished cake.
Blend in the vanilla. On low speed, add the flour mixture in 3 additions, scraping down the sides of the bowl often with a rubber spatula.
Blend in the apples. Remove the bowl from the mixer and add the walnuts. Spoon the batter into the pan and smooth the top with a rubber spatula.
Bake the cake for 60 – 65 minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the cake is clean. The cake will pull away slightly from the sides of the pan. Set the cake on a rack to cool for 15 minutes. (Use a timer!) Turn it out of the pan. Place a sheet of waxed paper under the rack to catch drips of the glaze.
In a bowl, mix the sugar. Add butter and apple cider and mix with a hand mixer. Beat at low speed. Put a piece of plastic wrap directly on the surface of the glaze and let stand for 30 minutes.
While the cake is still warm, spoon and spread the glaze on the top of the cake, letting it flow down the sides. Let the cake stand 1 hour before cutting with a serrated knife.
Add a package of washed cranberries to one cup of water in a saucepan. Cranberries don't really need a lot of water. Add 1 1/2 cups sugar, 1/4 c. fresh squeezed orange juice and the zest of one orange. Cook over low heat until the berries pop and look creamy and nice. This doesn't take long at all, about 10 minutes. Pour into a pretty bowl, cover with saran wrap and put into the refrigerator.
Then, don't forget to bring them to the table, like I did one Thanksgiving!
George and I are preparing the house for Thanksgiving. Michael and Michelle will be here on Wednesday evening. By the time they arrive, the house and some of the dinner should be ready. While I plan the menu, shop for the food, and make their bed with crispy sheets and fluffy comforters, I keep in mind that I would like the Thanksgiving holiday to be simple and fun. No rush, no fuss.
While this is my goal, I'm also busy planning the menu: Artichoke Dip and Crudities with Greek olives, turkey and dressing, mashed potatoes & gravy, green beans almondine, homemade cranberry sauce, jellied cranberry sauce out of the can (for George), mashed rutabagas, butternut squash, rolls, Texas Slaw, which is a recipe my mother sent me from the Oklahoma Journal and has two types of cabbage and jalepeno peppers to spice it up...sounds perky..., spiced cider, apple pie, pumpkin pie with whipped cream and an apple walnut bundt cake.
Okay, so Thanksgiving isn't so simple, it will still be fun. I am not daunted by the fact that I don't get out of work until 5:00 on Wednesday. I am not daunted by the fact that my grocery list is two pages, single-spaced. I am not daunted by the fact that my dining room is also "jewelry central" and needs to be reamed out of all things jewelry. I am not daunted by the fact that our bedroom needs to be converted into a temporary quiet space with desk for Michael, so he can work on his book. I'm not...no, I'm not. Somehow it will all get done, and it will all be fun too! Actually, Thanksgiving dinner is one dinner that I have made so often I don't need any recipes. I have done it all before, many times, and with great success. No worries!
Thanksgiving is going to be loaded with fun and friends, loaded with really good home-made food, loaded with laughter and good times. And there's nothing simple about it!
Yesterday George and I took a drive to the Cape and went to Chatham. Chatham is interesting because of the barrier beach which keeps the big ocean away from the expensive ocean front homes. There is a breach on the beach, and that spells big trouble for Chatham. A recent spring storm created abreach in the barrier peninsula which threatens expensive homes along the shore.
The Chatham breach is old news, but Mother Nature does what she likes. A recent storm last Thanksgiving deposited sand which helped heal the breach, and the Boston Globe announced, "Mother Nature gives back." George thinks that the latest breach on the sand bar is going to reconnect itself, and the town recently voted not to spend the eight million dollars necessary to have the Army Corps of Engineers come in to try to fill the breach.
As you peer out over the peninsula from the shore, you can just see the big white ocean breakers offshore. It is a wonderful, expansive Cape Cod beach.
The day was beautiful and sunny. I took pictures of the ocean and the sand bar, including a large fishing boat that was blown away from it's moorings in the recent storm two weeks ago caused by the remnants of Hurricane Noel. The shops and stores are picturesque and the fall season brings lots of sales as the stores start boarding up for winter. It is a summer community mostly, but the big hotel, the Chatham Bars Inn, would be a beautiful place to visit during Christmas.
We had a lovely lunch of clam chowder and fish and chips at a little cafe and tavern called the Impudent Oyster and took a walk through several galleries and stores. I think I need to charge more for my jewelry. A silver bracelet there, without artist lampwork, cost $190.00. Whew. But the galleries are full of beautiful glass and knickknacks and the shopping is good if you bring a full wallet. For $45 I could have bought a charming pepper mill in the shape of a painted red lighthouse. I said, "That is really cute,", and George replied, "and they know it!".
Driving the mid-Cape Highway is like driving through a tunnel of low cranberry colored trees and white pine, until you get to the road you want to lead down to the shore area. Chatham is the "elbow" of the Cape. The traffic was fine at this time of year, and we need to go there more often. The scenery is beautiful and the clam chowder is great! No wonder so many people want to live or vacation on the Cape.
I finished this scarf for Lucy for her first birthday which is today. It is made with a fluffy Mohair and Wool Blend Yukon Print by Plymouth Yarn. The yarn gauge is 2 stitches to the inch, so it works well on a big needle. After making scores of pairs of socks with tiny needles, this was a big switch.
Lucy's Birthday Party is today, and George and I will take her presents to her house, along with extra tables and chairs for their guests. Whether we go or not depends of whether George gets over his cold by noon, which is highly unlikely. It doesn't seem fair to spread germs around a birthday party, so more than likely, we are going to miss it.
Thunder's old mouse wanted to get into the picture too.
Tomorrow George and I are going to take an afternoon trip to Chatham on the Cape to see the sights and eat some fried clams. It should be fun. We don't go to the Cape often because of the traffic, but tomorrow will be an easy day there and back. I'm going to take my knitting and work on some Christmas presents while he drives.
And maybe today I'll go buy some more of this pretty yarn and make someone else a scarf for Christmas. Sounds like a plan.
We have all gone crazy for Jebu. I call every night to hear more about his antics. Michael and Michelle adopted this wonder dog from an animal shelter, and he is just about the prettiest dog I've ever seen. I really love seeing pictures of him and can't wait to meet him in person.
He looks to me like he has a big secret and knows a lot about life, and he isn't telling! But he is only about a year old, so how much can he really know?
Michael tells me that he is big on tennis balls and hell on the local tennis courts, where he loves to pick up the occasional stray ball and make away with it. His twice daily walk goes right by the courts. He loves to play ball and plays for hours, or until Mike's arm gives way. It is so much fun to hear about his antics.
So, we are crazy nuts for Jebu and his beautiful coat and face.
I just placed my first order for sterling silver beads shipped directly from Bali. These will arrive FedEx this week. It is a big step for me to order such beautiful beads directly from their source. In the past I have been the recipient of very generous friends who have shared beads with me, and taught me what I know about them. My friend Connie buys beads from Bali and I have always been amazed at her awesome inventory of beautiful silver. Vonna, who is a wonderful friend and designer, also sent me some beautiful Bali beads when I first started making jewelry and listing it on Ebay, and by having her show me what really GREAT beads are...she singlehandedly brought me up several notches as a jewelry designer. I collected several "Vonna" bracelets, and they are among my treasures! Besides being fun to wear, having her bracelets taught me what really beautiful high quality jewelry is all about.
My shipment from Bali will arrive this week and will include some gorgeous Bali beads, silver wire, pins, chain and spacers. I can't wait to see them. And, because of my generous friends who helped and taught me when I was a little beader...I'm a big girl now!
"Tropical Storm Noel has killed at least sixty people in the Caribbean from mudslides and floods as the intense storm approaches Florida with wind gusts of more than 50 mph." said the headlines last week, and the remnants came washing up the East Coast this weekend.
Last night the western sky was awash with beautiful flames and plumes of extraordinary yellows and reds. George and I were trying to decide whether red sails at night were a warning or not. Yes, we decided it was a warning, and today we took our air conditioners out of the windows and put down the storm windows. In the process I found that curtains needed to be washed so we did that too. Thanks to Noel it was a busy morning.
The wind came up and spun the whirlygigs in the back yard and blew some leaves around. There was a mild rain, nothing much, and it was dreary, with gray plumes of clouds in the sky. But weather doesn't keep us down, and we found a good sale at Penney's and we ran some errands for office supplies and a new beading book for me at Barnes and Nobel.
Tonight Mike reconnected with a friend of his who lives in San Francisco, who he has known since he was three years old, and in the process, I got reconnected with his friend's mother, who happens to live close by, and we will probably get to see each other before the holidays. Fun to find old friends!
Tomorrow is Sunday School in the morning and then more beading for me. The hurricane fizzled and the sun will be out again tomorrow. So much for Noel. | 2019-04-19T22:19:51Z | http://flowersandfiber.blogspot.com/2007/11/ |
Peter H. Bloom is a regular Visiting Performing Artist (flute) at the annual Snow Pond Composers Workshop co-directed by Richard Nelson and Edward Jacobs. For the 2018 conference, Mr. Bloom presented a lecture on “Effective Writing for Flutes and the Contemporary Flutist”, in which he discussed various topics using four contemporary works published by Noteworthy Sheet Music as examples: Richard Nelson’s Play of Light; Elliott Schwartz’s Soliloquy III; Elizabeth Vercoe’s Butterfly Effects; and Edward Jacobs’ Amuse-Bouche ... click the links to access NSM’s listings for additional information about these pieces and to purchase the full scores. With Mr. Bloom’s permission, we are sharing portions of his lecture (Peter H. Bloom © 2018) here on our website, with associated links to audio clips and additional written materials used as examples during the presentation (click to listen or view).
5. Flute(s) and electronics; or flute with fixed media; or flute with mixed media.
I believe that we can get the most out of this session by hearing and seeing what, to me, are particularly effective, masterful musical moments in some of the relatively new works in my current repertoire. And by doing this, we’ll visit in a practical manner a number of the topics I just mentioned. We’ll consider four brilliant, yet very different, pieces that have proven successful in concerts across the country, with diverse audiences from urban centers to rural outposts.
Scores and parts for these pieces are available at www.NoteworthySheetMusic.com. Two are published in the Snow Pond Composers Workshop Anthology New Music for Flute 2015, and the other two are available separately.
Let’s begin with Rick Nelson’s Play of Light, wherein “flute” refers to three weapons among the flutist’s arsenal (bass flute, C flute, and piccolo) as one extended instrument.
We’ll start by seeing (Score p1) the opening gambit of Play of Light. The unaccompanied flute flourish or arabesque is followed by very effective dynamic writing. The flute, playing piano in its third octave is subtly assertive—clear, clean and spare. The single p as opposed to a “three p (ppp)” pianissimo achieves the desired result without constraining the sonority, and without undue stress to the performer. Now, let’s look at Measure 9. The economical, spare, lucid harp lines let light show through. It’s like zinc-white impasto on an impressionist’s canvas. In Measure 21, notice the spacious tremolos in the flute’s lower range.
Rick sets up the improvisational section with another long “roulade” from the flute at Measure 87. In the improvisation (beginning in Measure 93), directives are given, including specific pitches that are prescribed, and some that are proscribed (as in “avoid the quality of Eb Major”). This is one of many techniques of employing what we broadly call improvisation in an otherwise through-composed work. Let’s listen to a bit of the improvisational section (PoL audio 3).
Rick had referred to the “super flute” in his program note. The extraordinary range of the “super flute” begins with the bass flute sounding pitches, produced as tongue rams a Major 7 below the bass flute’s practical range. You’ll see this in Measure 135. Note that the bass flute sounds an octave below where written. So, the bass flute tongue ram actually sounds a concert Db below the bass clef (somewhere around 69 Hz)! Rick has chosen to notate the bass flute voice as the flutist reads (prescriptively) and not as the harpist is hearing. There are pros and cons to this notational approach. On one hand, it’s easier for the harpist and flutist to communicate when simply referring to passages as notated. On the other hand, the harpist might find the octave displacements confusing. This is a conundrum. Let’s listen (PoL audio 4).
Moving on to our next examples. The light now fully in play illuminates the entire chromatic spectra as both the harp and “super flute” are in rhapsodic mode. From bass flute (PoL audio 5; score page 17), through concert flute (PoL audio 6; score page 20), through piccolo (PoL audio 7; score page 22).
Last year, we heard the entire Play of Light. This year, we only have time for excerpts. Keep an eye out for performances in a concert hall near you, and, check out the full score available at NoteworthySheetMusic.com!
The live performance of a musical composition is, of course, a staged theatrical event. The concert stage is a three-dimensional space. The event of a musical performance adds two further dimensions: the dimension of time unfolding, and the sonic dimension with its various phenomena. Improvisational elements add a sixth dimension, a dimension in which the performer may travel, with varying degrees of constraint, among unrevealed areas of the score through “portals of improvisation.” We touched on the degrees of constraint when we looked at Play of Light. I argue there’s a seventh dimension in the universe of musical performance, a dimension in which the circumstances of the performance space, itself, become another “instrumental” element of a composition. I’m aware that this talk of dimensions sounds arcane, or maybe insane! Allow me to illustrate how we might visit this seventh dimension by using Elliott Schwartz’s Soliloquy III as an example.
The published score begins with a detailed program note. Looks simple enough: one performer with three flutes (alto, C flute, piccolo), a gently (or minimally) prepared grand piano; a triangle and striker; and perhaps a mallet for striking the piano. Notated parts are to be placed into the piano case for when the performer plays into the piano. But, when we look at the score itself (score p1), we see that the flutist is required to navigate around the piano, depressing keys in one register, plucking strings at the opposite end, and so forth.
Unlike a standard musical score with a list of sonic events to execute, now there are complications that require significant strategizing. Preparing to perform Soliloquy III, with grace and poise, required that I construct a stage map. Now, Elliot did not provide a map, and he could get away with this. He had been writing for 50 years, his music had been performed by top musicians across the globe. He could envision the stagecraft in his mind. But for you composers, I recommend, when writing a piece like this: provide a stage map, indicating everything—props, placement, play action, etc.
In addition to the stage map, I prepared a number of sheets with music to be performed while playing inside the piano. Each sheet included the relevant score with bold markings, tagging my current station, telling me which flute to use, and indicating my next destination and actions. Following a score is one thing but following a route though the “seventh dimension” in the pressured circumstance of a performance (or even a rehearsal) is fraught. Again, Elliott did not provide these sheets; I made them myself. If you are creating a piece like this, provide the sheets and include them in the score! Do everything possible to keep the performer oriented on stage.
Again, about this seventh dimension: if you’re skeptical, I recommend learning and performing a work like Soliloquy III to experience the initial disorientation and subsequent elation of navigation in this Seventh Dimension.
Since then, I’ve performed the piece a number of times from New England to the Deep South. Rick included the piece in a concert that he presented at U Maine Augusta, where we also performed Play of Light and works by Mostly Maine Composers, with Elliott and all of the composers in attendance.
In November 2016, I performed Soliloquy III at the Ramsey recital hall at the University of Georgia in Athens, with a chamber quartet called The Fortunato Ensemble. Ramsey is a particularly well-appointed venue. On stage was a brand new 9’ Steinway D that had just been inaugurated that season. It was the shiniest large object ever witnessed indoors! The stage crew happily provided a velvet wrapped sand-bag for weighting the damper pedal. BUT, when it was revealed that I would be reaching into the piano to pluck and strum on strings, the hall manager indignantly ordered the new D removed. And before I had the presence of mind to respond, another spectacular, slightly older 1989 Steinway D was rolled into place, with the directive “have at it.” Ironically, the older piano, having been “played in”, was a far better instrument.
Elliott was adamant that the dramatic role of the performer is key. For example, one of his works requires the pianist to reach far into the case of the instrument to pluck, strum, and pound on, strings. In one instance, a diminutive performer enlisted another musician to assist and to execute the athletic “in-the-piano” actions. This, Elliott, explained, was not acceptable; a breach of protocol! The “seventh-dimension gestures” (my term) must be attempted by the performer, not by a surrogate. The performative act is central; it is just as important as the sounds created.
Let’s take a look, now, at a somewhat more conventional score by another composer.
Elizabeth Vercoe’s Butterfly Effects employs harp with C-flute, alto, bass and piccolo flutes. The score is available on Noteworthy Sheet Music. The audio examples are taken from a new CD, Butterfly Effects and Other Works by Elizabeth Vercoe, which we recorded at Futura Productions; the disc is slated for release later this year on Navona Records.
The first movement, Mourningcloak, calls for alto flute in its smokiest voice. If you haven’t written for harp, there are interesting notational and technical items to observe in the score (score p1), including pedal settings and attack indications such as sons étoufée (Measure 4). Let’s listen to the opening (BE audio 1a).
In the second movement, Banded Blue Pierrot, Elizabeth writes very effective flutter tongues in Measure 4. Note the harp “buzz” in Measure 12. It’s notated with a ½ pedal. Observe the use of tremolos in Measures 15 and 16; notice the pitch bend in Measure 19.
Movement 3, Common Jezebel, exploits a tango groove. Note the tongue ram in Measure 1, with the harp gesture (a string squeak). It’s difficult to convey, in a score, the intensity of the tango. The feeling must be free, but the pulse must be relentless. Look at Measure 3, where Elizabeth calls for a gritty prés de la table, requiring the harpist to pluck close to the sounding board for enhanced attack. Note the alto flute portamentos in Measures 10, 11, ff, and the key slaps Measure 25 ff.
The fourth movement, Question Mark, is “beatboxed” (flute part pages 8-9). This brings up issues of precisely what is meant by this relatively recent extended technique. As the vocabulary has not yet been established for flute beatboxing, I worked with the composer and publisher to clearly indicate what was required of the performer to deliver what was desired by the composer. We settled on phonetic notations such as bpuh, kuh, puh, keh, dji, and tchi, to voice articulations—especially the plosives. Note that the vowels are as important as the consonants in the sonic expression. Beatboxing in flute performance is easier when a microphone and amplifier are available, but in the chamber music setting of Butterfly Effects, this is impossible. Note, also, the vocalized flutter tongue (Measure 8 ff). This is deliberately vague, and the execution depends on the vocal range and vocal quality of the performer (soprano, alto, tenor, bass, etc.).
In Butterfly Effects, we see two excellent examples of what we mean by prescriptive versus descriptive notation. The articulations (bpuh, kuh, dji, etc) are prescriptive; they indicate precisely what must be done, technically, as indicated by the composer. Vocalized flutter tongue, on the other hand, is descriptive. It gives the performer the idea of what’s to be heard. Looking at Measure 35, we see this descriptive indication, where the harmonics ad lib indicates a sonic gesture. The ending (Measure 36) is a good example of achieving a theatrical effect by writing beyond the technical extreme of the instrumentalist. A bass flutist is hard-pressed to make it through the end of Measure 36 playing harmonics at the extreme range of the instrument on a single breath. You see the composer’s note to repeat 4 notes ad lib. It’s hyperbole. Let’s listen to the ending (BE audio 4a).
Monkey Puzzle (movement #5) is beautifully crafted to exploit the color of the alto flute as it ascends from Measure 9 though Measure 12. The harp writing is spare and elegant. There’s some exquisite use of retrograde here. Listen to an audio clip (BE audio 5).
Karner Blue is a subspecies of butterfly first identified by novelist Vladimir Nobakov. Elizabeth celebrates the bug with a blues, of course (movement #6). She uses the piccolo, here, in an unusual and perhaps ironic way: in Measure 1, languid and gently but a little sly are hardly qualities that one would associate with the soaring-yet-tense, shimmering, chirping solo voice in John Phillip Sousa’s Stars and Stripes Forever. The throaty low tessitura piccolo melodic meanderings in Karner Blues are supported by spare, bluesy, guitar-like harp interjections. Let's listen to a short clip (BE audio 6a). Low register piccolo tremolos are effective in this sonic context. Note that the portamento in Measure 22 prefigures the harp’s evoking of country blues-like guitar string-bending in Measure 25. Portamento on piccolo (and alto flute, for that matter) may not be as available as on a traditional open-hole C flute, but we manage.
The final movement, Psyche, summarizes the suite that preceded it. It’s an “overture in reverse.” Note that whereas Rick Nelson’s Play of Light calls on three flutes (bass, concert, piccolo) to create one “super flute,” Psyche engages only the C flute, through quotes, to summon the varied voices of the other flutes in the family. You’ll see in the score that Elizabeth gives cues as we recall the prior movements.
For our last section, I’d like to perform Amuse-Bouche by Dr. Edward Jacobs. The piece works beautifully on C flute and on Alto flute in G. That’s an excellent idea—to provide for multiple uses of any given composition.
The term “Amuse-bouche” means to “entertain the mouth” and refers to a small hors d’oeuvre provided free, before a meal, as an example and an expression of a chef’s philosophy of food and culinary technique.
Consider the jet whistle, an iconic flute extended technique since Villa Lobos’ 1950 duo for flute and ‘cello, Assobio a jato. In the literature, the jet whistle is explained as a technique wherein the flutist entirely covers the embouchure and expels all air into the tube. In Amuse-Bouche, Eddie sometimes calls for the “traditional” jet whistle, and in other instances, he employs a more nuanced approach with a sustained sound. This is an excellent example of prescriptive versus descriptive notation. According to prescription, a sustained sound is unlikely with a “true” jet whistle, but according to description, the writing is very effective.
One could think of Amuse-Bouche as a sort of meditation on the jet whistle, wherein we have sonic moments (the jet whistle), followed by melodic gestures that are like sonic fallout from an explosion.
Slap tongue can be executed a number of ways. In one approach, the tip of the tongue is placed behind the incisive papilla (with the bottom of the tongue against the palatine folds). Try it! Another is performed with the tip of the tongue contacting the incisive papilla. A third is with tongue in contact with the incisors. A fourth is with the tongue between the lips. The first approach is less influenced by the fingered pitch of the flute (the effective length of tube) and is mostly a “mouth sound.” The other three are more pitch related and are more involved with the sound of the flute.
Tongue rams are like the compression of gunpowder that results in various expressions of the “jet of air.” The tongue ram is entirely related to the acoustical properties of the flute tube. The physical explanation has to do with the acoustics of a tube open at one end (as opposed to the regular functioning of the flute which works as a tube open at both ends). A true tongue ram results in the production of a pitch approximately a Major 7th below what is fingered (and notated). The longer the flute tube, the better. A tongue ram is only effective as an artifact of a pitch in the flute’s first octave, as it is a function of the fundamental pitch of the end-closed tube.
In closing, I want to offer a few thoughts about writing extended techniques for flute or, in fact, writing for flute in general—even in common practice.
- When looking to write for flute, consult an experienced flutist and preferably more than one.
- When writing for extended techniques, consider possible ossia options. In other words, provide alternatives to accommodate performers’ strengths and preferences.
- Notation is limited and highly subjective. Even something as iconic as the jet whistle can be approached in a number of ways. In fact, given the limited data provided by musical notation (as opposed to the amount of data contained in even the lowest quality digital recording), every notated musical composition provides performers with freedom that could be construed as “improvisatory.” As one example: consider the myriad interpretations of Bach’s Goldberg Variations. If you haven’t heard the piece lately, check out some performances on YouTube.
- Avoid high-risk, low-return choices.
- Write what you hear, what you want to hear. If you can’t hear it in your mind’s ear, don’t write it.
- Make your compositions fun, interesting, clear and appealing for the performer—we want your music to be played! | 2019-04-20T00:53:38Z | https://noteworthysheetmusic.com/resources/reviews-a-articles/627-effective-writing-for-flutes-and-the-contemporary-flutist?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default |
The estimated time to complete this course is 2 hours.
Read this study guide and complete the open-book test that was included in this course.
Mail in your answers to Reiki Center of Venice, P.O. Box 554, Venice, FL, 34285.
Mail, or email, your course evaluation to address listed above.
Please keep a copy of your answer sheet for your own records.
Neither the author of this study guide, nor the Reiki Center of Venice, School of Massage Therapy and Bodywork, assumes any liability for the learner’s application of the information contained herein. This course is NOT intended for use in prescribing treatments, therapies or recommendations of any kind.
Francine Milford, LMT, NCTMB is a massage therapist, personal trainer and owner/instructor at the Reiki Center of Venice, School of Massage Therapy and Bodywork. She is the author of 45 manuals and more than a dozen home study courses. She resides in Venice, Florida where she continues to teach onsite classes at the Center.
Through this course you will discover why medical errors contribute to skyrocketing health-care costs and injury. Learn why it is important for you, as a health care practitioner, to develop a clear and concise plan to guarantee the safety of your clients and customers. This course meets the Florida Medical Errors requirement.
Accident: An unplanned event that results in damage.
Active error: An error whose effects are felt almost immediately.
Adverse event: An injury directly caused by medical intervention.
Bad outcome: Failure to receive expected outcome.
Error: Use of a wrong plan of action to achieve desired goal-or-failure of a plan of action(s) to be completed as directed.
Heath-care organization: Legal entities that provide health and medical services.
Human factors: Study of humans in the environment and the tools that they use.
Latent error: An error whose effects are generally not felt for a long period of time. These errors may include problems in the design, organization, training or maintenance of the system, or patient.
Medical technology: Includes all drugs, equipments and procedures followed by a health care professional in providing medical care to a patient.
Micro-system: A core team of health care professionals that offer repeatable services to a specific population (such as geriatrics). This group also provides information and a support system for said population.
Patient Safety: Development of systems/precautions that minimize errors.
Quality of Care: The overall success rate of a service to provide desired outcome.
Scope of Practice: Working within the confines of your license/training.
Standard: Minimum acceptable results or performance.
System: Set of elements that interact to achieve a common goal or function.
According to Reference.MD, medical errors are mistakes committed by health professionals that result in harming the patient. Medical mistakes include errors in diagnosis, drug administration, surgical performance, equipment malfunction or misuse, negligence, ignorance, accident or even by criminal intent.
These errors can occur when a health care professional either chooses an inappropriate method of care-or executes the right care but does it incorrectly. Medical errors is one of the leading causes of death and injury in the United States surpassing people who die from motor accidents, breast cancer and AIDS.
According to the article written by Beth Howard titled, “Lessons from America’s Safest Hospitals,” Howard states that more than 180,000 people die every year from hospital errors. The story follows the death of 69 year-old social worker, Mary McClinton. McClinton was admitted into Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle to under a routine procedure to treat a brain aneurysm. The error occurred when doctors injected her with an antiseptic, instead of a contrast dye. The antiseptic, a topical cleaning agent, was stored in an unmarked container on the same tray as the dye. McClinton died 19 days later as each of her organs began to fail.
Errors such as the one mentioned above are called “never events” and affects at least 6,000 patients every year. Never events are errors that could have been prevented. These events include operating on the wrong limb or leaving instruments inside of a patient during surgery.
The tragedy happened in 2004. Virginia Mason Medical Center decided to do something about that and started a complete turnaround. The hospital decided to make safety their top priority. After issuing a public and private apology to McClinton’s family, the hospital began a program to revamp their safety procedures. Part of their program included implementing new safety protocols, gave nurses more time to spend with patients, instituted checklists before surgeries and established patient safety alerts. The hospital also encouraged their employees to speak up and file reports when they felt that a patient’s health or life was at risk.
While never events may account for harming 6,000 patients a year, medication errors cause approximately 400,000 drug-related injuries a year. On way to help curb this problem was with the implementation of a computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system. The system forces doctors to enter prescriptions into the computer electronically which eliminate transcription errors. The system also has a built-in safety alert which helps keep doctors from prescribing more medicine than is generally accepted. Another part of the system is the bar coding of patient’s bracelets which helps to make sure that the right patient is receiving the right medication and the right medication dosage. In one year, this system has saved thousands of lives. With computerized systems, doctors can track patients outside of the hospital environment to see if they are getting their prescriptions filled which can affect patient compliance. This can also alert doctors to additional issues that the patient may not be reporting to the doctors at the hospital. This knowledge will also help in preventing drug interactions since the doctors will now have a better understanding of the medications that the patient is taking (and maybe not reporting).
Some 100,000 people die each year from preventable infections that they contracted in the hospital. Out of that number, 20,000 patients die from central line infections. It was discovered that the simple act of washing your hands and cleaning the patient’s skin before inserting a line reduced central line infections by as much as 66%. To help lower incidences of preventable infections, hospitals have incorporated checklists and door signs for affected patients.
What will the safe hospital room of the future have in it? It will have double-sided linen closets, bar codes on patient bracelets, a hand washing station in every room, hand bars, bed alarms, disinfecting units that use ultraviolet light to kill germs, checklists for health care providers, vents that will filter the air out of the room of sick patients and release it from the building, fall prevention kits, germ-resistant copper alloys on door knobs, faucets and railings, language translators and vital sign monitors.
In the United States alone, medical errors account for more than one million injuries and up to 200,000 preventable deaths each year. And there is a financial cost to these errors. According to the Institute of Medicine, preventable medicine errors were the most common medical mistakes harmed more than 1.5 million people every year. This finding included 400,000 preventable drug-related injuries in hospitals, 800,000 in long-term care and 530,000 among Medicare recipients in outpatient clinics. These findings also came with a hefty price tag costing more than $2 billion each year. Where errors have resulted in death, the Agency for Heathcare Research and Quality have estimated that while 6,000 deaths each year have resulted in work-related injuries, 7,000 deaths each year are caused from medication errors.
Unfamiliar settings (starting a new job as a health care professional and can’t remember where the supplies, equipments, etc. are).
I took my husband to a hospital where the attending physician was a practical nurse who was visiting from Ohio and her attendee was a nurse who was just visiting from Indiana. Neither of these health care practitioners was able to locate specific tools that they needed to do the stitches that my husband needed. They ended up asking around for the instruments that they needed.
"Situations occasionally occur in which a patient suffers significant medical complications that may have resulted from the physician's mistake or judgment. In these situations, the physician is ethically required to inform the patient of all facts necessary to ensure understanding of what has occurred. Concern regarding legal liability which might result following truthful disclosure should not affect the physician's honesty with a patient."
But because of malpractice litigation, many physicians and staff are unwilling to disclose errors. To combat this refusal to have communication between patient’s family members and hospital employees, the United States enacted laws where anything that the physician or surgeon may say to console grieving family members such as, “I am so sorry,” can not be used in a court of law as an admission of that physicians’ or surgeon’s proof of liability. And in fact, there is even some evidence that full disclosure may actually reduce malpractice payments as family members are only looking for closure in the death of a loved one.
· Ask clients to clarify any questions you may have about the information in the client in-take form, or the lack thereof.
· Putting together a system of checks and balances. One such system is the Formulary System. In the world of pharmaceuticals, professionals work with a process called the Formulary System with a list of drugs known as the Formulary. This helped in the implementation of unit dose packaging and distribution systems to centralize admixture services. This system reduces the risk of wrong drug doses, decreases the risks of contaminated and infected intravenous medications, improves the safe and effective use of medications and provides a computerized check of patient’s medical history to avoid drug interactions.
When speaking of procedures and the risk of medical errors, there are some common and inherit problems. The most avoidable adverse events often occur in high risk, or emergency procedures. Because of the circumstances surrounding the patient at this time, the adverse outcomes are usually not due to error but to the severity of the condition at time of treatment. replica breitling Medications given at this time are three times more likely to cause harm to the patient than at any other time of admittance.
And it should be noted that most medical care comes with some level of risk. This risk could be in the form of complications, unforeseen circumstances, an underlying condition, or a side effect (such as an allergy to the medication). If a patient experiences any of these adverse events during the treatment process, an error has occurred.
The article titled ‘JCAHO Revises Standards to Help Reduce Medical Errors,’ written by Robert C. Morell, MD., talks about how an improvement in patient safety can directly minimize medical errors. The author of the article, Dr. Morell, is the Director of the Preoperative Assessment Clinic and Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
Error: "An unintended act, either of omission or commission, or an act that does not achieve its intended outcome."
Sentinel Event: "An unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury or the risk thereof. Serious injury specifically includes loss of limb or function. The phrase "or risk thereof" includes any process variation for which a recurrence would carry a significant chance of a serious adverse outcome."
Near Miss: "Used to describe any process variation which did not affect the outcome but for which a recurrence carries a significant chance of a serious outcome. Such a near miss falls within the scope of the definition of a sentinel event, but outside the scope of those sentinel events that are subject to review by the Joint Commission under its Sentinel Event Policy."
Hazardous Condition: "Any set of circumstances (exclusive of the disease or condition for which the patient is being treated) which significantly increases the likelihood of a serious adverse outcome."
Leaders ensuring implementation of an integrated patient safety program throughout the [healthcare] organization.
Designation of one or more qualified individuals or an interdisciplinary group to manage the organization-wide patient safety program. Typically these individuals may include directors of performance improvement, safety officers, risk managers and clinical leaders.
Procedures for immediate response to medical/health errors, including care of the affected patient(s), containment of risk to others, and preservation of factual information for subsequent analysis.
Clear systems for internal and external reporting of information relating to medical/health care errors.
Defined mechanisms for responding to the various types of occurrences, e.g., root cause analysis in response to a sentinel event, or for conducting proactive risk reduction activities.
Defined mechanisms for support of staff that have been involved in a sentinel event.
Definition of the scope of the program activities, which is the types of occurrences to be addressed, ranging from “no harm” frequently occurring “slips” to sentinel events with serious adverse outcomes.
At least annually, a report to the governing body on the occurrence of medical/health care errors and actions taken to improve patient safety, both in response to actual occurrences and proactively.
In addition to recognizing the important of data collection and analysis, JCAHO also suggested proactive programs for identifying risks and reducing medical errors BEFORE they happened rather than programs that dealt with how to handle errors after they happened.
The identification of errors in the system, or process, called "failure modes" is vital to ensure patient safety. The commission encourages redesigning faulty programs or processes and implementing better safeguards.
There are many legal, professional and ethical ramifications for committing medical errors. There are several standards and regulations for medical malpractice and these vary by country and jurisdiction within countries. A professional found guilty of medical error can be fined, face imprisonment, be personally sued, and lose their license. In the United States, medical professionals, health care professionals, and massage therapists and bodyworkers may obtain professional liability insurance to help them offset the risks and costs of any lawsuit.
If you own your own business, or office, then looking for a good insurance policy is extremely important. Find a policy that covers slip and fall, product liability and medical errors.
When hospitals do not make safety a top priority in their facilities, then accidents and errors can and do happen. A five-year study published in 2010 in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that 25 percent of all people admitted to hospitals in North Carolina were harmed by the medical care that they received. These percentages are too high for preventable events.
But, in order to fix problems that exist, you have to know about them. That is why reporting errors are so important. When a hospital receives a report, it triggers a review which can then lead to changes that are needed to prevent the recurrence of the error. Preventing recurring errors can cause changes in protocols, procedures, checklists, oversight, or the installation and use of new technology or technological systems.
Some of the items that are track-able are what is referred to as a preventable-harm index. Included in this index would be cardiac arrests, adverse drug events, surgical complications, falls, hospital acquired infections and pressure ulcers, among others.
In Washington, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have given a $5 million grant to a consortium of Ohio children's hospitals. The grant is to be used to help eliminate preventable errors. For adults, an initiative by the Department of Health and Human Services called, "Partnership for Patients: Better Care, Lower Costs," intends to reduce preventable injuries in U.S. hospitals by 40 percent by 2014. This would result in saving 60,000 lives.
Peter Pronovost, a Johns Hopkins anesthesiologist and critical care specialist launched the Keystone Project, a project that reduced the rate of bloodstream infections by 60% among patients in intensive care units who were receiving central lines or catheters. That 60% mark represented 1,500 lives and approximately $100 million each year. At the core of the Keystone Project was a checklist for the medical team to follow. Simple items on the list include hand-washing and mask wearing. Pronovost received government funding to extend the program to more than 1,400 ICUs in 48 states.
Become an active participant in your health. Do research, ask questions, etc.
Inform your doctor of all your current medications including herbal remedies, vitamin supplements, and over-the-counter medicines. The best way to do this is to bring ALL of your medications and supplements with you to your doctor’s visit and show them to the nurse and/or doctor.
Be sure that your doctor is aware of any allergic or adverse reaction that you have had to any medication.
Make sure to read your doctor’s prescription and have him or her, clarify anything that you cannot read or understand.
When you pick up your prescriptions from the pharmacy check your bottle against the prescription. Be sure that they are indeed the same name and dose. My husband has already had to return medicine to a pharmacy that was not his.
The pharmacy is a great resource of information about the medication that you will be taking and usually have more time to explain it to you than your doctor does. Make use of this time if you are unsure about the directions on your medicine label or how to take it. Pharmacies now offer a full booklet with your prescriptions that give you a wealth of knowledge about the medicines that you are taking-be sure to read it.
If you are facing an amputation of a limb, the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons recommend its members to sign their initials directly on the site that they will be operating on to avoid mistakes.
Have someone with you to act as your advocate, or sounding board, in case you need them. They will also be a better place to hear the information that is given to you.
If you are having a test taken, call for the results. Not all places will call you giving you the test results.
Make sure that your doctor/hospital is up-to-date on the latest procedures and technologies regarding your specific condition.
A set of Universal Precautions for Health Care professionals have been created by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration to prevent the spread of disease.
Clean massage tables, chairs and equipment before/after each use. Do not trust other therapists who use the same equipment before you to do the right job.
Shower at the beginning of the day-and at the end of the day.
Bring a change of clothes with you to work and change into your street clothes after you work day is over.
Brush your teeth and keep your gums healthy.
Wash your hands before and after each session and often throughout the day. Follow the hand washing protocols that you learned in school.
Keep your nails cut and neat.
Never wear jewelry such as bracelets and rings while doing massages as germs/skin cells can hide underneath them.
Massage therapists should be trained in First Aid and CPR. After training, be sure to keep a health kit complete with a mouth guard for giving CPR.
Create a safe working environment by tacking down turned up carpet edges and removing obstacles from the walk area (such as wires and cords).
Be sure to keep a workable schedule allowing with enough time in between clients to fill out your Client In-take form. Do not overwork yourself or schedule more clients in one day than your body can handle.
Establish a basic protocol that you can follow to perform daily tasks such as doing the laundry, cleaning supplies and equipment, asking Client questions, etc.
For 25 years, hospitals have been ranked nationally. On July 15, 2014, the US News & World Report, published the list of the national’s best ranked hospitals for the 2014-2015 year. The list included the nation’s top 50 hospitals in key specialties such as cancer and cardiology. Big winners include the Mayo Clinic and John Hopkins. While only 17 hospitals ranked high enough in six or more specialties to make the list the rest of the hospitals did not. In fact, only 144 of the 4,743 hospitals evaluated did well enough to even be ranked in at least one specialty of the 12 specialties listed. That’s only 3% of our nation’s hospital system (Omstead et al, 2014).
There were several factors that determined the overall hospital score. Some of these factors included structure, process, outcome, reputation among specialists and patient safety. There were new changes that took place in the 2014-2015 judging. The biggest change came in the form of adding more weight (from 5% to 10%) for patient safety. This increase was done in order to recognize those facilities that provided quality and patient safety.
In addition to adding more weight to the overall score, two patient safety indicators were added the score. Now consumers can see the differences in patient safety performance between hospitals.
New York�]Presbyterian University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell, N.Y.
According to a report from the American College of Emergency Physicians, government support for emergency care in the United States is worse now than in previous years. Before, the grade given for government policy support for emergency care was a C-, now that grade dropped to a D+. The report looked at state and government support of emergency care which included access to emergency care, disaster preparedness, quality and patient safety, public health, medical liability and injury prevent (Huffington Post, 2014).
Nationwide, emergency care scored a D-, a C for public health and injury prevention, and a C- for disaster preparedness. That is pretty dismal to say the least. Issues involved in earning this poor score include a shortage of qualified health care professionals, shortage of on-call specialists, limited hospital capacity and long emergency department wait times.
Beginning October, 2014, in an effort to require hospitals to lower their incidences of hospital-acquired conditions (HAC), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) began reducing Medicare payments to hospitals with poor outcomes under the Hospital-Acquired Condition (HAC) Reduction Program.
The Patient Safety Program, a program called for by the Affordable Care Act (ACA), will begin in 2015. Under this program, hospitals are given a rank according to 11 categories. replica rolex watches The lowest performing 25 percent of hospitals with lose (1) percent of each Medicare payment paid under the Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS), for the upcoming (2015) year. This ranking is based on two unique findings: HAC’s reported between Jan. 1, 2012-Dec. 31, 2013 and nine Patient Safety Indicators between July 11-June 2013.
Other provisions under the new rule will include increasing portions of Medicare payments to fund value-based incentive payments to 1.25 percent, add new readmission measures, and establish quality reporting programs to help align quality measure reporting.
The HAC Reduction Program is only one in over 70 programs that rate quality indicators in hospitals. The hope is that programs like these will encourage hospitals to improve their quality of care and implement better patient safety system.
20 Tips to Help Prevent Medical Errors: Patient Fact Sheet. September 2011. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/patients-consumers/care-planning/errors/20tips/index.html.
Howard, Beth. (2013). Lessons from America’s safest hospitals. AARP Magazine. Volume 56, Number 3A. (46-52).
Sternberg, Steve (2012, August 29). Medical errors harm huge numbers of patients. Web. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/29/medical-errors-hospitals-harm-patients_n_1839814.html.
A Federal report on medical errors (Publication No. OM 00-0004) is available from the AHRQ Publications Clearinghouse: phone, 1-800-358-9295 or E-mail: [email protected].
After reading this course, choose the ONE best answer for each question and circle it. Remit test for grading to Francine Milford, P.O. Box 554, Venice, FL. 34285. | 2019-04-22T02:10:48Z | http://www.reikicenterofvenice.com/whats_new.html |
Why is modern medicine going nowhere in its attempts to treat breast cancer? Our research has found that the answer to this question lies primarily with the politics of medicine, the cancer industry, and the industries that create the pollutants that contribute to breast cancer. We believe that the only way to truly prevent and treat breast cancer is to go outside the current way of doing things in medicine and stop the wholesale pollution of our planet with petrochemicals, but the forces that would keep things the same are very powerful and entrenched. That's why, just as they did with hormone replacement therapy (HRT), women need to educate themselves about pollutants, about breast cancer, and about alternative treatments. They need to rebel against ineffective and harmful treatments, and do what they can to teach their doctors.
Over the past few decades, conventional medicine has done very little to make any meaningful difference in what will happen to you if you get breast cancer, and virtually nothing it has done has reduced the incidence of the disease. The harsh reality is, if you get breast cancer, you'll get more treatment than you did 50 years ago, you and your insurance company will spend a lot more money, and if it's fatal you may gain a few more months of life (usually of very poor quality), but statistics clearly tell us that conventional medicines for treating breast cancer such as tamoxifen, radiation, and chemotherapy just aren't working in the long run. The way breast cancer is currently treated is a way of doing something in the face of not knowing what else to do. If you have an invasive or nonlocal breast cancer, your chances of dying from it are still about one in three, the same as they have been for decades.
The incidence of breast cancer (how many women are getting it) is steadily rising, and the numbers are appalling: According to the National Cancer Institute, breast cancer incidence rates have increased by more than 40 percent from 1973 to 1998. In the year 2000 approximately 182,800 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Since 1950 breast cancer incidence has risen by 60 percent. Some will argue that this is due to better and earlier detection. But even for women over 80 years of age, where this early detection issue is doubtful, the incidence of breast cancer has risen the past 30 years from 1 in 30 women to 1 in 8 women. The American Cancer Society estimated that in the year 2000, 552,200 people in the United States would die of cancer, and 40,800, or just over 7 percent, of those would be women dying of breast cancer. This means that about 15 percent of women who die of cancer are dying of breast cancer. These are the annual statistics for the United States, but it's even more sobering to realize that worldwide about 1,670,000 women have breast cancer.
The mortality (death rate) from breast cancer is also staggering. If you combine mortality rates from the United States and Canada (which have the highest rates of breast cancer in the world), in North America a woman dies of breast cancer every twelve minutes.
Do Radiation, Tamoxifen, Mammograms, and Chemotherapy Help or Hurt?
Mammograms don't really save lives (G. Sjonell, et al., Lakartidningen 96 (1999): 904-913.
Radiation doesn't really save lives (Lancet, 22 May 2000).
Tamoxifen doesn't really save lives (Mitchell, et al., Journal of the National Cancer Institute, November 1999).
Chemotherapy doesn't save lives (which isn't news; we've known this for a long time).
So what's left for the conventional medical doctor to treat breast cancer patients with? Nothing but the same surgical removal of the cancer that they were doing 50 years ago. More American physicians need to face the hard, cold facts that current therapies just aren't working and open their eyes to alternatives for prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Let's take a broad look at the current treatments.
Radiation is the most common treatment for breast cancer following surgery, and yet a recent article in the prestigious British medical journal Lancet showed that this treatment is not working. In fact, while using local radiation to treat breast cancer reduces deaths from this disease by 13.2 percent, it increases death from other causes, mostly heart disease, by 21.2 percent. The obvious conclusion of this study: "The treatment was a success but the patient died."
In other words, the radiation obliterates the breast cancer tumor in a small percentage of women, but in the process it causes many of them to die from other diseases. Proponents of newer and more localized radiation procedures are claiming that it doesn't cause the damage the older radiation techniques do, but at present this is only a claim and not backed up by long-term follow-up. This means that there's no long-term benefit from using radiation to treat breast cancers, because even though the cancer may not recur at the site of the radiation, the overall chances of survival stay the same or are slightly worse. And yet despite the fact that radiation helps so few women—and eventually kills many of those whom it helped in the short term—it remains the standard of care in medicine for women who have breast cancer. How can this be? It's because conventional medicine has little else to offer that reduces death even by 13.2 percent. If you were starving and someone handed you a bowl of moldy old rice, you'd gratefully eat it up because it's better than nothing.
Despite this study, published in one of the most prestigious medical journals in the world, if you have breast cancer your doctor will most likely insist that you undergo radiation treatments rather than exploring possibly safer alternatives not popular among conventional doctors.
Treating women with radiation who later die of heart disease caused by radiation damage also affects breast cancer statistics. It means that the diagnosed cause of death was shifted from breast cancer to cardiovascular disease. As more and more breast cancer patients are subjected to radiotherapy, fewer will be said to die from breast cancer, but more will be said to die of radiation-induced heart disease. These deaths aren't counted in breast cancer statistics, but they should be if we are to have a truthful picture of what's happening to women who get this disease.
In the same issue of The Lancet as the above study on radiation was a curious letter from Oxford professor Sir Richard Peto, with a graph showing that breast cancer deaths rose about 20 percent from 1960 to 1985. From 1985 to 1997 breast cancer deaths were said to have decreased about 20 percent. Without speculating on the cause of the 1985 rise in breast cancer mortality, or citing the sources of his information, Sir Peto instead addressed only the matter of the recent decline.
An aside: The probable cause of the rise in breast cancer deaths was the prescription of unopposed estrogen (not balanced with progesterone) to menopausal women, a common practice from the early 1950s to the mid-1970s. While the medical community acknowledged that this practice caused endometrial (uterine) cancer, it never admitted that it also caused breast cancer. From the mid-1970s, doctors were instructed to prescribe synthetic progestins along with the estrogen to prevent the endometrial cancer. This is also when the incidence of hysterectomy skyrocketed: Women felt so terrible on progestins that they refused to take them, so doctors offered them a hysterectomy so they would no longer have to take the progestins, and could take estrogen only. To add insult to injury (literally), it was common practice (and still is in some places) to remove a woman's ovaries along with her uterus as a preventive for ovarian cancer. This misguided practice leads to many other health problems, including osteoporosis, heart disease, fatigue, and a diminished quality of life due to low libido, hot flashes, and other symptoms of "instant menopause."
Back to the supposed decline in breast cancer deaths: Because of the "suddenness" of the decline, Sir Richard felt it was not due to fewer breast cancers but more likely to "changes in the way breast cancer is diagnosed and treated." He speculated that it was "not from a single research breakthrough" but from "the adoption of many interventions," whatever that means. He was later quoted in other news articles as giving credit for the fall in breast cancer deaths to the antiestrogen drug tamoxifen.
We hope that those promoting Tamoxifen remember to mention how many women taking it suffer from blood clots, deterioration of vision, and diminished quality of life (hot flashes, night sweats). Also, how many women have been forced to have a hysterectomy due to a particularly aggressive form of tamoxifen-caused uterine cancer? It's rarely mentioned that women actually die of tamoxifeninduced uterine cancer. When these women die of uterine cancer instead of breast cancer, it improves the breast cancer statistics. This makes tamoxifen look good, but it's a moot issue to the women in question.
If the side effects of tamoxifen are this bad, why is it being used at all, and why is it being trumpeted so loudly as the great cure-all, to the extent that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) even approved its use as a preventive? It's the moldy rice problem again. It's the lesser of many evils; it's better than nothing. Very few other FDA-approved pharmaceuticals have been made available to oncologists treating breast cancer. Theoretically—on paper, in test tubes, and in laboratory animals used as models for human breast cancer—tamoxifen looks promising, and the rationale for using it is based on a solid scientific foundation: Estrogens increase the rate that breast cancer cells proliferate, and tamoxifen slows the rate of cell proliferation by acting as an antiestrogen.
Unfortunately, breast cancer cells in a test tube and laboratory animals can't really explain to us how they feel, and don't live long enough to give us a genuine appreciation for long-term health risks. Research investigating the effects of tamoxifen on hormone-dependent cancers looks good in the short term. However, in reality, tamoxifen is unnatural to the human body, and these side effects are the body's warning signals that something is terribly wrong.
Tamoxifen has been available for 25 years and its effect on breast cancer prevention is still being debated: This in and of itself should tell us something. Two studies, a five-year placebo-controlled one from England in 1992, and a nine-year placebo-controlled one from Italy in 1998, showed no difference in cancer incidence between tamoxifen- treated women and controls. The only large study in the United States was cut short, supposedly because the incidence of breast cancer dropped so much in the tamoxifen group that they couldn't justify withholding this treatment from the placebo group. It's worth noting, however, that the trial was stopped at around the same time that breast cancer began to reappear, despite the tamoxifen, in the two European studies.
The lessons we learned from those studies are that in some women tamoxifen may put a breast cancer to sleep for a few years, and in women who have breast cancer it may slow the rate of recurrence for a few years. But in the long term it tends to do more harm than good. Again, the only reason this is such a popular treatment right now is that it seems to oncologists to be better than doing nothing, which many of them believe is the only other viable option open to them. But as you'll discover, it's definitely not the only option available.
For the most part, it's only in the United States that doctors still believe tamoxifen significantly prevents or reverses breast cancer. In fact, now even the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has come out with a statement that in all but a very narrow group of women under the age of sixty, tamoxifen may do more harm than good in terms of preventing cancer. Despite this, the FDA just approved the use of tamoxifen to treat a form of breast cancer known as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). You'll understand later in the book why we believe this is an outrageous move.
Like tamoxifen, radiation, and chemotherapy, mammography is big business these days. Mammography is also conventional medicine's only real answer to breast cancer "prevention," although it isn't preventing cancer at all, it's simply detecting it.
Countless advertisements and physicians are telling women to have mammograms. But the value of this procedure is far from clear. We all know women diagnosed with breast cancer that wasn't detected by mammography, and we all know that mammograms present a real risk of false positive and false negative findings. The test procedure is unpleasant and the radiation is potentially harmful. Both tissue damage and radiation are known risk factors for breast cancer, so it may even be logical to assume that mammography can contribute to breast cancer.
A summer 2000 study published in the journal Spine, and looking at data collected over 40 years, showed that women with scoliosis who received many diagnostic X rays during childhood and adolescence have a 70 percent higher risk of breast cancer than women in the general population. The more X rays a woman was exposed to, and the higher the dose of radiation, the greater her risk of breast cancer. Although the dose of radiation in a typical X ray is now much lower than it was when these women were being X rayed, the point is still valid: Radiation is a potent risk factor for breast cancer, its effect is cumulative, and mammography involves forcefully squashing the breast and then shooting radiation through it.
It has been claimed that mammography lowers the risk of dying from breast cancer. Proponents argue that mammography can detect breast tumors a year or so earlier than simple palpation such as breast self-exams. This early detection, so the argument goes, leads to earlier treatment and a lower risk of breast cancer mortality. Statistics, it is claimed, have validated this argument.
Many statisticians, however, disagree. Statistics are not immune from biases, which include mechanical factors (use of different measuring instruments in different subjects), study methodology, conscious or unconscious assumptions, age of subjects, socioeconomic factors, faulty randomization of subjects and controls, duration of observation, and other confounding factors.
More than 15 years ago Dr. John C. Bailar III observed that counting survival time after treatment creates a bias in most mammography studies because mammography detects breast tumors a year before they would have been found by palpation. He pointed out that subjects with breast tumors found by palpation have lived at least a year prior to the time when they would have been found by mammography. When this year is added to the survival time of the control women (those who did not use mammography), their survival results match those of subject women whose tumors were found by mammography.
This means that the apparent difference in survival after treatment was due not to earlier treatment, as a result of mammography, but merely to starting the counting of survival time one year earlier among mammography subjects. When this factor is included in the statistical analysis, the so-called benefit of mammography and earlier treatment disappears. Dr. Bailar, now professor of epidemiology and biostatistics at McGill University and senior scientist in the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, called this the lead-time bias.
This should not be surprising. For a breast cancer cell to become large enough to detect by palpation, the cancer has usually been growing for about ten years. If found one year earlier by mammography, the cancer has been growing for about nine years, which is plenty of time to spawn metastases if the cancer is prone to do that. The one-year difference between palpation and mammography detection is ultimately of little importance.
Does mammography truly save lives? If you read the numerous ads for it, you might think the case is closed—of course it does. If you read the studies themselves, the answer isn't so clear. For example, a 1999 epidemiological study found no decrease in breast cancer mortality in Sweden, where mammography screening has been recommended since 1985.
As a result, two Swedish scientists reviewed all published mammography trials to evaluate their methodological quality. Their purpose was to ascertain whether or not mammography truly saved lives. Their findings are worth a close look.
In their analysis of eight different clinical studies on mammography, the authors found six of them seriously flawed by baseline imbalances and/or inconsistencies of randomization. The flaws were sufficient to nullify the studies' claims of a benefit from mammography. The two adequately randomized trials found no effect of mammography screening on breast cancer mortality.
The meta-analysis conclusion is clear. Since there is no reliable evidence that mammography screening decreases breast cancer mortality, mammography screening for breast cancer is unjustified. This means that physicians should not order routine mammography screening.
However, mammograms have become a substitute for breast selfexams. If you stop having mammograms, it becomes essential that you examine your own breasts thoroughly at least once a month. If you're premenopausal, you should examine them shortly after your period, when hormone levels are low, so that premenopausal lumps aren't confused with a cancerous lump. You should also examine your breasts in the mirror and look for any unusual skin abnormalities or dimpling. After a few months you'll become very familiar with how your breasts feel, and you'll be able to detect very small abnormalities.
It's difficult to make generalizations about chemotherapy these days, because there are so many different kinds, most of them extremely poorly studied: The women who agree to try new chemotherapies are guinea pigs for a type of treatment with a notoriously poor track record. Like most other aspects of the breast cancer industry, there's little agreement about what constitutes chemotherapy. We'll make the generalization that chemotherapy is an attempt to poison the body just short of death in the hope of killing the cancer before the entire body is killed. Most of the time it doesn't work. There are new chemotherapies that target specific parts of the cancer process, but none have proven themselves truly effective in stopping the entire process.
Some chemotherapy does prolong life for a few months, but generally at the high price of devastating side effects, and if a woman does happen to get lucky and survive that bout of cancer, her body is permanently damaged; recurrence rates are high. The use of chemotherapy is purely a gamble, and we don't think it's worth taking. Sometimes it works, and sometimes it doesn't, and sometimes it makes things worse. Precious little is known about why it works or doesn't, and it seems much smarter to find an alternative therapy with a good track record that will both support your body in fighting off the cancer and promote health.
There are some chemotherapylike approaches to fighting metastatic cancer, including inducing a high fever for a number of days and insulin potentiation therapy (see the Resources section at the end of the book), that hold much promise with less potential damage done to the body. They are much more widely used in Europe than the United States. They may never be widely available in the United States, because there's no patent medicine to sell. Europe is decades ahead of the us in its approach to treating cancer.
Breast cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer among women between the ages of 18 and 54, and it's the most common cause of death period among women aged 45 to 50.
Women less than 45 years old have a 26 percent higher risk of a recurrence of breast cancer compared to older women. The types of cancer that these middle-aged women are dying from are not the mostly benign, "99 percent curable" DCIS "cancers" that have been detected since the early 1980s with mammograms (thus increasing the rate of detection); they're deadly metastatic cancers that kill quickly once they start to spread.
According to the Centers for Disease Control, cancer ranks higher than heart disease in terms of age-adjusted death rates among people under age 65 in the United States. While heart disease has declined, cancer has not.
Breast cancer is the second most common form of cancer in women after lung cancer, which is almost always due to smoking cigarettes.
The breast cancer industry has been playing a statistical shell game with the disease by including ductal carcinoma in situ as a breast cancer diagnosis when in fact it's rarely fatal, with or without treatment. Many oncologists like to say that DCIS is "99 percent curable." (Since DCIS wasn't detectable-and thus not diagnosed or treated-until the advent of mammograms, we don't even really know the true nature or course of untreated DCIS, because it has always been treated if diagnosed.) We'll go into this in more detail later in the book, but for now, we want to focus on the fact that some 30 percent of breast cancers are DCIS.
Given that DCIS is rarely fatal, let's make some gross generalizations to illustrate a point. If we simply eliminate DCIS from breast cancer statistics, and thus subtract 30 percent of those who have survived breast cancer from the statistics, we would then not have a recent drop of 20 percent (as claimed by some) but rather a rise of 10 percent in breast cancer mortality rates. This is a crude way of making the point, but it's important to consider when a doctor is using these types of statistics to justify a treatment. For example, let's say a doctor justifies putting you on tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer based on the now much-quoted "fact" that breast cancer deaths have dropped by 20 percent thanks to tamoxifen (see chapter 12 for details). If you know going into the doctor's office that this is a highly questionable statistic, you'll be more empowered to make the right decisions for yourself. In fact, we suspect that if women with lowgrade DCIS weren't subjected to tamoxifen, chemo, and radiation, their survival rate would stay the same-but the women wouldn't be damaged for life by the treatments.
Of course the key to reducing the incidence of breast cancer is prevention, but prevention is a dirty word in the breast cancer industry unless you're referring to tamoxifen or mammograms, neither of which is really remotely like prevention. TV personality and author Bob Arnot, M.D., wrote a book called The Breast Cancer Prevention Diet, which contained mostly good, solid, practical dietary advice associated with reducing the known risk factors for breast cancer. Sadly, he was terribly trashed by the American media for using the word prevention, as if he were suggesting that diet was a cure-all (he wasn't), and as if he were somehow hurting women by suggesting that a healthy diet could fend off breast cancer (it can only help). Arnot was an unfortunate victim of the intense breast cancer political establishment, which savagely attacks those who stray outside conventional medical boundaries and dare to suggest that something besides surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and tamoxifen might be helpful.
It may shock you to know that despite breast cancer being the leading cause of death among middle-aged women in the United States, only 5 percent of the National Cancer Institute's budget is allocated to research on cancer prevention. And just in case you thought some other branch of the U.S. government was going to pitch in with some unbiased, nondrug, prevention-oriented research, the enormously expensive, taxpayer-financed Women's Breast Cancer Initiative will be researching only pharmaceutical drugs (Premarin plus various synthetic estrogens and progestins) in relationship to breast cancer. We believe this is like subsidizing the drug companies—which already make billions of dollars in profits after spending billions on advertising, public relations, and lobbying money to influence congressional decisions. Drug testing should be the responsibility of the drug companies, not taxpayers. To add insult to injury, this is research that should have been done by the drug companies decades ago, before the drugs were approved.
The prevention picture is equally dreary in other big cancer organizations. When you log onto the Web site for the American Cancer Society (ACS) and access the area about cancer prevention, it says, "At this time, there is no way to prevent breast cancer." This is true only in that we can't point to one cause and make it the culprit. The reality is that we know so much about what causes breast cancer that of course we know what we can do to help prevent it, in the same sense that we know how to help prevent heart disease or diabetes.
For example, there's no question that you can significantly reduce your risk of these diseases by eating a wholesome diet, getting regular moderate exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing stress effectively. This same approach will also help you lower your risk of breast cancer by creating better overall health. The factors that dictate which women get breast cancer and which don't include all of the practical commonsense solutions listed above. Yes, we all know a health food nut who has gotten breast cancer, but all the tofu and vegetables in the world may not make up for a devastating insult to breast tissue such as years of estrogen dominance or heavy exposure to pesticides or solvents. And then again they might make a difference, depending on your genetics and a dozen other factors. There is no one right formula for preventing breast cancer in every woman. The key to prevention of breast cancer is being aware of the various factors that cause the disease and avoiding them as much as possible, while at the same time being aware of what discourages cancerous growth in breast tissue and promoting that kind of lifestyle.
Preventive medicine is a multidimensional approach that takes the entire human—the physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects—into account, and optimizes health for that particular individual. Conventional medicine, which is narrowly focused on diagnosing disease and then prescribing a drug to kill it, is a failure when it comes to treating cancer and chronic diseases such as diabetes and arthritis because it ignores most of the human it's purporting to heal. And this is also why, in the year 2000, patient visits to alternative health care professionals exceeded visits to conventional physicians—despite the fact that insurance doesn't cover most alternative health care. Take a middle-aged woman with breast cancer who is terribly depressed and emotionally devastated because of a major trauma or loss in her life: All the drugs in the world aren't going to help her unless her emotional and spiritual needs are also addressed.
Prevention is also a dirty word during the richly endowed, muchhyped and -touted Breast Cancer Awareness Month that occurs every October, because it's largely sponsored and funded by the drug company that makes tamoxifen. Ironically, this firm also manufactures some of the toxic chemicals that help cause breast cancer. Breast Cancer Awareness Month is about being aware of cancer establishment treatments; there is little focus on preventing breast cancer or raising funds for independent research. It really should be called Breast Cancer Unawareness Month.
To get to the bottom of why progress isn't being made in preventing or treating breast cancer, it's important to consider the breast cancer industry and what makes it tick. The detection and treatment of breast cancer is hugely profitable in the United States, generating billions of dollars a year. All those mammograms, biopsies, lumpectomies, and mastectomies, and all that chemotherapy, radiation, and tamoxifen, create a substantial income stream for hospitals, physicians, their support staff, those who make all the equipment, and especially those who make the drugs. And that doesn't even take into consideration all the research being done that's funded by the hundreds of millions of dollars donated to nonprofit breast cancer organizations. Where's the financial incentive to go outside this framework?
If just a fraction of the research money now going into perpetuating the above industries were honestly put into prevention and effective treatment, the mortality rate from breast cancer would very likely drop precipitously within a few years. But doctors keep squishing and radiating women's breasts with mammograms, and possibly increasing their chances of getting breast cancer in the process, perhaps because it's lucrative and it's the standard of care. (Thanks to new technology using the—hopefully—safer techniques of thermography and ultrasound, mammograms are becoming obsolete anyway, but it will probably take decades to phase out all those expensive machines.) Doctors keep doing unneeded biopsies because they could get sued if they don't. They keep removing women's breasts and giving them toxic drugs because they don't know what else to do, and they feel they have to do something.
In its zeal to find a magic drug to stop breast cancer, the industry has forgotten about healing. It doesn't have time. It has to run the patients through the HMO mill, get them out of the hospital faster, cut costs, avoid lawsuits, keep positions and funding, and make the drug companies happy by promoting and prescribing their products so that they'll keep funding the universities and hospitals.
Where does this leave the woman with breast cancer? She's terribly afraid and confused, but she's also pretty much crushed by the cog wheels of the medical machinery. Granted, she's what keeps the machinery going, but she certainly isn't the center of attention; she's a supporting player in a much larger drama. She'll be shuffled off to this operating table or that radiation clinic not because it's necessarily best for her as an individual, and not because that's what's going to truly help and heal her, but because she fits into that slot, that's how the breast cancer industry machine works, and there's no other choice. What conventional medicine presents her with is that she's going to die if she doesn't do it. But if she sorts out the statistics accurately, she's going to realize that if she has a nonlocal (non-DCIS) cancer, even if she does everything the doctors tell her to do there's still a one in three chance that she's going to die, from the cancer or as a result of its treatment. These aren't great odds, and the path to possible recovery is paved with treatments that can do permanent damage.
An aside: In contrast, Dr. Zava recently had contact with a woman who was given three to six months to live in 1993 because she had a very large, node-positive breast cancer tumor. She opted against conventional chemoradiation therapy and began juicing and progesterone therapy as an alternative. She called Dr. Zava (in 2001) to update him on her progress and get a saliva test! Granted, this is just one story, but we hear them on a regular basis.
To make matters even more confusing for the average woman with breast cancer who wants to do some research on whatever course of treatment her doctor is suggesting, a great deal of medical research needs to be interpreted in light of the context in which it was conceived and/or carried out. Unfortunately, much of it is sponsored by drug companies, so it's no surprise that thousands of small studies come out every year advocating some point that the companies want to pay a scientist to support. You can come up with all kinds of medical theories and support them, with perfectly reputable references from peer-reviewed journals found on Medline, the National Library of Medicine's huge research database.
The politics of physician attitudes that don't support healing, medical research, and media information on breast cancer are disheartening, because they're largely controlled by large drug companies with one agenda: Sell more drugs.
At the root of physician beliefs and attitudes about breast cancer treatment is the fact that the pharmaceutical industry now powerfully influences both medical education and research. A recent Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) reported that 31 percent of medical school funding comes from governmental and pharmaceutical grants; we think this is a gross underestimate. In addition, drug company money is the driving force behind medical research, with a profound influence on the research that's chosen. For example, if a drug that has the potential to be patented is competing for funding with a drug that can't be patented because it's found in nature, there's no contest. The patent drug wins, even if the drug found in nature might be the biggest breakthrough since penicillin.
You don't hear much that's positive about non-drug alternative health treatments in the national media, yet millions of people visit the Internet daily looking for information on alternative health. Would they be flocking to the Web in such large numbers if they were getting what they need from their doctors, or from print media and TV? We think not. Drug company money is a primary source of advertising revenue for the media, especially for TV and magazines, so unless you're Bill Moyers you're unlikely to expose drug company and medical politics or talk about alternative health in positive terms and keep your job.
How about the FDA—aren't they looking out for the consumer? On the contrary, endorsement of a drug or treatment by the FDA should not necessarily give you confidence that it's a safe and effective treatment. According to the prestigious Journal of the American Medical Association and New England Journal of Medicine, deaths from the side effects of properly prescribed prescription drugs are the fourth-or fifth-leading cause of death in the United States. This doesn't even include deaths from improperly prescribed drugs, deaths from in-hospital errors, and unreported drug deaths; if these were thrown into the statistics, drug treatments in general would easily be in the top three causes of death in the nation. All the drugs that are killing so many people are approved by the FDA and considered part of the standard of medical care.
A recent scathing editorial in the Lancet took the FDA to task for its inappropriately close association with pharmaceutical companies. The title of the article was "Lotronex and the FDA: a Fatal Erosion of Integrity," and it described the process by which the drug Lotronex, developed for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), was approved by the FDA after inadequate testing, killed five people, was withdrawn, and then as put back on the FDA table for reinstatement. The Lancet editorial concluded that, "...private communications appear to have subverted official procedures, while suppressed scientific debate has superseded a full and open review process.... The Lotronex episode may show in microcosm a serious erosion of integrity within the FDA, and in particular CDER [Center for Drug Evaluation and Research], whose operating budget now depends on industry money." Buyer beware.
The original intent of the FDA was to protect consumers from dangerous products, but the agency appears to have lost its way, and to be heavily influenced in its decisions by the drug industry. A recent survey conducted by the newspaper USA Today found that 54 percent of the time, experts hired to advise the FDA on which medicines should be approved for sale have a direct financial interest in the drug or topic they're asked to evaluate. In turn, it's very common for FDA employees to retire to well-paid positions on the advisory boards of large drug companies.
So what's a woman to believe? You need to find medical authorities whose opinions you trust: people who have been successful in their practice and proven right in their viewpoints over and over again for decades. People whose opinions are not based on how large a grant they're getting from the drug industry, or the soy industry, or the dairy industry, or a vitamin company, but people who are objectively and intelligently looking at the facts, interpreting experience, and evaluating studies. Put your trust in a physician who's willing to take the time to talk with you; after all, this is a life-and death matter.
How about doctors who would like to try treatments for cancer that are outside the mainstream? They can't: They're forced to use medications (even if they know they aren't working well), because there are no large-scale studies to prove the effectiveness of alternatives and thus the FDA will not approve them. (The evidence proving the effectiveness of conventional medical treatments is scant, but that's politics.) If an alternative treatment doesn't have FDA approval, a doctor can be fined, be reprimanded, or even lose his or her medical license for using it. If you find the rare and courageous physician willing to guide and support you through an alternative treatment, be grateful!
The political and financial implications of admitting that conventional hormone replacement therapy, plastics, pesticides, and other environmental toxins disrupt the body's ability to manufacture normal levels of hormones and consequently contribute to causing breast cancer are enormous. (We'll explain how and why these things can cause breast cancer later in the book.) Just think what would happen to the drug company giants if they were forced to admit that their products had contributed to the deaths of tens of thousands of women? The tobacco companies would have to move over in the litigation courts. However, the largest drug companies alone (never mind the pesticide and plastics companies) spent $74.4 million in 1997-1998 to influence congressional thinking via their lobbying efforts. That's one powerful influence. The only potentially stronger influence is your vote.
Thanks to an undeniably steep rise in the incidence of prostate and testicular cancer, Congress has taken some action to find out more about how chemicals that mimic hormones affect humans. A 1996 mandate from Congress charged the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with examining the hormonal effects of the top 100 selling chemicals in the United States. As the first studies trickle out, the evidence is clear: We are awash in a sea of chemicals, many of them estrogenic in nature, that profoundly affect every aspect of our health. Because estrogens oppose or negate the actions of testosterone, our little boys—and eventually men—are as profoundly affected as women are.
The bottom line is that a woman with breast cancer is left with few viable options from the medical community. She can't completely trust breast cancer research or recommendations about medical treatments, and she lives in a culture that's averting its gaze from the real causes of her disease. Thus, it takes enormous courage and fortitude to stand up and take charge of your health, to question your physician and ask for clear answers, and to carefully examine alternatives. We hope that through this book we can inspire you to do just that.
My deepest appreciation to you for being gutsy enough to tell me your opinion concerning tamoxifen. You advised me against it, giving me the courage to buck my very pushy oncologist who wanted me to take it. I have been thriving without tamoxifen. I've had several follow-up mammograms and was told the opposite breast looked "textbook perfect," and the breast that had the lumpectomy looked normal and benign.
I am 56, postmenopausal, and am using progesterone cream. You reassured me it was safe even for a woman like me with high estrogen and progesterone receptors, explaining this means progesterone can get in and do its job of stopping the cancer when the receptors are present.
When I heard the flap about the "hazards of progesterone" I knew before even checking further that it was probably a botched reporting job that really referred to the synthetic progestins.
Thanks to you my life has been quite serene despite my diagnosis of cancer. I think progesterone is a mood elevator, also. I have blessed you silently many times since you replied to my letter asking about tamoxifen. | 2019-04-26T02:22:14Z | https://www.johnleemd.com/breast-cancer.html |
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The recent advances in brain tumor imaging offer unique anatomical as well as pathophysiological information that provides new insights on brain tumors, directed at facilitating therapeutic decisions and providing information regarding prognosis. This information is presently utilized in clinical practice for initial diagnosis and noninvasive, preoperative grading of tumors, biopsy planning, surgery, and radiation portal planning, as well as, prognostication. The newer advances described in this review include magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion and diffusion tensor imaging with tractography, perfusion imaging, MR spectroscopy, and functional imaging, using the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) technique. Diffusion tensor MR imaging is the only noninvasive in vivo method for mapping white matter fiber tract trajectories in the human brain. In the current clinical practice, one of the most important indications of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is to study the relation of a tumor to the adjacent white matter tracts. Perfusion imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an exciting new radiological technique for noninvasive evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics, in certain definite clinical settings. Cerebral perfusion imaging describes the passage of blood through the brain's vascular network. Perfusion imaging, especially with MRI has become an integral component of the complete radiological assessment of brain tumors. MR Spectroscopy (MSR) is the only noninvasive technique capable of measuring chemicals within the body. MRS distinguishes various metabolites on the basis of their slightly different chemical shifts or resonance frequencies. Functional MRI refers to the demonstration of brain function with neuroanatomic localization on a real-time basis. In patient care, functional MR imaging is primarily used in the preoperative evaluation of the relationship of a brain tumor with an eloquent cortex. The next decade will witness further sophistication of these techniques, with data available from larger studies. It is expected that imaging will continue to provide new and unique insights in neuro-oncology, which should hopefully contribute to the better management of patients with brain tumors.
Primary malignant brain tumors account for only 2% of all adult cancers but they cause a disproportionately high cancer-related disability and death. Survival of malignant glioma patients has changed only modestly over the past three decades despite the emergence of new treatment strategies for these tumors. In this review, we describe the standard treatment modalities for malignant glioma, which include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, as well as the status of novel therapies that have been developed to target various aspects of glioma cell biology. We also address this issue of drug delivery as a factor limiting the efficacy of systemic administration of therapeutics and attempts to overcome this barrier. Further progress towards a cure for malignant gliomas will require a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving the growth, and resistance to therapy, of these challenging tumors.
The incidence of gliomas is increasing worldwide, including India. Of the 18,820 new cases of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors diagnosed annually in the United States, gliomas account for over 60% with 30-40% of them being glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), 10% being anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), and 10% being low grade gliomas (LGGs). This is in contrast to one study from West Bengal, India, in which only 7.9% of the brain tumors were GBMs, while 46.8% were astrocytomas. Of all adult primary CNS tumors, GBM is the most common and the most malignant with about 7,000 to 8,000 new cases annually in the United States. Given poor outcomes, a number of treatment approaches have been investigated. Common to these approaches is the use of adjuvant radiation therapy, even as surgery alone, with or without chemotherapy, may be the mainstay for some lower grade and low-risk gliomas. Today, treatment typically involves external beam radiation, with concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy for more aggressive histologies. Although gliomas are relatively uncommon, active research is ongoing. Results of landmark trials along with some of the recently published trials are presented. These trials and management strategies as well as evolving concepts are found by reviewing over 200 articles in the National Library Medical (NLM) database, PubMed, more than 60 of which are refrenced. Specifically, the database is searched using the following keywords, with various combinations: glioma, low-grade, anaplastic, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, chemotherapy, radiation, new concepts, phase III, MGMT, CDX-110 (Celldex), temozolomide, 1p/19q deletion, and bevacizumab.
In recent years, there has been a marked improvement in our understanding of molecular genetics of gliomas. These advancements offer hope for development of tailored therapies targeting a tumor's unique molecular profile, and may also translate into improved classification and identification of newer prognostic markers. This review focuses on the neuropathological features of different types of glial neoplasms according to the World Health Organization classification, and the recent advances in their molecular biology with emphasis on the genetic mechanisms underlying tumor progression, diagnostic and prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets.
The role of surgery in the management of human gliomas has been controversial. The results from numerous neurosurgical series are inconsistent. The current adjuvant therapies have facilitated treatment of patients, and have rendered neurosurgical removal without morbidity or mortality more commonplace than ever before. Here, we investigated the role of surgery in the management of adults with low- and high-grade gliomas. Even though there is substantial evidence which claims that surgery per se has a role to play in extending patient survival, there is a paucity of randomized clinical trials on this subject, and little in the way of Class II data to support these claims. However, this should not divert patients away from surgery, because there may be additional benefits from a concerted effort to remove a tumor completely. At the present time, it seems best that clinicians continue to individualize patient treatment based on a myriad of factors that relate to the patient, the patient's tumor, and the known biology of the disease.
Central nervous system (CNS) are rare neoplasms with considerable heterogeneity and variation. The most common primary lesions of CNS are gliomas. A majority of the data about the demography and management of gliomas has emerged from the west. However, there may be considerable variation in the presentation, behavior, and response to treatment between patients in the western world and the Asian population. This article discusses gliomas with special reference to data from oncology centers in India.
Background: The incidence of breast cancer is on the rise in India, breast cancer is the second most common malignancy in Indian women. Aim: The aim of this study was to find out the association of various risk factors with breast cancer among women in Delhi. Settings and Design: This was a case-control study in Lok Nayak Hospital, Delhi. Methods and Material: 332 women were studied. Subjects were women with breast cancer (N = 115) and age matched Control subjects (N-217) without breast cancer, attending Lok Nayak Hospital during 2006. Subjects were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire. The risk factors studied were: age, parity, socioeconomic status, marital status, breast feeding, menarche, menopause, family history. Statistical Analysis: Data was expressed in proportion. Results and Conclusions: Age of the patient ranged from 25 to 80 years. In this study, 69 (60%) cases and 127 (58.5%) controls were illiterate, the mean duration sum of total breast feeding for all children was 6.58 years in cases and 7.4 years in controls (OR = 1.91; 95% CI, 1.17 - 3.13) (P < 0.006). In the present study 52.9% of the cases and 47.9% of controls had attained menopause before the age of 45 years, and a higher number of controls were living with spouses than cases (P < 0.0001). A larger number of controls (150, 69.1%) were living in urban areas than cases (65, 56.5%) (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between breast cancer cases and controls in relation to place of residence, occupation, marital status, body mass index and breast feeding.
Background: The prognostic significance of the primary tumor site in breast cancers is not established with only a few studies having evaluated the issue. Materials and Methods: The relevance of a primary tumor site with respect to systemic disease relapse was evaluated in 187 patients with breast cancer treated with primary surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, in whom the location of primary tumor was classifiable in any one of the three sites, namely: outer, periareolar, and inner, quadrants. Data was obtained from prospectively maintained records of breast cancer patients treated at a single surgical unit in a tertiary care center. Results: The three groups were comparable with regard to demographic, pathological tumor, and treatment characteristics. In the multivariate analysis, patients with inner and periareolar quadrant tumors had a higher hazard for systemic disease relapse, (2.53, 95% CI: 1.18-5.42; P = 0.02, and 2.73, 95% CI: 1.04-7.14; P = 0.04, respectively) as compared to outer quadrant tumors. The projected five-year survival estimates in Kaplan Meier were 87%, 61%, and 69%, respectively, for outer, periareolar, and inner quadrant. On further substratification the difference was particularly noted in high risk inner quadrant tumors: age < 45, premenopausal patients, tumor size >2 cms, positive nodes and intermediate or high grade histology, as also in patients treated with breast conservation and CMF, Cyclophosphamide, Methorexate, 5 Fluorouracil chemotherapy. Conclusion: The location of the primary tumor influences survival in breast cancer with inferior outcome for tumors in inner and periareolar quadrants, especially in high risk groups and those treated with conservative approaches. The role of aggressive therapies merits investigation in these patients.
Background: Under normal circumstances, there is a steady balance between the production of oxygen derived free radicals and their destruction by the cellular antioxidant system inside the human body. However, any imbalance between the levels of these oxidants and antioxidants might cause DNA damage and may lead to cancer development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of antioxidants and free radicals in blood and tissue of cancer patients and compare these levels at different TNM stages to derive the possible role of free radicals and antioxidant enzymes in the etiology of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This study includes 30 patients suffering from cancer breast and 20 patients as controls who had benign breast diseases. Circulating lipid peroxide (Malonyldialdehyde [MDA]) levels and activities of the defensive enzymes (Superoxide Dismutase [SOD] and Catalase [CAT]) were estimated in the blood and breast tissue of these patients. Results: Increased levels of free radicals and low levels of antioxidants were observed in malignant tissue. An elevated lipid peroxide concentration was found in the tissue of all the cancer breast patients as evidenced by an increase in the mean MDA level seen with increasing TNM stage of carcinoma breast. Levels of antioxidants SOD and CAT were decreased in cancer patients. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that free radical activity is enhanced in cancer breast patients while the antioxidant defense mechanism is weakened. This activity is enhanced with the increasing severity of cancer as depicted in different TNM stages of breast cancer.
Background: Tamoxifen is being used in patients with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer as an adjuvant or palliative hormonal therapy. w0 estern studies have found a 30% incidence of gallstones in patients who are taking Tamoxifen and they have proved a significant association between the two. Objectives : The objective of the study was to find out the association of Tamoxifen use and gallstone formation in postmenopausal breast cancer patients in a South Indian population. Methods: Ninety patients who had undergone surgery for invasive breast cancer in our institute, and were receiving adjuvant Tamoxifen, were recruited for the study. An equal number of age-matched postmenopausal women were taken as controls. All of them underwent an abdominal ultrasound screening test for gallstones. Presence or absence of gallstones was noted down from their ultrasound scan reports. Pretreatment status of the gall bladder was assessed from the preoperative scan reports. Results: An odds ratio of 1 was derived when the case group was compared with the control group. Conclusions: In our study we could not establish that an association existed between Tamoxifen use and gallstone formation in postmenopausal South Indian women.
Purpose: Role of risk factors in cervical carcinogenesis and strategies for control of the disease have been assessed from the accumulated cytological data, derived from 35 years of hospital-based screening in Lucknow, North India. Materials and Methods: A total of 36,484 women have been cytologically screened during a span of 35 years (April 1971 - June 2005) in the Gynaecology out patient department (OPD) of Queen Mary's Hospital. Results: The frequency of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (SIL) and carcinoma was found to be 7.2% and 0.6%, respectively, in the present study. The study revealed high age and parity as a predominant factor in cervical carcinogenesis, while viral sexually transmitted disease (STDs) -human papilloma virus (HPV) and Herpes simplex virus (HSV) were also largely associated with SIL cases. The study emphasized great value of clinically downstaging the cervical cancer by detecting cervical cancer in the early stage. The study also revealed a significant difference in the frequency of SIL in symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Conclusion: Based on the analyzed data, it was felt that single lifetime screening, which appears to be the most feasible and affordable mode for control of carcinoma cervix in developing countries like India, should be carried out in all women of high parity irrespective of age (with three or more children) and in older women above the age of 40 years irrespective of parity.
Background : We present a clinico-hematological profile and treatment outcome of Biphenotypic Acute Leukemia (BAL). Aim : Study incidence and subtypes of BAL, correlate with age, morphology, and cytogenetic findings and correlate the clinico-hematological data with the treatment response. St Jude's and the EGIL's criteria have been compared for their diagnostic and clinical relevance. Material and Methods : Diagnosis was based on WHO classification, including clinical details, morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, and molecular genetics. We included those cases, which fulfilled the European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Acute Leukemia's (EGIL's) scoring system criteria for the diagnosis of BAL, as per recommendation of the WHO classification. Results : There were 32 patients diagnosed with BAL, based on EGIL's criteria. Incidence of BAL was 1.2%. B-Myeloid (14 cases) followed by T-Myeloid BAL (13 cases) were the commonest subtypes. Polymorphous population of blasts (16 cases) was commonly associated with T-Myeloid BAL (10 cases). BCR ABL fusion positivity was a common cytogenetic abnormality (seven cases). Fifteen patients received chemotherapy; eight achieved complete remission (CR) at the end of the induction period. Conclusions : Pediatric BAL and T-B lymphoid BAL have a better prognosis. A comprehensive panel of reagents is required, including cytoplasmic markers; to diagnose BAL. St Jude's criteria is a simple, easy, and cost-effective method to diagnose BAL. The outcome-related prognostic factors include age, HLA-DR, CD34 negativity, and subtype of BAL. BCR-ABL expression is an important prognostic factor, as these cases will be labeled as Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blast crisis with biphenotypic expression and treated accordingly. | 2019-04-21T02:09:54Z | http://www.indianjcancer.com/showBackIssue.asp?issn=0019-509X;year=2009;volume=46;issue=2;month=April-June |
ABSTRACT: Pronunciation no doubt is one of the most significant and inevitable parts of teaching English in particular and any other languages in general. Regarding the degrees of accuracy necessary in teaching pronunciation different notions have been proposed by many linguists all over the world. In fact, in teaching (especially the phonology of) a language, the learners' objectives (or better said the class objectives) are to be taken into account. If their goal in the long run is either to teach the language or to use it in radio news broadcasts, they should learn pronunciation accurately, correctly, and authentically; otherwise, when communication is possible, there is no obligation to strive for perfect pronunciation, although this option is not advised either.
There exist different enviornmental, physical, psychological, instructional, and other factors that affect the process of learning and teaching English-- particularly its sound systems. For the sake of brevity and clarity these factors may be divided into two groups: internal and external, the former denoting factors directly related to both the teacher and the student, and the latter referring to factors with somehow indirect impact on the teaching and learning task.
Among the internal factors, learners' objectives are very important in learning English. Iranian students seem to be more interested in reading English (technical) materials found in magazines, books, newspapers, etc. to collect necessary information for their specific field of interest. Therefore, a very important internal factor influencing the value of correct pronunciation arises from the society's needs and attitudes. The general goal of the system of education in Iran, regarding English teaching, is eventually confined to "reading" and "translation" of the English materials containing scientific information.
The inadequate knowledge of some teachers of English about linguistics and methodology has also caused many problems for both teachers and their students. For instance, an English teacher pronounces a word in his/her class. The year after, the same students may hear the same word with a completely different pronunciation. Confused with the two diverse pronunciations, the students suggest that they have been taught to pronounce that word in a different way by their previous teacher. It is obvious that one of the teachers is making a mistake because the difference between the two pronunciations suggested for the same word is so big that it is rarely justifiable by dialectal variations, i.e. British, American, Australian, etc. In such controversial situations, there is sometimes the possibility of presenting a self-accent which is neither English nor Persian (I call it Penglish). Accordingly, this idiolect, as Corder (1973) calls it, will be transfered to students by those teachers suffering from lack of essential knowledge about Phonetics. As a result, the students' interest and motivation in learning English will collapse.
Concerning the external factors, firstly, the assigned time for English classes through an academic year is so short that the teachers may not even be able to cover the whole textbook. Secondly, the presence of a large number of students in class does not allow the teacher to control the class effectively. Therefore, the educational result of such 60- or 70-student classes may be either a depressed teacher, who had a complete lesson plan, although such teachers are few in number, or a satisfied one for whom teaching is only a matter of pass-fail. The third external factor related to the school enviornment is the lack of facilities which could help the teacher a lot. Laboratories (at least tape-recorders with a few preliminary instructional tapes), simple English books in libraries, and some other teaching devices seem to be of great use and help in teaching English, especially in early intermediate classes where the students' minds are particularly capable of acquiring a large amount of materials.
In addition to enviornmental factors, methodology largely influences the learning and teaching of pronunciation. A number of methods, most of which were based on psychological facts have been used in teaching foreign languages, especially English. Traditional linguists emphasized the idea of using the students' mother tongue to a very large extent; later, in the history of linguistics, structuralists advocated the use of mechanical drills in language teaching. On the other hand, cognitivists claimed that meaningful practice is more advantageous than other methods. In a reaction against the theory and practice prevalent from the 1960s until the early 1980s, good pronunciation skills are now increasingly being seen as important in a communicative approach to teaching English as a Foreign/Second Language (Stibbard, 1996).
The common procedures, on the whole, fall into two different categories: one focusing on teaching English sound patterns within short sentences, and the other taking contextualization into account. Each category will be evaluated in the following sections.
There have been a variety of techniques suggested to help the students master the correct pronuciation of the target language. Firstly, imitation (some may call it modeling) is believed to play a significant role in learning the English sound system. Through this technique, the teacher pronounces a word several times, having the students listen carefully. He then asks them to imitate the word in exactly the same way as it has been pronounced. It is widely believed that the students should repeat the words first in chorus and then individually. Listening to and repeating after some given tapes also seems to be an effective way to familiarize the students with the special foreign accent(s).
The second technique mostly used by English teachers is explanation. One helpful device is the simple face diagram in which the various "organs of speech" are shown. Using pictures, drawings, objects, etc., the teacher attempts to teach the place and manner of articulation of difficult sounds.
Another technique is to compare and contrast the phonological elements of the students' native language (L1) and English (L2). Through comparison and contrast, students learn that there are similarities and differences between the sound system of their mother tongue and that of L2. In this way, the teacher tries to convince the students that there would be no serious problems with the pronunciation of the similar-to-L1 sounds; however, it is necessary to spend enough time on the production of difficult sounds. The greater differences between the first and the second language structure, the more difficult the learning task will be (see Hayati, 1997; Yarmohammadi, 2000).
Well-known among all linguists and methodologists and many language teachers, the last technique is mimicry memorization (Mim-Mem). Through mim-mem, the student repeats a word, a phrase, and/or a short sentence several times in order that the sound segment(s) of the word, phrase, or sentence become memorized and established in his mind. Mim-mem is one of the techniques insistently used by the followers of the audio-lingual method.
In order to find an appropriate way of teaching pronunciation, these common techniques will be evaluated by setting out their disadvantage(s) in turn. The advantages will implicitly be introduced when the available effective method is proposed. First of all, teaching the sound system in isolation does not seem suitable. As experience has shown, students learn the production of sounds used in the contexts relevant to the real situations. Thus, pure imitation of the phones appears boring to the learners because they are taught the sounds in a vacuum. On the other hand, explanation also seems inefficient and even in some cases unnecessary, e.g. for early language learners. Listening to the teacher's explanations and looking at the confusing mazes on the face diagram simultaneously, students should have some knowledge about the linguistic organs and their process of operation. In fact, it suggests multi-faceted teaching on the part of the teacher and not desirably teaching one point at a time.
1. The memorization part, though highly effective and reasonably quick for some learners, was thoroughly unpleasant and very slow for others.
2. Both the mim side and the mem side of this technique are what teachers call "drills", by which they mean the activities are purely mechanical and both dull to the learner's mind.
As well as the explanation technique, making comparison and contrast between the sound patterns of L1 and L2, in which the students are faced with two phonetic categories, does not suffice for learning pronunciation. Explaining to the students, for example, that in English the /i/ sound is pronounced by having the jaws laxed, the front part of the tongue moved a little high, lips unrounded, etc. and mentioning that the Persian language lacks such a sound, does not solve the problem of pronunciation. Students may also mix the production of sounds while trying to distinguish and differentiate between the sounds of L1 and L2. Therefore, using the comparison and contrast technique, what can be done to make students pronounce the short /i/ correctly?
The second method, contextualization, seems to a greater extent effective, although it may have some minor shortcomings. According to Bowen (1972:58), "One way to effect an improvement would be to find means of better integrating pronunciation instruction with other elements of instruction." Using different situations related to real life or to the students' experience, the teacher can present a pronunciation problem through different techniques. One is to tell the students a brief story in which the teacher can insert difficult sounds in the form of minimal pairs.
... all that is necessary is a bit of imagination and ingenuity to devise an appropriate situation, one that is (1) meaningful, (2) pictureable, (3) balanced, and (4) if possible, relevent to the experience and/or interest of the students.
To whom does "He" refer? What specific object does the word "it" suggest? What is the relationship between "it" and "rounded"? These and other similar questions indicate the situational vagueness of the above sentence.
However, in Bowen's description of contextualization, a very obvious problem arises from the idea of pictureability of the situation. Apparently the concrete words can be taught without serious difficulty through pictures. There are neverthless obstacles in the way of teaching certain sounds within abstract words. Take a short passage as an example, conveying a certain situation in which you have used such words as WISE-RISE, MIND-KIND, HATE-FATE, etc. Perhaps one solution for the teacher is to avoid using abstract words in his/her class as much as possible; but, to tell the truth, facing such words at least in the textbooks is inevitable. At this stage, the only solution is to use the students' mother tongue. Whenever the teacher encounters such difficulties, s/he can give the meaning of the unpictureable word in the students' L1, although there have been controversial ideas regarding the use of mother tongue in teaching English as a foreign language. To give evidence, it is worth mentioning that, in a study, Tang (2002) proved that moderate use of mother tongue was not a disturbing factor in EFL situations. In fact, "The research seems to show that limited and judicious use of the mother tongue in the English classroom does not reduce students exposure to English, but rather can assist in the teaching and learning processes (Tang, 2002; see also Nunan and Lamb, 1996).
In the light of the brief account of some techniques mentioned above, a few points are suggested below in regard to teaching pronunciation to Iranian students.
(p.268) and of course the young learners will acquire as many languages as they are exposed to. If they understand why a concept is important they will be more likely to remember it (Andrews, 2005). In the same line Rosenberg (2005) states, "Becoming Bilingual is a special gift parents can offer their children, but the gift must be planned and presented with care for it to be well used and appreciated." Therefore, it is suggested that English be taught at the very early stages. Although there is no such course as English at the primary level, it would be quite useful if school children were motivated to keep contact with the language for at least 90 minutes a week or 15 minutes a day.
b. Teachers of English will be able to collect theoretical and practical information about the "what"s and "how"s of language and teaching if they are provided with some inservice classes. These classes, whose least effect is to motivate the English teachers towards further instructional information, can be scheduled for almost three months. The problem with inservice training is that English teachers, like other teachers, find themselves too busy with daily school chores to attend any of the courses provided, even though teachers are granted the right to attend courses by the ordinance (Okita, 1999). To solve this problem, then, the teachers should be given enough time to attend the required courses. A one-month course concentrating primarily on practical techniques may be attractive when teaching can be conceived of as the implementation of a particular method or set of procedures (Ferguson and Donno, 2003:32).
c. A three-hours-a-week class is actually not sufficient for teaching a language. This short time is not even enough for the teachers to remember their students' names. The class hours therefore must be extended if a teacher is going to work successfully in class.
d. In the line of the above justification, it is worth mentioning that the textbook also plays an important role in course material design. It may function as a safe base for other activities. A text book can serve different purposes for teachers: as a core resource, as a source of supplemental material, as an inspiration for classroom activities, even as the curriculum itself (Garinger, 2002). However the English textbooks used in Iranian Guidance Schools and High Schools suffer from shortcomings as regards the sequence of presentation of materials, text selection, pronunciation exercises, etc. The fact that textbooks have not accurately reflected authentic interactions in the past is understandable when we bear in mind that materials writers have traditionally tended to use dialogues as a medium to reinforce particular grammar points or to pesent vocabulary and functional language (Gilmore, 2004:370; see also Burns and Seidlhofer, 2002).
In a word, skill interaction is a fact that both the teacher and students should be conscious about.
f. In order to formulate a better approach for teaching pronunciation, an eclectic method is advised. Whenever there is a need to use the compare and contrast technique the teacher may appeal to it. In other instances, where a short explanation helps the students to distinguish the sounds, this technique may be used.
If they cannot be understood easily, they are cut off from conversation with native speakers." For this reason, in order to improve their listening comprehension competence, students should be exposed to listening activities as much.
h. In today's world of technological developments, the Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has a great effect on improving the students' mastery of pronunciation (see Hayati, 2005). Hill and Storey (2003), for example, have presented an online-based procedure through which students can make themselves ready before attending the class. They state, "
we have felt that-through the use of online course-we have been able to maximize the use of classroom time for practise and feedback to students on their presentation skills (Hill and Storey, 2003: 376). Therefore, a very important remedial way to stop the effect of those external factors which lessen the speed of language learning is to provide the schools with facilities (not necessarily those which call for a large amount of budget). Each high school, for the sake of economy, can and must have at least a tape-recorder to work with in teaching a second language.
Finally, it is suggested that teachers of English acquire necessary information about the phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of both L1 and L2. On the other hand, there are varieties of communicative procedures and techniques suggested by many methodologists which are applicable in certain enviornments; they are at least worthy of experiment. Techniques such as problem-solving, role-playing, dramatization, and the like could be of great help to make the students practice the communicative aspect of language (see Larsen-Freeman, 1986; Mills, 1987; Stringer, 1987; Nunan, 1988; Crouch, 1989; Tarone and Liu, 1995; Cook, 1997; Tompkins 1998; Marilyne, 1999; Richards and Rodgers, 2001; Krish, 2001; Gil, 2002; Rifkin, 2003; Hayati, 2006). From among these methods and techniques, the teachers should search for the ones by which the language can most easily be presented. Otherwise, the English classes will be nothing but a waste of time.
Bowen, J. D. 1972. Contextualizing Pronunciation Practice in the ESOL Classroom. TESOL Quarterly 6, 83-94.
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Burns, A. & Seidlhofer, B. 2002. Speaking and Pronunciation. In N. Schmitt (ed.), An Introduction to Applied Linguistics. London: Arnold.
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Celce Murcia, M. 1995. Discourse Analysis and the Teaching of Listening. In G. Cook and B. Seidlhofer (eds.), Principles and Practice in Applied Linguistics. 363-377. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Cook, G. 1997. Language Play, Language Learning. ELT, 51(3), 224-231.
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Gilmore, A. 2004. A Comparison of Textbook and Authentic Interaction. ELT, 58(4), 363-371.
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Hayati, A. M. 2006. Feeding Two Birds With One Scone: Role-playing in Language Teaching. Arts and Humanities in Higher education Journal 5(2). 209-216.
Hill, M. and Storey, A. 2003. Speak Easy: Online Support for Oral Presentation Skills. ELT Journal, 57(4), 370-376.
Krish, P. 2001. A Role Play Activity With Distance Learners in an English Language Classroom. The Internet TESL Journal, VII(7). www.iteslj.org.
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Richards, J. and Rodgers, T.S. 2001. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford university press.
Rifkin, B. 2003. Guidelines for Foreign Language Lesson Planning. Foreign Language Annals. 36(2),167-179.
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Tarone, E. and Liu, G. Q. 1995. Situational Context, Variation and Second Language Acquisition Theory. In G. Cook and B. Seidhofer (eds.) Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 107-124.
Tompkins, P.K. 1998. Role Playing/Simulation. The Internet TESL Journal, IV(8). http://www.iteslj.org/.
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A. Majid Hayati holds a doctorate in Linguistics from the University of Newcastle, Australia. He teaches TEFL, Language Testing, Linguistics, etc. at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. Hayati has published a number of articles in Roshd Magazine (Iran), Language Teaching Journal (Iran), Reading Matrix (USA), PSiCL (Poland), Asian EFL Journal (Korea), Arts and Humanities in Higher Education (England), GLOSSA (Puerto Rico), etc. He has also published the second edition of his book "Contrastive Analysis: Theory and Practice" in 2005. His recent book, "A Review of Language Teaching", was published in 2007. | 2019-04-26T08:24:13Z | http://www.esljournal.org/62926768.html |
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In many cases, however, one wants more control over how spectral windows are named, configured and arranged. For example, sometimes one wants to pack spectrum widgets inside of other windows, or create a matrix of spectra all packed together. Accordingly, spectral display windows can also be created either through the pop-up panels in the NMRViewJ GUI or through Tcl commands. The latter method allows for the creation of very complex arrangements of spectra in a way that can be used to facilitate a complex analysis method.
The NMRViewJ canvas window is implemented as a Tk widget that is specialized for the display of NMR data. Because of this, the actual name for the spectral windows must conform to the hierarchical, dot-separated, naming scheme that is required of all Tk widgets. Both, the GUI interface for creating windows, and the NvMkSpectrum command hide this from the user. For example, if one uses either interface to create a window named noesy, a new toplevel window will be created named .noesy, and will contain within it a Tk spectrum widget named .noesy.0. The full name must be used when the windows are referred to using explicit Tcl commands.
To create a new canvas window with one spectrum using the NMRViewJ GUI choose Canvas NewSpectrum from the main menu bar. To create a new canvas window with more than one spectrum using the NMRViewJ GUI choose Canvas NewSpectra from the main menu bar. The following panel will appear.
Click on this to create a new canvas window with the specified number of spectra. A new canvas window will be created and the dialog will close. Initially new canvas windows will have a name like Spectrum1, Spectrum2 etc.
The grid of windows will have the specified number of rows. The number of columns is calculated so that the there will be sufficient grid members to contain the specified number of spectra. For example, to create 6 windows laid out in two rows and three columns set N Spectra to 6 and N Rows to 2. All the windows will appear in a single toplevel canvas window.
The most flexible method for creating spectral windows is to use Tcl scripting commands, but it is certainly not necessary to understand how to create windows in this way to make extensive use of NMRViewJ. So beginners, are likely to want to skip this section.
The most convenient scripting method is to use the NMRViewJ procedure ::nv::objeditor::newCanvas. This command takes several arguments. The first argument is the number of the spectrum items to be created on the canvas. This defaults to one, so the command ::nv::objeditor::newCanvas will create a new canvas window with a single spectrum item.
The second argument specifies the name of the window. A value of "#" (the default) indicates that the toplevel window should be named like ".spectrumN" where N is an integer that is automatically incremented each time a canvas window is created. If a different value is used then it should be specified as a Tk style window that may or may not already exist. If the specified window doesn't already exist, it must be a value that would specify a toplevel window (".win", but not ".win.fr"). In this case the specified toplevel window will be created and the canvas window and associated icon and status bars will packed inside it. If the specified window already exists it must be a toplevel or frame widget and the canvas window and associated icon and status bars will be packed inside the existing widget.
The third argument specifies the number of rows to use in a grid of spectrum items and is obviously only relevant if the first argument is a value greater than one.
The final argument can be 0 or 1, and defaults to 0. A value of "1" indicates that a restricted set of icons should be used so that the iconbar is smaller.
The lowest level command available to the user for creating a spectra widget is to create a canvas window with the Tk/Swank canvas command and explicitly create spectrum items in it.
.mywin.c create spectrum 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.9 -transformer frac -tags "Spectrum anno"
While this latter method is the most complicated, it also is the most flexible. Canvas widgets can be arranged in toplevel windows along with all sorts of other widgets such as buttons, lists, menus, text or canvases, to create very powerful interfaces.
Most parameters effecting the display mode of spectra are specified in the spectral attributes panel. Spectra may be displayed as 1D vectors or as 2D slices. The 1D vectors can be displayed in a horizontal orientation (1Dx) or a vertical orientation (1Dy). These display modes (1Dx, 1Dy, and 2D) are selected with the pull down choice in the spectral attributes window. Also, in 2D contour plot mode you can display a 1D vector slice superimposed on the contour plot (seed 2D mode below).
In mode 1Dx, the two x values specify the plot limits of the vector. The y, z and z2 values specify the particular vector in the 2,3 or 4D matrix. If a range of values is specified for y, z or z2, all the vectors between those values will be drawn. In mode 1Dy, the two y values specify the plot limits of the vector. The x, z and z2 values specify the particular vector in the 2,3 or 4D matrix. In the 1D modes the value specified in the Scale entry, specifies the intensity difference between the maximum and minimum axes. The value specified in the xoffset entry, specifies the point (as a fraction from zero to one, at which a value with intensity zero will be displayed. For example, in mode 1Dx, with Scale set to 100 , and Zero set to 0.5, the y-axis range is from -50 to +50. With Scale set to 100, and Zero set to 0.0, the y-axis range is from 0 to 100.
In 2D mode the spectra are displayed as contour plots. Controls are available to specify the intensity of the lowest contour that will be drawn, the ratio of intensities of subsequent contours, and the maximum number of contours to display. The x values specify the plot limits along the x-axis. The y values specify the plot limits along the y-axis. In 2D mode "real-time" slices can be displayed that track the position of crosshair cursor 1 (the black crosshair). Slices can be in the x, y, z or z2(a) dimension of the spectrum. X and Z slices are drawn parallel to the X axis of the window. Y and Z2 slices are drawn parallel to the Y axis of the window. The slice is continuously updated as the cursor is moved.
For 3 and 4D spectra the specific planes to be drawn are specified with the z and z2 (for 4D spectra) values. If a range of values for z and/or z2 are specified, all planes between the two specified values (inclusive) are drawn. The file dimensions and the display dimensions can correspond in any desired manner. The pull down choice box following the x and ydisplay entries is used to specify which dataset dimension is specified on the particular axis.
An Icon Bar is present across the top of the standard toplevel windows containing spectra. The Icons provide easy access to commands to adjust the spectrum view and levels, as well as to print spectra and stop contour drawing that is in progress in a given window.
Adjusting the view or scale via the Icon bar will change the view for every spectral window that is contained within the same toplevel window as the Icon Bar. Control of the display parameters of individual windows can be done with the similar Icon Bar that is found in the Spectrum Attributes dialog (see below).
Save view of current spectrum. Will prompt for a name to save the info to. File will be stored in the "win" sub-directory of the current project. Reload the view with from the Window->Favorites menu item.
Open a dialog for printing the spectrum. Printing in NMRViewJ happens through the operating systems normal print dialog. Use the print dialog to set such things as the output device (including whether to send the output to a file rather than a printer).
Draw the spectrum using all currently selected parameters. Use this to refresh the spectrum after changing a parameter which did not result in the spectrum being automatically redrawn.
Set the display region of the spectrum to their full extents and draw the spectrum. For 1D spectra this effects only the chemical shift axis, and not the vertical scale. For 3D and higher spectra only the dimensions on the x and y axis of the display are set to the full values.
Expand the display region so that the display region corresponds to the area currently enclosed in the box formed by the crosshairs. This effects only the chemical shift axes displayed on the x and y axes of the plot. Press and hold the mouse button to auto-repeat this action.
Zoom the display into a region around the center of the currently displayed region. A smaller portion of the spectrum will be displayed, and the displayed peaks will look larger. The positions of the crosshair lines have no effect on this operation. Press and hold the mouse button to auto-repeat this action.
Zoom the display out from the center of the currently displayed region. A larger portion of the spectrum will be displayed, and the displayed peaks will look smaller. The positions of the crosshair lines have no effect on this operation. Press and hold the mouse button to auto-repeat this action.
Shift the display region left on the spectrum. The display region will cover the same chemical shift range, but will be at higer chemical shift values. Press and hold the mouse button to auto-repeat this action.
Shift the display region right on the spectrum. The display region will cover the same chemical shift range, but will be at lower chemical shift values. Press and hold the mouse button to auto-repeat this action.
Shift the display region up on the spectrum. The display region will cover the same chemical shift range, but will be at lower chemical shift values. This only has an effect on spectra that have two or more dimensions. Press and hold the mouse button to auto-repeat this action.
Shift the display region down on the spectrum. The display region will cover the same chemical shift range, but will be at higher chemical shift values. This only has an effect on spectra that have two or more dimensions. Press and hold the mouse button to auto-repeat this action.
Automatically calculate and set the display level to a "reasonable" value. For spectra with two or more dimensions, the command approximates the noise level in the spectrum, and sets the contour threshold to a value five times higher. For 1D spectra the command sets the plot scale so that the largest peak in the display region is completely displayed.
Raise the contour threshold of spectra with two or more dimensions. Generally, fewer peaks will be displayed, and their displayed footprint will be smaller. For 1D spectra the tops of peaks will be lower in the display region. Press and hold the mouse button to auto-repeat this action.
Lower the contour threshold of spectra with two or more dimensions. Generally, more peaks will be displayed, and their displayed footprint will be larger. For 1D spectra the tops of peaks will be higher in the display region. Press and hold the mouse button to auto-repeat this action.
Stop drawing the current spectrum. As each spectrum is drawing itself it periodically checks for a "stop" flag. Clicking this button sets the "stop" flag. There may be a short delay between clicking the button and the time at which the spectrum display stops. Press and hold the mouse button to auto-repeat this action.
The mouse cursor can be used in several different modes: crosshairs, selector, peak adding and peak deleting. These modes can be set from an icon on the toolbar, the spectrum pop-up menu or with multi-key key bindings.
The crosshair lines are movable lines that can be used to specify and measure positions on the spectrum. One or two horizontal, and one or two vertical, crosshair lines may be displayed. Two or four crosshair lines can be used to specify a region of the spectrum to be used for some subsequent action, such as to display an expansion of the spectrum. Each of the four possible crosshair lines may be enabled or disabled. With 1D spectra, only the two vertical crosshair lines are enabled by default. The crosshairs can be positioned when the cursor is in the "crosshair" mode. Click the cross button near the lower left corner of the window.
Press and hold the left mouse button with the pointer near the first crosshair. Keep the button down as you drag the crosshair to a new position. If you first position the pointer near the intersection of two crosshairs lines, then both crosshairs will move. If you position the point near a single crosshair line (vertical or horizontal), then only that crosshair will move. Use the middle mouse button to position the second crosshair. Note: it is possible to set a preferences for the Crosshairs to make it possible to move either crosshair with the left mouse button. This can be useful if you have a single mouse button, or laptop without mouse. Set this preference in the Spectra Preferences section, or set Cursors->Crosshair-1B from any spectra's pop-up menu.
Click the redraw button in the control panel to the right of the spectrum. When the spectrum is redrawn the crosshairs will not be displayed.
Hold down the Command key (Mac OS X) or Control key (Windows or Linux) and click and drag with the left mouse button. The spectrum will pan left and right along with the cursor. With 2D spectra you can also pan the spectrum region vertically.
Selector mode can be used when the cursor is in the "selector" mode. Click the arrow button near the lower left corner of the window.
Press and hold the left mouse button with the cursor at the position you want to start the expansion at. Keep the button down as you drag the crosshair to a new position. When you release the mouse button the window will expand to display the selected region.
Use the same protocol as above to expand the view, but press and hold the Alt key on the keyboard while performing the actions. If you do this in an area that doesn't overlap any previously existing regions, a new region will be added to the spectrum. If the area does overlap a region, then that region will be adjusted so the limits correspond to the selected area.
The crosshair in different windows automatically track each other in what is generally an appropriate manner. No commands are required to start correlated crosshair tracking. Crosshair correlation is dependent on the label given to each axis of the spectrum during the referencing process. For example, consider the case where 5 windows are open, with axis labels as indicated below.
If a vertical crosshair moves in window "a", the horizontal crosshair of window "b" and the vertical crosshair of window "e" will move. If the horizontal crosshair of window "a moves, the vertical crosshair of window "d" and the horizontal crosshair of window "e" will move. The crosshair in each window only tracks the motion of the moved crosshair if the plot limits of the window overlap the position of the moved crosshair. Crosshair tracking can be disabled in a window by changing the window's axis label(s).
The mechanism by which cursors are correlated makes it important to use a consistent scheme for labeling the various dimensions of experiments. Also, multi-dimensional datasets should always have unique labels for the different dimensions. A similar mechanism exists for displaying peaks on spectra, so the need for consistent labeling of spectra, and unique labeling within a dataset, is also necessary for the proper rendering of peak displays. The best way to have cursors correlate and peak markers display in an appropriate manner is to develop a consistent labeling scheme, and stick with it.
And remember, there are two types of labels, one set with "label" and one set with "dlabel". The former is used for things like crosshair correlation as described here, and the later for the value that is actually displayed on the spectrum.
Earlier versions of NMRViewJ supported key bindings (actions initiated by pressing a key on the keyboard) that involved the press of single keys (e for exapnd, f for full etc.). Starting with NMRViewJ build 9.1.0-b48 key bindings are available that can involve pressing two or more keys in sequence. This new mode must be activated by setting a preference (which may already be turned on in your running version). Go to the Spectra section of the Preferences dialog and turn on "Extra key bindings". These key bindings are currently under development and the behaviour, and possibly key sequence choices may change in the next few versions based on user feedback.
Help for the key bindings is available below, from the Help menu of NMRViewJ, and from a pop-up help window. You can pop-up the help by typing (in a spectrum window) the first key of a multi-key sequence followed by the "?" key. So, for example, hitting "p?" would display a window with help about the Peak bindings.
Users can add their own multi-bindings using the "cbind" command (see below).
Assign Multi-key sequences that start with "a" are used for assigning the selected peaks in the spectrum.
Open peak ID tool for peak under crosshair. See the section on the Peak ID tool for more details.
Assign peak labels to the specified value. Because the number of keypresses is indeterminate you must end the labels by hitting the Enter key. You can specify values for more than one dimension by separating the values by commas. For example, typing in ap15.h would set the first dimension label to 15.h, typing ap15.h,15.n would set the first dimension to 15.h and the second dimension to 15.n, and typing ap,15.n would skip the first dimension and set the second to 15.n. If the peak list has appropriate patterns set up you can use short cuts. For example, an hsqc peak list with the patterns set to i.h and i.n would only require typing ap15 to set the labels to 15.h and 15.n.
Cursor Mode The cursor can be used in several different modes. These can be selected by an icon on the toolbar, the spectrum pop-up menu, or as listed here, by typing various two-key sequences beginning with the letter c.
Set the cursor to crosshair mode so that clicking (and dragging) the mouse will move the crosshairs. The c1 binding specifies that both the black and red crosshairs should be movable with the left (or only) mouse button.
Set the cursor to crosshair mode so that clicking (and dragging) the mouse will move the crosshairs. The c3 binding specifies that the black crosshair is moved with the left mouse button pressed and the red crosshair is moved with the middle mouse button pressed.
Put the cursor into Peak Delete mode (crosshair appears as a skull and crossbones). Clicking the cursor on a peak will delete that peak.
Put the cursor into Peak Add mode (crosshair appears as 1D nmr peak). Clicking the cursor will pick a peak at that position, including searching for a nearby maximum.
Put the cursor in Selector mode. The cursor can be used to select peaks, and dragging it across the spectrum can be used to set an expansion region or select peaks (with Shift key held down).
Add slider tools to toplevel window.
Remove slider tools from toplevel window.
Restore selected peaks to predicted position.
Find Peaks Key presses beginning with f are used to search peak lists for matching peaks. Matched peaks will be selected in the current window and can then be manipulated with other key bindings or tools.
Find peak with comment. An input dialog will pop up and prompt for the pattern to be searched.
Find peaks with label. An input dialog will popup and prompt for the label to be searched. Labels for multiple dimensions can be entered. So entering 15.h will find all peaks that have 15.h on any dimension, and "15.h 15.n" will find all peaks that have 15.h on one dimension of a peak and 15.n on another dimension of the same peak. The order the labels are entered does not matter.
Find peaks along the x axis with same shift as the selected peaks y (and z...) ppm. The search shifts will be based on a single selected peak. If no peak is selected, the peak at the current cursor location will be used. If more than one peak is selected only one peak will be used. For 2D peaks all peaks that have the same shift as that on the y dimension of the selected peak will be selected. For 3D peaks, the search will be based on the shift on the y and z dimension. The tolerance for searching is based on the bounds of the selected peak.
Find peaks along x axis with same shift as selected peaks x (and z...) ppm. The search shifts will be based on a single selected peak. If no peak is selected, the peak at the current cursor location will be used. If more than one peak is selected only one peak will be used. For 2D peaks all peaks that have the same shift as that on the x dimension of the selected peak will be selected. For 3D peaks, the search will be based on the shift on the x and z dimension. The tolerance for searching is based on the bounds of the selected peak.
Insert The insert key-sequences (starting with the i key) will insert new spectra into the current window. The spectra will be laid out as a grid, horizontal row, or vertical column based on the second key press (g, h or v).
Insert new spectrum in current window. The spectra (including the newly added one) will be relaid out in a grid pattern.
Insert new spectrum in current window. The spectra (including the newly added one) will be relaid out in a horizontal row.
Insert new spectrum in current window. The spectra (including the newly added one) will be relaid out in a vertical column.
The link key-sequences allow you to link together two or more selected peaks so that labels and assignments are shared among the set of linked peak dimensions.
Unlink peaks. Links on all dimensions are removed from the selected peaks.
Link selected peaks by y dimension. Used to link together a column of selected peaks. Links will be made between the dimensions used on the y axis (and z (or higher) dimensions if the peak has more than two dimensions. Note carefully which dimension is linked. The lx command links peaks that are spread out on the x axis, but will now share links on the y (not x) axis.
Link selected peaks by x dimension. Used to link together a column of selected peaks. Links will be made between the dimensions used on the x axis (and z (or higher) dimensions if the peak has more than two dimensions. Note carefully which dimension is linked. The ly command links peaks that are spread out on the y axis, but will now share links on the x (not y) axis.
Peaks The Peak releated key sequences (starting with p) are used to pick, view and modify peaks.
Pick spectrum area within crosshairs. This works the same as the Peaks->Pick command from the spectrum pop-up menu.
Add comment to selected peaks. You will be prompted for the comment to add and this will be applied to all selected peaks.
Fit peaks to Lorentzian. Selected peaks are fit to a Lorentzian line shape model (over all dimensions).
Open the Peak Inspector for the selected peak. If no peak is selected the one nearest the cursor will be used.
Lump together (combine) multiple peaks. Selected peaks will be combined to a single at the average position.
Move peak to max (tmeak). The points within the peak bounding box will be searched for the location of the point with maxium intensity. The peak will be centered at a maximum located by parabolic fitting of the maximum point and adjacent points. This applies to all selected peaks (or the one near the cursor if none are selected). The peak bounds and width are unchanged in the current version of code.
Pick peak near cursor position. The exact location of the peak center will be based on a search for the nearest maximum.
Pick peak at cursor position. The peak center will located at the maximum of the parabolic fit to the closest and adjacent data points, but no search for a maxima will be done.
Set selected peaks attribute (currently just color). An input dialog will popup to prompt for the color. This or related commands will be expanded to allow setting additional attributes in a subsequent version.
Open the Peak Table. Currently selected peaks in the spectrum will be selected in the table.
Zoom in on selected peak(s). Change the spectrum display view to be centered on the position of the selected peak(s).
Project Data Information in NMRViewJ is best saved in the project format. Two key-sequences, beginning with d are available. One for opening the project browser and one for saving the current state of the project. Saving state often is an important part of your workflow as the saved project history provides a way to restore the project to an earlier state. Simply type ds in any spectrum window to save the state.
Spectrum The Spectrum key-sequences allow adding, deleting and modifying canvas spectra items.
Display the Spectrum Attributes Panel.
Toggle the display of spectrum scrollbars on and off.
Copy current spectrum view parameters into a buffer so they can be pasted into another window. Parameters include the dataset, plot limits, contour level, borders, colors, displayed peak list etc.
Delete active spectrum. If there are multiple spectrum items in the current canvas, they will be layed out to use the full space. At present this will be done a horizontal row (regardless of the original arrangement). If on spetrum items remain, the entired top level window will be destroyed.
Export the spectrum display to a graphics file in PDF format. You will be prompted with a file browser to choose the file name and location.
Create a new toplevel window with one spectrum item on the canvas.
Replicate the current spectrum by creating a new toplevel window with one spectrum item on the canvas and copying the spectrum attributes (dataset, view etc.) from the currently active spectrum to the new spectrum.
Pastes the parameters stored in the copy buffer (with copy command above) to the current window.
X Slicer. Rotate view to show plane at position of vertical crosshair. If the current view dimensions are 1 and 2 on the x and y axes, respectively, with the vertical cursor at x=7.5ppm, this will give a display with dimensions 2 and 3 on the x and y axes, respectively, with the z axis a dimension 1 plane at z=7.5ppm.
Y Slicer. Rotate view to show plane at position of horizontal crosshair. If the current view dimensions are 1 and 2 on the x and y axes, respectively, with the horizontal cursor at y=7.5ppm, this will give a display with dimensions 2 and 3 on the x and y axes, respectively, with the z axis a dimension 1 plane at z=7.5ppm.
Undo Some spectrum actions (changing view, levels and moving peaks) can be undone. These keys allow quick access to the undo and redo commands.
View The View commands allow quickly changing the spectrum display plot limits. Some of the view commands have variants using a capital V.
These do the same thing as the lower case version, but apply the command to all the spectrum windows within a single toplevel window, rather than applying to just the active window. These commands are: Vc, Vf,Vi,Vo,Vp,Vx and Vy.
Unify Limits: Sets the plot limit parameters of the all the windows inside the toplevel window to be the same as the currently active window.
Sets the x axis of the window to display the specified dimension of the dataset. The axis can be specified as the label on the axis (like HN, N, C) or the dimension number (1,2,3...). Because the label may be multiple characters you need to terminate the key binding by hitting the Return (Enter) key.
Sets the y axis of the window to display the specified dimension of the dataset. The axis can be specified as the label on the axis (like HN, N, C) or the dimension number (1,2,3...). Because the label may be multiple characters you need to terminate the key binding by hitting the Return (Enter) key.
Windows Use the Windows key sequences (starting with w) to display various toplevel dialogs.
Show the Datasets Table which provides a table view of the attributes of all currently open datasets.
Show Peak Lists Table which provides a table view of all the current peak lists.
Multi-key bindings can be added with the cbind command. This takes two arguments, the key-sequence that needs to be pressed and the command that should be executed. The command that can be executed can use the following variables: win (the name of the window in which the key was pressed), x (the x posiion of the mouse when the key was pressed) and y (the y position of the mouse when the key was pressed). For example, the following command will add a binding that prints out the window name and mouse coordinates when hp is typed.
User defined key-sequences that have an indeterminate number of keypresses (like the existing jz142.0 binding) is not yet supported, but will be in a later release.
Multi-key bindings are currently under development. New key-sequences are being added so be aware that ones you add may overwrite newly added built-in ones.
These are the key bindings that were present in previous versions of NMRViewJ, and which are active if the "Extra Key Bindings" preference is not turned on.
Copy View: copies current view parameters into a buffer so they can be pasted into another window. Parameters include the dataset, plot limits, contour level, borders, colors, displayed peak list etc.
Paste View: Sets the parameters of window to those stored in the copy buffer with copy command (see above).
Rotate view to show plane at position of vertical crosshair. If the current view dimensions are 1 and 2 on the x and y axes, respectively, with the vertical cursor at x=7.5ppm, this will give a display with dimensions 2 and 3 on the x and y axes, respectively, with the z axis a dimension 1 plane at z=7.5ppm.
Rotate view to show plane at position of horizontal crosshair. If the current view dimensions are 1 and 2 on the x and y axes, respectively, with the horizontal cursor at y=7.5ppm, this will give a display with dimensions 2 and 3 on the x and y axes, respectively, with the z axis a dimension 1 plane at z=7.5ppm.
Use the numeric keypad to zoom and pan the spectrum as follows.
Pan down and to the left.
Pan down and to the right.
Shift view to center on crosshair position.
Pan up and to the left.
Pan up and to the right.
Use the Insert,Delete,Home,End,PageUp and PageDown keys to navigate peaklists.
Move to the first peak of current list.
Move to the last peak of current list.
Move to the previous peak of current list.
Move to the next peak of current list.
This dialog collects together a wide variety of controls for interacting with spectral display windows. Only one window is controlled at a time through this dialog. The title bar of the dialog will indicate the name of the window whose attributes are being set, and the name of the dataset currently assigned to the window. This dialog is selected by choosing the Attributes entry of the Spectral Display Menu or by choosing Windows > Attributes from the main NMRViewJ control bar.
The Attributes Dialog is composed of an Icon Bar across the top and a tabbed window which forms the majority of the dialog. The Icon Bar has the same icons and functions of the Spectrum Window Icon Bar described above. Remember, though, that the controls of this Icon Bar (in the Spectral Attributes Dialog) only effect the current active window, not all the windows in a "toplevel" window. The tabbed window allows the user to select from a series of panel controlling different aspects of the interface. The various tapped panes that compose the Attributes Dialog are described in the following sections.
The File Panel is used to assign individual spectra to a particular window, and to control the colors and levels used to render the spectra. There is no practical limit to the number of spectra that can be assigned to a particular spectral window. The spectra need to have some dimensions with the same axis labels (one for 1D spectra, at least two for spectra with two or more spectra. The spectra do not need to have the same sweep widths, sizes or spectrometer frequencies. On the other hand, if the selected display region does not include valid data from each spectrum, the results may be undefined.
The File Panel is divided into two regions, the left side consisting of a set of buttons, and the right side contains a table of all the spectra currently assigned to the current spectrum window.
Clicking the "Add" button gives you a new panel showing you all the datasets in your working memory, thus all the spectra you can add to this window. If you wish to add one, highlight it and click the "Add" button at the bottom of the panel. To remove datasets from the spectrum window, highlight the corresponding rows in the file table and then click the "Remove" button.
The columns of the datasets table are as follows. The first column, labeled "S" is contains checkboxes which can be used to select datasets whose contour levels will be controlled individually. The column labeled "Dataset" contains the name of the dataset whose properties are displayed and controlled by that row of the table.
The next column, labeled "+" is a checkbox, that when turned on allows the display of positive contours of the dataset. The "+Color" column, which is a colored rectangle, displays and controls the color used for positive contours. Click on the rectangle to display a Color Selection Dialog. After you choose a color using either the "Swatch", "RGB", or "HSV" modes, click OK. You'll see the colored rectangle change to reflect the new color but you need to click the "Draw" button to actually refresh the spectrum with the new color. The next two columns "-" and -Color" are the same, but display and control negative contours.
The contour threshold (for 2D displays) or vertical scale (for 1D displays) is displayed and controlled with the column labeled "Level" or with the slider at the far right side of the File Tab display. You can type a new value into the Level column and hit the enter key to set it. Sliding the slider up or down will adjust the levels of al datasets up or down. If you want to control individual datasets select them with the checkboxes in the "S" column. Note that the slider will change dataset levels in a multiplicative way, so that if individual datasets have different levels assigned they will retain their relative scale as they are adjusted.
The "Colors..." button brings you to two menus that control a host of color functions (?). The first choice, "Spectrum," enables you to apply preset coloring schemes to sets of overlaid data (?). The second choice, "Background etc.," determines the colors of your background, axes, and cursors.
Consider the "Background etc." menu first. Clicking on any of the four buttons Background, Axes, Cursor 1, or Cursor 2 will get you a standard color selection chooser panel (?), which is self explanatory. Click on a color, and that's what you get. You can create a color in the HSB or RGB panels should you be so motivated. NVJ comes with six preset color combinations for these four items, and this menu is available with the "Schemes" selection of the Background etc. menu (?).
Next consider the "Spectrum" menu. Using this menu is a great way of applying a coherent color scheme to a set of related spectra, such as one would find in a titration or screening assay. Let's skip the "unify" choice for a minute. Clicking "Qualitative Schemes" gives you the color palette shown in the bottom left of ?. Each row in the palette represents a set of colors to be applied to the peaks of each spectrum. In this example, we have four overlaid spectra, so there are four columns in the palette. Clicking on any member of a row will select that color scheme. Here, I clicked the toprow, identified by the black arrow, which changed the colors of the positive peaks in the Spectrum Window and in the Spectrum Attributes...File display window (?). "Qualitative schemes" gives you an apparently unrelated assortment of colors for your spectra. The "Sequential" choices imbue your first spectrum's peaks with a light shade of one hue, then apply progressively darker shades of the same hue to subsequent spectra. The "Divergent" choices employ two distinct colors for your first and last spectra and fill in the intermediate spectra by adding these colors to one another in progressive quantities (which, by the way, makes them lighter). No matter which scheme you choose, you can always modify the color of individual spectra later (which will be important if the light shades are too light for your presentation).
Each dataset can have a default contour level, positive contour color, negative contour color, and flag specifying which contours (positive or negative) to draw. Having these values set makes it much easier when opening new datasets, especially when using the analysis tools like RunAbout, Strips, Titrations etc. Whenever a dataset is assigned to a spectrum, these default values will be used for that window. Setting the default values can be done in the Dataset Table or Manager, but an even simpler method is to set up the display within one spectrum window and then click the Save button in the Spectrum Attributes File Tab. This will set the defaults for any datasets displayed in that window, and save the values to the parameter files corresponding to the datasets.
Make setting and saving defaults as described above the first thing you do with any spectra. It will save lots of time as you work with the dataset in the future.
The amount of information in an NMR spectrum is generally so great that it is often only informative to look at a portion of the spectrum at one time. In NMRViewJ, sub-regions may be selected by limiting the region limits on the x or y axis of the display, and/or choosing a sub-selection of planes in spectra with three or more dimensions.
The View Panel provides controls to interactively select the display regions. It is itself divided into three subregions. The first contains a series of "combo boxes" for selecting display modes, the second contains a group of controls for selection of region limits and dimensions, and and the third provides an interactive graphical view of the display region.
This menu provides control of whether the spectral display is a one dimensional vector drawing, or a two dimensional contour plot.
In this mode the the spectrum is displayed as one or more one-dimensional vectors in a horizontal orientation.
In this mode the the spectrum is displayed as one or more one-dimensional vectors in a vertical orientation.
In this mode the the spectrum is displayed as a two-dimensional plot.
The selected entry in this menu determines whether or not contour data is read from the matrix or a contour file..
Data for the contour plot is obtained from the matrix file.
Data for the contour plot is obtained from the matrix file, but the contours are recorded in a file for future playback. Only those planes that are actually drawn while in this mode are recorded.
Data for the contour plot is obtained from the contour file that was created in record mode.
This determines how the offsets between 1D vectors are calculated when more than one spectrum (or row) is drawn in a single window.
With a setting of 0, there will be no DC offset between spectra.
With a setting of 1, the DC offset will be calculated so that spectra will be evenly spaced across the vertical range of the spectrum.
With a setting of 2, the DC offset will be taken from the "deltaoffset" parameter, set with "nv_win deltaoffset".
With a setting of 3, the DC offset will be calculated so that the spectra will be evenly spaced across the vertical range of the spectrum.
With a setting of 4, the DC offset will be calculated from the "deltaoffset" parameter and the number of spectra to be displayed.
This only effects the display of vectors (either true 1D spectra, or slices of higher dimensional spectra). If selected then the spectrum will be offset so that the edges of the spectrum will be displayed at zero. This is accomplished by subtracting a straight line calculated between the left and right edges. The offset is dynamically calculated as the spectrum plot limits are changed. The effect is only really appropriate when the spectrum is positioned so that the left and right edges are "baseline" regions.
Press the Left Mouse button over the X to pop-up a menu of predefined plot limits, or enter values in the next two text fields to set the plot limits (in ppm) for the x (horizontal) axis. If the entry is followed (without an intervening space) by a "p", then the value is considered to be in units of points of the dataset. The minimum and maximum plot limits can be entered in either order. These values are automatically set to give the full spectrum when a new dataset is assigned to this window.
The text in the third field is used as a label for the x (horizontal) axis. This value is used to label the axis on hard copy plots, is used for determining the correlation of cursors between different windows (see cursors, below), and is used during peak-picking and peak display (see Peak Picking, below). This is automatically set to the value assigned to the corresponding dimension (see below) during the referencing of the matrix, but can be changed by entering a new value in this field. 1(2,3,4) Hold down MENU over this item to select the dimension of the matrix to be displayed on x axis.
Press the Left Mouse button over the Y to pop-up a menu of predefined plot limits, or enter values in the next two text fields to set the plot limits (in ppm) for the y (horizontal) axis. If the entry is followed (without an intervening space) by a "p", then the value is considered to be in units of points of the dataset. The minimum and maximum plot limits can be entered in either order. These values are automatically set to give the full spectrum when a new dataset is assigned to this window. The text in the third field is used as a label for the y (vertical) axis. This value is used to label the axis on hard copy plots, is used for determining the correlation of cursors between different windows (see cursors, below), and is used during peak-picking and peak display (see Peak Picking, below). This is automatically set to the value assigned to the corresponding dimension (see below) during the referencing of the matrix. 1(2,3,4) Hold down MENU over this item to select the dimension of the matrix to be displayed on y axis.
Press the Left Mouse button over the Z to pop-up a menu of predefined plot limits, or enter values in the next two text fields to set the plot limits (in ppm) for the z (3rd Dimension) axis. If the entry is followed (without an intervening space) by a "p", then the value is considered to be in units of points of the dataset. The minimum and maximum plot limits can be entered in either order. These values are automatically set to display the full range of planes when a new dataset is assigned to this window. If the return key is pressed in the first Z field, then the second field will be set to the same value. The popup menu has a convenient entry to select the first or last plane. The spectral display window will be cleared prior to drawing the first plane is set. Subsequent planes will be overlaid on top of the first plane. To draw a single plane, set both values equal to each other.
Press the Left Mouse button over the Z2 to pop-up a menu of predefined plot limits, or enter values in the next two text fields to set the plot limits (in ppm) for the z2 (4th Dimension) axis. If the entry is followed (without an intervening space) by a "p", then the value is considered to be in units of points of the dataset. The minimum and maximum plot limits can be entered in either order. These values are automatically set to display the full range of planes when a new dataset is assigned to this window. If the return key is pressed in the first Z2 field, then the second field will be set to the same value. The popup menu has a convenient entry to select the first or last plane. The spectral display window will be cleared prior to drawing the first plane is set. Subsequent planes will be overlaid on top of the first plane. To draw a single plane, set both values equal to each other.
The zoombox in the lower right corner of the spectrum provides a graphical view of the current display region. The display region can also be changed by interactively dragging the zoombox around. The current display region is shown as the blue box. The position of the view can be adjusted by pointing the cursor near the middle of the box, holding the left mouse button down, and dragging the blue view box around. The size of the view region can be adjusted by pointing the cursor near an edge of the box, holding the middle mouse button down, and dragging the side to its desired position.
The two rectangular regions at the right side of the zoom box display the current display ranges for the 3rd and 4th dimensions of the datasets (with these higher dimensions). A horizontal blue line will be drawn at the relative position of the selected display planes. The width of the line will represent the number of selected planes. You can use the mouse to drag the blue line to a new position, or change its width, and thereby update in real-time the display planes for the current spectra.
The Graph Panel provides controls for altering the attributes of the visible display of the spectrum, aside from the actual spectral data. These attributes include fonts, colors of non-spectrum objects, borders and whether or not axes are displayed. Together these are useful, not only for altering the onscreen appearance, but also allow you to change the appearance in a way that will be suitable for publication quality output.
Fonts can be changed by clicking on the word Axes (to set the font used for tic and axis labels), Crosshair (to set the font appearing in the crosshair position display) or Peaks (to set the font used for drawing peak labels on the spectra) in the Fonts section. A font chooser dialog will appear in which you can change the font family, style and size for the corresponding items.
When displaying spectra that are homonuclear in the two displayed dimensions (proton COSY or NOESY, for example) it can be useful if the cross-hairs are constrained so that the position of crosshairs 1 and 2 are mirrored across the diagonal. This can be turned on by clicking the SymMode checkbox. Then, if the crosshair 1 (typically the black one) is pointed at, for example, 7.0,3.0 ppm, then crosshair 2 (typically the red one) will automatically be moved to 3.0,7.0 ppm.
The colors of the background, axes, and crosshairs are displayed as colored squares. Clicking on these squares will display a color chooser dialog with which the values can be changed. Alternatively, you can choose from a set of predefined schemes by clicking on the "Schemes..." button. This will display a choice of color schemes for these four parameters. Click on the desired scheme and then close the scheme dialog.
The size of the borders, these are the areas in which the axis labels are drawn at the four edges of a spectrum, can be set by changing the values in the "Borders" section. The values are specified as the number of pixels between the edge and the axis line.
The Axes section controls the appearance of the the two axes, and a grid. Whether or not axis labels and tick marks are drawn is controlled for the vertical and horizontal axis by the two checkboxes in the "Axes" section. The AxisWidth parameter controls the linewidth of the axis. By default, the tick mark positions are automatically calculated to give a reasonable spacing of major tick marks. You can change this by explicitly entering a tic mark spacing in the Tic Delta X and Tic Delta Y fields. If the values are set to 0 then automatic calculation of the spacing will be done. Grid lines are drawn across spectrum if the Grid checkbox is set. By default, the axis units are in PPM, but this can be changed with the selector to the right of the Grid checkbox.
The Plot Panel provides a set of sliders to control contour levels of 2D displays and x and y offsets of 1D spectra. It does not give you special control of how your spectrum is plotted on paper beyond its appearance on the screen. In that sense, NVJ is very WYSIWYG, which is good!
Select a value using the slider to specify the maximum number of contours to be drawn.
Select a value using the slider to specify the ratio between subsequent contour levels. For example, a value of 1.5 means that each contour will be 1.5 times as high as the previous one.
Type an entry in this box to specify the scale value at which 1D slices are to be drawn. This value is multiplied by a global scale parameter (set in the Prefs dialog, default 1e6) to generate the actual value that is used. The up and down arrows provide a convenient means to increment or decrement the scale level. Clicking on the up arrow raises the scale level to a value equal to the current level times the current value of the multiplier (the value in the next field). Clicking on the down arrow lowers the scale level to a value equal to the current level divided by the current value of the multiplier (the value in the next field). Whenever the Levelvalue is changed the Scalevalue is changed to be 10.0 times the Levelvalue as this generally provides good results.
Select a value using the slider to specify the offset position(from 0.0 to 1.0) at which X (and Z) slices are drawn. be drawn.
Select a value using the slider to specify the offset position(from 0.0 to 1.0) at which Y (and Z2) slices are drawn. be drawn.
Below, you see the effects of changing the settings the CLM and NLvls settings on 2D peaks.
While it is possible to analyze NMR data by directly decomposing the raw data into lists of parameters such as frequencies and linewidths, most users still rely on Fourier transformation of the FID and then identifying peak positions in the transformed data. Accordingly, NMRView provides many tools for locating and analyzing these spectral peaks. The PeakPick Panel is the standard starting point for generating lists of peaks in a spectrum.
The algorithm used for locating peaks is quite simple, but relatively robust and rapid. Peaks are considered points of local maxima (that is, any point which has a higher intensity than all adjacent points). When NMRView locates peaks it also performs the following steps: identify the peak bounds (the width of the peak at the level of the intensity threshold); estimate the half-height peak width; determine whether the peak is on the edge of the spectrum or adjacent to other peaks; calculate the center position by interpolating the intensities of the adjacent data points. Locating peak positions does not, however, include estimating the peak volume. This must be done as a separate operation.
Once you've picked your peaks, you'll notice a few things. First, you'll find the name of your peaklist in the peak list identifier window, between the List pulldown and Pick button. This is the active list for picking purposes, and can now be selected in the List... pulldown. Second, you'll see a bunch of rectangles with crosshairs will be drawn over your peaks in your spectrum display. Also, you'll see that the number of peaks picked becomes displayed in the Peak Peak panel. If you're appending to an existing list, this number will be the number of new peaks, not the total number of peaks in the list.
To pick peaks in a particular region of the spectrum, display the region in any spectral window. Then choose PeakPick from that window's pop-up menu. The PeakPick Control Window will appear. Type the name that you wish to be associated with the new peaklist in the text field of the control window. Click on the Pick button to start the automatic peakpicking. As peaks are identified in the spectrum, boxes annotated with the peak number will be drawn on the spectrum at the position of each identified peak.
Some spectra, especially 3D and 4D spectra, may be collected with a sweep width narrower than the frequency range of the spectral peaks. In these spectra, peaks are folded to a position that differs from their true position by an integer multiple of the sweep width. Peaks on the edge of such spectra "wrap" around to the opposite edge. At present NMRViewJ wraps for peak searching at all times. Thus, the peakpicker will wrap at the edge of the spectrum so that the peak width and position are properly determined.
To pick peaks in a specified region of the spectral window, place the crosshair cursors so as to box in the desired region. Select the Box attribute in the PeakPick Control Window. Now, only the region within the box will be analyzed for peaks. To pick peaks in the entire window select the Window attribute instead. The peaks that are picked may be stored as a new peak list, they may replace an existing peak list, or they may be appended to an existing peak list. The desired option may be selected from the pulldown list that specifies the New, Replace, or Append Attributes.
Not yet supported in NMRViewJ. The filter option under pick region restricts the peak pick to regions of the dataset defined by a previously acquired peak list. For example one might peak pick an hncacb spectrum looking in regions of the spectra that correspond to the 1H and 15N coordinates of an HNCO spectrum. If the list that is used for filtering contains close or overlapping peaks this will result in the same region of the active dataset being peak picked multiple times. To prevent this first remove the overlapping peaks in the filter list using the "couple" function under the edit menu in the peak analysis tool.
Enter the name of the peaklist. If mode (see below) is "New" there must not be an existing peaklist with this name. If mode is "Append" or "Replace", there must be an existing peaklist with this name.
Specify whether to pick the entire region of the displayed in spectral window, or just that within the crosshair box.
Peakpick the entire region displayed in spectral window.
FIXME Not yet implemented in NvJ. Peaks will be picked in regions defined by a pre-defined peak list. Selecting Filter causes the Filter List portions of the window to open. Once a peak list has been selected the Filter Axes and Correlate Axes Input sections open.
Specify the peak list that will be used to control the filtered peak pick.
Axes of the active dataset that is to be peak picked using the filter.
Specify which axes of the filter peak pick list are to be used to control the filtered peak pick.
Specify whether to create a new list, replace an existing one or append to an existing one.
Picked peaks will go into a new peaklist.
Picked peaks will replace an existing peaklist.
Value is zero for a 2D peak pick. Set to non-zero value for 3D-peak pick when displaying only a 2D plane of the 3D dataset. Set to zero to peak pick a series of 2D planes in a 3D dataset (e.g. when relaxation data is collected as 2D planes combined in a 3D dataset).
Indicates how many peaks were picked.
NMR datasets often have regions that have much higher noise levels than other areas. These are often areas with systematic artifacts, for example a stripe from residual water. A threshold that is appropriate for most regions of the spectrum may be completely inappropriate in these artifact rich areas and if they are included in the peak picking process a large number of peaks will be found that do not represent actual resonances from the targeted molecule. NMRViewJ now includes a method to determine a local estimate of the noise level at all points in the spectrum. The peak picker can be set to only identify points that are both above the general threshold for the whole spectrum, and above a specified multiple of the locally calculated noise.
The local noise estimate is calculated by estimating the noise in vectors that intersect from all dimensions at each data point. The noise estimate from the dimension that has the largest noise estimate is used as an estimate of the local noise at that peak. Calculating these estimates is quite fast for 2D spectra, but can be somewhat time-consuming for higher-dimensional spectra.
Local noise thresholding is turned on by setting the Noise value in the PeakPick tab to some value greater than zero. A value of 10.0 seems to be a reasonable choice. After setting this value click the Pick button. If a local noise estimation has not been done for the spectrum you will be prompted as to whether to do the calculation. At this point estimates are not saved between NMRViewJ sessions. You can pick multiple times in one session, trying different values of the Noise multiplier each time, without needing to regenerate the noise estimate.
Here is a region of an HSQC spectrum where the peaks have been picked without Local Noise Thresholding. Note the streak of peaks at the position of the residual water.
Here is the same region where the peaks have been picked with a noise multiplier of 10.0 Note that, even though water region was included in the peak picking, no peaks were found there. Not shown here, but users will find that "real" peaks that are quite close to a streak will be found.
This panel works in a similar way to the File Panel, only instead of controlling which datasets are displayed it controls which peak lists are displayed. As with datasets, there is no practical limit to how many peak lists can be displayed in a single spectrum window.
The left hand side of the Peak Display Panel is a list of all the peak lists that are currently open within NMRViewJ. The right hand side of the panel lists all the peak lists that are currently assigned to be displayed in the spectrum. To add a peak list to the display list just select the desired list in the left hand list box, and then click the >>> button. To remove a peak list from the lists that will be displayed, just select the desired list in the right hand list box, and then click the \<\<\< button.
When peaks are displayed the peaks will be drawn as rectangular boxes centered on the peak position.
This panel provides controls to specify the display of peaks in the spectral windows. The window header will indicate the name of the window whose attributes are being set, and the name of the dataset currently assigned to the window. The panel is displayed by selecting the Attributes option of the Peak Menu in the Spectral Display Menu.
You can color-code your peaks, give them meaningful labels, and display them in various ways using the controls in the Peak Attributes panel of the Spectrum Attributes window (). NVJ defaults to coloring peaks according to plane, making them black if they're in the plane you're examining (which means all peaks in a 2D spectrum), and red if they're not. Thus those in the plane are called "On" and those outside are called "Off". Likewise, if you color by "Assigned," then peaks that are assigned are "On" and adopt the "On" color, and those that aren't assigned are "Off" and adopt the "Off" color. The "Plane" selection allows you to display peaks from neighboring planes, and the pulldown lets you choose how many extra planes to either side of the one you're viewing will be included. Note that only the picked-peak rectangles, crosshairs and labels get displayed this way, not the actual peaks. This is useful for a number of purposes, especially for identifying sinc wiggles flanking real peaks. In this case, you would observe two or more small peaks one or two planes away from one major peak; by looking at the peaks in neighboring planes, you could judge whether a small peak is genuine or probably a sinc wiggle. NVJ defaults to 0 extra planes. If you should select, say, 2 planes, you would see black peaks corresponding to those in your active plane, and red peaks from two planes on either side of it.
The Display pulldown lets you conveniently turn off the peak display. Just pull down the menu and select "none", then click the "Draw" button either in the Spectrum Attributes window or the Spectrum window.
The other controls are relevant only in connection with the Peak panel (Main Toolbar...Assign Peaks, ) or in the case of Draw...Simulated, a simulation routine. These will be described briefly for completeness here, more extensively later, when discussing how to assign peaks.
The "Show Mode" is a fun feature that lets you scroll through your peaklist and examine each peak on its own terms. If you select "Expand" then go to your Peak panel, which shows information about a single peak, then click in the display indicating the peak number , then hit your return key. Zing! Your spectrum display places that peak smack in the middle of your spectrum and scales your display so your peaks' rectangle occupies about 25% of your window. If, in your Peak panel, then you click the up or down arrows to examine the next or previous peak, respectively, then that peak will be displayed (in its plane) such that it occupies about a quarter of the screen in either direction. Choosing "Expand Fix" in the Show pulldown retains the size of the currently displayed region of the spectrum but still centers the peak in your widow. This feature is useful when determining whether a peak is signal or noise, as small peaks shown in Expand (not Expand Fix) mode show little of their surroundings, making it hard to gauge their relative significance. Selecting "Plane" in show mode seems like it should display the current 2D region of the spectrum but only the plane associated with the peak. When I tried it it didn't work, so this feature is probably still in development.
The Label pulldown allows you to display the peak with a variety of annotations. The default choice is the most basic, the Peak Number - which simply corresponds to the order in which the peaks were picked. Displaying the "Label" label shows the assignment (requiring your labor or that of an automated routine) of the form F2(residue number.atom) F1(residue number.atom), e.g. "12.HN 12.N" in an hsqc. If "Residue" is chosen as the label, you just see the residue number, e.g. "12." "Atom" will give the F2 and F1 atom types, e.g. "HN N". "Cluster" will show the cluster this peak to which the peak has been assigned (peak clustering will be covered in a later section of this guide). "User" corresponds to the a line in the Peak window for entering the spectroscopist who takes the credit/blame for a peak assignment. Likewise, "Comment" will display the comment associated with a peak in the Peak window. "Summary" displays the peak's intensity, number is series ("s 0" if it's not part of a series), and X-axis chemical shift.
"Links" will enable an action related to the Link A and Link B lines in the Peak panel.
A pull-down menu of colors. If "On Color" is set to Plane, this specifies the color of peaks that are within the range of displayed planes. This mode is only applicable to three or four dimensional spectra. If colortype is set to Assigned, this specifies the color of peaks that have been assigned to specific atoms. If colortype is set to Status this specifies the color of peaks whose status value is greater than zero. If colortype is set to Error this specifies the color of peaks whose error values are ++in all dimensions.
A pull-down menu of colors. If colortype is set to "plane",this specifies the color of peaks that are not within the range of displayed planes, but are no more than "offset" number of planes outside this range. This mode is only applicable to three or four dimensional spectra. If colortype is set to Assigned, this specifies the color of peaks that have not been assigned to specific atoms. If colortype is set to Status this specifies the color of peaks whose status value is equal to zero. If colortype is set to Error this specifies the color of peaks whose error values are not ++ in all dimensions.
Specifies how the color of peaks is determined.
Color is determined by whether or not peaks are within the range of displayed planes.
Color is determined by whether or not peaks have been assigned to specific atoms.
Color is determined by whether or not the status field of the peak is greater than zero.
Color is determined by the value of the Error field for the peak. If any dimension has a value not equal to "++" then the peak is drawn in the "Col Off" color.
Specifies how the label displayed with each peak is determined.
The label is the peak number.
The label is composed of the assignment labels for each peak dimension.
The label is composed of the unique residue numbers from the assignment label for each peak dimension.
The label is composed of the atom fields from the assignment label for each peak dimension.
Specifies how the peak is displayed.
The peak is drawn has a box centered on the peak position, with a width equal to the peak bounds. A label is placed at the corner.
The peak is drawn with simulated contours. The intensity and linewidth for the simulation are taken from the peak intensity and width.
The peak position is labeled, but a box is not drawn.
Peaks are displayed that are within this number of planes of the range of planes that are displayed (for three and four dimensional spectra). For example, if planes 17 to 18 are currently being displayed in the spectral window, any peak that was closest to planes 17 to 18 would displayed, with the color selected in the "Col On" menu. Any peaks closest to planes 13 to 16 or 19 to 22 would be displayed with the color selected in the "Col Off" menu. Peaks outside of this range of planes would not be displayed.
This menu controls the response of the spectral window to actions taken in the peak analysis window.
If this item is selected, no action will occur in this window in response to peak selections in the peak analysis window.
If this item is selected an expansion of the spectrum around a particular peak will appear when a peak is selected in the Peak Analysis window. The width of the display region around the peak will be automatically set to five times the peak width in each of the display dimensions.
If this item is selected an expansion of the spectrum around a particular peak will appear when a peak is selected in the Peak Analysis window. The display limits will be changed so that they are centered on the new peak, but the width of the display region will not change from the current values.
If this item is selected the spectrum will be plotted at the particular plane(s) corresponding to the peak selected in the Peak Analysis window. The x and y plot limits will not change from the current values.
If this is selected then peaks that have "links" between them will be drawn with a line connecting them.
NMRView facilitates both visual and quantitative analysis of NMR spectra. One of the simplest quantitative measures of the dataset is to calculate some basic statistics. This can be done through the Analysis Panel.
Place the cross hairs so that they form a box around the region you wish to analyze. You can set the cross hair positions by moving them with the mouse, or by entering values in the four entry boxes (x1,y1,x2,y2). Next, click the Get Values.
Return the sum of the points in the region.
Return the sum of the points in an ellipse bounded by the region.
Return the minimum value from the region.
Return the most extreme (maximum or minimum) value from the cursor region.
Return the average value in the cursor region.
Return the value at the center of the cursor region.
Return the largest value (of the same sign as center point) within a certain tolerance (+/- 25% of the region width) of the center of the cursor region.
Return the standard deviation of the values in the cursor region.
The values are also stored in a global Tcl variable named Nv_Value.
It is often useful to look at not only the contour plot of a spectrum with two or more dimensions, but to also look at vector slices through the spectrum. The Extract Panel allows one to extract vectors from the displayed spectrum. The extracted vectors are displayed in a separate "vecGraph" window. The vecGraph window is fundamentally the same as any other spectral display window, but has additional control widgets for interacting with the displayed vector. Either one will extract a 1D spectrum corresponding to the position of your black cursor (in the default color scheme), calling up a new window. Extract/Replace extracts one spectrum for display in a new window , and Extract/Add allows you to overlay multiple 1D spectra in that window.
Vectors can either replace any previously existing vector in the vecGraph window, or be displayed along with any existing vectors. This latter mode can be used to easily compare slices at different positions in the spectrum. Note, if multiple spectra are to be extracted into the vecGraph window, then they should have the same axis labels.
Extract the slice parallel to the x-axis defined by crosshair 1.
Extract the slice parallel to the y-axis defined by crosshair 1.
Extract the slice parallel to the z-axis defined by crosshair 1.
Extract the slice parallel to the a-axis (z2-axis) defined by crosshair 1.
Hold down MENU (the right mouse button) within a spectral display window to display this menu.
This command will open up the spectral attributes window. If the window is already open it will set it to display the attributes for the active spectral window.
The commands in this menu allow the user to change the region of the spectrum that is displayed in this window.
This command changes the plot limits to include the region bounded by the two crosshairs and redraws the spectrum.
This command changes the plot limits to that which was active prior to the last expansion and redraws the spectrum. The previous 8 views are saved so the user can return to them with this command.
This command changes the plot limits to that of full spectral width for each of the two displayed dimensions and redraws the spectrum.
Center the current view on the crosshair cursor (number 1).
Zoom the display into a region around the center of the currently displayed region. A smaller portion of the spectrum will be displayed, and the displayed peaks will look larger. The positions of the crosshair lines have no effect on this operation.
Zoom the display out from the center of the currently displayed region. A larger portion of the spectrum will be displayed, and the displayed peaks will look smaller. The positions of the crosshair lines have no effect on this operation.
This menu provides commands to copy display attributes from one window to another.
This command saves the display attributes of the current window into the copy buffer.
This command sets the dataset and plot limits of the current window to those in the copy buffer, and redraws the current window.
This command sets the plot limits of the current window to those in the copy buffer, and redraws the current window.
This command copies an image of the currently displayed window to the computers clipboard. From there it can be pasted into other applications that support graphical images.
This menu can be used to switch between different cursor modes. The use of the crosshair cursors is described in the section on Cursors. The use of the PeakAdjust, PeakAdd and PeakDelete modes is described in the section on Interactive Peak Editing.
Crosshair cursors are drawn as the mouse is dragged. This mode is appropriate for one-button mice, but will also work with the left mouse button of three-button mice. The crosshair that is moved is determined by which crosshair is closer to the mouse pointer.
Crosshair cursors are drawn as the mouse is dragged. This mode is appropriate for three-button mice. The left mouse button controls crosshair 1 (usually black), the middle mouse button controls crosshair 2 (usually red), and the right mouse button is used to display the pop-up menu.
The cursor, which will look like an arrow pointer, can be used to select peaks. Click once on a peak to select it. Any previously selected peaks will be deselected. Clicking with the Shift key held down will append peaks to the list of selected peaks. Selected peaks will be displayed with their foot print in a transparent yellow color.
footprint to a new size.
W> On the Gnome Window Manager moving the mouse while the Alt key is down will drag the whole window around, preventing you from resizing peaks. You can change this behavior by entering the following command in a terminal. This changes the window manager so that moving windows is done by moving the mouse with the Super, not Alt, key down.
The cursor, which will look like a peak shape, can be used to interactively add peaks at the cursor position.
The cursor, which will look like a skull and crossbones, can be used to interactively delete peaks at the cursor position.
Pick peaks in the crosshair region. If no crosshairs are displayed pick the entire region that is displayed. If no peaks are currently displayed then the list name will be that of the displayed dataset. If peaks are currently displayed then the newly picked peaks either replace them (if there are any current peaks within the crosshair region), or append to them (if there are no peaks currently displayed within the crosshair region). If multiple datasets are displayed then the peak picking process will be repeated for each dataset.
Create links between the selected peaks (that is connect them to a common resonance). Links are made along only one dimension. The link dimension is the one with the smallest chemical shift range among the selected peak. For example, if the peaks are from a 2D HSQC spectrum displayed with H on the x axis, and N on the y axis, and the selected peaks are in a vertical column then the peaks will be linked by along their N dimension.
Remove links between the selected peaks (selected peaks will now be connected to distinct resonances).
Any peaks selected will be marked for deletion. They will no longer be displayed, but will not be permanently gone until the peak list is compressed.
This menu can be used to adjust the referencing of the current spectra or peak lists.
The referencing will be changed so that the point on the spectrum that is at the position of the intersection of the red crosshair will be the chemical shift at the position of the intersection of the black crosshairs. This is often done to align to spectra by placing the black crosshairs on a peak in the correctly referenced spectrum, and placing the red crosshairs on the corresponding peak in the incorrectly referenced spectra. Choose this menu option from the window containing the correctly reference spectrum.
as to whether to shift the peak positions by the same amount.
This action is performed the same as the above action, in that the black crosshairs are positioned at the correct position and the red crosshairs at the position that should be adjusted. Typically this is done when a peak list is displayed on a spectrum, but the peaks are not aligned properly, perhaps because the dataset was referenced as above, without also shifting the peaks, or perhaps the peak list is from a different, but related dataset. Place the black crosshairs at a specific spectral peak contours, and the red crosshairs at the peak box that corresponds. Then choose this menu option.
This item will save the current reference values into the dataset's parameter file and is useful if you didn't do so when doing the Shift Spectrum command above.
This menu can be used to display 1D slices across 2D (or higher dimensional) spectra. The vector extracted from the displayed dataset, to generate the slice, will be chosen based on the position of crosshair number one.
Use this menu to copy the slice defined by crosshair 1 through the selected dimension to the vecGraph window, and display it. Selecting from the "Replace" sub-menu will extract the vector and replace any vectors currently displayed in the vecGraph window. Selecting from the "Add" sub-menu will extract the vector and add it to any vectors currently displayed in the vecGraph window.
PREMIUM_PHASE Use this menu to phase the spectrum.
Phase the dataset dimension parallel to the x-axis.
Phase the dataset dimension parallel to the y-axis.
Phase the dataset dimension parallel to the z-axis.
Phase the dataset dimension parallel to the a-axis (z2-axis) .
Regardless of the method used to create spectrum widgets, each such widget will be listed in the Spectrum Manager. You can use this GUI to delete existing windows and bring them to the front with the controls in this panel.
Delete the spectral window that is selected in the window list above.
Bring the spectral window that is selected to the front of the display.
Advanced tools like RunAbout provide features for synchronizing the display of different windows, but sometimes one wants to set this synchronization up in a more ad hoc way. You can set up synchronization between windows using the Synchronize... menu entry on the main Windows menu. First make sure the window you want to be the "source" of synchronization events is the active window. Choosing Synchronize... will display the following dialog.
This dialog can be used to set up synchronization of the plot limits of two or more windows. Every time the display of one window is changed, any synchronized dimensions of other windows will be changed.
To add a synchronization, select two or more dimension names and click the Add button. The synchronized dimensions will be added into a sync group. Dimension names in the same sync group will have a common integer number after their name (like HN:0) in the dialog panel. Dimension names in a common sync group will be displayed with a common background color as well. Dimensions not currently in an active synchronization group can be added to an existing group by selecting one dimension in the group, and the new dimension. The dimension names do not have to be the same within a synchronization group, but obviously the synchronization only makes sense if they at least have overlapping view ranges. | 2019-04-26T08:51:47Z | http://docs.nmrfx.org/viewer/gui/windows |
Choose the meeting theme you are interested in and then the session. Go to https://iasroma2019.exordo.com for abstract submission and registration. Note that all presenting authors must be paid registrants at the Conference.
The organization proposes some 56 sessions belonging to 11 Meeting themes. We realize that the number of sessions is very high, but we left the opportunity to all the scientific communities to propose a subject. Then the selection will be made on the number of abstracts received. Sessions not reaching the minimum number of abstracts will be deleted and abstract moved to similar session. Plenary sessions with keynote lectures of general interest are planned.
The contribution will only be included in the book of abstracts and in the program if the presenting author has paid his/her registration by the early bird registration deadline (May 2019).
The contribution will be removed from the program if the presenting author is not present at the conference.
Each participant can be presenting author of only oral presentation and one poster or of two posters the oral presentation can be moved to poster by the organizing committee and session’s convener(s), according to reviewing process); this rule might have justified exceptions (e.g., keynote lectures). You can change the presenting author at short notice in case of unforeseen absence from the conference.
All contributions which presenting author is registered as student will automatically participate in the best student presentation program.
The abstract should be limited to 500 words; the title should be at most 15 words.
Plain text should be used without any special characters. Figures are not allowed.
For abstract submission authors should suggest their preferred mode of presentation (oral or poster) but the ultimate possibility of oral presentation will be decided by the organizing committee and session’s convener(s).
The author may select the scientific session he prefers but the presentation could be moved by organizing committee if the session will be cancelled.
Please note: we expect the final number of sessions to be half up to two-thirds of the list above, as the requested minimum number of abstracts will not be reached by all the sessions.
Carbonate depositional systems record changes in architecture, geometry, texture, lithofacies, and biogenic components through time. Carbonate producers are living organisms with precise energetic and environmental requirements, therefore climatic and oceanographic variations, driven by geology, exert a strong influence over them. This is especially true for neritic systems located at the boundary between the tropical and temperate realms, which are very sensitive to climate belts dynamics through geological time and to sea-level oscillations. The Earth went through major environmental revolutions during the Cenozoic, shifting from a “greenhouse” to an “icehouse” world and witnessing dramatic oceanographic events. Several global changes affected the functioning and the relative dominance of the major carbonate factories (coral reefs, large benthic foraminifera banks, rhodolith beds and algal build-ups) that recorded in detail the temporal and spatial variation of these events. Unveiling this natural archive is of paramount importance for understanding and modelling the future of our planet under the expected consequences of the ongoing climate change.
This session aims at offering an overview of the Cenozoic environmental evolution of our planet by presenting a series of case histories from a suite of diverse carbonate factories, geological contexts and time, to depict their inception, evolution and demise.
This Open Session invites contributions from general and interdisciplinary topics within the diverse fields of Carbonates (marine and continental) and Bioconstructions. The session provides an opportunity to present studies that do not sit comfortably within any of the research topics covered by the special themes.
Carbonate factories are possibly dependent by many environmental factors such as carbonate saturation, biological metabolism, biologically-controlled and -induced carbonate precipitation, loci of accumulation and preservation. How the conditions for a carbonate factory efficiency can been achieved and how the conditions have varied with evolutionary history, atmosphere and ocean chemistry, tectonic plate configurations, paleoclimate, and other factors will be discussed in the session. Contributions and case histories dealing on facies and geochemical characterization of carbonate factories from Paleozoic to Modern carbonate platforms are welcome.
Shallow-water carbonate platforms provide unique windows to Earth’s geological past. These environments document the response of neritic biocalcifiers to severe perturbations of biogeochemical cycles and host a precious record of carbonate-associated proxies of past ocean conditions. In this session we invite contributions that employ traditional and novel approaches to decipher the palaeonvironmental archive of shallow-water carbonates. Within this broad topic, contributions dealing with stratigraphic intervals encompassing xtreme events, like the end-Permian, end-Triassic and end-Cretaceous events, the Mesozoic OAEsand the Cenozoic hyperthermals are particularly encouraged.
3D modelling holds great potential for the quantitative study of carbonates at different scales and its application ranges, for example, from volume assessment, calculation of growth rates and distribution of facies and heterogeneities to forward modelling of sedimentation and diagenetic processes.
Several methods (e.g. seismic, photogrammetry, LIDAR, drone and hyperspectral imaging, CT scanning) provide an invaluable and increasingly accessible source of three-dimensional information and software for data management and interpretation is becoming increasingly sophisticated. However, integration of datasets through efficient workflows as well as adequate data-sharing platforms and standardization of formats are still underdeveloped.
This session seeks contributions of 3D modelling examples across different scales and within the broad field of carbonate sedimentology to capture the range of applications, the current state of the art on workflows including those for sharing data sets and, finally, stimulate discussion on synergies and new directions to improve the understanding of carbonate sedimentary systems.
Estuaries are delicate coastal environments, which evolve under the intertwined effect of hydrological, chemical and biological processes. In the past, the complex interaction among these processes promoted the accumulation of thick sedimentary successions, which can be of relevant economic importance (i.e. hydrocarbon reservoirs). Today, the morphodynamics of coastal environments occurs under the influence of rapid climate changes and anthropogenic pressures, which make imminent evolution of estuarine systems poorly predictable. Understanding estuarine morphodynamics and related deposits has therefore remarkable social and economic implications, both in terms of landscape management and subsurface exploration. Exploiting the up-to-date knowledge about estuarine morphodynamics, this session aims at reconciling results from field studies, mathematical modelling and laboratory investigations in order to discuss: i) principles to investigate estuarine sedimentary products; ii) models to predict evolution of estuarine systems. This session aims at bringing together researchers working on modern geomorphology and ancient deposits, as well as researchers undertaking physical and numerical modelling approaches. Presentations are welcome on all aspects of estuarine systems: hydrology, hydrodynamics, morphological characterisation, morphodynamics, sediment transport, stratigraphy, impact of climate change and sea-level rise.
Basin margin development and the timing of sediment transport to the oceans are strongly influenced by the position and character of paralic systems relative to the changing physiography of the coastline, and the relative dominance of depositional processes occurring along its adjacent shelf. Here, the dynamic interaction of numerous factors results in a complex heterogeneity of nearshore deposits, observable both in modern, ancient and high-resolution seismic datasets. This complexity has been generally well studied along depositional dip profiles, but the lateral (along-strike) variability of sedimentary systems from the shoreline to the shelf is less understood, possibly due to the difficulty in recognizing sub-seismic lateral facies changes, and the absence of well-documented large-scale outcrop examples. Consequently, the lateral variability of nearshore sedimentary systems and its resulting complex stratigraphic expression are still poorly constrained.
In this session we invite contributions from both modern and ancient studies of coastal to shelfal depositional environments, which might help improving our understanding about the complex interaction between numerous factors in this segment of source-to-sink systems. The session aims to integrate detailed studies of internal bed-scale facies architecture with larger-scale plan-view analysis, tracking along-strike geomorphological changes and controls in the resulting laterally-variable stratigraphic record of these system.
The session would cover both modern and ancient environments. It would be timely to have papers looking at the linkages between climate (including windiness) and sea level change, aeolian sedimentation, dune mobility and stabilization phases, including carbonate-rich dunes (aeolianites), siliciclastic dunes and paleosol sequences.
Penecontemporaneous dolomites are known to have formed a few decimeters below the surface since the Precambrian. Their occurrence in moderate amounts is not rare in Holocene evaporitic settings connected to the sea, where it is relatively easy to account for all the ingredients required for the theoretical formation of large amounts of dolomite. Yet, their precipitation mechanisms are still disputed. Prevailing models range from hydrogeochemical forcing linked to relative sea level change―with an elusive replacement component, to hypotheses that confer key roles to microbially induced catalysis and organometallic interactions. In the past, the inability to experimentally test the hypotheses led to criticisms regarding the validity of the proposed ideas, but this situation is rapidly changing with the emergence and increasing application of high spatial resolution and precision methods. For this session, we highly encourage submission of interdisciplinary studies addressing the natural occurrence of modern and ancient penecontemporaneous dolomite or its synthetic analogues via a combination of standard and novel analytical approaches capable of gaining sub-micron- to facies-scale insights.
Human impact has considerably altered rivers, estuaries and deltas all over the world. Anthropogenic effects have strongly intensified over the last thousands of years, shaping the environments and depositional systems that we know today. Land use changes, industrial activities, and engineering, for example, caused changes in channel networks, floodplain vegetation, sediment supply, river discharge, delta subsidence and sea level. These changes have important implications for modern and future river and estuary management. Understanding their causes, effects and pacing is also vital for better interpreting depositional sequences using modern observations and analogues.
The relative contribution of human impact and the spatial and temporal response of fluvial and tidal systems associated often are less well understood. To make a step forward and better isolate the various responses mechanisms involved, we need further identification of human impact in recent sedimentary records, correlation to human activities, and attribution of response to specific processes. In this session we welcome studies contributing to this, based on data reviews, field observations and modelling across a variety of spatial and temporal scales.
In this session, we invite contributions related to the deposition and early diagenesis of modern carbonates. Depositional systems ranging from continental to deep marine are welcome. Research topics include the geochemical characterization of carbonates in modern systems to better understand the range and meaning of depositional signals, new geochemical proxies, and mechanisms of carbonate precipitation. Furthermore, proxy preservation during formation and the earliest stages of diagenesis is of interest. This session provides an opportunity to present studies within a diverse context of methodologies and approaches, all guided toward a better understanding of the formation and early alteration of carbonate deposits. Geomicrobiological approaches evolving calibration of specific and/or new geochemical proxies, such as stable isotopic fractionation and element partitioning for carbonates are very much encouraged. We hope to gather a range of multidisciplinary contributions linking fieldwork, laboratory experimentation with the application of cutting-edge analytical and spectroscopic techniques.
Do purely wave, tide, and fluvial environments in shallow-marine settings exist? In the last decade, an increased number of studies referring to “hybrid sedimentary systems” or “mixed-energy system” have been published. These studies focus on the interplay of at least two of the three main processes (i.e., river, tide and wave) controlling sedimentation and depositional architecture in coastal to shallow-marine settings. This led to the identification of hybrid sedimentary structures generated as the result of wave-tide and river-tide process interactions, whereas less attention has been paid to wave-river ones. More studies are required to refine our conceptual models of facies and how interplays influence the sedimentation from the genesis of bedforms towards the overall geometry of the systems. This session aspires to group research exhibiting data from modern and ancient marginal marine environments subjected to process interplay and other studies on this topic based on numerical modelling and flume experiments.
Deep-water channels in either marine or lacustrine have been the focus of extensive research since their discovery in the early 20th century. This is largely because they: (1) play a significant role in shaping and building continental margins; (2) are prodigious features traversing hundreds or even thousands of km of the seafloor; (3) serve as the major conduits for the delivery of large quantities of nutrients, pollutants, carbon, and sediments into deep-water sites; (4) preserve critical paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic information; and (5) form major subsurface oil and gas reservoirs worldwide. Despite their significance and widespread occurrence, deep-water channels remain a key research challenge in sedimentological community, because of their three- dimensional complexity and diversity. We hope the proposed session will facilitate open and lively discussion towards an advanced and deeper understanding of all aspects of deep-water channels in either marine and lacustrine basins.
How do deep-water channels work; including how they are formed and maintained, internal flow processes, and how they evolve.
Morphology, architecture, genesis, and reservoir characterization of deep-water channels in either marine or lacustrine basins.
How submarine channels host and influence ecological communities, and their globally important role for organic carbon transfer and burial.
New ways to study deep-water channels, including numerical simulations, physical experiments, and direct field observations of active events on the seafloor.
Understanding sedimentary processes is crucial to comprehend the sediment dispersal and the depositional record of deep water systems. Recently, new insights into flow processes, based on direct flow measurements and experiments, have led to revised interpretations of depositional processes in deep water systems. Concomitantly, investigations of the seafloor have contributed detailed images of geomorphic elements in the different deep water environments. Refined process-based facies models, linking depositional processes to stratigraphy, have thus been developed, also thanks to the contributions by outcrop and seismic data studies.
Nevertheless, many important aspects of deep water sedimentary systems and their interrelations remain poorly understood. Our knowledge, however, can be improved especially through the integration of results from different research approaches.
This session aims to bring together contributions on observations from modern systems (flow monitoring-seafloor bathymetry), outcrops, seismic data and experiments (physical-numerical) to deal with these issues. We seek contributions addressing the behaviour of sediment-gravity flows, focusing on: subcritical vs. supercritical flows, surging vs. sustained flows, transitional-hybrid events and interactions between flows and basin morphology.
At a larger scale we aim at integrating different views regarding: autogenic organization vs. allogenic forcing, intrabasinal vs. extrabasinal controls, oceanographic forcing, sediment-feeding systems, sediment supply, tectonics and sequence stratigraphy.
Non-marine carbonates form in a variety of depositional settings such as lakes, rivers, hydrothermal vents, caves and soils, representing a significant component of terrestrial sedimentary basins and useful proxies of palaeoenvironmental conditions. Understanding modern physico-chemical and microbially mediated processes of non-marine carbonate precipitation helps constraining biogeochemical cycles and investigating the geological past in terms of changing depositional environments, hydrology and climate. A robust understanding of what features of a sediment are uniquely microbial is also a critical requirement of dawn of life studies on Earth and astro-biological research.
This session aims to get better insights into the variety of non-marine carbonate facies and the abiotic/biotic control on processes of carbonate and associated minerals precipitation. We welcome contributions investigating fossil and modern non-marine carbonates through multi-disciplinary approaches highlighting their variability across different depositional environments and the biological, environmental and physico-chemical factors controlling their formation, fabrics, accumulation rates and spatial distribution.
Palaeosol are constantly present in continental sedimentary successions, from the Archean to the Present. Their occurrence can be extremely variable: from almost completely absent, where high sedimentation rate or extreme palaeoenvironmental conditions acted, to comprise more than 80% of the thickness in many other sedimentary successions. Nevertheless, the attention of who studies the ancient continental sedimentary successions is not always proportional to the occurrence of palaeosols.
Although since the 80s the scientific consideration of palaeosols certainly increased, studies focusing palaeosols are not common in scientific papers and even more uncommon are studies linking sedimentary processes and palaeosols.
Notwithstanding, palaeosols represent in continental sedimentary succession, a data source probably much more efficient than sediments. Indeed, if the deposits are commonly yielded by rapid and paroxysmal processes, often associated to abnormal conditions of the depositional environment, the palaeosols do not follow these rules. A well-developed palaeosol forms in more than 1000 yr; during this period this is an open-system, that can record all the environmental conditions and changes in the atmosphere and just beneath its surface.
By proposing this session we want stimulate the sedimentologists to present whichever communication whose focus are the palaeosols and/or their relationships with the sedimentary environments.
Lacustrine sediments can provide outstanding high-resolution and continuous archives of climate change, environmental evolution, anthropogenic impact, and tectonics. Only using a multiproxy approach is possible to disentangle the often intertwined biogeochemical and/or physical processes triggered by these phenomena. We target novel approaches and new exploration fields for the study of lacustrine systems, including modern limnology.
Thus, we encourage oral and posters contributions that present basic and applied research on all aspects of both modern and ancient lake systems assembling a wide range of geophysical, sedimentological, geochemical, biological remains, and geomicrobiological datasets. Numerical models on lacustrine hydrodynamics are also welcome.
Caves are unique environments acting as sedimentary data repositories. Cave deposits can be grouped into two main categories: chemical precipitates and clastic sediments. Among them, calcite speleothems and stream-transported clastic sediments are the most useful as continental records.
Since the erosional processes active on other proxies at the Earth surface are attenuated in the underground landscapes, karst systems can be considered as natural laboratories to reconstruct past climate and paleo-environments. In fact, cave sediments are a very effective tool for paleoclimate studies in continental environments for three main reasons: (i) they are poorly deformed by tectonic and erosive processes, (ii) they can provide very precise dating and (iii) there is a good chronological relation between cave deposits and Quaternary climate and eustatic variations.
This session focuses on the many aspects related to underground karst sediments and cave depositional environments and processes. Therefore, it is open to multidisciplinary studies on clastic and carbonate cave sediments studied from both sedimentological and climatological point of view, as well as encouraging interdisciplinary contributions that analyze their morphology, texture, chemical composition, mineralogy and/or isotopic composition together with the interactions between their high resolution records and paleoclimate, paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic reconstructions.
Lacustrine basins are important oil & gas-productive areas of the world. In recent years, lacustrine sedimentology has made great achievement in term of source-sink system analysis, shallow-water delta, beach bar, deep-water sediments, fine-grained deposits, lacustrine carbonate, events deposits, deep reservoir forming mechanism and seismic sedimentology. Even so, problems and challenges of the lacustrine sedimentology are widely existed and needed to carry out innovation. The main idea of this theme is innovation and new exploration fields of lacustrine deposits. Specific subthemes may be referenced but not limited to the following eight aspects.
Other new field of exploration and development.
Understanding of alluvial sedimentary processes and investigations of how genetically related alluvial units are organized in the stratigraphic record are key matters in sedimentology. Although remarkable advances in our understanding of alluvial systems have been made over the past decades, there still remains scope for a more refined investigation of alluvial deposition.
This session calls for contributions on recent and on-going advances in the field of alluvial sedimentology, with specific emphasis on studies linking sedimentary processes and morphodynamics with related products in the rock record. Contributions are invited on topics that include, but are not limited to, the following: linking modern alluvial systems to their ancient preserved counterparts; novel data collection methods; facies models for alluvial systems; numerical modelling and laboratory experiments on alluvial processes and stratigraphy; interactions of alluvial systems with other environments, including lakes, deserts, deltas, estuaries, shorelines; interaction between alluvial deposition and tectonics.
The intrinsically complex nature of sedimentary dynamics, both in time and space, exert a fundamental control on the abundance, variety and quality of information engraved in deep-time geological records. Integration of basin analysis and sequence stratigraphy with such areas as palaeobiology, biostratigraphy and geochemistry provides a powerful, interdisciplinary approach to reconstruct past environmental scenarios and biodiversity dynamics. As pointed out by the new discipline of stratigraphic palaeobiology, patterns observed in the fossil record can largely be predicted based on the stratigraphic architecture, e.g. the distribution of hiatuses and condensation surfaces. Stratigraphic palaeobiology also offers analytical tools allowing to account for these controls and the same tools can be equally applied to geochemical data. In fact, subaerial exposure, phases of non‐deposition, erosion, reworking and bypass of sediments strongly impact also the geochemical record and cannot be overlooked. In this session, we aim at bringing together sedimentologists, palaeobiologists and geochemists to demonstrate how sequence stratigraphy can be employed as a common information framework in all these fields, and foster collaborations towards a better understanding of the links between past biotic and palaeoenvironmental changes.
Sequence stratigraphy developed as a new model in stratigraphy after the integration of the Exxon seismic-stratigraphic method with genetic concepts linking seismic attributes to sedimentary dynamics. The sequence stratigraphy model has been the focus of debates and proposals for nomenclatural and conceptual revision, owing to the increasing scenarios and different scale of application, each with its own practical requirements and specific key features as to the role of sediment supply and sea level in controlling sequence architecture.
Methodological and conceptual advances driven by new technologies (such as 3D seismic geomorphology) have greatly improved high-resolution geophysical and subsurface studies, allowing, to some degree, to reduce the gap in scale and details compared with facies-based studies in the field. In addition, recent development of satellite imaging and the use of drone technology in wide ranging surveys, may provide means for conceiving field analysis from the perspective of regional, seismic-based geometric criteria.
In this Session we welcome multi-scale and multi-approach studies that provide methodological and conceptual insights that may contribute in addressing open questions and enhance the development of sequence stratigraphy as an analytical method and an interpretative stratigraphic model.
From the Dolomites to Etna, from the Venice Lagoon to the Trapani Salt pans, Italy embeds a wide spectrum of deposits and related depositional environments in a very short frame. Illustrations and characterization are due to scientists able to observe and describe such amazing and unique features. Starting from historical precursors as Pliny and Leonardo da Vinci, modern Italian and International sedimentologists have illustrated this richness as case histories used in the geology and heritages for the future.
Aim of the session is to exhibit the Italian sedimentology that spotlighted the geology in the world with the contribution of the international sedimentologists that spotlighted the Italian geology..
Microbialites are fascinating organosedimentary deposits that are present throughout the entire geological marine record. These deposits are typified by a wide spectrum of particular morphologies, in a variety of lithologies (carbonate, clastic, evaporite, phosphorite), and occur in a wide range of marine settings, including shallow and deep water environments as well as in extreme sedimentary environments (i.e. hypersaline and hydrothermal). The interest in microbialites from the scientific community and industry has increased exponentially in recent years because of their significance in unravelling the evolutionary history of life on Earth (and virtually on other planets), and their role in petroleum systems, as source and reservoir rocks. This session encourages contributions on any aspect of modern and fossil marine microbialites, especially where information is coming from different disciplines: sedimentology, geochemistry and geomicrobiology.
Biology influences physical form and process in all of Earth’s present-day sedimentary environments. For example, peat and rooted vegetation provide increased mechanical protection to river banks, promoting the development of deeper, narrower and more sinuous channels. Infaunal burrowers influence the chemical properties of sediment substrates by increasing oxygen circulation, which in turn increases the rate of organic matter decay. Even microbiota have been shown to reduce bedform dimensions and steepness. The objective of this session is to improve our understanding of life’s fundamental role in shaping sedimentary environments. Geomorphological, ecological, geological and experimental contributions are all welcome. We particularly encourage studies which consider life-sediment interactions over evolutionary timescales. The geological timescale provides a handful of ways in which evolving life can be shown to radically alter sedimentary environments. However, the majority of deep-time life- sediment interactions are poorly understood. An improved understanding of life’s influence on sedimentary facies and lithologies will benefit numerous fields of Earth Science (e.g., ongoing investigations of Martian sedimentary outcrops).
Primary and secondary volcaniclastic processes represent the crossroad between volcanological and sedimentological processes, and their influence on the environment is largely recognized. Nevertheless, a gap still exists between sedimentological and volcanological approaches to the same problems.
This session aims to bring together researchers working on volcanic or volcanically influenced terrains to unravel the generation, transport and settling of volcanic particles through the geological time in different environments, in order to narrow this gap.
We invite presentations that include, but are not limited to, 1) field-based description and interpretation of volcanoclastic sediments and related processes both in modern and ancient realms, 2) provenance studies that highlight the influence of volcanic activity on sedimentary basins, 3) studies on the characterization of physico-chemical processes that lead to the generation and weathering of volcaniclastic particles through time.
This session is co-sponsored by the Commission on Volcanogenic Sediment of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI).
Supercritical flow conditions can occur in open-channel flows, subaqueous density currents, pyroclastic density currents, and katabatic winds, and thus affect a wide range of subaerial and subaqueous depositional settings, e.g. proglacial, fluvial, coastal, deltaic, shallow- to deep-marine, volcaniclastic and carbonate-slope environments. Supercritical flows create upper flow-regime bedforms such as antidunes, chutes-and-pools, cyclic steps and transitional bedforms, whose development and properties are still only partly constrained. Even if a growing number of upper flow-regime bedforms is reported in modern environments, these bedforms and associated sedimentary structures are classically thought to possess a low preservation potential in the stratigraphic record as a result of their high-energy, transient formative conditions. However, recent evidence suggests that the scarcity of available observations may be due to a lack of diagnostic criteria for their recognition. Flume experiments have been pivotal to advancing our understanding of the morphodynamics of upper flow-regime bedforms. Numerical models and direct measurements have also contributed to advance our knowledge of supercritical flows, even if a real integration between the different approaches is still lacking.
This session welcomes field, experimental and numerical studies investigating the sedimentological aspects of modern and ancient upper flow-regime bedforms and their formative supercritical flows. Students and early career scientists are encouraged to submit.
This session describes the sedimentary processes, products and environments associated with past glacial events through Earth’s history, from the Palaeozoic to the present day, including evidence from Pleistocene glaciations. The focus in this session is on the nature of different types of sedimentary evidence (including its geomorphic and stratigraphic contexts) and applications to climate and glaciological reconstruction. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of sedimentary facies properties, sedimentary structures and other evidence for subglacial and proglacial environments and processes, and the role and limitations of modern analogues and numerical models. Contributions to this session are invited from those working on any types of glaciated or glacially-influenced environments, past or present, and from terrestrial or marine settings, or from local to global scales.
The study of sedimentary processes in polar areas contributes to reconstructions of climate, environmental and oceanographic conditions, as well as ice-sheet dynamics on high-latitude continental margins. Such studies can be based on the integration of acoustic data, including swath bathymetry and sub-bottom profiles, seismic data, as well as multi-proxy analyses of sediment cores including drill cores. The rapid response of the polar areas to the recent global climate warming is predicted to accelerate sea-level rise, leading to strong environmental and socio-economic impacts. A thorough knowledge about mechanisms forcing climate change in the past is an essential tool to understand the present state and to predict the future development of the large ice sheets in Antarctica and on Greenland in a geological context. Enhancing this knowledge requires an integrated effort of the scientific community.
The aim of this multi-disciplinary session is to bring together researchers working on northern and southern high-latitude continental margins, investigating the sedimentary processes associated with past and present ice-sheets dynamics and paleo-oceanographic effects on the marine sedimentation from both observational and modelling approaches.
Bottom currents (BCs) and contourite depositional systems (CDSs) are important component of deep ocean basins and continental margins. The last decades have seen significant progresses in the characterization of CDSs and role of bottom currents on sedimentary and geomorphic processes. In order to better address the relationships between oceanographic processes, morpho-sedimentary processes and CDSs development further improvements are, however, still necessary. In this regard, a multidisciplinary approach among many disciplines (sedimentology, seismic stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, geochemistry, physical and biological oceanography, numerical modeling, etc) using high-quality datasets may provide new significant insights.
3) Relevance for slope stability.
Tidal and non-tidal straits and seaways are challenging geological areas governed by current amplification generated by local oceanographic narrowing and providing uncommon sedimentary conditions. Although the growing interest on such systems due to their potential for production of renewable energy, strategic role for the transport industry, climatic impact on the interconnected basins and many more, straits and seaways lack accurate depositional models predicting their space-time sedimentary dynamics and evolution.
This session is primarily aimed at defining the state of knowledge on the variety of sedimentary processes and distinctive depositional signatures of these systems. Secondly, it wants to provide a chance for stimulating discussions, idea exchanges and joint collaborations between sedimentologists, marine geologists, geophysicists, oceanographers and other researchers involved in the investigation of modern and ancient cases.
After the opening of the key note of Robert W. Dalrymple (Queen’s University, Canada), talks and posters focused on recent breakthroughs, theoretical hydro-sedimentary modeling, interplay between tidal or oceanographic currents and other strait-related processes will be welcome. We also encourage presentations aimed at the re-examination of the recognition criteria of ancient straits in the rock record, the creation of static or dynamic facies-based models, and the discussion of present uncertainties or still unsolved aspects.
Subaqueous mass movements occur in lakes, fjords and oceans of the world, playing a key role in the evolution of coastal areas and continental margins as they represent one of the most efficient mechanisms of sediment transport from coastal to deep basins. The mapping and characterization of such processes has also significant implications for geohazard assessment, because such events can directly impact coastal and offshore infrastructures as well as cause local but destructive tsunamis. The aim of this session is to provide a forum to discuss field (outcrop, core and geophysical), experimental and numerical studies that advance our knowledge on the occurrence, failure and post-failure behaviour of subaqueous mass movements. Particularly we encourage multidisciplinary contributions aimed to assess and mitigate the geohazard potential associated to these processes both at local and regional scale.
Massimo Moretti – [email protected](Bari University, Italy); Jasper Knight (Wits University, South Africa); Giuseppe Mastronuzzi (University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy); Andreas Vött (Mainz University, Germany).
Extreme/catastrophic events are by definition rare and episodic, but they have occurred frequently throughout Earth’s history. High magnitude events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, large-scale landslides, extreme floods and storms, extraterrestrial impacts, etc. often leave a sedimentary imprint in the geological record. Nevertheless, recognition of extreme event traces in sedimentary successions is often difficult and may be ambiguous.
This session is focused on examples of seismites, tsunamites, and other sedimentary deposits that have been formed by extreme events. We encourage contributions including field-based examples discussing different approaches on data analysis and interpretation of these deposits. We also welcome studies on analogical modelling and numerical simulation for relationships between triggering processes and products of extreme events.
The aim of this session is to combine the sedimentary and geobiology approaches to reconstruct the past environments, the geological evolution, composition and habitability on other planets. This will also have implications in the study of deep time geological record on Earth.
The current strategy for planetary exploration, which includes a sample return mission from Mars in the next decade, requires the definition of pathways for in situ analysis on planetary surfaces to correctly identify the depositional environments and the habitability potential.This implies a multidisciplinary, integrated approach to successfully address the in situ investigation on other planets.
Furthermore, it is fundamental to identify specific biomarkers associated to different habitability conditions which represent high priority targets for planetary exploration.
Thus, the identification and characterization of terrestrial analogues is mandatory to constrain facies association and evolution on other planets as well as the potential presence and distribution of microbial community.
Contributions addressing sedimentary processes and deposits on planets and the interaction between sedimentological and geobiological processes in complex geoenvironmental settings on Earth, are welcomed in this session.
Sediment and associated particles (e.g. pollutants, nutrients, organic carbon, microplastics) travel along fluvial, lacustrine and coastal environments before reaching the ocean. Each environment has its own sediment transport processes and depositional products, but these also interact over space and time. This session focusses on sedimentological interactions which operate as cascading or domino-like effects. We are interested in work linking processes to products across all physical and time scales, from grain-to-grain interactions to source-to-sink systems and from transient transport to preservation over geological times. We welcome concepts, case studies, numerical and experimental work which connects transport processes to sedimentary products from fluvial all the way to deep marine environments. We also encourage papers which shed light on the societal implications associated with the sedimentological process-to-product-to-process interactions, e.g. transport and fate of microplastics and organic carbon, hazards to human-made infrastructures, ‘reading’ of the geological record in order to make predictions about future behaviour of the Earth system.
Studies in Martian sedimentary geology have never been more active. Orbital imagery has revealed a vast, ancient stratigraphic record and rover missions have enabled detailed sedimentological studies combined with mineralogical and chemical analyses.
A growing list of geomorphic landforms is also known from Titan, though it remains uncertain whether the moon has a more ancient stratigraphic record.
As on Earth, extraterrestrial sedimentary rocks may archive information pertaining to ancient climate, tectonics and potentially, life. Considering ongoing and future exploration missions aim to find potentially habitable environments, sedimentary rock outcrops therefore make desirable targets. This session invites any contribution towards Martian and Titan sedimentary geology and geochemistry. In addition to the classic contributions, we particularly welcome presentations that utilise appropriate Earth analogues, both modern and ancient. As ongoing and upcoming rover missions are providing increased opportunity to study extraterrestrial sedimentary strata, understanding directly accessible Earth analogues from which to base comparisons has never been more essential.
After the full recognition of evaporites as true sediments, and not just chemical precipitates, a large array of sedimentological features have been documented in the last few tens of years, ranging from displacive, intergrowing(related to crystal growth),cumulate, branching, and to any type of clastic, and much more.
Some of the sedimentary features are truly complex and may need to be carefully interpreted, especially after common diagenetic and later transformations, which may deeply change their original appearance.
The goal of this session is to explore the very wide archive of sedimentary and diagenetic features on Earth, which actually represent our reference to understand what we are expecting to find on other planets, where evaporites are known to be present and are just waiting to be described in detail.
Biogenic sedimentary structures produced by organisms store important information for the interpretation of depositional settings because trace fossil producers sensitively respond on environmental conditions. In many instances trace fossils provide the only record of environmental changes.
It is the purpose of the session to show new developments in ichnologic research and to illustrate the use of trace fossils in environmental analysis by case studies. Contributions may focus on both investigations in the Recent and in the rock record and may address (paleo)biological, sedimentological and geochemical and applied aspects in addition.
Patricia Roeser [email protected] (Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock, Germany); Jérôme Kaiser (Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock, Germany); Markus Czymzik (Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock, Germany); Martin Theuerkauf (University of Greifswald, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Germany).
Sedimentary archives witness human impact on the environment way further back in time than usually captured by instrumental records. In this respect, one of the major challenges in sediment-based paleoenvironmental research is to understand and disentangle the environmental response to regional climate forcing from direct human impact.
There are various tools at hand to approach these objectives, such as identifying proper proxies for natural and anthropogenic impact and by integrating (multi-)proxy reconstructions from different paleoenvironmental archives from the same region that are ideally synchronized through independent stratigraphic methods.
This session welcomes paleoenvironmental contributions based on well-dated sedimentary archives from the terrestrial and marine environment, that apply methods such as micro-facies analysis, inorganic and organic geochemistry, organic biomarkers, sedimentary DNA, vegetation reconstruction, and statistical approaches. The session also welcomes contributions on novel environmental proxies, especially those devoted to integrate different types of sedimentary archives.
Sediment generation and associated routing systems regulate the fate of sediments from source to sink. They are intimately connected, and result from the interplay of allogenic controls such as tectonics, climate and lithology which largely control denudation, sediment transport, deposition and storage. The quantitative assessment of source to sink systems requires multidisciplinary approaches, including the determination of sediment volumes and fluxes, composition and grain-size, or, in case of ancient systems, inverse reconstruction of the source area characteristics from the detrital mineralogy of basins including geo- and thermochronology approaches.
In this session, we particularly encourage contributions focussing on how external forcing controls sediment generation, and the factors governing sediment grain-size partitioning and trajectories and their distribution within a sedimentary system. We particularly encourage contributions focussing on i) numerical landscape modelling, ii) mass balance – sediment budget – erosion rates, iii) chemical weathering, iv) mechanical wear, v) transport dynamics (partitioning and sorting) and vi depositional controls on early diagenesis. We also welcome contributions highlighting technological advances and/or applications to mineralogical and compositional analyses of sediments. While regional case studies are welcome, in such contributions authors are encouraged to emphasize the broad significance of their work.
The session start as a session honouring the contributions of Gian Gaspare Zuffa to arenite petrology and the source to sink paleogeography by using detrital signatures of arenites. Spatial and temporal significance of sand particles are one of the main focus for outstanding quantitative provenance analysis of clastic sediments, a topic in which after pioneering work of Zuffa in 1980, thirty years of research provided significant contributions in diverse ancient and modern sedimentary basins in the world. Extrabasinal to intrabasinal processes and related grains generation, and dispersal pathways within sedimentary basins, can quantify sedimentary budgets that are useful for paleogeographic and paleotectonic reconstructions.
Biotic and atmospheric markers of human influence in the Anthropocene have been identified, but stratigraphic evidence is still debated by the geological community. Some stratigraphic signals are synchronous and distributed worldwide. Others are related to local dispersal of legacy sediments, pollutants, and technological debris, with records that extend back to the later Pleistocene. Many human-generated materials degrade slowly, allowing waste and relict ruins to be preserved as “anthropic fossils”.
The session gives an opportunity for sedimentologists to contribute more fully to the “Anthropocene debate ”through research and datasets on sedimentary features and anthropogenic markers. We seek presentations from land-based research (archaeological sites, urban areas, contaminated sites, caves, mines, rivers, dams, forests and agricultural areas) and the submerged environment (coastal areas, continental shelves, deep ocean, lakes, lagoons and estuaries).
The Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) has recommended formal designation of the Anthropocene starting at 1950, and the geological community is approaching the formalization of a new geological epoch. In view of the widespread interest in this concept, the IAS community needs to actively engage the public around the Anthropocene question. The session aims to promote a knowledgeable and coherent approach to these important, wide-ranging issues.
The great development of Geoarchaeology in recent decades, along with the progress of analytical methods in Geosciences, has underlined the importance of the study of sediments preserved in archaeological contexts. Many multidisciplinary research programs now focus on these archaeological sediments, analyzing them using several sedimentological and geochemical methods, directly on field as well as later in laboratory. All of them draw a true way to investigate the natural (climatic – tectonic – geographic) and anthropogenic controls on sediment deposition and contribute to enhance our understanding of the connectivity between human activities/settlements and the past environmental contexts over historical times, Holocene and longer timescales. The aim of the session meeting is to gather researches working on these archaeological sediments with a multidisciplinary approach, in order to depict a geoarchaeological catalogue based on sedimentological features controlled by depositional conditions and anthropological impacts. Thus we will try to define new lines of discussions, emphasizing on methods to employ and new research thematics to develop around the concept of “anthropogenic facies”, challenging to upgrade the dialogue between nature and culture.
Most of the world’s major river deltas and related alluvial coastal plain are affected by subsidence. The main effects of subsidence include aquifer salinization, inundation of lowlands and coastal erosion, increased vulnerability to flooding and storm surges. The risk of rapid coastal subsidence to infrastructure and economy is significative as well.
Subsidence rates reflect regional and local tectonic effects but it can be greatly enhanced by consolidation of sedimentary stata. Usually investigations have measured compaction rates in the shallow subsurface whereas few data exist that quantify compaction rates over the entire Holocene succession, overlying the Pleistocene substrate, mostly characterized by sands, silts, clays and peats compacting under their own weight. Even if primary consolidation process is concluded (due to water extraction for the agricultural and industrial uses, among others) soil deformations can still occur due to creep and will result in an additional vertical movement at ground surface.
This session aims to explore the causes and consequences of coastal subsidence by taking into account the variety of independent subsidence drivers and focusing on the role of the sedimentary architecture and the related geotechnical characteristics of coastal settings.
We encourage studies addressing a wide range of spatial and temporal scales and applying state of the art methodologies.
Interdisciplinary studies are strongly encouraged as they provide the basis for a sustainable management.
Aim of this session is to collect contributions regarding geodiversity and geoheritage, and that specifically address the relationships between these two important Earth aspects and tourism. Furthermore, welcome will be those contributions that will highlight how the knowledge of stratigraphic-sedimentological characters of a site can contribute to promote geological knowledge.
Site effects have been deeply studied over past decades and it is now well known that local geology can strongly affect ground motion amplitude, duration and frequency content, producing different ground motion. The analysis of the influence of local effects on seismic response at ground surface is the main issue of seismic microzonation studies and site specific ground motion analyses.
Despite this knowledge, recent experimental evidences have shown that similar sedimentary covers belonging to different depositional environments can result in different seismic response levels.
This session therefore encourages contributions from scientists in the field of geology, geophysics, engineering seismology and geotechnical engineering for discussing on the state of the art of studies in which the effects of site response are related to sedimentological features. Multidisciplinary contributions with a special focus on site characterization and subsoil models reconstruction are also welcome. Insights from worldwide seismic microzonation will also be particularly appreciated.
Strong earthquakes trigger a plethora of environmental effects that can be recognized in the stratigraphic records. The most important of such effects is probably that associated to primary tectonic deformation, namely the rupture at Earth surface of the earthquake causative fault. The interference of fault rupture events with the exogenous processes leaves traces that can be identified with specific “on-fault” stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses and that can provide with data useful for defining the slip history of the investigated fault, its kinematic parametres and a series of information that can represent ingredients for seismic probability analyses. The recognition and analysis of such evidence offer the opportunity to expand the knowledge of the seismic history over wider time windows and to derive seismic parameters for ancient earthquakes, including also macroseismic intensity. However, more work is required to better integrate the various observations, dating uncertainties and modelling techniques and to derive earthquake source parameters for the causative events. This session will bring together different disciplines that focus on the stratigraphic and geologic evidence of past earthquakes with the common aim to better depict the so-called seismic landscape of a region.
Sergio Cappucci – [email protected] (ENEA, Italy); Edward Antony (Aix-Marseille University, France); Enzo Pranzini (University of Florence, Italy); Victor N. de Jonge (University of Hull, UK); Giorgio Fontolan (University of Trieste); P. Lupino (Regione Lazio, Italy).
Beach erosion is the result of a deficit in the coastal sediment budget.
To manage this process coastal sediment stock assessment is crucial, even more under the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) framework.
Being hard to increase sediment input from the river system, which is actually reducing due to soil erosion control, flood reduction and dams construction, a knowledge based managing of sediment moving along the coast is the only possible short and medium time strategy to address the problem, with or without hard shore protection structures.
On the other side, shelf sediments are increasingly used to artificially nourish eroding beaches, but this non-renewable resource needs to be assessed and managed in the most sustainable and profitable way. The same is for sediments deposited on the updrift side of harbors and marinas, as well at river mouth jetties; a land-to-land nourishment can be carried out through bypass systems, provided a strong knowledge of the sediment budget and supported by stakeholders consent.
Under a growing human coastal occupation, and within a sea level rise scenario, managing coastal sediments has scientific, technical and administrative issues which deserve more consideration, also to reduce stakeholders conflicts.
Aim of the proposed session is to collect and compare scientific, technical and legal experiences supporting a wise management of this precious resource.
Our session aims to bring together sedimentologists, geomorphologists, and structural geologists with broad interest in studies related to the Middle East region from Precambrian to Cenozoic. It will present new findings and developments related to the Tethys basins, tectonic, sedimentary processes and the development of oil and gas fields.
Contributions about the evolution of The Tethys basins under different climatic and/or geodynamic conditions.
Contributions about sedimentary and tectonic evolution of intracratonic, foreland, marginal and rift basins including their hydrocarbon potentials.
Provides a regional understanding of the geology, sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Middle East.
Analyses of the structure and stratigraphic architecture of related basins and their stratigraphic expressions.
The vertical displacements: the mechanisms of uplift and subsidence in the rift and continental margins.
The interactions between lithosphere deformation, climate, surface processes (erosion- sedimentation) and topography (aerial and subaqueous).
Display oil and gas seeps, methane expelling mud volcanoes, gas chimneys and hydrates illustrating the importance of fluids migrations in geological systems.
The study of multi-scale datasets and the integration between disciplines plays a key role in the exploration and exploitation of resources, for which a thorough understanding of subsurface stratigraphic architecture is an essential pre-requisite. In recent years, new thinking and technologies have emerged to help unlock additional hydrocarbon reserves, especially in challenging settings such as basins undergoing active deformation and morphostructural reshaping.
An increasing number of studies now conclude that sequence stratigraphic concepts need to be re-considered with the aim of constructing an inductive and model-independent discipline, thereby departing from the current, deductive, and aprioristic approach. Looking from a cross-disciplinary perspective, this session aims at attracting contributions that address relationships between tectonics and sedimentation using revised sequence-stratigraphic approaches, both surface and subsurface datasets, and integration between scales.
We seek contributions from researchers using: 3D-based data that documents laterally-variable accommodation in settings with moving tectonic hinges; the record of depositional systems and their response to high-frequency allogenic and autogenic changes; process-oriented stratigraphic reconstructions (high-resolution 3D seismostratigraphic interpretation and seismic geomorphology); numerical and analogic stratigraphic modelling (three-dimensional visualization and synthetic stratigraphy); and integration between digital outcrop models and subsurface data.
Sedimentology has always represented a key factor for reservoir modelling, being the main driver to infer the reservoir vs non-reservoir facies characteristics and relationships, as well as porosity and permeability distributions.
Recent improvements in reservoir modelling capabilities and computational capacity result in the chance to input reservoir models with more accurate sedimentological data and to obtain more geologically consistent representations. This leads to different modelling opportunities: a first approach is to build large geocellular models, unlocking the possibility to represent the reservoir heterogeneity in greater detail; another approach is the realization of a high number (tens to hundreds) of equiprobable and alternative scenarios in the attempt to capture the reservoir uncertainties. The two approaches are not mutually exclusive.
However, independently of the modelling approach, accurate sedimentological models derived from subsurface and outcrop analogues assume therefore a stronger importance considered that their characteristics can be preserved with a high detail.
The session may include both methodological contributions and case histories of outcrop and subsurface studies in clastic and carbonate depositional systems, as well as multi scenario and/or high resolution reservoir modelling studies.
Mixed siliciclastic-carbonate deposits represent the most common examples of a particular type of sediments that lie between the extrabasinal (terrigenous, epiclastic) and the intrabasinal (mainly carbonate) end-members. In recent years, siliciclastic-carbonate deposits have received increased attention since it has been recognized that they are more common in the geologic record that previously thought. Despite the relative importance of these units, there is no consensus between the carbonate and siliciclastic communities regarding the use of a shared nomenclature and/or comprehensive depositional models. Therefore, we true nature of these deposits and the controlling parameters associated with their evolution are far to be fully understood.
Mixed deposits are important in the context of hydrocarbon exploration and production since the siliciclastic and carbonate fractions can affect elements of the petroleum system differently.
The aim of this session is to gather contributions focusing on different aspects pertaining to mixed deposits with special interest in case studies that (i) showcase the coexistence of both siliciclastic and carbonate deposition, as well as (ii) link different elements of the depositional profile from shallow to deep-water deposits. Contributions from both academia and industry are sought.
Mudrocks represent roughly the 75% of the stratigraphic record. The understanding of the processes that control their deposition and diagenesis is then crucial for the interpretation of Earth history. Beside their importance as stratigraphic and paleoclimatic record, fine-grained sediments are also economically relevant as cap-rocks and source rocks.
In recent years, research on mudrocks has revealed the complexity of the physical and chemical processes controlling their sedimentation. The paradigm that mudstones accumulated in low-energy settings via suspension settling have been finally overcame. Thanks to new data, flume experiments and new techniques, insights about depositional styles and processes have emerged. Complex micro- to large-scale processes control mudrocks erosion, transport and deposition, thus impacting on lateral and vertical heterogeneity of fine-grained successions. Variations in the depositional style and early diagenesis of mudrocks exert a major control on sealing efficiency and organic matter dilution and preservation, thus finally affecting their properties as potential cap-rocks and source rocks.
The aim of this session is to provide a representative review of the state of the art of mudrocks petrography, sedimentology and stratigraphy. Within this framework, we invite contributions that capture the complexity of physical and chemical depositional processes of fine-grained sediments both from modern environments and past sedimentary records.
Diagenetic processes severely modify initial carbonate sediment properties, in particular mineralogy and crystal size (reactive potential), porosity and permeability (flow properties), and geochemistry (isotope and elemental composition). Understanding the temperature (T), pressure (P) and timing (t) at which these processes occur, as well as the geochemistry of the fluids involved (isotope composition, salinity) is fundamental in building conceptual models aiming at predicting the temporal and spatial occurrence of diagenetic modifications.
Constraining the diagenetic processes and their key parameters (T, P, t, fluid composition) by combining conventional petrographic and geochemical approaches often remains a challenge and has inherent limitations.
Recent analytical developments that overcome the limits of conventional approaches promise to open new avenues for diagenesis studies, in particular by reducing uncertainties surrounding data interpretation. However, the applicability fields of such techniques in the entire realm of diagenesis is underexplored, and the limits and drawbacks of the new approaches still need further investigation.
This session aims to solicit discussion of recent achievements in this field, where the most innovative approaches to reconstruct carbonate diagenesis have been developed or applied alongside with more traditional tools, with possible applications to solve future energy issues (oil & gas, geothermics, CO2 storage) in sedimentary basins.
Seismic interpretation is traditionally low resolution for sedimentological research. In recent decades, seismic interpretation of high-resolution (meters to tens of meters) subsurface sedimentology has become increasingly in demand. In mature hydrocarbon exploration basins especially, subsurface sedimentologists are more concentrated on thin, small, and stratigraphic targets for infield drilling.
During the pursuit of high resolution, seismic geomorphology (Posamentier, 2000, 2001) and seismic sedimentology (Zeng et al., 1998; Schlager, 2000) arose and thrived. The seismic geomorphology and seismic sedimentology are the seismic investigation of sedimentary rocks and depositional processes, which came into being with the mapping of litho-geomorphologic facies by joint study of seismic lithology and seismic geomorphology (Zeng and Hentz, 2004). It focuses on high-resolution seismic imaging and interpretation of subsurface sedimentology (lithology, facies, and referred reservoir quality), analogous to field-based sedimentology and well-based subsurface sedimentology, but more accustomed to reservoir prediction.
The researches of seismic geomorphology and seismic sedimentology have been becoming a cutting-edge for fine sedimentology and fruitful achievements have been made in the world. We propose this session for researchers to present and discuss new tools, methods, and challenges, and also showcase the continued success of seismic geomorphology and seismic sedimentology applied to exploration and production of petroleum and other mineral resources.
Description and quantification of sedimentary heterogeneities is fundamental to constraining connectivity of facies and distribution of permeability in geological porous media. This has important implications for establishing approaches to hydrocarbon recovery, underground carbon sequestration, groundwater exploitation and remediation for contaminant dispersal in aquifers. Linkages between depositional environments, sedimentary facies, patterns of diagenesis, and petrophysical properties have been widely described from a range of different settings, demonstrating the value of sedimentology in reservoir characterization.
Datasets acquired from outcrop and core logs can provide information on how sedimentary facies stack spatially and aid in development of predictive models for subsurface analogues. Furthermore, petrophysical and hydraulic testing from wells assists in the detection and appraisal of flow effects for different facies configurations, and therefore makes the characterization of productive reservoirs more robust.
We invite research presentations on characterization and modelling of sedimentary and petrophysical heterogeneities from both carbonate and siliciclastic deposits. Contributions are invited on specific topics that include, but are not limited to, the following: capturing heterogeneities from outcrops, cores and geophysical imaging; numerical and geostatistical modelling of sedimentary facies and petrophysics; approaches to enhanced oil recovery, CO2 storage and assessment of dynamic connectivity in reservoirs; groundwater flow and contaminant transport.
The session will focus on the progress of current research and the role of organic matter, palynofacies and palynology studies as an important tool in geoscience. A wide range of topics highlighting the application of organic matter studies to hydrocarbon exploration, palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and stratigraphy will be included.
thermal maturity assessment of organic matter by optical and geochemical methods.
Participants are invited to present methodological approaches and significant case studies in reconstructing depositional environments, burial and thermal modelling of sedimentary basins, cyclostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, etc..
All these topics are crucial for the future application of organic matter studies as a fundamental research in the fields of Earth Science.
Enormous amount of methane and gas hydrates are found along continental margins worldwide, beneath Arctic permafrost and Antarctica ice. The deep methane-rich fluids tend to migrate upward through diffuse intergranular flow and/or advective flow through structural or stratigraphic permeable pathways, eventually mixing with shallow methane sources, inducing the precipitation of thick authigenic carbonates linked to the anaerobic oxidation of methane. There are still many unsolved questions and fundamental science challenges related to methane carbon flux in the marine environment, gas hydrate reservoir responses to natural and anthropogenic perturbations, as well as their evolution through time. In this session we welcome contributes showing examples and evidences from sedimentology, bio/geochemistry and ecology, that control and/or are affected by methane-rich fluid expulsions and gas hydrate settings. We wish to create synergies between marine and terrestrial sciences, modern day and past observations, for a multifaceted view on methane rich fluid dynamics and their signatures in the sedimentary column. | 2019-04-26T03:38:45Z | http://iasroma2019.org/call-for-abstract/ |
On December 13 and 14, 2011, The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, in cooperation with Academic Exchange Israel, hosted its first international conference on “The Causes and Consequences of Democracy: Regional and Global Perspectives.” Prof. Uzi Rabi, Director of the Dayan Center, welcomed everyone for coming, and stressed the importance of holding an international and interdisciplinary conference during a time in which democracy and religion are creating tumultuous change in the world.
Professor of International Relations at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Prof. Charlie Kupchan, began the conference with his paper “Alternative to the Western Way.” Kupchan posed the question: When we enter a world that is more diffuse, will we see a singular track or a multi-track approach to modernity? Kupchan argued that for the first time in history the world is taking on a global dimension. No longer will traditional political homogeneity based solely on Western values and institutions dominate, but rather the world is starting to become more conscious of multiple renderings of modernity. Kupchan attributed this global phenomenon to three factors: the changing role of the middle class, culture, and a changing international setting. Kupchan emphasized the turbulent and uncertain stage the global community faces vis-a-vis the idea of global modernity. What we are presently witnessing, he argued, is an increasingly multicultural world.
Senior Research Fellow at the Moshe Dayan Center, Prof. Ofra Bengio, followed by discussing her paper “Turkey and Iraq: Models of Democratization,” which explores whether the Turkish or Iraqi model of democratization may be applied to post-revolutionary Arab regimes. Prof. Bengio stated that, to the Arab World, the American-imposed democratic model in Iraq is frightening. Arabs equate the Iraqi model of democracy with civil war and instability, and noted the consequent rejection of this model in the Arab World. On the other hand, Prof. Bengio noted that the Turkish model offers proof that democracy and Islam are not contradictory. The Turkish model has become successful, and uses a formula which Turkey, as well as the United States, hope new Arab leaders may implement in post-revolutionary states. However, neither Islamists nor Liberals in the Arab world are enthusiastic about the Turkish model. Islamists reject the secular notion of the Turkish model and Liberals fear the external influence Turkey may gain in Arab countries if they implement this form of government. “It is not possible to transplant one system of government to a different country,” Bengio stated. Arabs want their own authentic government and want to create their own model that encompasses their Islamic roots.
Discussion following this panel concentrated on the influence of Prof. Kupchan’s statement that culture matters. While the general consensus was that culture plays a large role in rising states’ paths to modernity, debate arose on the scale it plays and to what extent culture can be measured. Prof. Stephan Haggard, of the University of California, San Diego, challenged Kupchan’s notion that the world used to follow a Western notion of globalization. Haggard claimed that the world has always been diverse and that it is not necessarily becoming more so. The change that the world is going through is due to a changing power balance, in large part as a result of the material decline of the United States.
Dr. Matti Steinberg, of Haifa University, presented his paper entitled, “My Community Will Never Agree Upon an Error: Islamic Fundamentalism’s Contrasting Notions of Democracy,” which examined the Islamic Fundamentalist doctrines of the Global Jihad (GJ) and the Muslim Brotherhood (MB). Using Max Weber’s paradigm of “ethic/morality of responsibility” and “ethic conviction” Steinberg drew conclusions on how both the GJ and the MB function.
The Global Jihad movement is founded upon the basic principle of the Shahada which says, “There is no God other than Allah.” The GJ sect interprets this to mean that the first and foremost pre-condition of the Islamic religion is the rejection and utter denial of any loyalty to ancient and modern idols, be it concrete images or abstract ideas; ideas which include nationalism and democracy along with its accessories, such as elections, man-made constitutions, and civil rights. Based on this analysis, the GJ ideology becomes totally incompatible with democracy, since the only sovereignty is the sovereignty of God – not of the people.
Steinberg contrasts the idea of GJ with doctrine of the MB, which is based on the concept of da’wa – reaching out to the public sphere. Looking at Weber, the MB can be seen as an organization that attempts to strike a balance between the adherence to the values needed to establish an Islamic state but also, towards the needs of Egyptian society as a whole – be it to devout or secular, Christian or Muslim. In short the MB, which gains its power from the bottom-top, has a much larger and more diverse population to satisfy. Steinberg believes that the need to appease the masses may force the MB to commit to more democratic beliefs. Thus, Steinberg argues the MB can be influenced and compatible with democracy.
Discussion of Steinberg’s beliefs were met with debate from Moshe Dayan Center Senior Researcher Fellow, Prof. Meir Litvak, who stated that, thus far, the MB has failed to follow democratic principles, which makes him skeptical that the MB will turn a new leaf once elected. Prof. Steinberg replied by saying that since the MB will not form a coalition with the Salafists they will be forced to create a coalition with the liberal Egypt Bloc, which will possibly force them to adhere to democratic principles in order to maintain their balance between Egyptian society and Islam.
Prof. Stephan Haggard of the University of California, San Diego, presented ideas from his paper “Inequality and Regime Change: Democratic Transitions and the Stability of Democratic Rule,” in which he examined the “Third Wave” of democratization and questioned whether inequality and distributive conflicts are a driving force in the transition to democratic rule, and if unequal democracies are more likely to revert back to authoritarianism? Prof. Haggard concludes that other mechanisms, including intra-elite conflict and calculations, as well as international factors need to be taken into account when examining “Third Wave” countries.
Relating these ideas to the Arab Spring, Prof. Haggard stated that the protests in the Arab World have a strong element of redistribution, but there are still many unknowns, particularly in Egypt. Egypt is headed for a lot of economic trouble. The IMF estimates that Egypt’s GDP will need to grow three percent per year just to curtail the rising unemployment rate. Competing parties in Egypt will need to deal with these problems and the winning coalition must prove that it can accomplish this economic feat.
Haggard also emphasized the uncertainty of the future landscape of the non-Muslim Brotherhood, non-Salafi political horizon in Egypt. Understanding how leftist parties will evolve will be critical when examining the formation of a new coalition in Egypt. Equally critical is the question of turnover and incumbency. Will Islamist parties be willing to give up power if they lose in future elections? While the future of Egypt has us asking many questions, it is clear that not only political reforms, but also policy reforms will have to be made in formation of the new Egyptian government.
Prof. Lisa Blaydes, of Stanford University, examined how women fare under Islamic rule. For her paper, “How Does Islamist Local Governance Affect the Lives of Women? A Comparative Study of Two Cairo Neighborhoods,” Prof. Blades conducted a case study in two demographically similar neighborhoods of Cairo, Bulaq al-Dakar and Imbaba. Both neighborhoods are characterized by poverty, overcrowding and a general absence of state actors and services. The Islamic group Al-Gama’a al-Islamia (IG) attempted to establish local governance in both neighborhoods, but only succeeded in Imbaba. Prof. Blaydes used these two neighborhoods to compare how women fair in both Islamic and secular local governances.
Prof. Blaydes’ case study involved distributing a comprehensive health report to 600 women in Imbaba and 600 women in Bulaq. The results of the report suggested that women in the Islamic governed neighborhood of Imbaba enjoy higher levels of prenatal care, fewer home births and lower fertility rates than their statistically matched secular counterparts in Bulaq al-Dakrur. Contrarily, women in Imbaba were no more likely to drop out of school or be subject to female circumcision, or early marriage than women in Bulaq. However, Christian women living in Imbaba reported being subject to various forms of physical intimidation and violence. This data would suggest that Islamist local governance has the potential to produce positive outcomes for women as a result of the depth and breadth of services offered, but that in the case of Christians and, perhaps, also secularists living under Islamic control, increased acts of violence and intimidation contributed to sectarian tension.
In countries where religion is integral to culture, Islamist parties will have an easier time delivering social services over secularists, an observation that was agreed upon by Prof. Litvak, Prof. Maddy-Weitzman, and Prof. Blaydes. The Islamist parties’ success usually comes at the expense of leftist parties, as even the educated elite support the Islamist parties like the Muslim Brotherhood. These comments came in response to Prof. Haggard’s posit that Islamic parties power stems mainly from their ability to deliver better social services.
Principal Research Fellow at the Moshe Dayan Center, Prof. Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, discussed his paper, “The Prospects and Limitations of Democratization in North Africa: Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Libya,” explaining that for a long time North Africa was not a place where democratization was talked about. In the aftermath of the Arab uprisings, however, Tunisia and Libya are embarking on a journey to establish a new constitution, Morocco has initiated a series of proactive reform measures, and Algeria has discussed implementing similar reforms.
Prof. Maddy-Weitzman currently views the situation in Tunisia as being on a path of more genuine democratization and Islamization. In the words of Amitai Etzioni, the likely political outcome of Tunisia will be a kind of “Islamocracy,” which combines democratic institutions and an active civil society, with some influence of Islamic law and norms on political and social life. Practicing a type of soft Islam that is more open to democratic pluralistic policies, Ennahda, the current ruling party in Tunisia, is one example of an Islamist political party whose actions will illustrate whether or not an Islamic government can be democratic.
In Morocco, King Mohamed VI and the operators of his state apparatus have been sufficiently proactive in their responses to the rumblings of the people. The King embarked on a slow transition to liberalization ending some of Morocco‘s most notorious human rights abuses, expanding space for civil society, allowing for more political opposition, and the creation of a new constitution that draws upon pluralistic order.
Moreover, the Moroccan king’s ability to remain in power is also attributable to the distinct geographic integrity of Morocco that dates back more than 1200 years. Morocco’s religious homogeneity and linguistic configuration, and a ruling dynasty of more than 350 years, whose legitimacy is based on claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad has granted Morocco a degree of stability. However, at this point it is still unknown whether the King’s modernizations will be enough to retain favor among the Moroccan people.
Looking to the future, Prof. Maddy-Weitzman sees Algeria as the next prime candidate for upheaval. Algeria, unlike Morocco, has not been proactive in the reform process, and the public’s grievances are numerous and genuine.
In Libya the new National Transition Council (NTC) will face the enormous challenge of establishing legitimacy and learning how to govern and build institutions which can channel, contain and integrate a variety of societal demands. The country is awash in weapons that tribal and factional militias will be reluctant to give up. There is significant Islamist sentiment in the NTC and across the country in which the centrality of the Shari`a in the new Libya that has already provoked controversy. At this point, it is hard to imagine elections (scheduled to take place in eight months) that will being carried out in an orderly fashion. Of course, an additional factor to take into consideration with regard to the new Libya control of the country’s oil resources, which will be critical to any regime’s success.
Prof. Meir Litvak, discussed the prospects for democratization in Iran in his paper, “Prospects for Democratization in Iran.” Iran has been largely unaffected by the upheavals of Arab Spring despite suffering from all the socio-economic issues of other Middle East countries. This may be attributed to Iran being one of the most modern countries in the Middle East; it has more women enrolled in universities than men, it has 28 million people exposed to the Internet, and there is a large young and secular population. According to Litvak, the Iranian regime also benefits from some sort of political stability, with approximately 30 percent of the population supporting the government. In combination with techniques of repression, populism and nationalism, the Iranian government has remained stable. Also, the majority of people in Iran who desire reform is not calling for a new government, but rather is in favor of maintaining an Islamic Republic. Litvak emphasized the role that fear plays in the Iranian culture. It is the number one country in executions per capita and tightly controls the Internet with cyber police.
Prof. Litvak also pointed out the one reason revolt that not reached Iran was because as of now there are no guarantees that a new revolution will succeed, and that this government is still a better alternative to other possible outcomes.
Moshe Dayan Center Senior Research Fellow, Prof. Asher Susser, explored the causes of the Arab Spring in his paper, “The Turmoil in the Arab World: Alternative Analytical Paradigms.” He argued that the Western World failed to recognize what he calls the “otherness of the other.” That is, the West did and does not understand that Egyptians, Tunisians, Libyans, etc., uphold different sets of cultural values. Susser emphasized that religion plays a huge role in the lives of most Arabs, especially Egyptians, a reality that is truly difficult for most Westerners to conceptualize. He argued that secularism in the Arab World has been in retreat for some time. The failure of 20th century Arab Nationalism and Arabism caused many to look for other unifying forces. Susser believes that tribalism, sectarianism, and Islam are the new rising powers in the region.
Prof. Jessica Weeks, of Cornell University, examined the influence of authoritarian regimes in international conflicts in her paper, “Strongmen and Straw Men: Authoritarian Regimes and the Initiation of Internal Conflict.” She looked at the extent to which different authoritarian governments led by “Strongmen,” “Boss,” “Junta,” and “Machine,” are willing to use violence in international conflicts. Factors demarcating status quo: the costs of fighting, the costs of losing, and the cost of winning, implicate that the most violent of all authoritarian regimes are Strongmen, followed by Boss, Junta, and then Machine. The results of this study suggest that unconstrained authoritarian military leaders are most likely to go to war, while constrained civilian authoritarian governments are the least likely to go to war.
In fact, Prof. Week’s data showed that Machine governments are even, slightly, less likely to go to war than a democratic government. The framework introduced here not only helps us understand how authoritarian regimes vary in their conflict behavior, but also opens new avenues for creative theorizing about how domestic institutions affect both preferences and constraints, which combine to affect states’ foreign policy behaviors more generally.
In discussion, the participants pondered how authoritarian governments may function differently depending on which region of the world they are located. Litvak questioned how proxy institutions play into an authoritarian regime’s desire for war. Prof. Weeks explained that regionalism made little difference in her findings, and that while proxy institutions were not included in this case study, their involvement would be very interesting to study in future examinations of authoritarian regimes.
The final presentation was given by Prof. Michael Tomz, of Stanford University. In a joint paper written with Prof. Weeks, “An Experimental Investigation of the Democratic Peace,” Tomz explored the theory of shared democracy bringing about peace. A case study was conducted in which both American and British citizens were polled to see if they would be willing to use armed forces to stop a country that is pursuing the production of nuclear weapons. Participants were asked about their willingness to attack the country if it was another democratic country, versus if it was a non-democratic country. Prof. Tomz looked at four facts: How threatening the opponent is, how costly the fighting would be, the likelihood of success, and the morality of using force. The results showed that in the U.K. about 34 percent of those polled favored military action against a non-democratic country while only about 21 percent supported military action against a democratic nation. In the United States, about 53 percent favored an attack against a non-democratic nation, while about 42 percent favored an attack on a democratic nation. The case study also measured the importance of other factors such as threat, cost, success, and morality in a country’s decision to attack another nation. However, Prof. Tomz pointed out that these factors came secondary to democracy. Thus the conclusion was that democracy plays a strong role in whether or not a country should be attacked.
In opposition to Tomz and Weeks’ findings, Kupchan pointed out that the democratic theory says that democracies do not go to war with one another, not that they would be less likely to do so. | 2019-04-21T08:29:39Z | http://academicexchange.com/conferences/consequences-democracy/ |
Play 4 S -50 13 30 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 3NT S 430 39 89 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 3NT S 430 39 89 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
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Play 3NT S -400 21.5 49 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
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Play 4 E 50 40.5 92 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 3NT W -460 5.5 12 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 4 E 50 40.5 92 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 3NT W -460 5.5 12 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 5 W -420 26 59 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 3NT E -460 5.5 12 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 4 E 50 40.5 92 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 4 E -420 26 59 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 4 E 50 40.5 92 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 4 E -420 26 59 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 5 W -420 26 59 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 6 W -920 0.5 1 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 4 E -450 12 27 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 5 W -420 26 59 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 4 E 450 32 73 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 3NT E 460 38.5 88 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 4 E -50 3.5 8 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 5 W 420 18 41 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 4 E 420 18 41 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 4 E 480 41.5 94 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 4 E -50 3.5 8 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 4 E -50 3.5 8 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 4 E 420 18 41 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 3NT W 460 38.5 88 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 5 W 420 18 41 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 4 E -50 3.5 8 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 6 W 920 43.5 99 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 3NT W 460 38.5 88 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 4 E 450 32 73 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 5 W 420 18 41 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 6 S -100 10 23 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 6 S -50 24 55 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 6 N -100 10 23 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 6 S -150 1.5 3 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 6 S -50 24 55 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 3NT S 430 36 82 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 6 S -100 10 23 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 3NT S 460 38 86 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 6 S -50 24 55 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 6 S -100 10 23 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 6 S -50 24 55 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 6 S -100 10 23 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 3 S -50 24 55 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 6 S -50 24 55 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 6 S -50 24 55 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 6 S -50 24 55 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 3NT S -460 6 14 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 6 S 50 20 45 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 6 S 50 20 45 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 6 S 50 20 45 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 6 S 50 20 45 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 6 S 100 34 77 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 6 N 100 34 77 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 6 S 50 20 45 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 6 S 150 42.5 97 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 6 S 100 34 77 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 6 S 50 20 45 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 3 S 50 20 45 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 3NT S -430 8 18 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 6 S 50 20 45 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 6 S 100 34 77 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 6 S 100 34 77 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 3 N 130 24.5 56 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 3 E 100 5 11 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 3 N 130 24.5 56 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 3 N 130 24.5 56 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 3 N 130 24.5 56 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 3 E -140 1 2 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 3 N 130 24.5 56 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 3 N 130 24.5 56 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 3 N 130 24.5 56 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 4 N 130 24.5 56 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 3 N 130 24.5 56 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 3 N 130 24.5 56 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 3 N 130 24.5 56 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 4 N 130 24.5 56 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 3 W 100 5 11 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 3x N 870 44 100 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 3 N -130 19.5 44 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 3 E -100 39 89 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 3 W -100 39 89 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 3 N -130 19.5 44 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 3x N -870 0 0 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 4 N -130 19.5 44 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 3 N -130 19.5 44 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 3 N -130 19.5 44 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 3 N -130 19.5 44 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 3 N -130 19.5 44 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 3 N -130 19.5 44 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 3 N -130 19.5 44 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 3 E 140 43 98 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 4 N -130 19.5 44 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 3 N -130 19.5 44 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 3 N -130 19.5 44 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 5 W -480 19.5 44 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 4 W -450 40 91 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 4 W -480 19.5 44 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 4 E -480 19.5 44 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 4 W -480 19.5 44 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 5 W 480 24.5 56 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 4 W 480 24.5 56 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 4 W 480 24.5 56 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 4 W 450 4 9 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 4 E 480 24.5 56 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 2 E 100 26.5 60 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 1NT W -90 11 25 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 2 E 200 40 91 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 2 N 90 17 39 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 2 E 100 26.5 60 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 2 E 100 26.5 60 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 3NT S -100 8 18 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 2 E 100 26.5 60 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 2 E 100 26.5 60 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 3 N -50 13 30 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 2 N 90 17 39 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 2 N -100 8 18 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 2 N 90 17 39 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 1NT N 90 17 39 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 2 E 100 26.5 60 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 1NT N 120 34.5 78 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 1NT W 90 33 75 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 1NT N -90 27 61 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 2 E -200 4 9 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 2 E -100 17.5 40 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 2 E -100 17.5 40 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 1NT N -120 9.5 22 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 3 N 50 31 70 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 2 N -90 27 61 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 2 N -90 27 61 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 2 E -100 17.5 40 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 2 N 100 36 82 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 2 E -100 17.5 40 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 2 N -90 27 61 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 3NT S 100 36 82 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 2 E -100 17.5 40 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 2 E -100 17.5 40 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 3NT E -600 38 86 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 3NT E -660 9 20 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 3NT E -630 27.5 62 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 3NT E -630 27.5 62 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 3 E -150 42 95 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 3NT W -660 9 20 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 3NT E -630 27.5 62 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 3NT E -660 9 20 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 3NT E -660 9 20 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 3NT E -630 27.5 62 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 3NT W -660 9 20 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 3NT W -660 9 20 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 3NT E -660 9 20 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 3NT W -660 9 20 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 3NT W -660 9 20 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 3NT W -660 9 20 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 3NT E 660 35 80 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 3NT E 630 16.5 38 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 3NT W 660 35 80 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 3NT E 630 16.5 38 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 3NT W 660 35 80 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 3NT E 660 35 80 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 3NT W 660 35 80 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 3NT E 630 16.5 38 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 3 E 150 2 5 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 3NT W 660 35 80 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 3NT W 660 35 80 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 3NT W 660 35 80 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 3NT E 630 16.5 38 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 3NT E 600 6 14 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 3NT E 660 35 80 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 3NT E 660 35 80 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 3 E 100 19.5 44 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 3 S -100 6.5 15 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 3 W 100 19.5 44 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 3 E -140 3.5 8 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 1NT N 120 36 82 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 4 E 50 13 30 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 3 N 110 26.5 60 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 1NT N 90 17 39 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 5 N -50 9 20 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 3 N 110 26.5 60 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 1NT N 150 42 95 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 4 N -50 9 20 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 1NT N 150 42 95 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 3 W -140 3.5 8 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 3 N 110 26.5 60 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 2 E 50 13 30 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 1NT N -150 2 5 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 3 W -100 24.5 56 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 3 W 140 40.5 92 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 3 E 140 40.5 92 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 3 N -110 17.5 40 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 5 N 50 35 80 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 2 E -50 31 70 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 3 N -110 17.5 40 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 1NT N -120 8 18 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 1NT N -150 2 5 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 4 E -50 31 70 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 4 N 50 35 80 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 3 N -110 17.5 40 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 3 E -100 24.5 56 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 1NT N -90 27 61 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 3 S 100 37.5 85 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 2 W -90 29.5 67 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 4 E -650 0 0 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 5 W 200 42.5 97 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 3 E -140 12 27 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 3 S -100 21.5 49 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 5 E 100 39 89 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 4 S -100 21.5 49 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 2 W -90 29.5 67 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 2 E -140 12 27 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 4 E 200 42.5 97 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 4 S -150 9.5 22 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 2 W -90 29.5 67 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 3x S -300 6 14 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 5 W 100 39 89 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 2 W -90 29.5 67 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 4 S -200 8 18 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 5 W -200 1.5 3 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 3x S 300 38 86 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 3 E 140 32 73 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 5 W -100 5 11 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 3 S 100 22.5 51 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 2 W 90 14.5 33 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 2 E 140 32 73 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 4 S 200 36 82 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 4 E -200 1.5 3 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 5 E -100 5 11 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 4 S 150 34.5 78 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 4 S 100 22.5 51 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 2 W 90 14.5 33 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 2 W 90 14.5 33 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 4 E 650 44 100 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 2 W 90 14.5 33 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 3NT E 100 39 89 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 4 E -650 6 14 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 4 W -620 21.5 49 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 4 W -650 6 14 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 3NT E 100 39 89 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 4 W -650 6 14 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 4 W -650 6 14 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 3NT E -600 33.5 76 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 3 E 200 42.5 97 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 4 E -620 21.5 49 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 4 W -650 6 14 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 4 W -650 6 14 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 3NT E -600 33.5 76 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 4 E -650 6 14 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 4 W -620 21.5 49 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 4 E -620 21.5 49 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 4 W 620 22.5 51 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 3NT E 600 10.5 24 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 4 W 650 38 86 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 4 E 650 38 86 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 3NT E -100 5 11 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 4 W 620 22.5 51 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 3 E -200 1.5 3 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 4 E 620 22.5 51 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 4 E 620 22.5 51 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 4 W 650 38 86 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 4 W 650 38 86 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 4 W 650 38 86 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 3NT E -100 5 11 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 3NT E 600 10.5 24 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 4 E 650 38 86 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 4 W 650 38 86 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 1 N -100 30.5 69 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 2 N -100 30.5 69 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 2 N -100 30.5 69 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 2 N -150 12.5 28 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 2 N -100 30.5 69 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 2 N -150 12.5 28 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 2 N -100 30.5 69 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 2 N -150 12.5 28 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 2 N -150 12.5 28 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 2 N -150 12.5 28 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 2 N -150 12.5 28 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 2x N -500 0 0 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 2 N -150 12.5 28 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 2 N -100 30.5 69 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 2 N -100 30.5 69 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 2 N -150 12.5 28 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 2x N 500 44 100 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 2 N 150 31.5 72 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 2 N 150 31.5 72 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 2 N 100 13.5 31 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 2 N 100 13.5 31 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 2 N 150 31.5 72 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 2 N 100 13.5 31 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 2 N 150 31.5 72 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 2 N 150 31.5 72 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 2 N 150 31.5 72 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 2 N 100 13.5 31 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 1 N 100 13.5 31 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 2 N 150 31.5 72 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 2 N 100 13.5 31 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 2 N 150 31.5 72 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 2 N 100 13.5 31 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 3 E -140 11 25 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 3 E 50 30 68 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 3 E 50 30 68 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 3 N 140 41 93 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 3 E 50 30 68 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 3 E 50 30 68 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 3 N -100 20 45 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 3 E 50 30 68 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 3 N -400 4 9 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 2 E -110 16 36 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 3 E 50 30 68 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 3x N -500 1 2 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 2 W -140 11 25 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 2 E -110 16 36 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 3 N -200 6 14 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 3 E -140 11 25 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 3x N 500 43 98 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 3 N -140 3 7 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 2 W 140 33 75 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 3 E -50 14 32 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 2 E 110 28 64 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 3 E -50 14 32 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 3 N 200 38 86 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 3 N 400 40 91 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 3 E 140 33 75 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 2 E 110 28 64 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 3 N 100 24 55 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 3 E 140 33 75 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 3 E -50 14 32 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 3 E -50 14 32 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 3 E -50 14 32 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 3 E -50 14 32 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 1NT N 210 0 0 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 3NT N 600 1.5 3 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 3NT N 630 10 23 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 3NT N 630 10 23 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 3NT N 630 10 23 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 3NT N 660 31 70 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 3NT N -630 34 77 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 1NT N -210 44 100 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 3NT N -630 34 77 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 3NT N -600 42.5 97 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 3NT N -630 34 77 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 3NT N -660 13 30 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 2 E 50 12 27 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 2 E 100 24 55 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 2NT S 150 43 98 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 1NT S 90 17 39 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 2x E 100 24 55 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 3NT S -100 2 5 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 1NT S 120 36 82 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 1NT S 90 17 39 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 3NT S -100 2 5 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 2 S 90 17 39 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 2 S 110 28.5 65 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 2 S -50 7.5 17 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 1NT S -50 7.5 17 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 1NT S 120 36 82 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 2 S -50 7.5 17 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 2 N -50 7.5 17 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 1NT S -90 27 61 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 2 S 50 36.5 83 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 2x E -100 20 45 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 1NT S 50 36.5 83 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 3NT S 100 42 95 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 1NT S -120 8 18 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 1NT S -120 8 18 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 2 S 50 36.5 83 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 3NT S 100 42 95 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 2 N 50 36.5 83 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 2 E -50 32 73 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 1NT S -90 27 61 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 2 E -100 20 45 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 2 S -90 27 61 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 2NT S -150 1 2 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 2 S -110 15.5 35 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 2 N 110 28 64 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 3 S -100 12.5 28 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 2 N 170 41 93 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 3 E 50 21 48 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 2 N 200 43.5 99 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 2 W -110 6.5 15 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 2 N 110 28 64 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 2 S 110 28 64 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 3 N -100 12.5 28 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 2 S 140 35.5 81 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 3 N 130 32 73 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 2 S 140 35.5 81 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 2 N 170 41 93 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 2 N -100 12.5 28 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 3 W 50 21 48 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 3 W 50 21 48 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 3 N -130 12 27 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 2 N -200 0.5 1 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 2 S -140 8.5 19 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 2 W 110 37.5 85 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 2 N -170 3 7 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 2 N -110 16 36 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 2 N 100 31.5 72 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 2 S -110 16 36 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 3 W -50 23 52 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 2 N -110 16 36 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 3 W -50 23 52 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 3 S 100 31.5 72 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 3 N 100 31.5 72 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 2 N -170 3 7 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 2 S -140 8.5 19 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 3 E -50 23 52 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 3 W -200 31 70 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 3 W -140 34.5 78 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 3NT E -600 30 68 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 3NT E -660 6 14 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 3NT E -630 19.5 44 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 4 W 100 41.5 94 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 4 W 100 41.5 94 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 3NT E -630 19.5 44 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 3NT E -630 19.5 44 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 3NT E -660 6 14 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 3NT E -630 19.5 44 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 3NT E -630 19.5 44 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 3NT E -660 6 14 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 3NT E -630 19.5 44 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 3NT E -630 19.5 44 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 3NT E -630 19.5 44 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 3NT E 630 24.5 56 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 3NT E 630 24.5 56 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 3NT E 630 24.5 56 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 4 W -100 2.5 6 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 3NT E 660 38 86 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 4 W -100 2.5 6 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 3NT E 630 24.5 56 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 3NT E 630 24.5 56 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 3NT E 630 24.5 56 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 3 W 200 13 30 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 3NT E 630 24.5 56 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 3 W 140 9.5 22 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 3NT E 630 24.5 56 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 3NT E 600 14 32 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 3NT E 660 38 86 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 3NT E 660 38 86 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 3 S 140 15 34 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 4 S -50 5 11 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 4 S 450 36.5 83 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs.
Play 3 S 140 15 34 4-Barbara Bivins-Jill Entsminger vs.
Play 3 S 170 22 50 5-Hemant Bhatia-Brian Gilbert vs.
Play 3NT N 400 27.5 62 6-Ronald Spain-Rosemarie Spain vs.
Play 3 S 170 22 50 7-Judy Elbogen-Philip Hiestand vs.
Play 4 S -50 5 11 8-Maria Marshall-Lorraine Gordon vs.
Play 3 S 200 25.5 58 9-Timothy Flaherty-James Andrews vs.
Play 4 S 450 36.5 83 10-John Howard-Elazar Harel vs.
Play 3 S 170 22 50 11-Gilbert Stinebaugh-Rai Osborne vs.
Play 3 S 140 15 34 12-Jerry Schreider-Edward Cowan Jr vs.
Play 3 S -50 5 11 13-Nunzio Martorina-Charyl May vs.
Play 3 S 140 15 34 14-Lucille Hovland-Cynthia Greer vs.
Play 3NT S 460 41.5 94 15-Bjorgvin Kristinsson-Arti Bhargava vs.
Play 4 S -50 5 11 16-Alexander Kolesnik-Louis Sachar vs.
Play 3 S -170 22 50 1-Harvey Jaffe-Norman Schwartz vs.
Play 3 S -170 22 50 2-Jayendu Patel-Tanaaz Timblo vs.
Play 3NT N -400 16.5 38 3-Bonnie Macbride-Stephen Goldstein vs.
Play 3 S -140 29 66 4-Joan Kaye-Sally Murphy vs.
Play 3 S -170 22 50 5-Joel Schiff-Sara Carlson vs.
Play 3 S 50 39 89 6-Marjorie O'Malley-Charles O'Malley III vs.
Play 4 S 50 39 89 7-James Weeks-Neil Stern vs.
Play 3 S -140 29 66 8-Shailesh Gupta-Marcus Evans vs.
Play 3 S -140 29 66 9-Crispin Barrere-Rick Roeder vs.
Play 3NT S -460 2.5 6 10-Debra Thorpe-Charlyn Johnson vs.
Play 4 S 50 39 89 11-Joe Houde-Andrew Loh vs.
Play 4 S 50 39 89 12-Lance Eddy-Millie Garrison vs.
Play 4 S -450 7.5 17 13-David Abelow-Martha Roth vs.
Play 3 S -200 18.5 42 14-Michael Marcucci-Eiko Miller vs.
Play 3 S -140 29 66 15-Iftikhar Baqai-Jon King vs.
Play 4 S -450 7.5 17 16-Lynne Feldman-Steven Cooper vs.
Play 2NT E -120 18.5 42 1-Robert Wood-Debra Cameron vs.
Play 1NT E -150 9.5 22 2-Lynda Crawford-Shirley Cooper vs.
Play 4 E 100 42 95 3-Wafik Abdou-Robert Giragosian vs. | 2019-04-25T00:00:02Z | http://live.acbl.org/event/1709033/08OP/1/summary |
In order to enable the International Monetary Fund (the “Fund”) to fulfill more effectively its role in the international monetary system, a number of countries with the financial capacity to support the international monetary system have agreed to provide resources to the Fund up to specified amounts in accordance with the terms and conditions of this decision. As the Fund is a quota-based institution, the credit arrangements provided for under the terms of this decision shall only be drawn upon when quota resources need to be supplemented in order to forestall or cope with an impairment of the international monetary system. In order to give effect to these intentions, the following terms and conditions are adopted under Article VII, Section 1(i) of the Fund’s Articles of Agreement.
(iii) the HKMA shall have the right to request early repayment in accordance with paragraph 13(c) with respect to claims transferred to the HKMA if at the time of the transfer the balance of payments position of Hong Kong is, in the opinion of the Fund, sufficiently strong to justify such a right.
(a) A member or institution that adheres to this decision undertakes to provide resources to the Fund on the terms and conditions of this decision up to the amount in special drawing rights set forth in Annex I to this decision (“Annex I”), which may be amended from time to time in order to take into account changes in credit arrangements resulting from the application of paragraphs 3(b), 4, 15(b), 16, 17, and 19(b).
(b) Except as set forth in paragraph 1(b)(i) or otherwise agreed with the Fund, resources provided to the Fund under this decision shall be made in the currency of the participant. Agreements under this paragraph for the use of the currency of another member shall be subject to the concurrence of any member whose currency shall be used.
(a) Any member or institution specified in Annex I as a new participant may adhere to this decision in accordance with paragraph 3(c).
(b) Any member or institution not specified in Annex I, may apply to become a participant at any time. Any such member or institution that wishes to become a participant shall, after consultation with the Fund, give notice of its willingness to adhere to this decision, and, if the Fund and participants representing 85 percent of total credit arrangements shall so agree, the member or institution may adhere in accordance with paragraph 3(c). When giving notice of its willingness to adhere under this paragraph 3(b), a member or institution shall specify the amount, expressed in special drawing rights, of the credit arrangement which it is willing to enter into, provided that the amount shall not be less than the credit arrangement of the participant with the smallest credit arrangement. The admission of a new participant shall lead to a proportional reduction in the credit arrangements of all existing participants whose credit arrangements are above that of the participant with the smallest credit arrangement: such proportional reduction in the credit arrangements of participants shall be in an aggregate amount equal to the amount of the new participant’s credit arrangement less any increase in total credit arrangements decided in accordance with paragraph 4(a), provided that no participant’s credit arrangement shall be reduced below the minimum amount set out in Annex I.
(c) A member or institution shall adhere to this decision by depositing with the Fund an instrument setting forth that it has adhered in accordance with its law and has taken all steps necessary to enable it to carry out the terms and conditions of this decision. On the deposit of the instrument the member or institution shall be a participant as of the date of the deposit or of the effective date of the amendments to this decision set out in Executive Board Decision No. 14577-(10/35), April 12, 2010, whichever is later.
(a) When the Managing Director considers that the Fund’s resources available for the purpose of providing financing to members from the General Resources Account need to be supplemented in order to forestall or cope with an impairment of the international monetary system, and after consultations with Executive Directors and participants, the Managing Director may make a proposal for the establishment of an activation period during which the Fund may (i) make commitments under Fund arrangements for which it may make calls on participants under their credit arrangements, and (ii) fund outright purchases by making calls on participants under their credit arrangements; provided that an activation period shall not exceed 6 months, and provided further that the amount covered by calls to fund such commitments under arrangements and outright purchases shall not exceed the maximum amount specified in the proposal. The proposal for the establishment of an activation period shall include information on (i) the overall size of possible Fund arrangements on which discussions are advanced, (ii) the balance between arrangements that are expected to be drawn upon and arrangements that are expected to be precautionary, (iii) additional financing needs that, in the opinion of the Managing Director, may arise during the proposed activation period, and (iv) the mix of quota and NAB resources for purchases from the General Resources Account in the period following the approval of an activation period. The information will be updated quarterly during an activation period.
(b) If there is not unanimity among the participants, the question whether the participants are prepared to accept the Managing Director’s proposal for the establishment of an activation period in accordance with paragraph 5(a) will be decided by a poll of the participants. A favorable decision shall require an 85 percent majority of total credit arrangements of participants eligible to vote. The decision shall be notified to the Fund.
(c) A participant shall not be eligible to vote if, based on its present and prospective balance of payments and reserve position, the member is not included in the financial transactions plan for transfers of its currency at the time of the decision on a proposal for an activation period.
(d) An activation period shall become effective only if it is accepted by participants pursuant to paragraph 5(b) and is then approved by the Executive Board.
(a) To fund outright purchases during an activation period and commitments under arrangements approved during an activation period, calls under individual credit arrangements of participants may be made on the basis of resource mobilization plans approved by the Executive Board normally on a quarterly basis in conjunction with the quarterly financial transactions plan for the General Resources Account. Such resource mobilization plans shall specify for each participant the maximum amount for which calls may be made during the applicable period. The Executive Board may at any time amend such a plan to change the maximum amounts and period for calls. With respect to the allocation of the maximum amounts among participants, the resource mobilization plan shall normally establish an allocation that would result in the available commitments of participants being of equal proportion relative to their credit arrangements.
(b) A participant shall not be included in the resource mobilization plan when, based on its present and prospective balance of payments and reserve position, the member is not included and is not being proposed by the Managing Director to be included in the list of countries in the quarterly financial transactions plan for transfers of its currency.
(c) Calls during the period of a resource mobilization plan shall be made on participants by the Managing Director with due regard to the objective specified in paragraph 6(a) of achieving available commitments of participants that are of equal proportion relative to their credit arrangements. No call shall be made on a participant that has been included in the resource mobilization plan if, at the time of such call, the member’s currency is not being used in transfers under the financial transactions plan because of the member’s balance of payments and reserve position.
(d) When the Fund makes a call pursuant to this paragraph 6, the participant shall promptly make the transfer in accordance with the call.
(a) Calls pursuant to paragraph 11(e) may be made at any time with due regard to the objective specified in paragraph 6(a) of achieving available commitments of participants that are of equal proportion relative to their credit arrangements, provided that no such call shall be made on a participant, when, based on its present and prospective balance of payments and reserve position, the member is not included and is not being proposed by the Managing Director to be included in the list of countries in the quarterly financial transactions plan for transfers of its currency or, if the member has been included in the financial transactions plan, when, at the time of such call, the member’s currency is not being used in transfers under such plan because of the member’s balance of payments and reserve position. Calls under this paragraph 7(a) shall not be subject to the procedures set forth in either paragraph 5 or paragraph 6.
(b) Calls pursuant to paragraph 23 may be made at any time; they shall not be subject to the procedures set forth in either paragraph 5 or paragraph 6.
(c) When the Fund makes a call pursuant to this paragraph 7, the participant shall promptly make the transfer in accordance with the call.
(a) A participant’s claim on the Fund arising from calls under this decision shall be in the form of a loan to the Fund; provided that, at the request of a participant, the Fund shall issue to the participant and the participant shall purchase, for up to the amount of any call on that participant, one or more promissory notes (each a “Note” or together the “Notes”) that have the same substantive terms as loans extended under this decision and are subject to the General Terms and Conditions for NAB Notes set forth in Annex II to this decision (the “GTC”).1 The GTC may be amended by a decision of the Fund with the agreement of participants representing 85 percent of total credit arrangements, provided that any amendment of the GTC shall be consistent with the terms of this decision. The amended GTC shall apply upon effectiveness to all outstanding Notes issued under this decision.
(b) In cases where a participant’s claim on the Fund is in the form of a loan, the Fund shall issue to the participant, at its request, instruments evidencing the Fund’s indebtedness. The form of the instruments shall be agreed between the Fund and the participant. Upon repayment of the amount of any such instrument and all accrued interest, the instrument shall be returned to the Fund for cancellation. If less than the amount of any such instrument is repaid, the instrument shall be returned to the Fund and a new instrument for the remainder of the amount shall be substituted with the same maturity date as in the old instrument.
(c) In cases where a participant’s claim on the Fund is in the form of Notes, such Notes shall be issued in book entry form. Upon the request of a participant, the Fund shall issue a registered Note substantially in the form as set out in the Appendix to the GTC. Upon repayment of any Note and all accrued interest, the Note shall be returned to the Fund for cancellation. If less than the amount of any such Note is repaid, the Note shall be returned to the Fund and a new Note for the remainder of the amount shall be substituted with the same maturity date as in the old Note.
(a) The Fund shall pay interest on its indebtedness under this decision at a rate equal to the combined market interest rate computed by the Fund from time to time for the purpose of determining the rate at which it pays interest on holdings of special drawing rights or any such higher rate as may be agreed between the Fund and participants representing 85 percent of the total credit arrangements.
(c) Interest due to a participant shall be paid, as determined by the Fund in consultation with the participant, in special drawing rights, in the participant’s currency, in the currency borrowed, in freely usable currencies, or, with the agreement of the participant, in other currencies that are actually convertible.
The Fund’s policies and practices under Article V, Sections 3 and 7 of the Articles on the use of its general resources, including those relating to the period of use, shall apply to purchases of currency borrowed by the Fund. Nothing in this decision shall affect the authority of the Fund with respect to requests for the use of its resources by individual members, and access to these resources by members shall be determined by the Fund’s policies and practices, and shall not depend on whether the Fund can borrow under this decision.
(c) Whenever a reduction in the Fund’s holdings of a drawer’s currency is attributed to a purchase of currency borrowed under this decision, the Fund shall promptly repay an equivalent amount to participants. If the Fund has used resources under this decision to finance a reserve tranche purchase by a drawer and the Fund’s holdings of the drawer’s currency that are not subject to repurchase are reduced as a result of net sales of that currency during a quarterly period covered by a financial transactions plan, the Fund shall repay at the beginning of the next quarterly period an amount equivalent to that reduction to participants, up to the amount of the reserve tranche purchase. Payments under this paragraph 11(c) shall be allocated among participants in accordance with paragraph 11(d).
(d) Repayments under paragraphs 11(a), second sentence, 11(b), and 11(c) shall be allocated among participants with due regard to the objective specified in paragraph 6(a) of achieving available commitments of participants that are of equal proportion relative to their credit arrangements. For each participant, repayments shall be applied first to the longest outstanding claim under its credit arrangement. If repayment is to be made in accordance with this paragraph 11(d) on a claim that has been transferred, the repayment shall be made to the transferee of such claim.
(e) Before the date prescribed in paragraph 11(a), a participant may give notice representing that there is a balance of payments need for repayment of part or all of the Fund’s indebtedness and requesting such repayment. The participant seeking such repayment shall consult with the Managing Director and with the other participants before giving notice. The Fund shall give the overwhelming benefit of any doubt to the participant’s representation. Repayment shall be made promptly after consultation with the participant in freely usable currencies or in special drawing rights, as determined by the Fund, or, with the agreement of the participant, in the currencies of other members that are actually convertible. If the Fund’s holdings of currencies in which repayment should be made are not wholly adequate, the Managing Director shall make calls on individual participants to provide the necessary balances under their credit arrangements subject to the limit of their available commitments. At the time of such call, and if so requested by the participant seeking early repayment, (i) a participant providing balances under its credit arrangement that are not balances of a freely usable currency shall ensure that such balances can be exchanged for a freely usable currency of its choice, and (ii) a participant providing balances under its credit arrangement that are balances of a freely usable currency, shall collaborate with the Fund and other members to enable such balances to be exchanged for another freely usable currency.
(f) When a repayment is made on a claim arising from a call under this decision, the amount that can be called for under the credit arrangement of the participant under which the claim arose as a result of a call under this decision shall be restored pro tanto.
(g) Unless otherwise agreed between the Fund and a participating institution, the Fund shall be deemed to have discharged its obligations to a participating institution to make repayment in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph 11 or to pay interest in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 9 if the Fund transfers an equivalent amount in special drawing rights to the member in which the participating institution is established.
(a) No participant or non-participant holder may transfer all or any part of its claim to repayment under a credit arrangement except (i) in accordance with this paragraph 13 or (ii) with the prior consent of the Fund and on such terms and conditions as the Fund may approve.
(b) All or part of any claim to repayment under a credit arrangement may be transferred at any time to a participant or to a non-participant that is either (i) a member of the Fund, (ii) the central bank or other fiscal agency designated by any member for purposes of Article V, Section 1 of the Articles (“other fiscal agency”), or (iii) an official entity that has been prescribed as a holder of special drawing rights pursuant to Article XVII, Section 3 of the Articles.
(c) As from the value date of the transfer, the transferred claim shall be held by the transferee on the same terms and conditions as claims originating under its credit arrangement (in the case of transferees that are participants) or as the claim was held by the transferor (in the case of transferees that are non-participants), except that (i) the transferee shall have the right to request early repayment of the transferred claim on balance of payments grounds pursuant to paragraph 11(e) only if the transferee is a member, or an institution of a member, whose balance of payments and reserve position, at the time of the transfer, is considered sufficiently strong for its currency to be usable in transfers under the Fund’s financial transactions plan; (ii) if the transferee is a non-participant, references to the participant’s currency shall be deemed to refer (A) if the transferee is a member, to the transferee’s currency, (B) if the transferee is an institution of a member, to the currency of that member, and (C) in other cases, to a freely usable currency as determined by the Fund; and (iii) claims transferred in accordance with this paragraph 13 shall be considered drawn balances of the first transferor participant for purposes of determining the available commitment under its credit arrangement, and claims obtained by a participant under a transfer shall not be considered drawn balances of the transferee for purposes of determining the available commitment under its credit arrangement.
(d) The price for the claim transferred shall be as agreed between the transferee and the transferor.
(e) The transferor of a claim shall inform the Fund promptly of the claim that is being transferred, the name of the transferee, the amount of the claim that is being transferred, the agreed price for transfer of the claim, and the value date of the transfer.
(f) The transfer shall be registered by the Fund and the transferee shall become the holder of the claim if the transfer is in accordance with the terms and conditions of this decision. Subject to the foregoing, the transfer shall be effective as of the value date agreed between the transferee and the transferor.
(g) Notice to or by a transferee that is a non-participant shall be in writing or by rapid means of communication and shall be given to or by the fiscal agency designated by the transferee in accordance with Article V, Section 1 of the Articles and Rule G-1 of the Rules and Regulations of the Fund if the transferee is a member, or to or by the transferee directly if the transferee is not a member.
(h) If all or part of a claim is transferred during a quarterly period as described in paragraph 9(b), the Fund shall pay interest to the transferee on the amount of the claim transferred for the whole of that period.
(i) Unless otherwise agreed between the Fund and a transferee that is either a participating institution or the central bank or other fiscal agency designated by any member for purposes of Article V, Section 1 of the Articles, the Fund shall be deemed to have discharged its obligations to make repayment to such transferee in special drawing rights in accordance with paragraph 11 or to pay interest in special drawing rights in accordance with paragraph 9 if the Fund transfers an equivalent amount in special drawing rights to the account of the member in which the institution is established.
(j) If requested, the Fund shall assist in seeking to arrange transfers.
(k) The transferee of a claim may request at the time of transfer that a claim in the form of a loan be exchanged by the Fund for a Note on the same substantive terms subject to the GTC, or that a claim in the form of a Note be exchanged for a loan claim on the same substantive terms.
(l) Derivative transactions in respect of any claim under this decision, and transfer of participation interests in any claim, are prohibited.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs 4(b), 15(b), and 16, this decision may be amended during the period prescribed in paragraph 19(a) and any subsequent renewal periods that may be decided pursuant to paragraph 19(b) only by a decision of the Fund and with the concurrence of participants representing 85 percent of total credit arrangements. Such concurrence shall not be necessary for the modification of the decision on its renewal pursuant to paragraph 19(b).
If a participating member or a member whose institution is a participant withdraws from membership in the Fund, the participant’s credit arrangement shall cease at the same time as the withdrawal takes effect. The Fund’s indebtedness under the relevant credit arrangement shall be treated as an amount due from the Fund for the purpose of Article XXVI, Section 3 and Schedule J of the Articles.
(a) The right of the Fund to make calls under paragraphs 6, 11(e), and 23 and the obligation to make repayments under paragraph 11 shall be suspended during any suspension of exchange transactions under Article XXVII of the Articles.
(b) In the event of liquidation of the Fund, credit arrangements shall cease and the Fund’s indebtedness shall constitute liabilities under Schedule K of the Articles. For the purpose of paragraph 1(a) of Schedule K, the currency in which the liability of the Fund shall be payable shall be first the currency borrowed, then the participant’s currency and finally the currency of the drawer for whose purchases transfers were made by the participants in connection with calls under paragraph 6.
(a) This decision shall continue in existence until November 16, 2012. When considering a renewal of this decision for any period following the period referred to in this paragraph 19(a), the Fund and the participants shall review the functioning of this decision and, in particular, (i) the experience with the procedures for activation and (ii) the impact of the Fourteenth General Review of Quotas on the overall size of quotas, and shall consult on any possible modifications.
(b) This decision may be renewed for such period or periods and with such modifications, subject to paragraphs 4(b), 15(b), and 16, as the Fund may decide. The Fund shall adopt a decision on renewal and modification, if any, not later than twelve months before the end of the period prescribed in paragraph 19(a). Any participant may advise the Fund not less than six months before the end of the period prescribed in paragraph 19(a) that it will withdraw its adherence to the decision as renewed. In the absence of such notice, a participant shall be deemed to continue to adhere to the decision as renewed. Withdrawal of adherence in accordance with this paragraph 19(b) by a participant shall not preclude its subsequent adherence in accordance with paragraph 3(b).
(c) If this decision is terminated or not renewed, paragraphs 8 through 14, 17 and 18(b) shall nevertheless continue to apply in connection with any indebtedness of the Fund under credit arrangements in existence at the date of the termination or expiration of the decision until repayment is completed. If a participant withdraws its adherence to this decision in accordance with paragraph 15(b), paragraph 16, or paragraph 19(b), it shall cease to be a participant under the decision, but paragraphs 8 through 14, 17, and 18(b) of the decision as of the date of the withdrawal shall nevertheless continue to apply to any indebtedness of the Fund under such former credit arrangement until repayment has been completed.
Any question of interpretation raised in connection with this decision (including the GTC) which does not fall within the purview of Article XXIX of the Articles shall be settled to the mutual satisfaction of the Fund, the participant or transferee of a claim raising the question, and all other participants. For the purpose of this paragraph 20 participants shall be deemed to include those former participants to which paragraphs 8 through 14, 17, and 18(b) continue to apply pursuant to paragraph 19(c) to the extent that any such former participant is affected by a question of interpretation that is raised.
(a) When considering whether to activate the New Arrangements to Borrow or the General Arrangements to Borrow, the Fund shall be guided by the principle that the New Arrangements to Borrow shall be the facility of first and principal recourse, except that in the event that a proposal for the establishment of an activation period under the New Arrangements to Borrow is not accepted under paragraph 5(a), a proposal for calls may be made under the General Arrangements to Borrow.
(b) Outstanding drawings and available commitments under the New Arrangements to Borrow and the General Arrangements to Borrow shall not exceed SDR 367,467.36 million, or such other amount of total credit arrangements as may be in effect in accordance with this decision. The available commitment of a participant under the New Arrangements to Borrow shall be reduced pro tanto by any outstanding drawings on, and commitments of, the participant under the General Arrangements to Borrow. The available commitment of a participant under the General Arrangements to Borrow shall be reduced pro tanto by the extent to which its credit arrangement under the General Arrangements to Borrow exceeds its available commitment under the New Arrangements to Borrow.
At the request of a participant that holds claims, either in the form of loans or notes, on the Fund under bilateral borrowing agreements entered into by the Fund prior to the effectiveness of the amendments to this decision set forth in Decision No. 14577-(10/35), April 12, 2010, the Managing Director shall make calls under the credit arrangement of such a participant to fund the repayment of such claims. Similarly, at the request of the relevant participant, calls shall be made on a participant that is a participating institution for the repayment of such claims held by the member of which it is an official institution or by the central bank or other fiscal agency designated by the member, or on a participant that is a member for the repayment of such claims held by the central bank or other fiscal agency designated by the member. Notwithstanding paragraph 11(a), the maturity date of claims under credit arrangements arising from such calls shall be the maturity date of the bilateral borrowing agreement claim for whose repayment the call was made.
No drawings shall be made under this decision until participants representing at least 70 percent of the total credit arrangements of new participants listed in Annex I have adhered to this decision in accordance with paragraph 3(c).
1 Credit arrangements are subject to a minimum of SDR 340 million.
2 Ed. Note: The new amounts of credit arrangements became effective on March 11, 2011.
Quota subscriptions are and should remain the basic source of the Fund’s financing. However, on a temporary basis, borrowing by the Fund can provide an important supplement to its resources. The confidence of present and potential creditors in the Fund will depend not only on the prudence and soundness of its financial policies but also on the effective performance of its various responsibilities, including, in particular, its success in promoting crisis prevention and adjustment. Against this background, the Executive Board approves the following guidelines on borrowing by the Fund.
2. The Executive Board may establish at any time, in the context of circumstances prevailing at that time, limits expressed in terms of the total of Fund quotas above which the total of outstanding borrowing plus unused credit lines would not be permitted to rise.
3. Any limits that may be adopted pursuant to paragraph 2 above are not to be understood, at any time, as targets for borrowing by the Fund.
4. For each borrowing agreement entered into by the Fund, other than the General Arrangements to Borrow and the New Arrangements to Borrow, the maximum amount of claims that may be subject to immediate repayment by the Fund as a result of the balance of payments need of the creditor shall be SDR 15 billion.
5. In the context of the Financial Transactions Plan, the Executive Board shall determine the appropriate mix between borrowed resources (including any borrowing under the General Arrangements to Borrow and the New Arrangements to Borrow) and quota resources, in light of the Fund’s liquidity needs and the expected availability of borrowed and quota resources, among other relevant considerations.
6. The Fund shall aim to maintain equitable burden sharing among lenders to the Fund by seeking, over time, broadly balanced cumulative drawings relative to amounts committed across borrowing sources.
1. The Fund endorses the form Note Purchase Agreement (NPA), the General Terms and Conditions for International Monetary Fund Series A and Series B Notes, and the form of registered Series A and B notes that are set out in the Attachment to EBS/09/96, Supplement 2.
2. The Fund is prepared to consider the approval of NPAs with members or central banks of members whose balance of payments and reserve position is sufficiently strong in the opinion of the Fund that their currency is being used in transfers under the Financial Transactions Plan. It is expected that such approval will be sought on a lapse-of-time basis.
Ed. Note: The GAB has been renewed for periods of five years from December 26, 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008 (the last renewal was adopted by Decision No. 13997-(07/100), November 15, 2007). The Executive Board approved the revised text of the GAB Decision, which incorporates amendments in a number of provisions and provides for the increases in participants’ credit arrangements, on February 24, 1983 (Decision No. 7337-(83/37)). It became effective on December 26, 1983.. The text was further amended by the deletion of paragraph 22 in light of Switzerland’s membership (Decision No. 10175-(92/129), October 28, 1992) and the amendment became effective on December 22, 1992, when all 11 participants notified the Fund that they concurred in the amendment.
The Borrowing Agreement with Saudi Arabia under the General Arrangements to Borrow is reproduced in Selected Decisions and Documents of the IMF, 32nd Issue, pp. 474-82.
Decision No. 7629-(84/25), February 15, 1984, effective April 10, 1984, on the Transferability of Claims Under Saudi Arabia’s Borrowing Agreement is reproduced in Selected Decisions and Selected Documents of the IMF, 32nd Issue, pp. 472-73.
Ed. Note: The “GTC” is not included in this volume.
Ed. Note: This paragraph was amended by Decision No. 15014-(11/110), November 16, 2011, effective November 17, 2011.
Ed. Note: The last sentence of paragraph 11(b) was added by Decision No. 15073-(12/1), December 21, 2011, and shall become effective when NAB participants representing at least 85 percent of total credit arrangements have concurred in the amendment (SM/11/331, 12/15/11). | 2019-04-26T05:40:09Z | https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF014/12739-9781616353889/12739-9781616353889/ch14.xml |
If you’re feeling pressure to provide some kind of financial support to your aging parents as well as to your children while still trying to meet your own monetary goals and obligations, if you find yourself struggling to set your financial priorities because you feel pulled in multiple generational directions, you have company as a member of the Sandwich Generation.
Younger baby boomers and members of Generation X are most likely to find themselves “sandwiched.” A Pew Research Center study from 2015 found that in the United States, nearly half — 47% — of people in the 40-59 age range not only have one or two parents age 65 or older, they are also either raising a young child or have provided financial assistance to a grown child in the preceding 12 months.
You (and your spouse/partner). The highest financial priority for most individuals and couples, whether they’re sandwiched or not, should be to set aside enough for a secure retirement, where the nest egg provides a comfortable level of income for as long as it’s needed, according to Emery. For many people, saving enough for retirement, while also addressing current financial needs, is a formidable enough challenge that becomes even more daunting when providing financial support to an aging parent or adult child becomes a consideration.
Your aging parents. Close to 30% of adults who have a 65+ parent actually provided that parent with financial assistance in the preceding 12 months, according to the Pew study. Providing financial support to an aging parent or parents may take away from the ability to save for your own retirement.
There’s also the financial impact of taking the time to care for an aging parent. According to a separate study by the MetLife Mature Market Institute, nearly 10 million adult children over the age of 50 in the U.S. care for their aging parents. The average worker who does so sacrifices more than $300,000 in lost wages, workplace benefits and Social Security benefits, according to the MetLife analysis.
Your adult/college-age children: Some 61% of parents with adult children provided financial assistance to an adult child in the preceding 12 months, the Pew study found. That support may take the form of stopgap financial help (such as a loan or a monetary gift) to an adult child who’s struggling to make ends meet, for example, or payments to fund a child’s education (college, post-graduate work, etc.). Here’s another situation where helping an adult or college-age child financially can detract from one’s own retirement savings efforts. “This can be a big stress point, because you love your children and you want the best for them,” notes Emery.
When possible, pay yourself first. That is, make meeting your financial goals and obligations top priority. Emery’s recommendation: If at all possible, “keep on track with your retirement plan, because while you can’t borrow for retirement, you can borrow to help pay for a college education.” What’s more, the younger a person is, the more time they have to catch up with their retirement savings or to pay off a debt. But with retirement looming closer, you may not have the same margin for error.
Put it all out on the table for discussion. What type of support (financial and otherwise), and how much support, is the sandwiched individual or couple willing and able to provide? Who’s going to pay for what? Does it involve a loan or a gift? How much debt is each party willing and able to shoulder? In the case of a college education, how much aid is available, and in what form? Open communication with each of the involved parties is “very important” to getting everyone engaged and hopefully on the same page in finding answers to questions like these, asserts Emery. If possible, open the dialogue before there’s a financial crunch, to avoid having to make major decisions in the middle of a crisis.
Make a formal plan. As you’re talking through the aforementioned issues, put the details down in writing, as part of a financial plan that you can refer to and update as circumstances dictate. If a loan between family members is involved, for example, be sure to put terms for paying back the loan in writing. This helps all relevant parties stay accountable to the decisions that were made, Emery says. Be sure to revisit the plan when life circumstances and needs change, as they almost certainly will.
Enlist an objective third party for perspective and guidance. Emotions sometimes can derail family financial discussions and impede sound decision-making. A financial professional with expertise handling family finances can serve as a much-needed sounding board, voice of reason, intermediary and strategist in sandwich situations. To find a Certified Financial Planner™ in your area, search the Financial Planning Association’s national database of personal finance experts at PlannerSearch.org.This column is provided by the Financial Planning Association® (FPA®) of Northeastern New York, the principal professional organization for Certified Financial PlannerTM (CFP®) professionals. FPA is the community that fosters the value of financial planning and advances the financial planning profession and its members demonstrate and support a professional commitment to education and a client-centered financial planning process. Please credit FPA of Northeastern New York if you use this column in whole or in part.
If you follow the Chinese zodiac, 2017 is the Year of the Rooster. But it might as well be the Year of the Question Mark for all the uncertainty surrounding financial markets, government policy and the global geopolitical landscape.
What does all the uncertainty mean for your money? What steps should you consider taking in the year ahead to provide yourself with a measure of much-needed financial clarity in the face of such a cloudy future? Read on as some of the country’s leading personal finance experts offer their suggestions for handling your money in 2017.
Focus on things you can control in your financial life by paying attention to such things as mutual fund expense ratios (generally speaking, the lower the better), asset allocation strategy (diversification appropriate to age and other factors) and personal savings, suggests Certified Financial Planner™ Maureen M. Demers of Demers Financial, North Andover, MA. “Don’t make investment decisions [based] on the things which you have no control over,” such as the latest political controversy playing out on social media.
Fund an individual retirement account (IRA) and/or a 401(k) type retirement plan — preferably to the maximum amount allowed by tax law. “If the option to fund an IRA or similar plan for 2016 exists, be sure to do so before the April 15 tax filing deadline,” Tucker recommends. “Don’t forget about funding an IRA or Roth IRA for children who had earned income in 2016. And make your 2017 IRA contributions early in the year to take advantage of tax-deferred growth.” Also keep an eye out, as retirement plan contribution limits may increase for 2017, according to Weinberg.
Consider converting a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA. Personal federal income tax rates likely will drop in 2017, posits Weinberg, and that generally makes converting to a Roth IRA more attractive, he explains, because taxes associated with the conversion will tend to be lower. Roth IRA assets are good to include in a portfolio because they are not taxed when withdrawn (distributed), unlike distributions from a traditional IRA, which are taxed as ordinary income.
“Make it automatic!” recommends Certified Financial Planner™ Christine Haviaris of TTR Wealth Partners in Pearl River, NY. That is, automate contributions to retirement accounts, savings accounts, college savings accounts and the like, and do the same with bill payments, to remove the guesswork and the temptation to forego a contribution or skip a payment.
Consider becoming your own boss or launching a small business in 2017. Corporate income tax rates are likely to decrease this year, perhaps to as low as 15%, significantly less than the 25-35% ordinary income tax rates many employees currently pay. “That 20-point [tax rate] spread is reason to consider becoming an independent contractor or going into business for yourself,” says Weinberg.
If you have an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM), consider refinancing it, Weinberg suggests. Current trends indicate interest rates will continue to creep up in 2017, so now may be a good time to refinance from an ARM to a fixed-rate mortgage.
Review your overall financial plan. “The new year is a great time to refine your goals, review last year’s spending, refine insurance coverage and be sure estate documents are in order, including health care directives and powers of attorney,” observes Tucker.
Give back. “Whether you donate money or time, the act of giving can have a profound impact on your life as well as the lives of others,” says Minear.
Share your knowledge and wisdom with others. “Most children need financial education. Figure out a way to deliver this,” recommends Minear. Talk informally with kids and grandkids about a financial mistake you’ve made and what you learned from it, for example. Show them bank statements and other financial statements and explain what they mean. Give them a glimpse of an investment statement to provide a context for a discussion about the time-value of money and the merits of a long-term investment strategy.
Daniel Kahneman and The Little Book of Behavioral Investing: How Not to be Your Own Worst Enemy by James Montier.
What’s the first thing people look at when they open their investment account statement? Usually their eyes go right to the bottom line, to see how much their shares of stock, or their mutual fund portfolio, or their retirement plan assets, have lost or gained in value.
That’s not surprising, given the inclination of so many people to prioritize higher returns on their investments in the quest to build a larger nest egg for retirement. But there comes a time when the proximity of retirement may dictate a shift in mindset, whereby protecting nest egg assets becomes just as important as growing them.
“When people shoot for [investment] yield,” explains Certified Financial Planner™ Jon Swanburg of Tristar Advisors in Houston, Texas, “what often happens in doing so is they sacrifice surety and liquidity because they are so focused on return” on their investment. Surety is the assurance or guarantee associated with the value of one’s assets — the surety that an investment will not lose its original value, or principal, for example. Liquidity is the extent to which an investor has ready access to the cash value of an investment position. An ATM card provides the cardholder with instant access to liquid cash in a bank account, for example.
Investors regardless of their age or stage of life need to strike an appropriate balance between growth, surety and liquidity, according to Swanburg. But with retirement looming, the dynamic between the three might need adjusting to reflect the financial realities that often accompany the next phase of life: transitioning from the working world to a fixed income, switching from building to drawing down retirement assets, passing assets to heirs, etc.
For protection, maintain an adequate liquid cash reserve. To generate income in retirement, many people sell off equity assets such as stock market holdings. But when the value of the stocks in a person’s portfolio drops, so does the income-producing capability of those stocks. What’s more, selling shares of stock when their value has plummeted is hardly optimal. One alternative, Swanburg explains, is to maintain a cash reserve from which to draw when stock values drop — as a cushion to make up for that income deficit, and to keep from having to sell off more stocks (or some other asset) when their value is down. Financial professionals recommend building a cash reserve substantial enough to accommodate retirement income needs for a year or more. Those reserves can be stashed in an account that provides maximum surety (but in today’s low-interest-rate environment, an extremely modest return), such as an FDIC-insured money market account, high-yield checking or bank CD.
For protection, build a diverse asset portfolio. “You need assets that move in different directions from one another,” says Swanburg. That’s especially true with retirement approaching, when generally speaking there’s less time for assets inside a nest egg to recover from a sharp loss of value. A well-diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds and other conservative types of investments (for surety), perhaps real estate and/or alternative investments, and cash, should help mitigate volatility while still preserving upside potential, so the lows aren’t as low, the highs aren’t as high, but the opportunity for growth is still there. Asset allocation percentages will vary according to the individual, and they likely will change over time, as a person’s circumstances and needs change. As for the traditional 60% stocks/40% bonds rule of thumb, that diversification model may work for some, but it’s by no means ideal for many.
For protection, consider shifting assets into a vehicle that provides guaranteed income. If the idea of securing an income source you can’t outlast is appealing to supplement other sources such as Social Security, retirement plan distributions, IRAs, a pension and/or systematic drawdowns from a stock portfolio, it may make sense to use some nest egg assets to purchase an annuity that provides a guaranteed income stream, either for a period of time or for a lifetime. Fixed annuities also provide surety, as the principal inside the contract is protected from loss.
Seek protection from inflation. Inflation — the rate at which the price of goods and services increases from year to year — erodes a person’s purchasing power, a particularly important consideration when on a fixed retirement income. What’s more, the cost of goods and services retirees tend to rely upon more than other age groups, such as healthcare and nursing home care, have been rising much faster than the overall inflation rate. So people who are approaching or already in retirement need a nest egg that addresses inflation risk. Stock market investments provide good inflation protection because they tend to track with inflation, meaning when inflation increases, the stock market tends to keep up pretty well. Certain types of bonds, such as Treasury Inflation Protected Securities or TIPS for short, come with an inflation-protection feature built in. So-called inflation riders are also available with some annuities, where annuity income increases either by a flat rate each year or at a varying rate that’s usually pegged to something like the consumer price index.
For growth, look beyond just stocks and bonds. Investors are turning to real estate and so-called “alternative” investments, not just to diversify their nest eggs (and thus dampen volatility) but to grow them. Vehicles such as managed futures funds, long-short funds, hedge funds (and funds of hedge funds) as well as hedge fund replication strategies and commodities are just some of the varieties that fall into the alternative category. These types of investments do come with risks, so be sure to work with a financial professional to evaluate if they’re right for you, and if so, to determine which types of alternatives may be most suitable.
For protection, look to insurance. Oftentimes it makes sense, particularly for pre-retirees and retirees, to protect their nest egg assets from risk by investing in some form of insurance. For example, some type of long-term care insurance can help protect against a financially catastrophic need for extended care due to a serious health issue. Also, maintaining some form of health insurance after age 65 to backstop Medicare can help protect a retirement nest egg and income stream from potentially steep healthcare costs. According to a recent estimate from HealthView Services, a healthy couple age 55 today retiring in 10 years, at age 65, would pay a total of $466,000 in health care expenses from age 65, on. Meanwhile, for people in their 40s and 50s, it’s worth considering short-term and long-term disability insurance, which can replace their income if they’re unable to work to earn money, so they don’t have to tap into their nest egg before it’s time. | 2019-04-23T02:00:48Z | https://www.fpa-neny.org/category/uncategorized/ |
Summary: The uncertain health of the sultan of Oman has heightened concern about the future of the country. Amid mounting popular frustration, criticism of Qaboos bin Said Al Said has emerged. There are several measures the regime can undertake to avoid further unrest.
Marc Valeri is a senior lecturer of political economy at the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies (IAIS) and director of the Center for Gulf Studies at the University of Exeter. His current research focuses on the social, political, and economic transformations in the Gulf monarchies as well as nation building and political legitimacy in the Sultanate of Oman since 1970.
The uncertain health of the sultan of Oman has heightened concern about the future of the country, the most personalized of all Gulf monarchies. Many Omanis have long equated the country with its ruler, Qaboos bin Said Al Said, who won their loyalty by building up a state and a national identity centered on himself. However, amid mounting popular frustration, criticism of Qaboos has emerged, as has anxiety about what will follow his reign. There are several measures the regime can undertake to avoid further unrest.
The Omani model of political legitimacy is intimately linked to Qaboos. But the country’s young population feels less indebted to the ruler, and an increasingly vocal civil society has been complaining about deep-seated flaws in the state he built after taking power in 1970.
In 2011 and 2012, most major towns saw peaceful protests by Omanis demanding higher salaries, better living conditions, substantial political reforms, and the end of corruption.
The regime responded with a combination of economic gestures, firings of some top officials, and the detention of peaceful activists. Since 2012, repressive measures have become more prominent, with new investments in the security sector and crackdowns on dissonant voices.
Political parties are prohibited in Oman and, despite some cosmetic reforms, nearly all power remains with the monarch.
While the protests did not initially target the sultan, criticism of Qaboos and his practices has become more common. Protesters are worried about the future of the country and are speaking out on its behalf.
Oman’s leaders should recognize that the environment has changed. Young Omanis will not be willing to grant the next ruler the same degree of control that their parents granted Qaboos. Instead, Qaboos’s successor is likely to face renewed demands for reform.
Limits on civil society should be relaxed. Rather than actively harassing and repressing peaceful alternative voices, the regime should encourage civil society organizations, a step toward allowing some public participation in governance.
Answers to political uncertainties should be provided. The regime’s reluctance to appoint a prime minister or a crown prince with some executive powers and to prepare for a post-Qaboos Oman has only fueled popular anxiety over the perceived lack of a long-term economic and political vision for the country. If the current ruler does not provide answers to these questions soon, the uncertainty could provoke considerable turmoil in the event of Qaboos’s sudden demise.
The sultan of Oman traveled to Germany to receive medical care in July 2014. His prolonged stay since then has revived concerns across Omani society about the future of the country without the “father of the nation.”1 A taped, four-minute television address in early November by Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said—who looked emaciated and expressed regret that he was unable to return home for National Day celebrations later in the month—failed to silence rumors of cancer that have been circulating in the Gulf since he left the country.
The anxiety about the health of the seventy-four-year-old ruler, who has no designated heir, came as the supposed “sleepy sultanate,”2 long thought to be a model of stability, was affected by the winds of protest blowing across the region.
In 2011 and 2012, the sultanate of Oman experienced its widest popular protests since the 1970s and the end of the Dhofar war, in which the southern region rose up against Qaboos’s father, who then ruled the country.3 Peaceful sit-ins that went on for two months in early 2011, and sustained mobilizations calling for political reforms in the summer of 2012, illustrated the depth of the frustration and social malaise in the country. The protesters’ key demands included expanded job opportunities, curbs on corruption among top officials, and programs to combat increasing inequality. In the vast majority of cases, the ruler was not their target.
The regime’s response—a combination of economic concessions, modest political reforms, and tough security measures—was not enough to quell the protests. Furthermore, the government’s unwillingness to break the taboo on key issues such as the concentration of power in the sultan’s hands and the need to establish the foundations for governance of a post-Qaboos Oman also revealed new tensions, as young activists began to make a distinction between the current regime and the Omani nation.
That connection between Qaboos and the state has been at the heart of his rule since the sultan took power in 1970. Relying on the country’s oil revenues, the sultan asserted his legitimacy by implementing an ambitious policy of national unification and by creating a vast pool of civil servants who depended on the regime for their survival. Alongside that, the 1996 Basic Law sanctions a paternalistic state whose guide is the sultan, “the symbol of national unity as well as its guardian and defender,” who concurrently holds the positions of prime minister, commander in chief of the armed forces, chairman of the central bank, and minister of defense, foreign affairs, and finance. Only a handful of individuals have direct access to the ruler, who has made clear since 2011 that he intends to remain the sole arbiter of national priorities.
While the protests in Oman have obviously not developed with the same intensity and on the same scale as other uprisings in the Arab world, they have revealed how this hypercentralized model has long since reached its limits.
The Omani Spring is the most serious alarm bell rung by a population that is both increasingly unable to meet the requirements of daily life and aware of the prospect of a challenging future without the paternal figure of Qaboos.4 This brutal collision with reality marks the beginning of a new chapter in Oman’s history.
Qaboos is the fourteenth ruler of the al-Busaidi dynasty of Oman. He overthrew his father Said bin Taimur with the help of British advisers in 1970, when about fifteen years of civil war had been highlighting the social and political divisions of a territory marked by extreme international isolation. The new ruler, who was not yet thirty years old, inherited a territory without a state. His room to maneuver with regard to the British was reduced to a minimum, and so was his legitimacy vis-à-vis the Omanis. He thus immediately faced the need to assert the legitimacy of his accession to the throne by defining a new order for which he alone would hold the keys. The new regime’s strategy of legitimization linked the country’s economic and social development to the state, on the one hand, and to the person of the sultan, who has since become the subject of a personality cult, on the other.
The regime’s approach was based on the exploitation of a newly significant oil rent. The inexhaustible pool of jobs offered by the public sector, following the explosion of oil revenues, represented a decisive step in confirming the sultan’s political legitimacy and hence his sociopolitical grip. Thousands of new state employees in the national army, the police, the intelligence service, the ministries, and other parts of government were, for several decades, the most reliable and pragmatic allies of the ruler.
The Omani Spring is the most serious alarm bell rung by a population that is both increasingly unable to meet the requirements of daily life and aware of the prospect of a challenging future without the paternal figure of Qaboos.
Moreover, thanks to new, paved roads, and to schools and health centers that were built in even the smallest villages, the state materially and symbolically came to occupy all of its territory. It suddenly became a concrete reality—the interlocutor for all government activity and the stage for all social and political actors. As a result, since the late 1970s, not only have a large majority of Omanis been dependent on the state for their own subsistence, but any alternative to the sultan has had no credibility.
A new official historiography has been built around Qaboos and the welfare state, one that ignores both the explosion in oil revenue that made it possible and the political continuity before and after 1970. The contemporary national identity is built on the negation of the country’s pre-1970 history, which is never mentioned other than to contrast it with the glorious “national awakening” of July 23, 1970, the date of Qaboos’s accession to the throne, later renamed Renaissance Day (id al-nahda).
This political rewriting of history, in which the ruler is omnipresent, marks an attempt to naturalize the special pantheon—the contemporary sultanate of Oman, the welfare state, and the person of Sultan Qaboos himself—that has been the basis for the current regime’s legitimacy. All major contemporary urban achievements bear the sultan’s name. He is glorified in the national anthem and on National Day—the sultan’s birthday. The extreme personalization of Oman’s political power is also seen in the country’s political system. In 1975, sultan’s decree number 26/75 established that the sultan is “the source of all laws” (masdar al-qawanin). Since then, all Omani legislation has been promulgated through sultan’s decrees—including the Basic Law of the State, issued in November 1996.
This isolation means that very few people are willing or able to report issues to the ruler. Local observers explain, for instance, that a number of ministers were dismissed in March 2011, well after the start of protests around the country, because they were afraid to report the actual situation on the ground, worried that they would be reprimanded or lose face and position.
Civil wars in Yemen or Iraq, as well as the political instability in Kuwait and Bahrain, have frequently been used to put the extreme personalization of power in Muscat in perspective. As the explanation goes, despite the system’s imperfections, Omani political stability is still preferable to the state of entropy in neighboring countries.
Oman’s état de grâce has long since come to an end. While regional dynamics clearly had an impact on the events that shook the sultanate after 2011, a series of domestic challenges have been calling into question the Omani sociopolitical order for more than fifteen years.
A series of domestic challenges have been calling into question the Omani sociopolitical order for more than fifteen years.
Given Oman’s limited oil and gas resources compared to its neighbors, a long-term economic program was established in 1995 that included economic diversification among its goals. Under Oman 2020: Vision for Oman’s Economy, the oil sector’s share of the country’s GDP was to fall from 41 percent in 1996 to 9 percent by 2020, while that of nonoil industries was to increase from 7.5 percent to 29 percent. Separately, the sixth (2001–2005) and seventh (2006–2010) five-year plans emphasized development in three main areas: the gas sector, tourism, and nonoil industries. This policy also focused on the private sector as “the main contributor of growth,”10 and it aimed to both attract foreign capital and support the role of local companies in economic diversification.
Another priority of the Oman 2020 economic road map was human resources and employment. The rates of nationals working in the public and private sectors was to increase from 68 percent to 95 percent and from 7.5 percent to 75 percent, respectively, while the share of expatriates in the whole population was to be reduced from 25 percent in 1995 to 15 percent by 2020.
However, policies favoring Omani nationals in employment have had limited results, and the process of diversifying sources of revenue has been slow. This is illustrated by Oman’s dramatic social inequalities, endemic unemployment, and poverty, all results of recent deregulation and privatization policies.
Moreover, the personal involvement of most influential decisionmakers and cabinet members in business has fueled the widespread perception of an elite busy safeguarding its privileges while silencing questions about the conflict between the nation’s general interests they are supposed to promote—such as Omanization policies of employment—and the particular stakes they defend as businessmen. The sultan has not prevented Oman’s merchant families from taking political positions and actively participating in the setting of economic priorities. Qaboos has never been willing to rely on his small family, leading him to ally with the traditional Muscat merchant elites, who have been assured privileged access to the oil windfall through public contracts. In return, the merchant families have helped the ruler to finance his nation-building endeavors. Thus some members of preeminent merchant families have been given strategic positions from which they control the distribution of the country’s oil wealth. At the same time, as the oil rent has profoundly changed the boundaries between politics and the economy, many ministers whose families were not active in the economy before Qaboos’s rule have become personally rich.
This process has not been questioned by the ruler, as it has increased both the elites’ loyalty to him and the stability of his rule. The symbolic debt owed by Qaboos at the beginning of his rule to those who supported him after 1970 has thus gradually turned into a weapon in his hands, forestalling any challenges to his reign by turning them into unfailing allies. On the eve of the Arab Spring, few ministers had not personally derived material profit from the oil rent.13 From this point of view, rather than encouraging economic mobility, which could call into question the established authoritarian order and contribute to a renewal—or at least a revitalization—of the socioeconomic fabric, recent privatization and diversification policies have only confirmed Oman’s established social and economic hierarchy.
Meanwhile, embryos of civil society, composed of young Omanis who thought their strong educations should allow them to have a voice in the decisionmaking process, started developing—an early, overt sign that growing sectors of society were reluctant to guarantee the perpetuation of a system that excluded them from political and economic decisions. New Internet forums opened in the mid-2000s, and most participants chose to use their real names, even when tackling sensitive issues, with the declared aim of promoting new social and political debates in Omani society. Despite the systematic harassment and arrests of Internet activists, online accounts of allegedly fraudulent practices by key figures of the regime (but not the ruler) became common. In summer 2010, intellectuals and human rights activists took the opportunity of the 40th anniversary of Qaboos’s accession to the throne to submit an online petition to the ruler calling for wide-scale reforms, such as a new constitution that would lead to a parliamentary monarchy and measures against corruption among top officials.
These warning signs of the approaching storm should have been interpreted by the authorities as such. However, the general climate of frustration that sparked the fire in 2011 caught the regime by surprise.
On January 17, 2011, 200 people assembled in Muscat to protest against government corruption and economic hardship. This was followed in February by a series of nationwide protests, each attended by several hundred people demonstrating against low salaries, high unemployment, and the lack of legislative powers permitted to the Consultative Council, which had been elected by universal suffrage since 2003.
In late February 2011, in the northern town of Sohar, in Oman’s Batinah region, young unskilled people from neighboring cities who had been told once again that no jobs were available for them started a sit-in at the local branch of the Ministry of Manpower. They were evacuated by the police, arrested at night, and taken to the town’s central prison. When the news spread, skirmishes developed around Sohar’s police station and one protester was shot dead. From that moment on, Sohar’s Globe Roundabout, renamed “Reform Square” (maydan al-islah), became the gathering place of the protesters. Sit-ins, which went on for two months, were organized simultaneously in front of the governor’s offices in Salalah, the main town in the southern governorate of Dhofar, and in the eastern town of Sur.
For the first time since the end of the Dhofar war in the late 1970s, the expression of alternative ideas and informed criticism of state policies was intruding on the streets. Until this point, no latitude of action had been tolerated for critics, in the name of preserving national unity behind the ruler and preventing the threat of fitna (division). There was also an understanding that authorities would use force only in a limited way, in exchange for the people’s total noninvolvement in political issues. This tacit arrangement had given credence to the idea that “the cost of resisting injustice outweigh[s] that of resignation to it.”16 And it had confirmed for most Omanis that politics is a dangerous game and that it is possible to enjoy a very satisfying life if they do not meddle in it.
In this context, the government’s decision to establish an industrial site and free zone—conceived by the regime to be an international showcase of the country’s economic diversification—was seen as a godsend in Sohar. For a planned total investment of $15 billion, the site, which has been in service since 2002, was officially projected to generate more than 8,000 direct jobs and another 30,000 indirectly in the region by 2015.
Yet as Sohar changed over just a few years from a small, sleepy provincial town to the industrial capital of the country, its social fabric disintegrated. Inequalities exploded, with pockets of wealth (including luxury gated townships reserved for expatriate executives of industrial groups doing business at the port) contrasting sharply with the rest of the area, where residents had no access to the economic benefits of the development and experienced a stagnation or a diminution of their living standards due to the cost increases that accompanied it. Pollution created by industries in the Sohar port also helped trigger local popular frustrations. Epitomizing the tensions brought on by the excessive profits that a few regime insiders accumulated during the town’s economic boom, Sohar’s main supermarket, Lulu, whose building and land belonged to the minister of royal office, Ali al-Maamari, was ransacked and burned down in late February.
The now famous “The people want the fall of the regime” sung in Tunis and Cairo was appropriated in Oman in 2011, where it was converted to “The people want the reform (islah) of the regime” and “The people want the fall of corruption” (isqat al-fasad). Other slogans (“Yes to a new Oman,” “We need freedom,” and “You may restrict our hands but you cannot restrict our dreams in a better life”) openly asked for change. Strikes and demonstrations that quickly sprouted up all over the country revolved around demands for more job opportunities and measures to curb rising prices and inequalities. Protesters also called on the sultan to personally intervene to end the reign of wasta (favoritism) and corruption in the public sector and to put long-serving ministers who were widely perceived as corrupt on trial.
More generally, while the protests around the country were primarily motivated by social and economic issues, two other dimensions are noteworthy. First, although the mobilizations were not organized along sectarian lines or focused on sectarian demands, Islamists played a crucial role in channeling discontent—probably not so much for the attractiveness of their ideologies per se, but rather because they offered one of the few easily identifiable counterdiscourses and forms of collective organization. The influence of underground Muslim Brotherhood cells and networks was visible in the Sur, Salalah, and Sohar protests, and that of the Salafis could be seen in several Batinah protests, particularly those in Sohar and Shinas.19 All of these groups, in addition to Ibadis and a significant component of young secular intellectuals, managed to coordinate efficiently, especially in Sohar.
Given this historical legacy, Qaboos has always been very careful not to alienate Inner Oman. In particular, tribal and religious leaders from the region have been given prominent positions in the new state and have easy access to central authority. People from Inner Oman are overrepresented in all security forces, and in the ministries of interior, justice, and heritage and culture. Thus, the feeling of abandonment by the central state experienced in the Batinah and among other communities since 1970 has been less pronounced in the Dakhiliyah region.
People from Inner Oman are overrepresented in all security forces, and in the ministries of interior, justice, and heritage and culture.
Furthermore, unlike in Sohar and Salalah, where the social fabric has suffered dramatically from the quick transformation from provincial towns into industrial cities, the traditional social organization remains solid in Inner Oman. This has so far succeeded in balancing the growing inequalities and frustrations brought on by a poorly executed modernization. Both the mufti of Oman, who is an Ibadi from Dakhiliyah, and the Ibadi religious establishment are highly respected, and their statements since 1970, unfailingly in favor of the preservation of the social and political order, have hardly been contested.
These factors, combined with the memory of the 2005 wave of arrests among Ibadi activists, help explain the absence of protests in Inner Oman. But in Sohar, Muscat, and elsewhere, the protests thrived, and the regime was forced to respond.
Faced with growing discontent, the regime took several steps to appease the protesters. The private sector minimum wage for nationals was increased by 43 percent to about $520 (200 Omani rials) in mid-February 2011. Sultan Qaboos made further concessions on February 27, including the introduction of a monthly allowance (about $390, or 150 Omani rials) for job seekers, the creation of 50,000 new jobs for Omanis in the public sector (predominantly in the defense and security sectors), the doubling of the monthly social security allowance for eligible needy families, and an increase in student allowances.
In early March, in the largest cabinet reorganization in forty years, Sultan Qaboos dismissed one-third of his cabinet, including Ali al-Maamari; the minister of national economy, Ahmed Makki; and the minister of commerce and industry, Maqbool al-Sultan. Those decisions were intended to publicly reaffirm the sultan’s centrality when it comes to embodying both national unity and the struggle against corruption. While positively received, they did little to dull the protesters’ resoluteness, much the same way that gestures toward Islamists, including the sultan’s approval of the establishment of Islamic banks, in May 2011, had little effect.
Later in March, the sultan announced his intention to expand the powers of the advisory Council of Oman, which is composed of the elected Consultative Council (Majlis al-Shura) and an appointed State Council (Majlis al-Dawla), and, until this point, had a very limited role. But as Saudi and UAE forces entered Bahrain to help quell protests there, it became clear that Qaboos, like his counterparts in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), did not intend to go beyond what he considered a redline—that is, that the center of political power (combining both executive and legislative power) should remain his personal prerogative, closed off from any debate.
However, it is worth noting that a number of techniques the government had used in the past to prevent the emergence of alternative discourses were no longer effective.
The repeated labelling of the protesters as scum (raa) and vandals (mukharibin) by senior officials and national media showed the regime’s inability to accept the legitimacy of those who were expressing alternative opinions without accusing them of breaching the public order. The government also charged that the protesters were under foreign influence, a well-proven method to discredit them and their demands. Following the government’s announcement a few weeks earlier that it had uncovered an Emirati-backed spy network that had targeted the Omani leadership,23 security forces circulated text messages that fueled rumors of supposed Emirati involvement in the organization of the Sohar protests. These unfounded allegations failed to attract much attention, though.
The authorities also turned to tribal leaders for help in restoring the calm. Since the 1970s, Omani authorities have co-opted the tribes and granted their leaders gifts in cash and in kind to ensure their loyalty to the regime. Tribal sheikhs, many of whom receive monthly salaries as state employees, have acted as intermediaries between the tribes’ members and the state apparatus. This was intended to strengthen individuals’ tribal belonging and to prevent the emergence of broader political mobilizations.
Interestingly, this manipulation of local identities and tribal issues also proved inefficient in 2011. The Ministry of Interior tried to involve tribal sheikhs and state representatives in provinces (walis) to appease the protesters on several occasions and to promise youth jobs in security forces. But this mediation was blatantly turned down by the protesters, a clear sign that, after decades of Qaboos’s co-optation policy, the actual level of prestige and authority enjoyed by tribal leaders had declined sharply.
It also appears clear that the authorities lacked an accurate understanding of the protests. Despite all evidence that overthrowing the regime had never been on the protesters’ agenda in 2011, security investigations soon used the term opponent (muarid).25 This tactic offered the advantage of discrediting the protesters, but the authorities presumably were looking for a rather structured underground organization—far from the actual chaotic coordination among the different sit-ins and the clumsiness of their actions.
In October 2011, several articles of the penal law were amended by sultan’s decree, imposing jail sentences for “the publication of false news, statements or rumors liable to incite the public or undermine the prestige of the state or weaken trust in its financial state.” A new provision stated that “anyone participating in a gathering of at least 10 persons, with an intent to affect the public system, can be punished with a jail term of one month to one year.” These amendments criminalized the specific character of the protests, even down to the methods they used (for example, roadblocks) and the protesters’ appearance (for example, wearing masks or veils in a public place or any other concealment that prevents identification).
The same month, in a bid to exert greater control across the country, an administrative reorganization transformed all regions into governorates, with all governors (except those of Muscat and Dhofar, who have ministerial ranks) acting under the strict supervision of the minister of interior.
Even as the regime moved to crack down on dissent, the sultan made several concessions designed to emphasize his attentiveness to the public’s aspirations for greater participation in decisionmaking.
Forty-six percent of eligible people voted in the 2011 Consultative Council election. That turnout, higher than in 2007, was likely a reflection of Omanis’ expectations that the council elected that year would advocate for greater reform. The 1,133 candidates competed under their own names, because political parties and platforms are outlawed by the regime. Indeed, except for the fact that candidates had the right to hold public meetings in halls or electoral tents for the first time, the 2011 campaign rules were as restrictive as those that governed elections in 2003 and 2007. Candidates were allowed to put up posters and banners in streets and public places and to advertise on television and in newspapers. But they were not permitted to discuss general topics (like the role of religion in society or the separation of powers) or to present a public campaign together with a candidate from another province, or wilaya. Campaigning took place mostly in the meeting rooms (majlis) of tribal sheikhs’ houses, but also through door-to-door and personal networks.
As with the 2003 and 2007 elections, clientelism, tribal and ethnic affiliations, and money offered by candidates were also key determinants of voters’ choices.27 The only significant outcome of these elections was that three men who took part in the protests earlier in the year were elected.
Five days after the vote, the sultan followed through on his March pledge and amended the Basic Law to expand the prerogatives of the Council of Oman. Previously this body could only question ministers who are not involved in national sovereignty (foreign affairs, defense, finance, interior, and oil) and submit amendments in the economic, social, and environmental fields to the Council of Ministers, which is composed of the members of the cabinet and tasked with implementing policies determined by the sultan. The October 2011 amendments allowed the Council of Oman to draft laws on its own initiative. They must be referred for review to the Council of Ministers. In addition, draft laws prepared by the Council of Ministers are to be referred to the Council of Oman for approval or amendment before being submitted to the ruler, who can refer them back to the Council of Oman for reconsideration.
At the opening session of the Council of Oman on October 31, the sultan made his long-awaited first public address since the start of the protests. But his speech contained no major announcements, beyond a promise to combat unemployment and corruption, disappointing many.
Nonetheless, after the sultan expanded the powers of the Consultative Council, criticism of government policies and the grilling of ministers intensified, reflecting Omanis’ general distrust of cabinet members. Live coverage on the national television channel of these sessions of parliamentary questions (and their extensive redistribution on social media) only increased the national visibility of these elected representatives, whose changed perception of their responsibilities and positions in the general balance of power illustrated a qualitative evolution from that of their predecessors.
Some Consultative Council members were determined to use the popular legitimacy they derived from the ballot box and to take advantage of the sultan’s decision to give the council greater opportunities to express its voice (at least, formally), as seen in a 2012 test of strength between the council and the cabinet.
In November of that year, the Consultative Council officially approved the formation of a defense, security, and foreign relations permanent committee,31 covering sovereignty issues that were the cabinet’s undisputed prerogatives. The council renewed its mandate in 2013. But while the initiative was blatantly rejected by the Council of Ministers, the decision was not formally opposed by the ruler. In the post–Arab Spring context, in which cabinet members embodied the widespread perception of an elite busy safeguarding its political and economic privileges, Qaboos was providing a place for the Consultative Council to let off steam. But it was also an unambiguous reminder to cabinet members of their political vulnerability and the fact that their political fate depends on his goodwill.
A decree from the sultan in October 2011 announced the establishment of municipal councils in all eleven governorates (muhafadhat), another step that was intended to show Qaboos’s attentiveness to the population’s aspirations for greater participation in decisionmaking. Previously only Muscat governorate had a (fully appointed) municipal council. However, this reform had only very limited real impact. Composed of members representing wilayas, who are elected by universal suffrage for four-year renewable terms, as well as ex officio members representing ministries, the municipal councils are chaired by the head of the governorate, who is appointed by the sultan. They have only advisory powers, and provide opinions and recommendations only on the development of municipal services in the governorate (infrastructure, health, local taxes, and so on).
In February 2012, the sultan also restructured the Supreme Judicial Council, which oversees the judiciary; approves nominations to fill positions in the judiciary, the Administrative Court, and the public prosecution; and proposes and reviews draft laws on judicial matters. While the reform increased the Supreme Judicial Council’s independence from the minister of justice, it also reasserted the sultan’s primacy and control over all these authorities, because the Supreme Judicial Council is chaired by the sultan and any decisions it takes in his absence must be ratified by the monarch.
In another attempt by the regime to show its determination to fight endemic corruption within the state institutions, the prerogatives of the State Financial and Administrative Audit Institution (SFAAI) were expanded by sultan’s decree. Its expanded mission includes detecting financial and administrative irregularities, ensuring transparency in financial and administrative transactions, and providing recommendations on how to avoid conflicts of interest.
The end of 2013 and the spring of 2014 were punctuated by a litany of reports announcing prosecutions and convictions of government officials and businessmen on various charges related to abuse of office, money laundering, and corruption.33 Approximately 40 civil servants and businessmen have been tried in corruption cases since 2013. Among the most prominent people to be prosecuted have been the former secretary general of the Ministry of National Economy, Mohamed al-Khusaibi; Indian businessman P. Mohamed Ali, co-founder of Galfar group, Oman’s largest construction company; and the long-serving chief executive of the government-owned Oman Oil, Ahmed al-Wahaibi. Despite all the hopes that rested with the SFAAI and its ambitious mission, though, people involved in these cases have not been among the big economic and political players who had attracted the protesters’ wrath and who have embodied the conflict of interest between politics and business since the 1970s.
The combination of political concessions, arbitrary gestures of benevolence, and relentless crackdowns on discordant voices was not enough to reassert the grip of the state and quell the protests. Popular frustration with the slow pace of reform became evident again in May 2012. Around 1,000 oil workers went on strike, demanding better pay and working conditions. At the same time, protests developed again in Sohar in support of Consultative Council member Talib al-Maamari, a forty-year-old Salafi professor of Arabic literature at Sohar University who faced calls from the public prosecutor that his parliamentary immunity be lifted, following postings on his Facebook page that were critical of senior officials at the Ministry of Housing. Such political activism, and especially his role as a champion for victims of Sohar’s industrial area pollution, was crucial in his 2011 election to the Consultative Council.
The combination of political concessions, arbitrary gestures of benevolence, and relentless crackdowns on discordant voices was not enough to reassert the grip of the state and quell the protests.
In early June 2012, the public prosecutor, whose brother was appointed head of the internal security service with the rank of minister by royal decree in 2013, threatened to take “all appropriate legal actions” against writers, bloggers, and sit-in participants who acted “against values and morals of the Omani society” and to “prejudice the national security and public interests.” A new crackdown on civil society followed in the summer of 2012, leading to jail terms (from six to eighteen months) for more than 40 individuals on various charges related to “illegal gathering,” “violation of information crimes law,” and “defamation of the sultan.” Clashes between riot police and local youth around Sohar were so common in 2012 and 2013 that curfews were imposed and armored vehicles deployed in various areas.
In July 2013, the sultan tried to close the delicate chapter of social and political contestation that had been opened two years before—and that authorities wanted to consider only an unfortunate parenthesis. On the occasion of the 43rd anniversary of his accession to the throne, Qaboos pardoned and ordered the release of all the individuals who had been sentenced and imprisoned for political reasons. The sultan also ordered that those dismissed from private and public jobs after the 2011–2012 protests be reinstated.
Yet the intimidation and arbitrary detention of activists have continued and, according to Human Rights Watch, basic rights have been “routinely trampled” since then.34 Human rights activist Said Jaddad was arrested again a few days after the sultan’s pardon, facing charges of “undermining the status and prestige of the state,” following his calls for political and social reforms, and contact with foreign human rights bodies. The same month, renewed demonstrations and blockades of Sohar’s industrial area led to a new crackdown by riot police and more arrests.
Consultative Council member Talib al-Maamari was sentenced in October 2014, after more than a year of detention, to three years in jail on charges of illegal gathering and undermining the status and prestige of the state.38 This harsh sentence imposed on someone considered a “real political leader” in North Batinah appears to be an unequivocal message to members of the Consultative Council that the semifreedom of expression tolerated by the regime after 2011 was no longer permitted,39 and that the existence of a proper parliament in Oman, with actual legislative powers, is definitely not on the agenda.
That message appears to have been received. While the grilling of ministers had become more virulent following the 2011 elections, it has dramatically decreased since Talib al-Maamari’s arrest in August 2013. And, despite evidence of serious financial and administrative irregularities at the Ministry of Higher Education provided by local newspapers as early as December 2013,40 it was not until a year later that the Consultative Council requested that the minister appear for questioning. At the same time, one of the most obvious illustrations of the Consultative Council’s timid emancipation that had taken place after 2011, the defense, security, and foreign relations permanent committee, has been virtually dormant since 2013.
A new Nationality Law (promulgated by sultan’s decree in August 2014) gave the state the power to strip Omani nationals of their citizenship if they “engage in a group, a party or an organization that adopts principles or doctrines that can harm the interests of Oman” or “worked for a foreign country in any way whatsoever . . . and failed to fulfil the Omani government’s order to abandon such a work within a specified time.”45 These provisions can obviously be used to threaten or quell peaceful dissent.
While working to combat unprecedented domestic opposition, the regime moved throughout this period to shore up its support in the region, where protests were also flaring.
Oman has always perceived political instability in the Middle East as a factor threatening its own internal stability. This perception of political vulnerability helps explain the sultanate’s determination to prevent regional actors from interfering in its internal affairs. The inescapable corollary of (and price for) that desire for regional independence has been Oman’s unquestioned political and military dependence on Britain and the United States.
Although British forces officially left Omani bases in 1977, at the end of the Dhofar war, these positions were the only ones on the Arabian Peninsula used in 1991, and again in 2003, as operational bases by the British-U.S. coalition during the air offensives against Iraq. The renewal of military cooperation agreements with both Britain and the United States in 1985 and 1995, as well as joint exercises—including a 2001 exercise in the Omani desert, the biggest deployment of British troops abroad since the 1980s—only confirmed this Omani strategic dependence. Even if it causes recurrent criticism or frustration in other GCC countries and inside Oman, this partnership—and the military and political protection it provides—is the key that has granted the Omani ruler latitude of action within the GCC and at home.
Oman’s relations with its neighbors have been governed by the determination to prevent the convulsions of the region from impacting its internal political status quo.
In that environment, Oman’s relations with its neighbors have been governed by the determination to prevent the convulsions of the region from impacting its internal political status quo. In January 2009, Oman announced that it would not join the GCC monetary union. Given the gap in living standards and wages between Oman and its wealthier GCC neighbors, a monetary union would have had dramatic effects on the Omani economy. This position had no substantial damaging effects on Oman’s relationship with its neighbors, however, as shown by both the GCC’s decision to set up a $10 billion aid package to help Oman cope with protests in March 2011 and Oman’s concomitant support for the Saudis’ and Emiratis’ decision to send troops to Bahrain.
Since the short-term emergency that struck all Gulf monarchies in 2011, the desire to quell internal pro-democracy movements has taken precedence over divergences related to long-term GCC-Iran relations or intra-GCC economic cooperation. For example, in preparation for the 34th GCC summit in December 2013, the minister responsible for foreign affairs, Yusuf bin Alawi, declared that Oman would not prevent the upgrading of the GCC into a union of six countries, but would “not be part of it” if it happened. That stance had no impact on Oman’s adherence to GCC security imperatives. In January 2014, Sultan Qaboos ratified the GCC security pact that had been signed in November 2012, which strengthens cooperation and mutual assistance in security matters. It also allows the hunting down of those who are outside the law, or who are wanted by party states, regardless of their nationalities, and the integration of signatories’ security apparatuses to provide support to each other during times of security disturbances and unrest. And Oman and Kuwait have already signed several economic deals, including one worth $1.75 billion in November 2014, as part of the $10 billion GCC financial aid pledged in 2011.
The Arab Spring served to sharpen this tension. The official narrative stressing Omanis’ duty of loyalty toward the “father of the nation” seems inaudible in a country where 84 percent of the population was born after 1970 and 70 percent after 1980. It is openly challenged by activists and bloggers who now make a clear distinction between the current regime and the Omani nation. Their criticism of the ruler’s political decisions and power practices are explicitly made in the name of Oman and their concerns for the future of the country. And, with the sultan’s absence and ill health, and continuing questions about the succession process, anxiety about that future is increasing.
As one of the Sohar activists summarized, “Qaboos has become somebody like anybody else, he can make mistakes like anybody else.”58 This dramatic change in the relationship between Omani society and its leadership is the most blatant symptom of the unprecedented challenges to the old authoritarian rentier model of development that confront the regime.
With that, and the sultan’s prolonged absence, the nomination of a crown prince or a prime minister appears to be a political priority. Many Omanis have eagerly awaited such an announcement, which would lay the foundation for governance of a post-Qaboos Oman. But the regime has remained reluctant to break the taboo on key issues, including the appointment of a prime minister and the country’s future governance, fueling widespread anxiety.
Unlike in other GCC monarchies, Sultan Qaboos has largely excluded his extended family from office. At the end of 2014, the sultan had no children and had not publicly designated an heir.
The complexity of the succession mechanism established in the Basic Law, combined with the central role played by officials who do not belong to the royal family, raises many questions. There is every indication that the Ruling Family Council has never met to date. In these circumstances, if the royal family cannot make a decision, is it ready to yield supreme decisionmaking to individuals who do not belong to the royal family and who owe their positions solely to Qaboos?
Tremendous social and economic challenges await Qaboos’s successor. But Oman’s young civil society will not be willing to grant him the same degree of authoritarian paternalism that their parents gave Qaboos.
Moreover, in spite of the precautions taken by the ruler, there appears to be a risk that contradictory messages will emerge, creating political confusion. In Qaboos’s absence, there does not seem to be any patriarchal figure in the Al Said family who could oversee the succession process and ensure that disagreements remain contained.
The triptych that has defined contemporary Oman—the post-1970 Renaissance ideology, the state apparatus, and its supreme figure, Sultan Qaboos—cannot be touched without putting into question the entire nation-building project that he undertook. This model of legitimacy, based on the extreme personalization of the political system, is intimately linked to the person of Qaboos and to him only.
Tremendous social and economic challenges await Qaboos’s successor. But Oman’s young civil society will not be willing to grant him the same degree of authoritarian paternalism that their parents gave Qaboos. The use of the oil rent as an emergency job and subsidy faucet; the firing of dignitaries as scapegoats who were made responsible for the system’s failings; and the ruler’s arbitrary gestures of goodwill, a way to enhance his legitimacy and publicly reaffirm his centrality to the maintenance of national unity—all of these tools have proved to be partially unsuccessful since 2011.
The regime’s repressive measures after 2012 resulted again in what the United Nations special rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association called in September 2014 a “pervasive culture of silence and fear affecting anyone who wants to speak and work for reforms in Oman.”64 That response only confirms the authorities’ disarray in the face of a development they can no longer stop: the flourishing criticism of the elite’s political management of this critical juncture in Oman’s history. These grievances are made explicitly in the name of Oman and out of concern for the future of the country.
There is no doubt that the ruler’s short television address from Germany in November 2014 provided a feeling of temporary relief to many, who are well aware of the considerable turmoil his sudden demise may provoke. However, the dramatic change in the relationship between the society and its leadership confronts the Qaboos State with unprecedented questions whose answers can no longer be delayed.
1Ali Ahmed al-Riyami, “90-m Long Message of Gratitude for 41st Renaissance Day,” Oman Observer, July 21, 2011.
2Simeon Kerr, “Protests Awaken Sleepy Sultanate of Oman,” Financial Times, February 28, 2011.
3Dhofar Province, the southern province of Oman, was the theater in 1962 of an uprising of tribes against the authority of Sultan Said. Gradually, this movement morphed into the Marxist-Leninist Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf. In July 1970, when the uprising was about to spread to northern Oman, the British orchestrated Sultan Said’s overthrow by his son Qaboos. This decision enjoyed the support of the other Gulf rulers and the shah of Iran, all worried by potential revolutionary contagion. The new sovereign, backed by Britain, Jordan, and Iran, proclaimed the end of the war in 1975.
4Said al-Hashimi, Al-Rabi al-Umani. Qaraa fi al-Siyaqat wa-l-Dalalat (The Omani Spring: A reading of its context and implications) (Beirut: Dar al-Farabi, 2013).
5Personal interview, Muscat, November 14, 2012.
6In an interview in Le Monde, May 22, 1973.
7Judith Miller, “Creating Modern Oman: An Interview With Sultan Qabus,” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 3 (1997): 17.
8Sultanate of Oman, Oman Statistical Yearbook 2014 (Muscat: National Center for Statistics and Information, 2014), table 9-2.
9Sultanate of Oman, Oman Statistical Yearbook 2014 (Muscat: National Center for Statistics and Information, 2014), tables 6-14 and 2-15.
10 Maqbool al-Sultan, then Minister of Commerce and Industry, quoted in the Times of Oman, August 17, 2004.
11 1 Omani rial = $2.60.
13 For more details, see Marc Valeri, Oman: Politics and Society in the Qaboos State (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), chapter 6.
14 Estimates of religious allegiance are not based on official data because Omani authorities never mention figures for religious, tribal, or ethnic groups. According to calculations based on the national census, Ibadis appear to constitute 50–55 percent of the population, Sunnis 45–50 percent, and Shia 3–4 percent. Ibadis are in strong majority in Inner Oman, the site of the historical centers of the imamate.
15 “Fi Bid’ al-Muhakama Dafa Mutahamun Bi-Ann Himayat al-Madhhab al-Ibadi Ahad Ahdafahum” (At the beginning of the trial, defenders declared that protection of the Ibadi doctine is one of their goals), al Hayat, April 19, 2005.
17 This was reversed by the UAE government after 2003, out of concern that such a presence could have adverse effects if UAE-Oman political tensions arose.
18 Personal interview, Muscat, November 11, 2012.
19 In July 2014, it was estimated that 200 Omanis had joined Sunni military groups in Syria. See Turki al-Balushi, “Umaniyun Yuqatilun fi Suria” (Omani fighting in Syria), al-Balad, July 20, 2014, http://albaladoman.com/?p=20361.
20 Personal interview, Muscat, October 10, 2011.
21 The systematic practice of physical and psychological mistreatment, which in many cases amounted to torture, was reported (such as politically motivated disappearances, virginity tests, forced confessions, solitary confinement, and incommunicado detention in 4-square-meter cells without windows with loud music and full light for twenty-four hours in unknown locations, sleep depravation, extreme temperatures, and restricted access to toilets). See, for instance, the U.S. Department of State Country Reports for Oman on Human Rights Practices 2012, 1.usa.gov/URP0Gp, and 2013, 1.usa.gov/1s8ym3S; Gulf Center for Human Rights, “Torture in Oman,” January 29, 2014, http://gc4hr.org/report/view/20. Such practices continue today. See “Oman: Rights Routinely Trampled,” Human Rights Watch, December 19, 2014.
23 “Official Security Source—Spy Network Unveils,” Oman News Agency, January 30, 2011.
24 Personal interview, Sohar, November 12, 2012.
25 Personal interviews, October 2011 and November 2012.
26 Quoted in Hugh Eakin, “In the Heart of Mysterious Oman,” New York Review of Books 61, no. 13, August 14, 2014, 59.
27 The campaign coincided with the trial of the editor in chief and a reporter of the independent newspaper al-Zaman for publishing an article providing evidence of corruption in the Ministry of Justice. They were sentenced to jail for five months for insulting the minister of justice and his undersecretary and a one-month closure of the newspaper was ordered.
28 This council is the Financial Affairs and Energy Resources Council. It is composed of cabinet members, the deputy chairman of the central bank, and advisers to the sultan.
29 On October 29, 2011, Khalid al-Maawali was elected chairman of the council. A former director general for investment of the Ministry of Tourism (2005–2008), Khalid al-Maawali was a member of the United States–Oman free trade agreement negotiation team. An active businessman, he has been member of the board of a number of companies listed on the Muscat Securities Market. While al-Maawali is usually presented as embodying the renewal of the Omani political class since 2011, his family has long been deeply entrenched in the circles of power. His brother Nasir has chaired the SFAAI (with a rank of minister) since 2011, and his cousin Hilal al-Maawali was the inspector general of police and customs and the minister of civil service.
30 In addition, the ruler can issue decrees that have the same power of law between the terms of the Council of Oman and during the adjourned period of the Consultative Council and the holding of the State Council sessions.
33 “Omani CEO Jailed for 23 Years in Graft Case: Court,” Reuters, February 27, 2014; “Ahkam wa qadaya jadida fi muhakamat al-fasad” (New verdicts and cases in corruption trials), al-Zaman, March 3, 2014.
35 “Update: Oman—Human Rights Defender Mr Mohamed Al Fazari Released,” Frontline Defenders, September 9, 2014.
36 Said bin Abdullah al-Darudi, “Ana Lastu Umaniyyan … Ana Dhufari” (I am not Omani … I am Dhofari), October 7, 2014, www.facebook.com/asadaroodi/posts/1540658982831796.
37 “Al-sultat tufrij an al-katib Ali al-Rawahi bad ayyam min al-tahqiq” (Authorities free writer Ali al-Rawahi after days of interrogations), al-Balad, January 2, 2015.
38 “Idana Udu Majlis al-Shura Talib al-Maamari Bi 3 Sanawat Sijn” (Consultative Council member Taib al-Maamari sentenced to three years in jail), al-Balad, October 30, 2014, http://albaladoman.com/?p=22898. A Municipal Council elected member was also sentenced to jail.
39 Interview, November 13, 2012.
40 “Malaffat jadida fi tajawzat al-talim al-ali” (New files in higher education infringements), al-Zaman, December 8, 2013; “Tajawzat al-talim al-ali 2 … Masrufat dakhma natija mukhalafat fi lajna al-bathat” (Higher education infringements 2 … huge expenses following irregularities in the Scholarship Commission), al-Zaman, December 17, 2013; “Tajawzat al-talim al-ali 3… Athrat fi al-khutat al-khamsia” (Higher education infringements 3 … issues in five-year plans), al-Zaman, January 12, 2014.
41 The law prohibits members of the armed forces, other public security institutions, government employees, and domestic workers from forming or joining unions.
45 The full text (in Arabic) of the law is available of the Ministry of Legal Affairs website: http://mola.gov.om/royals.aspx?Gzy=14.
46 Personal interview, Muscat, November 13, 2012.
47 It now consists of 225 Omani rials as a basic salary plus 100 Omani rials as transport and housing allowance.
48 Exceptions to the policy were made for international companies, companies working on government projects, and firms managed full-time by their owners. This suspension was later extended for another six months but lifted in October 2014 under increasing private sector pressure.
49 Crystal A. Ennis and Ra’id Z. al-Jamali, “Elusive Employment. Development Planning and Labor Market Trends in Oman,” Chatham House, September 2014, 14.
50 “Oman’s Public Wage Bill Could Jump $2.3 Billion in 2014—Finance Minister,” Reuters, November 13, 2013.
54 SIPRI, “Trends in World Military Expenditure 2012,” April 2013, http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=458.
55 Personal interview, Muscat, October 11, 2011.
56 Personal electronic communication, June 16, 2012.
57 Personal interview, Muscat, November 14, 2012.
58 Personal interview, Muscat, October 12, 2011.
60 This is to replace the old Oman Vision 2020 drafted in 1995, the objectives of which had already proved unreachable in the mid-2000s and which became obsolete with the Omani Spring.
61 All of them have been very active businessmen as well. Asad runs several companies, including Asad Investment Company, operating as his personal investment vehicle and said to control more than $1 billion in assets worldwide. His son Taimur, who is married to the daughter of Qaboos’s maternal uncle, is considered to be the leading candidate in his generation for the succession. Taimur has been chairman of Alizz Bank, Oman’s second Islamic bank, since 2012. Haitham is chairman and the main shareholder of National Trading, which has been involved in the construction of two major power plants and is agent in Oman for several multinational companies. Haitham was also involved in the Blue City project, a new tourism-devoted city south of Sohar initially worth $20 billion that was supposed to accommodate 200,000 residents in 2020. Shihab has a number of business interests as well through the group of companies he owns and chairs, Seven Seas.
63 Personal interview with a university teacher, Muscat, October 16, 2011.
Very concise and compelling breakdown. Thank you. | 2019-04-22T15:16:56Z | https://carnegieendowment.org/2015/01/28/simmering-unrest-and-succession-challenges-in-oman/i0s3 |
Accurate and timely mycobacterial species identification is imperative for successful diagnosis, treatment, and management of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The current most widely utilized method for NTM species identification is Sanger sequencing of one or more genomic loci, followed by BLAST sequence analysis. MALDI-TOF MS offers a less expensive and increasingly accurate alternative to sequencing, but the commercially available assays used in clinical mycobacteriology cannot differentiate between Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium chimaera, two closely related potentially pathogenic species of NTM that are members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Because this differentiation of MAC species is challenging in a diagnostic setting, Bruker has developed an improved spectral interpretation algorithm to differentiate M. chimaera and M. intracellulare based on differential spectral peak signatures. Here, we utilize a set of 185 MAC isolates that have been characterized using rpoB locus sequencing followed by whole genome sequencing in some cases, to test the accuracy of the Bruker subtyper software to identify M. chimaera (n = 49) and M. intracellulare (n = 55). 100% of the M. intracellulare and 82% of the M. chimaera isolates were accurately identified using the MALDI Biotyper algorithm. This subtyper module is available with the MALDI Biotyper Compass software and offers a promising mechanism for rapid and inexpensive species determination for M. chimaera and M. intracellulare.
The use of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for identification of microbial specimens has scaled up dramatically over the past decade due to the continual improvement of available tools, including expanded spectral peak databases [reviewed in Doern and Butler-Wu (2016); Rahi et al. (2016); and Alcaide et al. (2018)]. Species identification of bacteria is now honed to strain-specific and subspecies distinctions in many cases (Neville et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2018) as well as the characterization of non-bacterial organisms such as fungi (Chalupova et al., 2014; Levesque et al., 2015). These approaches are relatively rapid, inexpensive, and accurate for use in clinical diagnostics (Neville et al., 2011), environmental sample analysis, food safety, and other applications (Carbonnelle et al., 2011; Florio et al., 2018). MALDI-TOF MS is increasingly utilized to distinguish clinically relevant nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) (Levesque et al., 2015; Costa-Alcalde et al., 2018).
The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) comprises several clinically important mycobacterial species including M. avium (subsp. hominissuis), M. intracellulare, and M. chimaera (Diel et al., 2018; Forbes et al., 2018), among others [e.g., M. colombiense (Murcia et al., 2006) and M. yongonense (Castejon et al., 2018)]. Although M. avium and M. intracellulare species are more frequently observed in clinical cases, a recent series of M. chimaera infections originating in cardiac surgery suites (van Ingen et al., 2017) illuminates the importance of identifying members of the MAC complex at the species level in a rapid and accurate manner. While the spectrum of M. avium is relatively distinct from the other two species, M. intracellulare and M. chimaera are highly similar to each other (van Ingen et al., 2012), and not readily distinguished using the standard approaches of most MALDI-TOF peak interpretation algorithms (Boyle et al., 2015a; Leyer et al., 2017). Pulmonary infections caused by the different MAC species are distinct in their virulence and clinical features, indicating that species-level identification is important for effective prognostics (Boyle et al., 2015b; Kim et al., 2017). Bruker Daltonik (Bremen, Germany) developed a commercially available algorithm to differentiate M. chimaera and M. intracellulare from each other using only MALDI-TOF peak data. This algorithm was found to perform well against 59 bacterial isolates of European origin using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence to identify species (Pranada et al., 2017). Here we set out to evaluate the same MALDI algorithm against 111 isolates of United States origin. Sequence from the rpoB locus was used to determine species, but in 16 discrepant cases, the isolates were whole genome sequenced and species identity was determined using phylogenomics.
All samples were of clinical origin within the United States, either bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, or tissue. Isolates were sent to National Jewish Health for NTM species identification and/or antimicrobial susceptibility testing. DNA from these isolated cultures of 300 acid-fast bacilli were analyzed using a targeted 711 base pair region of the rpoB locus that was Sanger sequenced using ABI 3730xL and queried against the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) database. The rpoB target is one of several recommended for NTM species determination according to current national clinical microbiology guidelines (Forbes et al., 2018); other targets that are utilized for this purpose are 16S rRNA, secA, ITS, and hsp65 (Lecorche et al., 2018). From this collection, a subset (185) were identified as one of the MAC species according to rpoB sequence, i.e., M. avium (n = 74), M. intracellulare (n = 55), or M. chimaera (n = 56).
MAC strains were subcultured onto Middlebrook 7H11 agar media and incubated for 7–10 days to obtain sufficient biomass for MALDI-TOF MS identification. Colonies from the 7H11 plates were harvested and heat-killed in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade water, followed by acetonitrile/formic acid extraction procedure according to the manufacturer protocol. The MALDI-TOF target was spotted with 1 μL of extract supernatant and overlaid with 1 μL of α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA) matrix prior to data capture using the Bruker MALDI-TOF Biotyper system (software v4.0). A minimum score of 1.8 was required. A complete MALDI spectrum dataset was sent to Germany for MALDI spectrum analysis in parallel at Bruker Daltonik in Bremen, Germany.
For samples identified by MALDI-TOF MS as M. chimaera-intracellulare group, a second-tier analysis was performed using a recently developed research subtyping software from Bruker Daltonik [(Pranada et al., 2017) herein referred to as MBT Subtyping Module]. One sample, NTM-184, was eliminated from the sensitivity and specificity calculations because the MALDI results placed it in the M. chimaera-intracellulare group, but the rpoB result was M. avium, and this sample did not have whole genome sequence (WGS) information (see below.) An additional seven samples, six of which were identified as M. chimaera using rpoB, were also eliminated from these calculations because the MBT Subtyping Module did not yield a result. These strains are listed in Table 1 under the MBT Subtyper as “M. chim/M. int.” It should be noted that the MBT Subtyping Module returned a high score on these seven samples but because it was unable to distinguish the two species, it does not make a call in these cases.
Table 1. Comparison of single locus sequencing results to whole genome sequencing results for sixteen MAC strains for each sample that was whole genome sequenced, three loci were extracted and analyzed by BLAST to the non-redundant NCBI database giving the results listed.
For almost all samples, the rpoB species identification was considered to be the actual species of that strain. In a few cases, samples yielded discrepant results, and for these samples, WGS was used to assign a species identification to a given mycobacterial strain. Genomic DNA was isolated according to a protocol adapted from Käser et al. (2010), employing a column DNA clean in lieu of a phenol chloroform extraction and alcohol precipitation. Genomic libraries were constructed using Nextera XT and sequenced using Illumina chemistry (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA).
Illumina reads were trimmed of adapters and low quality bases (< Q20) using Skewer (Jiang et al., 2014). Trimmed reads were assembled into scaffolds using Unicycler (Wick et al., 2017), and genome assemblies were compared against a selection of reference genomes to calculate average nucleotide identities (ANI, chjp/ANI on GitHub.com, Supplementary Table S1) and to assign a species call to each isolate (Goris et al., 2007; Richter and Rossello-Mora, 2009). Trimmed reads and background reference genomes were mapped to the M. chimaera CDC 2015-22-71 genome (Hasan et al., 2017) using Bowtie2 software (Langmead and Salzberg, 2012). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called using SAMtools mpileup program (Li et al., 2009), and a multi-fasta sequence alignment was created from concatenated basecalls from all strains (Davidson et al., 2014; Page et al., 2016). Resulting sequences were used to make a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree using RAxML-NG with a GTR+G substitution model (Kozlov et al., 2018) and 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The tree was annotated and visualized with ggtree (Yu et al., 2017). Reference genomes for the tree are, for M. chimaera, listing genome name, accession number: AH16, CP012885.2; CDC 2015-22-71,CP019221.1; DSM 44623, CP015278.1; SJ42, CP022223.1; ZUERICH-2, CP015267.1; LJHL01, LJHL00000000.1; LJHM01, LJHM00000000.1; LJHN01, LJHN00000000.1; 1956, CP009499.1; ATCC 13950, NC_016946.1; MOTT-02, NC_016947.1; MOTT-64, NC_016948.1; and for M. intracellulare: 1956, CP009499.1; ATCC 13950, NC_016946.1; MOTT-02, NC_016947.1; MOTT-64, NC_016948.1.
The whole genome sequence data are available at NCBI in Bioproject number PRJNA5060601 with the following accession numbers: NTM-006, SAMN10441865; NTM-019, SAMN10441945; NTM-035, SAMN10441946; NTM-054, SAMN10441947; NTM-105, SAMN10441948; NTM-107, SAMN10441949; NTM-168, SAMN10441950; NTM-178, SAMN10441951; NTM-203, SAMN10441952; NTM-204, SAMN10441953; NTM-206, SAMN10441954; NTM-208, SAMN10441955; NTM-223, SAMN10441956; NTM-224, SAMN10441957; NTM-230, SAMN10441958; NTM-232, SAMN10441959.
Using primer sequences of known targets, three regions were extracted from the WGS data. These were previously targeted regions from the following loci: 16S rDNA (Springer et al., 1996; van Ingen et al., 2012), the 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (Schweickert et al., 2008), and rpoB (Adekambi et al., 2003; Ben Salah et al., 2008). These sequences were used to BLAST against the non-redundant NCBI database and the top species call or calls are reported in Table 1.
From the initial strain collection, 185 isolates were identified by rpoB amplicon sequencing as one of the three prominent clinical MAC species, specifically 74 M. avium, 55 M. intracellulare, and 56 M. chimaera. These 185 strains were then analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS at National Jewish Health, in Denver, Colorado, United States and the data were re-analyzed in Bremen, Germany, yielding identical results according to the Biotyper 4.0 software. Of the 74 M. avium isolates, 73 were identified as M. avium. A single M. avium sample (as identified by rpoB) and the remaining 111 samples were all identified as being in the M. chimaera-intracellulare group.
These 112 strains were then subjected to a second tier of analysis wherein their MALDI-TOF MS spectra were evaluated using the recently developed MBT Subtyping Module software; see Methods (Pranada et al., 2017). One sample, NTM-006, was identified as M. chimaera by rpoB but as M. intracellulare by WGS, thus the sample was categorized as M. intracellulare. This was the only sample for which WGS yielded a result that differed from rpoB. In this case, the WGS result was considered to be the actual species for calculations. After removing the eight samples that were unconfirmed (see Methods), the samples numbered 55 M. intracellulare and 49 M. chimaera that were suitable to evaluate the MBT Subtyping Module algorithm for its ability to distinguish these two species.
Sixteen isolates were selected for WGS. These strains were investigated in greater depth using extracted sequences of specific loci (Table 1) in addition to phylogenomic tree analysis using the WGS data (Figure 1). The specific loci were selected to reflect the regions that are most commonly used for mycobacterial species identification. For most Mycobacteria spp., these loci are useful for identifying to the NTM species level. But the close relationship of M. chimaera and M. intracellulare is apparent in these genes since the two species’ sequences over these regions are largely interchangeable, consistent with the initial confounding observations that led to the naming of M. chimaera (Tortoli et al., 2004). Based on these extracted sequences, the rpoB fragment was most reflective of the WGS result (Table 1).
Figure 1. Mycobacterium chimaera and Mycobacterium intracellulare whole genome phylogenomic tree. Available whole genome data from M. chimaera and M. intracellulare were used to visualize the relationships of 16 strains for this study (in blue) and 13 reference strains in comparison to the reference genome of M. chimaera CDC 2015-22-71. Bootstrap support values are given at nodes, scale bar for SNP distances is at bottom of figure.
For the 49 samples identified by sequencing as M. chimaera, the MBT Subtyping Module identified 40 as M. chimaera and 9 as M. intracellulare for a sensitivity of 81.6%. However, because all of the Subtyper M. chimaera calls were in fact M. chimaera according to whole genome sequencing, the positive predictive value for a call of M. chimaera is 100%. The M. intracellulare (n = 55) data differed in that all 55 samples were identified as M. intracellulare for a sensitivity of 100%, but nine of the M. chimaera samples were called M. intracellulare by the Subtyping software, reducing the specificity, and the positive predictive value is 86% or 55/(55+9). This indicates that a minority (∼18%, or 9/49) of the true M. chimaera samples would be recognized as M. intracellulare using the MALDI Biotyper Compass software.
The recent outbreak of M. chimaera-contaminated heater-cooler devices used in cardiac surgery has increased the clinical urgency for differentiating M. chimaera from M. intracellulare. The MALDI-TOF MS approach to species identification is less expensive and more rapid than sequencing methods, but until now has been unable to distinguish these two closely related MAC species. Our findings indicate that a call of M. chimaera by the Bruker subtyping algorithm tested here is correct every time for a positive predictive value of 100%. We also found that a call of M. intracellulare is correct 86% of the time, that is, 14% of our samples that were recognized as M. intracellulare by MALDI are actually more closely related to M. chimaera than to M. intracellulare. Given the regional diversity of NTM species, it is possible that these strains were not available in the initial European sample set during test design. A number of these strains cluster more closely with the M. chimaera reference strains (samples 178, 019, 232, etc.), although they are arguably relatively distant from any available reference. The dynamic nature of bacterial phylogenomics requires us to integrate currently available references and whole genome approaches with an understanding that species nomenclature is always evolving as new branches and clades become apparent.
With increasing numbers of M. chimaera and M. intracellulare isolates requiring species identification in diagnostic reference laboratories, it is clear that improved tools are needed to quickly and accurately identify and distinguish these close mycobacterial species, in most cases inseparable using average nucleotide identity measures (Supplementary Table S1). We observe a qualitative difference in genome size for these two species and performed a statistical comparison of available complete reference genomes from M. chimaera (mean ± 1s.d., 6.24 ± 0.29Mb, n = 8) and M. intracellulare (5.52 ± 0.12Mb, n = 6), and found that M. chimaera was consistently larger by ∼700,000 bases (p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test.) This information may provide a path to discovering markers that can distinguish the two species, but the standard and reliable tools used to distinguish most NTM from one another often fail to discriminate between these very closely related strains. The discerning capability of the Bruker Subtyper module with MALDI spectral data offers an available and notable advance in MAC species identification.
MT, MK, GS, and MaS designed the study. LEE wrote the manuscript and performed whole genome sequencing. NKH, PG, and DD performed rpoB sequencing and MALDI-TOF analysis. MT, MK, and GS performed parallel MALDI-TOF spectral analysis and developed and implemented the subtyping software. NAH analyzed whole genome sequencing data, extracted loci of interest, and created visualizations. All authors contributed to writing, editing, and overall presentation of the manuscript.
MT and MK are employed by Bruker Daltoniks and GS by Bruker Daltonics.
We thank Sara Kammlade and Rebecca Davidson for providing genomic ANIs. LEE, NAH, MiS, and MaS thank the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, NICK15R0.
Costa-Alcalde, J. J., Barbeito-Castineiras, G., Gonzalez-Alba, J. M., Aguilera, A., Galan, J. C., and Perez-Del-Molino, M. L. (2018). Comparative evaluation of the identification of rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), GenoType Mycobacterium CM/AS assay and partial sequencing of the rpobeta gene with phylogenetic analysis as a reference method. Enferm. Infect. Microbiol. Clin. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.04.012 [Epub ahead of print].
Springer, B., Stockman, L., Teschner, K., Roberts, G. D., and Bottger, E. C. (1996). Two-laboratory collaborative study on identification of mycobacteria: molecular versus phenotypic methods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 296–303.
Copyright © 2018 Epperson, Timke, Hasan, Godo, Durbin, Helstrom, Shi, Kostrzewa, Strong and Salfinger. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. | 2019-04-26T14:08:29Z | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03140/full |
Have you fallen in love with a certain fluffy, big personality in a small body, short-legged dogs?
You know what we’re referring to right now, Pembroke Welsh Corgi puppies! You’ve been searching “Corgi puppies for sale near me” for some time now and you’ve finally made your decision to get one of those adorable Corgi puppies. Are you well informed about this beautiful breed? Take some time to read 5 fun facts about them. While you’re at it, take a look at our available puppies page to see pics of our Corgi puppies.
We think this is one of the most commonly known facts because Corgis have been pictured so often with the Queen of England. She has really popularized them without even knowing or trying. Queen Elizabeth II has had over 30 Corgis in her lifetime. Across the pond, we tend to think their royalty is why so many Americans searched “Corgi puppies for sale near me,” in attempts to grab a piece of royalty!
Fact Two: There Are Two!
Did you know there are two different types of Corgi puppies? Yep! There’s the Pembroke Welsh Corgi and the Cardigan Welsh Corgi. They are considered two entirely different breeds because they come from different ancestors. The best way to tell them apart is with their tails. The Pembroke doesn’t have one and the Cardigan does.
Fact Three: Have You Heard That They Herd?
Kinda hard to believe that these little ones were once herders, but they were and they were darn good at it. Back in the 10th century, pastures were considered common land, so there were no fences. In order to keep cattle together, the Welsh Corgis would nip at their legs to herd them.
In 1107, Flemish weavers migrated to Wales and bred the Spitz-type dog with the original Cardigan Corgis. The result was Pembroke Welsh Corgi puppies.
There were two types of Corgis registered as one in 1925, which caused a little controversy in the breeding community. After about a decade filled with a lot of back and forth, they were finally recognized as two separate breeds in 1934.
At Petland, we always have Corgi puppies in our stores, so search no more for “Corgi puppies for sale near me,” because we have exactly what you want. Give us a call today!
At Petland, we totally understand that not everyone wants a pint-sized small breed dog.
There are plenty of dog owners who have more love to give to the cutest big dog breeds in the world! Take a look at this list of 5 large dog breeds that tug at hearts universally! Want to see all our gentle giants before diving into this list? Just click here for all of our available puppies.
The Siberian Husky is a well-known member of the American large dog breeds. Huskies are clever and loving and insanely smart. They aren’t aggressive and would fail miserably at being a guard dog or even a watchdog. They get along swimmingly well with strangers, so there’s that! Huskies are very intelligent and trainable, but patience, consistency and an understanding of the Arctic dog character are necessary. These 55-pound furballs are just simply precious.
There isn’t any way on the planet that one could possibly think of large dog breeds without immediately envisioning the Great Dane. That’s why they’re so known – because of their size! They reach heights well over 30 inches tall. The famous Great Dane named Zeus held a world record standing at 44 inches. Tapping out at an average 150lbs, these gentle giants have a lot of love to give.
These couch potatoes aren’t nervous or aggressive. They are just the opposite, because they are incredibly gentle and goofy, all 85 pounds of them! The most aggression they’ll ever display is herding kids in and out of rooms, by gently bumping them. They are one of the cutest big dog breeds with intelligence and sociability. They truly thrive best in rural or farm like settings where they can get proper exercise and then properly nap!
Standing at nearly 3 feet tall and weighing a grand total of 120 pounds, Irish Wolfhounds are large dog breeds times two! They were originally bred to hunt wolves in Britain and Ireland, but they are far from ferocious. They are a gentle and quiet breed that absolutely gets along with everyone and we mean everyone – kids, strangers, and other dogs! Make room for these oversized babies, because they like to stretch out and they’ll need the space for it!
Nicknamed “Nature’s Nannies,” the Newfoundland is excellent with kids and most suitable to live in large open spaces. These jolly giants hail as one of the cutest big dog breeds. These fur balls will lovingly keep watch and protect you and your family. They’ve been documented to grow as large as a whopping 200 pounds so get ready!
Petland puppies are prized possessions for anyone who owns one!
We know it and so do our customers – past, current and potential. We pride ourselves in providing information about the various dogs that we sell. Today, we’re highlighting the cutest mixed breed dogs, otherwise known as designer breed puppies, in our stores. Take a list of the five hybrid/designer dog breeds that you’ll certainly love.
The Yorkipoo is a cross between the Yorkshire Terrier and a Toy or Miniature Poodle. These sweet and charming pups won’t allow you to go far without capturing the attention of passersby. They are incredibly gentle, kind, and loving dogs who can do well with children and the elderly.
What’s a Maltishi puppy? Blend a Maltese and Shih Tzu and you’ve got one of the most stunning and cutest mixed breed dogs. Taking in love from laps around the world, these furry babies are natural companions. They are intelligent dogs with relatively quiet and chill personalities. They long to be around family and they’ll gladly choose your lap anytime.
Did you do a double take when you saw your first Pomsky puppy? Most people do because they truly resemble fluffy miniature Huskies, making them one of the cutest mixed breed dogs to own. Pomskies are the cross between the medium-sized Siberian Husky and the pint-sized Pomeranian. They are gaining popularity, as their origins only date back to 2011.
Take a Schnauzer and a Poodle and you’ll wind up with a boastful breed that’s one of the popular low-shedding dog breeds. They range from 10 to 25 pounds and come in various beautiful colors. Some will look more like Poodles and others may have a more dominant Schnauzer look. In either case, they’re exquisite little creatures!
That’s what they seem like because Teddy Bear small dog breeds are the combinations of Shih Tzu and Bichon Frise puppies. They are fluffy and are stuffed with cuteness. Weighing in around 5 to 15 pounds, these beauties can give you 15 to 18 years of love and companionship!
We have these Petland puppies in our stores and they’re only a call and visit away! Check out our available puppies page by clicking here!
Have you seen a dog that looks something like a Chihuahua but it’s too large to be one because of the longer body?
If you’ve answered “yes,” then it’s very likely that you’ve seen a Chiweeine for sale. A Chiweenie is a cross between a Chihuahua and a Dachshund and these petite pups are the latest craze of designer small dog breeds. We’ve compiled 5 facts about these somewhat elusive and exclusive breeds. Check them out!
Fact 1: These pups are extremely intelligent, however, because of their, shall we say “independent personalities” they tend to be a bit hard to train. They’re stubborn little stinkers. There, we said it! You’ll need some patience with them.
Fact 2: If you’re looking for a dog that will have a long life span, then purchase a Chiweenie for sale, because they have an expectancy between 12 and 15 years!
Fact 3: Chiweenies will be best in homes with older children and no pets. They are reportedly rather selfish with their owners affections and sometimes don’t get along well with other pets.
Fact 4: They’re highly sociable dogs and enjoy spending time with their families. In a house of several family members, they have a tendency to develop a closer bond with one family member. They’ll show their extreme loyalty to that one person forever!
Fact 5: Of course, they are one of the small dog breeds, weighing in at a whopping average of 8 to 12 pounds!
Fact 6: Want a watchdog? We’re pretty confident you didn’t think of these small dog breeds, but if you’re in the watchdog market, consider Chiweenies for sale! They won’t attack but they will bark…a lot! They also have a reputation for being aggressive to go along with their barks and defending their owners against threats.
Fact 7: These aren’t cookie cutter dogs! You’ll find that no Chiweenie for sale will look like another. That makes them undeniably unique and part of the rising adoration for them.
Fact 9: This goes without saying, but we’ll mention it. They are absolutely perfect for an apartment. They don’t require a lot of exercise or space.
Fact 10: Chiweenies are very low maintenance dogs. Their grooming is simple. Their personalities are quirky and cool. They live long lives. They’re loyal. They’re the perfect little blend of two feisty but fun dogs!
Want to check out any available Chiweenies for sale we have in our store? Just click here!
The Perfect Winter Puppies that Make Great Snuggle Companions!
Are you considering whether or not to buy a puppy this winter season?
Well, if you are unsure which dog breed you should get that will do extremely well in this cold winter weather, consider the dogs in the list we’ve compiled. All of these dogs are extraordinary winter puppies that love the cold weather, maybe even more than you! Each of these dogs has a thick furry coat to help them handle the cold weather, which is an important thing to look for when searching for winter puppies. Here are just a few dogs that you may want to consider! Can’t wait to check our all of our adorable puppy breeds? Just click here for the cutest puppies you’ve ever seen!
Akitas are great winter dogs because they are snow dogs! These dogs enjoy every moment spent in the snow with their thick furry coats. If you also enjoy outdoor activities in the winter, then an Akita is an appropriate dog for you. These dogs are courageous and willing to go on outdoor adventures with you. They are also really receptive to directions, so they are pretty easy to train especially in the snow they love so much.
These dogs are awesome for the winter weather too! They do not require that much exercise if you are not interested in a lot of outdoor activities but they will really enjoy the time you spend with them outside just as much as the time you spend with them inside the house. These dogs have incredible strength and speed and would make the perfect company for adventures in the winter.
These dogs really love the outdoors and thankfully their winter coats are extremely thick to protect them from being cold. Germans really enjoy playtime spent outside in the winter and would love to travel with you on your winter trip to the mountains. These dogs are awesome family dogs that are willing to play with everyone outside.
These are just a few dogs to consider when buying winter puppies this year. These dogs are great friends in the cold weather, and really any other time of the year. You can not beat the type of friendships these dogs will build with you this winter. If you are looking for a companion to join you on your winter adventures think about buying one of these winter puppies at one of our Petland locations.
The weather outside is frightful and extremely not delightful for a dog to walk in without paw protection.
You probably wouldn’t walk outside barefoot in extremely frigid temperatures, so your pup probably doesn’t either! Some pet owners don’t consider this during the winter season. Here at Petland, we recommend that you purchase dog paws shoes to protect them from many dangers during the unpredictable winter weather. Here are some reasons you should invest in paw shoes for your dog this winter. Want to see which puppies we have that love wintertime? Click here are our available snow puppies!
Don’t forget about the doggos!
Dogs’ paws can only withstand temperatures as low as 20 degrees Fahrenheit before their paws start to hurt really badly. No dog should be walked outside in weather below 0 degrees without warm paw covers or you are putting your dog at risk for frostbite especially if they are not used to the cold.
Broken ice can cut your dog’s paws. A lot of people forget that their dog’s paws are really fragile and hard broken ice can act as glass and be just as painful as stepping on a broken piece of glass. If you do not want your dog to suffer during a walk with a bruised paws invest some paw protective covers.
They can slip on icy paths just like humans. This is where dog paw covers come in handy the most. These covers provide appropriate traction just like the boots on your feet so your dog doesn’t risk slipping on the ice and getting injured.
It is extremely important that you take all means necessary for protecting dog paws in the winter. Paw shoes/covers are the way to go. Make sure that you get the right size because the fit is just as important in protection from injuries.
French bulldogs also known as “Frenchie puppies” make the cutest dogs you’d ever did see!
Here at Petland, we want you to know everything about the pup you are seeking to add to your family. Did you know Frenchies give birth by c-section due to their narrow hips – natural birth is almost impossible? Their litter is usually three to five pups on average. We will share some additional fun facts about French bulldogs to help you determine if they are right for you and your lifestyle.
What is the best food for a Frenchie?
What they eat is probably the most basic, but frequently asked question. It definitely makes sense to find out what a certain breed eats before making an investment. Frenchie pups should have a diet that is limited on grains. Limit giving your pup chicken as it can cause gastrointestinal irritation. Be sure to choose a higher quality food to ensure your dog is getting the best nutrients to be healthy. Petland feeds Health Extension brand dog food!
What do I use to walk them?
Use a harness instead of a collar to avoid choking them during walks. It teaches your pup not to pull when walking which can restrict their airways.
Make sure to use a life jacket when swimming with your pup as they are top heavy and make horrible swimmers!
Summer puppies or winter puppies?
Frenchie pups don’t like the heat. In hot temperatures, be sure to find shade if you’re out with your pup. Be sure to keep water to make sure they are hydrated as well. French bulldogs also have a short coat and can be sensitive to cold weather in the winter. Investing in a coat to wear while your Frenchie pup is outside may be your best bet.
Of course, this is definitely a deal breaker for any pet owner or potential pet owner. Fortunately, French bulldogs are easy to train, love affection, and are adorable.
If you’re interested in learning more about French bulldogs, visit our store today. We can assist in making sure you are equipped with the information to make the best decision if this breed is a right choice for you and your lifestyle. Visit us at Petland today!
Acorn Ridge is easily ranked as one of my personal favorites!
The size and space of Acorn Ridge alone is a puppy loving vloggers paradise. They have a great laid-back feel and even a set up of lemon bars, sweet tea, and foosball in the entry room for their guests. All that aside, I am way more excited to meet the stars of my newest vlog, the dogs that call Acorn Ridge their home.
Just imagine it, walking through a massive doorway and there they are… fuzzy Golden retrievers, floppy excitable Labs, and a myriad of colored poodles that are eagerly awaiting head pats, belly rubbings and boops. For those of you at home, you know there’s no better feeling than walking in the front door and having an excited dog that’s been waiting on you… their favorite human. And while they may have never met me before, the doggos of Acorn Ridge love meeting guests, which they do frequently as an integral key to their socialization. After politely asking to step inside, I’m struck by the sheer size of the individual kennels, even at 5”10 my wingspan alone isn’t enough to reach side to side. A golden named “Goldilocks” immediately rushes me and in two seconds flat I’m being smothered by kisses and struggling to balance my camera.
After capturing a few meet and greets with the happy citizens of Acorn Ridge, I’m on my way to the nursing areas to meet the newest and tiniest members of the kennel. I wash my hands and arms thoroughly, (these are babies after all!) and gently approach the new liters. Puppers as young as 2 weeks old, that have yet to even open their eyes, squeak and roll about as my heart melts into a puddle. The pups as old as 6-7 weeks old are full of energy and giving their mom a thorough run for her money. Thankfully, each nursing area is equipped with a lifted area for new moms to get their fair share of “me time.” I can only imagine her relief when I stepped in, allowing the rambunctious puppies to have a shiny new source of entertainment. Meanwhile, all the moms, while very friendly floofs, kept a close watch on their precious pups. As you can imagine, greeting young puppies is always a joy, but the socialization yard is where the real work starts for our team. Acorn Ridge has three yards, and you guessed it…we got to film in all of them!
As it’s still early, this is the adults first release of the day, so I try to prepare myself for the intense cardio I’m about to do, check you later treadmill! But I quickly found out that if you think you can outrun a Golden Retriever…you’re wrong. So wrong. As seven Goldens rush the field, it’s go time! Tire chews, tennis balls, and ropes are all claimed within seconds, the bright sunshine overhead making this day one for the books.
We spent over three hours filming Acorn Ridge and by the end of it, I had plenty of laughs and my fair share of exercise. Acorn Ridge provides a warm, welcoming feeling to all that come to play and has an authentic atmosphere of pure joy. This facility was not only pristine, but quite heartwarming as the people, pups and guests are all in the perfect harmony that only life with animals can truly provide.
Are Puppy Teacup Breeds Worth the Hype?
There has been a lot of hype around teacup breeds for their petite stature and, of course, undeniable cuteness.
The idea of putting your dog in your bag and taking off to the grocery store seems cool and very on trend, but is there another side to the story? The popularity around small dog breeds has the tendency to focus more on the look of the dog versus the health factors, which can cause problems for owners down the line. Petland wants to ensure you’re equipped with what you need to consider before becoming a teacup breed owner.
Focus on the long-term health rather than the look.
The word “teacup” can be misleading as it is a trendy market term that is attractive to buyers seeking small dogs. As cute as they are, small breed pups can come with a big load of health issues. Of course, choosing a healthy pup can not only benefit the owner from high expenses at the veterinarian, but make owning a teacup dog more enjoyable. At Petland, we take pride in educating our customers on how to care for their pets. Our pet counselors are knowledgeable and up-to-date with the information needed for the proper care of your pets.
A small dog can be a great companion.
While teacup breeds are appealing and cute in size, it is important to care for them properly. A great benefit in having a teacup breed as a pet is, if you travel frequently, they are much easier to fly with on the airplane. They don’t require much room and travel easily in a small tote comfortably. Teacups also don’t consume much, which keeps the food cost down. They are also good dogs for people who live in small environments, such as a tiny house or a recreational vehicle.
If you’re not careful, you may buy a dog from a breeder that doesn’t have the same integrity or safe practices that we have here at Petland. Petland has very strict requirements when it comes to vaccinations and other prophylactic measures and our veterinarian care is bar none. There are many things that happen before teacup breeds leave the store and the puppies must meet our standards before they are Petland puppies. You can trust us with providing you with the correct education to care for your pets!
Want to see all of our available puppies before heading down to our location, just click here!
Having a new cute puppy dog can be almost identical to having a new baby.
Puppies need an ample amount of love and care after they go to their new furrr-ever homes. In the beginning, getting up in the middle of the night to check on your pup because they may be crying, hungry, or afraid could happen quite frequently. Petland wants to offer you a few tips and suggestions to make the transition in adapting to a new dog enjoyable and pleasant. Can’t wait to see all of our adorable puppies for sale? Just click here!
Young pups are energetic and full of excitement when they are newly born. Dog owners typically work all day and whey they get home they would like for the dog to sleep when they do. New pups need a good amount of stimulation to help them sleep during the night. Make sure they have playtime before bed. You can play catch with your new pup outside or have some fun toys they can chase after to tire them out. Try going for a walk every evening and make it a routine for consistency.
2. Be creative with their food.
Make sure they have a good meal before bed. You can try putting dog food inside of a teething chew toy or hollow bone to have them work for their food to tire them out. Keeping your puppy physically and mentally active is the key to keeping them asleep at night. If you have a family, you can incorporate your family members in an activity to increase your pup’s stimulation.
3. Walk your dog before bed.
Make sure to take your puppy to the bathroom before bed. Putting them to bed with a full bladder will surely keep them up at night. Also, you can try covering the puppy crate a bit to control light and sound when it is time for bed to help your pup transition between morning and night. Limit the amount of water you give your pup in the evening – be sure to check with your veterinarian as certain breeds may have different requirements.
Check out Petland’s puppies for sale to find a new family member for you and your family! | 2019-04-23T08:08:58Z | https://www.petlandsummerville.com/2019/02/ |
Whether you are someone who likes to do it yourself, or would rather employ professional help, the following information offers you some helpful advice on how to begin this project.
Before you start a new landscaping project, draw out how you want the yard to look first. It’s way easier to do a drawing than it is to change what you’ve already done in your yard.
TIP! Make liberal use of native plant specimens. Plants which are native to the area are simpler to maintain because they have are already used to the climate and soil.
Use native plants for your yard. Native varieties require less maintenance as they are living in their growth. This means you can almost ignore them and they’ll be a low-maintenance plant in any yard. You could find information about plants that are native to your area by visiting your favorite gardening store.
A basic landscaping tip that can help anyone is to comprise a list of all the materials before even beginning your project.You don’t want to be knee-deep in your project and then have to stop to go back to the store for something crucial.
Use granite on the surfaces of outdoor kitchen design. While marble or some other material would cost you much less money, you can place hot things on granite without it getting damaged, versatile and durable choice.
TIP! When you landscape, make sure you know the differences between annuals and perennials, you also want to know what kind of shrubs, plant, or flowers work best in different areas. Be conscious of how the seasons will affect your landscaping.
It is very hard to landscape an entire property at one time. Dividing your project into several parts will be easier on both you and your wallet. It will also benefit you when you’re changing your design down the process of landscaping.
Landscaping is a lot more than simply planting grasses and trees. To add texture and substance, try using different woods, wood or iron structures. You can add more depth to your yard by adding archways, birdbaths, decks or birdbaths. You can purchase these at a number of different prices to suit anyone’s pocketbook.
TIP! Prior to digging in to your landscaping or garden project, have the soil tested. This way, you will know what has to be put in or what has to go, and you can work on these things prior to planting.
If you’re planning a large DIY landscaping project, think about talking with a landscape architect who can give you a fresh perspective on your idea and design. The $75 and this will pay for itself after a while.
A great way to keep your plants is to use peat moss. Peat moss is rich in nutrients to your plants that they might otherwise lack. It also provides an attractive contrast to it.
TIP! Planning to sell your home in the near future? Landscaping is one of the most profitable home improvement projects to take on prior to selling your house; you might get up to 200 percent back of what you put into landscaping when you sell the house. Consider focusing on your front yard to add some curbside appeal to your home, or maybe create an outdoor socializing area in the back.
Try using curved borders around what you plant when landscaping the yard. These rounded borders are less formal and more pleasing to the eye. When people look at your property from the sidewalk, the curved lines will create a better look for your home.
Choose your location carefully when you start building. You want to make sure you put all your plants where they’ll get adequate sunshine in the right areas to help them thrive to their potential. You want to consider things like how much shade, wind, shade and light your plants will get when placed in your yard.
Do not overlook the havoc that certain kinds of landscaping could have on your home and lawn. If you don’t pay attention, you may find that some plants with roots can harm underground pipes or bushes that block your view when leaving your driveway.Take this into consideration as you carefully plan your landscaping design.
Incorporate a water feature into your landscape. Fountains and pools can be easy to install and maintain. If your budget will allow for it, you can find a professional to install these items inexpensively. Water designs will add a centerpiece to your project.
Always keep your climate when you are selecting plants. Some plants require a frost to get them started, for example, so selecting the right plants can help your garden stay beautiful. Also keep in mind the amount of sunlight a plant needs, average wind velocity, and levels of rainfall in your area.
Learn how to use the spaces already on your home with your landscape design and keep a few things in mind. For example, if you live on a busy street, try using hedges to mute those sounds. Make a play place for kids if you have some or plan on having some. You could also make a space for social functions and grilling.
TIP! For a bigger variety and cheaper prices, shop online. Plenty of websites offer high quality products, usually at reasonable prices.
Consider fall while choosing the plants for your landscape. Many folks only think about using spring or summer colors, but there are many beautiful fall options out there too. You are sure to appreciate this forethought as September rolls around and your yard looks as beautiful as it did in spring.
Create a yard that will maintain itself and be free of weeds. Weeds take over any areas where they have the room for them to flourish.
You can save money on any plant purchases by buying plants through catalogs and websites. It is possible to order rare specimens more cheaply through the plants online than to shop at a nursery nearby. It is also very convenient for you as well because you do not have to worry about transporting the items are delivered right to your house. Do not forget to include the cost of shipping when determining whether your purchase.
TIP! When planning on making some changes to your landscape, you need to pay attention to existing structures before breaking ground. Look at all facets of your home, from cable and wire entry points to gutters and air conditioning units, and build them into your landscaping plan.
Planting flowers and trees, tending to your vegetable garden or landscaping with pretty rocks can all add charm to a home. Doing some effective landscaping work is usually enough to make your home stand out (in a good way!) in your neighborhood. Apply what you’ve learned here now.
You might have considered hiring a landscaping expert to fix up your yard. All you require is a little bit of information about what to do. Read on to learn some tricks and tips that you can use to make a nice-looking yard.
TIP! You should always make a material list before starting any landscaping project. Doing so will give you more time on your landscape, and less time running to the store.
A basic landscaping tip that everyone should use is to make a list of all the materials before even beginning your project. You don’t want to be knee-deep in your landscape project and then have to stop to go back to the store for something crucial.
Test your soil before gardening or starting any landscaping project. This will enable you to have a healthy and successful garden.
Choose quality over cheap ones. In most home-improvement stores, you will mostly find the cheaper items.Go to a nursery or other specialty store that specializes in landscape design where you can get top-notch products and people who know what they are talking about. It’s worth the extra money to get products and solid landscaping advice.
TIP! Consider using granite for surfaces on outdoor kitchen areas you may be planning to add to your landscaping. There are many cheaper materials available, but they can be damaged by water, temperature fluctuations or having hot items placed upon them.
Include different kinds of greenery in your yard or garden.This is key to protecting the case of disease or damaging insects. If you use the same types of plants, the insect or disease will take them all out. Diversity is crucial for plant life is an important part of landscaping.
Measure out the area you plan to make changes in before you go to a landscaping store. This will allow you to accurately determine how much stuff you need. This will ensure you purchase just the right amount of all materials.
It is often prudent to go cheaper with lower-cost products. When it comes to things like mulch, perennials and some other products, the cheaper version and the more expensive version are not that different. It is crucial you be sure to look over your plants thoroughly. Places that sell them at a reduced price might not have given them the care that they need.
Peat moss can help to keep your plants to thrive. Peat moss provides plants with many nutrient that they might otherwise lack. It also make your landscaping look more attractive contrast to the greenery.
TIP! Many people forget that much of their landscaping planning and shopping can be done online. However, shopping online is both easier and it allows you a wider selection than any local stores.
Speak with a professional before you get started. Even if you have chosen to do your project solo, it is always best to speak with someone who has this type of experience. They can give you don’t make any big mistakes and save you the time and hassle of having to redo things. Even if you have some prior knowledge they can benefit from outside perspectives.
If you’re landscaping on a tight budget, don’t forget that it’s not necessary to complete the whole project all at once. There is nothing harmful about dividing your project down into steps and seasons. This also helps you budget your budget. Make a list of each project you want to complete and select which can be tackled first.
Incorporate water when designing your plan. Fountains and pools can be easy to install and water. If it’s affordable to your wallet, you can even hire a professional to do the installation for a nominal fee. Water designs will add a centerpiece to your property.
When it’s time to pick out your materials, going with what’s cheapest isn’t always the most cost-effective policy. Check out all possibilities before making any purchases.
Don’t forget your local climate when choosing plants for landscaping. You may have a passion for a particular plant, but if the conditions aren’t right, that plant will never grow. You should also consider sunlight, wind strength, and precipitation such as rain or snow before you decide on plants.
Get some good advice from a professional landscaper before you begin any serious landscaping project.It may cost you a little bit of money, however the advice a professional can provide you with can save you time, time and headaches in the process. A 60-minute discussion should give you ideas and get off on the proper foot.
Complete your project in phases.You could make the choice to work on different sections or start with different types of plantings.
Don’t forget that you should have paths and walkways as well. An unattractive concrete sidewalk is a boring and ugly look.Change it up by using stepping stones for a fresh look. These have a variety of different shapes and colors and are about the same cost as concrete.
You can keep some of your cash by ordering them online through catalogs and mail order sites. It is cheaper to buy the plants online than from area nurseries.It is also very convenient to shop this way because you do not have to worry about transporting the items are delivered right to your house. Do not forget to factor in the cost of shipping when you are deciding how to make your purchase is a good buy.
TIP! Leave grass clippings on your lawn after you mow it. When the clipping decompose, they add nutrients back into the ground, which reduced the amount of fertilizer you will need to use.
Since you have just received some great information, you should feel ready to make improvements to your yard. Good work! You can now go out and have fun. So, start designing your perfect yard, get motivated so you can get to work to make the yard of your dreams come true.
TIP! It can be very hard to shovel clay soil, especially when it sticks to your shovel as you are working. Rubbing wax on the shovel prior to digging can kick this challenge to the curb.
Many people are only just how wonderful having an organic garden can be. The easy to follow advice in this article is to help the would-be organic gardener get out there and start planting.Use these tricks and tips to get down to work!
Having healthy soil in your garden is your plants avoid insect pests. Healthy plants are naturally more resilient against pests and diseases. To give your garden the best chance of yielding the healthiest plants, make sure you begin with premium soil devoid of salt-accumulating chemicals.
TIP! Transform the handles of your tools into convenient measuring devices. It is possible to utilize tools with long handles, such as rakes, hoes and shovels, as measuring sticks.
Use climbers for covering fences and fences. Many climbers can cover an unattractive wall or fence in as little as one growing season. They also have been known to grow through existing trees or shrubs, or be trained to cover an arbor. Some need to be tied to a support, but other varieties will be able to attach to the medium they are climbing. Some climbers that have proven to be reliable are honeysuckle, jasmine, jasmine, climbing roses, and climbing roses.
Make a landscaping plan for your garden.This will assist you in recognizing your tiny plants when they begin to sprout.
TIP! Long plants that run up or around a fence or wall are often useful for masking ugliness. Climbing plants are great for hiding hideous fences and walls, and they usually grow within a season.
Try “boiling” weeds in your garden with boiling water to get rid of them.The safest herbicide that you can probably find is a simple pot of boiling water. Boiling water damages the weed roots and can prevent them from growing.
TIP! To achieve the best growing results, plants need sufficient carbon dioxide. Plants tend to grow better when the CO2 levels are higher.
Moisture on plants is a sure way to attract parasites and parasites. Fungi are a common problem in the world of plants. It is possible to control fungi with sprays, but it’s better to spray at-risk areas before fungi appear.
TIP! Broad-spectrum pesticides should be avoided in your garden. These types of pesticides also kill the beneficial insects that eat the pests.
If you have a cut on your hand, you can use a glove to protect it from germs and chemicals until it heals. A cut will likely become infected if it is exposed to dirt or grime when horticulture.
TIP! Irrigate your garden efficiently. Use a hose with a soaker attachment to save you time, so the garden can get watered while you are doing other tasks.
When you are growing organic plants within the home or an enclosed area, it is vital to keep in mind how much light is reaching them. If you live somewhere without strong natural sunlight, think about cultivating plants that do well in lower lighting situations. You can also consider using grow-lights for this exact purpose.
Make the most of the time spent in your garden every day.Don’t waste time by looking all over for lost tools. Prepare all the tools you need before you go out to work on your garden, and then put them back in their place when done. Get yourself a tool belt, or a pair of pants with a lot of pockets.
Use an aged laundry basket to bring your produce. The laundry basket will function as a colander for the fruits and vegetables.
TIP! One of the biggest benefits from eating food that is organically grown is the absence of pesticides. Although this is great for your health, you need to make sure that you check all the produce careful for any bugs or pests before consuming.
Do you want to get rid of weeds without using commercial chemicals? Take layers of newspapers and use them for controlling weeds. Weeds can’t grow when there is adequate sunlight. The layers of newspaper will block sunlight and weeds because they no longer receive any sunlight. Newspapers tend to break down nicely over time to become part of the compost.You can add mulch on top so that it looks more attractive.
TIP! Among the very best tips for gardeners is to make liberal use of mulch. In addition, it reduces evaporation of moisture from the soil and minimizes weed growth.
Create a raised bed for your garden out of stone, brick or untreated wood.Choose wood that is resistant to rot and is untreated. Some good choices you might consider are locust, cypress, and cedar.In order to avoid toxic substances from getting into the ground and perhaps into your vegetables, don’t use treated wood since its chemicals can leech into the food crops and soil.If you must use treated wood, line it with a barrier, such as with plastic sheet.
Think about any product you buy to use on your garden. Try natural or organic alternatives to the typical chemical fertilizers. A great example to use is compost.
Know when the right time is for your organic plants. A soaker hose would be the best option for watering. Watering the early in the morning is best.
TIP! Mix milk and water to spray over your garden plants every day. Use six parts water for each part of milk.
A terrific way to deter bugs from your garden is to plant garlic in several places. The smell repels many destructive insects. Be sure to plant the garlic around the perimeter of the garden and near other plants that are a little more prone to being attacked. A benefit from planting garlic is that you can eat it when you are finished horticulture for the season.
TIP! Put your compost vegetation in plastic garbage bags. The large ones work really well.
As you have learned before, getting your organic garden perfected just takes a little bit of time and patience. Head out to the garden, and make use of these tips to turn it into an amazing organic masterpiece. This advice can help you achieve success regardless of what you choose to plant in your garden.
Does you home look a bit drab? A little bit of landscaping can turn an older home into a visually appealing residence. Keep reading for helpful tips you can make use of.
Before you start a new landscaping project, you should sketch out what you desire it to look like. It’s much simpler to change your ideas on a drawing than to actually get physically started.
Try to use native plants for landscaping.When choosing plants, try using trees flowers and shrubs that you would find locally.
Many people forget that much of their landscaping online. Not only is it simpler and more convenient to purchase supplies online, you can find a variety of rare plants which you may never find locally or in one of those large retail stores.
TIP! Unlike what most people think, you do not need to hire a designer or landscaper to do you desired projects. The end result will be excessive expenditures.
Purchase at different times of the year to get good discounts. Purchase your lumber during the winter time and buy mulch, and purchase greenery later in the season.When newer plants arrive on market, wait about three years for their price to go down before buying them.
Measure the area in which you will be planting before you go to a landscaping store. This will allow you to figure out how much of any item you need. This will keep you do not end up with either a shortage or too much of materials.
TIP! Measure out the area that you will be planting before you go to a landscaping store. Knowing your measurements will help you understand how many plants you need, rather than guessing incorrectly at the store.
Consider the structures that are already in place before beginning any landscape project. Make sure to know where cables, water lines, sprinklers and other systems are placed so you do not disturb them when you are doing your landscaping. Call your city or county before you dig to make sure you do not damage any underground lines.
Stop thinking that spending less on every item. While you can find fairly inexpensive supplies to do your project, the quality can be below what you want or need. If you are a beginner to landscaping, a store which specializes in it can give you good helpful advice and guide you to creating something much better.
TIP! Before embarking on a DIY landscape project, it may be wise to consult with a professional to get their thoughts on your plans. An experienced landscaper will be able to give you advice and feedback that is priceless because it may save you time and money.
Think carefully about your landscaping project. You have to place plants and beds in the right areas to help them thrive to their potential. You want to consider things like how much shade, wind, shade and light your plants will get when placed in your yard.
Do not overlook the impact certain kinds of landscaping could have on your home and lawn. If you aren’t careful, you may find that some plants with roots can harm underground pipes or bushes that block your view when leaving your driveway. Consider these items with care before you purchase and add them to your final landscaping plans.
TIP! Plan a yard and garden that will continue to be beautiful throughout the year. This strategy incorporates different plants that bloom in different seasons.
To create a landscaping design that is visually appealing and easy to take care of, choose native plants. Plant species that have adapted naturally thrive in your local climate are a lot more simple to take care of when compared to foreign transplants. Local plants don’t need less irrigation which could save you money when it comes to the water bill.
When purchasing materials for your landscaping project, don’t use cost as the sole determining factor in your choices. Check out all possibilities before making any purchases.
Learn as much as you can about various landscaping design techniques. For instance, make use of anchor plants or a plant that is used often throughout your design, continuous sensation. The textures of plants are also add important so consider that to vary your landscape design. There is a wealth of information in landscaping books out there and websites but talking with other avid gardeners is the most enjoyable way to learn new things.
TIP! When hiring a professional of any kind, even landscaping, make sure you ask for professional references. Price is very important, but before hiring any landscaper, be sure to take a look at the past work that he or she has done.
Don’t forget that you should have paths and walkways are with regards to your landscaping. An unattractive concrete sidewalk is a boring and ugly look.Change this up by using cobblestone or stepping stone patterned paths to make your landscape more attractive. These have a variety of different shapes and colors and are about the same cost more than concrete.
Choose a quality fertilizer that fits your yard. Try to stick with one universal fertilizer which will work for everything you’ve planted to ensure that you don’t have two competing products causing possible damage where they meet. Test different products and look at reviews to find out which fertilizers are the best fertilizer. You need to fertilize the whole yard prior to starting your project.
TIP! You can find continuity with foliage plants and evergreen. Choosing plants that only bloom in the spring or summer will leave your yard looking dead in fall and winter.
Lots of people put plants on planting specimens primarily around the edge of their yard and house. While this is a common practice, in the long run you should landscape your whole lawn. This adds depth to the illusion of your house. Your home will appear to be set back further than it really is.
You may want to allow a curved border to flow around the edges of your landscape design. This will achieve a pleasing effect, look visually striking, and will actually add to your home’s resale value. While more time-consuming, the results will look much better.
Now that you are aware of the advice presented here, your yard can be a beautiful and exciting place. Your home can have the vibrance and beauty of places in magazines. By using this information and some of your own ideas, you can give your home the face-lift it deserves!
Organic gardening can either be a major headache, or it can be quite a nonproductive hassle. The following advice will assist you in becoming an accomplished organic garden successfully.
Pine can be a great organic mulch. Cover the beds with a couple inches of needles and as they decompose, and they will disperse acidity to the soil below as they decompose.
Don’t let the little chores for your organic garden build up. Even if you are too busy to tend to your gardens needs every day, do small tasks that will help you avoid having to do large tasks when you finally do have time. If you are outside with your dog, try to remove weeds when your pet is doing his business.
Do you want to kill weeds without the use of harmful chemicals? You will need many layers of newspapers in order to provide proper weed control. Weeds cannot grow without sunlight. The layers of newspaper will block sunlight and weeds won’t be able to grow. Newspapers tend to break down nicely over time to become part of the compost.You can add mulch layer right on top so that it looks more attractive.
If you’re planning on selling crops to people and labeling them as organic, you need to secure organic garden certification. This will increase sales and tell loyal customers they’ve been buying from the best to them.
You will need to learn how to make a bed that is efficient for your plants. You can make a bed by slicing underneath the turf using an appropriate tool. Once you do this, flip it over and cover the affected area with wood chips a few inches in depth. Leave it for a few weeks and work it up so you will be able to plant within it.
Make you garden is diverse. The wider the variation of plants growing in your garden, the more kinds of wildlife you’ll have. Plant various plant varieties to make the garden more similar to a natural environment. If you can manage this, your garden will be a pleasant place where you can relax, and also you get great satisfaction from knowing you did your part for the environment.
Think carefully about what you need to use in your garden. Try using natural alternatives rather than common chemical fertilizers. A great example is to use is compost.
Organic gardening has been made easy with just a few simple techniques. Plan to use mainly native flowers, flowers and grasses. If you opt for native plants that work well with your climate and soil, you won’t need special pesticides or fertilizers. Native plants will also reap the benefits of compost made compost.
If you’re preparing to add a new shrub or tree to your organic garden, dig a hole as naturally as possible. If there are any glazed sides in the hole, it’s possible that one of those holes will restrict any root from getting into the soil nearby.
Be specific about the things you desire to grow in your organic garden. Different variations of a particular flower or vegetable require different types of environments. For instance, there are many kinds of roses and some will work in your garden, there are those that will thrive in your garden and those that will not. Make sure that you select the varieties that will adapt well to your garden.
There are all sorts of plants that you can plant in an organic garden. Mulch is the friend of plants that require acidic conditions.These types of plants should be mulched with thick layers of pine needles during fall each year.
Use at least 3″ of organic material to mulch trees and trees. This will make the soil richer and also saves you serious money on water each month. You will find that it can grow to appreciate it as well.
Weeds are a plague to any garden’s existence. This organic weed killer is safer for the environment or your family.
Use gutters and rain barrels to trap the water for your garden. This saves you from paying for extra water your watering. Rainwater is also has natural benefits for plants.
You can fertilize your organic garden with compost from scratch. An interesting way of making organic fertilizer is with a small worm bin for composting. Red worms, soil, kitchen scraps and newspaper shreds in a bin will get you started.
Use ample mulch to save on water in your garden. You can use store-bought mulch, composted lawn trimmings, or you can purchase them at a gardening supply store. The important thing is to have an adequate supply of it.
As illustrated above, there is more to becoming a successful organic gardener than most people first imagine. You may have to put in a fair amount of effort, but at the end of the day you will have a wonderful garden. Utilizing the advice provided in this article will definitely help you improve your organic gardening techniques.
Do you have an eyesore? Do you want to make it more colorful adjectives? Do neighbors give each other knowing looks and decline when you tell them you’re having a lot of no-shows at your backyard parties? You don’t need to be the landscape outcast of your neighborhood.
Use native plants when landscaping. Native varieties require less maintenance as they are already in their ideal climate. This will make them a low-maintenance variety for and make your landscaping maintenance easier. You can find information on plants that are local to the place you live by visiting your favorite gardening store.
Test your soil prior to starting any landscaping project.This can help your plants grow more easily and increase the likelihood of a beautiful garden.
It is very hard to landscape every part of your whole residence all at one time. Dividing your project into several parts will be easier on both you and your budget. It will also assist you in changing your design down the process of landscaping.
A lot of people never consider online possibilities for shopping. Not only is it more convenient to shop online, you can find a variety of rare plants which you may never find locally or in one of those large retail stores.
TIP! Try to use native plants when landscaping. Make sure the flowers, shrubs or trees you use are indigenous to the area.
Purchase your landscaping needs at different times of the year to save money. Wait until the off-season to purchase such things as shrubs, and buy trees, shrubs or mulch late in the season if you can. When new plants are introduced to the market, wait about three years for their price to go down before buying them.
TIP! Many people don’t think about online shopping regarding landscaping. However, online shopping is more convenient and cheaper; you can also be lucky to find various rare landscaping plants that cannot be found the local nursery or any large retail store.
A good way to help the survival of your plants survive is to utilize peat moss. Peat moss gives your plants with many nutrient that they could be deprived of. It can also make your landscaping look more attractive contrast to it.
Try using curved borders around what you plant when you’re landscaping your yard. These round shapes are more visually appealing than straight ones. When people look at your property from the sidewalk, the curved lines will create a better look for your home.
TIP! Before heading to your local garden store for plants and materials, take down exact measurements for your entire work area. This will make it easier for you to figure out how much stuff you need.
If you are trying to landscape on a budget, keep in mind that you don’t have to do everything simultaneously. There is absolutely nothing harmful about dividing your project down into steps and seasons.It becomes easier to perform financially. Make a list of each project you want to complete and select which can be tackled first.
Do not overlook the impact certain landscaping features can wreak on your home and yard. If you are careless, you may find that some plants with roots can harm underground pipes or bushes that block your view when leaving your driveway. Consider these items carefully before determining your landscaping project.
TIP! Stop thinking that you should try and spend less on every item. There are many places to buy discount supplies, but the quality is often questionable.
Get some good advice from a professional landscaper before you launch a serious landscaping project on your own. It may involve a small up-front cost, and quite possibly a lot of effort, money and more by helping you avoid potential (and costly) mistakes. A single consultation will help you begin your project on the right foot as you start down your landscaped path.
Learn all you can about landscape design techniques. For instance, make use of anchor plants or a plant that is used often throughout your design, continuous sensation. The textures of plants are also important variation and contrast to your design. There is a great deal of information in landscaping books and websites but talking with your landscaping.
TIP! You don’t always need the most expensive product. For certain items, including regular perennials, storage containers, and mulch, there is little difference between the Yugo and Cadillac ends of the price spectrum.
Don’t postpone a project just because you can’t afford all your supplies at one time. You might find a few nice additions that are carefully chosen will make your garden look better than you thought.
Consider fall while choosing the plants for your landscape. Many homeowners only think about spring or summer for their property, but oftentimes they forget that fall offers the most beautiful colors when you plan your landscape correctly. You are sure to appreciate this decision in the fall when your yard looks absolutely amazing.
Create a yard that will maintain itself and be free of weeds. Weeds will thrive in areas in which they have room to do so.
Allow growing room for all the plants that you add to your landscape. Consider maturation before you plant anything to ensure proper balance in your yard.
Don’t forget how important the walkways and paths need to be considered as well while landscaping. An plain concrete sidewalk is a big negative. Change it up by using cobblestone or stepping stones for a fresh look.These have a variety of different shapes and sizes and don’t cost as concrete.
Now that you have the confidence and know-how with which to embark upon your landscaping project, your neighbors won’t only want to drop by, they’ll want to know what your secrets are! The most difficult thing will be to convince them that you did the work on your own, because the results will look professional due to the tips that this article has provided. Have fun with it!
Organic horticulture can yield many healthy benefits, but knowing about them and purchasing the proper equipment can be difficult. You also have a wide variety of seeds you can select from. The following article will help you some helpful advice to meet with organic garden.
Brighten up your garden with annuals and biennials. You can fill gaps between shrubs or perennials. Some flowers you can use are rudbekia, hollyhock, sunflower, rudbekcia, petunia and marigold.
You do not need store-bought chemical solution to deal with powdery mildew in your garden. Mix a little liquid soap and some baking soda in water. Spray this on your plants about once per week or until it subsides. Baking soda treats the mildew without damaging your plants.
TIP! Do you hate how fresh mint leaves grow and take over your lovely garden but still like them? You can control their growth by placing them into a pot or container. This container can be placed in the soil if you prefer the look of mint in your garden, and it will continue to contain the roots of your mint and prevent it from taking over.
Transfer your favorite plants indoors to rescue them from the winter. You should probably save the most beautiful or expensive plants. Dig the plant up without damaging the roots and place it a pot.
Be sure to get rid of the weeds growing in your efforts to banishing weeds! Weeds can destroy a thriving garden into a total wasteland. White vinegar can be used as a pesticide-free way to battle weeds. White vinegar will definitely kill those pesky weeds. If you are too busy to pull weeds by hand, douse them with a white vinegar solution.
TIP! Peas have a better chance of survival when their seeds are started indoors as opposed to outside, exposed to the elements. If you were to plant them inside first, the seeds should germinate better.
When the fall season approaches, it is time to plant the edibles for the autumn. A hollowed out pumpkin can be used as a planting container for kale and lettuce. Once you’ve cut its top and scooped the insides out, spray the inside and edges with Wilt-Pruf to keep the pumpkin from rotting.
TIP! Sensibly water your garden. Take advantage of a soaker hose so that you don’t need to water every single plant individually, or have to keep filling up your watering can.
Knee pads are absolute miracle accessories if you work in a gardener’s friend when caring for plants low to the ground. Having a good pair of knee pads for gardening can help cushion your knees in comfort.
TIP! To keep your dog out of your garden, spray old perfume, aftershave, or other scented items in the grass around it. This will mask the garden smell that is attracting your dog, and it will make it a less appealing place for your dog to visit.
If you’re going to grow peas, begin the plantings inside instead of outside. The seeds will grow better germination rate if you start them indoors. The seedlings will also be heartier, which means that they can better resist disease and attacks from pests. You can transplant the seedlings outdoors after they become better established.
If you are a first time gardener, read and follow all directions and instructions that come with your chemicals and tools. If you don’t pay good attention, you run the risk of harming yourself due to the chemicals that can irritate your skin. Keep your health intact and always follow instructions.
Chamomile tea is effective treatment against fungus problem within your garden.
Some examples are petunias and petunias.If you are unsure as to whether or not your seeds should be covered or not, look online or at the package.
TIP! For the best results when gardening, the hole you dig for your plants should be very rustic; think jagged, rough and unappealing. If the sides of the hole you dug is packed hard by the shovel, the roots of your plant may have difficulty penetrating the surrounding soil.
Try to make your organic garden a shade garden. You might be interested to know that gardens are very low maintenance. They don’t require much watering, which could save you lots of time and work. While the plants in shade gardens grow slower, there are also fewer weeds to remove.
TIP! If you want to develop strong roots in your plants, you should make sure to plant them in the fall. Though the air temperatures may be colder then, the plant will not have to waste resources on maintaining leaves.
Bees can help your garden as they promote pollination. There are harmful bees though, some bees such as the carpenter bees, that can be harmful because they eat wood and create their nests inside them. Most bees should be allowed to do their business in peace.
TIP! When you eat fresh vegetables, take the excess and chop them finely, then add them into your garden. These veggies will begin to decay quickly and leech important nutrients right back into the new plants you are growing.
Some houseplants require some humidity. You can create humidity in any environment by grouping different plants together in one pot, or you could also plant it in a bigger pot while filling the gap with stones or compost.Another way to increase humidity for your houseplants is to spray them with a water mist one to two times per day.
TIP! If you are troubled by aphids in the organic garden, the tried and true method of soapy water might provide the best solution. Spray a bit of soapy water over the entire plant, including the stems, buds and leaves, then use clean water to rinse the soapy water off.
A good knife must be used in order to cut thick roots. Cut roots into pieces that are two inch lengths. Place the roots on top of a seed trays with peat and grit. Cover the roots with a thinner layer of the peat mixture. Plant them separately in little pots until they are ready to be placed outside.
You can start a compost pile to create your own organic fertilizer for use in your organic garden. You can recycle, decreasing your amount of trash and making your garden more fertile.
Do your neighbors love to talk about your yard and how great it looks? If that is the case, turn things around by sprucing up your yard. Keep reading to learn all of the tips that can make your property.
Try using native plants when landscaping. When you are deciding what to plant, make sure you use flowers, shrubs and trees that are considered to be local to the area.
Use native plants when landscaping. Native plants are a lot easier to care of because they are already comfortable in your climate and soil. This also means that they will be low-maintenance. Your local gardener probably has lots of great native plants.
A great landscaping tip that can help anyone is to comprise a list of any needed materials before even beginning your project. You don’t want to be knee-deep in your project and then have to stop to go back to the store for something crucial.
Use marble or granite in the outdoor kitchen design. While more costly, granite allows you to place hot items on them without any risk of damage.
Do you want to sell your home soon? You can see big returns from a small landscaping is one home improvement project that could generate between 100 and 200 percent return on your investment.Pay significant attention to the front yard in order to increase curb appeal, and create a great place for outdoor activities in the backyard.
It is not necessary – or even wise – to try to landscape your entire yard at the same time. Dividing your project into several parts will make it much easier on your budget. It will also assist you when you’re changing your design down the road.
TIP! Prior to starting a landscaping project, talk to a professional. You don’t have to hire them to do any of the heavy lifting, but their expertise can help you save money by avoiding the common mistakes many do-it-yourselfers face.
Include many different plant varieties while landscaping. This is beneficial in protecting your yard should it be the victim of an insect infestation or disease outbreak. If plants of the same type are used, all of them will die if this happens. Diversity in landscaping for plant health.
Try using curved edges when you’re landscaping your yard. These round shapes are more visually appealing than straight ones. The curves help your yard look softer to people passing by on the street, despite the hard, soften your straight lines of the driveway and house.
Incorporate a water feature into your plan. Fountains and small pools can be easy to install and water. If you are able to afford one, you could hire a professional to install a waterfall or small pond for a fee. Adding water to your design will provide a focus point.
When you are buying materials for your yard project, the cheapest price doesn’t always mean you’re saving in the long run. Consider every alternative before you purchase any money.
TIP! After mowing, leave a few grass clippings on the lawn. As they decompose, the grass clippings will provide nutrients to your yard, so the lawn will be in less need of fertilizer.
Get professional guidance before you begin any serious landscaping project. It may cost you a little bit of money, but a landscape architect will potentially save you money, misery and money in the long run. A 60-minute discussion should give you ideas and help you begin.
Soil is a big factor in your property. Certain plants may not grown in your soil you have.If you see that some plants aren’t growing, think about replacing it with another type of soil or using mulch or wood chips to address the issue.
Learn how to work around the available spaces already on your property when designing your landscape. For example, if you don’t like the sound of passing cars, you can muffle those sounds with hedges. Make a play area for your kids.You could also possibly set aside a place that you can use for grilling or entertaining guests that you might have.
Don’t let yourself give up on a project just because you’re running low on money. You might find that a few nice additions that are carefully chosen will make your garden look better than you thought.
Lots of people put plants on the perimeter of their property lines. While this is preferred, in the long run you should landscape your whole lawn. This will give your house more expansive. Your home will appear to be set back further than it really is.
Landscaping design is not just for the professionals! Much landscaping can be done in your own yard that will look amazing. However, you must be dedicated and put in the required work. Your neighbors will be quite jealous of your new landscaping, and the entire town will be talking about it! This is the best possible outcome you could see.
When you leave your house, do you gaze lovingly at your yard or do you run in the house and hide from embarrassment? A lot of people think it’s too costly to have enough time and money to make their yards look better.
Try to use native plants for landscaping.When you are landscaping your garden, make sure you use flowers, flowers and tress that are in your local neighborhood.
Have your garden’s soil tested before you begin your garden or landscaping project. This will help you to have awesome plants and a beautiful garden.
Are you planning on selling your home up for sale? Landscaping is a wise investment that offers as much as a 200 percent back of what you put into landscaping when you sell the house. Focus on your front yard to create great curb appeal, or create a defined outdoor living area in your backyard.
It can be a challenge to landscape an entire property at once. Dividing your project into phases will make it much easier on both you and your budget. It can also assist you when you’re changing your design down the road.
TIP! For a fresh update to your landscaping, re-edge your flower or rock beds with soft curves. Curved borders create much more interest than the straight borders of the past.
Landscaping involves much more than simply planting trees and grasses. To add distinctive beauty with texture, look into using iron, cement or even wrought iron pieces. You can be a little more creative with decks, birdbaths, arches or perhaps a nice deck from which to survey your handiwork. These elements can be in many different prices no matter your budget.
Shop online to save money and to find a wider variety of products. There are lots of quality websites that sell well-made products at very reasonable prices. Make sure you check out customer reviews to see if you are getting products to ensure proper packaging is used when transported.
If you’re planning a large DIY landscaping project, look into first talking it over with a professional landscaper or architect. The consult will cost around $75 but the return will spend on it can be worth every penny by helping you prevent costly mistakes.
TIP! Native plants are a joy to work with and should be used whenever possible. They’ll love your soil, you won’t have to water them often, as they’re used to your rainfall levels and they can tolerate your temperature conditions.
Wildflowers are an inexpensive way to add color without breaking the bank. The end result will be beautiful flowers of all types and colors! You can also cut the wildflowers into bouquets to give as gifts or adorn your home in lovely bouquets.
It can be hard to plant flowers around a large shade trees you may have in your yard for shade. Instead of planting flowers there you should consider a cover instead. This will make your yard look nicer and be quite easy to take care for. Hosta and sweet wooddruff are some ground cover.
If you’re landscaping with limited monetary resources, keep in mind that it does not need to be completed all at once. There is nothing harmful about dividing your project in different phases. It becomes easier to accomplish this financially. Make a list of each step and select which can be tackled first.
TIP! If you include an outdoor kitchen in your backyard design, consider using granite for counters and other surfaces. While it may cost less with marble or a similar material, granite is good because you place very hot things on it and does not require much maintenance.
A water feature to add.It might be helpful to spend the extra money and materials for this project by purchasing them from a specialty store. The help you make the right decisions.
TIP! Install drip-irrigation as an easy way to keep your plants watered. These irrigation systems can be easily installed and they could give your plants continuous streams of water.
Don’t let yourself to put off a project in landscaping just because you can’t afford it. You might even find that a few nice additions will make your garden look better than you thought.
Consider sharing costs with neighbors if you are wanting to improve your landscaping but are limited financially.You then be able to schedule when certain items are able to be used.
TIP! Test your soil prior to starting a landscaping project. Having a soil test done will let you know what can grow well in your local area.
Using a variety of multi-level plants and elements can add dimension and depth to your landscaping. You can add beauty and elegance to your yard with fountains, steps and fountains. You don’t have to do things like adding dimensions by renting a backhoe to add dimension to your yard. A shovel is all you need to add slopes or small terrace.
Use the principles of design in your landscape. Anchor plants could help give continuity among other diverse elements. Various shrubs planted repeatedly can create some unity to you overall design. Create a balanced yard by using common patterns and plants in one area. Variation could be achieved by planting plants with different leaf textures.
Now you should be able to make changes to your yard today. If you love your lawn then it will improve your mood every time you step out your front door. When you come home every day, you’ll be restored and refreshed by your beautiful yard. You will soon see that all the work is worthwhile.
TIP! While working in your garden during the fall season, watch out for those stink bugs! They love to inhabit peppers, beans, tomatoes and all kinds of fruit varieties. If left uncontrolled, they can cause substantial damage in your garden, so make plans for how to protect your plants from these pests.
There are an immense number of resources available that you can utilize to obtain ample horticulture advice. You could spend all day searching for gardening information relevant to your garden’s issues. This article gathers all the advice you don’t have to do so much searching.
TIP! Soak your seeds in a dark spot during the overnight hours. Place a couple of seeds in a tiny container, and fill it with water nearly to the top.
When partaking in horticulture activities, beware of stink bugs and other insects, keep an eye on those stink bugs. They thrive on fruits, as well as peppers, peppers and various beans. If not taken care of, these pests can damage the garden, so remember to take protective measures to reduce the population of stink bugs there.
TIP! Do some research to find out the best time for harvesting your vegetables. Every vegetable has a proper time to be picked in order to capture the perfect flavor.
Don’t mow your grass too short!If you leave more height to your grass, the roots will grow deeper into the soil, helping the grass grow better and remain hydrated. Short grass is more susceptible to drying out.
TIP! Use only pesticides designed to kill the specific type of pest in your garden, and avoid the broad-spectrum kind. Broad-spectrum pesticides not only kill pests, but also “good” bugs like ground beetles that eat pests.
Do you enjoy fresh mint leaves though hate how they quickly grow to take over your garden? You can control the growth of the mint leaves by growing them inside a large container rather than in your garden. If you would like the mint leaves to still be in the ground, you can even place the container in the ground, but the pot’s walls will prevent the mint from spreading and being a nuisance in your garden.
TIP! Water your garden regularly and smartly. Instead of watering each individual plant with a can or hose, utilize a soaker hose, which can water all the plants at once.
Place a few inches of mulch that is organic in with your vegetable plants. Mulch helps the soil surrounding the plants remain moister for longer time. It also prevent weeds from sprouting. You’ll save a time saver since you won’t have to pull out weeds.
If you are just starting out, it is important that you follow all of the instructions on all of your tools and chemicals. If you fail to follow the directions, you can end up causing skin irritation problems that are very painful. Keep your body safe and follow instructions.
Chamomile tea applied to plants can be an effective in combating a fungus problems.
The ideal temperature to set your thermostat for indoor plants is between 65-75 degrees throughout the day. The temperature needs to remain warm so they are able to grow. If your home isn’t that warm during in winter, you could always get the organic plants a heat lamp.
Add coffee grounds to your soil. Coffee grounds add many nitrogenous nutrients to the soil that plants will utilize.
TIP! Rotate your garden annually. Planting the same plants in the same place each year can promote the growth of disease and fungus.
Your compost pile should contain green plant materials and dried ones in equal amounts. Green plant material can include old flowers, weeds, grass clippings, grass clippings, and leaves. Dried plant material includes straw, cardboard, shredded paper, cardboard, and cut-up and dried wood material. Avoid using ashes, charcoal, charcoal and diseased plants in your compost.
TIP! Plant twice- three weeks after planting tomatoes in the organic garden, plant more seeds. This method prevents a unified harvest, and allows separate times to pull the plants throughout the year.
Do you prefer to eliminate weeds naturally? Take layers of newspapers and layer them for weed control. Weeds can’t grow without light. The newspaper will kill the weeds won’t be able to grow. Newspapers tend to break down nicely over time to become part of the compost.You can add mulch on top so that it looks more attractive.
Some typical examples are petunias and petunias. If you do now know how to plant your seed, you can usually find helpful information online that will answer your question.
TIP! Carefully decide which plants you want to grow before you plant your garden. Different types of flowers, plants, fruits and vegetables, require different kinds of soils and environmental conditions to grow properly.
Fill that with beer to about one inch below the top of the jar. The beer helps attract slugs and they will be trapped in the jar.
TIP! If you plan to keep your organic garden going in the winter, consider making a tent over the garden with a few household items. Make use of old bean poles as you stick them to the edge of your beds.
Create a raised bed for your garden out of stone, brick or untreated wood.Choose wood that is resistant to rot and does not contain any chemicals. Some great choices to choose from are cedar, cedar and cypress. In a veggie garden, avoid using treated wood to enclose or demarcate different sections of your vegetable garden. If you are already using treated lumber, you can still use it, however, be sure to line it with some type of barrier like plastic sheeting.
TIP! Mulching can be one of the effective things to do for a garden. It also lessens the rate of evaporation of the water in the soil and helps keep the weeds at bay.
If you sell your crops and label them organic, you should become a certified organic gardener. This can increase your sales and also prove to your faithful customers that they are getting healthy products.
TIP! Certain annual plants are more suitable for growing in colder months than others are. These plants may need to be trimmed if they are growing too much during these months.
Add mulch to keep your garden to improve the vitality of the soil. Mulch can protect and nourish the ground it sits upon. Mulch will keep the soil is kept cool on hot days and protect the roots. It helps the soil retain moisture in the evaporation rate. This also a good way to control any weeds.
TIP! Wash your vegetables in water outside and use it in your garden. The water adds valuable nutrients back to your soil.
One thing that is organic horticulture apart from conventional horticulture is that they don’t contain pesticides. This is healthier than other alternatives, but it does mean you have to be extra vigilant about checking for pest infestations.
TIP! Use companion plants in your organic garden. Some plants help neighboring plants grow, and are beneficial in other ways.
You probably already know how rewarding horticulture can be. The more you learn, the better your horticulture skills will become. Use all of the information you can gather to improve and enhance your experience. Start by applying the tips laid out here, and you will have the most beautiful garden you’ve ever seen. | 2019-04-21T16:36:21Z | http://gardeningclub.net/ |
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Kamani Tubes Private Limited was established in 1959-60 at Kurla, Bombay, by the Kamani group of industries. The business aim was to produce non-ferrous metal tubes and rods. For a longer period, of time KTL was liable for approximately 60 percent of the total domestic production in the market and catered to different industries, which included, power generation, fertilizer, defense, oil refining, ship building, light, electrical, sugar and air conditioning. The company was achieving notable success till the year 1974. However, during 1975, the balance sheet started showing losses although a high turnover rate was being maintained (Srinivas, 1993).
The Kamani Employees Union was a recognized union of the Kamani group of industries. Around 800 workers were working under the union. The KEU was not associated to any political party. The Kamani Employee Union was followed by its president D Thankappan, who worked as a great leader for the union.
The recognized union of the company, known as the Kamani Employees Union, sensed the causes for the changing fortunes of KTL. They diagnosed that the losses are increasing and are due to the management’s siphoning off funds from the unit. The highlighted problems were. Cheating over under- invoicing of bills and over invoicing of materials, quality material as sub standard, selling off first quality materials and over claiming for burning loss of materials, etc. The union quickly drew attention of the government at the centre and the state to the situation at the company and demanded that they should arrest this process of mismanagement.
The mismanagement of the company coincided with the fresh appointment of the new Chairman, Shri R.R. Kamani, in 1972. He was not acceptable by the rest of the Kamani family and the dispute began. One of the major reason for the family feud was that the Kamanis started siphoning off funds into their own pockets. As a result, the group lost two of its companies; the Kamani Engineering Corporation and the Jaipur Metal and Electricals and some other partnership and private limited firms were either dissolved or closed (Srinivas, 1993).
In 1977, R.R. Kamani filed a winding up-petition against the company for non-payment of a loan Kamani Metallic Oxide. In 1978, the Bank of India, appointed a consultant to conduct a tech-viability study of the unit. The report concluded that the unit is feasible but a certain rate of professionalism required. The bank offered the facilities for which the entire assets of the company will be mortgaged.
During 1979, the salaries were not paid and the Union activists went on strike. During 1980, the government and financial institutions jointly offered the Kamanis should surrender their share holdings to the bank but Kamanis did not agree to the proposal. The state government and the central government both were willing to take over the company, but the central government asked the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) to present a study report of the economic viability of the unit.
Many banks offered the loan to the company. Canara bank was approached in 1982 and in September 1983, the Canara bank resumed its facilities, and Kamanis agreed to the Union’s demands and to the conditions offered by the Bank of India. The main problem was to hire a Chief Executive and a Financial Controller.
In October 1985, the Tata electric Company disconnected the power connection and the Bombay Municipal Corporation cut off the water supply. The production activities came to a grinding halt the employees were also not paid since nine months. Now the Kamani Employees Union was working through thick and thin for the survival of the company and the workers. During the hard times, there was another active Trade Union that made an offer of starting the company again with success but the KEU should quit. KEU accepted the deal as they were left with no option. The irony of the situation was that the new union could not fulfill its promises and the disillusioned workers rejoined their old union.
Since September 1985, workers have suffered during this struggle. Many workers committed suicide and the Union and particularly the Human Resource management were willing to change the situation through any means. About 10 percent workers went back to their villages in search of food. ‘We were not even able to get a job worth Rs. 10!’ cried a worker.
The Kamani Employee union started thinking for different solutions and alternatives with the objective of securing jobs for the workers. So far all the efforts made to persuade the central government were failed. The KEU considered opting the idea of workers take over. They approached the Supreme Court for the matter and the recovery of the wages of the workers for the last fourteen months. Justice A. C. Gupta was appointed to investigate the matter. Another solution was proposed by KEU that to hand over the company on a third party conducting business. Another proposal made by KEU was to handover the company to KEU on some conditions but, both the proposals were rejected.
Justice A. C. Gupta asked the KEU to find the buyers and whoever will find the buyer will get a share in the company. The problem that rose was private sector companies do not come forward to take over sick units because they do not want to take on its liabilities. A provisional Act was being introduced in 1985 was the enactment of the Sick Industrial Companies; it has a provision of sale or lease of the company to the cooperative society formed by the workers.
After the debate upon all the functions, the workers started on operationalising the scheme. On September 12, 1986 they officially announced the scheme at the press conference. Prior to the press, announcement they had tested the idea of a worker’s cooperative in August 1986 by asking the workers to become members of the cooperative by paying of Rs. 11 as membership fee. In fifteen days, 667 workers became members and they signed papers to take loans worth Rs, 2000 per head from their provident fund trust for the seed money.
In the initial two three months, there was a lot of apprehension regarding the viability of the scheme. Bankers were not coming for the scheme. Bankers were not coming forward to support the scheme. The plan was not clear among the workers. Many disputes were raised among the workers.
Legally the plan was cleared for such a takeover when the Parliament enacted an Act called the Sick Industrial Companies (Special provisions) Act, 1985.
On October 13, 1987, the Supreme Court issued an order to BIER to file a feasibility report with respect to the scheme proposed by the workers for the revival of KILL... As per the directions of the court the /board held a number of meetings with all the parties concerned (like KEU, financial institutions, State government, Banks, Central government and various other groups of the Kamani family).
The Board (BIFR) asked IDBI (an apex institution in the field of term lending), one of the operating agencies of BIFR, to examine the KEU’s scheme, particularly with regard to the technical health of the plant and the time required to start it, as well as other assumptions made in respect to costs, estimate of production, demands, working capital requirements, etc. The IDBI submitted the report and based on this report BIFR prepared the feasibility report and submitted it to the court.
The Board offered a hearing to all the parties on May 20, 1988, and, after examining all the reports and discussions of all the concerned parties, the result was a scheme of revival of KTL and gave its sanction on September 6, 1988.
Finally on September 19, 1988, the landmark judgment came into existence. It was a historical victory for the workers.
Kamani Tubes Limited was successfully owned by the workers under the Act of the Sick Industrial Companies Act 1985. All employees including the workers, officers, and staff were satisfied and excited for their future (Panchadi, 2000).
Yet the Kamani Tubes Limited today poses many challenges for the workers, for the union and for the new board of directors. Also, challenges for the State government, commercial banks and IDBI. As this event is truly unique and new, the workers are inexperienced, the union, the new board of directors and management of Management is also new and has to learn and establish the new culture for the company in order to make it more successful in the future.
The workers will be confronted with new roles and responsibilities. Now they are not merely workers or staff they are the new owners of the company. So it is a hard challenge for them to prove themselves and play their multiple roles effectively. One advantage is that it will entail education and retrain the workers and reorientation to the supervision and management processes and systems of the company.
Some prominent challenges that were meant for the management and the board of directors of the company include the recreation of the sense of confidence and hope in the company within also rebuilding the credibility in the outside market. Also, more importantly, the management has to reorient itself, the main processes and systems of management in order to respond to the new situations of the workers being the owners of the company. It is extremely beneficial to work in order to sustain and create a culture which will help in building the changed reality of ownership and management of Kamani Tubes Limited.
Perhaps the most powerful set of challenges which are posed to the Kamani Employees Union- union and the leadership. It is extremely beneficial for the Kamani Employees’ Union to learn efficiently that how to play a collaborative role under the changing context. Lewin (1947) has presented his theory of change that unfreezes the existing systems and culture, change your systems and develop and adopt new systems and freeze and implement the newly developed culture and system. Change is extremely difficult to adopt but give results effectively at the same time it is also extremely challenging. The KEU has to develop a sense of learning m relearning and growth of all the workers, officers and staff. New management styles should be adopted.
On the other hand, the Kamani Employees’ Union also has to contend with already emerging reactions from other trade unions and sympathizers of the working class. These reactions are predominantly of two kinds. The first type of reactions that has been observed are questions about the veracity and desirability of the union taking up such a role in proposing a scheme for the workers’ takeover of a sick company. In particular the Union’s acceptance of a wage freeze and legitimized work force as part of the scheme. The Kamani Employees’ Union leadership needs to respond to these reactions logically, futuristically and imaginatively.
The second kind of reactions comes from the unions and workers of other commercial enterprises which are sick and closed. The Kamani Employees’ Union must find ways to play this role to provide information also assistance in the formulation of such schemes and extend its support to such possibilities of further initiatives for the workers takeover in other parts of the country.
On the face of it, these challenges look discouraging. But so did the idea of the workers’ takeover in 1985. If history is a guide, then it is hoped that the workers, the management and the union of Kamani Tubes Limited will rise to these challenges and substantially change the future of the working class of the country.
Replace the time-consuming and insufficient machinery by efficient machinery for prompt determination by a body of experts.
Under the Act, the Board for the industrial and financial reconstruction was set up in January 1987. Section 18 of the Act provides for the reduction of interest or rights of the share holders in the sick industrial organizations to the degree needed for rebuilding, revitalization or rehabilitation of the sick industrial company. Under the same section, there is the provision to transfer or issue shares of the sick industrial company at the face value or at the intrinsic value, which may be an inexpensive value or such other value as may be specific to any industrial company or any person, which includes the executives, employees of the sick industrial company.
The condition to transfer the shares to the employees, makes it clear that the intension of the legislation is to encourage employees to take-over the sick units. Under this provision, Kamani Tubes Limited was taken over by the worker’s cooperative.
Industrial Relations is defined as the relationship between the employee and the organization or the employment relationships. Industrial relations have three aspects, problem solving, and science building and ethical (Salamon, 2000).
The key factors which led to the successful takeover of the factory by the KTL workers, there are several factors that have been observed which awarded the victory to the company. The two fundamental and main factors are related to the role of the Union and its strategy. The enactment of the Sick Industrial Company (Special provision) Act was particularly timely. A board for industrial and financial reconstruction (BIFR) was set up under the above Act in January 1987. Since the BIFR has the power to decide on the future of a sick industry, this helped provide a focus to KEU efforts. Secondly, the Kamanis had lost the credibility in the eyes of the judiciary and financial institutions due to various litigations and issues within the Kamani family and KTL (Panchadi, 2000).
The workers have suffered a lot during the struggle, and as management was found guilty, not all the managers were involved in the struggle but some of the HR officials were helping the workers.
This is the most influential factor that has contributed success for the company and crucial role was played by the Kamani Employees’ Union. As a result, company was owned by the union and changed role and responsibilities were being adopted by the Kamani Employee Union.
The second most influential factor for the success of this case was the comprehensive strategy that evolved and implemented by the union in pursuing the objective. The strategy comprises of several components which are solid background work, influencing the official and in-depth preparation. All these elements were put into two other aspects. One the KEU and the second influencing the public opinion in favor of the press. All these efforts were extremely challenging but accomplished successfully.
The workers of KTL made detailed preparations and ground work, especially for the preparation and the presentation of the scheme. This effort develops a sense of strong confidence in oneself. In the beginning a lot of problems were faced, the scheme was also rejected by IDBI but the workers did not leave the hope and they worked even harder to prove themselves.
It is usually believed that the most corrupt bureaucracy. But the KEU experience reveals that this is not necessarily true. They realized that the bureaucracy is willing to help without asking for any bribes. Another major source of strength was that the entire bureaucracy which was involved in the case were impressed by the scheme and the detailed submission made by the workers.
‘You have to provide the argume nts- the lawyers just voice for them.’ This is what KEU has learnt in his entire case. One of the union leaders says that ‘Most of the lawyers do not have the time and patience to go through all the papers and documents. You need to brief them with not only the facts and arguments but also with those emotions which you experience. Just getting a good lawyer is not enough, you have to prepare him.’ This was publicized , no lawyer in Bombay was ready to take the case but after being publicized lawyers from Delhi came forward.
The Kamani Employees’ Union influenced the people for their support. They received tremendous support from every direction, KEU did not leave any stone unturned. The KEU was also measured to be one of the most democratic unions in Bombay. As an imdependent union. All the office bearers are from different backgrounds and everybody has point to disagree, the disagreements are publicly being disscussed and not ignored. This culture enables KEU to seek support and fight for the battle through courage.
KEU has also smartly used the media and press during the entire struggle and mobilized public opinion on this issue.
To maintain the confidence and courage the KEU possesses already.
Employee recruitment should be professionally executed.
Training of the union workers should be encouraged, and union workers should be motivated to adopt the newly developed roles and responsibilities.
Salamon M.(2000). Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice. Prentice Hall. | 2019-04-26T05:42:30Z | https://www.essay48.com/samples/kamani-takeover.html |
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She thought all this in Russian, her native tongue, as she moved the stand and its delicate contents to the corner where they’d be safe. Safe, too, from partygoers later that evening. Or perhaps not. She took the vase off its stand and moved it into a glass shelved china cabinet, carefully closing the door, just as the clock in the parlor chimed three in the afternoon. It seemed to come from far away, even though just a hallway and three walls separated them, but she closed her eyes, letting the soft gong trigger memory.
A snowy evening, dim and gray. A fire roaring to keep her boudoir warm. Her father coming in with a gift for her after he’d returned from a trip to St. Petersburg. The clock chiming, the same velvety percussion floating through the hallways as if time itself were reaching out to tap them gently on the shoulders. Warning them.
That was the last time she saw him. While she’d been still recovering from fever, her mother had bundled her up and given her to the care of her uncle Fyodor, and they’d crossed endless miles of snow-covered fields in a fast-moving sled until the snow melted and mud prevailed and, oh, she had trouble remembering it all, only the awful, gaping sense of loss and fear and hunger. Her parents, absent. Her home, in the past. Comfort and ease, gone. Even the last gift her father had given her—a silly stuffed bear—no more. They’d carried only clothes and jewelry and some other things of value. And by the time they’d reached Istanbul, her Uncle Fyodor had taken most of the valuables and used them, she now assumed, for bribes and payments to get them away from the murdering revolutionaries.
And write she did. Letter after letter.
When will you and father join us?
No one had ever answered.
It is so hot here in this country of Florida. So hot that I think how much I want to be on a frozen lake midwinter, and you know how much I hated the long winter. If you kiss this letter, know that your lips touch me, as I have dropped several tears on it already. When will you come?
And yet, here in this wild and tropical land, in 1933, she still tried to put together pieces of why they’d stayed. Her Uncle Fyodor, bless his soul, had died almost as soon as they’d stepped off the boat. He’d contracted a cough on the journey. And it was but a mere five months later that he was gone. In between gasps, he’d told her he’d intended them to land in New York but something had gone wrong and…. She asked him, on his deathbed, why hadn’t her parents come, too.
And he’d patted her hand—too tired to raise his to her head now—and said, “They loved Mother Russia, little one, and I could only travel with one of you. Your brother and sister—too small,” as if she should understand. Loved Russia more than they loved her? How was that possible?
She was fourteen when he died in early 1920. Now, she was nearing thirty. A Russian royal. Unmarried. Alone. Unloved. Lucky to be alive. Was she?
She watched storm clouds way on the horizon, gathering over the sultry water like a snowy army ready to march. More wind blew. Strange gusts that hurried, then calmed. Weather was coming. Stillness followed by churning. Stillness…then rampage.
She couldn’t help it. She waited. After all these years, she waited. Hoping they’d gone to Paris where so many Russians had settled, or New York. She wrote to refugee centers, Russian enclaves. And she still wrote to them.
“Alexia, did you put the flowers in the parlor? Mr. Jasperson said he wanted the orchids moved there.” Rose, the housekeeper, stood in the doorway, her voice carrying no judgment and yet all judgment.
She turned and smiled, almost curtseying. “I am getting them now. The wind is blowing the curtains.” She spoke in simple sentences, her words still heavily accented. Mr. Jasperson liked her accent.
Black silk and white lace. The finest things she owned, and they belonged not to her, but to her employer. She’d escaped one commune to live in another, she thought as she rushed to the parlor, the big “living room” on the other side of the house that covered its entire length yet was still not as large as the entry hall to their home in Chelyabinsk. But in this land of wide windows and blowing curtains, clacking shutters and blinds, it felt as large as the ocean.
When she’d lost her uncle, she’d been frozen by fear. They’d been staying in a cheap hotel, so hot it felt as if a fireplace blasted its warmth at them every moment of the day and night, and you could never move far enough away from it to cool yourself.
Uncle Fyodor had been trying to get in touch with someone ever since they’d docked. A Mr. Welch or Walsh, a friend of a friend of a friend of a cousin of a brother of an aunt…it was so confusing, the chain of acquaintances and relatives. This Mr. W owned …stores, restaurants, banks? She didn’t know. All she knew was that her one protector was fading away, and she counted every second as a cocoon against the Horrible—the moment her protector would be gone. In those awful days, she no longer mourned her family. She was consumed by the present fear of losing Uncle Fyodor.
And lose him she did. Gone on a breeze, like this one, a rushing storm coming in from the east, winds so fierce they took rooftops off, and she sat trembling, holding his hand long after its warmth had perished with him.
But this new catastrophe meant she was no longer alone in her despair. A fresh group of refugees was created by the storm—homeless, without loved ones, in mourning and sorrow. Just like her. Authorities found her and found a home for her. At first, an orphanage where she was set to work in the laundry, exhausting days, bad food, and sleepless nights. She began picking up the language then, and she married.
Rob Saxon, a man with dreams. She did not love him, but, oh, she did love being loved by him. He protected her, made sure she was comfortable, and he only got angry when no baby appeared in the years that followed. Five years. In a small bungalow by the water’s edge where he would fish when he wasn’t using his boats for other things. Running liquor she found out after he didn’t come home one night. He’d gone down in another storm.
The storms always brought change, she thought as she moved the delicate orchids to the airy parlor. Sometimes good, sometimes bad.
She nodded to the housekeeper and went on to the veranda to start bringing the crystal bowl, not yet filled with sparkling liquid, inside. Hugging it to her gray uniform, she stole another glance at the darkening sky. The army of clouds had advanced. Now it loomed large over the opening to the cove, with only the smallest strip of blue sky in hasty retreat. The wind had picked up, too. So much so that even her stiff skirt danced about her ankles as she walked.
But still, she smiled. It was exciting, was it not, to face the storm?
She moved the heavy bowl to the table in the dining room, its starched white linen cloth caught by the breeze so that the corners flapped as if waving to the room. Four at a time, she moved the glasses, too, until, at the very end of her mission, she watched as the light white cloth on the outdoor table floated away, toward the sea, caught on the wind. No one was there but her. Rose had disappeared to the kitchen; Jorge had not yet come to execute his task.
Off and away the cloth went, sailing over the lush green lawn and the roiling water, so dark and fantastic that it no longer looked real but like something from a painting. She would not tell anyone where it went, and she was confident, in the party bustle, that Rose would not miss it until much later, and then she would be embarrassed not to remember what happened to it and say nothing.
As she placed the last of the punch glasses on the indoor table, she noticed from the corner of her eye that Jorge had entered and now silently moved the bar cart inside, careful not to upset any of the bottles. She scurried to help him, but he shook his head. His manhood would be diminished by aid from a woman. Such a proud man! About her age, with language skills worse than hers. She often felt sorry for him. She suspected it was this pity that kept him from going after her. It was her weapon.
After Rob Saxon had died, she’d thought she would once again be thrown to the wolves. She’d briefly contemplated returning home. The country surely would have calmed down by then. She found a tiny community of other Russians. She started attending the Orthodox church, and she supported herself by cleaning houses. When the bungalow was sold by the bank because payments were due, she moved into a small room, not unlike the one she’d occupied with Uncle Fyodor, and she waited, hoping to meet another Rob, or find another Uncle Fyodor, or hear from her family that they were at last coming. She wrote letter after letter home, telling her mother where to find her, then telling her, no, stay where you are because I will come to you, and then going back to her original plan.
Her idea to go back to Russia was stymied by her own fears. She learned of Lenin’s death. She knew what any change of leadership meant—death, fear, violence. She could not go back now, not until things settled again, until tempers cooled. Where would mother and father have hidden? Or would they have made some bargain with the revolutionaries? Father was good at bargaining. That was the fate she’d settled on, with her strong, capable father giving up land and houses, offering to supply his guidance as the young leaders took over the new duties of governing. Surely they would have seen how valuable his talents were. Surely that would have saved them. She became ever closer to some in the little congregation, especially a woman her age, Ludmilla. Beautiful porcelain skin, dark hair, blue eyes. Cheerful and fun.
She liked Ludmilla so much that she confessed to her one day her royal background and her desire to return home for her parents. She confided her hope that her parents still lived and prospered, they with their important skills, they would surely be necessary in the new Russia.
And instead of sympathy, she received…cold shock. “You!” Ludmilla said, pointing a shaking finger at her. “You, all of you! You killed my Ivan, my Dmitri, my Sasha!” she cried, rattling off names she’d never mentioned before. Names, Alexia discovered as Ludmilla rambled on, of the girl’s brothers and father and beloved fiancé. They’d been killed by the Tsar’s soldiers in a courtyard, with nothing to defend themselves but broomsticks and shovels, Ludmilla screamed. And screamed. A wail so intense, so frightening, that Alexia knew she would act on it. Deport her, perhaps—telling American authorities she was here without proper documents? Alexia was never sure if Uncle Fyodor had handled all that correctly. Alert Russian authorities to come for her here in America? It was possible. Those murdering savages would roam to the ends of the earth to stamp out her line. And now, it was the Ludmillas of the world who controlled the guns, and she who had nothing but a broomstick.
She felt just as unsafe in her little Russian enclave as she had on the journey with Uncle Fyodor. And she knew she’d never go home.
But, another storm blew in, not as fierce as previous ones, but big enough to rattle the windows of her little boardinghouse, to cause damage her landlord didn’t want to fix. So she kicked out her tenants, Alexia among them, and closed. Alexia hoped Ludmilla would assume she had perished in this latest rain.
Again, Alexia became a nomad, but this time she was grateful. No need to explain to Ludmilla why she would no longer show up at church. No need to tell anyone anything. She was safe in her anonymity.
But the next wind blew her here. She’d cleaned the Jasperson estate for the weeks leading up to the storm because their regular maid had gone off to marry. Mr. Jasperson, Rose had informed her, was unsure whether to bring someone on full-time or to keep using her on an as-needed basis.
But Alexia, buffeted by so many winds by now that she was strong and bold, had told Rose that if Mr. Jasperson wanted to hire her, he had better do it soon because she had two other offers she was considering. Within the day, she’d gotten the job.
Of course, by then Mr. Jasperson had noticed her. He’d commented more than once on how pretty she was—her blond hair like wheat, he’d said, her figure like a sculpture, her bearing like royalty. He’d encouraged her to go swimming from the dock and had even paid for a swimsuit. He’d watched her, she knew. Puffing on a cigar, hand in his blue linen jacket pocket, clear brown eyes staring from a pale face framed by light brown hair now beginning to thin. He was nearly twenty years her senior, never married—rumors flew as to why that was so—a tycoon who’d made his money in “this and that.” As far as she could tell, he’d dabbled in anything that would make him money, from selling fine art to investing in films to opening hotels and running factories. Rose said most of his money had come from a factory selling kitchen gadgets, things you needed no matter what, Rose said, even when money was tight.
Mr. Jasperson was nicer than Rob, sweeter. He smiled more, for one. He loved to laugh. And he could sing. When he had friends over, he would often be at the piano while one of his guests played, and he would sing beautiful songs in foreign languages—Italian mostly, she recognized. And she knew they were opera arias, even if she didn’t know the names of the pieces or the operas themselves.
Once he sang in Russian—an awful accent, many mispronunciations—and she’d tried very hard not to giggle as she’d gone in and out of the room serving this and taking away that. He’d noticed. And afterward, after all the guests had gone, after Rose was abed and Jorge to his own home, he’d sat on the veranda in the sultry night and reached for her hand.
But she had learned when to speak and when not. So she’d said nothing. She’d thought of Ludmilla and wondered if word had carried here through some invisible communication, the telephone perhaps, or a wire, or even strangers delivering flowers and food.
He’d looked up at her, his eyes shining in the torchlight surrounding the patio. “You’re trembling. Don’t be afraid, Alexia. We’re both refugees, you and I. I can take care of you. Dear girl, marry me.” He’d been very merry that night, but in a forced way, drinking heavily, which was not his habit. Had someone broken his heart?
She’d remained still. And again, no words passed her lips. By this time in her life, she’d determined she wanted to marry again—but this time, for love. She didn’t care about material things as long as she was comfortable, as long as fear didn’t lurk by her door. She wanted love, the warm, embracing sunshine of it, everything that had been ripped from her when her uncle had ripped her from her bed to escape.
So she said nothing to this man, wondering what she should do. She pondered running away. But then she thought: he wants you, Alexia, so give yourself to him. You’ve done it before with a man you didn’t love. And then you can still wait for the man who will marry you and you will love. The one who will come with the storm.
On another warm night—the nights in Florida were always so warm, so snug and hot, sometimes unbearably so—she’d been bold. She’d slipped into his bed, under cool satin sheets, and she’d waited for him, waited to give herself to him.
And he’d made love to her, but it had been a task, an act not of love for her as much as gentle pity. She’d seen on his eyelashes the crystal drops of tears when she’d left his bed, and she’d been red-faced with embarrassment for weeks after until he finally put her mind at ease.
“Come, sit,” he had said after breakfast out there on that veranda, with warm, silky breezes coating the air with the salty taste of the ocean. She’d looked to and fro, and he’d assured her Rose was in the kitchen and wouldn’t disturb them.
That had been one year ago. And since then, she’d dusted and swum and lived in comfort in this house, in a small room off the kitchen. She’d done her job, she’d enjoyed his parties, his food, and she’d wondered how long she’d have to wait until a love came along, a love blown in by a storm. Would this be the one?
She’d wished she had someone to talk to about Mr. Jasperson, but she was afraid to confide in Rose and certainly wouldn’t divulge anything to Jorge, and she’d stopped going to church. She lived her quiet comfortable life, happy to feel secure on this raft floating in time, each second to the next, wondering… She had written to her mother, of course.
The pace picked up as the party time neared. Caterers arrived to work under Rose’s direction with the food, and a barman came to mix and serve drinks. A pianist sat at the baby grand and started playing. Alexia recognized him not as a hired help but as a friend of Mr. Jasperson’s, a man who was often about, sometimes staying over. She smiled at him, and he smiled back.
But as she moved silver trays of caviar and cheeses and fruits and cakes to this table or that, as she followed Rose’s instructions to turn on this light or turn off that one, as she tied back curtains and closed shutters, the storm built.
That seemed to make things merrier, however. And once his announcement was out of the way, the pianist struck up a rousing tune, all banging and fast syncopations, and a couple danced.
She remembered to change into her good uniform, and was pleased to see him smile at her when she reentered the parlor in black and lace, a fresh cap pinned to her hair. Someone wondered if they should turn on a radio to hear weather reports, but Mr. Jasperson said there was no point to that since they weren’t about to escape the weather, were they?
With so few to tend to, he insisted that the servants indulge themselves, as well, so Rose and Alexia and Jorge, as well as the catering and bar staff, all joined in a champagne toast to the “twilight” and were told to eat their fill.
It was near midnight when the mood changed from frivolity to apprehension. So fast was the transition that she realized it had only been a veneer of jollity that had coated the night prior to this moment, with the looming fear just below. The lights went out, and then there was a deafening crash and glass splintering. They all ran to the veranda to see that a chaise longue had been thrown by the wind into a window. But if this weren’t foreboding enough, they also saw that one of Mr. Jasperson’s neighbors had lost his roof—or part of it. The section facing the ocean had peeled away, and slate pieces were blowing round and round in a vortex overhead, as if called upward by an unseen wizard’s hands.
Mr. Jasperson hurried through the wind and rain to the neighbors’ place before anyone could stop him, and a few moments later, he returned, drenched and rumpled but with the elderly couple who lived next door under his wing.
“This place is a bit sturdier,” he said in explanation to the surrounding crowd.
And Alexia wondered: Do I love him after all, this hero?
The party was over, or at least the devil-may-care part of it. They still rallied as one, but this time with boards and nails, sealing up windows to keep shattering glass away, and Rose was told to fetch candles and kerosene lamps for the parlor. Once Rose and Alexia had a comfortable glow going, Mr. Jasperson proceeded with more announcements.
“No one is going home until this passes,” he said calmly. “And we’ll all huddle together here, in this room. Food is plentiful. Drink in abundance. And my library is available to all,” he said, gesturing to the many bookcases surrounding the walls. His voice almost demanded calm, and she knew everyone took some measure of comfort from it. He’d changed into a dry jacket and still looked every bit as stunning as he usually did. Alexia’s admiration grew.
His friend sat at the piano again, this time playing softer, sweeter melodies aiming to soothe, Alexia thought. Others relaxed on couches and chairs. Some read, some dozed. But a fretful unease settled on them, and it reminded her of the times on her journey when she’d wondered when it would be over. Even if it were a horrible ending, an ending seemed preferable to the waiting.
As she watched Mr. Jasperson, Alexia realized two things: she’d never uttered his first name, and she loved him. He was so strong, so gentle, so capable and honest and good. And he’d asked to marry her. How foolish she’d been to demur! She could hardly wait to give him her answer now, but he never seemed to be alone. Her heart was bursting with the realization, and she wanted desperately to share it with him, the object of her attention. The fortune teller had been right: the storm had blown in her love.
About three in the morning, when the clock tolled its gentle score once again, she thought she finally had her chance. Most were sleeping. The winds seemed to be abating. The night watch would soon give way to the hope of daybreak.
Alexia awoke from a light slumber, shaking free of a shawl someone had placed on her shoulders as she’d slouched in a chair in the far corner. Perhaps he had put it there, looking out for her as he’d always done. She rose on rabbit-quiet feet and glided through the room of sleeping souls, searching, letting her eyes adjust to the dim light of one kerosene lantern in the middle of the table.
She didn’t see him, but she heard him, humming, in the next room. The veranda! Of course, he would be there, facing the storm boldly, fearlessly, a centurion guarding his charges.
She hurried to the door, and yes, he was there. He was still now, hands in his pockets, staring at the churning sea and buffeting rain. Her heart pounded as she started to take one last step, a ballet dancer ready to leap to center stage, to take her place in the spotlight, where she’d always belonged.
But then…another guest intruded, coming from a chair, languorously rising, like the dawn itself. She recognized him. His pianist friend, a bit younger, and sadder, a man who’d always seemed to her to be stealing some of Mr. Jasperson’s cheer, warming himself by it. And he crossed to him, placing his hand on his arm.
“I know.” Mr. Jasperson—Paul—straightened, as if this were a blow. And she realized this party had been a going-away fete for the guest, his friend.
“I…wish….” Paul said, and his voice was so slow and mournful, each word its own universe, that Alexia felt a catch in her throat, as if she were saying the words.
“I wish you didn’t have to go,” he said, and swallowed.
Yes, oh, yes, how she hadn’t wanted to go. She’d wished she could have stayed with her family. She’d wished the world in its storms didn’t rupture and break and shatter things. That tenderness was valued, that even enemies could stand in awe of it and leave it be, a thing as delicate and beautiful as the orchids Mr. Jasperson loved.
And then, to Alexia’s astonishment, the two men embraced, and she felt, hidden just beyond the sheer curtains, envious, wishing it was her enjoying that moment of purest affection, of strength and…passion.
“What will you do?” the man asked Paul.
“Every single one,” Paul responded.
Her fist flew to her mouth to choke the sob that gathered there. Who knew this secret she’d cherished? Who’d given it away? Who’d betrayed her, embarrassed her, humiliated her?
She swayed with the acceptance of this truth, the breath knocked from her chest.
She stayed until they left the veranda, leaning against the wall, sliding slowly down until she crouched, as if hiding.
She was hiding. She’d been hiding all these years, first from the Bolsheviks, then from the Ludmillas, and always from the truth.
She swallowed a thousand tears. She lived a thousand lives. She wondered how her family had died and hoped it had been quick. She thought of Paul knowing…and knowing she’d refused to believe they were gone, and how he’d protected her from that. Prayers, he’d said. What had she prayed for in those letters?
And then she crept outside and lay on one of the chaise longues herself, as still as she had been when uncle Fyodor was dying, living in each second so as to forestall the worse thing yet to come in the next second, floating once more on that barque between unknowables, exhausted from the effort not to see what was ahead.
The air calmed. The day began to break, a thin pink ribbon of a saving battalion of light come to rescue them from the armies of the dark, raging night.
Her eyelids fluttered, she dozed again and then woke in full sunlight.
Mr. Jasperson stood by her chair.
“They’ve all gone home,” he said to her. And he offered her his hand.
You and I are refugees, he’d said.
She looked into his eyes as she stood.
She was of royal lineage. They often married with no love.
And maybe this was a different form of love, after all. His heart and body would never belong to her. Great pity for him swamped her, and she wanted to protect him with the gentle sweetness he’d shown to her. They could cling to each other, refugees, on their raft of pure tenderness. Perhaps that had been her prayer, to find a fellow exile like him.
Yes, she said to him in Russian, I will marry you. I will keep your secret if you keep mine.
He understood…something…he smiled, whispered her name, and kissed her hand.
About this story: This is the final story in a three-tale book, From Here, available on Amazon, written under the name Elizabeth Malin. I was inspired to write this story after reading of where some Russian royalty ended up when escaping the revolution. I was surprised that some landed in Florida. That lit the spark for me as Alexia came to life in my mind.
Libby Sternberg’s book of sin and redemption, Fall from Grace, will be released by Bancroft Press September 2017.
Not too long ago, I shared my thoughts on my favorite novels with faith elements: Gilead by Marilynne Robinson, Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh, and Franny and Zooey by J.D. Salinger. That post is here.
Let me add to that list, and include a movie we recently watched.
An omission from my February list is Kathryn Hulme’s wonderful novel The Nun’s Story, which is, of course (considering its topic) drenched in faith. I’ve reviewed this book on my blog before (the post is here) so I’ll summarize the reasons I love this novel. First, it provides you with fascinating details of the life of nuns living in strict communion with each other and God. But second, it contains a story of a woman’s struggle with how best to live her life as she thinks God wishes her to lead it. And what a struggle it is. The protagonist, Sister Luke, has a keen intellect and desire to serve those less fortunate. But she finds herself called on to suppress these abilities in the name of obedience to her order at times, and this creates an inner battle that resonates with those of us outside the walls of a convent. Hulme herself was not a nun, but her story seems to have been influenced greatly by the life of her dear friend, a Belgian woman who’d been a nun before World War II. The book was made into a movie that never fails to draw me in when I find it turning up on TCM, with Audrey Hepburn in the role of Sister Luke. Unfortunately for readers, seeing the excellent movie might be the only way to access the story. Literary rights to the novel have been hung up in confusion over who controls them. It’s hard to find copies of the book itself.
My list of favorites with faith elements also leads me to include a novel from the “inspirational” genre: Second Chance Love by Shannon Farrington. First, about this genre: inspirational novels meet certain bookseller requirements. They contain no cursing or euphemisms for cursing, no references to God except in respectful and faith-based ways, no salacious material or anything even close to it. They are clean stories that sometimes don’t even contain a lot of references to religion, but do carry an acknowledgment that the characters are Christian believers…or become them over the course of the story. Second Chance Love is a historical, set in the Civil War in Maryland, and while it tells a charming love tale about a widow and her late husband’s brother finding each other, it also contains fascinating history about what happened in Union states after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. Maryland was one such state where people still owned slaves. To end this practice, the people of Maryland had to pass a law freeing the slaves there. Ms. Farrington’s handling of this contentious slice of history was well-done. I’ve reviewed the book before (here), and I recommend it as an example of how inspirationals can be interesting, good reads. The novel is a love story on two levels: between hero and heroine and between neighbors learning just what “loving one’s neighbor” requires of them.
Now, on to movies: I’m including this category because my husband and I finally got around to watching Risen this past weekend (appropriately, considering it was Easter weekend). The story is something of a procedural mystery as Roman tribune Clavius (Ralph Fiennes) is tasked with finding out what happened to Jesus’ body after his crucifixion — in order to prove he did not rise from the dead, as his followers claim. Clavius interviews apostles, Mary Magdalene, the guards at the tomb, all with a world-weary attitude that telegraphs his desire to move on to his next assignment or…more appealing to him…some peace. He finds the latter at his search’s end. Some critics have said this movie preaches to the converted, but even so, it’s powerful as it shows just why the disciples were so afraid after the crucifixion and makes the Easter story come alive. It might not appeal to nonChristians, but it beautifully illuminates the great story of Christian belief for those who have heard it countless times.
Libby Sternberg’s novel Fall from Grace will be released by Bancroft Press September 1, 2017. If you’d like a chance at receiving a free ARC (Advance Reader’s Copy), comment below and be sure to include your email address! She will choose one US commenter at random by Monday, April 24. | 2019-04-19T20:22:19Z | https://libbysbooks.wordpress.com/2017/04/ |
What made this war different from earlier ones was that it was the first global conflict. Indians, Australians, Costa Ricans, Haitians, Thai, and multitudes of others soon found themselves traveling to foreign lands or providing resources to propel the war. And the world was never to be the same.
More than 400,000 Australians (thousands of miles and continents away from the war) enlisted, representing almost 40 percent of the male population between 18 and 44 years old. Almost 65 percent were killed or injured.
The Austrian-Hungarians mobilized 6.5 million troops. Almost 5 million, or 75 percent, were killed or injured.
The French Empire enlisted 7.5 million, and 75 percent were killed or injured.
Disintegration of empires; creation of nation states; environmental damage; new technologies in communications, medicine, aviation, weaponry; oil’s rise in importance, leading to modern conflicts; civic and human-rights movements; and a USA shift from isolationism to global leadership.
In Kansas City, people wanted to honor those who served, and they wanted to seek a peaceful world.
In 1919, 83,000 men, women, and children donated more than $2 million (equal to nearly $40 million today) to create a memorial. And they did this in two weeks. Everyone, from the city’s leading lumberman, R.A. Long, to schoolchildren contributed.
The memorial’s site was dedicated November 1, 1921. An estimated 100,000 people witnessed the stirring ceremony. The five main Allied military leaders—General Jacques of Belgium, General Diaz of Italy, Marshal Foch of France, General John J. Pershing of the USA, and Admiral Lord Beatty of Great Britain—addressed the throng.
A nationwide architectural competition yielded the winning design by New York architect H. Van Buren Magonigle. Following construction between 1923 and 1926, the mostly completed memorial was dedicated November 11, 1926. It attracted more than 150,000 people. President Calvin Coolidge and Queen Marie of Romania delivered addresses.
In the late 1990s when the memorial needed renovation, leading citizens again motivated the people. Kansas City’s citizens provided a place suitable for the tremendous responsibility of properly reflecting on the war—its sorrows and significance. More than $100 million has been spent in the past decade.
In an op-ed piece in the New York Times, historian Margaret MacMillan says today holds ominous parallels to the world leading up to World War I. For example, globalization before 1914 led Germany and Britain to be each other’s largest trading partners. Yet each felt threatened by the other’s economic success and rising commercial and military power.
The centennial of the Great War provides people of faith with an opportunity to reflect on how the world was swept into this global conflict, and what it means to live in its shadows.
I propose people of faith can do three things. Many nations are responding with similar and culturally appropriate actions.
1. Tell stories. The Great War was about people fighting people. Sure, it was also about nationalism, tribalism, empires, and geopolitical rivalries. But those things are really about people. Telling stories can help us turn history into human story.
2. Teach people what happened and why it matters. The world today is more like the world leading up to World War I than we would like to imagine. The great American novelist, Mark Twain, is credited with saying “History doesn’t repeat itself, but it does rhyme.” Appreciating the past can help us successfully navigate the future. In partnership with a consortium of churches and affiliates, including Community of Christ Seminary, the National World War I Museum will host a symposium in 2017 about conscientious objection as a response to war.
3. Remember the courage and values of those days. Many thought World War I would be over in days, surely by Christmas. But the war was not over by Christmas. War was envisioned as romantic and colorful—flags, spiked helmets, flashing sabers. Those called to arms would be heroes, defending their homelands and way of life. The grim reality was far different. To remove any notion of war as a grand adventure, remember what happened. Remembering also can make us aware of real and present threats to our world.
The world came undone in those days. When it was put back together—if it ever was—it was forever changed: new countries, new weaponry, new threats and ideologies.
This war matters, if only because it is about the power of a fractured world. And it showed us as never before destructive power on a massive scale.
These have dared bear the torches of sacrifice and service. Their bodies return to dust but their work liveth evermore. Let us strive on to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.
Remembering those who served and learning and finding meaning in the Great War and its enduring impact is a tribute to the past and a commitment to a world of peace.
Church leaders were among the many guests who found images of peace amid stories of conflict at the National World War I Museum at Liberty Hall.
It would be easy to think the National World War I Museum at Liberty Memorial in Kansas City reflects battle, pain, and strife—and it does.
Even more, however, it tells of humankind’s yearning for peace.
To be sure, when Community of Christ leaders toured the site in May, they found many spectacles of warfare: tanks, trenches, and testimonies of tragedy. They also saw reflections of our desire for peace: red poppies depicting the Flanders Fields, where so many died in Belgium and France; 40-foot-tall carvings of Guardian Spirits, who symbolize protectors of peace; and the Great Frieze, a 488- by 48-foot sculpture that represents the end of the war and the creation of an era of peace.
Sadly, peace was short-lived. The war to end all wars didn’t. Since its first shots 100 years ago this month, wars have popped up across the world like mushrooms in a moist forest. Today people fight in Ukraine, and others needlessly die in places called Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, Syria, Sudan, and more.
All of this makes Christ’s mission—our mission—imperative.
Many anniversaries are seen as celebrations. Not this one. No party hats, no cake, no reliving past glories. Rather, this centennial reminds of war’s horrific nature and humankind’s imperative to find different paths.
“For me, the claim as a peace church forces us to be aware and see the presence of non-peace in our midst, and it requires us to look into the ugly face of brokenness and conflict,” said Scott Murphy of the First Presidency.
Apostle Susan Oxley echoed that sentiment: “I don’t think the church ever can be reconciled to war. We stand for looking for alternatives. War is alien to the gospel of Jesus Christ. His teachings are designed to solve conflict and encourage us to seek solutions.
Historians cite many reasons for the start of World War I, which killed 9 million, wounded 21 million, and brought changes the world still feels today. Among the causes was widespread and fervent nationalism, still a force today.
Not all members. F. Henry Edwards, an English citizen and future member of the First Presidency, was in England during the Great War. He was drafted but refused to fight, and he went to prison.
It appears evident that the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints moved from a position of strict neutrality with respect to the war in 1914 to a position of unqualified support for the United States and Allied nations by 1918.
Today leaders from the church, the museum, and others are seeking peaceful paths and hoping to learn from history. Among them is US Army Colonel Robert Ewing, who leads the 79th Service Support Command. His group toured the museum at the same time as the church leaders.
Presiding Evangelist David Brock, like many other church leaders on the tour, holds hope that humankind will learn from the causes and tragedy of World War I.
Apostle Linda Booth noted the irony of the US entrance into the war. It was April 6, 1917—the church’s birthday. While church members were celebrating their heritage, the nation was entering a dark period.
But Booth also found hope in the tour.
I grew up in the church, hearing sermons, singing songs, and listening to prayers about Zion. There was an awareness Zion was coming, and we needed to be ready to go to Independence, Missouri, when the call came. I remember one reunion before I turned 16. The message focused on the idea that Zion was coming very soon. We were living in the latter days, and we needed to be ready.
I was petrified in the following months that Zion would happen before I got my driver’s license, and I’d never get a chance to drive a car. (I guess somehow I had inferred that cars would be unnecessary in Zion.) I was also sad that I would have to leave my life and friends in Illinois and move to Independence. Even with my limited understanding of God and Zion, leaving others “behind” seemed like something a loving God would not require or even want.
I remember all of these feelings about Zion with a bit of humor and deep fondness. My understanding of Zion may have been incomplete then (and probably still is), but the idea of Zion coming was—and still is—a formative vision for me. It has continued to guide my discipleship and ministry throughout the years.
When I first heard, and later read, the closing paragraphs of the words of counsel presented in April 2013, my heart overflowed with joy. There was that old familiar idea: Zion, beckoning us onward. More important was the idea that God challenges us to move beyond talking about and just waiting for Zion into the action of co-creating with God the reality of Zion. How amazing is that?
If we survey Doctrine and Covenants about Zion it becomes clear this closing paragraph of the 2013 words of counsel repeats counsel we have heard before.
This counsel highlights that Zion is not something we are waiting for. Rather it’s something we help make happen. More than 100 years later, in 1982, Section 155:8 reminded us: “The call is for workers in the cause of Zion.…” This was another reminder that God was looking for people to help bring about God’s vision of shalom. Again the indication was that God wants and needs workers to help build Zion, rather than for people to wait faithfully until God brings Zion to us.
It has taken me awhile in my own journey to grasp that I’m not waiting on God to bring about Zion. The call to go to Independence is not going to come. God’s waiting on me and—more importantly—us to create expressions of God’s reign on Earth in our families, neighborhoods, and cities.
It reminds me of the song, “Waiting on the World to Change,” by John Mayer. In a world where we often feel powerless to overcome injustices and bad situations, we feel like we are stuck waiting. Waiting on the powerful. Waiting on an intervening God. Waiting on something or someone to change the world.
I love the challenge to test God’s words. Throughout our journey as a people, we have received many “words” on how we can help Zion happen: tend to our spiritual condition; have courage; witness; heed the call; create pathways for peace in sacred communities of generosity, justice, and peacefulness; hold to God’s covenant of peace in Jesus Christ; visibly be one in Christ; and more.
Words are funny things. They often mean different things to different people. No matter how clearly I think I’ve said or written something, inevitably someone will have an interpretation that differs from my intent. So even agreeing on how we test God’s words is a challenge.
We have filled volumes with beautiful words about Zion. Meanwhile, God keeps calling us into action. I am certain each of us has a different idea of what Zion might be or how to help create it. I suspect this is why we get stuck in the “talking about it” phase and never get on with the “testing of God’s words” phase.
Meanwhile, our words have limited impact on influencing others and inviting them into a new way of seeing and interacting in the world. If Mark Twain was right and our actions do speak louder than our words, then our inaction as we wait for God to bring about Zion is screaming an unfortunate message to a world in need.
I talked for years about becoming more fluent in Spanish. However, every time I thought about taking action, it seemed too overwhelming. I wanted the “quick fix” that magically would move me from illiterate to fluent without any real effort on my part. The reality is that learning a new language (or a new way of being) is really hard, very time consuming, and most humbling.
The call to build Zion is a call into a new way of being. It is the action of developing zionic skills and behaviors. It is really hard, very time consuming, and most humbling.
We have to start small. I had to relearn the Spanish alphabet so I could start learning the basic words and grammar rules. I had to move beyond just reading the rules and into the action of practicing them. I had to experiment with speaking and writing the words. I had to test everything I was learning. I had to be willing to be humble because of my countless mistakes.
With each new section in Doctrine and Covenants about Zion we have gone deeper in our understanding of the “alphabet” and basic grammar rules of Zion.
Now we need to start experimenting with what we’ve learned by “testing God’s words.” We have to be willing to jump into living, loving, and sharing as Zion, striving to be visibly one in Christ, where there are no poor or oppressed.
We’ve been told our ability to create zionic conditions in our family, with neighbors, at our workplace, and in interactions with others is dependent on our spiritual condition. If our cup is filled, we are more likely to be the hands, feet, and voice of Jesus in the way we live, love, and share. We need to tend to our spiritual condition.
We have been told to have courage about our call to bring about the cause of Zion. If we make time to be spiritually healthy, this will give us more confidence.
We need to ignore natural insecurities about being incapable of making a difference and instead look for opportunities to serve and jump in.
This means we have to get out of our homes and congregations and become involved in the community around us. As we prayerfully engage with others, God will open our eyes to opportunities for service.
God, where will your Spirit lead today? Help me be fully awake and ready to respond. Grant me courage to risk something new and become a blessing of your love and peace. Amen.
Those who have made this a daily practice have discovered that prayers are answered and opportunities to bring blessing become visible.
We have been told to witness of God’s love and concern for all people and to become a global family. We do this by listening to others’ stories, sharing our stories, and weaving our stories with God’s unfolding story for creation. We are called to be in healthy relationships with others to include bearing each other’s burdens.
Actions shared with others in Christ-like love are great ways to share our witness. This then leads to the opportunity to invite others to be part of Christ’s mission through baptism and confirmation.
We have been told to create pathways for peace in sacred communities of generosity, justice, and peacefulness. For me sacred communities include my family, friends, work colleagues, my church family, and neighborhood. As I consider each of these communities, I am challenged to consider how I can be more attentive to making all of these encounters a zionic experience and a witness to the world.
When I visited Honduras after my first week of Spanish immersion, I realized my Spanish-language skill was equivalent to the abilities of the Honduran 2- to 3-year-olds. I remember Carlos Enrique teaching his grandson, David Enrique, a song to help him learn the alphabet. I almost cried when I realized David Enrique could sing it better than I. I wanted to give up.
In reality, I just want to wait for the technology that will allow me to insert a data card into my head and bam!…I am fluent in Spanish. However, what I am learning goes so much beyond knowing the language. I am shaped and formed by the struggle. I would lose so much if I just wait for technology to do it for me.
Similarly, we’ve been invited into the creative struggle with God. For me, this is what the last two paragraphs of the 2013 words of counsel are all about. We are being shaped and formed as we tend to our spiritual condition, act in courage, develop healthy relationships, and create sacred communities that witness of Zion through our collective actions. This often comes with pain and suffering, but the outcome makes it all worth it.
More than a year has passed since the 2013 USA National Conference. As I look back, I see that all who gathered created a sacred community that witnessed to the world a new way of making decisions about difficult topics. Regardless of whether people agreed with the result, most present recognized the profound nature of sacred community struggling to listen to God’s guidance through the blessing of the Holy Spirit. It was hard and even painful at times.
Those gathered were generous with their love, patience, and contributions. They sought to be just in how they treated one another. Most experienced a peacefulness that passed all human understanding, even amid heart-wrenching moments.
People came spiritually prepared to be together with one another and the Holy Spirit. Most received an undeniable glimmer of the nature of Zion that has continued to bless many throughout the USA as stories have been shared.
So you see, the closing paragraphs of the 2013 words of counsel align with our own story of why we should have courage and hope. Our story teaches us to trust what will happen when we test God’s words. It encourages us that we can struggle together with difficult issues, trying to be true to God’s vision of shalom in our actions. It shows that Zion happens as we endure, persevere, and stay the course, holding to God’s covenant of peace in Jesus Christ as best we understand it. Ultimately, it is about seeking to visibly be one in Christ not only in word, but in action.
Most experiments that yield significant results are not easy and can even be dangerous. As we continue to experiment with living, loving, and sharing Zion, we undoubtedly will experience difficulties and setbacks. We need to be patient with one another and open to continued understanding of how God is leading us.
Enough with the words…What are we waiting for? Let’s build Zion…Onward!
We respond by intentionally linking ministry in a continuum of disciples and priesthood members who serve together to fulfill Christ’s mission. What does this mean for you? For members it emphasizes your covenant and role as a disciple.
As living expressions of Christ’s life, ministry, and continuing presence in the world, disciples covenant with God to bring peace and reconciliation to the world, break down the walls that divide people, and share Christ’s peace with everyone they meet.
…As ministry takes place, sacred communities of unconditional love, tolerance, reconciliation, and Unity in Diversity are born. These Christ-centered communities invite and welcome those who are searching for a spiritual home and yearning to know of God’s redeeming love….
For priesthood, recent inspired counsel calls for faithful, holistic ministry. Priesthood ministry, as a sacred covenant, includes the highest form of stewardship of body, mind, spirit, and relationships. Priesthood members express their ministry with humility and integrity and extend themselves in servant ministry for others and for the well-being of the faith community (163:6a).
Being comes before doing. President Steve Veazey says effective servant ministry comes from the overflow of daily spiritual disciplines that allow one to immerse oneself in God’s love and generosity. Priesthood members are most effective when they focus on bringing blessing to others (163:6b). To increase one’s capacity for ministry, it is essential for priesthood members to spend time in personal renewal and spiritual rest. Priesthood members magnify their callings through continual “spiritual growth, study, exemplary generosity, ethical choices, and fully accountable ministry” (163:6c).
To help disciples and priesthood members learn about or reconnect to covenant commitments, new Temple School courses are under development. They are designed to help students learn what they need to know, be, and do for effective servant ministry. The courses will focus on basic principles one needs to understand, or know, at the beginning of a new ministry responsibility. Learning and knowing are best achieved by being receptive to the intervening presence of God’s Holy Spirit.
Each lesson will open and close with spiritual practices that attune participants to the Holy Spirit’s movements leading into, through, and following each session. Ministry effectiveness is achieved best when one practices how to bring blessing to others. The courses will include the opportunity to do by practicing ministry skills with other participants. Together students also will learn to evaluate how ministry effectiveness can improve by continuing to know, be, and do as ministry and priesthood teams.
For the first time there will be a disciple course. The course will be designed to prepare members to serve in mission. There also will be new preparation courses for priesthood members. These will include a new Introduction to Priesthood Ministry course, a revised Introduction to Scripture course, and new or revised office-specific courses for deacon, teacher, priest, elder, seventy, high priest, and evangelist.
The Ministry and Priesthood Team and course writers will conduct pilot classes over the next several months. If you have the opportunity to take part, we’ll look forward to your feedback. We expect to release final course materials at the 2016 World Conference.
A monthly Herald series will begin in September, focusing on ministry and priesthood. The articles will preview the new course content and will serve as excellent study materials for groups or Sunday school classes.
We affirm All Are Called. We respond by learning what to know, be, and do to best serve together to fulfill Christ’s mission.
Categories : Christ's Mission...Our Mission!
I had an hour of spiritual-practice time dedicated to reflection and connection with the Divine. I was in the Rocky Mountains. A racing creek was right outside, snow-capped mountains waited for my eyes, and birds flew back and forth. Other blessings were waiting to reveal themselves.
I walked to a bridge over a raging creek and sat down. I communed with God. I reflected on what had been a terrific weekend—a retreat experience at Peaceful Valley Dude Ranch.
As I was letting my heart dwell in God, flowing with the breeze and the water, I felt prompted to cross the bridge. In a small pasture I found a donkey gently grazing, having some dinner. As soon as the donkey heard me, we made eye contact.
Now, I am a city boy. I don’t know how donkeys behave, what they like, or how to touch them. But I thought I would give it a go. I was in the middle of connecting with the Divine. I thought, “What a wonderful opportunity to experience God through this creature!” So I made my way closer, and he made his way closer to me.
We met, and I stuck out my hand in the same way you do when you meet a dog.
The donkey rubbed against my hand as if to tell me to start rubbing his nose and head. I began to pet him, and I swear he smiled at me. He opened his big, old mouth and bared his teeth in a grin. I felt a connection to this creature.
His coat was coarse and dirty. As I patted his neck and back, dust flew into the air. His owner had mowed his meadow clean. I picked from the plentiful grass outside the fence. As soon as I leaned forward with a handful of greens and dandelions he smiled again.
The donkey is the lowliest of creatures in the equestrian world. It is not a beautiful stallion or a giant Clydesdale. It isn’t exotic or fast. Yet, the donkey is what Jesus rode into Jerusalem—what Jesus used to flip this world’s understanding of power and status into love and peace.
The donkey for Jesus is an ambassador for peace. I was at peace with an animal that doesn’t hold honor and glory or even the tourism appeal of a zebra. I was with God, having a peaceful agape meal.
I love going to reunion at Camp Chihowa, west of Kansas City. I didn’t get to go often when I was a kid, but I have been able to go with my children since they were small. I also have the special privilege of taking other children.
Doug and I are foster parents. Over the last 13 years more than 55 children have passed through our house. Some have stayed a few days. Others have stayed a few years. One we adopted, and we are adopting another. Most have returned home or to a different relative. We have been able to keep in contact with some.
One child calls me every January and asks, “When is reunion?” He and his sister lived with us about six years ago and spend a few weekends throughout the year with us. They go to Camp Chihowa every summer.
A 16-year-old came with me last year. He had lived with us when he was 10. We had lost contact with him for a while but recently reconnected. He has been coming over for short periods as we rebuild a relationship. He had some difficult behaviors to manage, so we have been taking things slowly.
Because of immaturity and poor choices, he isn’t often placed in roles with responsibility. At reunion, I told him he would be expected to help with cleaning, serving, and washing dishes. He loved it! He volunteered for all kinds of jobs.
He washed pots and pans. He offered to vacuum the chapel. He liked serving in the food line, and he got to cook hot dogs on the grill. People kept telling him they appreciated him and his good work. His smile was huge, and he was very proud of himself.
The theme one night was God’s Grace and Generosity. What a great theme for our family. We get to see God working every day in the lives of these kids. So many people work to make Chihowa a safe, clean environment. People show up at work days, serve on the board, plan reunions, shop creatively to keep food costs down, and quietly work behind the scenes. I can’t thank them enough.
My kids and my “extended family” need this place. Too many of them have experienced pain no child should have to face. At reunion, they find acceptance, fulfillment, and a sense of belonging they desperately need. | 2019-04-25T02:45:14Z | https://heraldmagazine.wordpress.com/page/2/ |
Aims LCZ696 (angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor) is a book medication developed for the treating heart failure with minimal ejection fraction. A 6, 7, 8. Various other buy Gap 26 proteases with A\degrading properties consist of insulin degrading enzyme, endothelin transforming enzyme, angiotensin transforming enzyme, thimet oligopeptidase and plasmin 9, 10, 11. The comparative contribution of specific enzymes towards the proteolytic degradation of the remains unknown. The is present that treatment with LCZ696, through inhibition of neprilysin by LBQ657, may bring about accumulation of the species like a 1C42, 1C40 and 1C38. Senile plaques made up of aggregation\susceptible A subtypes (e.g. A 1C42 and A 1C40) are located in the mind of buy Gap 26 individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (Advertisement) 12, 13, 14. Nevertheless the role of the in the pathophysiology of Advertisement isn’t conclusively described 15. The bloodCbrain\hurdle (BBB) penetration of LBQ657 as well as the potential ramifications of LCZ696 buy Gap 26 on buy Gap 26 CSF concentrations of the isoforms were evaluated in today’s clinical study. Strategies Study individuals The analysis enrolled healthy man and woman volunteers aged 18C55?years (excluding ladies of kid bearing potential), 50?kg in excess weight, having a body mass index (BMI) within the number of 18C30?kg?mC 2. Important exclusion requirements included usage of prescription drugs, herbs (within 2?weeks ahead of baseline) or more than\the\counter medicines and health supplements (within 4?weeks ahead of baseline), and a known background of angioedema. All research individuals had been enrolled at an individual center (PAREXEL International, California, USA). Research design This is a dual\blind, randomized, parallel group, placebo\managed study made to investigate the result of multiple dosages of LCZ696 on CSF A isoform concentrations in healthful human volunteers. The analysis protocol was examined by an unbiased Institutional Review Table (Aspire IRB, Rtp3 LLC; center number 1001). The analysis was conducted relative to ICH\Great Clinical Practice recommendations as well as the Declaration of Helsinki. All individuals provided written, educated consent ahead of randomization. The analysis consisted of a short testing period (day time ?21 to day time ?4), a security baseline (day time ?3), a pharmacodynamics (PD) baseline (day time ?2 to day time ?1), and a 2?week treatment period (times 1C14) (Supplementary Materials S1). Post\treatment PD/pharmacokinetic (PK) assessments had been performed on times 14 and 15 and buy Gap 26 the analysis concluded with a finish of study check out (day time 19). Subjects had been domiciled for 18 evenings at the analysis center and randomized 1?:?1 to either LCZ696 400?mg once daily for 14?times or matching placebo once daily for 14?times. LCZ696 was used with water each day for 14?times, after an overnight fasting period (~10?h) without diet permitted until 1?h post\dosage. PD assessments The principal end stage was the differ from baseline 36?h area beneath the impact curve (AUEC(0,36?h) of the 1C40 CSF focus, with LCZ696 weighed against placebo. Supplementary end factors included the differ from baseline of AUEC(0,24 h) for CSF A 1C40, and AUEC(0,36 h) and AUEC(0,24 h) for CSF A 1C42 and 1C38, with LCZ696 weighed against placebo. Differ from baseline AUEC(0,36 h) and AUEC(0,24 h) of the 1C40 plasma concentrations had been assessed as an exploratory evaluation. Serial CSF examples were extracted from day time ?2 to day time ?1 (PD baseline) and from day 14 to day 15 from an indwelling spine catheter inserted in to the lower spine canal by trained personnel utilizing a regular operating procedure at period factors that matched 30?min pre\dosage, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 36?h post\dosage. In each case, up to 2?ml of CSF was necessary to get rid of the tubing linked to the indwelling catheter, accompanied by collection of a complete of 6?ml utilized for evaluation. CSF aliquots had been supplemented with 0.2% (v/v) Tween\20 ahead of storage in ?70C. CSF test.
Background Blume (Chinese language chestnut), like a meals product is well known because of its various nutrition and functional ideals towards the human being health. meals product because of its numerous nutrition, but also utilized as a normal Chinese medicine, like the plants, leaves, and twigs to have already been used to take care of gastroenteritis, bronchitis and regurgitation for hundreds years . It really is without doubt that chestnuts possess considerable potential worth as practical foods . To improve and discover much more practical ideals for the Chinese language chestnut, our earlier focus on the chemical substance constituents and bioactivity from it led to the isolation of several flavonoids and phenolic acids [3C6]. In the constant evaluating its bioactivity and obtaining more active brokers, the anti-diabetic problems and anti-cancer activity of most fractions of alcoholic beverages components of kernels (CK), shells (CS) and involucres (CI) had been evaluated on human being recombinant aldose reductase (HR-AR) assay, advanced glycation end items (Age groups) development assay and human being COLO 320 DM cancer of the colon cells inhibitory assay in today’s function, respectively. Diabetes, like a complicated metabolic disorder due to insulin insufficiency and/or insulin dysfunction, is usually seen as a aberrant blood sugar and insulin amounts . Diabetic problems, including retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and arteriosclerosis are believed as risk elements for morbidity and loss of life. Moreover, the diabetics will also be vunerable to many illnesses, including the malignancy. For instance, colorectal malignancy which may be the third leading reason behind cancer-related loss of life , is a lot easier occurred in diabetic individual . Many reports on chestnut seed products and other areas of this seed emphasised in the anti-oxidant home [2, 10], while, today’s work had been to worth their anti-diabetes problems and against the hooking up cancers activity, also to get the part with very much useful values. Methods Seed materials The kernel, shells and involucres elements of had been gathered respectively in Sept, 2005 in Qianxi State of Hebei province, and determined by Professor Sunlight Qishi (University of Traditional Chinese language Medication, Shenyang Pharmaceutical College or university). The voucher specimens had been deposited at the main element Lab of Structure-Based Medication Design & Breakthrough of Ministry of Education (No.ZB2005-026-028). Chemical substance and reagents Dibasic sodium phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, D,L-glyceraldehyde, individual recombinant aldose reductase (HR-AR), AG, quercetin, 5593-20-4 manufacture 5593-20-4 manufacture critric acidity monohydrate, natrium carbonicum, sodium azide, gelatin and sulphuric acidity had been bought from Wako Pure Chemical substance 5593-20-4 manufacture Sectors, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and ethanol had been given by Nacalai Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Tween 20, bovine serum albumin, blood sugar, smashed and extracted with ethanol-water (90:10, v/v) (CK: 36?L; CS: 30?L and CI: 60?L) for 3 x (for 2?h??3) respectively, then, the solutions 5593-20-4 manufacture were concentrated under reduced pressure utilizing a rotary evaporator significantly less than 40C, to provide ingredients (CK 953.2?g, 15.89%; CS 257.4?g, 5.15%; CI 305.6?g, 3.06%), respectively. The ingredients had been suspended in distilled drinking water (CK: 6?L, CS: 5?L, and CI: 10?L) and partitioned successively using the same quantity EtOAc and 741.1824 (calcd 741.1819 for C39H33O15). 1H- and 13C NMR spectral data of 6 (Desk?1) showed the current presence of a kaempferol residue, two type configurations because of their double bonds in C-7”’, 8”’ and C-7””, 8”” positions were confirmed with the coupling regular beliefs 15.6?Hz for H-7”’ and H-7”” . The glucose unit was defined as galactose following the test was handled the acidity hydrolysis and likened the tR using the genuine test by HPLC evaluation utilizing a Kaseisorb LC NH2-60-5 column (4.6?mm we.d.??250?nm), CH3CNCH2O while the mobile stage. Substance 6 was defined as kaempferol-3- 0.01 Positive Control, ** 0.05 Positive Control, * 0.05 Positive Control; IC50 of Substances IC50 of Positive Control (Qu, AG, 5-Fu): 0.05 Positive Control. 0.01 Positive Control. Physicochemical data of substances 2C9 kaempferol-3-741.1824 [M?+?H]+ (calcd SPN 741.1819 for C39H33O15). 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 2D-NMR spectra data observe Desk?1. casuariin (7). Off-white amorphous natural powder. m.p.245-248C. FAB-MS m/z: 783 [M-H]-..
Background Atrial tissue fibrosis could cause electric or structural remodeling in individuals with atrial fibrillation. adversely correlated with indicate still left atrial voltage(r?=?-0.492, p?=?0.053). Sufferers who treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists acquired lower coronary sinus TGF-1 serum level than those that didn’t treated with angiotensin II Ponatinib receptor antagonists (p?=?0.046). Bottom line Degree of TGF-1 in peripheral serum is normally greater than that in coronary sinus, and serum degree of TGF-1 in coronary sinus is normally negatively connected with indicate still left atrial voltage in sufferers with CAF, angiotensin II receptor antagonists could influence TGF-1 serum level. solid course=”kwd-title” Keywords: Atrial fibrillation, Changing growth element beta 1, Fibrosis, Electroanatomic mapping 1.?Intro Atrial fibrillation (AF) may be the most common clinical arrhythmia occurring in people with a number of cardiovascular illnesses or without the other proof systemic illnesses . It impacts 5% of the populace more than 65 years as well as the prevalence raises as the populace age comes up . Despite of increasingly more research within the systems of AF, the precise trigger and pathogenesis of AF continues to be unclear , , . Two primary forms of redesigning have been referred to in animal types of AF: electric remodeling, which impacts cellular electric properties, and structural redecorating, which alters atrial tissues structures . Structural redecorating can be due to interstitial fibrosis. Atrial fibrosis, a negative process that triggers imbalance in extracellular matrix deposition and degradation, continues to be implicated being a substrate for AF. Nevertheless, the precise systems of structural redecorating and the Ponatinib partnership between atrial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation had been largely unknown. Latest experimental and scientific studies have supplied valuable insights over the systems of atrial fibrosis at molecular and mobile level. A number of signaling systems, especially regarding angiotensin II and changing growth aspect-1 (TGF-1), appear to be centrally mixed up in advertising of fibrosis . Angiotensin II promotes aldosterone secretion to boosts mRNA degrees of TGF-1, and changes TGF-1 into its energetic type. Aminopeptidase A changes angiotensin II into angiotensin III, which also boosts Ponatinib TGF-l appearance , . TGF-1 is normally a subtype of TGF-. TGF- signaling was implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic illnesses by regulating the appearance of other protein involved in performing the fibrotic cascade . Using individual atrial myocardial tissues, Kupfahl et?al. observed that angiotensin II might Vcam1 up-regulate the appearance of TGF-1, and TGF-1 signaling impacts collagen creation . Extracellular matrix adjustments can split cardiomyocyte bundles, that may diminish electric coupling and gradual electric conduction , . It really is thought that localized atrial fibrosis may complicated atrial electrograms and reduce voltage, while diffuse and deep fibrosis could make the local tissues scarred. These fibrosis related to electrophysiologic changes could be symbolized by electroanatomic bipolar voltage mapping , , , , , . General, TGF- is normally a crucial regulator of extracellular matrix creation, and extracellular matrix adjustments could be shown by electroanatomical alternations. As a result, it is prospect of further comprehensive analysis on whether electroanatomical alternations possess relationship with serum TGF-1 level. The purpose of this study is normally to investigate the partnership between mean still left atrial voltage and serum degree of TGF-1 in sufferers with persistent atrial fibrillation (CAF). 2.?Strategies 2.1. Individuals We retrospectively examined a complete of 16 consecutive adult sufferers with medication refractory CAF who underwent catheter ablation for AF using 3D mapping program (NavX, St. Jude Medical Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA) had been enrolled at an individual university infirmary from June 2012 to Might 2013. This is of CAF was predicated on the Holter monitoring electrocardiogram, needing the individuals that there is the tempo of AF rather than sinus tempo by each time examining. Patients had been excluded if indeed they were apt to be raised serum TGF-1 level: sufferers with background of myocardial infarction or raised degree of troponin, angina pectoris, thyroid disease, vascular cardiovascular disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung.
Imatinib mesylate (IM) therapy offers been proven to induce lower T cell matters in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) sufferers and an disturbance of IM with T cell receptor (TCR) signaling continues to be invoked to describe this observation. on IL-7 signaling and STAT5 phosphorylation (STAT5-p). Significantly nevertheless, using an mouse model, we confirmed that IM impaired T cell success through the inhibition of IL-7 and STAT5-p however, not TCR signaling which continued to be unaffected during IM therapy. Hence, off-target inhibitory ramifications of IM on MK-0974 IL-7 and STAT5-p describe how T cell lymphopenia takes place in sufferers treated with IM. Tips Imatinib disrupts T cell homeostasis through the inhibition of IL-7 and STAT5 phosphorylation. Imatinib attenuates cytokine signaling in various clinical configurations of immune system dysfunctions. Launch Imatinib mesylate (IM) happens to be the drug of preference for first series therapy in sufferers with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia MK-0974 (CML). Regardless of the fairly high specificity of IM treatment to the BCR-ABL fusion proteins, off-target multikinase inhibitory results occur and will interfere with regular hematopoiesis.1, 2 For example, nonspecific inhibition of Flt3L continues to be connected with disruption of dendritic cell (DC) homeostasis and features in both mice and human beings.3 Furthermore, research have got reported an interference of IM with T cell counts and activation.4 T lymphocytes need T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation by MHC-I or MHC-II and IL-7 signaling to be able to endure and persist in the periphery. While TCR signaling induces the phosphorylation and activation of AKT with the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), IL-7 signaling induces the phosphorylation of STAT5 (STAT5-p) by Jak1-3 proteins kinases; these pathways constitute potential goals for IM.5, 6 Despite ample proof that IM can inhibit TCR signaling research concur that IM can hinder IL-7 signaling and STAT5-p in T cells. Open up in another window Body 1 (a) Graphical overview of the overall amount (cells/l) of Compact disc4+ T cells and Compact disc8+ T cells enumerated in the bloodstream old match handles (check (Dunns post-test). *impact of IM on success and homeostatic proliferation of adoptively moved T lymphocytes (Body 2a). After seven days of IM treatment, lymphocyte matters were lower, indicating a potential defect in success and/or homeostatic proliferation of moved T cells (Body 2b). Significantly, IM treatment didn’t decrease homeostatic proliferation of T cells, hence confirming that TCR signaling continues to be useful MK-0974 during IM treatment and helping a model wherein the increased loss of T cells is certainly mostly mediated through the inhibition of IL-7 signaling and STAT5-p (Body 2d). Previous research have got invoked a potential function for TCR inhibition by IM to describe diminished postponed type hypersensitivity in mice.16 However, we demonstrated herein that IM induces DC depletion in human beings and mice which could donate to limit delayed type hypersensitivity development (Numbers 2c and e).17, 18 Furthermore, IL-7 may become an adjuvant to facilitate T cell activation as well as the inhibition of IL-7 signaling could probably impair delayed type hypersensitivity response.19, 20 Finally, as the inhibition of TCR signaling by IM could quite possibly describe lower naive Compact disc4+, Compact disc8+ and memory Compact disc4+ T cell counts, it generally does not describe lower memory Compact disc8+ counts, as these cells usually do not require TCR stimulation because of their peripheral maintenance.21 Thus, despite conclusive evidences displaying an disturbance of IM with TCR signaling,4, 16, 22 our data are more in keeping with an impact of IM SIGLEC1 on STAT5 to describe lower T cell matters. STAT5 is necessary for the signaling of various other cytokines which is feasible that the result of IM on T cells isn’t entirely limited to IL-7 signaling.23 Additional research are needed to be able to understand the entire spectral range of MK-0974 cytokines MK-0974 signaling inhibited by IM. Open up in another window Body 2 (a) Schematic representation from the mouse model to judge IM influence on T cells. (b) Overall amounts of congenic Compact disc4+ and Compact disc8+ T cells retrieved in IM treated mice. (c) Overall numbers of Compact disc11c+ DCs after seven days of IM treatment. (d) Compact disc4+ and Compact disc8+ T cell proliferation seven days after transfer into lymphopenic recipients treated or not really with IM. Data.
Artificial inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonists induce degradation of IAP proteins such as for example mobile IAP1 (cIAP1), activate nuclear factor B (NF-B) signaling, and sensitize cells to tumor necrosis factor (TNF). complicated sensitizes immortalized and minimally passaged tumor cells to TNF-induced loss of life, whereas major cells stay resistant. Conversely, cIAP1CTRAF2 complicated overexpression limitations FN14 signaling and protects tumor cells from TWEAK-induced TNF sensitization. Lysosomal degradation of cIAP1CTRAF2 by TWEAK/FN14 consequently critically alters the total amount of existence/death indicators emanating from TNF-R1 in immortalized cells. Intro Upon binding of their cognate ligand, TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) people transmit indicators via their cytoplasmic domains. Many TNF buy MK-2206 2HCl receptors carry loss of life domains (DD) that permit them to straight promote apoptotic cell loss of life. Activation from the TNFRSF receptors, such Fas or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Path)CR2 (Tartaglia et al., 1993), allows the binding of FADD inside a DDCDD connection, which initiates apoptotic signaling from the recruitment and activation of caspase 8 or 10 by oligomerization. TNF-R1Cinduced activation of caspase 8 or 10 is definitely less direct, concerning recruitment from the DD-containing adaptor TRADD, accompanied by the forming of an internalized supplementary complex that may bind FADD and caspase 8 to initiate the apoptotic system (Micheau and Tschopp, 2003). Despite its name, most tumor cells usually do not perish when subjected to TNF but must become treated with inhibitors of translation or transcription, such as for example actinomycin D or cycloheximide. These providers are believed to sensitize cells to TNF by avoiding production of success proteins induced via NF-B. Lots of the TNFRSF people, including FN14, include a consensus Tnf receptor-associated element (TRAF) binding theme (Recreation area et al., 1999; Ye et al., 1999) that recruits TRAFs to activate transcription elements including NF-B and AP1 (Lee et al., 1997; Yeh et al., 1997). TRAF1 and TRAF2 had been initially determined in proteins complexes that destined to the cytoplasmic website of TNF-R2 (Rothe et al., 1994), as well as mobile inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1) and 2 (Rothe et al., 1995). Nevertheless, another mobile IAP homologue, XIAP (Duckett et al., 1996; Pay attention et al., 1996; Uren et al., 1996), became the concentrate of attention since it was proven to straight inhibit turned on downstream caspases (Deveraux et al., 1997) as well as the N-terminally prepared type of the initiator caspase, caspase 9 (Srinivasula et al., 2001), whereas neither cIAP1 nor cIAP2 can inhibit caspase activity at concentrations that are reached in vivo (Tenev et al., 2005; Eckelman and Salvesen, 2006) However the function of cIAP1 provides remained unclear for quite a while, recent studies have got identified hereditary abnormalities in cIAP1 from sufferers with multiple myeloma that correlate with minimal cIAP1 protein amounts and improved noncanonical NF-B activity (Annunziata et al., 2007; Keats et al., 2007). buy MK-2206 2HCl In keeping with this buy MK-2206 2HCl function, it has been showed that hereditary deletion of cIAP1 in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) causes constitutive noncanonical NF-B activity and Mouse monoclonal to CD4 sensitization to TNF-induced apoptosis (Vince et al., 2007), and lack of cIAP1 sensitizes cells to TNF (Gaither et al., 2007). Strikingly, artificial IAP antagonists, or smac mimetics, which deplete both cIAP1 and 2 proteins amounts, also activate NF-B signaling and enhance TNF loss of life signaling (Li et al., 2004; Gaither et al., 2007; Varfolomeev et al., 2007; Vince et al., 2007). As a result, although the designed focus on of Smac mimetics was XIAP, it would appear that their capability to successfully inhibit cIAP1 and or cIAP2 has a central function in tumor cell eliminating which cIAP1 is normally a central participant in regulating the success and death indicators initiated from TNF-R1 in tumor cells. cIAP1 and 2 had been discovered via their indirect binding to TNF-R2, however they are also within the TNF-R1 complicated (Micheau and Tschopp, 2003; buy MK-2206 2HCl Vince et al., 2007) and also have the potential to modify the signaling from 17 TNF superfamily receptors which contain TRAF2 consensus binding sites. Not surprisingly, it really is still unfamiliar which receptors cIAP1 will bind and exactly how it could be physiologically controlled to regulate signaling from these receptors. TNF-like fragile inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) can be a member from the TNF superfamily (TNFSF12) that engages a receptor termed FN14 (TNFRSF12A). FN14 offers been proven to bind TRAF2 (and TRAFs 1, 3, and 5) inside a candida two-hybrid display (Dark brown et al., 2003) and may start both canonical and noncanonical NF-B activation (Saitoh et al., 2003). It really is unfamiliar how FN14 activates NF-B, but physiological TWEAK/FN14 signaling can inhibit mobile differentiation, promote angiogenesis, cytokine creation, and mobile proliferation, and continues to be suggested to are likely involved in the wound response due to its induction in wounded cells and organs (Vince and Silke, 2006; Winkles et al., 2007). TWEAK also induces apoptosis in HT29 and KATO-III cells pretreated with IFN and offers growth-suppressive results on many cell types (Felli et al., 2005; Maecker et al., 2005). With this paper, we display that binding of TWEAK to endogenous FN14 recruits a complicated including both cIAP1.
Despite considerable proof for a crucial part of neuroligin-1 in the standards of excitatory synapses, the cellular systems and physiological functions of neuroligin-1 in mature neural circuits are poorly understood. as well as the somatic excitability from SNS-314 the LA primary neurons from KO and wild-type (WT) littermate control mice. Nevertheless, we didn’t detect any difference in every of the assessed guidelines between KO and WT littermate mice (Desk S1). These outcomes revealed that this manifestation of NLGN1 had not been directly involved with regulating intrinsic membrane features and neuronal excitability of the main neurons from the LA. We analyzed the voltage-dependency of EPSCs. We elicited EPSCs by revitalizing the inner capsule (thalamic inputs; Fig. 1KO and WT littermate mice (Fig. 1KO mice not merely at positive keeping potentials but also at a poor potential (Fig. 1 and KO mice (= 6, open up circles) and KO mice (= 6, shut circles). (= 16, open up circles) and shNLGN1-contaminated LA neurons of adult rats (= 14, shut circles). The amplitudes of every kind of EPSCs had been normalized to mean current amplitudes from uninfected control cells at either ?60 mV (for AMPAR-EPSCs) or +40 mV (for NMDAR-EPSCs). To corroborate our results from KO mice, we also utilized lentivirus containing a little hairpin RNA series geared to (shNLGN1) to transiently deplete NLGN1 in the LA. We in the beginning confirmed the effectiveness of shNLGN1 by both in vitro manifestation ensure that you in vivo viral delivery towards the amygdala (Fig. S1). In the amygdala pieces ready from rats where shNLGN1 was infused 3C4 times earlier, we built ICV curves for either NMDAR-EPSCs or AMPAR-EPSCs. We further isolated AMPAR- SNS-314 and NMDAR-EPSCs through matching antagonists SNS-314 as referred to in KO mice. The deletion or depletion of NLGN1 led to a similar degree of inhibition (up to 50%) of NMDAR-EPSCs throughout all keeping potentials (except intersections), indicating that neither deletion nor depletion of NLGN1 created any voltage-dependent results on NMDAR-EPSCs, like the open possibility of NMDARs upon membrane depolarization. Another plausible description for the reduces in NMDAR-EPSCs may be the changed route properties of specific NMDARs because of a big change in the subunit structure (14). It had been previously reported that switching from NR2B- to NR2A-containing receptors, that are included into synapses of hippocampal neurons, leads to lowers in NMDAR-EPSCs aswell as their quicker decay (15). To explore this likelihood, we likened the decay kinetics of evoked NMDAR-EPSCs, but discovered no difference (Fig. S2 and and = 7) vs. shNLGN1 group, 81.3 27.9 pAms (= 5). Deletion Affects STD-LTP in the Thalamic however, not Cortical Pathway. LA provides another main auditory afferent pathwaythe cortical inputs as well as the thalamic inputs (10). Several studies claim that synaptic plasticity taking place on the cortico-amygdala synapses may also support dread conditioning, but that it can so in different ways from that in the thalamic pathway, by responding preferentially to weakened or more complicated stimuli (11 C13). We examined the comparative contribution of NMDARs and AMPARs to EPSCs at both afferent inputs by calculating NMDAR/AMPAR ratios while rousing either external or internal tablets, respectively (Fig. 1KO mice, weighed against that of WT control mice (Fig. 3 and KO mice weighed against that of WT littermate handles (Fig. 3 and KO mice. (KO (= 14) vs. KO, 0.21 0.03 (= 16) as well as for the thalamic inputs; WT control, 0.47 0.04 (= 12) vs. KO, 0.25 0.01 (= 12). (KO (= 8) vs. KO, 104.6 3.2% (= 6). (KO ( 0.1); WT control, 153.1 7.7% (= 9) vs. KO, 140.6 10.1% (= 10). Activation of NMDARs SNS-314 in the amygdala can be thought to be needed for induction of synaptic plasticity and storage space of associative dread storage (6, 19 C21). Provided the proclaimed and similar lowers in NMDAR-EPSCs at both afferent inputs towards the LA of KO mice, IL23R synaptic plasticity may be affected appropriately. To examine this likelihood, we utilized a physiologically relevant process to stimulate STD-LTP. This type of LTP continues to be widely regarded as a physiological style of synaptic adjustments through the integration of multiple inputs and therefore has surfaced as an applicant system for learning-related activity in neural circuits (22, 23). To stimulate STD-LTP, we shipped 80 presynaptic stimuli at 2 Hz to elicit excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) within a current-clamp setting, and each stimulus was matched with an.
Background and objective Chemotherapy drugs, such as for example cisplatin (DDP), enhance the success of individuals with lung malignancy by inducing apoptosis in malignancy cells, which quickly develop level of resistance to DDP through uncharacterized systems. dye were utilized to measure the mobile morphology, proliferation, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively. Outcomes Compared to human being lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, the mRNA and 20702-77-6 manufacture proteins manifestation of GLIPR1 had been considerably improved in DDP-resistant A549/DDP cells (p 0.05). Likewise, the mRNA degree of GLIPR1 in DDP-resistant H460/DDP cells was also considerably greater than that in DDP-sensitive H460 cells (p 0.05). Silencing of GLIPR1 in A549/DDP and H460/DDP cells resulted in increased apoptosis with a mitochondrial signaling pathway pursuing incubation with numerous concentrations of DDP. Furthermore, GLIPR1 downregulation markedly decreased the proteins manifestation of Bcl-2, and improved the cleaved Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) and cleaved caspase-3 in DDP-resistant A549/DDP cells. Summary With this research, we shown for the very first time that GLIPR1 could modulate the response of DDP-resistant A549/DDP and H460/DDP cells to cisplatin. Consequently, GLIPR1 deserves additional analysis in the framework of none-small lung malignancy (NSCLC). Introduction The best occurrence of malignant tumors across the world is definitely due to lung malignancy . A lot more than 2.2 million individuals are identified as having lung malignancy each year, and a lot of them are diagnosed at advanced Rabbit polyclonal to YSA1H phases . Chemotherapy enhances the success of both individuals with early stage malignancy after medical procedures and individuals with advanced non-small cell lung malignancy (NSCLC) [3C4]. Cytotoxic medicines, such as for example cisplatin (DDP), could induce DNA harm through numerous signaling molecules, such as for example B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) [5C6]. Although lung malignancy cells quickly develop level of resistance to DDP, the root molecular mechanism of the resistance is not completely characterized . Glioma Pathogenesis-Related Proteins 1 (GLIPR1), a p53 focusing on gene, was originally defined as a tumor suppressor in prostate malignancy [8C10]. The manifestation of GLIPR1 was low in prostate and lung malignancy cells in comparison to regular cells [9, 11]. Additionally, overexpression of GLIPR1 induced apoptosis of lung malignancy cells and prostate malignancy cells by activating reactive air varieties/the JNK pathway , downregulating c-Myc , or suppressing AURKA and TPX2 . On the other hand, GLIPR1 is definitely overexpressed in astrocytic [15C19], wilms , severe myeloid 20702-77-6 manufacture leukemia 20702-77-6 manufacture , and melanoma malignancies. The overexpression of GLIPR1 raises glioma cell proliferation [18C19, 23], whereas the downregulation of GLIPR1 reduces the proliferation of glioma [18, 23] and melanoma cells. Nevertheless, the part of GLIPR1 in mediating DDP level of resistance in human being lung adenocarcinoma A549/DDP and human being huge cell lung malignancy H460/DDP cells hasn’t however been reported. With this research, we discovered that the mRNA and proteins manifestation of GLIPR1 had been considerably improved in DDP-resistant A549/DDP cells in comparison to DDP-sensitive A549 cells (p 0.05). The mRNA degree of GLIPR1 in DDP-resistant H460/DDP cells was also considerably greater than that in DDP-sensitive H460 cells (p 0.05). Silencing of GLIPR1 in A549/DDP and H460/DDP cells resulted in increased apoptosis with a mitochondrial signaling pathway pursuing incubation with numerous concentrations of DDP. Furthermore, GLIPR1 downregulation considerably increased the current presence of triggered caspase-3 and cleaved Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP), and markedly decreased the proteins manifestation of Bcl-2, which is definitely highly indicated in A549/DDP cells and takes on a critical part in the DDP level of resistance of A549/DDP cells . Components and strategies Cell tradition The human being lung adenocarcinoma cell collection A549 as well as the DDP-resistant cell collection A549/DDP were bought from your Xiangya Cell Middle, Central South China University or college (Changsha, China). The human being huge cell lung malignancy cell collection H460 was from the American Type Tradition Collection (ATCC). The DDP-resistant cell collection H460/DDP was generated by dealing with the cells with sequentially improved cisplatin . The cells had been cultured in RPMI 1640 moderate (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin. The DDP level of resistance of A549/DDP and H460/DDP was managed with the addition of 2 g/ml DDP.
FAM3A is a book mitochondrial proteins, and its own biological function remains largely unknown. overexpression inhibited hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced activation of apoptotic gene and hepatocyte loss of life in P2 receptor-dependent way. FAM3A insufficiency blunted rosiglitazone’s helpful results on Akt activation and cell success in cultured hepatocytes. Collectively, FAM3A protects against liver organ IRI by activating Akt success pathways, repressing irritation and attenuating oxidative tension. Moreover, the defensive ramifications of PPAR agonist(s) on liver organ IRI are reliant on FAM3A-ATP-Akt pathway. significant between indicated groupings. Open up in another window Shape 4 PPAR activation didn’t activate Akt pathway, and repress irritation and oxidative tension in FAM3A?/? mouse livers with IRI(A) Scarcity Kenpaullone of FAM3A on T-TOC, SOD activity, MDA level and MPO activity in mouse livers with or without rosiglitazone Kenpaullone pretreatment. (B) Rosiglitazone pretreatment didn’t elevate mobile ATP articles in FAM3A?/? mouse livers with IRI. (C) Scarcity of FAM3A abolished the helpful ramifications of PPAR activation on apoptotic proteins amounts. Representative gel pictures were proven in upper -panel, and quantitative data proven in lower -panel. (D) PPAR activation didn’t repress nuclear NF-B activity in FAM3A?/? mouse livers with IRI. Representative gel pictures were proven in upper -panel, and quantitative data proven in lower -panel. N=8-10, *p 0.05 between indicated two groups; ns, significant between indicated groupings. Rosiglitazone upregulated FAM3A to activate Akt and promote nuclear exclusion of FOXO1 in hepatocytes To help expand determine if the helpful ramifications of PPAR activation on modulation of Akt and FOXO1 actions can be mediated by FAM3A-ATP pathway, hepatocytes had been pretreated with rosiglitazone Rabbit Polyclonal to OR5B12 for 36 hours, and treated with inhibitors of purinergic (P2 receptors) for one hour prior to the analyses of pAkt and pFOXO1 amounts. Rosiglitazone treatment considerably elevated mobile and extracellular ATP amounts in HepG2 cells (Shape ?(Figure5A).5A). Rosiglitazone treatment elevated the proteins degrees of FAM3A, pAkt and pFOXO1 using a reduction in FOXO1 proteins level (Shape ?(Figure5B).5B). Furthermore, rosiglitazone-induced boosts in pAkt and pFOXO1 amounts had been inhibited by P2 receptors PPADS and suramin Kenpaullone Kenpaullone with a rise in FOXO1 proteins level (Shape ?(Figure5B).5B). To help expand confirm the function of FAM3A in rosiglitazone-induced Akt activation and FOXO1 inactivation, FAM3A appearance was initially knockdown by siRNA transfection, and accompanied by rosiglitazone treatment in HepG2 cells. Silencing of FAM3A decreased extracellular ATP content material (Shape ?(Shape5C),5C), decreased cellular pAkt and pFOXO1 amounts with an increase of cellular FOXO1 level (Physique ?(Figure5D).5D). Rosiglitazone-induced upsurge in extracellular ATP level, mobile pAkt and FOXO1 amounts, and reduction in mobile FOXO1 level had been reversed after FAM3A silencing in HepG2 cells (Physique ?(Figure5D).5D). In support, rosiglitazone treatment induced nuclear exclusion of FOXO1, that was clogged by inhibiting P2 receptors (Physique ?(Figure5E)5E) in HepG2 cells. In main cultured mouse hepatocytes, rosiglitazone treatment raised extracellular ATP level, FAM3A manifestation and pAkt level. Rosiglitazone-induced Akt activation was also clogged by P2 receptors (Physique 6AC6B). Silencing of FAM3A decreased extracellular ATP level and mobile pAkt level, and inhibited rosiglitazone-induced Akt activation in main mouse hepatocytes (Physique 6CC6D). In support, FAM3A-deficient mouse hepatocytes exhibited lower extracellular ATP level and mobile pAkt level than WT mouse hepatocytes (Physique 6EC6F). Rosiglitazone didn’t elevate extracellular ATP content material and mobile pAkt level in FAM3A-deficienct hepatocytes (Physique 6EC6F). General, these findings exposed that the consequences of PPAR agonist on Akt activation and FOXO1 repression had been reliant on FAM3A-ATP pathway. Open up in another window Physique 5 Rosiglitazone advertised Akt phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of FOXO1 via FAM3A-ATP Kenpaullone pathway in HepG2 cellsThe cell had been treated with rosiglitazone for 36 hours, and treated with PPADS or suramin for one hour before becoming performed for evaluation. (A) Rosiglitazone pretreatment raised mobile and extracellular ATP amounts in HepG2 cells. (B) Inhibition of P2 receptors repressed rosiglitazone-induced phosphorylation of Akt and FOXO1. Representative gel pictures were demonstrated in upper -panel, and quantitative data demonstrated in lower -panel. N=5, *p 0.05 versus control cells; #p 0.05 versus rosiglitazone-treated cells. (C) Silencing of FAM3A inhibited rosiglitazone-induced elevation in. | 2019-04-20T21:07:56Z | http://www.bostonscienceandengineeringlectures.com/category/fatty-acid-synthase/ |
Prejudice has a bad name but it is an essential tool evolution has given us to help our survival. It is not a bad thing in itself, but it can cause errors of judgement and misuse so it needs to be treated with care. It’s worth thinking it through from first principles, so that you aren’t too prejudiced about prejudice.
I like a few people, dislike a few others, but don’t have any first hand opinion on almost everyone. With over 7 billion people, no-one can ever meet more than a tiny proportion. We see a few more on TV or other media and may form a narrow-channel opinion on some aspects of their character from what is shown in their appearances. Otherwise, any opinion we may have on anyone we have not actually met or spent any time with is prejudice – pre-judgment based on experiences we have had with people who share similarities.
Humans are good at using patterns and similarities as indicators, because it improves our chances of survival. If you see a flame, even though you have never encountered that particular flame before, you are prejudiced about how it might feel if you stick your hand in it. You don’t go all politically correct and assume that making such a pre-judgment is wrong and put your hand in it anyway, since it may well be a very nice flame that tickles and feels good. If you see a tiger running towards you, you probably won’t assume it just wants to cuddle you or get stroked. Prejudices keep us alive. Used correctly, they are a good thing.
Taking examples from human culture, if a salesman smiles at you, you may reasonably engage some filters rather than just treating the forthcoming conversation like any other. Similarly, if a politician promises you milk and honey, you may reasonable wonder who will pay for it, or what they are not telling you. Some salesmen and politicians don’t conform to the prejudice, but enough do to make it worthwhile engaging the filters.
Prejudices can be positive too. If you see some nice strawberries, you probably don’t worry too much that they have been poisoned. If someone smiles at you, you will probably feel warmer emotions towards them. We usually talk about prejudice when we are talking about race or nationality or religion but all prejudice is is pre-judgement of a person or object or situation based on any clues we can pick up. If we didn’t prejudge things at all we would waste a great deal of time and effort starting from scratch at every encounter.
People communicate and learn prejudices from each other too, good and bad. Your parents teach you about flames and tigers to avoid the need for you to suffer. Your family, friends, teachers, neighbors, celebrities, politicians and social media contacts teach you more. You absorb a varied proportion of what they tell you into your own mindset, and the filters you use are governed by your existing prejudices. Some inputs from others will lead to you editing some of your existing prejudices, for better or worse. So your prejudices set will be a complex mix of things you have learned from your own experiences and those learned from others, all processed and edited continually with the processing and editing processes themselves influenced by existing and inherited prejudices.
A lot of encounters in modern life are mediated by the media, and there is a lot of selective prejudice involved in choosing which media to be exposed to. Media messages are very often biased in favour of some groups and against others, but it is hard to avoid them being assimilated into the total experience used for our prejudice. People may choose to watch news channels that have a particular bias because it frames the news in terms they are more familiar with. Adverts and marketing generally also have huge influence, professionally designed to steer our prejudices in particular direction. This can be very successful. Thanks to media messages, I still think Honda makes good cars in spite of having bought one that has easily had more faults than all my previous cars combined. I have to engage my own rationality filters to prevent me considering them for my next car. Prejudice says they are great, personal experience says they are not.
So, modern life provides many sources of errors for our prejudice databases, and many people, companies, governments and pressure groups try hard to manipulate them in their favour, or against others.
Accumulated prejudices are actually a large component of wisdom. Wisdom is using acquired knowledge alongside acquired experience to build a complex mental world model that reliably indicates how a hypothetical situation might play out. The quality of one’s mental world model hopefully improves with age and experience and acquired knowledge, though that is by no means guaranteed. People gain wisdom at different rates, and some seem to manage to avoid doing so completely.
So there is nothing wrong with prejudice per se, it is an essential survival shortcut to avoid the need to treat every experience and encounter with the same checks and precautions or to waste enormous extra time investigating every possible resource from scratch. A well-managed prejudice set and the mental world model built using it are foundation stones of wisdom.
Mental models are extremely important to quality of personal analysis and if they are compromised by inaccurate prejudices we will find it harder to do understand the world properly. It is obviously important to protect prejudices from external influences that are not trustworthy. We need the friendly social sharing that helps us towards genuinely better understanding of the world around us, but we need to identify forces with other interests than our well-being so that we can prevent them from corrupting our mindsets and our mental models, otherwise our predictive ability will be damaged. Politicians and pressure groups would be top of the list of dubious influences. We also tend to put different weightings on advice from various friends, family, colleagues or celebrities, sensibly so. Some people are more easily influenced by others. Independent thought is made much more difficult when peer pressure is added. When faced with peer pressure, many people simply adopt what they believe to be the ‘correct’ prejudice set for ‘their’ ‘tribe’. All those inverted commas indicate that each of these is a matter of prejudice too.
Where we do find problems from prejudice is in areas like race and religion, mainly because our tribal identity includes identification with a particular race or religion (or indeed atheism). Strong tribal forces in human nature push people to favour those of their own tribe over others, and we see that at every level of tribe, whether it is a work group or an entire nation. So we are more inclined to believe good things about our own tribe than others. The number of experiences we have of other tribes is far higher than it was centuries ago. We meet far more people face to face now, and we see very many more via the media. The media exposure we get tends to be subject to bias, but since the media we choose to consume is self-selected, that tends to reinforce existing prejudices. Furthermore, negative representations are more likely to appear on the news, because people behaving normally is not news, whereas people doing bad things is. Through all those combined exposures, we may build extensive personal experience of many members of a group and it is easy to apply that experience to new encounters of others from that group who may not share the same faults or virtues. One way to reduce the problem is to fragment groups into subgroups so that you don’t apply prejudices from one subgroup incorrectly to another.
Inherited experiences, such as those of columnists, experts brought into news interviews or even the loaded questions of news presenters on particular channels are more dangerous since many of the sources are strongly biased or have an interest in changing our views. As a result of massively increased exposures to potentially biased representations of other groups in modern life, it is harder than ever to maintain an objective viewpoint and maintain a realistic prejudice set. It is very easy to accumulate a set of prejudices essentially determined by others. That is very dangerous, especially bearing in mind the power of peer pressure, since peers are also likely to have such corrupted prejudice sets. We call that group-think, and it is not only the enemy of free thought but also the enemy of accurate prediction, and ultimately of wisdom. A mental model corrupted by group-think and inherited biases is of poor quality.
Essential maintenance for good mental models includes checking prejudices regularly against reality. Meeting people and doing things is good practice of course, but checking actual statistics is surprisingly effective too. Many of us hold ideas about traits and behaviors of certain groups that are well away from reality. Governments collect high quality statistics on an amazing range of things. Pressure groups also do, but are far more likely to put a particular spin on their figures, or even bury figures that don’t give the message they want you to hear. Media also put spins on statistics, so it is far better to use the original statistics yourself than to trust someone else’s potentially biased analysis. For us Brits, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html is a good source of trustworthy official statistics, relatively free of government or pressure group spin, though finding the data can sometimes involve tricky navigation.
It is also a good idea to make sure you consume media and especially news from a variety of sources, some explicitly left or right wing or even from pressure groups. This ensures you see many sides of the same story, ensures you stay aware of stories that may not even appear via some channels, and helps train you to spot biases and filter them out when they are there. I read several newspapers every day. So should you. When I have time, I try to go to the original source of any data being discussed so I can get the facts without the spin. Doing this not only helps protect your own mental model, it allows you to predict how other people may see the same stories and how they might feel and react, so it also helps extend your model to include behaviour of other groups of people.
If you regularly debug your prejudices, then they will be far more useful and less of an error source. It will sometimes be obvious that other people hold different ones but as long as you know yours are based on reality, then you should not be influenced to change yours. If you are trying to work out how others might behave, then understanding their prejudices and the reasons they hold them is very useful. It makes up another section of the world model.
Looking at it from a modelling direction, prejudices are the equations, factors and coefficients in a agent-based model, which you run inside your head. Without them, you can’t make a useful model, since you aren’t capable of knowing and modelling over 7 billion individuals. If the equations are wrong, or the factors or coefficients, then the answer will be wrong. Crap in, crap out. If your prejudices are reasonably accurate representations of the behaviours and characteristics of groups as a whole, then you can make good models of the world around you, and you can make sounds predictions. And over time, as they get better, you might even become wise.
Fairy stories as a guide to the future?
OK, clutching at straws for a topic this morning, but here goes. Arthur C. Clarke said that sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic and I agree. Engineers often derive inspiration from science fiction (and vice versa), but the magic in fairy stories might be a rich source of ideas too. If we look to fairy stories to see the sorts of things people do with magic, then we should see some markets for real advanced technology. Not all of them will be feasible, but some will. It may not be a very standard futures technique, but it should work. We won’t know if we don’t try. There is a pretty standard formula now for producing ideas and techniques in science fiction and computer games. Just mix together some nice potions such as synthetic biology, nanotechnology, genetic modification, artificial intelligence, neurotechnology, virtual, quantum and so on, and you can’t go far wrong, you will end up with all the magic you can imagine. Fairy stories are a bit pre-technology, but maybe we’ll see some ideas.
Let’s start with love potions, evil kisses, poisoned needles and the like. These are included in many stories as tricks that conceal means to control others, spy on them, make them do things or think things. Could that be done? Yes, probably. I wrote about hacking into people’s brains and remote controlling them in my ‘Zombies are coming’ piece, and about some related concepts in my pieces on immortality via direct links to the brain. It essentially uses bacteria to infiltrate the other person’s body via hand contact, a simple kiss, or eating something, and once introduced, the bacteria reproduce and synthesise the components that then connect to nerves in the brain and form a remote control channel. So you could create anything in their mind – sensations, memories, ideas, anything. You could make them believe anything, love anyone, or just hack into their mind to see what they are thinking, any of those sorts of things. Sure, it would be difficult, but it will be feasible one day.
Mind reading is already with us to some degree. Some computer games can be controlled by thought, wheelchairs for the disabled. Scientists can even work out what videos someone is thinking about by comparing the electrical signal they emit to those gathered when they were actually viewing a selection of videos earlier.
How about preserving someone? Like sleeping beauty. Well, hibernation research has been going on for ages already, and one day that will come up with the goods too. It probably won’t involve spinning wheels, but an injection of some sort is quite likely.
Invisibility is a common occurrence in fairy stories too, and in real life, scientists can make small objects almost invisible too, using special fabrics that bend light or cameras coupled to light emitting fabrics. So far they only work from one direction, and some only work in small colour ranges, but we’re getting there.
Levitation can be done with magnets and superconductivity. Being in two places at once, well I guess that is called Skype.
I am struggling to think of stuff in fairy stories that can’t already be done in the lab or that we at least have a good idea how to do it. Ah yes, frogs that turn into princes. Well, outside of computer games or virtual worlds, it would be difficult, but as augmented reality becomes everyday stuff, we”’ see lots of people using weird avatars, and who knows, some princes with a sense of fun might well choose to be frogs.
The magic wand would also feature well in augmented reality but in the real world would have little real application except as a simple interface to start other processes.
Actually though, I am going to stop here. Fairy stories are a rich source of ideas for technologies we already have or already know about. A part record of the scope of imagination in days gone by. They maybe aren’t so good as a future tool after all. Maybe we need more science fiction writers to do fairy stories before that will be fixed.
Like most people, I like to think and write about things that are interesting more than those that are important. Of course, we shouldn’t neglect important things just because they are dull. Futurists have their own views as to what is important, and are in a good position to know. Public surveys are useful to tell us what other people think, and we should also give them an appropriate weighting, biased as they are to the present and immediate future. This new one from Pewpoll is a nice easy one to understand, asking simply what are the top priorities for the US government to deal with.
Some of these are very specific to the USA, some are fairly universal. Thankfully, many futurists write loads about economies so I only occasionally cover economic issues. I write far too much about global warming though, because it is fun, but I should cut down on that, and devote more time to other environmental issues, education, medicine, crime, jobs, terrorism and so on. I am always wary of doing issues such as moral breakdown, religion and so on since such things are polarised and many people take offence too easily. I don’t mind offending people per se, but it does affect income to do so, so I do it sparingly. The others I think I do in more or less the right proportions. | 2019-04-18T13:17:56Z | https://timeguide.wordpress.com/tag/futures/ |
This week we have 4 mysteries from Penguin full of sewing, fashion, embroidery, and knitting-Seven Threadly Sins by Janet Bolin, A Finely Knit Murder by Sally Goldenbaum, Murder in Merino by Sally Goldenbaum, and A Wicked Stitch by Amanda Lee. Details at the end of this post on how to win a copy of all 4, and a link to purchase them.
Welcome to Threadville. That’s what the town is called because most of the shops have something to do with needlework. There’s a fabric store, a machine embroidery place, a notions store with laces, buttons and trim, a yarn store, and more. Busloads of shoppers come every week. What could be better?
Well, it would help if the new school of design let the shop owners design their own outfits for a fundraising fashion show, instead of giving them designs to follow exactly. Some of the outfits are ridiculous, like Willow’s cocktail dress. It’s suitable only for a masquerade party as Bo Peep. Thank goodness she made the bloomers—the fashion runway is high and the dress is short!
The business attire designs aren’t any better—unsuitable and dowdy would best describe them. Colors clash, shoes don’t fit, there’s no one to help with hair and makeup, although the school instructs models as well as designers. But it’s the first fashion show, the tickets are cheap, and people want to be entertained so it’ll get better, right?
Antonio is not nearly as entertaining as he thinks. When he announces that the seven stitchers have been given additional titles, it’s in the form of seven “threadly” sins. One is accused of copying other designers, another of being tacky. Willow, in her poofy dress, is accused of gluttony.
His lack of humor is not Antonio’s only fault. He’s handsy with the models. Most everything he says could be taken two ways—or only one when he’s sure his wife is out of hearing.
To make matters worse, he seems to have no knowledge of fashion. To him, every outfit is “beautiful,” every model “lovely.” At rehearsal he crunches mint candies right at the microphone. And he has no class. Paula, his wife of six months, has to forcibly take the mints away from him on the night of the show.
At the reception, just as he pinches one of the models on the behind (she’s seventeen), he begins to choke. Bystanders first thought it was an act, and then thought it was a heart attack. Paula has no idea if he has heart problems or if he’s on any medication. She immediately accuses Willow and Edna of beating Antonio and causing his death—except no one hit him and he’s not dead. Yet.
Paula is determined to ride in the ambulance—alone—with Antonio, but Police Chief Vickie prevails. At the hospital, it’s determined that Antonio had an allergic reaction to almonds, but it’s too late. He dies and is mourned by just about…no one.
Paula, as the spouse, is of course a suspect. Loretta, assistant and designer, Kent, reluctant camera man and designer, Edna and Willow, the often-pinched students—all are suspects. Antonio’s medicine and the almonds that caused his reaction are found in Willow’s cubicle. It’s almost too easy.
On a personal level, Ben and Haylee are making some progress. He’s still trying to move forward after his wife’s death. Clay and Willow seem to be making their way from friends to friends and lovers if only they could get past the one-kiss stage. Thanks to interruptions, they’re stuck at that point. At least they were until Loretta showed up. During the fashion show, Clay disappeared for about forty-five minutes. When he came back, it was with Loretta hanging on his arm and her lipstick on his shirt. She says he was her first love, since fourth grade. He isn’t saying much.
Sally Forth and Tally Ho, Willow’s two dogs are in the midst of things too, although they did manage to miss the skunk spray episode—not many people did. Edna has turned into a nicer person now that she has friends and a home of her own. She does need to learn more about personal space if she wants Clay and Willow together.
The stores in Threadville are welcoming and fun with workshops for customers. It’s enough to make you want to hop a bus and go there too. Willow and Haylee are BFFs, both with complicated but hopeful love lives. Haylee’s three mothers (one biological, two adopted themselves to her), always entertain. Now that Gord, the doctor, is part of the family, he fits right in. It would be wrong not to mention the two cats too. Another great story with a satisfying ending, this is the fifth book in the series. Threaded for Trouble, Thread and Buried, and Night of the Living Thread were all reviewed for KRL. Look for sewing tips at the back of the book.
Nell, Birdie and Cass were thrilled when Izzy had her baby. Now their lives are getting another dose of youth when Birdie’s granddaughter, Gabby, comes for a long visit. She’s going to Sea Harbor Community Day School and throws herself right into the action.
The school isn’t what it used to be and most people think that’s a good thing. It had once been for rich white girls, brought to school daily by small run-about yachts. La-de-dah. Now, scholarships allow a more diverse group of girls, including Anna, who has a social anxiety disorder. Gabby and her BFF, Daisy, befriend her.
Blythe Westerland is a descendant of The Westerlands. Of course, they had no use for a girl child but really, one cannot just give a child away because she’s unsuitable for business (a girl!), so they kept her. The school is now located in the old family home. Because she’s a Westerland, and therefore entitled by money, good looks, and heritage—not to mention she lived in that house—Blythe feels she can override most decisions by the school board to suit her needs, like firing the art teacher.
Blythe is always surrounded by good-looking and/or rich men. She uses and discards them at will. With a home in Boston and one in Sea Harbor, she has a lot to rearrange to her liking.
Cass, who runs a lobstering business with her brother, Pete, broke up with Danny. He was an investigative reporter but now writes books. Nell, Izzy, and Birdie aren’t sure just what’s going on with them now, although they’re all rooting for the pair to get back together. When Cass brings a new guy, Harry, for them to meet, they’re not sure how to react. He’s from the island but hasn’t been there in many years, so they don’t know him. Birdie remembers his parents though. He plans on being around for only a short time, so what’s up with Cass spending so much time with him? He is handsome and maybe has money. It’s best not to ask Cass too many questions.
Blythe doesn’t bother to hide her displeasure with the school’s principal, Elizabeth Hartley. It could be Elizabeth’s stance on scholarships (give more), inclusion (more diversity), or just the fact that Blythe wanted another candidate hired and didn’t get her way. Now she’s mounted an active campaign to get Elizabeth fired. She also wants to have Anna removed as a student since she’s not the “right kind” for “her” school.
During the school’s celebration, Blythe is relaxed from a lot of champagne and the idea that she’ll get her way in everything soon. She meets and greets everyone there, but when her name is called to come forward at the presentation, she’s nowhere to be found.
Searchers discover her body on the rocks by the old boathouse. Did she fall or was she pushed? Maybe she didn’t hit a rock, maybe a rock hit her, with a little help from a human hand. When you’ve offended as many people as Blythe has, it’s hard to choose just which hand would take that risk.
Elizabeth is a suspect of course, but it’s complicated by the fact that she’s dating the police chief, as if that hasn’t caused enough comments already. She’s in her thirties and he’s much older. Although every single age-appropriate woman in town has made a try for the chief, this is the first time he’s reciprocated.
Nell and the others are not the kind to put themselves in danger, but to listen and collate facts. Ben, Nell’s lawyer husband, hears news on a different level, so their information is well-rounded. It’s a matter of deciding—was it personal or was it school-related?
On Thursdays, the women meet to knit, drink wine, talk, and eat. On Fridays, Ben mans the grill for the catch of the day and it’s open house for anyone to drop in. The friendship they have makes you want to join them and never leave.
This is the ninth book in the series. The mystery is good but the setting and characters are what will draw you back again and again. These are people you want to catch up with after time apart. Plus, they’ll share a pattern for fingerless gloves and a recipe for grilled shrimp salad at the back of the book.
When Julia meets the bartender, Jeffrey, he’s sure they’ve met. She says no. That makes it all the more suspicious when he calls and insists on seeing her, any time, any place.
You’d think Julia would be the victim and Jeffery the main suspect, but not in this case. Julia finds Jeffrey, stabbed, and in the back yard of the house she wants to buy. There’s a lot of mystery surrounding her. She decided to buy the house without ever having been inside. She is willing to pay more than asking price to get it even though it needs work. The real estate agent found her with Jeffery, trying to stop the bleeding. Julia’s been very friendly with Danny, a former investigative reporter turned fiction writer. All in all, people would rather think she killed Jeffery than believe a friend or neighbor did it.
Besides all that, Julia’s friendship with Danny is messing with his relationship with Cass, a likable woman with iffy social skills. She’s part of the foursome with Nell, Izzy and Birdie. Every Thursday night, the four meet at Izzy’s knit shop to eat, drink wine, knit and talk. Every Friday night, it’s open house at Nell’s, come one, come all. Ben grills the catch of the day, everybody brings something and Nell makes a side dish or two, salad and dessert always shows up. Izzy’s baby Abby is there with her elderly Golden Retriever, Red, and her protector. That baby gets passed around more than a collection plate on Sunday!
As bartender and part owner of a popular restaurant, Jeffery knows everyone and a lot of their secrets. He’s been odd lately, missing a meeting, spending time in the garage, thinking about the old days. He was seen in deep conversation with Stan, the mayor. He left the restaurant on a busy day–all things he never did before.
Nell and the others get caught up in trying to figure out who killed Jeffery. They don’t go snooping, there’s no breaking and entering, no putting themselves in danger. It’s more a matter of listening and then pooling information.
Of course, they all have personal lives as well. Ben and Nell are coming up on their fortieth anniversary and Mary is planning the party. Nell wanted a quiet evening but fears quiet is not in Mary’s vocabulary. Izzy and Sam are selling her old cottage but that’s been complicated by Jeffery’s death in the back yard. Julia is the determined buyer and they’re puzzled as to why. It’s a nice house but…Cass splits with Danny much to the dismay of the others.
They are a perfect match, not getting in each other’s way but complimenting quirks and oddities. Still, you can’t say too much to Cass or she shuts down. It’s best to stand back and let her figure things out but be ready if needed. Birdie is much older but there are benefits to age. She’s outlived three husbands and doesn’t want for money. She’s got a housekeeper who’s a great cook as well and now a driver since there were a few incidents. She’s good at remembering the old days.
The women have a great friendship, one to envy. They love to knit, eat, cook and welcome everyone to share in their happiness. Izzy’s shop is a place you’d want to go and never leave, unless it was to go to Nell’s on Friday night, or to one of the restaurants, or maybe the bookstore Danny’s folks own. The mystery is a good one and although I had suspects, I switched several times before being right, about half a page before the big reveal.
Since the women spend so much time eating and knitting, it’s only fair they share a pattern for an afghan and recipes for seafood salad that has arugula and/or spinach, cherry tomatoes, shrimp and sea scallops and the dressing to drizzle over the top.
No matter where you live, going to Sea Harbor, Massachusetts, via the pages of this book, is a homecoming. There are eight books in the series which can be read out of order but since you won’t want to miss a thing, I say get them all. This is the paperback of last year’s hard cover version. Look for A Finely Knit Murder in hardcover, out now (see review above).
A Renaissance Faire–a great promotional idea and a lot of fun too. Well, until a murder occurs. It seems Faire planners think the best way to arrange vendor booths is to put like items together. Marcy’s booth is right between Nellie’s and Clara’s. Oh boy, she can’t get away from them.
In town, Nellie Davis has a gift shop two doors down from Seven Year Stitch, Marcy’s embroidery shop. Nellie had her eye on the vacant space for her sister Clara’s shop, but Marcy got there first. Now Nellie and Clara have declared war. When the space between Nellie and Marcy becomes available, Clara opens an embroidery shop too, a near duplicate of Marcy’s. Clara snags potential customers off the street before they reach Marcy’s place. She grabs them as they exit the Stitch and offers to sell them the same items they just bought, but at a lower cost.
Now, what looked like a few enjoyable days at the Faire, look to be a challenge to Marcy’s patience. Clara’s only redeeming quality is her love for her pet rabbit who makes friends with Marcy’s huge dog, much to Clara’s dismay.
When Marcy arrives at the fairgrounds, accompanied by her Irish Wolfhound, Angus, he’s the one to notice something’s up at Clara’s booth. Marcy’s the one to notice Clara’s dead, coincidently during the few minutes it took for Nellie to go fetch food.
Of course, Marcy is a suspect since she found the body and resented Clara’s copycat store and underhanded methods of attracting customers. On the other hand, Marcy is good friends with the police chief and his wife. Her boyfriend, Ted, is a police detective. If anyone knows she wouldn’t/couldn’t kill, it’s them.
The window of opportunity was small though. Clara argued with the falconer and pretty much everyone she ever met. It’s a matter of finding out who was where and when–after that, comes the why of it all.
Marcy has more patience than ten people. Her dog is a delight, especially in scenes with Clara’s bunny. Ted is the ideal boyfriend. If only murders didn’t happen around her, life would be perfect. This is the eighth book in a truly enjoyable series. Look for The Stitching Hour in November.
To enter to win a copy of all 4 threadly Penguins, simply email KRL at krlcontests@gmail[dot]com by replacing the [dot] with a period, and with the subject line “Threadly,” or comment on this article. A winner will be chosen May 9, 2015. U.S. residents only. If entering via email please include your mailing address, and if via comment please include your email address.
Sandra Murphy lives in the shadow of the arch, in the land of blues, booze and shoes—St Louis, Missouri. While writing magazine articles to support her mystery book habit, she secretly polishes two mystery books of her own, hoping, someday, they will see the light of Barnes and Noble. You can also find several of Sandra’s short stories on UnTreed Reads including her new one Bananas Foster. Sandy’s latest short story “The Tater Tot Caper” is one of eleven stories in The Killer Wore Cranberry: Fourths of Mayhem. The annual Thanksgiving anthology has eleven stories and this year, includes recipes. And it’s on sale! Available in all e-versions and in print.
Sounds like a super combination. Thank you.
Oh my! These cozy mysteries sound amazing. I would love to enter into the giveaway. Thank you so much.
What a wonderful reading opportunity!
I love cozies. These look so fun.
I love these types of books. There’s a good balance of mystery, lifestyle details, fleshed out characters, and usually just enough of an ongoing thread of storyline from book to book to keep me reading the next ones out! Recipes and craft projects are a bonus! I’m a voracious reader, so I need lots of books!
I knit, crochet and tat so these should be right up my alley! Thanks for such a wonderful reading group!
WOW! These stories sound great! Been looking for a new read and would love to cozy up with these! Thanks for the opportunity to win!!
thank you for such a GREAT collection for this giveaway!!!!
I would LOVE to win all 4 books! Hopefully this will happen!
Four wonderful cozy series! Nice review. What a wonderful giveaway! | 2019-04-25T17:59:33Z | http://kingsriverlife.com/05/02/four-threadly-penguin-mysteries/ |
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Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 There are numerous companies with fantastic potential that fail due to the lack of understanding the owners have concerning advertising or in fact making a sale.
There will certainly be many visitors that come to see the vehicles, yet without that added press, there will be no sales.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 A website without a sales channel is the same, which is why you require to purchase Click Funnels in order to obtain the most number of sales possible.
Click Funnels supply you with a pre-designed and well-curated sales funnel which will take your site visitors with a convincing journey that will make them acquire your product at the end. This last purpose can be various relying on the product that you market or the service that you supply. Nonetheless, Click Funnels have created a series of sales funnels that can lead you to accomplish your objectives by taking your site visitors through a well considered sales funnels. Following are several of the goals which can be fulfilled by a sales funnels.
A sales channel positively impacts the thought procedure of your visitors to make the decision to move forward with your goal. This is basically providing that little press a salesman would certainly give up a physical store to lastly compose the way of thinking to go in advance with an acquisition.
A web site is similar to an online shop, and also the function of placing a huge investment into creating a website is to ultimately assist increase the earnings of your service. Most individuals, specifically the startups as well as the business owners that are new to the online service world focus way too much on the appearances of the design to think about whether it is efficient enough to really make a sale.
Drawing in brand-new visitors to the website is the first as well as one of the most important tasks that a sales channel does. This is the mouth of the channel. This phase is narrower and in the next step of the channel and also must be well maintained since they are most likely to make a purchase in the following couple of stages as long as you maintain them impressed.
Closing is the last of a funnel where a lead ends up being a customer. They proactively make the order and buy your item, register for your newsletter or generally do exactly what you intended them to do by developing the funnel. Following degree is consumer retention or keeping them pleased with your product or the acquisition, so they end up being return customers.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 It is a preferred– and also instead frightening– fact that everybody in business globe has actually listened to that “90% of the start-ups fall short”. If you look at these failed businesses which once began with much vitality and interest, they hardly ever fail because the principle or the concept of business itself was poor.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018There are numerous companies with excellent potential that stop working as a result of the absence of knowledge the founders have regarding advertising and marketing or really making a sale.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 It is similar to a car sale without a salesperson. There will certainly be several site visitors that pertain to see the vehicles, but without that added push, there will certainly be no sales. A site without a sales funnel coincides, which is why you have to acquire Click Funnels in order to get the most number of sales feasible.
Click Funnels offer you with a pre-designed and also well-curated sales funnel which will certainly take your site visitors with a convincing journey that will make them buy your product at the end. This final purpose can be different depending upon the item that you market or the solution that you provide. However, Click Funnels have actually developed a series of sales funnels that could lead you to attain your purposes by taking your visitors through a well thought out sales funnels. Complying with are a few of the goals which could be met by a sales funnels.
A sales funnel positively influences the idea process of your site visitors to make the decision to go ahead with your objective. This is basically considering that little press a salesperson would give in a physical store to finally make up the attitude to go ahead with a purchase.
A site is comparable to a digital shop, and the function of placing a big investment into designing a web site is to inevitably help increase the profits of your business. Most individuals, especially the startups and the entrepreneurs who are new to the online business world emphasis also a lot on the looks of the style to think about whether it works enough to in fact make a sale.
The Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 larger the variety of site visitors drew in to the site, the much more energetic customers there will be at completion. This is done by attractive styles as well as layouts of web sites, easy to use user interfaces and simple social networks includes that aid satisfied site visitors to get the word out. The conversion process is when a mere visitor ends up being a potential consumer, which is a lead. This phase is narrower as well as in the next action of the funnel and also need to be well maintained since they are most likely making a purchase in the next few phases as long as you keep them pleased.
Closing is the last of a channel where a lead comes to be a client. They actively make the order and purchase your item, enroll in your e-newsletter or primarily do just what you planned them to do by creating the funnel. Following degree is consumer retention or keeping them happy with your item or the purchase, so they become return consumers.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 It is a popular– as well as rather frightening– fact that everyone in the company globe has actually heard that “90% of the start-ups stop working”. If you have a look at these fallen short services which as soon as began with much vitality as well as enthusiasm, they seldom fall short because the concept or the suggestion of the business itself was poor.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018There are lots of businesses with fantastic potential that stop working because of the absence of expertise the owners have concerning advertising or in fact making a sale.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 It is comparable to a car sale without a sales representative. There will be lots of visitors that come to see the cars, however without that added push, there will certainly be no sales. A site without a sales funnel is the exact same, which is why you have to acquire Click Funnels to get the most number of sales possible.
Click Funnels give you with a pre-designed and also well-curated sales funnel which will certainly take your site visitors via a persuading journey that will certainly make them purchase your item at the end. This final objective could be different relying on the item that you offer or the service that you use. However, Click Funnels have produced a series of sales funnels that could lead you to attain your goals by taking your visitors with a well believed out sales funnels. Following are some of the purposes which can be satisfied by a sales funnels.
A sales funnel positively impacts the mind of your site visitors making the choice to move forward with your objective. This is basically considering that little push a salesperson would certainly give in a physical store to finally comprise the way of thinking to proceed with a purchase.
An internet site resembles an online store, and also the function of placing a huge financial investment into making a web site is to ultimately aid enhance the profits of your service. Most individuals, particularly the startups and the business owners that are new to the online service world emphasis also much on the looks of the layout to think about whether it works sufficient to really make a sale.
You may invest a whole lot of money to work with the very best internet developers as well as developers, as well as they might also supply an excellent looking site to you, but if you need to consider the sales process within the website, your financial investment will just cost you cash without a return. This is why you should purchase Click Funnels. A site created through that service is laser-focused to supply terrific advertising and marketing and sales results from the beginning throughout. Adhering to are the 4 important points that a well chose as well as placed sales funnels do.
Drawing in brand-new site visitors to the website is the initial and one of the most vital tasks that a sales channel does. This is the mouth of the funnel. This stage is narrower as well as in the following action of the channel as well as ought to be well maintained because they are likely to make an acquisition in the next few stages as long as you maintain them satisfied.
Closing is the last stage of a funnel where a lead ends up being a customer. They actively make the order and acquire your item, enroll in your e-newsletter or basically do what you intended them to do by developing the funnel. Next degree is consumer retention or keeping them thrilled with your product or the acquisition, so they end up being return consumers.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 It is a really popular– as well as rather frightening– statistic that everyone in the service world has actually listened to that “90% of the start-ups fall short”. If you look at these failed companies which once began with much vigor and excitement, they hardly ever fall short due to the fact that the concept or the idea of business itself was negative.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018There are several services with great prospective that stop working due to the absence of expertise the founders have concerning advertising and marketing or in fact making a sale.
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Click Funnels offer you with a pre-designed and also well-curated sales channel which will certainly take your visitors through a persuading journey that will make them purchase your product at the end. This last objective could be different relying on the product that you offer or the service that you use. Click Funnels have actually developed an array of sales funnels that can lead you to achieve your goals by taking your site visitors with a well thought out sales funnels. Following are some of the objectives which can be satisfied by a sales funnels.
A sales channel favorably influences the mind of your visitors to earn the choice to go forward with your goal. This is extra or much less considering that little push a salesperson would provide in a physical shop to finally comprise the frame of mind to go in advance with a purchase.
A web site is comparable to an online store, as well as the function of putting a big financial investment right into designing a website is to ultimately assist enhance the earnings of your company. Lots of people, especially the startups and the business owners that are brand-new to the online business world focus way too much on the looks of the style to think about whether it works enough to really make a sale.
This is why you require to acquire Click Funnels. Complying with are the 4 major points that a well picked as well as put sales funnels do.
Attracting brand-new site visitors to the website is the first and also among the most important tasks that a sales funnel does. This is the mouth of the funnel.
The Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 bigger the variety of site visitors brought in to the site, the a lot more energetic customers there will be at completion. This is done by appealing designs and also themes of sites, user-friendly interfaces as well as easy social media showcases that help pleased visitors to get the word out. The conversion process is when a simple site visitor ends up being a prospective consumer, which is a lead. This stage is narrower and in the next action of the channel and ought to be well maintained since they are likely to make a purchase in the following couple of phases as long as you keep them pleased.
Closing is the last of a channel where a lead becomes a client. They proactively make the order and also buy your product, authorize up for your e-newsletter or generally do just what you planned them to do by creating the funnel. Following degree is client retention or maintaining them happy with your item or the purchase, so they come to be return clients.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 It is a really popular– as well as rather frightening– fact that everybody in business globe has listened to that “90% of the startups fall short”. If you take a look at these stopped working services which once started with much vigor as well as interest, they seldom fail since the idea or the suggestion of business itself misbehaved.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018There are many organisations with excellent prospective that fail because of the absence of understanding the founders have concerning advertising or really making a sale.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 It is similar to a cars and truck sale without a sales representative. There will certainly be several site visitors who pertain to see the cars, however without that added press, there will certainly be no sales. A site without a sales funnel coincides, which is why you need to get Click Funnels so as to get the most number of sales feasible.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 Click Funnels have created a variety of sales funnels that can lead you to attain your objectives by taking your site visitors through a well thought out sales funnels.
A sales channel favorably affects the idea process of your site visitors making the decision to go onward with your objective. This is basically giving that little press a sales representative would certainly provide in a physical shop to lastly comprise the attitude to proceed with an acquisition.
A website is comparable to a virtual shop, as well as the function of putting a large financial investment into developing an internet site is to inevitably assist raise the profits of your company. Most individuals, particularly the startups and the entrepreneurs that are new to the online company world focus excessive on the looks of the layout to consider whether it works enough to in fact make a sale.
This is why you need to buy Click Funnels. Complying with are the 4 primary points that a well picked and also placed sales funnels do.
Bring in brand-new visitors to the site is the first as well as one of the most vital tasks that a sales channel does. This is the mouth of the channel. This phase is narrower and also in the following step of the channel and also ought to be well preserved because they are most likely to make an acquisition in the next couple of stages as long as you keep them amazed.
Closing is the last of a channel where a lead comes to be a client. They proactively make the order and also purchase your item, sign up for your newsletter or basically do what you intended them to do by creating the funnel. Following level is client retention or maintaining them thrilled with your item or the acquisition, so they become return clients.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 There are lots of businesses with excellent possible that stop working due to the absence of understanding the creators have concerning advertising or actually making a sale.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 A web site without a sales funnel is the very same, which is why you require to get Click Funnels in order to get the most number of sales feasible.
Click Funnels give you with a pre-designed as well as well-curated sales funnel which will take your visitors with a convincing trip that will make them acquire your product at the end. This last purpose could be various depending on the product that you offer or the service that you use. Click Funnels have actually created a variety of sales funnels that could lead you to accomplish your objectives by taking your visitors via a well believed out sales funnels. Complying with are a few of the objectives which could be satisfied by a sales funnels.
A sales channel favorably impacts the mind of your visitors to earn the choice to go forward with your purpose. This is basically considering that little press a salesman would give up a physical store to finally compose the attitude to go on with a purchase.
A site resembles an online shop, and the function of putting a large investment into developing a website is to eventually assist raise the revenue of your service. The majority of people, specifically the start-ups as well as the entrepreneurs who are brand-new to the online company globe focus way too much on the appearances of the layout to think about whether it is effective enough to actually make a sale.
You may invest a great deal of money to employ the very best internet developers as well as developers, and also they might even supply an excellent looking internet site to you, yet if you need to think regarding the sales process within the website, your financial investment will just cost you money without a return. This is why you should buy Click Funnels. An internet site developed via that service is laser-focused to supply terrific advertising as well as sales impacts from the starting to the end. Complying with are the 4 main points that a well selected and placed sales funnels do.
The Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 larger the variety of visitors brought in to the website, the more active customers there will certainly go to the end. This is done by attractive styles as well as templates of internet sites, easy to use user interfaces as well as very easy social networks features that assistance impressed site visitors to get the word out. The conversion process is when a mere visitor ends up being a possible customer, which is a lead. This phase is narrower as well as in the following action of the channel and also must be well preserved given that they are likely making an acquisition in the next couple of phases as long as you keep them pleased.
Closing is the last of a channel where a lead becomes a consumer. They actively make the order and purchase your product, authorize up for your newsletter or essentially do just what you meant them to do by developing the channel. Following degree is consumer retention or maintaining them thrilled with your product or the purchase, so they end up being return clients.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 It is an incredibly popular– and also rather frightening– statistic that everybody in business globe has listened to that “90% of the startups fail”. If you have a look at these failed organisations which as soon as began with much vigor as well as enthusiasm, they hardly ever stop working because the principle or the idea of business itself was bad.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018There are lots of businesses with wonderful potential that stop working because of the absence of expertise the founders have concerning marketing or really making a sale.
It does not matter exactly how terrific your item or the service is if you do not know the best ways to transform your introduce conversions.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 It resembles an auto sale without a sales representative. There will certainly be several visitors who come to see the vehicles, however without that added push, there will be no sales. A site without a sales channel is the very same, which is why you should purchase Click Funnels to get the most number of sales possible.
Click Funnels offer you with a pre-designed as well as well-curated sales channel which will take your visitors with a persuading journey that will certainly make them purchase your item at the end.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 Click Funnels have created a range of sales funnels that can lead you to accomplish your objectives by taking your site visitors via a well thought out sales funnels.
A sales funnel favorably affects the thought process of your visitors making the choice to move forward with your purpose. This is essentially considering that little push a salesman would give up a physical store to ultimately comprise the mindset to go on with a purchase.
An internet site is comparable to a digital shop, as well as the objective of placing a big financial investment into developing an internet site is to ultimately help increase the income of your business. Many people, especially the startups and the entrepreneurs that are brand-new to the online service globe focus also much on the appearances of the design to take into consideration whether it is efficient sufficient to actually make a sale.
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A sales funnel favorably impacts the mind of your site visitors to make the decision to move forward with your purpose. This is essentially offering that little push a salesman would provide in a physical shop to ultimately comprise the way of thinking to proceed with an acquisition.
An internet site resembles an online shop, as well as the purpose of putting a big investment right into making a site is to inevitably aid enhance the income of your business. The majority of people, particularly the startups and also the business owners that are brand-new to the online organisation world focus too much on the looks of the layout to consider whether it works enough to actually make a sale.
You could spend a great deal of loan to hire the very best internet developers as well as programmers, as well as they might even deliver a great looking website to you, yet if you need to believe about the sales procedure within the website, your investment will just cost you money without a return. This is why you should get Click Funnels. An internet site created via that service is laser-focused to deliver excellent advertising and marketing as well as sales results from the starting to the end. Following are the four important things that a well picked and also positioned sales funnels do.
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A sales channel favorably influences the mind of your site visitors to earn the decision to go forward with your goal. This is a lot more or less considering that little push a salesperson would give up a physical shop to ultimately comprise the attitude to go on with an acquisition.
An internet site resembles a digital store, as well as the purpose of putting a huge financial investment into making a web site is to inevitably aid enhance the income of your business. Many people, specifically the startups as well as the entrepreneurs that are new to the online organisation world emphasis as well much on the looks of the layout to take into consideration whether it is effective enough to in fact make a sale.
You could spend a lot of cash to work with the most effective web designers and programmers, and also they might even deliver a terrific looking website to you, however if you have to think of the sales process within the web site, your investment will only cost you loan without a return. This is why you have to get Click Funnels. A web site produced with that solution is laser-focused to provide wonderful advertising and marketing and also sales results from the beginning to the end. Adhering to are the 4 main points that a well chose as well as placed sales funnels do.
Drawing in new site visitors to the internet site is the initial and also one of the most important jobs that a sales funnel does. This is the mouth of the funnel.
The Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 bigger the variety of site visitors attracted to the site, the more active consumers there will certainly be at completion. This is done by appealing designs and also layouts of sites, easy to use user interfaces and simple social media sites features that aid satisfied site visitors to spread out the word. The conversion procedure is when a simple visitor comes to be a prospective customer, which is a lead. This stage is narrower and in the following step of the channel and need to be well maintained because they are most likely to make an acquisition in the next couple of stages as long as you keep them pleased.
Closing is the last of a funnel where a lead becomes a consumer. They proactively make the order and purchase your item, register for your newsletter or primarily do what you meant them to do by developing the channel. Following degree is consumer retention or keeping them thrilled with your product or the acquisition, so they become return consumers.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 There are several companies with excellent potential that stop working due to the lack of understanding the founders have concerning advertising or really making a sale.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 A web site without a sales funnel is the exact same, which is why you require to acquire Click Funnels in order to get the most number of sales possible.
Click Funnels give you with a pre-designed and also well-curated sales funnel which will certainly take your site visitors via a persuading journey that will certainly make them purchase your product at the end.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 Click Funnels have produced a variety of sales funnels that can lead you to achieve your purposes by taking your visitors with a well believed out sales funnels.
A sales funnel positively impacts the thought process of your visitors to make the choice to go forward with your objective. This is much more or much less offering that little push a salesman would certainly provide in a physical store to lastly make up the state of mind to go on with a purchase.
A website is similar to an online shop, as well as the function of placing a big financial investment into creating a site is to ultimately help increase the revenue of your organisation. Lots of people, particularly the startups as well as the entrepreneurs that are brand-new to the online company globe focus way too much on the appearances of the design to think about whether it is efficient enough to in fact make a sale.
You could spend a great deal of money to hire the very best web developers and designers, and also they may even supply a fantastic looking site to you, but if you have to think about the sales process within the website, your investment will just cost you cash without a return. This is why you should get Click Funnels. An internet site developed via that service is laser-focused to supply excellent advertising and marketing and sales impacts from the beginning throughout. Adhering to are the 4 important things that a well picked and also put sales funnels do.
Drawing in new visitors to the site is the very first and one of the most vital tasks that a sales funnel does. This is the mouth of the channel. This stage is narrower and in the next action of the funnel and also need to be well preserved since they are most likely to make a purchase in the next few phases as long as you keep them pleased.
Closing is the last stage of a channel where a lead comes to be a customer. They actively make the order and also acquire your item, register for your newsletter or generally do exactly what you meant them to do by creating the funnel. Following degree is client retention or keeping them pleased with your item or the acquisition, so they become return consumers.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 There are lots of organisations with fantastic possible that stop working due to the lack of knowledge the owners have regarding marketing or in fact making a sale.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 A site without a sales channel is the very same, which is why you require to purchase Click Funnels in order to obtain the most number of sales feasible.
Click Funnels give you with a pre-designed and well-curated sales channel which will take your site visitors via a persuading trip that will make them buy your item at the end.
Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 Click Funnels have actually developed a variety of sales funnels that can lead you to attain your purposes by taking your site visitors with a well thought out sales funnels.
A sales funnel positively impacts the mind of your visitors making the decision to move forward with your objective. This is basically considering that little push a salesman would certainly give up a physical shop to ultimately comprise the mindset to go in advance with an acquisition.
An internet site resembles a digital shop, and the function of placing a big investment into developing a web site is to eventually assist enhance the revenue of your service. Most people, especially the startups and the entrepreneurs that are new to the online organisation globe focus excessive on the appearances of the style to take into consideration whether it is reliable enough to in fact make a sale.
Drawing in new visitors to the site is the very first and among the most crucial tasks that a sales funnel does. This is the mouth of the channel.
The Clickfunnels coupon stackable August 2018 larger the number of site visitors attracted to the website, the more active consumers there will go to the end. This is done by eye-catching designs and also themes of websites, easy to use interfaces and also very easy social media showcases that help amazed visitors to spread the word. The conversion procedure is when a mere site visitor becomes a possible customer, which is a lead. This stage is narrower and in the next action of the funnel and also ought to be well preserved considering that they are most likely to earn a purchase in the following couple of stages as long as you maintain them satisfied.
Closing is the last of a channel where a lead comes to be a customer. They actively make the order as well as acquire your product, register for your newsletter or essentially do exactly what you meant them to do by producing the channel. Following degree is customer retention or maintaining them pleased with your item or the purchase, so they end up being return customers. | 2019-04-20T18:57:11Z | https://oldjewstellingjokesonstage.com/clickfunnels-coupon-stackable-august-2018/ |
Masao Hayashi, M.D.; Sumedha G. Penheiter, Ph.D.; Tetsuzo Nakayama, M.D.; Alan R. Penheiter, Ph.D.; David O. Warner, M.D.; et al Keith A. Jones, M.D.
* Research Fellow, † Research Technologist, ‡ Assistant Professor, § Professor.
There are conflicting reports concerning the efficacy of β2-receptor agonists when administered in the presence of volatile anesthetics. In several studies using a variety of experimental models, halothane impaired β2receptor–mediated cell function,15,16 e.g. , halothane markedly attenuated isoproterenol-induced relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.16 This effect was considered to be due to inhibition of the β2receptor and/or its cognate stimulatory heterotrimeric guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP)–binding protein (G protein), because smooth muscle relaxation induced by activation of the signaling pathway distal to the G protein was not inhibited by halothane.16 On the other hand, β2-receptor agonists relieve bronchospasm during halothane anesthesia in animal models of asthma.17 In addition, we found that halothane did not affect the ability of isoproterenol to relax isolated canine tracheal smooth muscle contracted with acetylcholine.18 However, because halothane alters numerous other signaling systems in intact cells, this latter study could not be unambiguously interpreted in the context of direct anesthetic effects on β2receptor–Gαscoupling. Because halothane inhibits the coupling between the muscarinic receptor and the heterotrimeric G protein Gq/11,19 similar effects on the β2receptor–Gαscomplex could occur.
The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether halothane affects the functional coupling between the β2receptor and its cognate heterotrimeric G protein, Gs. We tested the hypothesis that halothane does not affect isoproterenol-promoted guanosine nucleotide exchange at the α subunit of Gs(Gαs) and hence would not affect isoproterenol-induced decreases in Ca2+sensitivity in permeabilized airway smooth muscle. Experiments were also conducted to assess the effect of halothane on the biochemical coupling between the β1receptor and Gαsas a positive control, because halothane is known to inhibit isoproterenol binding to this receptor20 and hence should inhibit β1–Gαscoupling.
After obtaining approval from the Mayo Foundation Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota), porcine tracheas were procured by euthanasia of research animals. The animals were first anesthetized by intramuscular injection of Telazol (10 ml/kg) (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) and xylazine (6 mg/kg) and intravenous injection of Nembutal (400–600 mg) (Ovation Pharmaceuticals Inc., Deerfield, IL), and then killed by exsanguination via bilateral transection of the carotid arteries. Then, the extrathoracic tracheas were excised and immersed in chilled physiologic salt solution of the following composition: 110.5 mm NaCl, 25.7 mm NaHCO3, 5.6 mm dextrose, 3.4 mm KCl, 2.4 mm CaCl2, 1.2 mm KH2PO4, and 0.8 mm Mg2SO4. After removal of fat, connective tissue, and epithelium, the tracheal smooth muscle was cut into strips (0.8–1.2 cm long × 0.25–0.5 mm wide) for isometric force measurements.
COS-7 cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (10% DMEM) and penicillin and streptomycin (50 U/ml each). The day before transfection, confluent cells were trypsinized and seeded in 10-cm tissue culture dishes so as to reach 90% confluence in 24 h (approximately 4.5 × 106cells per 10-cm dish). The cells were then transiently transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) as per the manufacturer's recommendation. Briefly, for each 10-cm plate transfection, the complementary DNA (cDNA) constructs were each mixed (5 min, room temperature) with 1.5 ml Opt-MEM I (Invitrogen) in a 50-ml falcon tube. For transfection of Gαsonly, 5 μg cDNA plus 5 μg of the vector plasmic cDNA 3.1 were used for each 10-cm plate transfection; for cotransfection experiments, 5 μg β1or β2cDNA and 5 μg GαscDNA were used. Lipofectamine 2000 was mixed in another falcon tube with 1.5 ml Opti-MEM (2.5 μg/μl cDNA to be transfected). The two solutions were then mixed and allowed to stand for 20 min at room temperature to promote DNA–Lipofectamine complex formation. Three milliliters of the transfection mixture was added to each 10-cm plate with 5 ml 10% DMEM without penicillin/streptomycin. The transfection mixture was replaced with 7 ml fresh 10% DMEM plus penicillin/streptomycin after 12 h. Twenty-four hours after transfection, the cells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline, scraped in ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline, transferred to 1.5-ml microfuge tubes, and pelleted by centrifugation at 500g (2 min at 4°C). The cells were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until they were used to prepare crude membranes.
Crude membrane was prepared as previously described for tissue with several modifications.19,28 Frozen cells from three 10-cm plates were suspended for 15 min in ice-cold lysis buffer (500 μl per plate) composed of 20 mm HEPES (pH 8.0), 1 mm EDTA, 0.1 mm phenylmethysulfonyl fluoride, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, and 2 μg/ml aprotinin and then gently homogenized on ice by repeated passage through a 27-gauge needle (approximately 10–12 times). The lysate was then subjected to low-speed centrifugation (400g , 10 min, 4°C) to remove intact cells and nuclei and then to ultracentrifugation (87,000g , 30 min, 4°C) to pellet the crude membrane. The membrane pellet was washed with lysis buffer and resuspended in assay buffer (100 μl per plate) composed of 50 mm Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 100 mm NaCl, 4.8 mm MgCl2, and 1 μm GDP, and the membrane protein concentration was determined.29 The crude membrane suspension was then diluted with assay buffer to a protein concentration of 2 mg/ml, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70°C until used for the assay.
Gαsnucleotide exchange was assayed using methods originally described by Barr et al. 30 and previously used by our laboratory.28 Reaction mixtures containing 10 μg membrane protein, 100 mm NaCl, 4.8 mm MgCl2, and 1 μm GDP, with or without halothane and with or without isoproterenol, in a total volume of 62 μl were preincubated for 5 min at 30°C. The assay was initiated by the addition 5 μl of the radioactive, nonhydrolyzable form of GTP, [35S]GTPγS, to the reaction mixture (1,250 Ci/mmol; 10 nm final concentration in assay). Reactions were terminated at times according to experimental design, and the supernatant was subjected to the immunoprecipitation step of the assay. Radioactivity was quantified by scintillation counting. Background radioactivity measurements were determined by performing tandem experiments with the same amount of protein except that the assay was immediately terminated with 600 μl ice-cold immunoprecipitation buffer. The amount of background radioactivity was less than 30% of the radioactivity of the basal Gαsnucleotide exchange measurements. Halothane had no effect on this nonspecific background radioactivity. Data were normalized to the amount of protein and the specific activity of the [35S]GTPγS in the assay, and each experimental condition was assayed in triplicate.
β1and β2were quantified in the crude membranes prepared from COS-7 cells by saturation binding with the tritium-labeled β1/β2receptor antagonist [5,7-3H](−)CGP-12177.31,32 Specific binding was determined in triplicate assays with a single saturating concentration of [5,7-3H](−)CGP-12177 of 6 nm. Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 5 μm propranolol. Aliquots of membranes containing 20 μg protein from COS-7 cells cotransfected with β1and Gαs, β2and Gαs, or untransfected COS-7 cells were incubated (90 min, 25°C) in a total volume of 0.5 ml containing 6 nm [5,7-3H](−)CGP-12177, with or without 5 μm propranolol, 50 mm Tris, and 10 mm MgCl2(pH 7.4). After the 90-min incubation, reactions were applied to prewetted Whatman GF/B filters using a Brandel cell harvester (Gaithersburg, MD) and washed three times with 10 ml Tris, 50 mm, pH 7.4, and 10 mm MgCl2. Bound radioactivity on the filters was quantified by scintillation counting.
For physiologic studies of permeabilized airway smooth muscle strips in the superfusion apparatus, halothane was added to the aqueous buffers via a calibrated halothane vaporizer by vigorous aeration of the solutions as previously described.11,12,33 For biochemical studies of Gαsnucleotide exchange, saturated aqueous stocks of halothane were prepared and added directly to the reaction tubes in volumes that produced the desired final anesthetic concentration.34–37 To account for the unavoidable rapid loss of halothane upon mixing in the assay tubes, tandem experiments were conducted under the same assay conditions where anesthetic concentrations were measured after hexane extraction by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector (Hewlett-Packard, Waltham, Massachusetts, model 5880A) according to the method of Van Dyke and Wood38 and previously used by our laboratory24,28,35,39,40 In preliminary studies, we found that after an initial loss of approximately 30% due to transfer and mixing, the amount of halothane in the reaction tube was relatively stable, with less than 5% additional loss during the longest assay time in this report (5 min).
Effect of Halothane on Isoproterenol-induced Inhibition of Ca2+Sensitivity.
An example of the experimental protocol is shown in figure 1. After permeabilization of a pair of strips obtained from the same animal, one strip was superfused with relaxing solution containing 0.73 ± 0.17 mm halothane (2.7 ± 0.7 MAC for pigs),37 which was maintained for the duration of the protocol. The second strip was not exposed to halothane and served as a control for the effect of isoproterenol on isometric force. Then, both strips were contracted by superfusion with solution containing 180 nm free Ca2+plus 1 μm GTP for 15 min, which, in preliminary studies, induced contractions (referred to hereafter as “initial force”) of 40–50% of maximal force that were stable for up to 2 h. Concentrations of GTP less than 5 μm do not induce changes in isometric force induced by free Ca2+alone (preliminary data not shown). Finally, concentration–response curves were generated for isoproterenol (0.1–100 μm) with both strips during constant activation with 180 nm free Ca2+plus 1 μm GTP by increasing the isoproterenol concentration in the superfusate every 15 min. The effect of isoproterenol on isometric force is expressed as a percentage of the initial forces induced by 180 nm free Ca2+.
Fig. 1. Representative tracings of the experimental protocol designed to determine the effect of halothane on isoproterenol-induced inhibition of isometric force in porcine tracheal smooth muscle strips permeabilized with Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin. See text for description of the experimental protocol .
Effect of Isoproterenol on Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP Exchange.
These studies were conducted to determine the time course for [35S]GTPγS incorporation into Gαsand the concentrations of isoproterenol that produce half-maximal or maximal promotion of Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange. These data were then used to guide the design of subsequent protocols to examine the effect of halothane on Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange. To determine the time course for Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange, crude membrane prepared from β1–Gαsor β2–Gαscotransfected COS-7 cells were incubated for 5 min without (for basal [35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange measurements) or with (for isoproterenol-promoted [35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange) 10 nm isoproterenol, and then the reactions were initiated with [35S]GTPγS. The reactions were terminated after 1, 2, 5, or 10 min, and then the samples were subjected to the immunoprecipitation step of the assay.
To determine the isoproterenol concentration that produced half-maximal and maximal promotion of Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange, crude membrane prepared from β1–Gαsor β1–Gαscotransfected COS-7 cells were incubated without or with various concentrations of isoproterenol (0.01–1,000 nm) for 5 min. The reactions were then terminated 10 min after initiation with [35S]GTPγS, and the samples were subjected to the immunoprecipitation step of the assay. The isoproterenol-promoted increase in Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was expressed as a percentage of the difference between the basal exchange values (measured in the absence of isoproterenol) and those measured in the presence of the isoproterenol concentration that produced the maximal effect.
Characterization of GαsNucleotide Exchange Assay.
To determine the dependence of isoproterenol-promoted Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange on expression of the human β1or β2adrenergic receptor (referred hereafter as β1or β2, respectively), measurements were made using crude membrane prepared from COS-7 cells transfected with cDNA for human Gαsonly, or cotransfected with the cDNAs for β1and Gαs, or β2and Gαs. The crude membrane was incubated with or without 10 nm isoproterenol for 5 min, and then the reactions were initiated with [35S]GTPγS. The reactions were terminated after 5 min, and the samples were subjected to the immunoprecipitation step of the assay.
Effect of Halothane on [35S]GTPγS–GDP Exchange.
Crude membrane prepared from β1–Gαsor β2–Gαscotransfected COS-7 cells were incubated without or with 10 nm isoproterenol for 5 min. Then, the samples were incubated with 0.75 or 1.5 mm halothane (approximately 2.8 and 5.6 MAC for pigs, respectively)37 for an additional 5 min, and the reactions were initiated with [35S]GTPγS. Finally, the reactions were terminated after 5 min, and the samples were subjected to the immunoprecipitation step of the assay.
The cDNAs for the human β1and β2receptors and human Gαsin the expression vector plasmic cDNA 3.1 were obtained from the University of Missouri-Rolla cDNA Resource Center.1Adenosine-5′-triphosphate disodium salt was purchased from Research Organics, Inc. (Cleveland, OH). Halothane was purchased from Ayerst Laboratories, Inc. (New York, NY). Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin and rabbit nonimmune serums were purchased from Calbiochem (EMD Biosciences, Inc. Affiliate, San Diego, CA). The Gαsrabbit polyclonal antiserum was produced by Covance Research Products (Denver, PA) using a synthetic decapeptide that corresponds to the carboxy-terminal sequence for human Gαs(RMHLRQYELL). This antiserum is highly specific for Gαsand does not cross-react with recombinant, purified Gαior Gαqprotein. Protein A-agarose beads were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Lowry protein assay kits were purchased from Bio-Rad Life Science Research Produces (Hercules, CA). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO). A23187 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (0.05% final concentration). All other drugs and chemicals were prepared in distilled, filtered water.
Data are reported as mean ± SD; n represents the number of animals studied or independent times an assay was performed. For concentration–response curves, EC50and maximal agonist concentrations were determined by nonlinear regression analysis as described by Meddings et al. 44 In this method, a dependent variable (y ), such as isometric force or Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange, for any concentration of drug (c ) is given by the equation y =vc /(EC50+c ), where v represents the maximal response and EC50represents the concentration that produces a half-maximal response for that drug. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to fit values of v and EC50to data for y and c for each condition studied. For the time course curves, the data for Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange were fit with the equation y =a (1 −e −kt ) using nonlinear least squares fitting. The independent variable is time (t ), the dependent variable is the amount of [35S]GTPγS-bound Gαsimmunoprecipitated from solution (y ), the parameter k is the rate of Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange, and the parameter a vertically scales the curve and is the maximal value. Repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc testing performed using the Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to compare values of k and a and to determine the effect of halothane Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange. For all statistical comparisons, a value of P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Increasing the free Ca2+concentration in the superfusate from 1 to 180 nm in the presence of 1 μm GTP caused a sustained increase in isometric force to 47.7 ± 9.3% of maximal force induced by 10 μm free Ca2+(fig. 1). The presence 0.73 ± 0.17 mm (2.7 ± 0.7 MAC) halothane in the superfusate had no significant effect on this contraction (41.6 ± 9.6% of maximal isometric force; P = 0.40). The subsequent addition of isoproterenol to the superfusate caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of isometric force, which was not significantly attenuated by halothane (figs. 1 and 2). The EC50values for inhibition of Ca2+sensitivity by isoproterenol were 0.38 ± 0.15 and 0.25 ± 0.05 nm for curves generated in the absence and presence of halothane, respectively (P = 0.13). Likewise, there was no significant effect of halothane on maximal inhibition of Ca2+sensitivity by 100 μm isoproterenol (17.1 ± 4.3 and 13.2 ± 6.6% of initial force for curves generated in the absence or presence of halothane, respectively; P = 0.36).
Fig. 2. Effect of halothane (0.73 ± 0.08 mm; 2.7 ± 0.9 minimum alveolar concentration) on isoproterenol-induced inhibition of isometric force in porcine tracheal smooth muscle permeabilized with Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin. See text for description of the experimental protocol, which is depicted in figure 1. Effect of isoproterenol on isometric force is expressed as a percentage of the initial force induced by 0.18 μm free Ca2+plus 1 μm GTP. Data are mean ± SD; n = 5 .
In the absence of isoproterenol, membranes prepared from COS-7 cells cotransfected with β1–Gαs(fig. 3A) or β2–Gαs(fig. 3B) incorporated [35S]GTPγS into Gαsin a time-dependent manner with apparent rate constants of k appof 0.045 ± 0.054 and 0.053 ± 0.061 min−1, respectively. There was no significant difference in k appbetween the two preparations (P = 0.8), whereas the maximal exchange value, a , measured at 10 min was significantly greater with membrane prepared from the β2–Gαscotransfected cells (fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Time-dependent change in exchange of the radioactive, nonhydrolyzable form of guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP), [35S]GTPγS, for guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP) ([35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange) at the α subunit of the Gsheterotrimeric G protein. Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was measured in the absence and presence of 10 nm isoproterenol using crude membranes prepared from COS-7 cells cotransfected with the complementary DNAs encoding for β1and Gαs (A ) or β2and Gαs (B ). The reactions were terminated 1, 2, 5, and 10 min after initiation of the assays with [35S]GTPγS. Data are mean ± SD; n = 4 .
The presence of 10 nm isoproterenol in the assay buffer promoted Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange, increasing k appin both preparations by approximately fourfold to fivefold to 0.294 ± 0.024 and 0.351 ± 0.066 fmol/min for membranes prepared from β1–Gαsand β2–Gαscotransfected cells, respectively; these values were not significantly different (P = 0.25). The value of a was significantly greater in membrane prepared from the β2–Gαscotransfected cells, whereas the relative magnitude of the maximal increase in Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange above basal values was similar between the two preparations, approximately threefold. For both preparations, the isoproterenol-promoted increase in Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange above basal exchange was concentration dependent, with EC50values of 2.8 ± 0.4 and 2.4 ± 0.4 nm for membranes prepared from β1–Gαs(fig. 4A) and β2–Gαs(fig. 4B) cotransfected cells, respectively; these values were not significantly different (P = 0.39).
Fig. 4. Concentration-dependent effect of isoproterenol (ISO) on the exchange of the radioactive, nonhydrolyzable form of guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP), [35S]GTPγS, for guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP) ([35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange) at the α subunit of the Gsheterotrimeric G protein. Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was measured in crude membranes prepared from COS-7 cells cotransfected with the complementary DNAs encoding for β1and Gαs( A or β2and Gαs (B )). Assays were performed in the absence and presence of isoproterenol (0.01–1,000 nm), and the reactions were terminated 5 min after initiation of the assays with [35S]GTPγS. The isoproterenol-promoted increase in Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was expressed as the percentage of the difference between the values measured in the absence of isoproterenol and that measured in the presence of the isoproterenol concentration that produced the maximal effect. Data are mean ± SD; n = 4.
The endogenous levels of β1/β2receptor in the crude membranes prepared from untransfected COS-7 cells were insignificant, expressed at levels barely above the nonspecific background of the assay (< 30 fmol/mg protein). The amount of β1or β2receptor in the crude membranes prepared from COS-7 cells cotransfected with β1–Gαsor β2–Gαswere similar (approximately 15 pmol/mg protein each). In membranes prepared from COS-7 cells transfected with the cDNA for Gαsonly, a significant increase in Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was measured above that of the nonspecific background measurements (data not shown). This increase in Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was not promoted by the inclusion of 10 nm isoproterenol in the assay buffer (fig. 5). This was also true in studies using membranes prepared from COS-7 cells transfected with the β1or β2receptors only (i.e. , no Gαstransfection; preliminary data not shown). In membranes prepared from COS-7 cells cotransfected with β1and Gαsor β2and Gαs, Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange in the absence of isoproterenol was significantly greater than that measured in membranes prepared from Gαs-only transfected cells. The inclusion of 10 nm isoproterenol in the assay buffer caused an additional approximately threefold increase in the magnitude of this exchange with both membrane preparations (fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Effect of isoproterenol on the exchange of the radioactive, nonhydrolyzable form of guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP), [35S]GTPγS, for guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP) ([35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange) at the α subunit of the Gsheterotrimeric G protein. Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was measured in crude membranes prepared from COS-7 cells transfected with the complementary DNAs encoding for Gαsonly, or β1and Gαs, or β2and Gαs. Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was measured in the absence or presence of 10 nm isoproterenol. The reactions were terminated 5 min after initiation of the assays with [35S]GTPγS. Data are mean ± SD; n = 3. * Significant difference from Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange measured using crude membranes prepared from COS-7 cells transfected with the complementary DNAs encoding for the Gαsonly. † Significant difference from Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange measured in the absence of isoproterenol (basal exchange) .
The presence of 2.8 (fig. 6A) or 5.6 (fig. 6B) MAC halothane in the assay had no significant effect on Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange when the assays were performed in the absence of isoproterenol with either the β1–Gαsor β2–Gαsmembrane preparation. In crude membrane prepared from β2–Gαscotransfected cells, the presence of 5.6 MAC halothane in the assay significantly inhibited the increase in [35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange promoted by 10 nm isoproterenol, although only by approximately 15% of control (fig. 7). The presence of 2.8 MAC halothane in the assay had no significant effect on isoproterenol-promoted Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange. By contrast, halothane was significantly more effective in inhibiting the isoproterenol-stimulated incorporation of [35S]GTPγS into Gαswhen the assays were performed with the β1–Gαsmembrane preparation. In these assays, halothane caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of isoproterenol-promoted Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange (fig. 7). These effects were significantly greater at both 2.8 and 5.6 MAC halothane compared with measurements performed with membrane prepared from β2–Gαscotransfected cells.
Fig. 6. Effect of 0.75 mm (approximately 2.8 minimum alveolar concentration; A ) or 1.5 mm (approximately 5.6 minimum alveolar concentration; B ) halothane on the exchange of the radioactive, nonhydrolyzable form of guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP), [35S]GTPγS, for guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP) ([35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange) at the α subunit of the Gsheterotrimeric G protein. Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was measured in the absence of isoproterenol using crude membranes prepared from COS-7 cells cotransfected with the complementary DNAs encoding for β1and Gαs (A ) or β2and Gαs (B ). The reactions were terminated 5 min after initiation of the assays with [35S]GTPγS. Data are mean ± SD; n = 9 .
Fig. 7. Effect of 0.75 mm (approximately 2.8 minimum alveolar concentration) or 1.5 mm (approximately 5.6 minimum alveolar concentration) halothane on the exchange of the radioactive, nonhydrolyzable form of guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP), [35S]GTPγS, for guanosine-5|′-diphosphate (GDP) ([35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange) at the α subunit of the Gsheterotrimeric G protein. Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was measured in the presence of 10 nm isoproterenol (ISO) using crude membranes prepared from COS-7 cells cotransfected with the complementary DNAs encoding for β1and Gαs, or β2and Gαs. The isoproterenol-promoted increase in Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange was expressed as the percentage of the difference between the values measured in the absence of isoproterenol or halothane, and that measured in the presence of the 10 nm isoproterenol. The reactions were terminated 5 min after initiation of the assays with [35S]GTPγS. Data are mean ± SD; n = 9. * Significant difference from Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange measured in the absence of halothane. † Significant difference from Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange measured at the same halothane concentration in membranes prepared from COS-7 cells cotransfected with the complementary DNAs encoding for β1and Gαs .
The major finding of this study is that halothane does not inhibit the biochemical coupling of the β2-receptor to its cognate heterotrimeric G protein, Gαs. This finding is consistent with the observation that halothane also had no effect on isoproterenol-induced inhibition of Ca2+sensitivity in airway smooth muscle.
To more directly assess whether halothane inhibits β2receptor coupling to Gαs, we used both a physiologic and a biochemical model (the permeabilized airway smooth muscle model and the Gαsnucleotide exchange assay, respectively). In contrast to studies of living animals or intact, isolated tissue, the experimental protocol using the permeabilized airway smooth muscle model minimized the possible confounding influence of halothane effects on other systems, because halothane has no effect on isometric force in this preparation when induced by free Ca2+alone19,22,24,26,39,41; this was confirmed in the current study (fig. 1). Using these experimental models, approximately 2.8 MAC halothane had no significant effect on the decrease in Ca2+sensitivity induced by isoproterenol. In addition, there was no effect of 2.8 MAC halothane on Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange when measured either in the absence or presence of isoproterenol using membranes prepared from β2–Gαstransfected COS-7 cells. These results are consistent with a ligand binding study of human lymphocytes (which express predominantly β2receptors) showing that the β2receptor and a measure of its immediate interactions with the Gsheterotrimer (i.e. , high-affinity ligand binding) were largely unaffected by halothane.48 There was a small but statistically significant effect of 5.6 MAC halothane on isoproterenol-promoted Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange, but this concentration is beyond that achieved during the management of severe bronchospasm. It is plausible that the conflicting observations on the effects of halothane seen in physiologic studies15,16 may be due to differences in indirect effects on the β2receptor as proposed by Saito et al. ,49 including halothane-induced β2-receptor phosphorylation and desensitization via activation of intracellular receptor kinases.
The results of our nucleotide exchange assays showing differences in the sensitivity to halothane of isoproterenol-promoted coupling of β1compared with β2coupling to Gαsmay have mechanistic implications for the effects of volatile anesthetics on heptahelical receptor–heterotrimeric G protein complexes. We observed an approximately threefold greater inhibition of β1–Gαscoupling at both halothane concentrations. An early radioligand binding study by Bohm et al. 50 demonstrated that 1–2 MAC halothane inhibited high-affinity binding (i.e. , the active receptor conformation) of isoproterenol to the β1receptor in human myocardial membranes but had a minimal effect on low-affinity ligand binding determined in the presence of 100 μm of the GTP analog GPP(NH)P. These results were interpreted as an inhibitory effect on β1receptor–Gsheterotrimer interaction without a direct effect on the receptor itself. In a more detailed competitive radioligand binding study on membranes prepared from cardiac myocytes, 1–2.8 MAC halothane, in a concentration-dependent manner, also significantly reduced the percentage of receptors in the high-affinity conformation.20 However, contrary to the study of Bohm et al. , this study found that halothane also inhibited isoproterenol affinity in the presence of GPP(NH)P (i.e. , also inhibited low-affinity ligand binding). The fact that an effect was seen in the presence of GPP(NH)P would seem to indicate a direct effect of halothane on the β1receptor conformation independent of the Gsheterotrimer. However, care must be taken when interpreting allosteric effects on competitive binding assays, because an unnoticed effect of halothane on the radiolabeled antagonist binding can lead to incorrect conclusions about the contribution of the G-protein heterotrimer to the effect.
Our results clearly demonstrate an inhibitory effect of halothane (approximately 2.8 MAC) on isoproterenol-promoted Gαs[35S]GTPγS–GDP exchange in measurements made using membranes prepared from the β1–Gαscotransfected cells, as would be predicted from the previous radiolabeled ligand binding studies that showed halothane effects on high-affinity isoproterenol binding to the β1receptor.20,50 This inhibitory effect may be due to a direct effect on the β1receptor, as previously demonstrated for the rhodopsin receptor,51 or its local membrane environment. This type of receptor-dependent effect would be consistent with the apparent greater effect of halothane on β1versus β2receptor, which are both coupled Gαs, although a differential sensitivity of the β2receptor to a halothane effect on the Gsheterotrimer could also explain our results. Alternatively, it is possible that a unique anesthetic binding region created at the interface between the β-receptor isoform and Gαsconfers sensitivity to halothane.
The clinical significance of the findings of this study is readily evident. The relative balance between the neurologic and hormonal mediators that induce airway smooth muscle constriction and relaxation determines airway smooth muscle tone. Numerous types of receptors mediate airway smooth muscle constriction, whereas the β-adrenergic receptor is the best-characterized receptor that mediates airway smooth muscle relaxation. Combined with the previous findings that halothane inhibits muscarinic receptor–heterotrimeric G protein coupling19,28 and hence the increase in Ca2+sensitivity and contraction of isolated airway smooth muscle induced by muscarinic receptor agonists,12–14,24,26,33,39–41 the current findings that β2receptor coupling to Gαsand hence the downstream signaling pathways that decreases Ca2+sensitivity is spared make volatile anesthetics an ideal therapeutic agent for the treatment of perioperative bronchospasm. Signaling systems that induce bronchoconstriction are attenuated, whereas β2receptor–mediated signaling induced by bronchodilators are unaffected by halothane.
In summary, the current study provides evidence that concentrations of halothane typically achieved during treatment of acute perioperative bronchospasm or exacerbation of asthma do not prevent the biochemical coupling between the β2receptor and its associated heterotrimeric G protein, Gαs. This is supported by the physiologic studies showing that halothane had no effect on the inhibition of Ca2+sensitivity induced by isoproterenol and indicate that halothane would not prevent the efficacy of β2agonists when used to treat perioperative bronchospasm.
Masao Hayashi, Sumedha G. Penheiter, Tetsuzo Nakayama, Alan R. Penheiter, David O. Warner, Keith A. Jones; Halothane Does Not Inhibit the Functional Coupling between the β2-Adrenergic Receptor and the GαsHeterotrimeric G Protein. Anesthesiology 2006;104(4):754-762. | 2019-04-21T10:17:34Z | https://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1923169 |
Organizations have every right to fear change. After all, they consist of people evolutionally wired to hesitate in the face of risk. Whether out of faith in decisions already made or fear of future losses, often self-preservation instinctively colors the way companies operate.
Through our 3D Opportunity series, we have established that AM holds strong potential for revolutionizing design and manufacturing processes, and enhancing functionality of parts and products.3 Previously impossible geometries, shapes, and structures became possible with this mode of production, sparking new options for design and manufacturing.4 Beyond shape, AM can help engineers deploy new approaches, structures, and functions, along with novel materials that may improve functionality.
Yet a recent study found that 63 percent of enterprise AM users are employing the technology for prototyping, while only 21 percent are using AM for items that cannot be made with any other manufacturing technology.5 And that’s if AM is used at all: In some cases, engineers may use 3D printers to test out idle curiosities; in others, they may simply leave AM machines in the corner, collecting dust.6 Visit the AM equipment currently in place for your organization—is it running, or sitting idle?
One reason for this issue may be that the same design constraints that bind conventional manufacturing (CM) continue to hold sway in many engineers’ minds when it comes to AM.7 Rather than shifting to new design approaches when the situation warrants it, they revert to well-worn, comfortable design paradigms—and thus, in many instances, the fuller promise of AM to optimize design may be going unfilled. As a result, AM’s benefits may not be fully leveraged for new possibilities with innovative materials, novel geometries that may better serve functional needs, or more efficient supply chains.
Process change—Engineers must contend with the way in which AM reframes the design process, condensing formerly discrete tasks performed by various engineering functions into a larger, less linear undertaking.
Risk—Engineers may also feel a lack of urgency to shift from CM, a proven manufacturing approach, to the uncharted—and thus seemingly riskier—territory of AM.
Skepticism—As with any new technology, skepticism abounds that it can ever match the well-traveled CM path.
With so many dimensions to consider, the challenge of overcoming perceived barriers that prevent change from occurring cannot be overlooked.10 This article considers the impact of organizational inertia and how it impedes the successful implementation of new design paradigms—particularly for engineers. Through tested strategies grounded in behavioral science, it offers management techniques to break through the rut of behavioral inertia and unlock the potential of AM technologies.
AM’s roots go back nearly three decades. Its importance is derived from its ability to break existing performance trade-offs in two fundamental ways. First, AM reduces the capital required to achieve economies of scale. Second, it increases flexibility and reduces the capital required to achieve scope.
Capital vs. scale: Considerations of minimum efficient scale can shape supply chains. AM has the potential to reduce the capital required to reach minimum efficient scale for production, thus lowering the manufacturing barriers to entry for a given location.
Capital vs. scope: Economies of scope influence how and what products can be made. The flexibility of AM facilitates an increase in the variety of products a unit of capital can produce, reducing the costs associated with production changeovers and customization and, thus, the overall amount of required capital.
Due to the importance of design across all areas of manufacturing and production—from prototyping to supply chain shifts to the very shape products take—the role of AM in exploring new design paradigms has a wide-ranging fit within the AM framework.
While AM provides value by streamlining design and prototyping or providing short-term solutions, each approach has one thing in common: CM remains at the center of the process, so the same design constraints still hold sway in many engineers’ minds.
Digitally optimal design paradigms let the manufacturing process take AM’s properties into account, including new approaches to engineering and design.16 Considering AM as an endgame, an approach to end-use product manufacturing, can upend the manufacturing process.
In addition to asking design engineers to think beyond CM’s traditional design paradigms to concentrate purely on performance, these changes require them to widen their perspective still further, to consider entirely different manufacturing approaches altogether. In considerations of manufacturability and cost, rather than assuming CM is the default approach, product performance will need to be matched to the most appropriate manufacturing approach.23 In some cases, AM may be the best approach to ensure an end product with optimal performance. In other cases, CM may prove more cost- or energy-effective and the better overall option.24 But in order to identify the most appropriate approach, engineers should first consider both options. In many organizations, AM is not even being considered.
Considering both AM and CM options within the context of design requirements and selecting the most appropriate approach constitutes no small shift in thinking, particularly for some engineers who may have spent much of their careers working through a conventional set of processes. It also adds yet another set of choices to the myriad other considerations and design constraints engineers must already take into account (see the sidebar “DFX and the proliferation of design requirements”).
We know that this change in thinking isn’t easy. Motivating organizations and individuals to move from one design paradigm to another can feel like a monumental undertaking. Behavioral science can help companies understand the organizational inertia that slows them down.
Taken together, PE and VE are used to rein in costs. The challenge with these two approaches, however, is due, in part, to the fact that they fall at the end of the design and production cycle.31 Thus, they essentially retrofit designs to meet cost and production needs. This can lead to delays and inefficiencies, as engineers must modify already-completed designs.
Stimulating organizational change that encourages engineers (or anyone, really) to think in new design paradigms is not easy. At both the individual and organizational levels, cognitive biases often prevent us from adopting new, unfamiliar methods. These biases are inherent in all of us and are harder to overcome when expertise runs deep. Asking engineers to think differently in light of the new opportunities and relaxed constraints that AM introduces can be challenging. However, the behavioral economics and management literature sheds light on the intrinsic challenges engineers confront when asked to think and work differently. By understanding the drivers that prevent change, we can begin to explore ways in which managers can lay the groundwork for AM acceptance throughout an organization.
Even if it rarely surfaces on a conscious level, every decision has a default option: do nothing. The status quo is a powerful bias; incumbency is hard to overcome, so we tend toward familiar courses of action.34 Research suggests that change is most likely to occur when we feel dissatisfied with the status quo.35 But change can be more easily resisted when the current state proves even marginally satisfactory.
Behavioral economics is the examination of how psychological, social, and emotional factors often conflict with and override economic incentives when individuals or groups make decisions. This article is part of a series that examines the influence and consequences of behavioral principles on the choices people make related to their work. Collectively, these articles, interviews, and reports illustrate how an understanding of biases and cognitive limitations is a first step in developing countermeasures that limit their impact on an organization. For more information, visit http://dupress.com/collection/behavioral-insights/.
Organizational inertia occurs as a group collectively remains fixated on its past accomplishments in an attempt to protect its current state, all the while unknowingly blind to changes taking place within the marketplace.38 This can leave well-established organizations more vulnerable to disruption, as faster and more agile competitors emerge less susceptible to inertia.
The underlying forces—such as sunk costs and loss aversion, explored below—that drive people and organizations to inertia can be difficult to recognize and avoid.39 This poses significant risk, as companies mired in inertia often fail to realize it until financial performance takes a downward turn or they have fallen so far behind the competition that it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to catch up.
The advent of e-commerce, and the impact it had on Borders, a leading brick-and-mortar bookseller, is an example of precisely this scenario. Amazon entered the market in 1995, upending the way consumers could purchase books. In response, Borders outsourced its digital sales to Amazon, choosing instead to invest in expanding its physical real estate and inventory.40 Many experts remarked that Borders “failed to foresee the major changes in the market,” instead choosing to allow physical stores to become the “core rigidity” around which its strategy centered.41 Past successes achieved by following this strategy led Borders to continue to see this as a winning approach and double down on its sunk costs, blinded to the changing market demands. Indeed, in 2007, 12 years after Amazon entered the market, Borders had yet to connect some of its brick-and-mortar stores to the Internet.42 Doubling down still further, Borders increased its CD and DVD merchandise at a time when digital downloads were on the rise, resulting in a 28 percent sales drop in 2009.43 This decision to stick with the status quo rather than adapt to the changing industry—and, in fact, remain blind to developments transforming the market—is widely considered the turning point leading to Borders’ eventual liquidation in 2011.
Why was Western Union able to overcome inertia while Borders seemed to fail to recognize the need for change? Three key decision points can help us not only understand these case examples but also recognize the status quo bias that leads to inertia.
Question past successes, don’t anchor the next decision based upon them. Recognizing inertia starts with a healthy fear that what is working today may not tomorrow. Western Union realized that the telegraph was becoming obsolete and sought to find a sustainable business model.47 Borders, however, believed its past success in the brick-and-mortar business as the second-largest US bookstore would continue, and it ignored the shifting winds in the industry.48 Anchoring to the past can cause one to veer off course in the future.
Don’t delay action. Change begets change; the more often one makes a shift, the easier it becomes to do so.50 Thus creating a culture of change leads to an increasing willingness to continue to adapt and reinvent. However, the opposite is also true. The longer the path on the status quo, the more the brain discourages actions, focusing on potential losses rather than gains.51 Borders delayed getting into the digital game, creating an all-but-impossible barrier to entry once it finally decided to act.52 Western Union did not delay entering into the money transfer business, and it quickly pursued digital investments and partnerships to strengthen its market share once it jumped in.
It can be difficult for an individual or organization to recognize, in the moment, what is preventing adoption of new technologies and design paradigms, as these forces often seem invisible. Two cognitive misconceptions often keep groups stuck on a path of inertia: miscalculation of sunk costs and loss aversion.
Sunk costs act as a means to justify fear. Individuals use the time and resources they have already invested in prior methods as a means to justify the status quo.53 For organizations that already invested in the methods they’re familiar with—and which have resulted in success in the past—the cost of starting over often overshadows the potential benefits. The results can be disastrous, as seen with Borders’ inability to move forward.
But change does not need to be an either/or affair, and companies should remember that adopting a new approach does not necessarily have to mean making a full 180-degree turn and losing the resources invested in one particular approach. Indeed, it is important to note that AM can be a significant enabler of CM rather than a direct replacement, adding to its strengths. There are many instances in which AM will simply not be the best option, and CM will constitute the most appropriate choice, whether due to issues of scale, scope, cost, or other factors.54 Rather, it is important to consider the two approaches as complementary: AM should not displace CM, but engineers should be able to recognize design situations in which AM can develop innovative designs and optimize performance where CM cannot.55 They can do so by reviewing the functional considerations inherent in every product or part design and taking stock of the compromises they should make in order to make the design feasible for manufacture and assembly. Engineers can then weigh the costs and benefits of switching to an AM approach by asking themselves if the boost in performance is worth any trade-offs that may exist. In many instances, the prospect of more optimized performance will be the clear winner; in others, it may not.
Individuals’ decision-making processes can often be irrational and reference dependent, meaning they may evaluate the possible outcomes of a particular choice in comparison to an existing reference point—even if that existing point is no longer relevant or does not constitute the best course of action.56 In other words, the outcomes of our decisions are rarely evaluated in absolute terms but, rather, relative to the status quo. Indeed, loss aversion inherently creates a sense of risk associated with any change, spurring the innate tendency to stay put.57 In fact, behavioral research suggests that people are twice as sensitive to losses as they are to gains.58 Borders exemplified this tendency by comparing e-commerce with its existing business model. Rather than consider the overall gains that could be made by adopting an online presence in complement to its stores, Borders focused instead on expected losses to its existing brick-and-mortar sales, an area in which it considered itself an industry leader.
Loss aversion occurs in several different capacities where greater AM adoption is possible. This bias is especially amplified when the outcome of a decision is relatively uncertain and switching costs exist.61 As with any new technology, a set of risks should be evaluated and the trade-offs deemed acceptable before an organization can move forward.
The concept of trade-offs is integral to the design process. Engineers make trade-offs all the time; CM is the perfect example. Optimal shape and geometry may have to be compromised for DFM or DFA, with split lines, gate marks, and draft angles figuring heavily into designs to account for processes such as injection molding.62 These trade-offs, however, are “known knowns” in the design and manufacture process.
The lack of readily accessible materials data is an example of the uncertainty influencing AM adoption. Materials data can be scarce; materials need to be tested at length to gauge their ability to withstand various temperatures and real-life conditions, and they must be tracked over time to understand how they might age.63 Without this type of data, engineers may feel less comfortable designing for AM, where materials are less familiar and in whose structural integrity they may hold lower confidence.64 The unknowns regarding materials can easily lead individuals and organizations to avoid a potential loss and unintentionally disregard the alternative’s benefits.
However, organizations that move engineers past these hurdles can experience tremendous advantages. For example, NASA looked beyond potential losses—namely, setting aside fears of uncertainty and working with new, untested materials—and used AM to manufacture a new, more functional liner for its rocket thrusters that would have been impossible to create using CM methods. As part of a rocket engine combustion chamber, the liners had to be able to withstand extremely difficult conditions: a propellant that burns at more than 5,000° F on its inner walls, and hydrogen gas maintained at 100° F above absolute zero (less than -350° F) on its outer walls to prevent melting.65 While the need existed for such a thruster, conventional manufacturing technologies were unable to deliver; previous thrusters, while good enough, were not as efficient as they could be, as they were unable to accommodate the complex internal geometries needed for optimal venting functionality.66 In this way, NASA prioritized a need—optimal functionality—over the uncertainties of relying on a new, untried approach, and that enabled it to embrace AM as the best approach to use.
Empirical evidence suggests that employees need a strong impetus to compel them to make the effort to change.68 Due to the natural tendency toward inertia, dissatisfaction with the status quo can help strengthen the case that change is both a wise and necessary option. Discomfort, after all, is an effective change agent: As John Kotter, the famous organizational change researcher and writer, once stated, “Conducting business as usual is very difficult if the building seems to be on fire.”69 Rather than waiting until environmental forces create a fire that makes current paradigms untenable—or compel change when it’s simply too late to make up for lost ground—managers can proactively and effectively make the case for change.
Once identified, it is important to allow this group the time and space to explore AM. Establishing a skunkworks-style program may be an effective way to facilitate innovation. Lockheed Martin initiated Skunk Works during the 1940s while trying to quickly create an innovative fighter jet that could compete with German aircraft. The project setup was so successful in producing innovation that it continues today, with many other companies, including Google and IBM, mimicking its format.72Skunkworks projects enable selected employees to work together to develop a project with the goal of radical innovation, free from the interference of typical day-to-day operations.73 The key to making these types of programs successful is providing the group with a high degree of autonomy and shielding them from organizational bureaucracy that often stifles innovation.74 The output of these projects can generate the required proof points that can eventually persuade skeptics to adopt AM.
Create an action plan with manageable stages and precise solutions. Research suggests that creating small, tangible goals that employees can see and feel increases success. This can be accomplished by sequencing the deployment of AM technology over time, starting with enthusiasts and open-minded first followers before turning to the skeptics. It is important to be realistic about the rate and scale of change, keeping success attainable with small wins throughout the adoption process. Indeed, people are likely to be overwhelmed when too much information is presented at once, causing them to cling to the status quo.75 Breaking a change plan into small, actionable steps can facilitate greater adoption.
Patience will be important as the team encounters initial failures going through the adoption process, potentially provoking interpersonal conflict as a result. During this time, leaders should allow failures without punishment and quickly communicate successes so that skeptics can witness proof points of early adopters’ successes. In addition, an action plan should emphasize the balance of stability and change: AM will not completely upend CM but, rather, complement its existence. With this in mind, keeping parts of the system stable can help decrease levels of stress and tension among skeptics.
Forge relationships throughout the AM ecosystem. Many organizations who are maximizing AM’s utility are partnering with other players in the AM ecosystem to do so. Research suggests that one of the most effective and efficient ways to collaborate is to develop external, noncompeting partnerships to anticipate and adjust to new paradigms.76 These strategic alliances act as an external “knowledge network” that eases the transition to new technologies by reducing internal uncertainty, providing support and reassurance, and helping to alleviate natural loss aversion.
As part of this approach, America Makes is working with the US Department of Defense (DOD) to identify ways to use AM to solve commercial problems. America Makes and the DOD are developing AM technology roadmaps for decreasing lead times and inventory costs, creating new, increasingly sustainable designs and expanding component geometries for manufactured objects.
Alongside the roadmaps, America Makes is addressing workforce readiness and technology adoption by collaborating on training, workshops, and case studies that foster pragmatic learning experiences. Through these offerings, they provide information about using AM to design for functionality and complexity, in addition to customization techniques. These evidence-based learning opportunities demonstrate not only new design possibilities but also AM’s speed, enabling companies to consider new approaches to their design cycles.78 Using an ecosystem of players, America Makes is able to provide a tangible knowledge network for those looking to expand upon the design possibilities of AM.
However, these biases can likely be overcome when leadership establishes a compelling purpose for adoption, identifies change champions to help reach a critical mass of adoption, creates an AM action plan with manageable steps, and looks outside to identify partnerships as part of the AM ecosystem—helping organizations explore fuller AM adoption.
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How often have you forgotton a name during a heavy pile up of chasers? Well for me it happens often, most liklely old age setting in I guess! Of course there are always the regular chasers and friends one remembers instantly, however sometimes there are those callsigns you just can’t put a name to. Maybe it’s a new or upgraded call or in the heat of the moment we forget who knows! Some would say “so what, just ask their name during the contact” True, however I find the pile up’s and the rhythm of the Summit activation tend to flow smoothly when you know the persons name. It becomes more personal for the contact too. Obviously I needed a solution to aid my memory, so I just compiled a list of names and callsigns from my activation log sheets. Ok job done, so now I need to record this information for quick recall. I thought of using an electronic device such as an ipad or a tablet maybe the phone. All good but now I would need to carry yet another piece of equipment to the summit and then try to use it whilst operating the radio equipment. Now we are talking about trying to do more than one task simultaniously. Hmmm, my usual operating position balancing the radio on a log or rock, sitting on the ground with a log sheet and clip board trying to write information whilst avoiding march flies and large ants is enough to do! Ahh its time for some old school technology, enter the good old double sided laminated name sheet.
As you can see from the images, the SOTA name sheet is just a word document with some tables inserted. (Note: Not all Australian Chasers/Activators are on this list only the ones I have logged) I find the sheet handy for recalling names instantly and easier than trying to operate an additional electronic device during an activation. I also included the recommended Australian SOTA operating frequencies. The sheet will require updating when new contacts with chasers or activators are made . I often place an astrik in my activator log sheet next to a new contact, then update the SOTA name sheet when I enter the data for the activation, otherwise I write on the SOTA name sheet with a sharpie pen then update the word document, printing and laminating when the need arises. The SOTA name sheet has been developed for Australian call areas however it could be adapted for other countries or call areas. The file is included here in .doc and .docx format should you wish to modify it for you own use.
Whilst I was making a SOTA name sheet, I decided to make a log sheet too. I managed to fit upto 30 contacts on the sheet, yes I know I’m old school but I do find it easier to write things down when trying to activate a summit.
I am interested in any suggested modifications or improvements you may have, please feel free to download the documents and make changes as required.
Sunday morning at Diner Plain and the rain was still bucketing down, nothing to do but cook breakfast (fruit toast) and try to salvage the day. Since it was no longer possible to gain access to the nearby summits, I decided to take a drive towards Omeo about 40Km from Diner Plain. I reluctantly packed the SOTA equipment and set off at 11:00am. About 12 Km from Omeo the weather started to clear, there was light rain however I could see the clouds dissipating, my luck was about to change. A quick check of the GPS showed I was close to VK3/VG045 Mt. Livingstone. I set the GPS to track towards the summit and continued.
Mt. Livingstone road runs off the Great Alpine road B500. It is approximately 8km from OMEO.
I turned onto the gravel road and drove until reaching a locked access gate, 4WD was not required . I parked at a small clearing to the right of the gate.
The road continues from the gate for 500 metres as gravel, then the remaining kilometre is bitumen. Nearing halfway towards the summit there is the first of the navigational beacons, a low frequency NDB. At the summit the road divides around the VOR site. As it happens this is a great location to setup the SOTA station, it’s within the activation zone and far enough from the VOR equipment to prevent interference.
Perfect! A handy post to strap the squiddy with a seat and operating bench.
This site also supports the local UHF CB repeater and mobile phone transmitters. There are plenty of RF noise generators nearby. Fortunately the location for my SOTA shack had very little noise.
After setting up, I heard Peter VK3PF working a pile up, I immediately thought there was an opportunity for a S2S contact, however as it happened Peter was activating a National park not a summit. After contacting Peter, I moved to another frequency and it wasn’t long before I made a S2S contact with Allen VK3HRA/P on VK3/VG-029 Mt. Seldom Seen, followed a little later by Adam VK2YK/P on VK2/HU-024. I managed another 9 contacts before the activity died out. Having now activated four out of a possible ten planned summits for the weekend, I was reasonably happy especially since the weather conditions had been so poor. After packing up I walked back to the vehicle (1.5Km) and drove on to OMEO for some lunch. There is a great Bakery at Omeo, what can I say? Thank goodness for SOTA and all the walking! OMEO would make an ideal base camp for a weekend of SOTA activity. There are many summits within easy reach of the town. One such summit is Sam Hill.
Leaving Omeo the Great Alpine Road (B500) turns to the right, at this point I continued straight ahead along Day Avenue until meeting the Omeo Highway (C543.) Approximately 2km along the Omeo Highway, Connelys Road appears on the left. Unfortunately not realising Connelys Road would take me to the summit, I continued a further 9km until reaching the Bingo-Tice Road.
I took the Bingo-Tice gravel road and followed it for 3.3km where I came to the first of five property gates. This is a gazetted road, asking permission to drive through the properties is not required. Just remember to leave the gates as you found them.
I continued passing through gates at the 3.9, 4.8, 6.4, and 7.6km marks. Finally at 1.2km past the last gate I found the access road to the summit on my left.
View looking towards summit access road.
A fire wood collection sign marks the start of the track to the summit.
Driving along the track for 600m, I came to a Y in the road and a large tree. This is the intersection with Connely’s Road. A left turn and a further 900m travel took me to the summit.
The site is equipped with two fire watch towers and plenty of communications antennas.
The shack at the shack!
Leaving the summit I made my way back to the Omeo Highway.
Intersection at Omeo Highway, turned left towards Anglers Rest.
It takes about an hour and a half to drive from Sam Hill along the Omeo Highway to the summit of the Knocker. The distance is only 54Km however the road consists of curves and hairpin bends most of the way. Once arriving at the hamlet of Glen Wills it is just 3km to the Summit access track.
The track to the summit is an operational logging road, it is narrow with only a few places to pull over and allow trucks to pass. It’s advisable to use a UHF CB on Channel 40 to monitor the movement of logging trucks and call out your position. A 4wd vehicle is not required unless the track is wet.
Fortunately the turn off to the summit is only 4km from the start of the track.
When I arrived, the track had just been graded, it was like driving on a highway! From the link sign it is only 700m to the summit. I drove to the summit unloaded the equipment and then drove back 500m for a walk to the summit.
I set up the shack attaching the antenna to the trig. The weather changed during the activation and became very foggy, however I managed 38 contacts and one Shack Sloth for Mike VK3XL congratulations Mike. Happy I had six summits activated for the weekend I headed back to Dinner Plain for the night.
The Mountain was named The Knocker during the time before the road was built, Apparently horses would pull carts over the mountain and “Knock up” their knees!
Monday morning, the last day of my long weekend. I decided to activate two summits on my way home. Heading back towards Mt. Hotham and along the Great Alpine Road, once again I turned onto the Twins Track.
This time I was intending to make it all the way to Mt. Murray, with a stop along the way to activate VK3/VE-023. The track appeared to be in good condition and fairly dry considering the heavy rain of the previous two days. I wanted to investigate the camping area between the saddle of The Twins and VE-023. Once I passed by The Twins it was only a short drive to the camping area, really just a patch of grass between two summits!
Actually this is a fairly good place to camp, close enough to climb two summits and access Mt. Murray comfortably in one day. Talk about a climb, VE-023 doesn’t look like much of a climb until you start! I could see a walking trail marker in front of the summit and decided to follow the track to the top. I think that was a mistake, it was quite steep and slippery with small rocks everywhere.
To make matters worse, once I set up the shack I found the band conditions were very poor. I could only find 10 chasers that could hear me, some of the reports were down to 5 by 1. I did manage one S2S contact with Paul Vk5PAS/3 on VK3/VS-045 Mt. Dundas. To add insult to injury the return trip was difficult with many slips and trips whilst trying to stay upright. There may be a better way to the summit from further around the road. As I drove past on my way to Mt. Murray, I noticed a ridge heading toward the summit, it might be a longer walk however it would be easier on the legs.
The drive to Mt. Murray takes about 40 minutes from the saddle of The Twins, or an hour from the Great Alpine road. Since there are steep inclines and declines to negotiate, a 4WD vehicle is required in all conditions. The track is narrow with only a few places to pull over and allow oncoming traffic to pass.
Sign near the summit parking/camping area.
The track ends at a car park/camping area some 500m from the summit cairn. Vehicle travel is restricted by a gate.
It’s an easy walk to the summit, with great views all around. What a shame the weather was cloudy on the day.
Looking toward the summit from the road gate.
I set up the equipment and lashed the squiddy to a very loose pole wedged into the cairn.
November 15, 2014 a mass SOTA activation had been organised for the weekend. What a great idea! It took me a micro second to decide I needed to participate. Good, but now I needed a plan of attack. My idea was to gain the best value for the weekend and activate as many summits as possible. I required summits I had not previously activated, that were close together and relatively easy to access. A quick check of SOTA mapping revealed a visit to the Victorian High Country may be in order. By my estimation, provided everything went to plan, I figured it would be feasible to activate 10 summits during a 3 day long weekend. I set about looking for a suitable location for camping and a base for the 3 day operation. I decided somewhere near Mt.Hotham would be a good place to base operations.
A work colleague (4WD enthusiast) mentioned a location where he had camped a few years earlier, it was about 5Km along the Mt.Murray trail and in his words “Its between two hills with a fantastic view” After looking at a map of the area, I found the camp ground and the “two hills” he mentioned, which turned out to be SOTA summits, VK3/VE-017 The Twins and VK3/VE-023. From here there are five nearby summits, Sometimes you can get lucky! Armed with the directions and maps, I planned to set off for Victoria on the Friday after lunch to arrive in plenty of time to set up camp.
The camp ground between two summits.
A few days prior to my departure, the weather forecast predicted a cold front and thunderstorm activity across the state, conditions not favourable for camping. The high country is one place you definitely don’t want to be caught camping during bad weather, it can change from fine and sunny to gale force winds and freezing in an instant! Disappointed my luck finding a suitable camp location was short-lived I decided to try for accommodation plan B.
Since Mt Hotham is a winter ski resort, there is an abundance of available accommodation especially during the Spring and Summer months. I managed to find an excellent well equipped and comfortable two-story apartment in the small hamlet of Dinner Plain. The price was very acceptable at $83 per night. Actually after being spoilt at this location I decided to stay again next year, “blow the camping!” Since camping was now off the agenda, I left my departure until later in the day. I travelled via Albury and stopped to stock up on food and supplies, as I pulled up in the car park of Wollies a 4WD vehicle identical to mine (Isuzu Dmax) parked next to me. I asked the driver (Dale) his opinion of the vehicle, this led to a enthusiastic conversation regarding all manner of things Isuzu 4WD related. During our conversation, Dale noticed my radio antennas and said he was friends with a ham operator but he could not remember his call.. At that point Dale phonned his friend who turned out to be Chris, VK2XHV and of course Chris and I had a phone contact on the 850Mhz band. Chris mentioned whilst he was not into SOTA his work colleague, Bernard VK2IB was very active. http://vk2ib.wordpress.com/ There you go what a small world! I did eventually arrive at Dinner Plain later in the evening and managed a good sleep.
Saturday morning early, I headed off for Mt.Hotham a 14Km easy drive from Dinner Plain. Arriving at site, I left the vehicle at the carpark directly opposite the summit and proceeded to walk 500m across the road and up to the summit.
Carpark with Mt Hotham in the background.
I actvated the summit at 22:35Z ,First contact was Paul VK5PAS/p3 in the Lower Glennell National Park, followed by a S2s contact with Andrew VK1NAM/p2 on VK2/SM-036. Robbie, VK3EK/p called in later with another S2s contact from VK3/VG133. All chaser calls finished at 23:00, since I had a hour to changeover I decided to pack up and head back to the carpark and on to Mt. Loch.
Back at the carpark it was time to head away from Mt.Hotham towards Mt.Loch. Upon arrival at the Mt.Loch carpark you are greeted by an information shelter. There is a day book where you can log the details of your journey. Date of travel, people in party, destination and expected time of return.
The shelter has information regarding the type of trail, the grade of difficulty and the expected travel time. I had an easy 3.5Km, one hour walk to the summit. It would be great if all summits had such information!
Information signs at the trail head and a suggestion box with Mt.Loch in the background. I walked around the snow making water storage area and continued along the track toward the summit.
Along the trail there is a small monument dedicated to Charles Derrick.
Nearing the summit only 900m to go!
Looking toward the summit, still a small amount of snow laying around.
Finally the track to the summit. Or so I thought!
Actually this track has a small sign laying on the ground requesting people not access the summit via this route. I continued along the trail to another signpost which is closer to the summit cairn. A quick stroll up the rocks to reach the summit.
My first contact (01:06z) was Andrew VK1NAM/p2 on summit VK2SM-033.Andrew had just completed his last contact and was moving on to 20metres. So he handed the frequency over to me, or was that threw me to the lions! Hi Hi. By this time of the day the bands were well and truly crawling with summit activations, National Park activations and of course chasers looking for both. I must say everybody was very courteous and patient taking their time to call in and log my activation. Congratulations to all operators. I managed S2S contacts with Robbie VK3EK on VK3/VG133, Phil VK3BHR on VK3/VN016, Peter VK3FALA on VK3/VG114, Ron VK3AFW on VK3VC/031, Ian VK3TCX on VK3/VG114,Bernard VK2IB on VK2/SC025, Peter VK3PF on VK3/VG153 and Tony VK3CAT on VK3/VC005. By the time all chasers and contacts had be exhausted is was 02:33Z. Time to pack up and try for another summit. On the way down I came across a black snake sunning itself on the trail. Once I approached it slithered away into some ground cover.
After an hour I made it back to the carpark, signed out of the logbook and decided I would have time to access another summit. I loaded the equipment into the vehicle and headed toward The Twins trail.
The Twins trail is about 10mins drive from the Mt.Loch car park along the Great Alpine road. The track appears to the left next to the Dargo High Plains road.
There is a sharp switchback near the start of the trail. I followed the trail until reaching the National Parks gate. A 4WD vehicle is required.
The trail is subjuct to seasonal road closures. The road is narrow and two vehicles have trouble passing easily. It’s always a good idea to carry UHF CB and call out on CH40 for oncoming vehicles. Since the trail was open I continued along the ridge until reaching the twins summit in front of me. I drove past the summit to my left until reaching a hairpin turn in the road. I parked here. At this point there is an old 4wd track leading up to the summit. There are many fallen treess across the track and it is quite a climb. I walked along this track until reaching the summit where the wind was in full force.
Once on the summit I decided to head back down the activation zone to seek shelter from the wind. I managed to setup the squid pole on a nearby tree and set about activating at 06:22 Z. My first contact in the log was MAtt VK1MA followed by S2S contacts with Robbie VK3Ek on VK3/VG133, John VK2YW on VK2/SW015, Gerard (CW, he forgot his mic) on VK2/IL001, Andrew VK1NAM on VK2/SM053, Tony VK3CAT on VK3/VN030 and Peter VK3PF on VK3/VG041. A rather quick activation finishing at 06:51Z. The weather had started to change with light rain so after a good days activating it was time to head back down the track to the vehicle and home. Made it back to Dinner Plain just as the rain started bucketing down, wind squals were nasty too. It rained all night, the result, no access to wet trails and no ten summit activation weekend . At least I managed three summits before the rain.
Satellite image for the 15th.
Batteries for portable radio operation are always an interesting subject for discussion. I have been asked many times which batteries I use. My battery of choice for portable operation is the LiPo (Lithium-ion polymer ) battery.
I find the 4 cell 5 Amp variety suits my situation very well. The operating voltage can be up to 16.5 volts with no load when fully charged. However the stated nominal operating voltage is 14.8V Most operators would be concerned these voltages may cause damage to sensitive 13.8v radio equipment. This is correct in some circumstances. I operate a Yaesu Ft-857 for SOTA activations, this is a radio designed for in vehicle operation where voltages may exceed 14.5v. The specifications for the FT-857 state the normal supply voltage is 13.8v +/- 15%. This equates to an operating voltage range of 11.73-15.87V. Even better for the FT-817 being specified at 8-16volts . Ok so I hear you say ” Your 16.5v battery is outside that range!” This is true, however by making use of a full wave bridge rectifier in circuit (I use a MDA3504, 35Amp 400piv variety) the voltage will be lowered by 1.2-1.4v. (remember silicon junction theory 101) There are two advantages, a lower voltage and polarity protection. Ensure you wire the rectifier correctly in circuit, the Battery wires are connected to the “AC” input terminals on the rectifier, Do not be concerned which battery wire connect to what “AC” terminal it makes no difference. However it is critical the Radio positive (RED) wire is connected to the + (positive) terminal of the rectifier and the Radio negative (BLACK) wire is connected to the – (negative) terminal of the rectifier. I recommend using an in line fuse between the rectifier and radio for protection. Once the bridge rectifier is in circuit the no load voltage is 15.1V from a fully charged LiPo battery. There are some heat losses via the rectifier however mine is mounted on a small heatsink and becomes luke warm at 100w output on SSB. I would not recommend a full duty cycle mode such as SSTV or FM for long periods at this output level.
How long does this battery last on the FT-857? That depends on what output power is used. For my SOTA activations I set the output to 30% , (approximately 30w) at this level I have successfully activated 3 summits of about 20 contacts each and still had plenty of power left. There are precautions with LiPo batteries, they can be easily damaged by incorrect charging and balancing. They have also been known to catch fire under certain circumstances. I have not experienced any such issues with the batteries I use, however I follow the documented procedures for this type of battery. It is always a good idea to monitor the individual cell and combined voltage when using the battery. There are many voltage monitoring devices available for purchase, I use a fairly simple unit which emits a loud screech when the cell voltage reaches a pre set level. Mine is set to sound the warning when any cell reaches 3.5Volts.
This setting will ensure the alarm sounds when the battery reaches less than 14 volts. The limit can be set lower, however I prefer to err on the side of caution maintaining the battery condition since replacement cost is not cheap. There are several brands and styles of LiPo battery available, I use the Turnigy brand, they have a very good reputation especially with the Radio Control crowd. I prefer to use the hard case variety, they are a little more robust out in the field. There are lower voltage (12.3v) 3 cell LiPo batteries available for those who want to connect directly to the radio equipment. Hobbyking is a good source for these batteries. I tend to avoid ebay as a source of cheap batteries, usually these batteries are cheap because they are older stock and have not been regularly charged so have degraded over time. Dealers who have a high turnover of stock do not have this problem.
As can be seen here the battery voltage indicated is 16.4v and the display on the radio is 14.9v after the rectifier. Transmitting at full power (100w) reduces the voltage to 13.2v on peaks. The LiPo battery is able to provide bursts of high current when required, in some cases up to 30 times the charge current to 150A. Charging can be easily managed with the many charges available on line. The charger I use allows an input voltage of 13.8volt perfectly suited to charging batteries whilst driving between SOTA summits.
Radio operating at full power with 13.2volts indicated. The battery recovers quickly after transmitting making it ideal for portable operation. In comparison to Sealed lead Acid batteries the LiPo battery is about quarter the weight for the same current, perfect for lugging to the top of summits! As always ensure you read the instructions and follow the precautions for using LiPo batteries with your equipment.
One evening whilst looking for summits in my local region (Snowy Mountains) to activate, I noticed Mt. Tumanang appeared under the VK2/SM group on SOTA mapping. Although Mt. Tumanang is on the outskirts of the Snowy Mountains region and a long way from Tumut, I decided to attempt an activation. Not being familiar with the roads around that area, I decided to call Rod VK2TWR to ask if he knew which roads would allow access to the summit. Rod was very interested, he suggested a co-activation and access would be easy from the Anembo Rd. A few days later Rod and I met in Cooma where we left his vehicle parked safely at McDonalds, with local knowledge and an eager passenger on board we set off for the hills! From Cooma we drove along the Monaro Hwy for 62km to Michelago. At Michelago we took Burra Road over the railway crossing until turning right into Tinderry Road. After following Tinderry Road 26km, we met the intersection with Jerangle Road at Jingera. From Jingera we travelled the Jerangle Road for 5km until reaching Anembo, then turned right off Jerangle Road into Anembo road. Following Anembo road for 6km we met the junction of Bald Peak Road.
The junction of Bald Peak Road and Anembo road.
We stopped at the junction for smoko prior to turning left into Bald Peak road and entering the Tallagandra National Park. Once on Bald peak road we drove for about 700m before reaching another Tallagandra National Park sign and the Tumanang trail on the left. Note: Logging trucks use Bald peak road regularly, caution is required!
The track requires 4wd in places along the way, there are two creek crossings, the first requires a bit of negotiation since there is a steep departure angle. At 9km in we met the Crowbilly Creek.
Crowbilly Creek crossing, a steady flow about 400mm deep on the day.
After crossing Crobilly creek the track started to climb for 4km to the summit. The track winds around the edge of the summit as it climbs passing the summit on the right. We drove past the summit to a point where the track turns toward the right. There is enough room to park at this point. Across the road is the start of a saddle up to the summit about 300m. An easy 20 minute walk.
I placed a few rocks on a tree stump to mark the trail to the summit.
The trig marker at the summit. Both Rod and I had enough chasers calling to allow the minimum 4 contacts each to claim the activation. A good day was had by all and we both agreed to return next year to re-activate the summit.
I set myself a challenge to try and activate all three in one day. Starting with the hardest first and finishing on the easiest.
The Tantangara road starts from the Snowy Mountains Highway 71Km from Cooma and 111KM from Tumut.
The road is unsealed and can be quite potholed, however it has recently been graded.
Starting out early I arrived at the Tantangara Road around 7:00Am on a cool but clear day. I drove along the road passing SM-036 and Blackfellows Hill, under the power lines several times until reaching the Tantangara Trail at 13Km from the Snowy Mountains Highway. I decided to leave the vehicle here since there is enough space to safely park off the road.
The track winds up and across the ridge through a mix of wooded area and ground cover, there is a large cleared area on the way up which is a good place to rest. Nearing the summit a small amount of easy rock climbing/ negotiating was required. I managed to arrive at the summit after a leisurely 1 hour 40 min. stroll!
There are two trig markers at the summit, the original laying on the ground and the replacement made of pipe. View towards Mt. Jagungal in the distance.
A green canister at the summit, it contains visitors log entries. I was happy to make an addition to log right under VK2TWR and VK3PF.
After descending from Mt. Nungar, I walked back to my vehicle and drove along the Tantangara Road back towards the Snowy Mountains Highway. At 6.3Km on the trip meter (6.7Km in from the Snowy Mountains Highway) I met the trail to “Wares Yard Camp Ground” on my right. Following this trail for 500m I arrived at the camp ground and car park.
Wares Yard Camp Ground. I parked near the gate at the start of the trail.
The start of the trail heading up to Black fellows Hill.
I followed the bridle/MTB trail from the gate in a southerly direction towards a saddle after crossing a small creek. At the saddle the trail turns towards the northwest and climbs towards the summit to the north. As I approached the top of the ridge before turning toward the summit I discovered an old wooden trig, it is about 1KM from the summit. I continued towards the summit and set up near the highest point. I looked for a trig but could not find one.
The shack setup at the summit. Tree stumps make very useful squid pole supports. After activating I descended back down the trail to the car park. Even though this summit is a fairly easy walk about an hour, My legs were starting to let me know I had done enough for the day, so now it was time to head for Tantangara Road and SM-036.
A view of Mt.Nungar from near the summit.
Travelling along the Tantangara Road for 1.6Km from the Wares Yard Camp Ground (5.1Km in from the Snowy Mountains Highway) I saw a track to my left at the top of the ridge heading toward SM-036. There is a yellow road safety sign at the track indicating “S” bends approaching.
This track heads toward the North following the power lines after crossing under the power lines there is a 4wd track heading toward the ridge. I drove to a spot near the summit and walked the rest of the way. There are no trig points here and the summit is about 150m from the top of the track. I operated from the top of the track near some rocks and a fallen tree which is inside the activation zone.
View from the summit and the fallen tree.
After activation I headed back down to the vehicle and drove back to Tantangara Road and home to Tumut. The day was great and 30 points certainly made it all worth while. My legs were tired and I was please I had tackled the hardest summit first up especially when I was rewarded with the easy SM-036 at the end of the day.
Having recently activated some tough summits in the Snowy Mountains area, it was time to allow my body to rest and recover. I decided the next summits attempted should be of an easier access variety. Looking into the mapping program it soon became apparent there were quite a few summits in my local region (Tumut) which have vehicle tracks nearby. The Brindabella Mountain area seemed like a good place to start.
To make the most of daylight savings and the good weather I decided to activate 4 summits, any more would be a bonus. I planned to attempt VK2/SW-024, VK2/ST-005 Webb’s ridge, VK2/ST-004 Dingi Dingi Ridge and VK2/ST-003 Devils Peak.
All of these summits appeared to be close to existing fire trails and fairly short walking distance for activation. I contacted Matt VK1MA to ask about access to Webb’s Ridge and that’s when the plans went out the window. Matt informed me the track to Webb’s ridge from the Tumut side; (Gentle Annie Trail) was quite hard going and suggested I try another trail for access. He also told me Devils peak would take quite some time and referred me to VK1NAM’s blog.
Not to be discouraged and aided with some GPS information from Matt, I made a change of plans. A short drive along the Brindabella road from Tumut takes you to the first trail towards VK2/SW024 a summit about to be removed from SOTA since it does not meet the criteria (Advice from Ian VK1DI).
The Top Flats road heads towards the summit, along the track there is an old fire trail which takes off left it is very overgrown and leads to the base of the summit. alternately stay on the Top flats road until you reach a large tree across the road. From either way there is a serious amount of walking and scrub bashing to reach the summit. After activation I returned to the Brindabella road and continued on towards the intersection with Mt. Franklin Road.
From Tumut travelling along the Brindabella Road it takes approximately 1.5 hours to reach the intersection of Mt. Franklin road.
At this intersection turn right and follow the road for 24Km until reaching the access road to Mt.Ginini. The road has several gates along the way which are usually closed during the winter months.
There is a 30Km/h speed limit and the road is unsealed, it becomes narrow in places so proceed with caution as vehicles travelling the opposite direction may be encountered. There is parking available near the access road to the summit or if the gate is open there is parking at the summit. From the lower car park you can also access Mt. Gingera VK1/AC-002 it is a further 7Km walk along the road.
To activate I walked around the back of the transmitting site and set up on two concrete bricks.
There is a lower noise level at the rear of the building and a handy tree to attach the squid pole. I made several contacts just before 00:00 and then activated again after 00:00 UTC for the new day. After the activations I packed up and headed back towards the Brindabella Range.
Back at the Brindabella road intersection I took the Two sticks road towards Mt.Coree.
Two sticks road starts directly across from the Mt.Franklin road. Two tracks appear at the track head take the road to the right of the sign.
The road is unsealed and has many potholes however the drive is easy and it’s not too long before Mt. Coree looms right in front of you.
My first thoughts were “How am I going to get up there?” I did not have to wait too long until reaching the access track. A right turn off the Two Sticks road approximately 8.5 Km in from Brindabella Road.
There is a nice picnic ground at the start of the track, a good place to stop and have smoko prior to heading up to the summit.
The track up to the summit requires a vehicle with good ground clearance and 4WD. There are dangerous cliffs and no safety barriers.
At the summit I attached the squid pole to a nearby structure and set up the shack on the rocks overlooking the cliff.
This summit is a popular location, there were people visiting the site on a Monday! A few curious onlookers enquired about my activities.
The Trig and Fire watch tower at the summit.
From this summit I travelled back down the trail until meeting up with Two Sticks road and turned right towards Dingi Dingi Ridge.
Continuing along the Two Sticks road from Mt.Coree trail for approximately 3KM I saw a track towards Devils Peak on the right and also found the Dingi Dingi fire trail to the left, following the Dingi Dingi fire trail I arrived at the intersection of Baldy Range Road.
Taking the left hand trail I drove a short distance until finding a suitable location to park and access the summit. Dingi Dingi ridge is only a short walk to the summit however it involves a bit of scrub bashing through some wattle regrowth, towards the summit it thins out a little. I found a suitable clearing in the activation zone and set up the shack.
Once the activation was complete I back tracked to the vehicle, it was at this point I decided to drive back to the nearby Baldy Range trail.
From the intersection of Dingi Dingi Ridge trail I drove along the Baldy Range trail for a few kilometres until reaching Baldy Range. There are some spectacular views from this location, a shame it was a foggy day.
The trail to Baldy Range is easy going with a few valleys and rocky outcrops along the way. A standard 4wd will make it easily. Having made it to this summit in a short time I decided to have a quick activation with the intent to try for VK2/ST-005 Webbs Ridge. I quickly set up the shack and antenna just inside the activation zone near the highest spot along the trail, after a few contacts I packed up and headed back along the trail to the Dingi Dingi trail. The Dingi Dingi trail is very steep and rocky in places and there are some sharp bends. I recommend using a vehicle with good ground clearance and low range 4WD to access Webbs Ridge via this track. I made it to Webbs ridge after what seemed to be a long time, however I managed to set up and activate the summit with just enough time to travel back the way I came. (Sorry no photos battery expired! 😦 ) One big day out with 6 summits activated! I will return next year and do it all over again, but next time I will miss SW024 and head for Devils peak instead. I would recommend activating Dingi Dingi ridge and then travel to Webbs Ridge before activating Baldy RAnge. Thanks to Matt VK1MA and VK1DI Ian for their information on these summits. From the Dingi Dingi fire trail it took me 1 hour 45 minutes to drive back home to Tumut.
I had been looking at this summit for some time and finally managed to organise a day to make the assent. A small amount of planning was required since there are two river crossings involved. Not wanting to get too wet I decided (after a suggestion from Rod VK2TWR) to acquire some waders.
I met Rod at the old Kiandra Court house off the Snowy Mountains Highway 90Km NW of Cooma. After some equipment swapping between vehicles we headed North on the Snowy Mountains Hwy towards Tumut for 11Km where we met the Bullocks Hill Fire Trail to the right.
Taking the trail we travelled for 1km until reaching the first road gate, which is locked during winter. (May until long weekend in October) We continued on for another 4.7Km to the intersection of the Tantangra Creek and another locked gate. We had to park the vehicle here since this gate is always locked. Ok so now the first challenge, crossing the icy waters of Tantangra Creek.
Time for the waders, (2nd challenge putting them on!) and making sure our packs are well secured. The creek was knee-deep with a reasonable flow and slippery rocks, even with waders the water was very cold on my legs, lucky it was only a short crossing. Once across the creek we decided to remove our waders, we were not keen on walking the trail wearing them.
Across Tantangra Creek the track turns uphill towards the right and continues 200m to a Y in the road. At this point we took the trail to the left and walked another 1.6Km down to the Murrumbidgee River. There is a river gauging station and flying fox at this point.
We walked along the river bank for 200m until we came to a bend and some shoals , a perfect spot to cross the river directly in front of the ridge heading up to the summit.
Now challenge No.3, putting on wet waders and crossing the Murrumbidgee River. Again we were met with a steady flow and slippery rocks whilst crossing. This time after crossing the river we decided to leave the waders hanging in a small tree since they would not be required until the return trip. I marked the tree as a waypoint on the GPS just to make sure we would find it again.
Rod could not resist taking this photo of me crossing the Mighty Murrumbidgee!
Once across the Murrumbidgee we followed the ridge up and across to the bottom of the summit about 2Km. This summit is an old volcano and the ridge on the side of the rim is where we were heading for.
Looking from the start of the ridge toward Mt Yarrangobilly in the distance. Then looking at the summit through the scrub.
When we arrived at the top of the summit we were disappointed to find there was a further 2Km walk around the rim to make it to the highest point as indicated on the GPS. At the summit we were greeted with a great view of Blackfellows Hill and Mt Nungar . We setup the SOTA station, Rod kicked off at 23:50 and I followed at the new UTC day we contacted 15 chasers each,not too bad for a weekday.
The antenna setup and operating position with the view across to MT Nungar.
This description is part 2 of a three summit one day activation from Tumut. To continue from Tumorrama Hill to Wee Jasper, go back on Lee Archers road for 3.5Km until you meet Fairview road.
At Fairview road turn left and head 800m towards Wee Jasper road.
Turn right at Wee Jaspers road and continue for approximately 17Km to McPhersons Swamp Loop (Swamp Road) road on the right.
Turn right into McPhersons Swamp Loop road and continue for 6.5km till reaching the intersection of Wee Jasper road.
Turn right into Wee Jasper road and continue approximately 1.2Km to Pheasant Creek Rd.
Turn left into this track, follow for approximately 1Km to a T intersection. The track is very muddy in wet weather use of 4wd is required.
Turn right at the T intersection and follow for approximately 1.8Km a track will appear on your left.
Take the track on your left and follow for 600m where there will be a Y junction.
On your right will be a track into a pine Forrest take this track and follow for 1Km.
There will be a sign in front of you (Hume & Hovell track) the summit Mt. Wee Jasper VK2/ ST-017 is a short 700m walk from here. For a more detailed description I suggest reading VK1NAM’s Blog on this summit.
From Wee Jasper go back approximately 1Km to the intersection, turn left and continue to Pheasant Creek road.
Turn right into Pheasant Creek road and continue approximately 2Km to Wee Jasper road.
Turn right into Wee Jasper road and continue approximately 2.2Km to T intersection.
Turn right and continue approximately 9Km to Nottingham Road.
Enter Nottingham road and continue for approximately 18.5Km via the small hamlet Micalong Creek then a few mountain tops (One of them is High Cone VK2/ST-014 not enough time in one day for this one) finally a cattle grid entering the State Forrest and eventually reaching a point under the power lines near the summit.
Nottingham road continues off to the right at this intersection. There is a track to the left of this sign which takes you to a CAA VOR Communications Site.
Walk around the gate and up the ridge for 800m on the sealed road. The no trespassing or (human) interference refers to the site at the summit. It is an Air Services Australia site containing an operational VHF Omni Directional Radio Range There are active antennas on site which would be effected by human interference, the site is fully fenced to keep people out for safety.
(VOR). This is a type of short-range radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling aircraft with a receiving unit to determine their position and stay on course by receiving radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons. It uses frequencies in the very high frequency (VHF) band from 108 to 117.95 MHz.
Reaching the summit you are greeted by more fencing and signs, I would recommend not transmitting on 6 or 2m from this site. I operated 40M only from the far rear of the site maintaining a suitable RF safe distance. There is a stump near the rear fence to attach the squid pole.
A nice rock operating position is also nearby.
There is also a nearby NDB site on Nottingham road, low frequency low power HF does not effect the VOR.
I hope this information is useful for others. | 2019-04-23T06:22:27Z | https://vk2qr.wordpress.com/ |
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ReadyHosting is a leader in Windows shared hosting, providing easy-to-use and reliable Windows-based web hosting solutions to their customers since 1997. They also offer their customers simple-to use Internet tool sets including email boxes, e-commerce and search engine optimization tools.
StartLogic is a leading provider of web-hosting solutions and services for global business. Across the globe, businesses depend on StartLogic's easy-to-use, advanced and reliable load-balanced architecture, as well as responsive and knowledgeable customer service to power their online presence.
The company serves over 50,000 customers who are supported by top-notch employees from all over the globe. Beside traditional hosting services the company also provides e-commerce solutions and security measures as well as SEO and value-added services at an affordable price.
STRATO is one of the world's biggest hosting companies and offers professional quality products for individuals and growing businesses at a reasonable price. The product portfolio ranges from domains, email and hosting packages, to online storage, webshops, servers and high-end business solutions.
Security is STRATO's first priority, which is backed up by reliability and a constant focus on quality. STRATO operates two TÜV certified data centers with a total of 55,000 servers handling four million domains from six countries. STRATO is a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom AG.
Founded in 2003, Sudespacho.net focuses on providing cloud services to vertical markets and is currently serving over 4,000 law, accounting and consulting firms in Spain, Brazil and across Latin America.
In order to facilitate the migration of existing websites, sudespacho.net is handling the entire website creation process for its customers in a BIFM model. This allows users to simply take over a full-fledged website they can easily maintain and expand on their own.
Sunrise is the only private telecommunications provider in Switzerland that covers the full range of telecommunications: Mobile, landline network, Internet and digital TV.
Since its founding in 1996, Switzerland's second-largest provider with some 1800+ staff, offers are now used by some 3.3 million customers. The services of Sunrise cover the needs of both private households as well as those of businesses of all sizes.
Sunrise is a brand of Sunrise Communications AG and emerged in 2001 from the merger of diAx and the former Sunrise. It is indirectly owned by funds advised by CVC Capital Partners - one of the world's leading private equity companies. Founded in 1981, CVC Capital Partners now has 20 branches and 250 employees in Europe, Asia and the US.
SureWest Communications is one of the nation's leading integrated communications providers and is the bandwidth leader in the markets it serves. It offers bundled residential and commercial services that include IP-based digital and high-definition television, high-speed Internet, Voice over IP, and local and long distance telephone. SureWest currently has 130,000 residential subscribers and 15,700 commercial business subscribers in the Sacramento and Kansas City regions. It employs 600 people locally in Roseville.
Headquartered in Northern California for more than 90 years, the company expanded into the Kansas City region in February 2008 with the acquisition of Everest Broadband, Inc. In 2012 SureWest Communications has been sold to Consolidated Communications for $340.9 million.
Telefónica, S.A.U., with 43.4 million fixed telephony accesses and 13.5 million Internet and data accesses one of the world's biggest telcos and a leading company in the global telecommunications market.
With headquarters in Spain and presence in 24 countries, the Spanish market leader employs 249,000 staff and provides access to more than 252 million customers worldwide. Telefónicas core activity is the operation of fixed, mobile and broadband telephony in Europe.
Terra Networks S.A. is one of the world's largest Internet providers in South America.
Terra Networks South American opens up a new target group of over 430 million residents in the countries of Brazil, Costa Rica, Panama, Guatemala, El Salvador, República Dominicana, Columbia, Peru, Mexico and Venezuela.
Tiscali S.p.A, founded in January 1998, following the liberalization of the telecommunication market in Italy has become one of the main alternative Telecommunication Operators in Europe.
The Company has achieved a considerable international position through a number of targeted acquisitions, which led to a rapid expansion in the main European markets and permitted to build up an extensive IP network. Following the implementation of its DSL strategy and subsequent infrastructure's investments, to build its unbundling network (ULL), Tiscali - today focused in the Italian market - has reached a strategic position, thanks to its offer of innovative services and its strong brand.
Unitymedia KabelBW headquartered in Cologne, is the leading cable network operator in Germany and a subsidiary of Liberty Global. Through its brands Unitymedia (North Rhine-Westphalia and Hessia) and Kabel BW (Baden-Württemberg) the company has access to 12.6 million households.
The brand Unitymedia contains access to lucrative media offers and innovative telecommunication services such as digital and analog TV and Radio, attractive Pay-TV-offers as well as phone flatrate and high speed internet.
Unitymedia KabelBW services a rapidly growing base of revenue generating units, which, as of 31. December 2014, totaled 7.1 million customers.
Universo Online S.A. (UOL) operates as an online media portal and Internet company in Brazil and internationally. Since it was founded in 1996, UOL is a pioneer in the development of the Internet in Brazil. Today UOL provides local Internet access in more than 3,000 cities throughout Brazil and 29,000 cities abroad. The company has more than 2 million paying subscribers. Since September 1999, UOL has also operated a portal and Internet Service provider in Argentina.
Its flagship portal in Brazil contains more than 1,000 channels of news, information, entertainment, and services, representing a total of more than seven million pages. UOL's extensive interactive platform offers communication products, VoIP, Internet communities, security and search engine, among others.
UPC Austria is the largest cable television operator in Austria. UPC Austria provides digital & analog cable video, broadband internet, and digital voice (VoIP) services to 1.3 million service subscribers (RGUs) represented by 643,000 customers as of December 31, 2013. In cooperation with a third party mobile operator, UPC Austria also offers mobile telephony. In addition, UPC Business in Austria offers a range of voice, broadband internet, and data services to business customers and wholesale partners throughout Austria.
UPC Austria's customers are primarily located in the capital city of Vienna, the regional capitals of Graz, Klagenfurt, Innsbruck, and Vorarlberg and two smaller cities.
Verio is a recognized industry leader in delivering online business solutions to SMBs worldwide. Distributed through its network of OEM and viaVerio channel partners, Verio's solutions provide web hosting, application hosting and SaaS applications that enable SMBs to drive online success.
Vodafone Mobile Systems GmbH is a 100% subsidiary of Vodafone Information Systems, and belongs to Vodafone Group Plc, Newbury.
Vodafone Mobile Systems GmbH uses mobile solutions to optimally integrate its mobile employees into the company's communications activities. This enables access to the company's existing IT infrastructure with any mobile terminal equipment and creates ideal business conditions - anytime, anywhere.
As one of the first hosting companies in Germany, Webhoster.de started offering web space on proprietary servers in 1996. Since then Webhoster.de provides SMBs with high quality hosting solutions always based on the latest technology, no matter if it is web space or dedicated servers. The company's portfolio also includes domain registration and comprehensive SEO services.
Founded in 1998, Webhuset is one of the leading hosting providers in Norway today and operates two proprietary data centers across the country.
Their main office is located in Bergen, Norway.
Webland was founded in 1998, is one of the Swiss Internet pioneers and remains 100% Swiss-owned and still under the management of the original founders. Today the Swiss hosting company Webland AG ranks among the "top ten" of Switzerland's webhosting providers.
Webland AG has its own redundant and up-to-date data centers in Basel and Münchenstein/BL.
WestHost Inc., headquartered in Providence, Utah, has been offering quality web hosting services and superior customer support since 1998. In 2008 the UK2 Group, a large worldwide web hosting provider, acquired WestHost to expand its global presence.
WestHost is located in Providence (near Logan) Utah, in the heart of beautiful Cache Valley. Logan is the home to Utah State University and many growing businesses that depend on quality Utah web hosting.
Wingu Networks is a Mexican subsidiary of the global organization KIO Networks. It was founded in 2012 with the objective to provide cloud-based technology for small, medium and large organizations. In terms of webhosting the company acquired two companies: SuEmpresa.com and Xpress hosting and included them as seperate brands in their business portfolio. With more than 15 years of experience in domain registration and webhosting SuEmpresa.com has more than 60.000 customers. This brand offers the Cm4all SITES application on their SuEmpresa.com website.
Founded in 1998, World4You is one of Austria's leading hosting providers, serving over 110,000 hosting customers and 200,000 domains with two redundant data centers in Linz and Vienna, Austria.
ZOL Zimbabwe is Zimbabwe's leading Internet Service Provider and part of the Liquid Telecom Group. The company provides affordable, high-quality managed communication solution as well as fibre, broadband, VSAT and wireless Internet services to a large range of clients from multi-national enterprises to home users.
Check out our case studies to learn about how our partners have made the most out of their CM4all websites. | 2019-04-18T18:17:07Z | https://www.cm4all.com/en/partner/cm4all-oem-partners/ |
Come aboard the largest whale watching boat in Iceland for an unforgettable afternoon at sea! This fun-filled tour is for anyone who loves animals, is looking forward to experiencing more of Iceland’s natural world, or those who want to feel the wind in their face as you take off on a grand adventure. The tour is a combination tour that includes both a whale watching tour and a sea-angling tour. For both tours you can choose between our two whale watching boats: The Andrea, the larger vessel, has a large viewing deck with educational and interactive activities to share fascinating facts with you and your family about the creatures who visit our harbor area. The most common whales and marine animals sighted in Faxaflói bay are minke and humpback whales, white-beaked dolphins and harbour porpoises. A full-service cafeteria is also ready to serve, allowing you to relax in comfort as you look out over the waves or scan the nearby cliffs for the distinctive orange beaks of the puffins. If you’re looking for something to give you more zip in your trip, the express tour offers a fast, fun and adventurous tour sailing on a fast cruising boat from Reykjavik harbour. We can assure your safety and comfort, both inside the cabin and out on deck, during your time at sea with us. This also means that we are able to get you to the whales in much less time, fitting this enjoyable experience into your busy schedule when visiting Iceland. The sea angling is suitable for all ages and is an important experience for Icelanders, as a majority of our food and wealth in the past derived from our ability to fish. The boats are well-equipped with fishing rods and waterproof jackets for those who want to try, and provide a fun afternoon for experienced fishermen or beginners who want to relax and enjoy the beautiful surroundings with a fishing rod in their hand. Note that the whale watching and sea angling are two separate tours, and you don’t have to do both in one day. The boat will depart for a 3-hour whale watching tour, return to harbor for a break and then later head back to sea for a 3-hour sea angling tour. Don't miss fun for the whole family out in the bay! Check availability by choosing a date.
Reel in your excitement and join this sea angling tour setting out from the heart of Iceland's charming capital. No matter if you are a first-timer or an experienced angler, this fishing tour is fun for everyone and a fantastic addition to your Iceland adventure. Since the harbour is conveniently located right in the centre of the capital, your tour begins on location, where you will meet up with your local and friendly guides at Vesturbugt harbour, next to the VIKIN maritime museum at Grandagarður. Travel by a traditional oak boat into the magnificent bay of Faxaflói. As you set out to the open seas, you will be taken to the best fishing grounds the bay has to offer and get briefed on the best inside-techniques of catching the multitude of fish that reside in these scenic waters. Onboard, you’ll be provided with all the fishing equipment needed, such as rod and bait, as well as a protective clothing if needed. Then, there is nothing left for you to do but cast your line and hope the fish will bite! The species most commonly caught in these waters are catfish, cod, haddock, mackerel and pollock. Of course, what you catch is yours to keep, meaning you might just get a great meal out of the tour. As an added bonus, the crew will panfry a taste of your catch on board, paired with some potatoes and homemade sauce! The scenery visible from the deck is also astounding, consisting of majestic mountains and idyllic islands, as well as a scenic coastal view of the city of Reykjavík, and if your lucky, you may even get a chance to see some Puffins (May-August)! Breathe in the fresh ocean air and revitalise your spirits, as you try your luck in reeling your catch of the day. Don’t hesitate in booking this Reykjavík fishing tour now for a fun experience in Iceland’s open waters. Check availability by choosing a date.
Come and experience sea angling in Iceland with your own local guide. We offer exciting, quality boat tours from Stykkishólmur, which is located on the Snæfellsnes peninsula. Our boats are typical Icelandic fishing boats and therefore especially suitable for fishing, and general sightseeing on the wide Breiðarfjörður Bay. The fish we catch is usually cod or pollock, but there is also halibut, ocean perch, haddock and many more. The captain is an experienced local fisherman and knows all the right fishing spots so you can be sure to catch some fish. This tour is suitable for everyone, no age limit and no experience required. We have all the equipment you need for fishing. We got good quality fishing rods so you will feel like a real pro and we will teach you how to handle the rod, and assist you throughout the journey. During the tour there is a real good chance to see puffins and many other seabirds. You can also enjoy the beautiful view of the islands and mountains, and if you are lucky, you might see minke whales and dolphins that frequent the area. The fishing tour takes about 2 hours, the fishing spots are very close to town, so we don't have to spend much time in sailing. We only take a limited number of people on for each departure just so everyone can get the best possible service as possible. We put ambition in offering excellent personal service for everyone. After the tour the captain will fillet the fish for you so you can take the catch with you to cook if you have access to a kitchen. Some of the restaurants in town can take the fish and prepare it for you for a reasonable price, but it is necessary for you to check availability before. Our ticket office is in a small cabin at the harbour, it is good to be there about 15-20 min before. It is always better to bring warm clothes, weather can change quickly in Iceland especially on the ocean.
Come aboard a traditional oak schooner and embark on a voyage of Breiðafjörður Bay. Experience the pristine Icelandic nature and try your hand at sea-angling on this fun-filled fishing tour. This is the perfect tour for those who want to see Iceland’s rich wildlife and get a taste of the country. You will set sail from the town of Grundarfjörður and head out to the waters of Breiðafjörður Bay. This wide bay is encircled by mighty mountains, including the famous glacier Snæfellsjökull. Breiðafjörður has a breathtaking land and seascape consisting of small fjords and bays, shallow seas and around 3,000 islands, islets and skerries. You will head on out to one of those islands; the uninhabited and protected island of Melrakkaey, situated at the mouth of Grundarfjörður bay. The island is the home of several species of nesting birds, mainly eiders, shags, cormorants, glaucous gulls and puffins. While the island’s west side is flat, the north, east and south sides are comprised of jagged basalt rock columns. Before you head back to land, you’ll get to have a go at sea-angling and feel the thrill of the chase as you reel in your dinner. The boats are well equipped with fishing rods, and your expert guide will show you the all best tricks to catch a big one. You will get to keep whatever you fish, and there are several things you can do with it. If you don’t want it, just throw it back in the ocean; otherwise, if you want to save it, you can take it back to your hotel. You can also head on out to the harbour café where the staff can prepare a nice dinner out of it, for the freshest meal of your life. Don’t hesitate, book this tour and enjoy the great Icelandic nature. Check availability by choosing a date.
Join this three-day tour to witness many incredible locations in Iceland, including the little known Hrísey Island. This Super Jeep excursion is perfect for those who love adventure and sightseeing; seeking a personal, unique experience, with particular appeal to those who love fishing and whale watching. The tour begins in Reykjavík, where you are picked up in your Super Jeep, a modified and powerful vehicle that promises to let you travel over any terrain and keep your group size small. You will then drive to the North of Iceland, stopping at many awe-inspiring sites along the way, before taking the ferry to Hrísey Island where your dinner and accommodation awaits. On the boat journey over there, you have an excellent chance of seeing whales and dolphins in the blue waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Many species of whale reside here, including Fin whales and White-beaked dolphins. On day two, you will explore the picturesque island further. Hrísey is naturally beautiful, culturally isolated, and little travelled, providing you with a unique and rewarding experience. In the afternoon, those who love fishing can take a sea angling tour, while those not interested can return to North Iceland to tour the amazing sites of Lake Mývatn and Goðafoss Waterfall. On your third day, you will return to Reykjavík via the Highlands, where you'll have an opportunity to bathe in the natural hot springs at Hveravellir. You also will have the opportunity to see two of Iceland's most famous sites, Gullfoss and Geysir, belonging to the famed Golden Circle sightseeing route. Book now to save your seat on this three-day tour of Iceland's major sites, to witness the village life on Hrísey Island and enjoy the bounties of the ocean. Check availability by choosing a date.
Catch yourself your own meal with this sea-angling tour from the northern town of Húsavík. This trip should not be missed by avid anglers who want to surround themselves with beautiful nature. This tour begins when you find your sea angling vessel at Húsavík Harbour. Here, you will put on some overalls, board, and set out into the beautiful Skjálfandi Bay. All equipment needed for you to hook yourself up your dinner will be provided for you. Skjálfandi bay is surrounded by beautiful mountains and cliffs and dotted with many islands. These are home to many species of bird, including puffins from May to August, which you will see circling overhead, diving in the water, or resting on its surface. It is better known, however, for its whale-life. Although you will not actively seek out the marine mammals that live here, Húsavík is the whale-watching capital of Europe. It is, therefore, more than possible that you will spot a resident Humpback Whale, or a pod of White-Beaked Dolphins, alongside over twenty more less common species. As soon as you reach your fishing spot, you’ll cast your line, and wait patiently, admiring the beautiful surroundings. This bay is full of life, so it will not be long before you hook up a fish; the tour has, in fact, a 100% catch guarantee, and if you do not catch anything you can join another trip for free. The main species found on sea-angling tours from Iceland are catfish, cod, haddock and mackerel. Your captain can fillet this for you at the end of the tour, so you can either take it home and cook it yourself or bring it to a local restaurant and let a talented chef do the hard work. Enjoy the beauty and bounties of Skjálfandi Bay on this sea-angling tour from Húsavík. Check availability by choosing a date.
Go fishing in the Westfjords, and finish up your day with a two-course meal at a fantastic local restaurant. This tour should not be missed by avid anglers looking to enjoy one of Iceland’s least visited regions. This tour begins in Bíldudalur; many visitors to this area will at least pass through here, as it is close to incredible attractions such as the Látrabjarg birdwatching cliffs and Dynjandi waterfall. Here, you will meet your guides, who have all your fishing gear waiting for you on the docked boat. As soon as your group has boarded, you’ll depart from the harbour into one of the glorious fjords in the region. The waters of the Westfjords are bountiful with fish, so you will only need to travel for fifteen minutes to reach your angling destination. Once there, you can cast off, and enjoy the amazing surrounding landscapes, of beautiful mountains and glistening ocean. You are also likely to see diverse wildlife, particularly regarding seabirds; many species nest in the surrounding cliffs, including puffins from May to September. Although there is no guarantee, you may also see some marine mammals. Seals frequent the waters, as do species such as Humpback Whales, Harbour Porpoises and White-Beaked Dolphins. There are many types of fish you may hook up, including cod and haddock. Fishing has been the lifeblood of this region for centuries, so you are almost certain to catch something, allowing for some excellent photo opportunities. To put the cherry on top of the day, the skipper will prepare for you a delicious meal aboard. Experience fishing in the Westfjords and enjoy a fresh meal by booking this tour now. Check availability by choosing a date.
Join this fantastic sea angling tour off the coasts of the Westfjords and you too can experience the most authentic of all Icelandic experiences—fishing! This is the perfect experience for passionate anglers, and for those looking to appreciate the diverse landscapes of the Westfjords for an ocean-vantage point. All around Arnarfjörður in the Westfjords, you can find rich fishing grounds, perfect for the aspiring angler. Beginning at the village harbour in Bíldudalur, you will cruise out into the ocean for approximately 10 to 15 minutes, or until the captain has found the right spot. Typically, the sea angling tour sets off in the morning hours or in the evening. This is because these times boast the best conditions for fishing. There are a number of fish species abundant in the Icelandic waters. You will almost certainly have the opportunity to catch Atlantic Cod, Haddock and Trout, among other species. Whatever you hook will make a fine meal as the boat captain begins to make preparations for cooking the catch of the day. The tour is approximately 1-2 hours. Other departure times can, of course, be arranged and tailored to your requirements, though this must be organised in advance alongside your reservation. If you're not looking to partake in the fishing segment of the tour, you are always free to relax on the boat, soaking up the incredible landscapes of the southern side of the Westfjords. The boat in question is recently modified, very stable and equipped with rods and angles. If you have any question regarding fishing tips, the Westfjords or other fun activities in the area, your captain will be on hand the whole way. With that in mind, there should be no reason not to make a catch! Hurry now and you too can experience the joys of fishing off the picturesque Westfjords. Check the availability by choosing a date.
Don't miss out on this hot fishing action with a fantastic Volcano Fishing tour in the great lakes of the south-east Icelandic Highlands. This is a fantastic tour opportunity for those guests looking to experience angling in Iceland combined with some incredible panoramic scenery. Your day will begin by being picked up from your accommodation in Iceland's capital, Reykjavík before you are driven down the scenic South Coast route toward the highlands. You will be fishing in the sublime Icelandic highlands, known for their kaleidoscopic hillsides, steaming hot pools and the fantastic hiking trails of Landmannalaugar ("The Pools of the People"). To begin with, however, you will be focusing on the fishing at Frostastaðavatn, a lake found just nearby to Hekla volcano. This lake is one of the best fishing areas in the highlands, surrounded by incredible views of pink glaciers, rumbling rivers and smooth mountain slopes. Even if you've never been fishing before, fear not, for your guide will be on hand every step of the way to help you with the process, as well as offering tips and providing all of the necessary fishing equipment. You will be fishing primarily for Brown Trout and Arctic Char, two of the most common fish species in Iceland. A variety of techniques may be required to ensure a catch, from patient waiting on the riverside to fully wading into the water. At the very end of your trip, you will conclude your experience with an unforgettable swim in one of the hot pools that makes Landmannalaugar so famous! When you have soaked to satisfaction, you will begin to make the return journey back to Reykjavík. So don't delay any longer! Hurry now and you too can try your hand at some volcanic fishing in the gorgeous Icelandic highlands. Check availability by choosing a date.
Join this fantastic tour combining the major highlights of the Golden Circle sightseeing route with a spot of angling in Iceland's lakes and rivers. This tour is perfect for fishing enthusiasts who are also looking to experience three of the country's biggest visitor attractions. Þingvellir National Park is your first stop of the day; it is the only UNESCO World Heritage site in Iceland due to its aesthetic beauty, geological makeup and cultural heritage. Here, you will observe the North American and Eurasian tectonic exposed from the earth, as well as the dried volcanic fields, covered with a blanket of Icelandic moss. This is the site where the world's first democratically parliament in 930 AD. From Þingvellir, you will head to lake Laugarvatn and River Holáa where you will try to catch Arctic Char and Brown Trout. Your experienced guide will provide you with all of the necessary equipment, as well as offer guidance on how best to go about catching your fish. Next up is Haukadalur Geothermal Valley, home to smoking fumaroles, cauldrons of bubbling mud and, of course, the major hot spring, Strokkur. Unlike its dormant cousin, Geysir, Stokkur will erupt every five minutes or so, putting on an amazing visual spectacle for the valley's visitors. Your final stop on the Golden Circle tour is the "Golden Falls", Gullfoss, a powerful feature that demonstrates the sheer ferocity of Iceland's water. The cascade drops 32 m over two rocky steps into a dramatic canyon, presenting amazing photographic opportunities. On your way back to Reykjavik, you will fish at one or two other areas if we have time and stop at a few other popular sights, depending on what time allows. One great thing about this tour is it allows you to customize the schedule so it meets your requirements. So don't delay any longer! Hurry now so you too can experience the highly popular Golden Circle sightseeing route with the added bonus of angling the country's waterways. Check availability by choosing a date.
Reel in your travel experience in Iceland by embarking on a sea angling adventure from Reykjavík’s harbour. If you want to enjoy the spectacular views of Faxaflói Bay, armed with a fishing rod in your hand, this is the excursion for you. Your tour begins in Ægisgarður at the Old Harbour of Iceland’s capital, conveniently located right in the city centre. There, you will meet with your friendly, local guide, and prepare to set sail to the bay of Faxaflói, the primary source of nourishment to the inhabitants of Reykjavík since its establishment. The views in these waters include Mt. Esja, Viðey Island, Kollafjörður Bay, the Akranes peninsula, and even the summit of Snæfellsjökull Glacier on clear days. See the Reykjavík shoreline lull past you on your boat ride, as you gear up and set the bait, casting your fishing rod into the deep blue of the Atlantic Ocean. The fish most commonly caught in these waters are cod, haddock, catfish and pollock. If you are an experienced angler, you are in for a treat, and even if you don’t possess a background in fishing or angling, you are sure to enjoy your fantastic surroundings while trying your luck in Iceland’s oldest, most essential sport. Your experienced guides will provide you with all the help you might need in throwing your line in the water, as well as answering all questions you might have of the nature and wildlife you will encounter on your journey. Many seabirds feed in the area, so if you are an avid bird watcher, don’t forget your camera. As the boat gets ready to return you to the docks, your guides will make use of the cooking facilities onboard and allow you to taste the catch of the day. Enjoy the fresh cuisine with the rest of your travel companions, before making your way back to the harbour and enjoying the rest of your day in the city centre of Reykjavík. Book this tour now for a fun-filled day fishing by the Old Harbour of Iceland’s capital. Check availability by choosing a date. | 2019-04-22T02:05:10Z | https://marketplace.visitreykjavik.is/book-trips-holiday/adventure-tours/fishing-tours |
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Here, we address the legal and ethical responsibilities that come with being a board member. We also look at best practices related to board operations, recruitment, fundraising and internal communications. This is the business side of any nonprofit, and it all leads to greater effectiveness of one of your most powerful assets: your nonprofit board.
What are the basic responsibilities of a board and the legal duties of board members?
In 2002, the U.S. government passed the American Competitiveness and Corporate Accountability Act (a.k.a. the Sarbanes-Oxley Act), which regulates the financial controls of corporate boards.
The Act itself doesn’t apply to nonprofits, but there are a number of provisions you might want to adopt voluntarily, particularly as they relate to board oversight and committees, disclosure, document retention, whistleblower policies and audits. We’re not alone in this recommendation. In its publication, Compliance Guide for 501©(3) Public Charities, the Internal Revenue Service recommends that nonprofits consider whether such governance practices are necessary to ensure sound operations and compliance with tax law.
It’s also important to note that Sarbanes-Oxley may be relevant to your nonprofit in that it inspired a number of state laws that govern nonprofits, such as the California Nonprofit Integrity Act of 2004, which addresses registration of a charity, financial reporting, auditing and other areas relevant to a nonprofit’s finances and management. And remember, state laws vary, so it’s important that you become familiar with relevant legislation in your area of operations.
How can they protect the board?
Bylaws are the written rules by which an organization is governed. They set forth the structure of the board and the organization. They determine the rights of participants and they determine the procedures by which rights can be exercised. In other words, bylaws guide the board in conducting business. Carefully crafted bylaws and adherence to them can help ensure the fairness of board decisions and provide protection against legal challenges.
It’s important to note that bylaws are in fact legal documents. This means there are legal requirements for what should be included. These requirements vary depending on the state in which you operate. For example, some state laws require membership, board selection and other issues to be stated in the articles of incorporation. To be sure your bylaws are on side with state laws, consult a lawyer before you begin.
Bylaws can help protect your directors and officers from personal liability. For example, your nonprofit can protect its directors and officers from costs arising from wrongful lawsuits by including provisions regarding indemnification in your bylaws.
In some cases, nonprofits are required to indemnify directors and officers, that is, protect and defend them from loss or harm resulting from risk. In other cases, they are prohibited from doing so. (In California, see California codes 5238 and 9246 for more details).
Here’s an example: A nonprofit is required to indemnify a director or officer for all costs the director incurred in successfully defending himself against a lawsuit. In such a case, issues could arise regarding the nonprofit’s ability to advance funds to the director to pay for defense, or its ability to reimburse the director for losses as required by law. For this reason, insurance is necessary. This topic is discussed in more detail in Legal.
Purchasing Directors and Officers Liability Insurance (D&O Insurance) will enable your nonprofit to indemnify your directors and officers. And, in the case of nonprofits that have enough assets to indemnify directors and officers out of the nonprofit’s funds, insurance will reimburse your nonprofit for funds advanced for legal defense. D&O Insurance can also pay for losses incurred against which the nonprofit is not permitted by statute to indemnify.
In fact, if your nonprofit is not able to offer this protection you may run the risk of being unable to recruit qualified directors.
It directly reimburses directors for legal costs they incur which the nonprofit cannot or will not pay.
It reimburses the nonprofit for the costs it incurs in indemnifying directors.
Before you sign on the dotted line, consider having your attorney or nonprofit insurance specialist explain your policy in detail.
Does the policy automatically cover directors and officers who come on after the policy has taken effect?
Does the policy provide for the advancement of funds to pay defense costs as they come due?
Is there coverage for claims arising from events occurring before the beginning of the policy period?
Does the policy provide coverage for employment practices liability?
What are the limits and deductibles?
Adapted in part from The Nonprofit Board’s Guide to Bylaws, by D. Benson Tesdahl (BoardSource, 2003).
How does the board ensure the organization is mission driven?
A mission-driven organization is one that is constituent-focused at every touchpoint. Your mission may be defined in terms of providing exemplary service, or developing products that meet and exceed the needs of your target audiences, or both.
A mission-driven strategy can be a framework to help your board align your programs and services with the values and priorities of your organization. But how do you ensure your board is using this framework effectively?
First, the executive director and the board should establish a guiding mission and vision that reflect the organization’s constituency. This will require careful research and strategic planning. It’s important that the executive director and staff support the board with the research they need in order to develop an informed mission that positions your organization appropriately and sets you up for success.
Once established, board commitment to driving your mission forward at every opportunity is essential. Such a commitment helps everyone in the organization create a solid operational structure, a strong organizational identity and effective communications and fundraising strategies.
Develop opportunities to keep board members communicating. Members should be engaged in moving your mission forward. Keep the line of communication open between board members and the executive director to ensure buy-in at all levels and a shared understanding of your common purpose.
Ask the board to regularly review communications and fundraising plans to ensure they tie in with mission and strategic goals. This keeps them tied into critical organizational activities and ensures the mission is top of mind for everyone. Be sure to follow up on their suggestions for improvement.
Don’t let your mission “drift.” Potential support from large donors or corporate sponsors can sometimes result in taking on programming that is not in line with your mission. If growth means a potential shift, do your research and plan your strategies before you make the leap.
What is the social benefit gained by our organization’s existence and how important is it?
Does our mission have meaning for stakeholders, or is it just boilerplate for grant applications?
Do we know our organization’s competitive advantage, and who our constituents are?
What are some best practices for board operations?
Implementing “best practices” for building and running a board effectively can help you further your cause with confidence. Here are some top issues to consider.
Federal law doesn’t dictate board size, but state laws often establish a minimum (typically one to three members).
Beyond legal requirements, the number of board members will depend largely on your organization’s needs. Before you decide on size, it’s best to think about your needs. Do you want to create a diverse board with varied skills, knowledge and experience to support your organization and match the needs of a diverse constituency? To determine the right number for your organization, think about the dynamics between members and their ability to accomplish tasks. Consider whether adding more will help or hinder in this regard.
A quorum is the minimum number of members that must be present at a meeting to make the proceedings of that meeting valid. This is typically established in an organization’s bylaws, although in some cases state law will determine the quorum. Often the quorum for a meeting of the board is one-third of its total members, or two directors (whichever is higher).
To ensure full participation and thoughtful decision making in the best interest of the organization, board meetings should always be carefully planned, facilitated and documented for implementation and follow-up.
During the meeting, stick closely to the agenda to make good use of everyone’s time. Focus on getting results and critical decision-making at every meeting.
Make attendance mandatory. Develop policies around meetings and hold members accountable. If a meeting is scheduled but agenda items have changed, don’t waste members’ time. Reschedule for another, more appropriate day.
Ask for board input on the agenda. This allows members to include topics of interest, increasing the likelihood of attendance and helping to keep them engaged while there. This can also help the executive director better understand where members stand on important issues.
Schedule time for discussion and networking among members. Give members the opportunity to get to know each other and build their own professional networks.
While an executive director is often a member of the board, involved in board discussions and information sharing, he or she is rarely granted a vote. After all, the board is technically the executive director’s employer and conflicts of interest could arise. To guard against this, both the board and the executive director should act independently from each other – the executive director as leader of the organization and the board in a governance role. Because of their passion and commitment, founders may want to directly exert their influence over the organization as a member of the board. Ultimately, the answer to this question rests in the founder’s ability to use his or her skills and experience to move the organization’s mission forward at the governance level. As a board member, a founder can be granted a vote. This means he or she should be able to effectively address the organization’s needs and provide guidance and support.
Term limits give both the board member and the organization an opportunity to determine if continued service is in the best interest of both parties. To ensure the organization’s ability to bring in fresh perspectives and expertise and foster its ability to be flexible and responsive to changing needs, many nonprofits set defined terms for their board members. These typically range from one to four years. However, some nonprofits choose not to adopt a limit – typically when an organization will benefit from the continued involvement of strong, active members. When developing policy in this area, think carefully about the needs of your organization and your funders.
Board committees help optimize individual expertise and diversity by allowing the board to use resources more effectively. By operating in smaller groups, members can often accomplish more than if the board acted as a whole, particularly where issues are complex or numerous.
Certain types of committees may be required by law. In California, for example, charities with gross revenues exceeding $2 million must establish an audit committee.
Board orientation is critical to getting organization-wide buy-in to your mission, values, organizational identity and strategic plans. It helps improve communication and participation, and it empowers new members with the tools they need to steward your nonprofit in the community. Orientation prepares your board members to provide informed guidance and support in governance issues, allowing your organization to make better use of their expertise.
Develop an orientation manual outlining what each member needs to know about service and your organization.
Give your board the tools they need to excel. Regularly update members on key organizational issues and good works.
Use mentoring and ongoing education to help members feel prepared.
Learn more! Get Getting On Board with Effective Orientation (www.boardsource.org). This BoardSource Toolkit can help you design your board orientation materials and training sessions.
Executive director evaluations are a significant component of a board’s responsibilities. They are critical to ensuring the executive director is in sync with a board, and driving the organization forward, toward its mission. Evaluations also help to clarify expectations and set goals for the future.
For more information about executive director evaluations, read Managing People.
Where do we find board members?
Finding the right candidates for your board is not an easy task. Ideally, you’ll recruit individuals with a range of complementary skills who are as passionate about your mission as you are. So, where do you start?
One-third would be individuals who have access to financial resources or soliciting donations.
One-third would be individuals with management expertise in areas of financial, marketing, legal and the like.
One-third would be individuals connected at the community level, with expertise in your service field.
Then, think about other characteristics such as age, gender, diversity, geographic representation and familiarity with your cause.
Consider current volunteers and significant donors as candidates. Ask for board and staff suggestions, and look at business leaders and high net-worth individuals in the community.
Sites like boardnetUSA (www.boardnetusa.org), VolunteerMatch (www.volunteermatch.org) and BoardSource (www.boardsource.org) also help nonprofit boards and new leaders find each other. The latter also offers “Recruiting a Stronger Board: A BoardSource Toolkit,” which, among other tools, provides a sample board matrix to help you outline the desired expertise, sectors and demographics that comprise your board.
You might consider designating a board nominations committee to identify potential candidates. Ask the board to seek out candidates who can contribute in a unique way. And be sure to review each candidate in light of your mission and goals.
What role does the board chair play?
What is their relationship with the executive director?
Successful, mission-driven nonprofits have two things in common: 1. a strong executive director and 2. an engaged, collaborative board chair. Without exception, the role of board chair is paramount to ensuring an active, focused and supportive board. This in turn ensures a healthy, happy nonprofit.
The board chair’s commitment to stakeholders is to operate under the guiding principle of what is best for the organization. He or she should facilitate board leadership and good governance. In this way, the chair molds the board’s culture, work and impact.
A board chair is responsible for leading the board and setting the tone for all members. He or she oversees governance and policy setting, with a focus on mission, direction, priorities and evaluation. The chair has a significant influence on how the board uses its time (and in particular is often instrumental in helping the board address fundraising goals).
In addition to overseeing board and committee meetings, supporting recruitment, and assessing the performance of board members and the executive director, the board chair works closely with the executive director. The two should meet regularly to collaboratively drive the organization’s mission forward.
The relationship between the executive director and board chair is key. Trust, respect and a willingness to rely on each other’s strengths are critical, along with a common understanding of the organization’s goals and the strategies needed to get there. Both the executive director and the chair should also have clearly defined roles and responsibilities so that everyone understands where one individual’s authority ends and the other person’s begins. This helps to determine what issues are matters for the board, and what issues lie in the domain of the organization itself.
Partnering to make sure board resolutions are carried out.
Appointing committee chairs and recommending who will serve on committees.
Preparing strategic agendas for board meetings that are geared to decision-making.
Conducting new board member orientation.
Each acting as spokespersons when necessary.
Adapted in part from BoardSource and the Board Chair Handbook, Second Edition (www.boardsource.org).
How do we get board members engaged for our cause?
How do we get them to raise funds?
Board members play a vital role in helping an organization drive its mission forward. And in most instances, board members want to fulfill their responsibilities and contribute positively to the work of the nonprofit they serve. When a member is not actively participating, it’s often due to a lack of understanding of what is expected or not having access to the tools necessary to participate effectively.
Actively involve your board in the development of strategic plans, including fundraising plans. A board can be a significant resource in terms of making introductions. In fact, they often have the business expertise that can be useful in developing a sound plan.
The board is responsible for ensuring the financial health of your organization. Getting them involved at the planning stage helps boards understand their fundraising responsibilities, builds excitement toward implementation and increases the likelihood that members will want to engage in actionable activities.
If you sense resistance, you may want to conduct a session with the board to discuss any reluctance to being involved in fundraising. Such a session may reveal the source of hesitation so you can address it.
Providing the board with outside training in fundraising strategies and techniques will help mitigate such fears, as will setting up a structure for successful fundraising that may include partnering board members with other board members, volunteers or staff members.
Tips to get members moving.
Work with the board chair to get your board members involved in developing an annual fundraising plan. Put numbers on your program objectives, such as how many kids you’ll send to camp or how many meals you want to serve to a needy public.
Create an action plan and give each board member a job. Ensure all individuals understand their role and how it relates to results. How is each board member going to help make the plan a reality? For example, some may seek out sponsors, some may enlist volunteers and some may serve on committees to strengthen community and government relationships. Be sure to tie all responsibilities back to your cause and your fundraising goal.
Communicate regularly with your board members to keep excitement up and momentum going. Keep in touch weekly or monthly and keep them informed of your success. Board engagement is strongest when members’ interests match those of the organization.
To learn more about getting your board engaged for your mission, read Fundraising, and Marketing & Communications.
How do we keep the board communicating effectively?
The board assumes a unique responsibility in the nonprofit sector. It is obligated to hire the executive director, develop policy, assume fiduciary responsibilities and support the executive director in implementing strategies to move the organization forward. Each member offers a diverse perspective, distinct expertise and unique character, yet all work toward a common goal.
Communication between the board and the executive director is vital to the health of your organization. Regular, open meetings between the board chair and the executive director are paramount and must be guided by what’s best for the organization. Each should keep the other informed about trends, developments and the like.
Disagreements should be respectfully resolved and responsibilities should be clear. As leaders in their respective positions, the executive director and the chair act as partners to guide your nonprofit and set the tone for the board and the organization at large.
Focus meetings on strategy, not just administration.
Make it easy for routine issues to be dispensed with quickly. Then, get your board talking about deeper issues that can help you meet your goals. Provide clear, concise agendas and disseminate them in advance so board members can come prepared to engage, ask insightful questions and provide informed opinions.
Create an environment that encourages board members to freely express their opinions, even if they challenge the status quo. Consider bringing in a facilitator to discuss complex issues. This will help keep the chair, executive director or any one member from pushing a particular agenda in an attempt to sway the group.
If your board is large, consider breaking up into groups for discussion.
Smaller group discussions encourage creativity and may encourage less outspoken members to join in and offer their expertise.
Make it easy for the board to understand and act.
Use real examples and frame issues in terms of what you want the board to do. Discuss strategies you want to implement and talk about how you intend to get there.
How do you deal with an ineffective board member?
Most individuals choose to serve on a board because they want to contribute their expertise, collaborate with peers, give back to the community and affect change in a meaningful way. However, there are instances in which a board member is not effectively engaged, or is ineffective in his or her role. There may be a reasonable explanation.
The board member is not clear on what is expected of him or her.
The board member is not comfortable with an assignment given.
The board member is not in the right role. He or she really wants to be a direct service volunteer.
Whatever the case, you’ll want the board chair to resolve the problem right away. He or she should meet with the member to discuss what is causing reduced participation and seek an appropriate resolution. Clarifying expectations and providing training, orientation or coaching may help the member meet expectations. If the case is that the member is “burnt out,” allowing him or her to gracefully resign may be the appropriate solution.
To help mitigate the chance of a member becoming ineffective, develop expectations in writing. Provide them to each potential board member before they accept the position. Once on board, orient individuals to ensure your organization’s mission, goals and objectives are clearly understood. Along the way, keep your board updated on your good work and get members involved where appropriate. Consider starting formal committees to put boundaries on responsibilities and tasks. And don’t forget to conduct annual board evaluations to determine what’s working and what isn’t.
How important is board assessment?
What are the steps in board evaluation?
Performance evaluations are often a cause for apprehension, even among board members. Individuals tend to assume a performance assessment is designed to highlight bad performance, but this should not be the case. Without review and reflection, it’s impossible to determine whether your board and your organization are meeting goals and making progress.
Identify gaps and improve performance. They help the chair and the executive director understand where they may need to support board members with training, coaching or member partnering to help a member meet goals and objectives.
Hold the board accountable for its performance. They create transparency and add credibility to board decision-making.
Offer an opportunity to communicate objectively. They offer a vehicle to openly discuss strengths and weaknesses and realign board members with the organization’s identity, mission, values and goals.
For the chair, provide important feedback on leadership style and facilitation skills. They highlight the chair’s strengths and weaknesses in handling challenges, and his or her ability to keep board members engaged.
To get started, experts recommend a nonprofit board conduct a self-assessment every two years. That said, it’s also important to assess each board member’s performance before a new term is granted.
Individual board members’ performance can be tied to a full board assessment process by asking board members to rate their own performance at the same time that they rate board performance. You may also want board members to conduct peer evaluations, and assess other board members’ contributions.
Board chair performance can be evaluated by the governance committee or you may want to ask board members to provide anonymous assessments. The results should be communicated in a private meeting.
Get board buy-in. Without consensus from all members, the board won’t participate.
Research and explore before you jump in. If you’re new to board assessment, form a task force to investigate how to appropriately conduct a self-assessment. Research the self-assessment tools available and choose those that are best aligned with your needs. Get board members involved at the research and selection phase and have them refine their chosen tool for effective self-reflection. If costs are a concern, identify foundations that fund board development activities and include assessment costs in the organization’s budget.
Devote time to planning. Ensure members have enough time to complete the assessment and determine when and how you’ll discuss results.
Consider bringing in a facilitator. Members need to know how to give constructive feedback. If anyone is unclear, you may want to bring in a facilitator to aid in the evaluation process and help discussions go smoothly.
Follow up and implement recommendations to affect real board change. Expectations and duties should be clarified and each member should be provided with opportunities for self-improvement.
Adapted in part from BoardSource, Assessing your Performance (www.boardsource.org/Spotlight.asp?ID=14.530). | 2019-04-22T00:37:30Z | http://nonprofitanswerguide.org/boards-governance/ |
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Bill Text - SB-1407 Court facilities: financing.
An act to amend Section 6322.1 of the Business and Professions Code, to amend Sections 68085.1, 68085.3, 68085.4, 68086.1, 70372, 70374, 70375, 70391, 70603, 70611, 70612, 70613, 70614, 70617, 70621, 70650, 70651, 70652, 70653, 70654, 70655, 70656, 70657, 70657.5, 70658, and 70670 of, and to add Sections 68085.45, 70371.5, 70371.6, 70373, and 70602 to, the Government Code, to amend Section 103470 of the Health and Safety Code, to amend Section 1463.010 of, and to amend, repeal, and add Section 1203.1d of, the Penal Code, to amend Section 7660 of the Probate Code, and to amend Sections 40611 and 42007.1 of the Vehicle Code, relating to court facilities.
SB 1407, Perata. Court facilities: financing.
(1) The Trial Court Facilities Act of 2002 establishes the State Court Facilities Construction Fund and provides that moneys in that fund may be used to acquire, rehabilitate, construct, or finance court facilities, as defined, and to implement trial court projects in designated counties, as specified.
This bill would extend the purposes for which moneys in that fund may be used to include the planning, design, construction, rehabilitation, replacement, leasing, or acquisition of court facilities. The bill would establish the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, the proceeds of which would be used for the planning, design, construction, rehabilitation, renovation, replacement, or acquisition of court facilities, for the repayment of moneys appropriated for lease of court facilities pursuant to the issuance of lease-revenue bonds, and for the payment for lease or rental of court facilities. The bill would require the Judicial Council to collect and make available information regarding moneys in the account, as specified, and to make recommendations to the Governor and the Legislature for projects based on its determination that the need for a project is most immediate and critical, as specified. The bill would authorize the Judicial Council to acquire sites for the replacement of deficient court facilities in 4 specified counties. The bill would require any moneys remaining in, or that would otherwise be payable into, the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, to be transferred to the Controller for deposit into the State Trial Court Operations Trust Fund, as established by this bill, upon the retirement of any bonded indebtedness that may be incurred in connection with immediate and critical trial court projects, the proceeds of which would be available upon appropriation by the Legislature only for trial court operations.
(2) Existing law provides that the Judicial Council, as the policymaking body for the judicial branch, shall have certain responsibilities and authorities with regard to court facilities, including to conduct audits of the collection of fees by the local courts, and to establish and consult with local project advisory groups on the construction of new trial court facilities.
This bill would further authorize the Judicial Council to conduct audits of the collection of fees to be transmitted to the state for deposit in the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund. The bill would include the local sheriff among those local project advisory groups with which the Judicial Council consults in the construction of new trial court facilities, as specified.
(3) Existing law specifies various uniform fees for filing specified documents in connection with certain civil proceedings, including a fee schedule for filing a first petition or first account in connection with a trust or estate. Existing law also imposes a fee of $20 upon every conviction for a criminal offense, other than parking offenses, for funding of court security, and a fee of $10 for corrections of violations of license, registration, or mechanical requirements of the Vehicle Code. Supplemental penalties and fees are imposed upon specified parking offenses and persons ordered to attend traffic violator school. Existing law specifies the disposition of fines and forfeitures, and traffic violator fees, collected by the courts for crimes other than parking violations.
This bill would generally increase those fees, and would impose an additional assessment upon every conviction for a criminal offense, but would eliminate the fee schedule for filing a first petition or first account in connection with a trust or estate and replace it with a set filing fee. The bill would eliminate certain exemptions from payment of filing fees in connection with an estate. The bill would impose a fee for filing in the superior court an application to appear as counsel pro hac vice. The bill would provide for a specified portion of all of those fees to be deposited into the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, as described in (1) above. The bill would make other conforming changes, and would declare the intent of the Legislature to establish a moratorium on increases in filing fees until January 1, 2012.
(4) This bill would incorporate additional changes in Section 68085.1 of the Government Code proposed by AB 1873, to be operative if AB 1873 and this bill are both chaptered and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, and this bill is chaptered last.
(5) This bill would incorporate additional changes in Sections 68085.3, 68085.4, 68086.1, 70611, 70612, 70613, 70614, 70621, 70650, 70651, 70652, 70653, 70654, 70655, 70656, 70658, and 70670 of the Government Code, Section 103470 of the Health and Safety Code, and Section 7660 of the Probate Code, proposed by SB 1177, to be operative if SB 1177 and this bill are both chaptered and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, and this bill is chaptered last.
(a) Until the end of the moratorium described in Section 70601 of the Government Code, the board of supervisors of any county may increase, as provided in this section, the amount distributed to its county law library fund from the uniform filing fees listed in Section 6321 whenever it determines that the increase is necessary to defray the expenses of the law library.
(b) Distribution changes after January 1, 2008, shall be determined by the process described in Section 70601 of the Government Code.
(c) (1) In an action or proceeding in which a claim for money damages falls within the monetary jurisdiction of the small claims court and is filed by an assignee who is prohibited from filing or maintaining a claim pursuant to Section 116.420 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the uniform filing fee shall be reduced by twenty-four dollars ($24) to one hundred seventy-six dollars ($176) if the complaint contains a declaration under penalty of perjury, executed by the party requesting the reduction in fees, that the case qualifies for the lower fee because the claim for money damages will not exceed the monetary jurisdiction of small claims court and is filed by an assignee of the claim.
(3) Notwithstanding subdivision (d) of Section 68085.4 of the Government Code, when the uniform filing fee is reduced as provided in this subdivision, the amounts distributed to dispute resolution programs, the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, the Judges’ Retirement Fund, children’s waiting rooms, and the Equal Access Fund shall remain as provided under subdivisions (b) and (c) of Section 68085.4 of the Government Code and shall not be changed. Only the amounts distributed to the Trial Court Trust Fund, the law libraries, and the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund shall be adjusted. The amount distributed from each uniform filing fee under this section to the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5, shall be eleven dollars ($11). If the fee is further reduced below one hundred seventy-six dollars ($176), as with a partial waiver or partial payment, the proportional reductions described in subdivision (g) of Section 68085.1 of the Government Code shall apply.
(d) Distributions under this section to the law library fund in each county shall be used only for the purposes authorized by this chapter.
(e) As used in this section and Section 6321, “law library fund” includes a law library account described in the second paragraph of Section 6320.
(1) Sections 177.5, 209, 403.060, 491.150, 631.3, 683.150, 704.750, 708.160, 724.100, 1134, 1161.2, 1218, and 1993.2 of, subdivision (g) of Section 411.20 and subdivisions (c) and (g) of Section 411.21 of, and Chapter 5.5 (commencing with Section 116.110) of Title 1 of Part 1 of, the Code of Civil Procedure.
(2) Section 3112 of the Family Code.
(3) Section 31622 of the Food and Agricultural Code.
(4) Subdivision (d) of Section 6103.5, Sections 68086 and 68086.1, subdivision (d) of Section 68511.3, Sections 68926.1 and 69953.5, and Chapter 5.8 (commencing with Section 70600).
(5) Section 103470 of the Health and Safety Code.
(6) Subdivisions (b) and (c) of Section 166 and Section 1214.1 of the Penal Code.
(7) Sections 1835, 1851.5, 2343, 7660, and 13201 of the Probate Code.
(8) Sections 14607.6 and 16373 of the Vehicle Code.
(9) Section 71386 of this code, Sections 304, 7851.5, and 9002 of the Family Code, and Section 1513.1 of the Probate Code, if the reimbursement is for expenses incurred by the court.
(10) Section 3153 of the Family Code, if the amount is paid to the court for the cost of counsel appointed by the court to represent a child.
(b) On and after January 1, 2006, each superior court shall deposit all fees and fines listed in subdivision (a), as soon as practicable after collection and on a regular basis, into a bank account established for this purpose by the Administrative Office of the Courts. Upon direction of the Administrative Office of the Courts, the county shall deposit civil assessments under Section 1214.1 of the Penal Code and any other money it collects under the sections listed in subdivision (a) as soon as practicable after collection and on a regular basis into the bank account established for this purpose and specified by the Administrative Office of the Courts. The deposits shall be made as required by rules adopted by, and financial policies and procedures authorized by, the Judicial Council under subdivision (a) of Section 77206. Within 15 days after the end of the month in which the fees and fines are collected, each court, and each county that collects any fines or fees under subdivision (a), shall provide the Administrative Office of the Courts with a report of the fees by categories as specified by the Administrative Office of the Courts. The Administrative Office of the Courts and any court may agree upon a time period greater than 15 days, but in no case more than 30 days after the end of the month in which the fees and fines are collected. The fees and fines listed in subdivision (a) shall be distributed as provided in this section.
(A) To the small claims advisory services, as described in subdivision (f) of Section 116.230 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(B) To dispute resolution programs, as described in subdivision (b) of Section 68085.3 and subdivision (b) of Section 68085.4.
(C) To the county law library funds, as described in Sections 116.230 and 116.760 of the Code of Civil Procedure, subdivision (b) of Section 68085.3, subdivision (b) of Section 68085.4, and Section 70621 of this code, and Section 14607.6 of the Vehicle Code.
(D) To the courthouse construction funds in the Counties of Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Francisco, as described in Sections 70622, 70624, and 70625.
(2) If any distribution under this subdivision is delinquent, the Administrative Office of the Courts shall add a penalty to the distribution as specified in subdivision (i).
(d) Within 45 calendar days after the end of the month in which the fees and fines listed in subdivision (a) are collected, the amounts remaining after the distributions in subdivision (c) shall be transmitted to the State Treasury for deposit in the Trial Court Trust Fund and other funds as required by law. This remittance shall be accompanied by a remittance advice identifying the collection month and the appropriate account in the Trial Court Trust Fund or other fund to which it is to be deposited. Upon the receipt of any delinquent payment required under this subdivision, the Controller shall calculate a penalty as provided under subdivision (i).
(1) Into the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, the Judges’ Retirement Fund, and the Equal Access Fund, as described in subdivision (c) of Section 68085.3 and subdivision (c) of Section 68085.4.
(2) Into the Health Statistics Special Fund, as described in subdivision (b) of Section 70670 of this code and Section 103730 of the Health and Safety Code.
(3) Into the Family Law Trust Fund, as described in Section 70674.
(4) Into the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5, as described in Sections 68085.3, 68085.4, and 70657.5, and subdivision (e) of Section 70617.
(5) The remainder of the money shall be deposited into the Trial Court Trust Fund.
(f) The amounts collected by each superior court under Section 116.232, subdivision (g) of Section 411.20, and subdivision (g) of Section 411.21 of the Code of Civil Procedure, Sections 304, 3112, 3153, 7851.5, and 9002 of the Family Code, subdivision (d) of Section 6103.5, subdivision (d) of Section 68511.3 and Sections 68926.1, 69953.5, 70627, 70631, 70640, 70661, 70678, and 71386 of this code, and Sections 1513.1, 1835, 1851.5, and 2343 of the Probate Code shall be added to the monthly apportionment for that court under subdivision (a) of Section 68085.
(g) If any of the fees provided in subdivision (a) are partially waived by court order or otherwise reduced, and the fee is to be divided between the Trial Court Trust Fund and any other fund or account, the amount of the reduction shall be deducted from the amount to be distributed to each fund in the same proportion as the amount of each distribution bears to the total amount of the fee. If the fee is paid by installment payments, the amount distributed to each fund or account from each installment shall bear the same proportion to the installment payment as the full distribution to that fund or account does to the full fee. If a court collects a fee that was incurred before January 1, 2006, under a provision that was the predecessor to one of the paragraphs contained in subdivision (a), the fee may be deposited as if it were collected under the paragraph of subdivision (a) that corresponds to the predecessor of that paragraph and distributed in prorated amounts to each fund or account to which the fee in subdivision (a) must be distributed.
(h) Except as provided in Sections 470.5 and 6322.1 of the Business and Professions Code, and Sections 70622, 70624, and 70625 of this code, no agency may take action to change the amounts allocated to any of the funds described in subdivision (c), (d), or (e).
(i) The amount of the penalty on any delinquent payment under subdivision (c) or (d) shall be calculated by multiplying the amount of the delinquent payment at a daily rate equivalent to 11/2 percent per month for the number of days the payment is delinquent. The penalty shall be paid from the Trial Court Trust Fund. Penalties on delinquent payments under subdivision (d) shall be calculated only on the amounts to be distributed to the Trial Court Trust Fund and the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, and each penalty shall be distributed proportionately to the funds to which the delinquent payment was to be distributed.
(j) If a delinquent payment under subdivision (c) or (d) results from a delinquency by a superior court under subdivision (b), the court shall reimburse the Trial Court Trust Fund for the amount of the penalty. Notwithstanding Section 77009, any penalty on a delinquent payment that a court is required to reimburse pursuant to this section shall be paid from the court operations fund for that court. The penalty shall be paid by the court to the Trial Court Trust Fund no later than 45 days after the end of the month in which the penalty was calculated. If the penalty is not paid within the specified time, the Administrative Office of the Courts may reduce the amount of a subsequent monthly allocation to the court by the amount of the penalty on the delinquent payment.
(k) If a delinquent payment under subdivision (c) or (d) results from a delinquency by a county in transmitting fees and fines listed in subdivision (a) to the bank account established for this purpose, as described in subdivision (b), the county shall reimburse the Trial Court Trust Fund for the amount of the penalty. The penalty shall be paid by the county to the Trial Court Trust Fund no later than 45 days after the end of the month in which the penalty was calculated.
(9) Section 71386 of this code, Sections 304, 7851.5, and 9002 of the Family Code, Section 1513.1 of the Probate Code, and Section 903.1 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, if the reimbursement is for expenses incurred by the court.
(a) Fees collected under Sections 70611, 70612, 70650, 70651, 70652, 70653, 70655, 70658, and 70670 shall be deposited in a bank account established by the Administrative Office of the Courts for deposit of fees collected by the courts.
(1) To the county law library fund, the amount described in Sections 6321 and 6322.1 of the Business and Professions Code.
(2) To the account to support dispute resolution programs, the amount described in Section 470.5 of the Business and Professions Code.
(1) To the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, as provided in Article 6 (commencing with Section 70371) of Chapter 5.7, thirty-five dollars ($35).
(2) To the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5, thirty dollars ($30), unless the fee is collected under Section 70658, in which case the amount distributed to that fund shall be one hundred seventy dollars ($170).
(3) To the Judges’ Retirement Fund, as established in Section 75100, two dollars and fifty cents ($2.50).
(4) To the Trial Court Trust Fund for use as part of the Equal Access Fund program administered by the Judicial Council, four dollars and eighty cents ($4.80).
(5) To the Trial Court Trust Fund, as provided in Section 68085.1, the remainder of the fee.
(d) If any of the fees listed in subdivision (a) are reduced or partially waived, the amount of the reduction or partial waiver shall be deducted from the amount to be distributed to each fund or account in the same proportion as the amount of each distribution bears to the total amount of the fee.
(e) As used in this section, “law library fund” includes a law library account described in Section 6320 of the Business and Professions Code.
(a) Fees collected under Sections 70613, 70614, 70621, 70654, and 70656 of this code, Section 103470 of the Health and Safety Code, and Section 7660 of the Probate Code shall be deposited in a bank account established by the Administrative Office of the Courts for deposit of fees collected by the courts.
(1) To the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, as provided in Article 6 (commencing with Section 70371) of Chapter 5.7, twenty-five dollars ($25) if the fee is three hundred twenty-five dollars ($325), and twenty dollars ($20) if the fee is two hundred dollars ($200).
(2) To the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5, twenty-five dollars ($25) if the fee is three hundred twenty-five dollars ($325), and twenty dollars ($20) if the fee is two hundred dollars ($200), except as otherwise provided in Section 6322.1 of the Business and Professions Code.
(1) To the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, as provided in Article 6 (commencing with Section 70371) of Chapter 5.7, twenty-five dollars ($25) if the fee is three hundred thirty dollars ($330), and twenty dollars ($20) if the fee is two hundred five dollars ($205).
(2) To the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5, twenty-five dollars ($25) if the fee is three hundred thirty dollars ($330), and twenty dollars ($20) if the fee is two hundred five dollars ($205), except as otherwise provided in Section 6322.1 of the Business and Professions Code.
(a) There is hereby established the State Trial Court Operations Trust Fund. Upon the retirement of any bonded indebtedness that may be incurred in connection with immediate and critical trial court projects, any moneys remaining in, or that would otherwise be payable into, the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, shall be transferred to the Controller for deposit into the State Trial Court Operations Trust Fund.
(b) The proceeds of the State Trial Court Operations Trust Fund shall be available, upon appropriation by the Legislature in the annual Budget Act, only for trial court operations as defined in Section 77003.
(a) Commencing January 1, 2006, for each three-hundred-fifty-dollar ($350) fee collected under Section 70611, 70612, or 70670, twenty-five dollars ($25) of the amount distributed to the Trial Court Trust Fund shall be used for services of an official court reporter in civil proceedings.
(b) Commencing January 1, 2006, for each three-hundred-twenty-five-dollar ($325) fee collected under subdivision (a) of Section 70613 or subdivision (a) of Section 70614, twenty-five dollars ($25) of the amount distributed to the Trial Court Trust Fund shall be used for services of an official court reporter in civil proceedings.
(c) It is the intent of the Legislature, in approving the twenty-five-dollar ($25) distribution out of each filing fee listed in subdivisions (a) and (b), to continue an incentive to courts to use the services of an official court reporter in civil proceedings. However, nothing in this section shall affect the Judicial Council’s authority to allocate these revenues to replace reductions in the General Fund appropriation to the Trial Court Trust Fund.
(a) Commencing January 1, 2006, for each three-hundred-fifty-five-dollar ($355) fee collected under Section 70611, 70612, or 70670, twenty-five dollars ($25) of the amount distributed to the Trial Court Trust Fund shall be used for services of an official court reporter in civil proceedings.
(b) Commencing January 1, 2006, for each three-hundred-thirty-dollar ($330) fee collected under subdivision (a) of Section 70613 or subdivision (a) of Section 70614, twenty-five dollars ($25) of the amount distributed to the Trial Court Trust Fund shall be used for services of an official court reporter in civil proceedings.
(1) The planning, design, construction, rehabilitation, renovation, replacement, or acquisition of court facilities.
(2) Repayment for moneys appropriated for lease of court facilities pursuant to the issuance of lease-revenue bonds.
(3) Payment for lease or rental of court facilities, including those made for facilities in which one or more private sector participants undertake some of the risks associated with the financing, design, construction, or operation of the facility.
(b) Any moneys expended from the Immediate and Critical Needs Account are not subject to Section 77202.
(c) It is the intent of the Legislature that the money in the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund shall be used in part to pay the debt service of lease revenue bonds, notes, bond anticipation notes, or other appropriate financial instruments used to pay for the costs referred to in subdivision (a) in the amount of up to five billion dollars ($5,000,000,000). The total bonded indebtedness shall not exceed that amount for which fine and fee revenues may fully satisfy the debt service.
(d) The Judicial Council shall collect and make available upon request information regarding the moneys deposited in the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund resulting from new and increased fees, assessments, and penalties authorized by the act that added this section.
(e) (1) The Judicial Council shall make recommendations to the Governor and the Legislature for projects based on its determination that the need for a project is most immediate and critical using the then most recent version of the Prioritization Methodology for Trial Court Capital-Outlay Projects originally adopted on August 26, 2006.
(A) Any economic opportunity that exists for a project.
(B) The effect on available resources of using alternative methods of project delivery as provided by Section 70391.5.
(3) Nothing in paragraph (2) shall authorize the Judicial Council to exceed the resources provided by the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Construction Fund, together with other available resources, in undertaking projects identified as immediate and critical needs.
(4) As used in paragraph (2), “economic opportunity” includes, but is not limited to, free or reduced costs of land for new construction, viable financing partnerships with, or fund contributions by, other government entities or private parties that result in lower project delivery costs, cost savings resulting from adaptive reuse of existing facilities, operational efficiencies from consolidation of court calendars and operations, operational savings from sharing of facilities by more than one court, and building operational cost savings from consolidation of facilities.
(5) The Judicial Council shall not consider and apply an economic opportunity in making a recommendation unless it is reasonably assured that the economic opportunity is viable and will be realized. If a project is selected for funding based on an economic opportunity that is withdrawn after the project is approved, the Judicial Council may cancel the project.
The Judicial Council is authorized to acquire sites for the replacement of deficient court facilities within the Counties of Butte (New North County Courthouse), Los Angeles (New Southeast Los Angeles Courthouse), Tehama (New Red Bluff Courthouse), and Yolo (New Woodland Courthouse), as identified in the Immediate Needs Priority Group identified by the Judicial Branch Five-Year Infrastructure Plan, as adopted by the Judicial Council on April 25, 2008.
(a) (1) Except as otherwise provided in subdivision (b) of Section 70375 and in this article, there shall be levied a state court construction penalty, in the amount of five dollars ($5) for every ten dollars ($10), or part of ten dollars ($10), upon every fine, penalty, or forfeiture imposed and collected by the courts for all criminal offenses, including, but not limited to, all offenses involving a violation of a section of the Fish and Game Code, the Health and Safety Code, or the Vehicle Code or any local ordinance adopted pursuant to the Vehicle Code. This penalty is in addition to any other state or local penalty, including, but not limited to, the penalty provided by Section 1464 of the Penal Code and Section 76000.
(2) The amount of the court construction penalty may be reduced by a county as provided in subdivision (b) of Section 70375.
(B) Any penalty authorized by Section 1464 of the Penal Code or Chapter 12 (commencing with Section 76000) of Title 8.
(C) Any parking offense subject to Article 3 (commencing with Section 40200) of Chapter 1 of Division 17 of the Vehicle Code.
(D) The state surcharge authorized by Section 1465.7 of the Penal Code.
(4) Any bail schedule adopted pursuant to Section 1269b of the Penal Code or adopted by the Judicial Council pursuant to Section 40310 of the Vehicle Code may include the necessary amount to pay the penalty established by this section, the penalties authorized by Section 1464 of the Penal Code and Chapter 12 (commencing with Section 76000) of Title 8, and the surcharge authorized by Section 1465.7 of the Penal Code for all matters where a personal appearance is not mandatory and the bail is posted primarily to guarantee payment of the fine. After a determination by the court of the amount due, the clerk of the court shall collect the penalty and transmit it immediately to the county treasury and the county treasurer shall transmit these sums as provided in subdivision (f).
(b) In addition to the penalty provided by subdivision (a), for every parking offense where a parking penalty, fine, or forfeiture is imposed, an added state court construction penalty of four dollars and fifty cents ($4.50) shall be included in the total penalty, fine, or forfeiture. These moneys shall be taken from fines and forfeitures deposited with the county treasurer prior to any division pursuant to Section 1462.3 or 1463.009 of the Penal Code. In those cities, districts, or other issuing agencies which elect to accept parking penalties, and otherwise process parking violations pursuant to Article 3 (commencing with Section 40200) of Chapter 1 of Division 17 of the Vehicle Code, that city, district, or issuing agency shall observe the increased bail amounts as established by the court reflecting the added penalty provided for by this subdivision. Each agency that elects to process parking violations shall pay to the county treasurer four dollars and fifty cents ($4.50) for the parking penalty imposed by this subdivision for each violation that is not filed in court. Those payments to the county treasurer shall be made monthly, and the county treasurer shall transmit these sums as provided in paragraph (2) of subdivision (f).
(c) If multiple offenses are involved, the state court construction penalty under subdivision (a) shall be based upon the total fine or bail for each case. If a fine is suspended, in whole or in part, the state court construction penalty under subdivision (a) shall be reduced in proportion to the suspension.
(d) If any deposited bail is made for an offense to which this section applies, and for which a court appearance is not mandatory, the person making the deposit shall also deposit a sufficient amount to include the state court construction penalty prescribed by subdivision (a) for forfeited bail. If bail is returned, the state court construction penalty paid thereon pursuant to subdivision (a) shall also be returned.
(e) In any case where a person convicted of any offense, to which this section applies, is in prison until the fine is satisfied, the judge may waive all or any part of the state court construction penalty, the payment of which would work a hardship on the person convicted or his or her immediate family.
(i) The numerator is the amount imposed as an additional penalty on every ten dollars ($10), or part of ten dollars ($10), upon every fine, penalty, or forfeiture, if any, for deposit into the local courthouse construction fund in that county established pursuant to Sections 76000 and 76100. The numerator shall be expressed in whole dollars and fractions of a dollar.
(ii) The denominator is five dollars ($5).
(B) The resulting amount shall be deposited in the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5.
(C) The remaining amount of the deposit shall be deposited in the State Court Facilities Construction Fund.
(2) Within 45 days after the end of the month that moneys are deposited in the county treasury pursuant to subdivision (b), the county treasurer shall transmit the moneys to the Controller to be deposited as follows: one-third of the total amount shall be deposited in the State Court Facilities Construction Fund and two-thirds of the total amount shall be deposited in the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5.
(a) (1) To ensure and maintain adequate funding for court facilities, an assessment shall be imposed on every conviction for a criminal offense, including a traffic offense, except parking offenses as defined in subdivision (i) of Section 1463 of the Penal Code, involving a violation of a section of the Vehicle Code or any local ordinance adopted pursuant to the Vehicle Code. The assessment shall be imposed in the amount of thirty dollars ($30) for each misdemeanor or felony and in the amount of thirty-five dollars ($35) for each infraction.
(a) The Judicial Council shall annually recommend to the Governor and the Legislature the amount proposed to be spent for projects paid for with money in the State Court Facilities Construction Fund. The use of the appropriated money is subject to subdivision (l) of Section 70391.
(b) Acquisition and construction of court facilities shall be subject to the State Building Construction Act of 1955 (commencing with Section 15800) and the Property Acquisition Law (commencing with Section 15850), except that, (1) notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Administrative Office of the Courts shall serve as an implementing agency upon approval of the Department of Finance, and (2) the provisions of subdivision (e) shall prevail. Acquisition and construction of facilities are not subject to the provisions of the Public Contract Code, but shall be subject to facilities contracting policies and procedures adopted by the Judicial Council after consultation and review by the Department of Finance.
(1) The planning, design, construction, rehabilitation, renovation, replacement, leasing, or acquisition of court facilities, as defined by subdivision (d) of Section 70301.
(2) The rehabilitation of one or more existing court facilities in conjunction with the construction, acquisition, or financing of one or more new court facilities.
(d) (1) Except as provided in Section 70374.2 and paragraph (2) of this subdivision, 25 percent of all money collected for the State Court Facilities Construction Fund from any county shall be designated for implementation of trial court projects in that county. The Judicial Council shall determine the local projects after consulting with the trial court in that county and based on the locally approved trial court facilities master plan for that county.
(2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to money that has been deposited in the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5.
(e) The following provisions shall prevail over provisions of the State Building Construction Act of 1955 (Part 10b (commencing with Section 15800) of Division 3 of Title 2) in regard to buildings subject to this section.
(1) The Administrative Office of the Courts shall be responsible for the operation, including, but not limited to, the maintenance and repair, of all court facilities whose title is held by the state. Notwithstanding Section 15807, the operation of buildings under this section shall be the responsibility of the Judicial Council.
(2) Notwithstanding Section 15808.1, the Judicial Council shall have the responsibility for determining whether a building under this act shall be located within or outside of an existing public transit corridor.
(3) The buildings under this section are subject to Section 15814.12 concerning cogeneration and alternative energy sources at the request of, or with the consent of, the Judicial Council. Any building acquired by the state pursuant to this section on or before July 1, 2007, is not subject to subdivision (b) of Section 15814.12 concerning acquiring of cogeneration or alternative energy equipment if the building, when acquired, already had cogeneration or alternative energy equipment. Section 15814.17 only applies to buildings to which the Judicial Council has given its consent under subdivision (a) of Section 15814.12.
(a) This article shall take effect on January 1, 2003, and the fund, penalty, and fee assessment established by this article shall become operative on January 1, 2003, except as otherwise provided in this article.
(b) In each county, the five-dollar ($5) penalty amount authorized by subdivision (a) of Section 70372 shall be reduced by the amount collected for transmission to the state for inclusion in the Transitional State Court Facilities Construction Fund established pursuant to Section 70401 to the extent it is funded by money from the local courthouse construction fund.
(1) An additional penalty for a local courthouse construction fund established pursuant to Section 76100.
(2) A filing fee surcharge in the County of Riverside established pursuant to Section 70622.
(3) A filing fee surcharge in the County of San Bernardino established pursuant to Section 70624.
(4) A filing fee surcharge in the City and County of San Francisco established pursuant to Section 70625.
(d) For purposes of subdivision (c), the term “proportionally” means that proportion of the fee or surcharge that shall expire upon the transfer of responsibility for a facility that is the same proportion as the square footage that facility bears to the total square footage of court facilities in that county.
(a) Exercise full responsibility, jurisdiction, control, and authority as an owner would have over trial court facilities whose title is held by the state, including, but not limited to, the acquisition and development of facilities.
(b) Exercise the full range of policymaking authority over trial court facilities, including, but not limited to, planning, construction, acquisition, and operation, to the extent not expressly otherwise limited by law.
(1) If the property was a court facility previously the responsibility of the county, the Judicial Council shall comply with the requirements of Section 11011, and as follows, except that, notwithstanding any other provision of law, the proportion of the net proceeds that represents the proportion of other state funds used on the property other than for operation and maintenance shall be returned to the fund from which it came and the remainder of the proceeds shall be deposited in the State Court Facilities Construction Fund.
(2) The Judicial Council shall consult with the county concerning the disposition of the facility. Notwithstanding any other law, including Section 11011, when requested by the transferring county, a surplus facility shall be offered to that county at fair market value prior to being offered to any other state agency or other local government agency.
(A) Is compatible with the use of other adjacent public buildings.
(B) Unreasonably departs from the historic or local character of the surrounding property or local community.
(C) Has a negative impact on the local community.
(D) Unreasonably interferes with other governmental agencies that use or are located in or adjacent to the building containing the court facility.
(E) Is of sufficient benefit to outweigh the public good in maintaining it as a court facility or building.
(4) All funds received for disposal of surplus court facilities shall be deposited by the Judicial Council in the State Court Facilities Construction Fund.
(5) If the facility was acquired, rehabilitated, or constructed, in whole or in part, with money in the State Court Facilities Construction Fund that was deposited in that fund from the state fund, any funds received for disposal of that facility shall be apportioned to the state fund and the State Court Facilities Construction Fund in the same proportion that the original cost of the building was paid from the state fund and other sources of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund.
(6) Submission of a plan to the Legislature for the disposition of court facilities transferred to the state, prior to, or as part of, any budget submission to fund a new courthouse that will replace the existing court facilities transferred to the state.
(1) The collection of fees by the local courts.
(2) The money in local courthouse construction funds established pursuant to Section 76100.
(3) The collection of moneys to be transmitted to the Controller for deposit in the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5.
(e) Establish policies, procedures, and guidelines for ensuring that the courts have adequate and sufficient facilities, including, but not limited to, facilities planning, acquisition, construction, design, operation, and maintenance.
(f) Establish and consult with local project advisory groups on the construction of new trial court facilities, including the trial court, the county, the local sheriff, state agencies, bar groups, including, but not limited to, the criminal defense bar, and members of the community. Consultation with the local sheriff in design, planning, and construction shall include the physical layout of new facilities, as it relates to court security and other security considerations, including matters relating to the safe control and transport of in-custody defendants.
(g) Manage court facilities in consultation with the trial courts.
(h) Allocate appropriated funds for court facilities maintenance and construction, subject to the other provisions of this chapter.
(i) Manage shared-use facilities to the extent required by the agreement under Section 70343.
(j) Prepare funding requests for court facility construction, repair, and maintenance.
(k) Implement the design, bid, award, and construction of all court construction projects, except as delegated to others.
(1) Approve five-year and master plans for each district.
(2) Establish priorities for construction.
(3) Recommend to the Governor and the Legislature the projects to be funded by the State Court Facilities Construction Fund.
(4) Submit the cost of projects proposed to be funded to the Department of Finance for inclusion in the Governor’s Budget.
(1) Selecting and contracting with facility consultants.
(2) Preparing and reviewing architectural programs and designs for court facilities.
(3) Preparing strategic master and five-year capital facilities plans.
(4) Major maintenance of any facility.
It is the intent of the Legislature to establish a moratorium on increases in filing fees until January 1, 2012. No fee provided for in this chapter may be changed before January 1, 2012.
(1) In a complex case, the fee provided for in Section 70616 may be added to the first paper and first responsive paper filing fees in Sections 70611, 70612, 70613, and 70614.
(2) In an unlawful detainer action subject to Section 1161.2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, a charge of fifteen dollars ($15) as provided under that section may be added to the fee in Section 70613 for filing a first appearance by a plaintiff.
(3) In Riverside County, a surcharge as provided in Section 70622 may be added to the first paper and first responsive paper filing fees in Sections 70611, 70612, 70613, 70614, 70650, 70651, 70652, 70653, 70655, and 70670.
(4) In San Bernardino County, a surcharge as provided in Section 70624 may be added to the first paper and first responsive paper filing fees in Sections 70611, 70612, 70613, 70614, 70650, 70651, 70652, 70653, 70655, and 70670. This paragraph applies to fees collected under Sections 70611, 70612, 70613, 70614, 70650, 70651, 70652, 70653, 70655, and 70670, beginning January 1, 2006.
(5) In the City and County of San Francisco, a surcharge as provided in Section 70625 may be added to the first paper and first responsive paper filing fees in Sections 70611, 70612, 70613, 70614, 70650, 70651, 70652, 70653, 70655, and 70670.
(b) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of subdivision (c) of Section 68085.3 and paragraph (1) of subdivision (c) of Section 68085.4, when a charge for courthouse construction in the County or City and County of San Francisco, Riverside, or San Bernardino is added to the uniform filing fee as provided under paragraph (3), (4), or (5) of subdivision (a), the amount distributed to the State Court Facilities Construction Fund under Section 68085.3 or 68085.4 shall be reduced by an amount equal to the charge added under paragraph (3), (4), or (5) of subdivision (a), up to the amount that would otherwise be distributed to the State Court Facilities Construction Fund. If the amount added under paragraph (3), (4), or (5) of subdivision (a) is greater than the amount that would be distributed to the State Court Facilities Construction Fund under Section 68085.3 or 68085.4, no distribution shall be made to the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, but the amount charged to the party may be greater than the amount of the uniform fee otherwise allowed, in order to collect the surcharge under paragraph (3), (4), or (5) of subdivision (a).
(c) If a filing fee is reduced by twenty-four dollars ($24) under subdivision (c) of Section 6322.1 of the Business and Professions Code, and a courthouse construction surcharge is added to the filing fee as provided under paragraph (3), (4), or (5) of subdivision (a), the amount distributed to the State Court Facilities Construction Fund under Section 68085.4 shall be reduced as provided in subdivision (b). If the amount added under paragraph (3), (4), or (5) of subdivision (a) is greater than the amount that would be distributed to the State Court Facilities Construction Fund under Section 68085.4, no distribution shall be made to the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, but the amount charged to the party may be greater than one hundred seventy-six dollars ($176), in order to collect the surcharge under paragraph (3), (4), or (5) of subdivision (a).
The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a civil action or proceeding in the superior court, other than in a limited civil case, an adoption proceeding, a proceeding under the Probate Code, or a proceeding under the Family Code, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
This section applies to the initial complaint, petition, or application, and the papers transmitted from another court on the transfer of a civil action or proceeding, but does not include documents filed pursuant to Section 491.150, 704.750, or 708.160 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a civil action or proceeding in the superior court, other than in a limited civil case, an adoption proceeding, a proceeding under the Probate Code, or a proceeding under the Family Code, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(a) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in the action or proceeding described in Section 70611 on behalf of any defendant, intervenor, respondent, or adverse party, whether separately or jointly, except for the purpose of making disclaimer, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(b) As used in this section, the term “paper” does not include a stipulation for the appointment of a temporary judge or of a court investigator, or the report made by the court investigator.
(a) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in the action or proceeding described in Section 70611 on behalf of any defendant, intervenor, respondent, or adverse party, whether separately or jointly, except for the purpose of making disclaimer, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(a) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a limited civil case is three hundred twenty-five dollars ($325), except as provided in subdivision (b).
(b) In a case where the amount demanded, excluding attorney’s fees and costs, is ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or less, the uniform fee for filing the first paper is two hundred dollars ($200). The first page of the first paper shall state whether the amount demanded exceeds or does not exceed ten thousand dollars ($10,000).
(c) This section applies to the initial complaint, petition, or application, and any papers transmitted from another court on the transfer of a civil action or proceeding, but does not include documents filed pursuant to Section 491.150, 704.750, or 708.160 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(d) The fee for a paper filed under this section shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.4.
(e) The fee shall be waived in any action for damages against a defendant, based upon the defendant’s commission of a felony offense, upon presentation to the clerk of the court of a certified copy of the abstract of judgment of conviction of the defendant of the felony giving rise to the claim for damages. If the plaintiff would have been entitled to recover those fees from the defendant had they been paid, the court may assess the amount of the waived fees against the defendant and order the defendant to pay that sum to the court.
(a) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a limited civil case is three hundred thirty dollars ($330), except as provided in subdivision (b).
(b) In a case where the amount demanded, excluding attorney’s fees and costs, is ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or less, the uniform fee for filing the first paper is two hundred five dollars ($205). The first page of the first paper shall state whether the amount demanded exceeds or does not exceed ten thousand dollars ($10,000).
(a) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a limited civil case on behalf of any party other than a plaintiff is three hundred twenty-five dollars ($325), except as provided in subdivision (b).
(b) In a case where the amount demanded, excluding attorney’s fees and costs, is ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or less, the uniform fee for filing the first paper is two hundred dollars ($200).
(c) The fees in this section do not apply to papers filed for the purpose of making disclaimer.
(a) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a limited civil case on behalf of any party other than a plaintiff is three hundred thirty dollars ($330), except as provided in subdivision (b).
(b) In a case where the amount demanded, excluding attorney’s fees and costs, is ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or less, the uniform fee for filing the first paper is two hundred five dollars ($205).
(1) A motion listed in paragraphs (1) to (12), inclusive, of subdivision (a) of Section 1005 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(2) A motion or application to continue a trial date.
(3) An application for examination of a third person controlling defendant’s property under Section 491.110 or 491.150 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(4) Discovery motions under Title 4 (commencing with Section 2016.010) of Part 4 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(5) A motion for a new trial of any civil action or special proceeding.
(6) An application for an order for a judgment debtor examination under Section 708.110 or 708.160 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(7) An application for an order of sale of a dwelling under Section 704.750 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(8) An ex parte application that requires a party to give notice of the ex parte appearance to other parties.
(1) A motion, application, demurrer, request, notice, or stipulation and order that is the first paper filed in an action and on which a first paper filing fee is paid.
(2) An amended notice of motion.
(3) A civil case management statement.
(4) A request for trial de novo after judicial arbitration.
(5) A stipulation that does not require an order.
(6) A request for an order to prevent civil harassment.
(7) A request for an order to prevent domestic violence.
(8) A request for entry of default or default judgment.
(9) A paper requiring a hearing on a petition for emancipation of a minor.
(10) A paper requiring a hearing on a petition for an order to prevent abuse of an elder or dependent adult.
(11) A paper requiring a hearing on a petition for a writ of review, mandate, or prohibition.
(12) A paper requiring a hearing on a petition for a decree of change of name or gender.
(13) A paper requiring a hearing on a petition to approve the compromise of a claim of a minor.
(1) A request, application, or motion for, or a notice of, the continuance of a hearing or case management conference. The fee shall be charged no more than once for each continuance. The fee shall not be charged if the continuance is required by the court.
(2) A stipulation and order.
(3) A request for an order authorizing service of summons by posting or by publication under Section 415.45 or 415.50 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(d) The fee for filing a motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication of issues is two hundred dollars ($200).
(e) The fee for filing in the superior court an application to appear as counsel pro hac vice is two hundred fifty dollars ($250). This fee is in addition to any other fee required of the applicant. The entire fee collected under this subdivision shall be transmitted to the state for deposit into the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5.
(f) Regardless of whether each motion or matter is heard at a single hearing or at separate hearings, the filing fees required by subdivisions (a), (c), (d), and (e) apply separately to each motion or other paper filed. The Judicial Council may publish rules to give uniform guidance to courts in applying fees under this section.
(a) (1) The fee for filing a notice of appeal to the appellate division of the superior court in a limited civil case is three hundred twenty-five dollars ($325), except as provided in subdivision (b).
(2) The fee for filing a petition for a writ within the original jurisdiction of the appellate division of the superior court is three hundred twenty-five dollars ($325), except as provided in subdivision (b).
(b) If the amount demanded in the limited civil case, excluding attorney’s fees and costs, is ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or less, the fee for filing a petition for a writ or a notice of appeal to the appellate division of the superior court is two hundred dollars ($200).
(c) The fees provided for in this section shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.4.
(d) The Judicial Council may make rules governing the time and method of payment of the fees in this section and providing for excuse.
(a) (1) The fee for filing a notice of appeal to the appellate division of the superior court in a limited civil case is three hundred thirty dollars ($330), except as provided in subdivision (b).
(2) The fee for filing a petition for a writ within the original jurisdiction of the appellate division of the superior court is three hundred thirty dollars ($330), except as provided in subdivision (b).
(b) If the amount demanded in the limited civil case, excluding attorney’s fees and costs, is ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or less, the fee for filing a petition for a writ or a notice of appeal to the appellate division of the superior court is two hundred five dollars ($205).
(a) The uniform filing fee for the first petition for letters of administration or letters testamentary, or the first petition for special letters of administration with the powers of a general personal representative pursuant to Section 8545 of the Probate Code, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350).
(b) The uniform filing fee for the first objections to the probate of any will or codicil under Section 8250 of the Probate Code, or the first petition for revocation of probate of any will or codicil under Section 8270 of the Probate Code, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350). The uniform filing fee for the first petition for special letters of administration without the powers of a general personal representative is the fee provided in Section 70657.5. Where objections to the probate of a will or codicil or a petition for revocation of probate of a will or codicil are filed together with a petition for appointment of a personal representative described in subdivision (c) filed by the same person, only the fee provided in subdivision (c) shall be charged to that person.
(c) A fee of three hundred fifty dollars ($350) shall also be charged for filing each subsequent petition or objections of a type described in subdivision (a) in the same proceeding by a person other than the original petitioner or contestant. The same fee as provided in subdivision (b) shall be charged for filing each subsequent petition or objections of a type described in that subdivision in the same proceeding by a person other than the original petitioner or contestant.
(d) Notwithstanding Section 70658.5, if a petition for special letters of administration is filed together with a petition for letters of administration or letters testamentary under subdivision (a) or (c) by the same person, the person filing the petitions shall be charged the applicable filing fees for both petitions.
(e) The uniform filing fee charged under this section shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(a) The uniform filing fee for the first petition for letters of administration or letters testamentary, or the first petition for special letters of administration with the powers of a general personal representative pursuant to Section 8545 of the Probate Code, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355).
(b) The uniform filing fee for the first objections to the probate of any will or codicil under Section 8250 of the Probate Code, or the first petition for revocation of probate of any will or codicil under Section 8270 of the Probate Code, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355). The uniform filing fee for the first petition for special letters of administration without the powers of a general personal representative is the fee provided in Section 70657.5. Where objections to the probate of a will or codicil or a petition for revocation of probate of a will or codicil are filed together with a petition for appointment of a personal representative described in subdivision (c) filed by the same person, only the fee provided in subdivision (c) shall be charged to that person.
(c) A fee of three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355) shall also be charged for filing each subsequent petition or objections of a type described in subdivision (a) in the same proceeding by a person other than the original petitioner or contestant. The same fee as provided in subdivision (b) shall be charged for filing each subsequent petition or objections of a type described in that subdivision in the same proceeding by a person other than the original petitioner or contestant.
(a) The uniform filing fee for objections or any other paper in opposition to a petition described in subdivision (a) of Section 70650, other than a petition described in subdivision (c) of Section 70650, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350). If objections or any other paper in opposition are filed together with a petition described in subdivision (c) of Section 70650 by the same person, only the fee provided in subdivision (c) of Section 70650 shall be charged to that person.
(b) The uniform filing fee charged under this section shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(a) The uniform filing fee for objections or any other paper in opposition to a petition described in subdivision (a) of Section 70650, other than a petition described in subdivision (c) of Section 70650, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355). If objections or any other paper in opposition are filed together with a petition described in subdivision (c) of Section 70650 by the same person, only the fee provided in subdivision (c) of Section 70650 shall be charged to that person.
(a) The uniform filing fee for each petition concerning the internal affairs of a trust under Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 17200) of Part 5 of Division 9 of the Probate Code, or a first account of a trustee of a testamentary trust that is subject to the continuing jurisdiction of the court pursuant to Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 17300) of Part 5 of Division 9 of the Probate Code, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350).
(b) The uniform filing fee for each paper filed in opposition to a petition or first account of a trustee of a testamentary trust under subdivision (a) is three hundred fifty dollars ($350).
(c) To avoid hardship, or for other good cause, the court may direct the clerk of the court to refund all or any part of a filing fee paid under this section.
(d) This section does not apply to petitions or opposition filed concerning trusts created by court order under Article 10 (commencing with Section 2580) of Chapter 6 of Part 3 of Division 4 of the Probate Code, Article 1 (commencing with Section 3100) of Chapter 3 of Part 6 of Division 4 of the Probate Code, Article 1 (commencing with Section 3600) of Chapter 4 of Part 8 of Division 4 of the Probate Code.
(a) The uniform filing fee for each petition concerning the internal affairs of a trust under Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 17200) of Part 5 of Division 9 of the Probate Code, or a first account of a trustee of a testamentary trust that is subject to the continuing jurisdiction of the court pursuant to Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 17300) of Part 5 of Division 9 of the Probate Code, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355).
(b) The uniform filing fee for each paper filed in opposition to a petition or first account of a trustee of a testamentary trust under subdivision (a) is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355).
(a) The uniform filing fee for a petition for appointment of a conservator, a guardian of the estate, or a guardian of the person and estate, pursuant to Division 4 (commencing with Section 1400) of the Probate Code, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350).
(b) Except as provided in subdivision (f), the uniform filing fee for objections or any other paper in opposition to a petition under subdivision (a) or (d) is three hundred fifty dollars ($350).
(c) If a competing petition for appointment of a guardian or conservator subject to the fee under subdivision (a) is filed together with opposition to the petition of another by the same person, the person filing the competing petition and opposition shall be charged a filing fee only for the competing petition.
(d) Notwithstanding Section 70658.5, if a petition for appointment of a temporary guardian or conservator is filed together with a petition for appointment of a guardian or conservator under subdivision (a), or a competing petition under subdivision (c) by the same person, the person filing the petitions shall be charged the applicable filing fees for both petitions.
(f) No fee under this section shall be charged for objections or any other paper in opposition filed by or on behalf of the proposed conservatee, or the minor or a parent of the minor who is the subject of a guardianship proceeding.
(a) The uniform filing fee for a petition for appointment of a conservator, a guardian of the estate, or a guardian of the person and estate, pursuant to Division 4 (commencing with Section 1400) of the Probate Code, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355).
(b) Except as provided in subdivision (f), the uniform filing fee for objections or any other paper in opposition to a petition under subdivision (a) or (d) is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355).
(a) The uniform filing fee for a petition for appointment of a guardian of the person only, is two hundred dollars ($200).
(b) Except as provided in subdivision (e), the uniform filing fee for objections or any other paper in opposition to a petition under subdivision (a) is two hundred dollars ($200).
(c) If a competing petition for appointment of a guardian subject to the fee under subdivision (a) is filed together with opposition to the petition of another by the same person, the person filing the competing petition and opposition shall be charged a filing fee only for the competing petition.
(d) Notwithstanding Section 70658.5, if a petition for appointment of a temporary guardian is filed together with a petition for appointment of a guardian under subdivision (a), or a competing petition under subdivision (c) by the same person, the person filing the petitions shall be charged the applicable filing fees for both petitions.
(e) No fee under this section shall be charged for objections or any other paper in opposition filed by or on behalf of the minor or a parent of the minor who is the subject of the proceeding.
(f) The uniform filing fee charged under this section shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.4.
(g) No other fees shall be charged for filing a paper under this section in addition to the uniform filing fee provided for in this section.
(a) The uniform filing fee for a petition for appointment of a guardian of the person only, is two hundred five dollars ($205).
(b) Except as provided in subdivision (e), the uniform filing fee for objections or any other paper in opposition to a petition under subdivision (a) is two hundred five dollars ($205).
(a) The uniform filing fee for a petition that commences any of the proceedings under the Probate Code listed in subdivision (c) is three hundred fifty dollars ($350).
(b) The uniform filing fee for objections or any other paper filed in opposition to a petition under subdivision (a) is three hundred fifty dollars ($350).
(1) A petition for compromise of a minor’s claim pursuant to Section 3600 of the Probate Code.
(2) A petition to determine succession to real property pursuant to Section 13151 of the Probate Code.
(3) A spousal or domestic partnership property petition pursuant to Section 13650 of the Probate Code, except as provided in Section 13652 of the Probate Code.
(4) A petition to establish the fact of death to determine title to real property under Section 200 of the Probate Code.
(5) A petition for an order concerning a particular transaction pursuant to Section 3100 of the Probate Code.
(6) A petition concerning capacity determination and health care decision for an adult without conservator pursuant to Section 3200 of the Probate Code.
(7) A petition concerning an advance health care directive pursuant to Section 4766 of the Probate Code.
(8) A petition concerning a power of attorney pursuant to Section 4541 of the Probate Code.
(9) A petition for approval, compromise, or settlement of claims against a deceased settlor, or for allocation of amounts due between trusts, pursuant to Section 19020 of the Probate Code.
(10) Any other petition that commences a proceeding under the Probate Code not otherwise provided for in this article.
(d) The uniform filing fee charged under this section shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(a) The uniform filing fee for a petition that commences any of the proceedings under the Probate Code listed in subdivision (c) is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355).
(b) The uniform filing fee for objections or any other paper filed in opposition to a petition under subdivision (a) is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355).
(6) A petition concerning capacity determination and health care decision for adult without conservator pursuant to Section 3200 of the Probate Code.
(a) The uniform filing fee for a petition requesting an order setting aside a decedent’s estate of small value pursuant to Section 6602 of the Probate Code, if no estate proceeding is pending for the decedent, is two hundred dollars ($200).
(b) The uniform filing fee for objections or any other paper filed in opposition to a petition under subdivision (a) is two hundred dollars ($200).
(c) If a petition or objections or any other paper in opposition under this section is filed concurrently with a petition for appointment of a personal representative described in Section 70650, the petitioner or objector shall be charged only for the filing fee provided in Section 70650.
(d) The uniform filing fee charged under this section shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.4.
(e) Except as provided in subdivision (c), no other fee shall be charged for filing a paper under this section in addition to the uniform filing fee provided for in this section.
(a) The uniform filing fee for a petition requesting an order setting aside a decedent’s estate of small value pursuant to Section 6602 of the Probate Code, if no estate proceeding is pending for the decedent, is two hundred five dollars ($205).
(b) The uniform filing fee for objections or any other paper filed in opposition to a petition under subdivision (a) is two hundred five dollars ($205).
(1) Papers listed in subdivision (a) of Section 70617.
(2) Applications for ex parte relief, whether or not notice of the application to any person is required, except an ex parte petition for discharge of a personal representative, conservator, or guardian upon completion of a court-ordered distribution or transfer, for which no fee shall be charged.
(3) Petitions or applications, or objections, filed subsequent to issuance of temporary letters of conservatorship or guardianship or letters of conservatorship or guardianship that are not subject to the filing fee provided in subdivision (a) of Section 70658.
(4) The first or subsequent petition for temporary letters of conservatorship or guardianship.
(b) There shall be no fee under subdivision (a) for filing any of the papers listed under subdivision (b) of Section 70617.
(c) The summary judgment fee provided in subdivision (d) of Section 70617 shall apply to summary judgment motions in proceedings under the Probate Code.
(d) Regardless of whether each motion or matter is heard at a single hearing or at separate hearings, the filing fees required by subdivisions (a) and (c) apply separately to each motion or other paper filed. The Judicial Council may publish rules to give uniform guidance to courts in applying fees under this section.
(e) No fee is payable under this section for a petition or opposition filed subsequent to issuance of letters of temporary guardianship or letters of guardianship in a guardianship described in Section 70654.
(1) Petitions or applications, or opposition, concerning the internal affairs of a trust that are not subject to the filing fees provided in Section 70650, 70651, or 70652.
(2) Petitions or applications, or objections, filed subsequent to issuance of special letters of administration or letters testamentary or of administration in decedent’s estate proceedings that are not subject to the filing fee provided in subdivision (a) of Section 70658.
(3) The first or subsequent petition for special letters of administration without the powers of a general personal representative.
(b) One hundred sixty dollars ($160) of each two-hundred-dollar ($200) fee collected under subdivision (a) shall be transmitted to the state for deposit into the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5.
(c) No fee is payable under this section for a disclaimer of an interest in a decedent’s estate.
(1) Petition or application for or opposition to an order directing, authorizing, approving, or confirming the sale, lease, encumbrance, grant of an option, purchase, conveyance, or exchange of property.
(2) Petition or application for or opposition to an order settling an account of a fiduciary.
(3) Petition or application for or opposition to an order authorizing, instructing, or directing a fiduciary, or approving or confirming the acts of a fiduciary.
(4) Petition or application for or opposition to an order fixing, authorizing, allowing, or directing payment of compensation or expenses of an attorney.
(5) Petition or application for or opposition to an order fixing, authorizing, allowing, or directing payment of compensation or expenses of a fiduciary.
(6) Petition or application for or opposition to an order surcharging or removing a fiduciary.
(7) Petition or application for or opposition to an order transferring or authorizing the transfer of the property of an estate to a fiduciary in another jurisdiction.
(8) Petition or application for or opposition to an order allowing a fiduciary’s request to resign.
(9) Petition or application for or opposition to an order adjudicating the merits of a claim made under Part 19 (commencing with Section 850) of Division 2 of the Probate Code.
(10) Petition or application for or opposition to an order granting permission to fix the residence of a ward or conservatee at a place not within this state.
(11) Petition or application for or opposition to an order directing, authorizing, approving, or modifying payments for support, maintenance, or education of a ward or conservatee or for a person entitled to support, maintenance, or education from a ward or conservatee.
(12) Petition or application for or opposition to an order granting or denying a request under Section 2423, concerning payment of surplus income to the relatives of a conservatee, or Section 2580, concerning substituted judgment, of the Probate Code.
(13) Petition or application for or opposition to an order affecting the legal capacity of a conservatee pursuant to Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 1870) of Part 3 of Division 4 of the Probate Code.
(14) Petition or application for or opposition to an order adjudicating the merits of a claim under Article 5 (commencing with Section 2500) of Chapter 6 of Part 4 of Division 4 of the Probate Code.
(b) The uniform fee in subdivision (a) shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3. No other fee shall be charged for filing a paper under this section in addition to the uniform filing fee provided for in this section.
(1) A petition or application, or opposition, in a guardianship proceeding under Section 70654.
(2) A disclaimer of an interest in a decedent’s estate.
(d) One hundred seventy dollars ($170) of each three-hundred-fifty-dollar ($350) fee collected under this section shall be transmitted to the Controller for deposit into the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5.
(d) One hundred seventy dollars ($170) of each three-hundred-fifty-five-dollar ($355) fee collected under this section shall be transmitted to the Controller for deposit into the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5.
(a) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a proceeding under the Family Code, other than a proceeding for dissolution of marriage or domestic partnership, legal separation, or nullity, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(b) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a proceeding for dissolution of marriage or domestic partnership, legal separation, or nullity, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3, except that two dollars ($2) of the funds that would otherwise be distributed to the Trial Court Trust Fund shall be transmitted to the Treasurer for deposit in the Health Statistics Special Fund.
(c) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a proceeding under subdivision (a) on behalf of any respondent, defendant, intervenor, or adverse party, whether separately or jointly, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(d) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a proceeding under subdivision (b) on behalf of any respondent, defendant, intervenor, or adverse party, whether separately or jointly, is three hundred fifty dollars ($350). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(e) The fees in this section do not apply to papers filed for the purpose of making a disclaimer.
(a) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a proceeding under the Family Code, other than a proceeding for dissolution of marriage or domestic partnership, legal separation, or nullity, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(b) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a proceeding for dissolution of marriage or domestic partnership, legal separation, or nullity, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3, except that two dollars ($2) of the funds that would otherwise be distributed to the Trial Court Trust Fund shall be transmitted to the Treasurer for deposit in the Health Statistics Special Fund.
(c) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a proceeding under subdivision (a) on behalf of any respondent, defendant, intervenor, or adverse party, whether separately or jointly, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
(d) The uniform fee for filing the first paper in a proceeding under subdivision (b) on behalf of any respondent, defendant, intervenor, or adverse party, whether separately or jointly, is three hundred fifty-five dollars ($355). The fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.3.
The fee for filing the petition is two hundred dollars ($200). This fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.4 of the Government Code. The petition may be heard by any judge hearing probate matters, or if a probate department has been designated for hearing probate matters, the matter shall be assigned to the probate department for hearing.
The fee for filing the petition is two hundred five dollars ($205). This fee shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.4 of the Government Code. The petition may be heard by any judge hearing probate matters, or if a probate department has been designated for hearing probate matters, the matter shall be assigned to the probate department for hearing.
(a) In determining the amount and manner of disbursement under an order made pursuant to this code requiring a defendant to make reparation or restitution to a victim of a crime, to pay any money as reimbursement for legal assistance provided by the court, to pay any cost of probation or probation investigation, to pay any cost of jail or other confinement, or to pay any other reimbursable costs, the court, after determining the amount of any fine and penalty assessments, and a county financial evaluation officer when making a financial evaluation, shall first determine the amount of restitution to be ordered paid to any victim, and shall then determine the amount of the other reimbursable costs.
If payment is made in full, the payment shall be apportioned and disbursed in the amounts ordered by the court.
If reasonable and compatible with the defendant’s financial ability, the court may order payments to be made in installments.
(1) Restitution ordered to, or on behalf of, the victim pursuant to subdivision (f) of Section 1202.4.
(2) The state surcharge ordered pursuant to Section 1465.7.
(3) Any fines, penalty assessments, and restitution fines ordered pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 1202.4. Payment of each of these items shall be made on a proportional basis to the total amount levied for all of these items.
(4) Any other reimbursable costs.
(c) The board of supervisors shall apply these priorities of disbursement to orders or parts of orders in cases where defendants have been ordered to pay more than one court order.
(d) Documentary evidence, such as bills, receipts, repair estimates, insurance payment statements, payroll stubs, business records, and similar documents relevant to the value of the stolen or damaged property, medical expenses, and wages and profits lost shall not be excluded as hearsay evidence.
(e) Notwithstanding subdivision (b), if any statute that takes effect after January 1, 2009, either increases the amount of any item or adds a new item that would otherwise be subject to disbursement under paragraphs (2) to (4), inclusive, of subdivision (b), those additional amounts or the amount of any increase shall not be disbursed until after all reimbursable costs have been disbursed pursuant to paragraph (4) of subdivision (b).
(f) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2012, and as of that date is repealed, unless a later enacted statute, that is enacted before January 1, 2012, deletes or extends that date. The task force on criminal and traffic-related court-ordered debts established pursuant to Section 1463.02 may recommend that this section be amended prior to that date.
(e) This section shall become operative on January 1, 2012.
(a) The Judicial Council shall adopt guidelines for a comprehensive program concerning the collection of moneys owed for fees, fines, forfeitures, penalties, and assessments imposed by court order. As part of its guidelines, the Judicial Council may establish standard agreements for entities to provide collection services. As part of its guidelines, the Judicial Council shall include provisions that promote competition by and between entities in providing collection services to courts and counties. The Judicial Council may delegate to the Administrative Director of the Courts the implementation of the aspects of this program to be carried out at the state level.
(b) The courts and counties shall maintain the collection program that was in place on January 1, 1996, unless otherwise agreed to in writing by the court and county. The program may wholly or partially be staffed and operated within the court itself, may be wholly or partially staffed and operated by the county, or may be wholly or partially contracted with a third party. In carrying out this collection program, each superior court and county shall develop a cooperative plan to implement the Judicial Council guidelines. In the event that a court and a county are unwilling or unable to enter into a cooperative plan pursuant to this section, prior to the arbitration procedures required by subdivision (e) of Section 1214.1, the court or the county may request the continuation of negotiations with mediation assistance as mutually agreed upon and provided by the Administrative Director of the Courts and the California State Association of Counties.
(1) The extent to which each court or county is following best practices for its collection program.
(2) The performance of each collection program.
(3) Any changes necessary to improve performance of collection programs statewide.
(d) The Judicial Council may, when the efficiency and effectiveness of the collection process may be improved, facilitate a joint collection program between superior courts, between counties, or between superior courts and counties.
(e) The Judicial Council may establish, by court rule, a program providing for the suspension and nonrenewal of a business and professional license if the holder of the license has unpaid fees, fines, forfeitures, penalties, and assessments imposed upon them under a court order. The Judicial Council may provide that some or all of the superior courts or counties participate in the program. Any program established by the Judicial Council shall ensure that the licensee receives adequate and appropriate notice of the proposed suspension or nonrenewal of his or her license and has an opportunity to contest the suspension or nonrenewal. The opportunity to contest may not require a court hearing.
(f) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Judicial Council, after consultation with the Franchise Tax Board with respect to collections under Section 19280 of the Revenue and Taxation Code, may provide for an amnesty program involving the collection of outstanding fees, fines, forfeitures, penalties, and assessments, applicable either statewide or within one or more counties. The amnesty program shall provide that some or all of the interest or collections costs imposed on outstanding fees, fines, forfeitures, penalties, and assessments may be waived if the remaining amounts due are paid within the amnesty period.
(1) The total value of the property in the decedent’s estate does not exceed the amount prescribed in Section 13100. The authority provided by this paragraph may be exercised only upon order of the court. The order may be made upon ex parte application. The fee to be allowed to the clerk for the filing of the application is two hundred dollars ($200). The authority for this summary administration of the estate shall be evidenced by a court order for summary disposition.
(2) The total value of the property in the decedent’s estate does not exceed thirty thousand dollars ($30,000). The authority provided by this paragraph may be exercised without court authorization.
(A) A public administrator who is authorized to summarily dispose of property of a decedent pursuant to this paragraph may issue a written certification of Authority for Summary Administration. The written certification is effective for 30 days after the date of issuance.
(i) Provide the public administrator complete information concerning any property held in the name of the decedent, including the names and addresses of any beneficiaries or joint owners.
(ii) Grant the public administrator access to a safe-deposit box or storage facility rented in the name of the decedent for the purpose of inspection and removal of property of the decedent. Costs and expenses incurred in accessing a safe-deposit box or storage facility shall be borne by the estate of the decedent.
(iii) Surrender to the public administrator any property of the decedent that is held or controlled by the financial institution, agency, retirement fund administrator, insurance company, licensed securities dealer, or other person.
(i) Constitute sufficient acquittance for providing information or granting access to a safe-deposit box or a storage facility and for surrendering any property of the decedent.
(ii) Fully discharge the financial institution, government or private agency, retirement fund administrator, insurance company, licensed securities dealer, or other person from liability for any act or omission of the public administrator with respect to the property, a safe-deposit box, or a storage facility.
(b) Summary disposition may be made notwithstanding the existence of the decedent’s will, if the will does not name an executor or if the named executor refuses to act.
(c) Nothing in this article precludes the public administrator from filing a petition with the court under any other provision of this code concerning the administration of the decedent’s estate.
(d) Petitions filed pursuant to this article shall contain the information required by Section 8002.
(e) If a public administrator takes possession or control of an estate pursuant to this chapter, this article conveys the authority of a personal representative as described in Section 9650 to the public administrator to summarily dispose of the estates pursuant to the procedures described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision (a).
(f) The fee charged under paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) shall be distributed as provided in Section 68085.4 of the Government Code. When an application is filed under that paragraph, no other fees shall be charged in addition to the uniform filing fee provided for in Section 68085.4 of the Government Code.
(1) The total value of the property in the decedent’s estate does not exceed the amount prescribed in Section 13100. The authority provided by this paragraph may be exercised only upon order of the court. The order may be made upon ex parte application. The fee to be allowed to the clerk for the filing of the application is two hundred five dollars ($205). The authority for this summary administration of the estate shall be evidenced by a court order for summary disposition.
(a) Upon proof of correction of an alleged violation of Section 12500 or 12951, or any violation cited pursuant to Section 40610, or upon submission of evidence of financial responsibility pursuant to subdivision (e) of Section 16028, the clerk shall collect a twenty-five-dollar ($25) transaction fee for each violation. The fees shall be deposited by the clerk in accordance with Section 68084 of the Government Code.
(A) Thirty-three percent shall be transferred to the local governmental entity in whose jurisdiction the citation was issued for deposit in the general fund of the entity.
(B) Thirty-four percent shall be transferred to the State Treasury for deposit in the State Penalty Fund established by Section 1464 of the Penal Code.
(C) Thirty-three percent shall be deposited in the county general fund.
(2) The remainder of the fees collected on each citation shall be deposited in the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5 of the Government Code.
(c) No fee shall be imposed pursuant to this section if the violation notice is processed only by the issuing agency and no record of the action is transmitted to the court.
(a) The fee collected by the clerk pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 42007 shall be in an amount equal to the total bail set forth for the eligible offense on the uniform countywide bail schedule plus forty-nine dollars ($49).
(b) Notwithstanding subdivision (b) of Section 42007, the revenue from the forty-nine-dollar ($49) fee collected under this section shall be deposited in the county general fund. Fifty-one percent of the amount collected under this section and deposited into the county general fund shall be transmitted therefrom monthly to the Controller for deposit in the Immediate and Critical Needs Account of the State Court Facilities Construction Fund, established in Section 70371.5 of the Government Code.
Section 1.7 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 68085.1 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and AB 1873. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 68085.1 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after AB 1873, in which case Section 1.5 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 2.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 68085.3 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 68085.3 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 2 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 3.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 68085.4 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 68085.4 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 3 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 4.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 68086.1 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 68086.1 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 4 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 10.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70611 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70611 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 10 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 11.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70612 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70612 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 11 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 12.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70613 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70613 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 12 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 13.3 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70614 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70614 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 13 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 14.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70621 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70621 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 14 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 15.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70650 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70650 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 15 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 16.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70651 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70651 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 16 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 17.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70652 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70652 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 17 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 18.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70653 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70653 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 18 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 19.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70654 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70654 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 19 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 20.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70655 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70655 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 20 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 21.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70656 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70656 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 21 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 24.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70658 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70658 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 24 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 25.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 70670 of the Government Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 70670 of the Government Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 25 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 26.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 103470 of the Health and Safety Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 103470 of the Health and Safety Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 26 of this bill shall not become operative.
Section 29.5 of this bill incorporates amendments to Section 7660 of the Probate Code proposed by both this bill and SB 1177. It shall only become operative if (1) both bills are enacted and become effective on or before January 1, 2009, (2) each bill amends Section 7660 of the Probate Code, and (3) this bill is enacted after SB 1177, in which case Section 29 of this bill shall not become operative. | 2019-04-21T11:08:00Z | http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200720080SB1407&search_keywords= |
Two books this month, to coincide with the Supporting Teens course I ran recently. Both books are great sources of information and practical advice about supporting teenagers. The first is a supportive and thoughtful guide to help parents raise resilient teens and the second is a very readable look at the science of the adolescent brain.
Over two evenings in April and May, I worked with a lovely, thoughtful and reflective group of parents to explore how they might support their teenagers and soon-to-be-teens during these turbulent years. We learnt about the development of the brain during adolescence and common adolescent mental health concerns, as well as exploring our own experiences of being teenagers, and how they might impact us as parents. Thanks to ISS for hosting and to all the parents who attended. I learn so much from the parents I work with, and really value all the contributions they make to such events, so thank you! I'm taking a break from running courses over the summer but if you're interested in attending another event, please take a look at the Talks, Courses and Workshops page to see what's happening next.
New course for Spring 2018!
I'm very pleased to announce a new course for Spring 2018, Supporting Your Teenagers, held over two evenings and hosted by the International School of Stavanger (ISS).
When I've done parenting courses before I've always had a lot of interest from parents of teenagers, and here it is!
A supportive and practical course guiding you through the development of the teenage brain and common adolescent mental health concerns. We will explore different challenges young people may experience and think about practical ways for you to support them and help them to develop the emotional resilience they need.
Led by Dr Jude Nielsen, held at ISS, Treskeveien 3 Hafrsfjord, and open to all parents, wherever your children are at school.
Read more here and contact me to book your place.
'Truly a marvellous collection ... There is balm for the soul, fire for the belly, a cooling compress for the fevered brow, solace for the wounded, an arm around the lonely shoulder - the whole collection is a matchless compound of hug, tonic and kiss' Stephen Fry.
For a chance to win a copy of The Poetry Pharmacy, just like the Book of the Month post on Facebook and you will be entered into the draw. Good luck!
Read more about the compiler of The Poetry Pharmacy William Sieghart here and here.
I'm excited to introduce a new feature which I've been running for a few months now on my Facebook page - Book of the Month.
One of my favourite things to do when I have a bit of quiet time is to sit with a cup of tea and a good book. I've always got a few on the go, shelves full of books at home plus the boxes still in storage in the UK, years after we left. I'm frequently asked for recommendations on different topics so thought I'd start a regular 'Book of the Month' post which will tie in with the month's theme on my Facebook page. The book will be on a broadly psychological subject (a pretty wide scope!) and might be one I've read recently, an old favourite or something recommended to me, which is sitting on my 'to read' pile.
If you've got any recommendations, please let me know!
The second book was Left to Their Own Devices - Confident Parenting in a World of Screens by Katharine Hill. Technology brings such wonderful possibilities, not least FaceTiming friends and family around the world, but how do we manage technology as a family so that we can all thrive? This book is a practical guide to tackling those challenges, whether you've got a newborn or a teenager.
This month's book is 'Mindset: Changing the Way you Think to Fulfil your Potential' by Carol Dweck. This book has been a bestseller for several years, exploring Dweck's research on the two mindsets, Fixed and Growth, and how they impact us, our learning and our ability to be the person we want to be. It's had a huge impact in education and business, as well as being relevant to relationships and parenting. Enjoy!
Saturday 25th November was the big day! A one-day workshop on Developing Parenting Skills, which I had great fun leading. A wonderful group of thoughtful and enthusiastic parents joined me at the British International School in Stavanger for a day of reflecting, learning and sharing ideas. We talked about understanding ourselves as parents, understanding our children, listening and talking with them, and about managing the challenges of family life. It was a cold and frosty day, but we were fuelled by great food and cake, and a bottomless coffee pot supplied by local caterer Lize Fejd. Thank you to everybody who took part, and to Louisa for her help keeping things running smoothly. Biggest thanks goes to the parents, for their positive and curious approach. Your children are lucky little (and not so little!) ones!
Please come and join me for this one-day workshop, for parents of children age 4-11, focusing on understanding ourselves as parents, understanding our children and improving our communication with them, managing challenging behaviour and situations.
The day costs kr.1500, includes all resources, lunch, morning & afternoon coffee and cake.
To find out more see the Events page and contact me to book your place. Don't delay, places are getting booked up fast!
I'm excited announce that Counselling Psychology Stavanger opens again at the end of August! I've been very fortunate to have had a wonderful year of maternity leave, but now it is back to work and it's great to be back in the chair again. I've still got a few appointment times available, and am able to offer reduced rates for students or unemployed people who would not otherwise be able to afford counselling. Please contact me to find out more.
Why not let September 2017 be the time you decide to make a change in your life?
The beginnings or endings of relationships are frequently what bring people to therapy: births, deaths, divorce, separation or relocations can also be important in what brings the therapy relationship to an end. Much has been written about the importance of beginnings and endings in therapy, today however, is the end of this stretch of my life as a counselling psychologist and the beginning of the next stage of my life, as I start my maternity leave and await the arrival of my second child. Every career has ups and downs, and the time I have spent working in private practice in Stavanger has been a real high. I have met many interesting, well travelled and thoughtful people, at all stages of their lives and relationships, and working in such an internationally diverse community has provided so much to think about.
Thank you to all the clients, colleagues, friends and family who have supported my work. I will be back, just watch this space!
I had a great evening, it was really good fun and lovely to meet such an enthusiastic and engaged group of girls.
Now that the evenings are lighter for longer and the weather is a little warmer, I find it harder to keep up the excuses for not getting out in the fresh air and doing some exercise.
Train for health and enjoyment: If you're not enjoying your training or workouts do something new. Try a new class or ask a personal trainer for some help. If you don’t enjoy jogging that doesn’t mean you’ll hate the adrenaline rush of hill sprints. Bored of the gym? Try rock climbing. There are hundreds of ways to challenge your body and mind at the same time and it doesn’t have to be, and shouldn’t be a chore. Keep trying new things until you find something that gets you fired up and excited.
Ignore 90% of social media: It's not real and won't make you feel better about yourself. Stick to the profiles that make you smile and inspire and motivate YOU, avoid the rest and don't worry about what other people are doing.
Set new goals: Whether your goal is weight loss, waist size or completing a 10km run, ensure you have a relevant target to keep yourself challenged. Try having short, medium and long term goals so you are always working towards something that’s within sight. Don’t be afraid to change them. They are your goals and no-one else’s.
Invest in your well being: Whether that means buying a Nutribullet to make your own juices, buying new gym kit or an expensive watch that records steps/calories and everything else, do it. If the money helps to build good habits and routine, it's money well spent that will more than pay back in the long term.
Indulge occasionally: You're not a professional athlete so you don't need to eat & train like one. Eat ice cream, eat pizza. Just make sure it's part of a balanced diet and don't indulge to excess.
Don't stress and panic about falling off the wagon: Everyone does it. Just remember what you're wanting to achieve and why and go again.
Be totally honest with yourself: More often than not we know if we are taking an easy option. Stop and think about your decisions before you make them.
NHS (UK) information about exercise for depression, with links to the ‘Couch to 5K’ app, designed to get you up off the couch and running 5km in just 9 weeks.
Whether you are going for a walk, a hike in the mountains (perhaps easier for my Norwegian readers!), a run round the park, training for a fun run or even a marathon, yoga, boxing, weight lifting, swimming, Nordic walking, playing a team sport, sailing or getting competitive on the tennis court, keep it up!
Yesterday was the final session of the Spring 2016 Developing Parenting Skills course, and we finished with a very thoughtful discussion on parenting as a team, along with a wonderful selection of international snacks and treats bought in by the lovely participants!
I’ve put together a selection of the resources that we used on the course, or which I referred to, which can be found here, along with a selection of books on parenting and child development which were recommended by participants on this course, the previous course, and members of the Stavanger International Parents Facebook page. Thank you to everybody who contributed the names of parenting books, blogs or websites which they have actually found helpful, rather than anxiety inducing!
I was given an incredibly warm welcome by the ladies of PWC Stavanger yesterday, on a very cold, snowy morning. They asked many thoughtful and interesting questions about the challenges of raising emotionally resilient children away from the support and familiarity of 'home', and as part of a globally mobile life. It was lovely to get such positive feedback and a few more parents signing up for the Developing Parenting Skills, Confidence and Self-Esteem course, which begins next week. Thank you PWC Stavanger!
Welcome to 2016. It's been a cold start to the year here in Stavanger, but come and join me at three forthcoming events, for a chance to think, explore, reflect and learn. I can't promise there won't be a thick layer of ice on the ground outside, but I can promise a warm welcome and a chance to meet new people in a 'koselig' atmosphere.
It’s going to be a busy year for Counselling Psychology Stavanger, beginning with an invitation to be the guest speaker at the PWC Stavanger General Meeting, on the 13th January, which I was delighted to accept. I’ll be talking about raising children away from 'home', some of the challenges and things to be aware of, and strategies to help develop and support children's emotional resilience, wherever life takes you. It’s a topic that is important to me, from both personal and professional perspectives and I’m looking forward to it hugely. The meeting is open to all PWC members, anybody who is considering joining PWC, or anybody who is interested in the topic. See here for more details.
The following week, I begin the Developing Parenting Skills, Confidence and Self-Esteem course, hosted by the British School (BISS), but again open to all members of the community. I’m very excited to be leading this course for a second time, and looking forward to meeting another group of parents who want to take the time to explore and reflect on their experience of being a parent, and to share and learn more about how they can develop their skills, confidence and self-esteem. There are still a few places left if you would like to join. Please just get in touch.
On February 11th I’ll be talking at ISS (the International School of Stavanger) about how parents can support their children's emotional development, better understand anxiety and will share strategies to encourage listening and talking, as part of the ISS monthly Morning Connections meetings. It is always lovely to be asked to talk about a topic I find so interesting and important, and I’m really looking forward to meeting more of the ISS parents and staff.
These events are all open to the community, so please do come and join one or even all of them. I look forward to seeing you there!
In the UK the national Children’s Mental Health Week takes place from the 8th to the 14th February 2016, so these events are very well timed. I’ll be posting regularly on children’s mental health during January and February, on the Counselling Psychology Stavanger Facebook page, so please like the page to follow these posts.
‘Anyone, of any age, can be affected by poor mental health. Many men find it difficult to share their problems and try to remain ‘strong and silent’ rather than getting support when it’s needed, despite the detrimental effect this can have. It’s important to be proactive about your mental health, be aware of risk factors and symptoms, and stay connected with your friends and family.
During November, I have been posting about men’s mental health on the Counselling Psychology Stavanger Facebook page. November, has become Movember for many, a time to raise money for and awareness of men’s health, focusing on prostate and testicular cancers, physical inactivity and poor mental health.
In 2014 suicide was the single biggest cause of death for men under the age of 45 in the UK. Behind this statistic are the shattered lives of the men who feel that suicide is their only option, and the devastating losses to families and communities. The cultural and personal barriers that may prevent men from seeking help need to be challenged so that asking for help is seen as a sign of strength and courage rather than of weakness or a lack of masculinity.
In light of this, here are some good sources of information and support. Please don’t suffer in silence - ask for help, whether that be from a family member, a friend, your family doctor, or a psychologist, it is the hardest, but strongest and most important step towards feeling better.
This week saw the final session of the 10 week parenting course I've been leading this Autumn, and amongst the very positive feedback was the above statement. Being a parent can be so busy and all-consuming that it is difficult to find the time to think about what we're doing. This course helps you to do that, in a supportive and empowering atmosphere. I thoroughly enjoyed working with this great group of parents and was so impressed with their openness and commitment to their children. I certainly learnt a lot too!
The next course will take a slightly different format, in light of feedback. I will run two groups, one for parents with children ages 4-10 and a second for parents with children ages 11-16, over six weeks, beginning in January 2016.
If you are interested in joining, please just get in touch. The course is held at the British International School of Stavanger, but is open to everybody in the community, regardless of where your children go to school. I look forward to meeting you in January!
Read more on the course here.
On Friday I was back at the British School in Stavanger to talk to the MYP assembly about looking after their mental health. It's a long time since I've stood at the front of the assembly hall and I was just a little bit nervous! However, the students were incredibly receptive, answering questions and volunteering suggestions with great enthusiasm and I really enjoyed the morning. At the end of the session I asked students to write suggestions, on coloured paper, of how they could look after their own mental health, or how they could support a friend and to stick them on the wall on their way out. The results are in the photo below - they had some great ideas and I hope that the chatter I could hear as students left the hall means there are some new conversations about mental health happening. It was also lovely to meet some of the students who had further questions, and a few aspiring psychologists looking for career advice!
Confident parents and confident children!
Being a parent can be wonderful, but it also brings many challenges. Bringing up children to be confident and emotionally healthy whilst living away from the support of family and friends, and juggling the commitments of work and family life, is not easy.
Last week I led the first session of a new course on developing parenting skills. I have a lovely group of truly international parents to work with, who have bought their curiosity, energy and enthusiasm with them to the group. I think I am going to learn a great deal from them as we explore and reflect on what being a good parent means to us, our relationships and influences, how we listen to and talk with our children, deal with challenging behaviour and an awful lot more.
The course consists of 10 sessions, and is held in the shiny new premises of the BISS College in Forus, Stavanger. Aiming to provide a supportive and empowering environment, and the opportunity to give you time to think about your own and your children’s confidence and self-esteem, this is a really positive course to help you develop a range of skills and approaches to be a more effective parent.
If you are interested in finding out more, or would like to sign up for the next course, beginning in January, please contact me.
Adolescence (approximately ages 11-25) is a potentially very challenging time of life, with many transitions to be made, new life experiences to be navigated and changing relationships to be negotiated. My focus this month has been on adolescent mental health, with the aim of getting people talking about this often difficult-to-talk-about subject. As part of this I led a workshop for Middle Years (MYP) staff at the British International School in Stavanger (BISS), and spoke with parents at the MYP open evening. I'll be back at BISS to talk to the students themselves at their morning assembly in October. It's a long time since I spoke in assembly!
So, please, get informed, look at the links below and in previous posts, talk about mental health and emotional wellbeing with your parents/children (delete as appropriate), send them these links and start the conversation. You’ll be pleased you did.
This is a really helpful guide to thinking about your mental health, from Rethink and this is a great You Tube video thinking about mental health from JacksGap.
What can parents, carers, teachers and other adults do to support young people? There are many things that we can do, principally supporting the development of emotional resilience.
And here is a longer one from Boing Boing, a UK Community Interest Company working to promote resilience. This book is a free download, written by young people, for parents.
Adolescent mental health - some great links!
A few to be going on with, more to follow soon... A fantastic guide for young people about looking after their mental health, from Rethink.
Stem4 a UK based charity raising awareness of commonly occurring mental health issues in teenagers. A great resource for teenagers and their parents and teachers, with lots of information about identifying mental health problems and what to do next.
The Site is another UK based organisation providing young people with a 'guide to the real world'. There is a huge amount of information about mental health, relationships, school stress, and more.
Young Minds, more great information for young people and their parents and teachers. Particularly worth a look is the Headmeds section 'straight talk on mental health medication' for young people. This is information which can be tricky to find, so this is a great resource.
Professor Sarah Jayne Blakemore talks about the 'Mysterious Workings of the Teenage Brain' in this fascinating TED talk - well worth a look to find out what is going on in there!
Another TED talk, this time by Carol Dweck, an American Psychologist, on the Growth Mindset - this is the theory that no trait is fixed, we can all grow, change and improve. Really inspiring. | 2019-04-24T07:02:03Z | https://www.counsellingpsychologystavanger.com/blog |
About 3 million older adults are treated in the emergency department for fall-related injuries each year. Matthew L. Smith, PhD, MPH, CHES, associate director of the Texas A&M Center for Population Health and Aging, distills his research on fall prevention programs and offers some practical advice.
Christina Sumners: And we are here today with Dr. Matthew Smith. Maybe you could tell us a little bit about yourself, Dr. Smith?
Matthew Smith: Pleasure to be here today, I am Matthew Smith and I am the co-director of our university-wide Center for Population Health and Aging. I’m also on faculty at the School of Public Health. An evaluator and interventionist by training, dealing mostly with older adult health.
Christina Sumners: Fascinating, and one of the parts of older adult health, one we’re going to talk about today, is fall prevention. So why are falls a problem, especially in the older population?
Matthew Smith: You know, falls are a huge problem as we age and about one in four older adults will fall each and every single year. Now with that said, a large proportion of those individuals will actually become injured and require some form of medical attention. So falls can truly be one of those incidents that happens very quickly, but can be the start of a negative trajectory that truly changes people’s lives, not only the individual, but their family, and really contribute to societal health care burdens.
Christina Sumners: So what is it about falls that causes all of these negative trajectories?
Matthew Smith: There are so many different reasons why people fall, and a lot of these are internal to the individual, but also external to them, so, we think about naturally getting older, multiple older adults have multiple chronic conditions, and sometimes those conditions can influence the medications they take, which can have negative ramifications, cause dizziness and other types of issues. But also some of these conditions can function or, impede their physical functioning. A lot of times when people age, we have issues where they don’t necessarily engage in the same types of activities that they normally would. So therefore they avoid doing certain things because they’re actually fearful of falling, and that fear of falling then hinders them from doing things, and they can atrophy. They become less familiar with daily activities, and can actually become more and more at risk as time goes on.
Christina Sumners: So it’s kind of a vicious circle. They’re afraid of falling, so they don’t do things, so they could become more at risk of falling?
Matthew Smith: Absolutely, fear of falling is one of the biggest indicators and risk factors for falls for that exact reason.
Tim Schnettler: You know and you mentioned, I remember growing up, if a relative who was older had an injury, broke a hip or something like that, everybody always kinda really panicked, because it was like, that was the beginning of the end.
Matthew Smith: Mm hmm, absolutely. And when you think about somebody who becomes injured and they go into the hospital, you think about how a fracture might now go ahead and require different types of medications. Now all of a sudden they’re not on the same physical activity regimen that they’ve been on. They’ve now changed their sleep patterns. They’ve now changed their diet. Everything now about them has started to change and when somebody really starts to get off on their daily activities and routines, they can really start to change so many things, but it’s also a loss of independence. You know there’s something mentally about losing that independence that truly influences quality of life and an older adult’s well-being, which also contributes to that downward cycle.
Tim Schnettler: Does it also, I mean when someone say for instance, has a hip injury and they have to go in and get a hip replacement. I mean is that one of the things involved as well, that you know, you’ve got that total hip replacement and sometimes that doesn’t always work.
Matthew Smith: Absolutely. And so with hip replacement of course, that’s one of the common injuries that we talk about, but there’s so many different fractures that occur, actually most of the common fractures from a fall are actually in the arm and shoulder, because it’s natural to put that arm out to stop yourself. But also we have a lot of traumatic head injury, and brain injury that results from falls. But when you have that hip fracture, again, that is part of your mobility, and depending on who you are, how frail you are and how apt you were to get that surgery, you know that’s a major event. So it can be very helpful, but it can also change the way that they’re mobile or immobile for the rest of their lives.
Christina Sumners: That makes total sense. So what can people do to prevent falls?
Matthew Smith: So many different things you can do to prevent falls and you know, falls are largely preventable. The problem is, is that they’re so common, but we can prevent them. So with that said, there are many different things we can do. First and foremost is, make sure that we get those medications checked. Have open communication with you physicians and clinicians. Make sure that you talk about all those different medications that you’re on. A lot of those medications can have those negative side effects when it comes to, you know postural hypertension or certain types of dizziness.
Matthew Smith: Whether you’re taking it with food or not. But also some of them can interact with one another, therefore causing some of those ramifications that can drop blood pressure, et cetera. So with that said, that’s certainly one of them. Another thing you can do to prevent falls is, make sure that you get your vision checked. So with your vision, so many times, many different chronic conditions, and as people age vision can decline. And obviously when things are underfoot, people can trip, people don’t necessarily see exactly what’s in front of them. We certainly have that risk factor, so making sure that we’re up to speed with our glasses, our contacts and our vision is certainly very very important. The other thing of course, is the external environment and the home environment. And making sure that we can modify our homes to be appropriate for us as we age. So many times we have dim lighting. So many times we don’t have hand rails or guard rails or grab bars in the bathrooms. So many times we have loose rugs or ottomans or things underfoot that can cause a fall, wiring. So we really need to think about that home environment and what we can do to make it safe, but also still comfortable for the person as they’re living there. And finally, lifestyle behavior, we need to be physically active. It is never too late for interventions, and older adults can always benefit from physical activity and lifestyle change. So what we really want to do is focus on that strength, that balance, that flexibility, to truly allow them to be able to have that lower limb strength, that lower limb functioning, so that they can prevent a fall and even manage a fall if one does occur.
Tim Schnettler: You mention all those things. Have there been any studies that indicate what is the most prevalent cause of a fall? I mean is it, is it vision, is it medication, is it just age? I mean is there any studies that support anything like that?
Matthew Smith: You know it’s such a multi-faceted and individualistic factor and you know situation, that it really kind of depends. For example, we know that people who are more active end up falling outside of the home. People who are more frail and less active fall inside the home. And so it kinda just depends on what’s going on. Is it that they’re just moving too fast? They’re actually so active that they just, you know, one misstep and step off a curb and there ya go versus it’s something where you just weren’t prepared in the house and you didn’t have a hand rail. You tried to grab a towel rack, it couldn’t support the weight. There’s so many different things. So with that said, so much of it is really about physical activity, making sure that your lower limbs are prepared and capable of doing what you want them to do. So that no matter what it is, you can truly react, you can modify, you can be adaptive, reactive.
Christina Sumners: And what has your research shown about the best way to prevent falls or to stay active?
Matthew Smith: So so much of what we do is in terms of interventions and programming.
Matthew Smith: So as an evaluator of evidence based programs for fall prevention, we have a menu of different types of programs that are really designed and well suited for older adults with different levels of frailty and different levels of risk. So with that said, there’s programs like Tai chi which many people know and that’s shifting your body weight, shifting your arms, doing these different motions so that you can better strengthen that lower leg, those muscles. But at the same time there’s other programs like a Matter of Balance and we offer a Matter of Balance here locally where this is a program that not only has educational components about how best to overcome those negative fears of falling and understand that falls can be preventable, but it also incorporates that physical activity and some of those environmental modifications. But then there’s other types of programs that are a little more specific to people who are in home or frail, like the Otago Education Program and that’s ran by a physical therapist who comes into the home and guides the individual through a set of different types of coordinated and progressively challenging activities. With that said, so much of our research says that these programs can truly influence and reduce falls but also when used in conjunction, either simultaneously or currently, we can really keep this individual in a longer term kinda care so that they can continue to have that upward cycle. And so many of these people actually had a fall, and they want to overcome a fall and never have it happen again.
Christina Sumners: And so it really is individualized depending on the person’s current strength and abilities and frailty as you put it. So what should people who are maybe caring for an older family member, what would be their first step when trying to figure out what program is best?
Matthew Smith: So first and foremost I recommend looking at their local area agency on aging. And you can find these triple A’s as they call them, online. And you can find out one, a phone number to call if you wanna talk to somebody and see what’s best, but two, online they should be able to list out exactly what types of interventions or programs they’re offering in the local area. But with that said, so many of the different programs will tell you exactly who they’re for. Whether it’s for those individuals who are more community dwelling and active, whether those who are a little more home bound or even in residential facilities, so you can really find out a lot by asking, because those of us who know these programs know that they work better for certain people than others.
Tim Schnettler: Can you talk a little bit more about the OEP? You mentioned that, and that’s a recent study that you all had something published on. Can you tell us a little bit more about that and expand on that a little bit?
Matthew Smith: Fantastic, so, the Otago Education Program, it’s a wonderful program, actually brought to the United States from New Zealand. And we brought it into this country, and we were able to kind of test it out. And what we were able to determine is that a physical therapist comes to an individuals home and over an eight week period engages them where they are in terms of their physical functioning and mobility and has them do a series of about 17 different types of strength and flexibility balance building activities. And these again, are done with the individual over time, getting them so that they can start to then become a little more independent. Now most of these people are home bound, but at the same time they don’t have to be. So with that said, as you start to build the strength, as you work with a physical therapist over the weeks, you also want to go ahead and engage and then a walking program and then start to get out, hopefully recommended into one of these other community based programs like a Matter of Balance, Tai chi, so that you can now have these group based aspects out in the community, outside of your home. But the Otago program is phenomenal, but we also learn that one on one physical therapy is fantastic, but at some point we can also do these in group base settings. So we’ve started taking these types of programs and translating them for use in community, so that we can have that physical therapist and other allied health professionals really reach more and more people at the same time. Instead of just one on one, which we know can be very expensive, but also time consuming.
Christina Sumners: And what can people do if maybe they’re living in a rural area or a small town without any of these programs?
Matthew Smith: So we do our best to try to imbed these programs where people live. And we try to reduce the number of minutes and miles from where they are. And so whether we can imbed some of these into faith based organizations, or senior centers, whatever’s out there in those rural areas, we try to do. But the other thing is that there’s been a lot of translations of internet based translations. So we’ve been taking these programs that are very effective face to face, and we’ve put them into an online digestible format so that people if they have high speed broadband, which is a whole other issue in rural areas, but if they can get that type of access, they can do it on their own, they can do it at their own pace, and they can actually connect with others who are doing the program so that they can kinda form their own community even though they don’t necessarily see one another.
Christina Sumners: And that’s effective as well?
Matthew Smith: Absolutely, yes. And for the Otago program, the Stand Tall intervention, we actually just created and tested and it’s having very positive effects.
Christina Sumners: And so that’s an online version of this successful Otago program?
Christina Sumners: Great! We don’t get a lot of snow or ice here in Texas, but for people listening in other parts of the country, as we move into winter, what are some things people can keep in mind to keep from falling on the ice?
Matthew Smith: So being a native from Indianapolis, Indiana, I am very familiar with the winter months. And thank goodness I’m down here in Texas. (laughing) But you know, there’s something that is very difficult when you think about you know, navigating the ice and navigating the weather. So first and foremost, most of the people who live up in the North are a little more used to it, therefore they’ve had years and years of practice, whereas if you’re traveling to Texas up north, you might not know how to handle ice at all. So the one thing is, first and foremost, make sure that you’re very aware of your surroundings. Make sure that you’re selecting the right types of shoes that have certain type of grip. Everyone knows if you’ve been wearing dress shoes, a lot of guys out there, you step on something slick and your shoes just go out from under you. So if you don’t choose the right shoes, then you’re really gonna have some sort of difficulty. The other thing is making sure you position yourself whether you’re driving or whether you’re walking where you can have some sort of built structure, meaning handrails, guardrails, even though stairs might be seen as a little more dangerous generally, sometimes those ramps for handicap accessibility can actually be more dangerous in those weather situations where stairs have handrails and can even be a little safer. I think another thing to think about when we think about fall prevention is that because this is so pervasive, and because it’s such a big issue, that it’s not just community based interventions, it’s not just clinical interventions, it’s actually the interplay between the two. We need to make sure that the clinicians truly understand what is available in the communities, and that the communities really make sure that older adult interacts appropriately with their clinician and tells them what they’re learning in talks. So what we try to do is integrate these clinical community type interventions so that we can collaborate and create really a community of care. But with that said, there’s also more than just that. We have to think about policies, we have to think about not only the policies at an organizational level like a hospital, but we need to think about those policies at a state or national level so that we can start thinking about how we can support these evidence based programs and some of these different interventions and technologies, so that they can truly be accessible and used by older adults. So here in Texas we have the Texas Active for Life coalition. This is a coalition that I co-direct along with Cindy Quinn whose with our Center for Population Health and Aging. And this is a state wide coalition that brings together multiple disciplines to make sure that we all for the same purpose come together for the care of older adults not just for fall prevention, but for chronic disease management, for physical activity, just for access and utilization of care.
Christina Sumners: So everyone comes together with the similar goals across the state.
Tim Schnettler: And leverages their skillsets and their resources.
Christina Sumners: So you mentioned this community of care, what role do family members and loved ones have in this community?
Matthew Smith: A person’s social network can really influence their falls risk. And so what we really need to think about is who is it that’s around them, and what is it that they contribute? And so a lot of times in our society we have older adults living with their adult children or their families. And so with that said, when we think about the environments you now have multi generational homes where they could be kids and older adults in the same place and therefore nothing’s in the same location from day to day in the living room and there’s, you know toy’s and junk everywhere. But so the environmental modification, so changing the home so that it can really accommodate those older adults is so so important. But in addition to that, you know, older adults can really get a lot of support from their friends, from their children, from their spouses, whoever it is, and so really what we need to think about is how do we create that? These evidence based programs, because they’re group based, truly create more of like a support network. A lot of people working together, encouraging, kind of like when you go to the gym and work out, you need buddies to say hey, are you doing your exercises? Are you gonna come to class next week? And so there’s that social support and drivers. In the same way, a family member can do the same thing. So it’s not just looking at the physical risks, but it’s going on a walk, but also encouraging them to do what they’re recommended to do. Going to them with the physician so that you have multiple sets of ears listening and getting the same recommendation so that everybody gets the same information and there’s no confusion.
Christina Sumners: Even despite their best effort, sometimes people do find themselves falling. Is there anything they can do in that moment? Is there anything we can do to prepare them for that moment?
Matthew Smith: So much of what we do is in terms of not just preventing falls, but actually being able to manage the fall. And so much of that is, not necessarily becoming a stunt man or woman and learning how to fall and tuck and roll, and we’ve all seen the movies. People jumping out of moving cars, but, you know really what it comes down to is making sure that when you do fall, and if you find yourself in that situation, how can you get up, how can you get help? Because the longer that you’re on the ground, unable to move, and left unattended, the more likely you are to have negative ramifications that can result in hospitalization and truly negative outcomes including death. So with that said, a lot of what we try to do is make sure that if somebody does fall, how can they truly get to a phone? Do they have a medical alert bracelet? Is it something they can work on. Their strength, both lower extremities, but also their upper body so that they can truly stand back up if they can, or get to what they need.
Tim Schnettler: One thing I wanted to ask, and I should have thought of this earlier. We talked about age factors. Is there any studies that show that it’s, falls are more prevalent in men versus women, or vice versa?
Matthew Smith: Yes there are a lot of different factors. Of who an individual is that can show as risk factors for falls. So first and foremost, with older age we certainly see more fall related risk. But with that said we actually see that men oftentimes have greater risk of falls than women. However, that’s really based on the proportions. Just because first and foremost, there are fewer men in older age than there are women, so women are actually falling in greater number. But oftentimes men when they do fall, it becomes much more severe. In short, while the rates of falls aren’t that different between men and women, oftentimes men not only show a larger risk for falls, but oftentimes their falls can be more severe.
Christina Sumners: And so you talk about the severity of falls. How do you measure the severity? Is it just by outcomes whether they break a bone? Are there other factors to consider?
Matthew Smith: Certainly so. Typically the severity is truly based on injury. So many times somebody falls and it’s okay, they fell on the couch, and really a fall is just, going from one level to another level unintentionally. (laughing) So if I was preparing to sit down on the couch, but I went to the couch in a way that wasn’t under my control, that’s technically a fall. And so with that said, that’s not very severe. I was going to the couch. However if that fall was in the exact same way, the couch wasn’t there and I ended up, you know landing flat on my rump or hitting my head, now all of a sudden when an injury comes into play, it becomes much more severe, there’s a consequence. So with that said, there’s so many times where it can be bumps and bruises, but a lot of times there’s a lot of fractures. And so with a fracture, and with an emergency room visit or a hospitalization, the severity is seen to be higher.
Christina Sumners: So if you’re in a situation where you see someone falling, how should you approach that?
Matthew Smith: So the thing is, is that if you witness a fall, you don’t always know how severe it could be. You don’t know if they’ve hit their head, you don’t know if they’ve hurt themselves, so the first thing to do is not rush them to their feet. You need to try to assess the situation, and see if you need to at least call 911, see if somebody is around and get advanced medical care. If in fact they’re okay, they have their faculties about them, you want to help them to their feet. And you want to do so very very carefully, or probably into a sitted situation, or seated situation. Oftentimes what ends up happening is you reach out and you wanna clasp hands and pull each other up, but at the same time what you really need to do is clasp wrists and so that you grab each other on a stronger weight bearing situation or part of the body so that when you yank them up you don’t cause any potential risk especially if this person is older, frail or whatever it is. But with that said, once you can actually get them up, get them seated, you just really need to not rush the situation. Make sure that they are ready for that, because if they’re on the ground and they’re comfortable, it’s quite okay to keep them there. As long as they’re not in harms way with traffic, et cetera.
Christina Sumners: Wonderful, this has been really helpful, Dr. Smith. I’ve learned a lot.
Christina Sumners: Thank you so much for being here today on our podcast.
Matthew Smith: My pleasure, thank you for having me.
Christina Sumners: And thank you so much for joining us today on Science Sound Off, and we’ll see you next time! | 2019-04-25T12:04:53Z | https://vitalrecord.tamhsc.edu/podcast/dont-let-pride-go-before-a-fall/ |
Last week I was fortunate enough to participate in the Holy Cross Heritage Pilgrimage in France with eighteen Notre Dame colleagues from the Division of Student Affairs. The three main requisites for making a pilgrimage are the belief that God responds to prayer, the conviction that grace is present in a special way at holy sites, and the desire to make a sacred journey. I was hopeful on all three fronts! I believed that God would respond to my personal prayers and that of those I was carrying with me to France; I believed that there was grace to be found in the places where Blessed Basil Moreau and Father Edward Sorin lived and prayed; and I was making a sacred journey to help create a sacred journey – the Notre Dame Trail.
I was asked a year ago to lead the execution of the Notre Dame Trail, the signature event of the University’s 175th anniversary celebration. The Trail has three main objectives: 1) to honor the Congregation of Holy Cross, 2) to educate about the 175-year history, and 3) to create a unique pilgrimage for Our Lady. We hope to create a journey of the soul through this pilgrimage, and I was confident that a better understanding of the Congregation’s beginnings would aid us with this challenge. I knew it was Father Basil Moreau who had founded the Congregation of Holy Cross and that it was he who sent Father Edward Sorin to establish a school in Indiana in 1841, but I wanted to know more about these great men of faith.
The Holy Cross Heritage Pilgrimage, led by the Rector of the Shrine of Blessed Basil Moreau, Father John De Riso, would provide such an opportunity. Basil Anthony Moreau was the 9th of 14 children brought into the world in 1799 by Louis and Louise Moreau. On the pilgrimage, we saw the wine cellar where he would have slept as a small boy. His childhood home was in the shadow of the local church in Laigne-en-Belin which was rebuilt and consecrated in 1867, a ceremony at which Moreau attended. This quaint town and original church are where Moreau would have first received the call of discipleship. He was ordained a priest in the Chapel of the Visitation within the diocese of Le Mans on August 12, 1821, at the age of 22, and served as a seminary professor of philosophy, dogma, and Sacred Scripture. We pilgrims said a prayer in the Chapel of the Visitation for all those who have dedicated their lives to God through the Congregation of Holy Cross.
Moreau had a strong devotion to Mary and sought to establish a community modeled after the Holy family – a community of three societies – including priests, brothers and sisters. When we visited the Shrine of Blessed Basil Moreau, this was quite evident. The Shrine includes a bas-relief of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and of the Holy Family of Nazareth, a statue of Our Lady of Sorrows and stained glass windows depicting the seven sorrows of Mary, a statue of St. Joseph, and a naïve dedicated to Saint André Bessette. During the celebration of the Eucharist at the Shrine, we had the opportunity to voice the names of the priests, brothers and sisters who have had an impact on our lives – Joe, Kevin, Joy, Austin, Larry, Veronique, Nate, John, etc.
Later, we visited the Solitude of the Savior, which was the first novitiate of the priests of Holy Cross. Here we saw the altar on which Moreau celebrated Mass as well as the tiny room in which he would have stayed. This tranquil spot is where he went to pray and reflect, and is said to be the place where he revised and edited the Constitutions of the Congregation of Holy Cross. In his later years, Moreau was taken care of by the Marianites of Holy Cross here. A handful of retired Sisters still live at the Soltitude and were proud to give us a tour. Moreau was originally laid to rest in Holy Cross Cemetery in Le Mans in 1873; his remains were brought to the crypt of Notre Dame de Sainte Croix in 1938. Now known as the Shrine of Blessed Basil Moreau, his tomb was moved to the south transept of the church in 2007 in connection with his beatification. Although the Sisters of the Holy Cross, those who founded Saint Mary’s College, separated from the Marianites of Holy Cross in 1869, these were the sisters of their origin. I was proud of the dedication, trust and respect these sisters demonstrated towards Moreau, especially in his later years.
Blessed Basil Moreau, the founder of the Congregation of Holy Cross, was declared “Venerable” by Pope John Paul II in 2003, and was beatified in 2007 by order of Pope Benedict XVI. Those of us now affiliated with the priests, brothers and sisters of Holy Cross, are charged with demonstrating the same kind of zeal to help advance our shared mission. I secured three little stones from the Holy Cross Cemetery in Le Mans, one representing the sisters, brothers and priests. I intend to carry these stones in their honor along the 316 miles of the Notre Dame Trail this August, and will deposit them at the Log Chapel. We will give each pilgrim a stone to carry during their journey; these stones will symbolize each pilgrim’s individual prayer, wish or intention. I will be praying that the Notre Dame Trail touches the hearts and souls of thousands of pilgrims. Alleluia!
Father Moreau’s whole goal in life was to be more Christlike. For me, what do I need to do every day to emulate that better? I want to wake up each morning with that goal in mind and focus on what it means for me and all of those I encounter.
The faith of Father Sorin and the 6 brothers who traveled to a new land, with a new language, and started a school from nothing. I need to hold strong to that faith as I make decisions on a daily basis, knowing that I am where I am supposed to be in my personal life as well as being the fruit of Father Sorin’s efforts and continuing his dream.
The craftsmen that built these amazing French churches 1000’s of year ago put blood, sweat and most certainly many lives lost into creating these homages to Christ. How can I ensure I am honoring Him every day, pushing beyond my limits?
The sculptors that toiled over every minute detail of the statues and carvings in the churches. So much thought went into every look, body placement, symbolism and meaning in all the carvings. I probably understood 1/100 of everything they wanted to be preserved for history. What can I do to make sure I am being mindful of every detail in my life? Recognizing people’s needs, the subtleties of of their emotions, taking time to truly think through every decision I make and not overlooking details that are important.
The artisans that created the intricate stain glass windows wanting to tell a story. Painstakingly choosing all the right pictures, colors, and symbolism for getting their points across in their storytelling. Are my actions telling Christ’s story through the windows into myself?
The faithful that endured war after war and the French Revolution and yet were determined to rebuild and not be swayed in their commitment. I am typically a very positive person, but making sure that I don’t wallow in setbacks and they don’t derail me to continually move forward.
Check back with me next year to see how I am doing, but know that I am making this commitment to myself and my fellow pilgrims!
I have said it many times over: our experiences are very individualized, but they are better when shared. In sharing, we become personal which leads to vulnerability. With vulnerability comes trust. Thus, I have always try to uphold trust in every relationship. All of this leads me to an evening at Chartres during our pilgrimage.
We gathered in the parish center-like room southeast of the cathedral for the opportunity to process the pilgrimage for the very first time as a group. Many blog posts were shared or derived from that heartfelt “upper room” liberation, similar to this one. Everyone was a little vulnerable that evening, which enabled the deep connection we formed with one another.
Someone asked Fr. John how he became a priest, particularly a Holy Cross priest. He openly provided a heartfelt and sincere response. It was a vulnerable moment for him, yet he trusted us and shared his deep personal response to a loving invitation to a relationship with God. Similarly, every relationship is an invitation and a response he reminded us. This is called discernment. I experienced similar calling to the priesthood but right now, my vocation is the Rector of Duncan Hall as a lay minister.
As the rector of Duncan Hall I am finding God, fulfillment and satisfaction in knowing that I helped empower many people for the betterment of Duncan Hall, Our Lady’s University, the Church and the world. My ministerial experiences formed my opinion that an effective minister has to be able to empower other people to the ministry. I believe we should care more about celebrating Christ with others and leading people to powerful experiences with Christ rather than monetary or congratulatory rewards. Jesus focused his service on the betterment of others through significant actions with humility, acting as a model for all shepherds. I have had the privilege of witnessing the Holy Cross priests in their selfless service to their ministry at Notre Dame. It has been empowering to me as I share in their ministry.
I believe that this Christ-centered life is something critical to ministerial work, to being an effective minister. When people get too focused on the material, they lose focus of the more important virtues of a life of selfless servitude and have a difficult time fulfilling the rigorous demands of the ministry.
Sharing life with our students takes a lot of work! Developing deep meaningful relationships with proper boundaries requires a lot of maturity, wisdom and guidance. WORK! Authentic relationships need work and harder work to maintain them. All of this hard work points to one thing: relationship with God. It’s hard work but I am finding it in my ministry as the Rector of Duncan Hall.
It’s only been three days since we left Le Mans, yet I am already feeling nostalgic. The Holy Cross Heritage Pilgrimage is one of those mountaintop experiences that I will look back often with awe.
To hold on to this joy, to this happiness, to this peace is a gut-level instinct we all have. We hold on even stronger when we don’t think that other experiences can top them, or we don’t trust that they can ever happen again.
In a spiritual sense, as good as it is to hold on to something wonderful, a love that is freely given, an experience of life that gives us new meaning to our lives, we ultimately have to let them go. We eventually have to go down the mountain.
We have to let go of our experiences so that something new can be realized. We are blessed with moments on the mountain; we are blessed with new insights about our lives; we are blessed constantly with the joy and happiness we share with each other. That should give us a sense that if this is good, there has got to be something more.
This pilgrimage validates all my other mountaintop experiences: there is always something more. My experiences are all interconnected and woven together to write the story of my live. These experiences tell my story, give me endurance for the journey, and strengthen my faith in God and in others.
Heading into this pilgrimage, I had already begun to reflect on what roles we, as humans, play in each other’s lives. However, my focus in these reflections was primarily on the relationships and connections I shared with family and close friends. After spending 6 days exploring the path of Father Moreau, it has become abundantly clear to me that the connections in my life extend much further than my own backyard. It just takes a little time, effort, and maybe a step out of your comfort zone to uncover them.
The villagers we met during our journey live over 4,000 miles away from our home at Notre Dame, yet they welcomed us as friends, sharing stories of their families, the town, and the church. Our encounters may have been fleeting but the connections were meaningful all the same.
On a deeper level, the bonds formed with my fellow pilgrims are ones I hope to keep for a lifetime. The physical journey made us fast friends, but the spiritual education and shared dedication to Notre Dame solidified the group as a family. These people, who I’ve shared a campus with for years, changed from strangers to friends after a leap from my comfort zone. Well worth the risk!
Finally, Fr. John provided us with incomparable spiritual, cultural and logistical guidance throughout the trip. Our experience with him can serve as an example of the support and connection available to us from the Holy Cross family on campus.
While I have learned many things on this pilgrimage, I feel one of my greatest lessons has been to nurture even the smallest connections with those around me, as even the most fleeting connections can have a powerful impact.
Many of my fellow pilgrims have already reflected on the special bond and connection we have felt with one another on this trip; nonetheless, I want to share my experience as well. Our last evening fellowship in Paris was a fitting end. We hiked Montmartre for the last holy site visit and then dinner at La Bonne Franquette where we sang many Happy Birthdays to fellow pilgrim Heather Grocke-Saunders, signed the ND flag for Fr. John, and toasted one last time.
As we journeyed down the mountain, I decided to be adventurous and slide down a set of steep decline rather than taking the steps: “You want to see something cool?” It was “cool” for about a second until I lost control, wiped out, and hit my face against the rocky concrete. While I got right up from the fall, pride and scar tissues remained on those rocks.
The concerns that everyone expressed for my reckless abandon save all embarrassment and physical pain. Of all the groups that I have been a part of, this group exhibits the most nurturing fidelity I have ever had to privilege to be a part of. It did not come as a surprise because as I got to hear each individual pilgrim’s stories and connect with each one individually, I recognized that we are a nurturing bunch. It worked out for me because I was the beneficiary of this nourishment on this particular night.
As I sit on the plane reflecting about the trip, I realize that this experience provided far more than I ever anticipated. Each day we learned about Father Moreau’s journey and the places that were of great significance. We visited many churches and learned about how each played a role in his life. We walked some of the same paths he would’ve walked and saw where he slept when he needed some time of solitude. We met so many wonderful French people who welcomed us into their spaces and showed us such wonderful hospitality. The places we visited were things I expected. I expected to learn more about the life of Moreau and how deeply faithful and committed he was. I expected to be moved by the history of our university and seeing where it all began. What I didn’t expect is how deeply moved I would be by all of these experiences.
While I walked through the labyrinth at the cathedral in Chartres, I thought about how that labyrinth is much like our life. It twists and turns and you never know where it’s going to lead or who you will come across along the way, but it sets you up with experiences that, for better or worse, shape you. Even when we feel our path is veering away from our goals/hopes/dreams, we come to recognize that with faith it will bring us back on the right path. This is the moment I realized how beautiful and deeply moving this experience was.
I couldn’t believe that I was sitting in places, looking at structures, and following paths of people who had been there over a thousand years before me. I also realized that, beyond learning the history, I was developing these deeply meaningful connections with the other pilgrims. When we began our journey I knew a handful of the group and the others I only met for our three Moreau prep meetings. These meetings were filled with so much information I wasn’t able to really connect with everyone. On the plane ride to Paris, I was assigned a seat next to two other pilgrims (one of whom I knew and the other I didn’t). I sporadically chatted with the girl I knew, Rochelle, before she fell asleep. Mamie and I, another pilgrim, didn’t say more than a couple sentences to each other. Fast forward to 7 days later and I consider Mamie my friend and am truly excited to reconnect when we get back on campus. I found a connection with each person and will return to campus knowing that this time together helped us forge friendships that will last forever. I have 18 new friends on campus and several abroad who all shared in this incredible experience. I really didn’t count on how much these people would enhance this pilgrimage, but they all provided their own unique ” je ne sais quoi” that made this trip so much more positive, moving, and truly more beautiful than I ever thought possible.
I may be saying “au revoir” to France, but with the memories that were made I know that France and Father Moreau’s story will have forever changed my heart.
We have shared meals and conversations, wine and laughter. We have adventured together to new places, where awe and wonderment can only begin to describe how we feel about the many pilgrimage sites we have seen. Many new friendships have been formed, both with my fellow pilgrims and with those individuals that have shared pieces of our journey with us. We will continue to share memories with one another from a once in a lifetime pilgrimage that will last forever.
I am ever so grateful for the many blessings this journey has given all of us.
I feel that this pilgrimage has provided us with a refreshed and renewed spirit of MIND and HEART to continue the work that was started so many years ago by Father Moreau, Father Sorin, and the many others of Holy Cross that had a hand in shaping the path and vision for Notre Dame du Lac. This journey has offered us moments of the ZEAL of Father Sorin, to fuel our desire, to share our talents, and to help one another along our path in life. Together as pilgrims, we have added new members to our FAMILY from around the world by rejoicing in each other and our faith community, and it has provided me with a newfound HOPE in God’s promise of the Kingdom.
With love and many blessings to all of you!
After I walked through the Basilica of the Sacred Heart and prayed to the Sacred Heart of Jesus to offer all of the worries and prayers that are on my heart. We once again were seated for dinner together. The food and drink were incredible. The fellowship and warmth of our flock of pilgrims was resounding throughout the land. Many more rounds of Happy birthday were sung to me throughout dessert, I was truly moved to laughter and tears. As we left the restaurant and happily walked the streets and square of Montmartre, many more spontaneous songs of happy birthday were sung by my pilgrim friends rejoicing in our hearts for life and love for one another. In the square many people joined in song, both visitors and waiters from restaurants. That is when another truly amazing moment happened, a family from Costa Rica approached our group. One of the women in the family exclaimed it is my mother’s birthday too! She is 67 and I am 37. Her name is Natalie. Which is one of my grandmother’s names. The connection I felt was unlike anything I have experienced before. We held hands, hugged each other and cried a little as my friends and her family rejoiced in this birthday celebration. It is one of the many moments this week when I truly felt that my heart was open, my worries had melted away and realized with a clear heart and mind that I am able to be present and open to those wonderfully joyful moments with all that were present.
We ended the evening in Montmartre with a view of the full moon over Paris and a partial view of the Eiffel Tower sparkling one last time, before heading back down all of those winding stairs.
I want to thank all of my fellow pilgrims, and Father John for making my birthday, as well as, this entire adventure amazing.
Each one of you will forever be in my heart and my prayers.
Our evening in Montmartre was unforgettable. We hopped off the Metro and headed up the circular concrete staircase leading out of the metro station. What a climb that was, the never ending tower of stairs leading up to the city, and then more steps up to the summit and the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. Upon arriving at the summit, the view of Paris was breathtaking. We arrived at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. The beauty of this Basilica is overwhelming. So many pilgrims from all over the world journeying here to offer their heart to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Many times on this journey we have listened to Father John, Father Frank, and Father Ralph speak about Father Moreau’s devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
This is so important to the work that we do with our students, we must look at the model that Jesus provides for us and imitate him to our fullest. In life, we must search within our own hearts and give our hearts to The Lord. Breathe, let go, trust and give your heart to the Lord. Let your worries not weigh you down. Trust in the Lord.
The previous passage is from a prayer that was shared with us in our guide on this pilgrimage. This prayer has really helped me reflect on the day to day tasks and worries that I have in my heart. This has helped me to see that bringing all of my worries to the Sacred Heart of Jesus will allow room in my heart for all the joy and blessings that life and the kingdom of God has to offer.
One of Fr John’s sermon mentioned a story of his spiritual formation and his director talking about “thanks-living,” really living gratefully for the gifts of others. Everything this week makes this point. I am overwhelmed by the welcome we received from our French hosts, the guidance , patience, and good humor of our leaders, and the friendship and thoughtfulness of the pilgrims. What a blessing to have had this opportunity for reflection and fellowship. I hope to look for the gifts of others around me when I return to work tomorrow. I pray that I say and “live” thanks throughout the everyday pilgrimage waiting for me back home.
The Holy Cross Heritage Pilgrimage, for me, has been transcending. It has not only brought the “New World” closer to its heritage but also connected the past to the present; thus, transcending time and space. During our first Mass of the pilgrimage, Fr. John DeRiso CSC greeted the pilgrims, “Welcome Home! You’ve done well.” At that instant, I had a vivid imagine of Fr. Moreau French-embracing Fr. Sorin with those words. While it was not Fr. Moreau, it was another CSC; and it was not Fr. Sorin who returned home, it was us! There we were, 175 years after the founding of the University of Notre Dame (Notre Dame Trail! Shameless plug.), 19 pilgrims journeyed home. To be welcomed home with such proud embrace was an enlightening moment for me. It sparked a deep connection and a sense of purpose in my collaborative work with the Congregation of Holy Cross and its coworkers. It rekindled the spirit within that burns for the zeal of spreading of the Kingdom of God—the very purpose of Fr. Moreau’s ministry. It gave deep meaning and purpose to my ministry as a Rector. I am a co-worker in this ministry and mission with the many Holy Cross priests that came before and many who will follow. It was real! An “ah ha” moment if you will.
In the work of caring for our students, it can be frustrating and powerless at times because we don’t know if all the late nights and early mornings will bear any fruits. Sometime it can even feel insignificant. As I am writing this, the awareness of self-knowledge and my understanding of God’s providence and the mystery of salvation are being revealed. This grace is humbling.
Self-centeredness can creeps up on us in this ministry—“no one is dealing what I have to deal with!” Thus, we can get discouraged, feeling self-centered, to see our insignificance in our work, to think of what we can or cannot do, and forget about God and God’s will and providence.
One thing is certain, God never forgets! God knows our significance, our dignity and our worth. But God also expects us to accept, as from God’s hands, the daily situations God sends us and to act as Jesus would have acted and the grace to it.
Perhaps, Fr. Moreau and Fr. Sorin felt these turmoils 175 years ago when they were establishing the University of Notre Dame mission. Perhaps not. But I am confident that we share the same frustrations, helpless, and powerlessness in this work collaborative work. But taking step back, I wonder if Fr. Moreau could have ever imaged this great harvest that is the University of Notre Dame. The seeds that was planted, namely by sending Fr. Sorin to this Northern Indiana Mission, are being watered and hold future promises—the hope of the Cross. Our work is not yet completed and hopefully, our spirit is enlivened by this pilgrimage and home coming to continue this work as co-workers in God’s vineyard, working to catch a glimpse of heaven on earth at the University of Notre Dame. Heaven—our ultimate home, the destination of every pilgrim—God!
Growing up, my grandmother has always been a pillar of faith for my family and I. When I was younger I never quite understood the wisdom she was imparting on me, not just as a human, but an individual who declared Jesus Christ as her Lord and Savior.
One piece of advice my grandmother continually repeated to myself and my cousins was “True success is measured by your ability to make the right decisions”. As a child, I smiled politely and nodded. I heard the words of my grandmother but had not completely internalized them. Throughout this pilgrimage, there was example after example of servants who served the Lord who made the right decisions. In all of their decisions, they had the Lord as their focal point and knew they could accomplish amazing things through Him.
As we stepped in multiple churches over this past week, I continued to be in awe of the work and detail they were able to create. These buildings were not built with grandiose technology, but with servants who knew their work would be glorified and appreciated because they made the right decisions. Over time their decisions would be tested with fires, wars, and revolutions. The servants continued to make the decision to rebuild to honor their Lord and create beautiful spaces to praise his name.
Pilgrimages were never talked about in church when I was growing up. Therefore, I was unaware of the churches being seen as pilgrimage locations until I started to learn more prior and during this journey. This experience has opened my eyes up to Christian pilgrimage and the destinations Christians can visit to deepen their relationship with God. I see this pilgrimage as a right decision in my life that will allow me true success in explaining the rich heritage of the Holy Cross order and the foundation blocks of Notre Dame to students, visitors, colleagues, and the worldwide Notre Dame family. As of right now I don’t know exactly how my successes will bloom into something beautiful to admire at Notre Dame, but I am embracing that process. I will look back on this process and be mesmerized at the blessings in my life that have come by making the right decision to journey on the pilgrimage.
To this day, my grandmother stills imparts wisdom to me, but today I am honored it came full circle with the words my grandmother has repeated all along. It not only helped me make a stronger connection to the University, but also reminded me to continue to make right decisions to deepen my faith and be open and aware of the blessings and successes that are on the horizon.
Over the last week I have enjoyed the many hours I have spent with my fellow pilgrims. Many of us have taken pictures at each location we have traveled. At times we looked more like tourists than pilgrims.
Within our parishes, we hear about sharing our “talents and treasure.” This pilgrimage provided a real-life reminder of how we are all provided a gift from God — talent.
Coming on this pilgrimage, I thought I had a pretty decent talent related to photography. Over the last few days I have learned that Rebecca, Mark, and Nhat have much more talent than me when it comes to photography. I found myself asking advice from these three pilgrims about angles, lighting, and camera settings so I could refine my talents and take better pictures. In just a few short days, I have learned a few new skills that I look forward to expanding in the future. The fruits of our labor will be shared on our photo gallery once we return to campus and have a faster WIFI connection to upload the hundreds of pictures we have taken.
More importantly, as I return to campus, I will commit to find specific ways to better share my talents with others to help them grow and serve others.
Thank you to all my fellow pilgrims for making this an amazing journey.
This week has blessed me with with a deeper understanding of what it means to be a shepherd with our students, it has also blessed me with prayer, thanks giving, and humor. Father John is amazing, and we were blessed to have Father Ralph and Father Frank assist with our teaching. My heart has grown stronger in faith, and the names of Father Moreau and Father Sorin have taken on new life for me and what it means to work at Notre Dame.
My one wish is that I would have really thought more deeply about the petitions to bring with me. I don’t really think that I fully understood the power of prayer that I would feel on this trip.
As we have been wandering through the city of Le Mans, I have been enamored with the doors to the shops and homes, imagining what is beyond the other side. Many are painted in vibrant colors with impeccable word work and detailed frames, knockers and handles.
The ancient doors of Le Mans are a reminder to us to open the doors of our hearts to receive the Holy Spirit. We began this journey eager for a renewed enthusiasm in our faith. As we venture to Chartes, Paris and eventually home, may we always remember the doors of Le Mans and be inspired to never to close ourselves off from Christ and one another.
Riding in the bus from Le Mans to Chartres I drifted off to lsleep, and right before I woke up, I had an image pop into my head.
There has bee a lot mentioned during this pilgrimage about “community.” Yesterday we left the hotel at the same time some younger (kindergarten) children were being lead by their teachers to cross the street.
I struck me how similar we looked to the children. Here we are, Fr. John’s flock, and he is our shepherd. Others have already known him, but I did not. Advice provided by Mimi Beck (2016 pilgrim) was to “trust Father John.” This piece of advice kept coming to mind.
I’m not sure yet how much this experience has strengthened my relationship with Catholicism, but it has strengthened my faith in people.
I am not an adventurous type of person when it comes to food. While many of my fellow pilgrims were excited at the opportunity to enjoy French cuisine, I was not. Fortunately, I have found solace in my daily baguette (or two). For less than a Euro, I had peace of mind that I would be physically nourished.
Comfort helps us get through difficult times. In the crypt at the Shrine in Le Mans, we learned of a story of Father Moreau requesting a candle be lit for him in Le Mans during his journey across the Atlantic for his visit to the missions in America. During my pilgrimage to France, my baguette was my candle — it got me through a few challenging food experiences (as a few of my new friends have realized!).
As Holy Cross priests hold the motto AVE CRUX SPES UNICA (Hail the Cross, our only hope) as sacred and a guiding influence, I have found myself praying at dinner how the baguette was my only hope.
When I return to Notre Dame du Lac in less than 24 hours, I will be faced with a number of challenging situations. While I will no longer need a baguette, I have a deeper appreciation for the Holy Cross pillar of “hope” and how important prayer can be… even for something as simple as bread.
I guess that time truly does fly when you’re having fun…as we depart for Paris and the end of our adventure all I can say is WOW! Spirits are flying high and it seems like we just got here.
There are sooooo many moments that we have shared that range from being spiritual and reflective to just plain laughing with each other about flaming desserts, creaky floors in our rooms to how delicious and abundant the baguettes!
Our travels yesterday accomplished many of my personal goals. I have gained a better understanding of who Fr. Moreau and Fr. Sorin were and how/why they were called to come to Indiana. Fathers John, Ralph, Frank and Tiphaine have been outstanding teachers!
Meeting the Pilgrims who came to Notre Dame this spring was also great! They were so kind, hospitable and grateful to see and connect us.
Again, hard to believe that we have been here for almost a week and it is already Friday and we have only two days left. I am excited to see what lies ahead and so grateful and honored to be a part of this pilgrimage with some old and now some new Notre Dame friends.
These last 4 days have offered me something I have not experienced for quite a while — uninterrupted time to reflect. No email. No phone. No text messages.
My day-to-day work is very rewarding, but some days are quite challenging. Seemingly never-ending thoughts of administrative tasks and the These last 4 days have found me packing up my phone in the morning and putting it in my backpack, not to be touched until the day has come to a close.
Getting “unplugged” has provided me a chance to continually reflect on how thankful I am — my journey to how I have gotten to where I am today; where I am today; and where I hope to be in the future. As an undergraduate student at Bradley University, I would never have imagined working at the University of Notre Dame. I would not be where I am today if it were not for the support of others. Most of my time has been giving thanks for those who have sacrificed on my behalf, primarily: my parents, my wife, my kids, and the my mentors at Notre Dame who have provided me countless opportunities to serve our students in different ways.
During this pilgrimage, I have learned about how “opportunity” can be so powerful. Fr. Moreau was provided an opportunity by his local priest to enter the seminary; Fr. Sorin was provided an opportunity by Fr. Moreau to start a mission in America; and I too, have been provided many opportunities by Holy Cross Priests. A few days ago at the Shrine of Blessed Basil Moreau in Le Mans, my fellow pilgrims were asked to pray for Holy Cross priests who have made an impact on us. A number of “C.S.C.’s” have made my last 19 years memorable and fulfilling, and hearing the names of the 30+ priests and brothers brought back many memories over the last 19 years. I will be eternally grateful for the opportunities that two Holy Cross priests, in particular, provided me in their respective roles as Vice President for Student Affairs: Fr. Mark Poorman and Fr. Tom Doyle.
On Tuesday morning we began our day finishing up our tour of the Shrine of Blessed Basil Moreau before we said Mass as community around Fr. Moreau’s tomb. I found myself reflecting upon how Moreau had a deep devotional prayer life and a sense of direction in his ministry. My prayer and reflection then led me to further ponder my own sense of purpose as a Christian and in my ministry as Rector of Cavanaugh Hall.
This question lingered in my mind throughout the afternoon as we visited Fr. Sorin’s hometown. Fr. Sorin was a visionary and just like Fr. Moreau, he had a deep devotional prayer life. Both Fr. Moreau and Fr. Sorin achieved so much in their lifetimes. As we gathered to pray around the baptismal font where Fr. Sorin was baptized, I continued to pray and reflect on this desire I have for a stronger sense of direction, a vision, and fearlessness to do the Lord’s work.
As I was praying and looking at the baptismal font, I was reminded that because of my baptism I am called to holiness, to trust in Christ’s wisdom and surrender my heart to Christ’s love. My eyes were drawn to the small keyhole on the copper cover and in that moment I realized that the key to our success in developing a deeper sense of direction and fulfillment in our ministry is to return to our baptismal promises. We must take the time to stop and listen to God in order to develop a routine of prayer where we converse with God and hear his calling. Fr Moreau valued solitude and introspection. This was the foundation upon which both Fr. Moreau and Fr. Sorin oriented their ministry.
Through prayer they heard the voice of God and developed their visions for the Congregation of Holy across and the University of Notre Dame, both to become powerful sources of goodness in this world. I look forward to visiting more grace filled places along this journey so that I may hear God’s voice and the ways he is calling me to serve.
As I write, it after midnight which means it is Nichole’s 30th birthday (it is also my 42nd birthday, but that is not the point of my story)! We have discussed it at various points this week, and it has been a point of reflection for me as we have traveled on our journey. The last time I came to France, it was a month or so after my 30th birthday. I was here for work like I am currently, but as I compare and contrast those trips, I cannot believe the differences (along with a few similarities).
The last time I was in France it was a whirlwind of appointments and meetings, I never once stepped into a church, a chapel, or a cathedral and I barely took a moment to consider what I was seeing (except for the fabrics I selected at the fabric show). While this trip has been no less busy and I am equally exhausted, it has been incredible to have our focus be to take in our surroundings and consider them in the context of our work, our personal lives, and our faith. It has been a wonderful balance of history, reflection, and community.
Throughout our time in LeMans, Ahuillé, and Laigné-en-Belin, we have heard the story of Fr. Moreau saying yes to the request to send Fr. Sorin and the Brothers to Indiana, and I am amazed by the sacrifices that had to be made to make the trip possible. I don’t know that I fully understood the magnitude of such a request. It required incredible faith and vision, and it speaks to how important education was to Moreau. As I reflect on the time of my previous trip to now, I am struck by their sacrifices and by what it means to love what you do. While I enjoyed my career during my last trip to France, I would not say that I was particularly fulfilled by my work. I cannot articulate how grateful I am that Fr. Moreau, Fr. Sorin, and the Brothers were willing to take a risk and believed their mission would succeed. Their faith has provided a new career path for me in work that I truly love.
The trip does have similarities, too. Like my last trip to France, I am enjoying excellent meals, but most importantly I am traveling with an amazing group of colleagues (including our hosts. Fr. John De Riso, C.S.C., Rector of the Shrine of Blessed Basil Moreau and Tiphaine Hamerel). Each of my fellow pilgrims has enriched this trip for me. And for that, I am most grateful.
So, to my fellow pilgrim, Nichole, Bon Anniversaire! Thank you for providing an additional catalyst for reflection by turning 30!
PS-As an FYI, I do not believe I am going to be in trouble for sharing Nichole’s age since she has publicly shared it as well (but on the off-chance I am in trouble, I promise to make it up to her with a birthday pastry or one of Willerton’s baguettes).
In my essay application for this pilgrimage, I wrote about the desire to have the opportunity to learn and grow with my colleagues in Student Affairs and the University. Given our busy schedules, we often don’t have time to connect on more than a casual friendly level. Tonight on the eve of my birthday, my hopes became a reality as I sat with new found friends who a few short days ago were struggling to learn each other’s names. We have gotten to know each other SO well. This opportunity for growth spiritually, intellectually, and professionally has been one we all shared and walked in together. We have grown together, learned together, and laughed until we cried together (usually at Willerton’s expense). We haven’t even returned and already we are planning ways we can reconnect once we are all back on campus. It’s been such a great joy to gain so much, mostly friendships, on this journey so far.
“How good and pleasant it is for brothers and sisters to dwell in harmony”…as I reflect on the past few days this came to mind. Since the start of our pilgrimage I have felt and viewed nothing but friendship and support from my fellow pilgrims. From folks simply getting to know each other to people buying meals, lending Euros or cell chargers everyone sincerely had been supporting one another.
Father John and Tiphaine have been outstanding hosts…but isn’t that what brothers and sister do for each other? The most reflective and spiritual aspect of the trip was when Father John spoke about the font that Fr. Sorin was baptized in. It made me think of conversations that I had with my father and uncle before and after I was baptized as young boy which made me very peaceful, happy and very appreciative for those memories.
I am so very grateful for my new friends and this experience and I can’t wait to see what our next adventure will bring. God Bless.
Moreau Pilgrimage Day 1: So much thought, reflection, prayer and planning having gone into my preparation for this amazing experience. I wouldn’t have thought my first comments would relate to my language prep! Having had extensive French language training: 2 years in high school, plus Mango lessons these past few weeks, along with Google translate, I thought I was ready. But, my first attempt failed miserably! I asked for a “medium decaffeinated coffee with chocolate.” I received the following 3 different hot beverages! Loved them all! Love France!
“Time flies” — how appropriate for our pilgrimage! The last 3 days have been a whirlwind of excitement and exhaustion for me, as well as my 18 pelerins (pilgrims). It’s hard (and somewhat sad!) to believe that we will be leaving this beautiful country in just a few short days. As I wake up in Le Mans for the second time and look across the town from room trois-zero-six at the Concordia Hotel, I give thanks to all those who have made this such a fulfilling experience.
Just three days ago we gathered outside the Main Building on Notre Dame’s campus to load a bus to the airport… at least that’s what I thought. Sorin Circle was more than just a meeting location. Pilgrims from the 2015 and 2016 journeys joined us to offer us well-wishes, prayers, and last minute advice. Laughter and hugs (and a little bit of jealousy!) permeated our gathering. After a prayer from Fr. Pete McCormick, C.S.C., Director of Campus Ministry (and 2015-16 pilgrim), and remarks from Erin Hoffmann Harding, Vice President for Student Affairs (and 2016 pilgrim), I realized just how special this experience would be. We boarded the buses for the journey to O’Hare, and our fellowship began to form as we asked questions of each other and began to develop deeper relationships.
Shortly after arriving at Charles De Gaulle Airport in Paris, we were greeted by Fr. John De Riso, C.S.C., Rector of the Shrine of Blessed Basil Moreau. When I think about the charism of hospitality within the Congregation of Holy Cross, I can think of many C.S.C. priests who have made me feel so welcome at Notre Dame over the last 19 years… and Fr. John is no different. It became apparent as we boarded our bus to Le Mans that we were in for what past pilgrims have described as a true experience in Holy Cross hospitality.
I have many memories that I look forward to sharing in the coming days!
We all arrived in Paris safely, where we met Lauren and Fr. Ralph; we were grateful. All luggage arrived, even the big orange duffle bag in the oversized cage; we were grateful. Fr. John greeted us and welcomed us to France; we were grateful. All buses so far have been in great working condition with super drivers; we are grateful. I have now learned the names of all my fellow pilgrims and am so grateful that they have adopted me as the bandit pilgrim outside of Student Affairs. All the basics have been covered! Blessings abound!
We were able to visit the shrine of Blessed Basil Moreau today. Before we went in, Fr. John shared with us much of the history of these buildings, which truly represent the birth of the Congregation of Holy Cross. The Congregation lost these building for a period of time to the Jesuits and then to the government, and how wonderful that we were able to again secure the church and one of the buildings. We were standing in the courtyard of the building where Blessed Moreau would have chosen to send Fr. Sorin and the 6 Brothers to America. The community would have prayed for them and sent them from this very spot over the Atlantic to New York City, and then by water to Vincennes, Indiana, and eventually to what is the campus of the University of Notre Dame. I have now visited all of Fr. Sorin’s major stops, but in the opposite order. Last summer, I visited the Basilica of St. Francis in Vincennes; last March I visited St. Peter’s Church in NYC where Fr. Sorin said Mass upon his arrival to America; and now I have stood in the Shrine of Blessed Basil Moreau, where it all started. It is extraordinary that we will bring all of these learnings together as part of the 175th anniversary of the University of Notre Dame later this year through the Notre Dame Trail. I am eternally grateful for this experience! Alleluia!
One moth from now, 19 Notre Dame pilgrims will travel from South Bend, Indiana for a spiritual journey to holy sites in France, including Sainte-Croix, where Blessed Basile Moreau, C.S.C. founded the Congregation of Holy Cross in 1837.
For the last 3 weeks, pilgrims have spent time together to meet each other and prepare ourselves for a spiritual journey. Guest presentations by Professor Cunningham, Professor Clairmont, and Mimi Beck provided a foundation for an understanding of the Catholic Church in the 1800’s, Holy Cross Spirituality, and how to prepare ourselves so that the pilgrimage will be both a personally and professionally moving experience. You are welcome to follow our travels and reflections through this blog. | 2019-04-24T08:21:34Z | http://sites.nd.edu/2017-pilgrimage/ |
The present inventions relate generally to neurostimulation systems.
Neurostimulation systems, such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS) systems, deep brain stimulation systems and peripheral nerve stimulation systems, include at least one electrode positioned to enable stimulation of neural elements that are the target tissue (i.e. the tissue that, when sufficiently stimulated, will create the desired therapeutic effect). The electrodes are commonly mounted on a carrier and, in many instances, a plurality of electrodes are mounted on a single carrier. These carrier/electrode devices are sometimes referred to as “leads”. The electrodes may be used to cause nerves to fire action potentials (APs) that propagate along the neural fibers. More specifically, supplying stimulation energy to an electrode functioning as a cathode creates an electric potential field that causes depolarization of the neurons adjacent to the electrode. When the field is strong enough to depolarize (or “stimulate”) the neurons beyond a threshold level, the neurons will fire APs.
Stimulation energy may be delivered to the electrodes during and after the lead placement process in order to verify that the electrodes are stimulating the target neural elements and to formulate the most effective stimulation regimen. The regimen will dictate which of the electrodes are sourcing or returning current pulses at any given time, as well as the magnitude and duration of the current pulses. The stimulation regimen will typically be one that provides stimulation energy to all of the target tissue that must be stimulated in order to provide the therapeutic benefit (e.g., pain relief), yet minimizes the volume of non-target tissue that is stimulated. Thus, certain types of neurostimulation leads are typically implanted with the understanding that the stimulus pattern will require fewer than all of the electrodes on the leads to achieve the desired clinical effect; in the case of SCS, such a clinical effect is “paresthesia,” i.e., a tingling sensation that is effected by the electrical stimuli applied through the electrodes.
The present inventor has determined that conventional stimulus regimens, and the manner in which they are formulated, may be susceptible to improvement. For example, there are instances where the target tissue is not directly adjacent to an electrode and, because electrical field strength decreases exponentially with distance from the electrode, a relatively strong electric field must be created to generate APs in the target neural fibers. The electric field may, however, result in the generation of APs in the non-target fiber bundles between the electrode and the target fibers. The generation of APs in the non-target tissue may, in turn, lead to undesirable outcomes (e.g., discomfort) for the patient. The present inventor has determined that it may also be desirable in, for example, the context of leads that are oriented transverse to the target neural fibers, to selectively control the shape of the AP generating region in order to prevent the generation of APs in non-target fibers.
Apparatus and methods in accordance with some of the present inventions involve the creation of APs in neural fibers and the selective blocking of the APs in some of the neural fibers in which APs are created. Such apparatus and methods are advantageous for a variety of reasons. For example, such apparatus and methods facilitate stimulation regimens that create APs in tissue that is not directly adjacent to the depolarizing electrode(s) while preventing APs from propagating in the tissue therebetween that produce undesirable outcomes for the patient.
Apparatus and methods in accordance with some of the present inventions involve the use of local current imbalances and the sinking of current at a remote cathode(s). Such apparatus and methods are advantageous for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, facilitation of the selective control of the width and depth of AP generating regions. For example, the programmer may increase the current sourced at one or more electrodes within the stimulation site, which tends to reduce the width of the AP generating and propagating region, without a corresponding increase in the current sunk at one or more other electrodes within the stimulation site (which would increase the depth of the AP generating region).
The above described and many other features of the present inventions will become apparent as the inventions become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the inventions will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a side view of a neurostimulation system in accordance with one embodiment of a present invention.
FIG. 2 is an end view of an implantable pulse generator in accordance with one embodiment of a present invention.
FIG. 3 is a plan view of a lead in accordance with one embodiment of a present invention.
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of an implantable pulse generator in accordance with one embodiment of a present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a stimulation regimen that may be produced by the implantable pulse generator illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing another stimulation regimen that may be produced by the implantable pulse generator illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is an illustration of a stimulation pulse that may be produced by the implantable pulse generator illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 is an illustration of another stimulation pulse that may be produced by the implantable pulse generator illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram of an implantable pulse generator in accordance with one embodiment of a present invention.
FIG. 10 is a graph of the changes in neural fiber transmembrane potential that results from a conventional neurostimulation regimen.
FIG. 11 is a graph of the changes in neural fiber transmembrane potential that results from another conventional neurostimulation regimen.
FIG. 12 is a graph of the changes in neural fiber transmembrane potential that results from a neurostimulation regimen in accordance with one embodiment of a present invention.
FIG. 13 is a graph of the changes in neural fiber transmembrane potential that results from a neurostimulation regimen in accordance with one embodiment of a present invention.
FIG. 14 is a section view of a dorsal column being treated with a conventional neurostimulation regimen.
FIG. 15 is a section view of a dorsal column being treated with a neurostimulation regimen in accordance with one embodiment of a present invention.
FIG. 16 is a section view of a dorsal column being treated with a neurostimulation regimen in accordance with one embodiment of a present invention.
FIG. 17 is a flow chart summarizing various processes in accordance with the present inventions.
The present inventions have application in a wide variety of neurostimulation systems. Although the present inventions are not so limited, examples of such systems are illustrated in FIGS. 1-9. Referring first to FIGS. 1 and 2, an exemplary implantable neurostimulation system 100 includes first and second implantable leads 102 and 104. The exemplary leads 102 and 104 are in-line leads and, to that end, both of the leads consist of a plurality of in-line electrodes 106 carried on a flexible body 108. In the illustrated embodiment, there are eight (8) electrodes on lead 102, which are labeled E1-E8, and there are eight (8) electrodes on lead 104, which are labeled E9-E16. The actual number of leads and electrodes will, of course, vary according to the intended application and the present inventions are not limited to any particular numbers of leads and electrodes. The implantable neurostimulation system 100 may, alternatively, employ other types of leads such as, for example, the paddle lead 102 a with electrodes 106 a on a wide platform 108 a illustrated in FIG. 3. In any case, the leads may be implanted into a desired location, such as adjacent to the patient's spinal cord, through the use of an insertion needle or other conventional techniques. Once in place, the electrodes may be used to supply stimulation energy to the target neural elements or other target tissue.
The exemplary neurostimulation system 100 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 also includes an implantable pulse generator (IPG) 110 that is capable of directing stimulation energy to each of the electrodes 106. The stimulation energy may be stimulation energy waveforms such as, for example, pulses having various shapes and sine waves. To that end, each of the electrodes 106 on the lead 102 is electrically connected to the IPG 110 by a respective signal wire 112 (some of which are not shown) that extends through, or is imbedded in, the associated flexible body 108. Similarly, the electrodes 106 on the lead 104 are electrically connected to the IPG 110 by respective signal wires 114 (some of which are not shown). The signal wires 112 and 114 are connected to the IPG 110 by way of an interface 116. The interface 116 may be any suitable device that allows the leads 102 and 104 to be removably or permanently electrically connected to the IPG 110. Such an interface may, for example, be an electro-mechanical connector arrangement including lead connectors 118 a and 118 b within the IPG 110 that are configured to mate with corresponding connectors on the leads 102 and 104 (only connector 120 a on lead 102 is shown). Alternatively, the leads 102 and 104 can share a single connector that mates with a corresponding connector on the IPG. Exemplary connector arrangements are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,609,029 and 6,741,892, which are incorporated herein by reference.
The exemplary IPG 110 includes an outer case 122 that may be formed from an electrically conductive, biocompatible material such as titanium and, in some instances, will function as an electrode. The IPG 110 is typically programmed, or controlled, through the use of an external (non-implanted) programmer 124. The external programmer 124 is coupled to the IPG 110 through a suitable communications link, represented by the arrow 126, that passes through the patient's skin 128. Suitable links include, but are not limited to, radio frequency (RF) links, inductive links, optical links and magnetic links. The programmer 124 or other external device may also be used to couple power into the IPG 110 for the purpose of operating the IPG or replenishing a power source, such as a rechargeable battery, within the IPG. Once the IPG 110 has been programmed, and its power source has been charged or otherwise replenished, the IPG may function as programmed without the external programmer 124 being present.
With respect to the stimulus regimens provided during operation of the exemplary neurostimulation system 100, electrodes that are selected to receive stimulation energy are referred to herein as “activated,” while electrodes that are not selected to receive stimulation energy are referred to herein as “non-activated.” Electrical stimulation will occur between two (or more) electrodes, one of which may be the IPG case, so that the electrical current associated with the stimulus has a path through the tissue from one or more electrodes configured as anodes to one or more electrodes configured as cathodes, or return electrodes. The return electrode(s) may be one or more of the electrodes 106 on the leads 102 and 104 or may be the IPG case 122. Stimulation energy may be transmitted to the tissue in monopolar, bipolar, or multipolar fashion, as examples. Monopolar stimulation occurs when a selected one of the lead electrodes 106 is activated along with the case 122. Bipolar stimulation occurs when two of the lead electrodes 106 are activated. The lead electrodes 106 may be on the same lead, or on different leads. For example, electrode E3 on lead 102 may be activated as an anode at the same time that electrode E4 on lead 102, or electrode E11 on lead 104, is activated as a cathode. Tripolar stimulation occurs when three of the lead electrodes 106 are activated on the same lead, or on different leads. For example, electrodes E4 and E6 on lead 102 may be activated as anodes at the same time that electrode E5 on lead 102, is activated as a cathode. Generally speaking, multipolar stimulation occurs when multiple lead electrodes 106 are activated.
Turning to FIG. 4, an exemplary IPG 110 has a plurality of dual current sources 130. Each dual current source 130 includes a positive current source that can function as an anode (+I1, +I2, +I3, . . . +Icase) to “source” current to a load, as well as a current source that can function as a cathode (−I1, −I2, −I3, . . . −Icase) to “sink” current from the load, through a common node 132. The load is the tissue that resides between the activated electrodes 106, the wires (and other conductive elements), and the coupling capacitor (C1, C2, C3, . . . Ccase) that connects the associated electrode to the common node 132 of the dual current source 130.
The operation of the control circuit 134 may be explained in the context of the following example. Referring to FIG. 5, the control circuit 134 may be used to simultaneously turn on (or enable) the positive current sources in the dual current sources 130 connected to lead electrodes E1 and E3 during time T1. The negative current source in the dual current source 130 connected to lead electrode E2 is also turned on during time T1. All other current sources are off (or disabled) during the time T1. This causes electrodes E1 and E3 to be activated as anodes at the same time that electrode E2 is activated as a cathode. Currents +I1 and +I3 are sourced from electrodes E1 and E3 at the same time that current −I2 is sunk into electrode E2. The amplitudes of the currents +I1 and +I3 may be any programmed values, and the amplitude of the current −I2 will be equal to −(I1+I3). That is, the current that is sourced from electrodes E1 and E3 is equal to the current that is sunk at electrode E2. Sinking all of the current sourced into the target tissue region at the target tissue region is referred to herein as “local current balance.” As used herein, “local” electrodes are electrodes that, when sourcing or sinking stimulation current in the vicinity of the target tissue, have a clinically significant neuromodulatory effect on the target tissue.
As another example, the control circuit 134 may be used to cause a portion of the current sourced from one or more lead electrodes to be sunk by one (or more) lead electrodes and the remainder of the current to be sunk at the IPG case. Turning to FIG. 6, and for reasons that are discussed in greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 12, 13, 15 and 16, the control circuit 134 may be used to simultaneously turn on (or enable) the positive current sources in the dual current sources 130 connected to lead electrodes E1 and E3 during time T1. The negative current sources in the dual current source 130 connected to lead electrode E2 and case electrode Ecase are also turned on during time T1. All other current sources are off (or disabled) during the time T1. This causes electrodes E1 and E3 to be activated as anodes at the same time that electrodes E2 and Ecase are activated as cathodes. Currents +I1 and +I3 are sourced from electrodes E1 and E3 at the same time that current −I2 and −Icase is sunk into electrodes E2 and Ecase. The amplitudes of the currents +I1 and +I3 may be any programmed values, while the sum of the amplitudes of the currents −I2 and −Icase will be equal to −(I1+I3), i.e., −I2 will be equal to A% of −(I1+I3) and −Icase will be equal to B% of −(I1 +I3), where A% +B% =100%. That is, the sum of the current that is sourced from electrodes E1 and E3 is equal to the sum of the current that is sunk at electrodes E2 and Ecase. Sinking a portion of the current sourced into the target tissue region at a remote location, such as at the case electrode Ecase, is referred to herein as “local current imbalance.” As used herein, a “remote” electrode is an electrode that, when sourcing or sinking stimulation current, will not have a clinically significant neuromodulatory effect on the target tissue other than reducing the amount of current sourced or sunk at the target tissue.
After time period T1, the control circuit 134 will typically switch the polarities of the electrodes during a second time period T2. Thus, an electrode that was functioning as an anode during time period T1 will function as a cathode during time period T2, and an electrode that was functioning as a cathode during time period T1 will function as an anode during time period T2. Operating the control circuit 134 in this manner produces a biphasic stimulation pulse that is characterized by a first phase (period T1) of one polarity followed by a second phase immediately or shortly thereafter (period T2) of the opposite polarity. The electrical charge associated with the first phase should be equal to the charge associated with the second phase to maintain charge balance during the stimulation, which is generally considered an important component of stimulation regimes, although this is not required by the present inventions. Referring to FIG. 7, the charge balance of a biphasic stimulation pulse 136 may be achieved by making the amplitudes of the first and second phases, as well as the periods T1 and T2, substantially equal. Charge balance may also be achieved using other combinations of phase duration and amplitude. For example, the amplitude of the second phase may be equal to one-half of the amplitude of the first phase and the period T2 may be equal to twice the period T1, as is the case in the biphasic stimulation pulse 136′ illustrated in FIG. 8.
Neurostimulation systems in accordance with the present inventions may also employ the alternative IPG 110′ illustrated in FIG. 9, which includes a plurality of dual voltage sources 130′ that are respectively connected to the lead electrodes E1-E16 and the IPG case electrode Ecase. Each dual voltage source 130′ applies a programmed voltage to the associated electrode when turned on by way of a node 132′ and a coupling capacitor (C1, C2, C3, . . . . Ccase). Alternative implementations may, as an example, employ fewer dual voltage sources than there are electrodes. Here, at least some of the dual voltage sources will be connected to more than one electrode. A programmable voltage control circuit 134′ controls each of the dual voltage sources 130′ and specifies the amplitude, polarity and duration of the voltage that is applied to the electrodes.
The dual voltage sources 130′ and control circuit 134′ may be used to produce the biphasic stimulation pulses that are characterized by a first phase (period T1) of one polarity followed by a second phase immediately or shortly thereafter (period T2) of the opposite polarity applied between any two or more electrodes. Charge balance of the biphasic stimulation pulse may be achieved by making the amplitudes of the first and second phases, as well as the periods T1 and T2, equal. Charge balance may also be achieved using other combinations of phase duration and amplitude. For example, the amplitude of the second phase may be equal to one-half of the amplitude of the first phase and the period T2 may be equal to twice the period T1.
Additional details concerning IPGs may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,516,227 and U.S. Pub. App. 2003/0139781, which are incorporated herein by reference. It also should be noted that the block diagrams illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 9 are functional diagrams, and are not intended to limit the present inventions to any particular IPG circuitry.
The present inventions also have application in non-implantable neurostimulation systems. For example, the present inventions may be embodied in, and/or performed using, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (“TENS”) systems. In TENS systems, the sourcing and sinking electrodes are placed on the patient's skin. Current is sourced into the neural tissue by way of the skin. Current is also sunk, both locally and remotely, by way of the skin.
The neurostimulation systems described above with reference to FIGS. 1-9 have application in a wide variety of stimulation regimens. Examples of such regimens are illustrated in FIGS. 10-16. FIGS. 10-13 graphically illustrate the changes in transmembrane potential (ΔVm) of neural fibers in fiber bundles that are in the vicinity of certain electrodes when electric fields are generated by the electrodes during the neurostimulation regimens, while FIGS. 14-16 highlight portions of tissue structures where the change in transmembrane potential is above a predetermined level. The neurostimulation regimens illustrated in FIGS. 10-13 are associated with neurostimulation systems employing a lead that is generally parallel to the neural fibers, while the neurostimulation regimens illustrated in FIGS. 14-16 are associated with neurostimulation systems employing a lead that is generally transverse to the neural fibers. Additionally, although the present inventions are not so limited, the regimens illustrated in FIGS. 10-13 are discussed in the context of first and second fiber bundles FB1 and FB2. In the illustrated examples, the first fiber bundle FB1 is the closest fiber bundle to the electrodes, the second fiber bundle FB2 is the next closest fiber bundle to the electrodes, and the first fiber bundle is located between the second fiber bundle and the electrodes.
Conventional stimulation regimens for use with a lead that is generally parallel to the neural fibers, which serve as a reference for certain stimulation regimens in accordance with the present inventions, are illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11. In FIG. 10, electrodes E1-E3 are activated in a conventional stimulation regimen where electrodes E1 and E3 are functioning as anodes and electrode E2 is functioning as a cathode. No current is sourced or sunk at any of the other electrodes. E1ectrodes E1 and E3 are each sourcing 50% of the total current (e.g., 1 mA each) and 100% of the total current (e.g., 2 mA) is being sunk at electrode E2. As such, there is local current balance at the stimulation site. The depolarizing electric field generated by electrode E2 is sufficient to create APs in some of the neural fibers in the first fiber bundle FB1. In other words, the depolarization threshold DPT has been met for the first fiber bundle FB1 in the tissue adjacent electrode E2. The depolarizing electric field generated by electrode E2 is substantially weaker at the second fiber bundle FB2 and is below the AP-creating depolarization threshold DPT. The locus of stimulation is, therefore, defined by the portion of the depolarizing electric field generated by electrode E2 that is at or above the depolarization threshold DPT.
E1ectrodes E1 and E3, which are functioning as anodes in the stimulation regimen illustrated in FIG. 10, will create hyperpolarizing electric fields in the neural tissue adjacent to electrodes E1 and E3. When the electric field is at or above the hyperpolarization threshold HPT, the neural fibers within the electric field will block APs that were fired at other points along the fibers. It should be noted here that the magnitude of the hyperpolarization threshold HPT has been estimated to be about 2 to 8 times the magnitude of the depolarization threshold DPT. The hyperpolarizing electric fields generated by electrodes E1 and E3 in the exemplary stimulation regimen are below the hyperpolarization threshold HPT at the first fiber bundle FB1. As such, APs in the fiber bundle FB1 that fired at points in the neural fibers adjacent to electrode E2 will not be blocked at points adjacent to electrodes E1 and E3. The hyperpolarizing electric fields generated by electrodes E1 and E3 will, of course, be even weaker at the second fiber bundle FB2.
Turning to FIG. 11, electrodes E1 and E2 are activated in a conventional stimulation regimen where electrode E1 is functioning as an anode and electrode E2 is functioning as a cathode. No current is sourced at any other electrode. All of the current sourced at electrode E1 (e.g. 2 mA) is being sunk at electrode E2 and there is local current balance. With respect to the first fiber bundle FB1, the depolarizing electric field generated by electrode E2 meets the depolarization threshold DPT, which will result in the generation of APs by at least some of the fibers in the first fiber bundle. The hyperpolarizing electric field generated by electrode E1 is below the hyperpolarization threshold HPT and, accordingly, the APs will not be blocked. Within the fiber bundle FB2, the depolarizing electric field generated by electrode E2 is below the depolarization threshold DPT and the hyperpolarizing electric field generated by electrode E1 is below the hyperpolarization threshold HPT.
In both of the regimens described above, the generation of APs in the fibers within the second fiber bundle FB2 will require an increase in the depolarizing electric field generated by electrode E2 over that illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11. There may be instances where the generation of APs in the first fiber bundle FB1, which necessarily results from the creation of a depolarizing electric field that is strong enough to meet the depolarization threshold DPT at the second fiber bundle FB2, may lead to undesirable outcomes (e.g. discomfort or undesirable reflexive activity) for the patient. Some of the present inventions solve this problem by preventing APs generated in the first fiber bundle FB1 from reaching the brain or end organ. Specifically, such inventions create local AP blocks and the AP blocks prevent APs created within a portion of the depolarizing electric field that is at or above the depolarization threshold DPT from traveling, in one direction or both directions, beyond the stimulation site. The effective locus of stimulation is, therefore, the region of neural fibers that are generating APs that are not blocked at other portions of the stimulation site.
As illustrated in FIG. 12, one example of a stimulation regimen in accordance with a present invention involves locally blocking APs generated in the first fiber bundle FB1. At least a substantial portion of the APs (i.e., >10-20%) are blocked by hyperpolarizing tissue in the first fiber bundle FB1, located on opposite sides of the tissue in the first fiber bundle FB1 that is generating the APs, to at least the hyperpolarization threshold HPT. This may be accomplished by significantly increasing the level of current sourced from electrodes E1 and E3, as compared to the level illustrated in FIG. 10 (e.g., about 2.5 mA each), in order to reach the hyperpolarization threshold HPT within the first fiber bundle FB1 at electrodes E1 and E3. Turning to electrode E2, the amount of current sunk at electrode E2 should be sufficient to create a depolarizing electric field that is strong enough to meet the depolarization threshold DPT at the second fiber bundle FB2 and cause fibers within the second fiber bundle to generate APs.
The inventor herein has determined that sinking all of the current sourced by electrodes E1 and E3 at electrode E2 could result in a depolarizing electric field that would meet or exceed the depolarization threshold DPT in fiber bundles well beyond the second fiber bundle FB2. In those instances where the creation of APs beyond the second fiber bundle FB2 is undesirable, a portion of the current sourced by the electrodes E1 and E3 will be sunk at an electrode that is located remotely from stimulation site, thereby creating a local current imbalance at the stimulation site. Sinking some of the current at a remote electrode allows the intensity of the depolarizing electric field created by electrode E2 to be reduced to a level where the hyperpolarization threshold HPT will not be met in fibers within the second fiber bundle FB2.
The portion of the current in the exemplary stimulation regimen illustrated in FIG. 12 that is sourced by electrodes E1 and E3, but is not sunk at electrode E2, is sunk at the IPG case electrode Ecase. Although the relative amounts may vary to suit particular situations, a majority of the current is sunk at electrode Ecase in the illustrated example. More specifically, 60% of the current sourced by electrodes E1 and E3 is sunk at electrode Ecase and the remaining 40% is sunk at electrode E2. There are a variety of advantages associated with the use of the case electrode Ecase as a remote cathode in a locally imbalanced stimulation regimen. For example, because the case electrode Ecase will typically be much larger than the lead electrodes, the current density and electric field intensity will be greatly reduced. This reduces the likelihood that the non-target tissue in the vicinity of the case electrode Ecase will be stimulated. IPG cases are also typically located in areas, such as a subcutaneous pocket in the abdomen, where there is not a substantial amount of tissue that is susceptible to stimulation.
It should be noted here that there are a variety ways to remotely sink current. One example is, as discussed above, sinking current at the remotely located case electrode Ecase. Current may also be sunk, for example, at some or all of the electrodes on a remotely implanted lead. Another example is sinking current at a dedicated, and preferably spherical, remotely implanted electrode on the end of a lead.
Another exemplary stimulation regimen in accordance with a present invention, which may be employed when AP block is only desired in a single direction, is illustrated in FIG. 13. Here, electrode E1 is functioning as an anode and electrode E2 is functioning as a cathode. No other local electrodes are sourcing or sinking current. The amount of current sourced from electrode E1 (e.g. about 4-8 mA) is sufficient to reach the hyperpolarization threshold HPT within the first fiber bundle FB1, thereby creating a local AP block at electrode E1 in at least a substantial portion of the fibers (i.e. >10-20%) within the first fiber bundle. The amount of current being sunk at electrode E2 is sufficient to create a depolarizing electric field that is strong enough to meet the depolarization threshold DPT at the second fiber bundle FB2 and cause fibers within the second fiber bundle to generate APs. Such a depolarizing electric field will, of course, also cause the fibers in the first fiber bundle FB1 to generate APs. However, at least a substantial portion of the APs in the first fiber bundle FB1 will be prevented from passing electrode E1 by the hyperpolarization.
Additionally, in those instances where the creation of APs in fibers beyond the second fiber bundle FB2 is undesirable, a portion of the current sourced by electrode E1 will be sunk at an electrode that is located remotely from the stimulation site, thereby creating a local current imbalance at the stimulation site. As noted above, this reduces the intensity of the depolarizing electric field created by electrode E2 to a level where the hyperpolarization threshold HPT will not be met beyond the second fiber bundle FB2. In the illustrated regimen, the current from electrode E1 that is not sunk at electrode E2 is sunk at the IPG case electrode Ecase. Although the relative amounts may vary to suit particular situations, a majority of the current is sunk at E2 in the illustrated example. More specifically, 60% of the current sourced by electrode E1 is sunk at electrode E2 and the remaining 40% is sunk at electrode Ecase.
Turning to stimulation regimens for use with a lead that is oriented generally transverse to the neural fibers, and as illustrated for example in FIG. 14, such regimens frequently include electrodes over the center of the dorsal column DC and over the dorsal roots DR on either side of the dorsal column. A conventional stimulation regimen, which will serve as a reference for certain stimulation regimens in accordance with the present inventions, is illustrated in FIG. 14. Here, electrodes E1 and E3 are functioning as anodes and electrode E2 is functioning as a cathode. E1ectrodes E1 and E3 are each sourcing 50% of the total current (e.g., 1 mA each) and 100% of the total current (e.g., 2 mA) is being sunk at electrode E2. No other electrodes are activated and there is local current balance at the stimulation site. The combination of the hyperpolarizing electric fields generated by electrodes E1 and E3 and the depolarizing electric field generated by electrode E2 results in an area within the dorsal column DC that is at or above the depolarization threshold. This area, which has an overall depth and width, is the locus of stimulation LOS.
The present inventor has determined that locally current balanced stimulation regimens, such as that illustrated in FIG. 14, do not allow the depth and width of the locus of stimulation LOS to be highly controllable using only total current sunk and sourced. For example, conventional, locally-current-balanced stimulations regimens would not allow the regimen programmer to reduce the width of the regimen illustrated in FIG. 14 without effecting the depth. Stimulation regimens in accordance with some of the present inventions, on the other hand, employ a local current imbalance that facilitates high fidelity control of the width and depth of the locus of stimulation LOS.
As illustrated in FIG. 15, a stimulation regimen in accordance with one example of a present invention employs a local current imbalance and a remote cathode to provide the desired locus of stimulation LOS. More specifically, as compared to the stimulation regimen illustrated in FIG. 14, the stimulation regimen illustrated in FIG. 15 creates a locus of stimulation LOS that has a smaller width and the same depth. The current sourced at electrodes E1 and E3 is increased (e.g., 4-8 mA each) in order to strengthen the hyperpolarizing electric fields created thereby. Strengthening of the hyperpolarizing electric fields created by electrodes E1 and E3 tends to result in a narrowing the locus of stimulation LOS because it weakens the lateral edges of the depolarizing electric field created by electrode E2. Additionally, the amount of current sunk at electrode E2 may be controlled such that the depth of the locus of stimulation LOS is the same as that illustrated in FIG. 14. More specifically, a portion of the total current sourced at electrodes E1 and E3 (e.g., 40%) is sunk at electrode E2, which is functioning as a local cathode to depolarize tissue, and the remainder of the total current sourced at electrodes E1 and E3 (e.g., 60%) is sunk at a remote electrode. In the illustrated example, the remote electrode is the case electrode Ecase. No current is sourced or sunk by other electrodes in this example.
Current steering techniques may also be employed with local current imbalances to further control the locus of stimulation LOS. Referring for example to FIG. 16, the current sourced the electrodes E1 and E3 in the illustrated stimulation regimen is not equal. Electrode E1 is sourcing 80% of the total anodic current (e.g., 8 mA) and electrode E3 is sourcing the other 20% of the total anodic current (e.g., 2 mA). The locus of stimulation LOS is, accordingly, “steered” toward to electrode E3. With respect to the local current imbalance that is employed to control the depth of the locus of stimulation LOS, a portion of the total current sourced at electrodes E1 and E3 (e.g., 40%) is sunk at electrode E2 and the remainder of the total current sourced at electrodes E1 and E3 (e.g., 60%) is sunk at a remote electrode. Here too, the remote electrode is the case electrode Ecase. No current is sourced or sunk by other electrodes in this example.
Stimulation regimens that involve the local current imbalances of the type described above with reference to FIGS. 12, 13, 15 and 16 may be developed by the programmer during and/or after the lead placement process. For example, and referring to FIG. 17, the external programmer 124 (FIG. 1) may be used to cause the IPG 110 to source and sink current in a locally balanced stimulation regimen of the type described above with reference to FIGS. 10, 11 and 14 after the lead(s) are in place (Step 200). In those instances where the stimulation regimen is not providing the desired paresthesia, the external programmer 124 may be used to cause the IPG 110 to increase the anodic current (Step 210). The additional anodic current may be used to block APs in certain fiber bundles (FIGS. 12 and 13) or to alter the shape of the portion of the electric field that is generating APs (FIGS. 15 and 16). If necessary, the external programmer 124 may also be used to cause the IPG 110 to create a locally imbalanced stimulation regimen, where some of the anodic current is sunk at a remote location such as the IPG case 122 (Step 220).
Although the inventions disclosed herein have been described in terms of the preferred embodiments above, numerous modifications and/or additions to the above-described preferred embodiments would be readily apparent to one skilled in the art. By way of example, but not limitation, the present inventions include neurostimulation systems that also comprise at least one neurostimulation lead. It is intended that the scope of the present inventions extend to all such modifications and/or additions and that the scope of the present inventions is limited solely by the claims set forth below.
blocking at least some of the action potentials in the first neural fiber bundle with a second electrode that is the first distance from the first neural fiber bundle and the second distance from the second neural fiber bundle.
sinking another portion of the current from the second electrode at a remote electrode.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein blocking at least some of the action potentials comprises blocking at least some of the action potentials in the first neural fiber bundle with second and third electrodes that are each the first distance from the first neural fiber bundle and the second distance from the second neural fiber bundle and are located on opposite sides of the first electrode.
sinking another portion of the current from the second and third electrode at a remote electrode.
circuitry, operably connected to the lead connector, that generates electrical waveforms to block at least some of the action potentials in the first neural fiber bundle with a second lead electrode.
wherein the circuitry to generate electrical waveforms to create action potentials comprises circuitry to sink a portion of the current from the second lead electrode at the first lead electrode and to sink a portion of the current from the second lead electrode at the remote electrode.
the circuitry to generate electrical waveforms to create action potentials comprises circuitry to sink a portion of the current from the second lead electrode at the first lead electrode and to sink a portion of the current from the second lead electrode at the case electrode.
the circuitry generating electrical waveforms to block at least some of the action potentials comprises circuitry to generate electrical waveforms to block at least some of the action potentials in the first neural fiber bundle with second and third lead electrodes located on opposite sides of the first lead electrode.
the circuitry to generate electrical waveforms to create action potentials comprises circuitry to sink a portion of the current from the second and third lead electrodes at the first lead electrode and to sink a portion of the current from the second and third lead electrodes at a remote electrode.
the circuitry to generate electrical waveforms to create action potentials comprises circuitry to sink a portion of the current from the second and third lead electrodes at the first lead electrode and to sink a portion of the current from the second and third lead electrodes at the case electrode.
circuitry, operably connected to the lead connector and the case electrode, to sink a portion of the current from the first lead electrode at a second lead electrode and to sink a portion of the current from the first lead electrode at the case electrode.
the circuitry to sink current comprises circuitry to sink a portion of the current from the first and third lead electrodes at the second lead electrode and to sink another portion of the current from the first and third lead electrodes at the case electrode.
the circuitry to source current comprises circuitry to source equal amounts of current at the first and third lead electrodes.
sinking another portion of the current from the first electrode at a remote electrode.
sourcing current into neural tissue comprises sourcing current into neural tissue with first and third electrodes located on the implantable lead and on opposite sides of the second electrode.
all of the current sourced at the first and third electrodes is sunk at the second electrode and the remote electrode.
sinking a portion of the current from the first electrode at a second electrode comprises sinking current sufficient to generate action potentials in the neural tissue at the second electrode.
sourcing current into neural tissue with first electrode comprises sourcing current sufficient to block action potentials at the first electrode.
sinking another portion of the current from the first electrode comprises sinking another portion of the current from the first electrode at a case electrode.
orienting the implantable lead transverse to the elongate fibers. | 2019-04-25T18:41:26Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US20070142863A1/en |
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If you choose to install and use a 2FA application on a device (e.g., phone or tablet) on which the operating system has been tampered with in any way, you do so at your own risk. This includes, but is not limited to, a “rooted” (Android) or “jailbroken” (iOS) device. We reserve the right in our sole discretion to prohibit access from or by any device on which the operating system has been or is suspected of having been modified or tampered with. We may provide your 2FA data to a third party service provider in order to help us authenticate you.
Your User Account login credentials and forms of multi-factor authentication, where applicable, have been chosen by you and allow you to access Btcshop and the services we provide. You, therefore, agree to keep your User Account login credentials and forms of multi-factor authentication confidential and separate from each other, as well as separate from any other information or documents relating to the associated Btcshop Account. You also agree to be solely responsible for maintaining the security of your User Account login credentials and forms of multi-factor authentication. Unfortunately, we cannot be responsible for any unauthorized use of your User Account or any other accounts associated with the same Btcshop Account.
You understand and agree that all communication with you will be via electronic communication, that we consider the mobilenumber you have provided to be your primary means for electronic communication and we will use this mobile number to provide you with account-related notices and Order Receipts. We may also use this mobile number for other communications, including notices regarding this Agreement, your User Account, and the associated Btcshop Account.
Change of mobile number Policy, for security purposes, should a verified user wish to change his/her mobile number, he/she must make such request by mobile number and schedule a video conference with our compliance officer.
Delivery of any notice to the mobile number on record with your User Account or the associated Btcshop Account will be considered valid. If any mobile number is returned as undeliverable, we retain the right to block access to your User Account and the associated Btcshop Account until you provide and confirm a new mobile number.
Our transaction fees include but not limited to trading commission, fees for deposits and withdrawals, ICO handling charges. No additional fee is charged except for any possible service charge of handling in person.
We reserve the right to change, modify or increase our Fees at any time. Any change to the Fees, including adjustments to any of the tiers or rates, will be effective without any notice.
Your use of Btcshop following any update to our Fees is considered to be your acceptance of any such changes.
You agree to pay all Fees associated with or incurred by your Btcshop Account, the Orders you enter into, and the services you receive.
You agree, represent and warrant that no funds transferred to us, either in Fiat Currencies or Cryptocurrencies, are the direct or indirect proceeds of any criminal or fraudulent activity.
When you visit our website, we use third party analysis tools to collect data about your computer and Internet connection. That information includes the IP address of your computer and/or Internet service provider, when you access our website, the Internet address of websites from which you link to our website and from which you came before landing on our website, the browser that you are using, and your movements and preferences on our website. All of this information is used internally for the purpose of understanding how our website is being used and improving our website. We also use third party analysis tools to collect data about your use of our mobile apps. The information collected identifies the types and timing of actions you take within our mobile apps, including installation, registration, uploading and certain types of navigating. All of this information is used internally for the purpose of understanding how our mobile apps are being used and improving them.
When you visit our website, we use action tags (also called pixel tags, clear GIF, or beacons) to identify some of the pages that you visit and how you use the content on those pages. Action tags may collect and transmit this data in a manner that identifies you if you have registered with our website, or are logged into our website. We also use action tags in our emails, to determine whether an email was opened or whether it was forwarded to someone else. When you use our mobile apps, we use action tags where you are accessing websites from links in our mobile apps. These may identify the pages that you visit and how you use the content on those pages.
We aggregate data that we collect about the use of our website for administering, protecting and improving our website and our systems, to better understand the preferences of our website visitors and optimize the content that we serve, to identify server problems, to compile aggregated statistics about our website usage, and to improve our marketing and research.
We may retain information about you in our databases for as long as needed to provide you services and in accordance with applicable laws. Our retention and use of your information will be as necessary to comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes, and enforce our agreements. The retention period may extend beyond the end of your relationship with us, but it will be only as long as it is necessary for us to have sufficient information to respond to any issues that may arise later. For example, we may need or be required to retain certain information to prevent fraudulent activity, protect ourselves against liability, permit us to pursue available remedies or limit any damages that we may sustain, or if we believe in good faith that a law, regulation, rule or guideline requires it.
We will respond to your request for access to information we collect about you within the time frame required by applicable law.
If you opted-in to receive information about our product, updates and offers, we will use your name and email address to send this information to you. If you no longer wish to receive these communications, you can unsubscribe by following the instructions contained in the emails you receive or on our website. Please note that we may send you transactional and relationship messages, even if you have unsubscribed from our marketing communications. For instance, if our service is going to be temporarily suspended for maintenance, we might send you an email to update you.
As part of our service, you can use Facebook Connect or other social networking services (referred to in this policy as Social Networking Services) to authenticate your identity and to authorize a Social Networking Service to share certain information with us, such as your name and email address, which is associated with your BTC Shop Hong Kong account. A Social Networking Service may also let you post information about your activities on our website and in our mobile apps to your Social Networking Service profile page to share with others within your network. The information we obtain depends on your Social Networking Service settings and the Social Networking Service’s privacy policies, so be sure you know what those are. BTC Shop Hong Kong will have no liability or responsibility for the privacy practices or other actions of any Social Networking Services that may be enabled within our services.
Our website may include links to other websites or online services, including Facebook, whose privacy practices may differ from those of BTC Shop Hong Kong. If you submit information to any of those websites or online services, your information is governed by their privacy statements. We encourage you to carefully read the privacy statement of any website you visit.
Account Balances and Order Histories are provided to our Registered (Tier 1), Verified (Tier 2) or Corporate Users via our Btcshop platform. Such account balances will contain the balances present in your Cryptocurrencies Accounts and Fiat Accounts and will list all Orders (including partially filled Orders) and any pending requests.
Please note that neither Account Balances, Order Histories nor any other documentation from us will provide valuations of your Btcshop Account.
We intend for the information contained in Account Balances and Order Histories to be accurate and reliable, however, please understand that errors may sometimes occur. Therefore, we disclaim any warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, as to any matter whatsoever relating to such information.
Any Order that has been executed shall be bound to the actual means and results of its execution regardless of any discrepancies between the execution and the reporting for that Order that may occur. We retain the right to enter pricing, Order, and reconciliation adjustments to your Fiat and/or Cryptocurrencies Accounts as necessary and appropriate.
Every transaction indicated or referred to in any Account Balance, Order History, or other communication shall be deemed and treated as authorized and correct as ratified and confirmed by you unless we receive written notice to the contrary within three (3) business days from the completion of the transaction.
It is important for you to understand that it is your sole responsibility to access your Btcshop Account and review Order Histories on a regular basis, and that you will be deemed to have accessed your Btcshop Account and reviewed this information on at least a monthly basis. If for any reason you are unable to do so, or do not have account notifications turned on or deliverable, it is your responsibility to notify us immediately at [email protected]com.
You understand that every Order History or other communication sent to or accessed by you will be deemed to have been acknowledged as correct, approved and consented to by you unless we have received written notice to the contrary within three (3) business days from the date received.
We retain the right to enter pricing, order, and reconciliation adjustments as necessary and appropriate.
The prices quoted on Btcshop may not necessarily reflect the broader market.
The use of electronic trading systems and communication networks to facilitate trades exposes you to risks associated with the system including the failure of hardware and software system or network down timed access or connection failures. You acknowledge that Btcshop will not be responsible for any services disruptions, errors or delays that you may experience while using its services.
If you are located in Hong Kong, please take note of the Hong Kong Government risk warning on virtual commodities.
YOU ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE TO ACCESS AND USE Btcshop AT YOUR OWN RISK. THE POINTS NOTED ABOVE APPLY TO ALL TRADING PAIRS AVAILABLE ON Btcshop. HOWEVER, THIS BRIEF STATEMENT DOES NOT DISCLOSE ALL OF THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH TRADING CRYPTOCURRENCIES. YOU SHOULD, THEREFORE, CAREFULLY CONSIDER WHETHER SUCH TRADING IS SUITABLE FOR YOU IN LIGHT OF YOUR CIRCUMSTANCES AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES. PLEASE CAREFULLY CONSIDER YOUR INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES, LEVEL OF EXPERIENCE, AND RISK APPETITE BEFORE USING ANY OF OUR SERVICES. SEEK ADVICE FROM AN INDEPENDENT FINANCIAL AND/OR LEGAL ADVISOR IF YOU HAVE ANY DOUBTS.
An information provider is any company or person who directly or indirectly provides us with information (“Information Provider”). Such information could include overall market data, quotations from other exchanges, markets, dealers and/or miners of cryptocurrencies.
For any failure set forth in the Ordinary Care section of this Agreement.
Please also note the risks incurred with accessing or using Btcshop as stated in our Risk Disclosure (section 10 above).
You acknowledge that you are solely responsible for determining the nature, potential value, suitability, and appropriateness of these risks for you, and that Btcshop does not give advice or recommendations regarding cryptocurrencies including the suitability and appropriateness of, and investment strategies for, cryptocurrencies. You acknowledge and agree that you shall access and use Btcshop at your own risk.
Under no circumstances may you enter restricted areas of any computer or network of Btcshop or any of its parties, or perform any functions that are not authorized under this Agreement. It is strongly recommended that you do not access Btcshop from an unsecured or public computer and/or network.
there is unusual activity in or relating to your User Account, the associated Btcshop Account or any other associated account.
We may modify any or all of Btcshop services without notice. Part of or all of Btcshop services may momentarily be unavailable during planned or unplanned downtime. You acknowledge and agree that Btcshop is not liable or responsible to you for any inconvenience or damage to you as a result of such downtime.
Btcshop website and trading platform is our proprietary platform. All rights are reserved. Btcshop is protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws.
You agree not to modify, copy, reproduce, retransmit, distribute, sell, publish, broadcast, create derivative works from, or store Btcshop (or any portion thereof, including Btcshop source code or data or other information provided via Btcshop), without the express prior written consent of the Btcshop Parties. You may not use Btcshop for any unlawful purpose.
We hereby grant you a non-assignable and non-exclusive personal, worldwide, royalty-free license to use Btcshop and to access data and other informational content through Btcshop consistent with this Agreement. All other uses are prohibited. All rights in and to Btcshop, and not granted herein, are reserved.
Btcshop and the Btcshop logo (whether registered or unregistered) (the “Marks”) are proprietary Marks licensed to Btcshop and protected by applicable trademark laws. Nothing contained in this Agreement should be construed as granting any license to or right to use any of the Marks displayed here without our express written consent. Any unauthorized use of our Marks is strictly prohibited.
Also, you may not use any of our Marks in connection with the creation, issuance, sale, offer for sale, trading, distribution, solicitation, marketing, or promotion of any investment products (e.g., cryptocurrencies, fiat currencies, securities, commodities, investment or trading products, derivatives, structured products, investment funds, investment portfolios, commodity pools, swaps, securitizations or synthetic products, etc.), including where the price, return, and/or performance of the investment product is based on, derived from, or related to Btcshop or any portion thereof, without a separate written agreement with us. We may use technology that is the subject of one or more pending patent applications.
Btcshop may link to other websites operated by or with content provided by third parties, and such other websites may link to our website. Btcshop has no control over any such other websites or their contents and will have no liability arising out of or related to such websites or their contents. The existence of any such links does not constitute an endorsement of such websites, the contents of the websites or the operators of the websites. Btcshop is providing these links to you only as a convenience.
Btcshop cannot agree to obligations of confidentiality or nondisclosure with regard to any unsolicited information you submit to us, regardless of the method or medium chosen. By submitting unsolicited information or materials to the Btcshop, you or anyone acting on your behalf, agree that any such information or materials will not be considered confidential or proprietary.
Btcshop does not provide any facility for sending or receiving private or confidential electronic communications. You should not use Btcshop to transmit any communication for which you intend only you and the intended recipient(s) to read. Notice is hereby given that all exchanges and other content entered into Btcshop can and may be read by the Btcshop Parties, regardless of whether they are the intended recipients of such messages.
We reserve the right to reverse and/or cancel one or more Orders in the event of (i) any disruption or malfunction in the operation of any electronic communications, trading facilities, storage facilities, recording mechanisms or other components of or integral to Btcshop or of cryptocurrencies, (ii) any other severe business disruption to Btcshop, its systems or cryptocurrencies, where the nullification of transactions may be necessary for the maintenance of a fair and orderly market or the protection of you and the public interest.
If such a disruption or malfunction occurs, our Chief Executive Officer, President and (or their designees), or others as may be designated by our Board of Directors, may review such Orders and declare such Orders arising out of the operation of Btcshop during such period null and void.
Absent extraordinary circumstances, any such action of the Chief Executive Officer, President and (or their designees), or the designees of the Board of Directors, pursuant to this paragraph will be taken within thirty (30) business days of detection of the erroneous transaction or disruption or malfunction. We will notify you if you are involved in any such event as soon as practicable.
Btcshop uses commercially reasonable efforts to provide the trading service. From time to time, interruptions, errors or other deficiencies in service may occur due to a variety of factors, some of which are outside the control of Btcshop. These factors can contribute to delays or errors in service or system outages.
In no event will we, or our affiliates, be liable to you or others for any damages, direct, indirect, consequential or special, including, without limitation, all losses, costs, expenses, loss of profits, loss of business revenue or failure to realize expected savings arising from or out of the existence, furnishing, or functioning of Btcshop, or any act or omission in connection with your accessing Btcshop.
We are not liable by reason of acting or failing to act due to an error in an Order request actually received by us, or as a result of an Order request not being received by us. We, or our affiliates, are not responsible for any losses, damages or personal injury that any person suffers as a result of you accessing Btcshop.
You acknowledge and agree that the Btcshop Parties cannot be held responsible for any failure or delay to act by Btcshop, our Banks, or any other participant in any transaction within the time limits prescribed by law or permitted by this Agreement that is caused by your negligence.
Btcshop also cannot be held responsible for any failure or delay caused by an interruption to one of our communication facilities, suspension of payments by another financial institution or one of our Banks, or in the event of any act, condition or cause beyond our reasonable control, including, but not limited to, flood, extraordinary weather conditions, earthquake or other acts of God, fire, water, war, acts of war, terrorist activities, insurrection, riot, labour dispute or strike, action of government, utility or other service outages or failures, or emergency conditions.
In addition, the Btcshop cannot be held responsible for any “System Disruptions or Malfunctions” (as defined in this Agreement) or “System Failure” (defined as a failure of any computer hardware or software used by Btcshop or any telecommunications lines or devices used by Btcshop), which prevents us from fulfilling our obligations under this Agreement or other circumstances beyond the control of Btcshop, provided we exercised reasonable diligence as such circumstances would reasonably require. Accordingly, we shall not bear any liability, whatsoever, for any damage or failure caused by any computer viruses, spyware, worms, Trojan horses, or other malware that may affect computers or other devices, or any spoofing, phishing or any other attack.
Furthermore, you agree that any act or omission made by Btcshop or one of our Banks in reliance upon or in accordance with any provision of any rule or regulation of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Customs and Excise or any other regulatory agency having jurisdiction over such party shall constitute ordinary care.
You agree to indemnify Btcshop for legal costs and expenses directly related to the structuring, support and/or defence of any of your transactions made with Btcshop, and for costs and expenses related to any regulatory inquiry, legal action, litigation, dispute, or investigation whether such situations occur or are anticipated.
As a result, we will be entitled to charge you for such costs without notice, including legal and enforcement related costs that we incur.
You acknowledge and agree that for our mutual protection we may electronically record any of our conversations with you and archive all online transactions, communications and information relating to your transactions and/or your use of Btcshop.
You acknowledge and agree that Btcshop does not provide legal, tax or investment advice, and to the extent you deem necessary, you will consult with corporate professionals in your own jurisdiction prior to using Btcshop or implementing any financial plan.
All Orders received through Btcshop will be considered unsolicited, which means that you have NOT received any investment advice from us nor any of our affiliates in connection with any of your Orders, and that we will not conduct a suitability review of any such Orders. You also acknowledge and agree that you have NOT and do not expect to receive any investment advice from us nor any of our affiliates in connection with your Orders. In addition, your review of our Blog and/or FAQ does not constitute any solicitation or investment advice.
All investment decisions are made solely by you. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement, we accept no responsibility whatsoever for and shall in no circumstances be liable to you in connection with such decisions. Under no circumstances will the operation of Btcshop be deemed to create a relationship that includes the provision or tendering of investment advice.
You acknowledge and agree that by using Btcshop and entering Orders, you have sufficient knowledge to make such Orders. You are responsible for making sure that any Orders entered on Btcshop are accurate and intentional. We may, in some cases, and at our discretion, require secondary electronic, verbal, written or other confirmation before acting if your account activity is outside of your normal range of activities.
The information and services provided on Btcshop are not provided to, and may not be used by, any individual or institution in any jurisdiction where the provision or use thereof would be contrary to applicable laws, rules or regulations of any governmental authority or regulatory organization or where Btcshop is not authorized to provide such information or services. Btcshop may not be available in all jurisdictions.
If we send an email to the email address on record with your User Account, this will constitute “written notice” from us to you. If you email us at [email protected].com, this will constitute “written notice” from you to us. For all notices made by email, the date of receipt will be considered to be the date of transmission.
The Btcshop Parties shall not be liable for any act, omission, error of judgment or loss suffered by you in connection with this Agreement. You acknowledge and agree to indemnify and hold harmless the Btcshop Parties from or against any or all liabilities, obligations, losses, damages, penalties, actions, judgments, suits, costs, expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, rights, claims, disbursements or actions of any kind and injury (including death) arising out of or relating to your use of Btcshop or our performance or non- performance of duties.
The Btcshop Parties are not giving investment advice, tax advice, legal advice, or other professional advice by allowing you to use Btcshop or providing the services herein, the ability to purchase or sell cryptocurrencies or the storage of cryptocurrencies or fiat currencies, and the Btcshop do not recommend, or endorse that you purchase or sell cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, Ether or any other asset or make any investment. Before engaging in any trading or investment activity, you should consult a corporate professional.
THE SERVICES THAT WE PROVIDE THROUGH Btcshop ARE PROVIDED TO YOU ON A STRICTLY “AS IS,” “WHERE IS” AND “WHERE AVAILABLE” BASIS. THE Btcshop PARTIES DO NOT REPRESENT OR WARRANT TO THE ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS, CURRENTNESS, NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OF Btcshop OR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED THEREIN OR SERVICES CONTAINED THEREON. THE Btcshop PARTIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANYONE ELSE FOR ANY LOSS OR INJURY RESULTING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY FROM YOUR USE OF Btcshop OR ANY SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE Btcshop, INCLUDING ANY LOSS CAUSED IN WHOLE OR PART BY ANY INACCURACIES OR INCOMPLETENESS, DELAYS, INTERRUPTIONS, ERRORS OR OMISSIONS, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THOSE ARISING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF THE Btcshop PARTIES OR CONTINGENCIES BEYOND THEIR CONTROL IN PROCURING, COMPILING, INTERPRETING, COMPUTING, REPORTING, OR DELIVERING Btcshop, THE SERVICES THEREON OR THE INFORMATION THEREIN. IN NO EVENT WILL THE Btcshop PARTIES BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANYONE ELSE FOR ANY DECISION MADE OR ACTION TAKEN BY YOU IN RELIANCE ON, OR IN CONNECTION WITH YOUR USE OF Btcshop, THE SERVICES THEREON OR THE INFORMATION THEREIN.
IN NO EVENT WILL THE Btcshop BE LIABLE TO YOU, WHETHER IN CONTRACT OR TORT, FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES OR ANY OTHER DAMAGES OF ANY KIND EVEN IF THE Btcshop HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. THIS LIMITATION ON LIABILITY INCLUDES, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, THE TRANSMISSION OF ANY VIRUSES WHICH MAY INFECT A USER’S EQUIPMENT, FAILURE OF MECHANICAL OR ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT OR COMMUNICATION LINES, TELEPHONE OR OTHER INTERCONNECT PROBLEMS (E.G., YOU CANNOT ACCESS YOUR INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER), UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS, THEFT, OPERATOR ERRORS, STRIKES OR OTHER LABOR PROBLEMS OR ANY FORCE MAJEURE. WE CANNOT AND DO NOT GUARANTEE CONTINUOUS, UNINTERRUPTED OR SECURE ACCESS TO Btcshop.
We may comply with any writ of attachment, execution, garnishment, tax levy, restraining order, subpoena, warrant or other legal process, which such party reasonably and in good faith believes to be valid. We may, but are not required to, notify you of such process by telephone, electronically or in writing.
If we are not fully reimbursed for our record research, photocopying and handling costs by the party that served the process, we may charge such costs to you, in addition to any legal process fees.
You agree to indemnify, defend and hold the Btcshop harmless from all actions, claims, liabilities, losses, costs, attorney’s fees, and damages associated with our or their compliance with any process that such party believes reasonably and in good faith to be valid.
You further agree that we and our financial institutions may honour legal process that is served personally, by mail, or by facsimile transmission at any of our or their respective offices (including locations other than where the funds, records or property sought is held), even if the law requires personal delivery at the office where your Btcshop records are maintained.
You may close your User Account and/or your Btcshop Account at any time by providing written notice to us at [email protected] Closing your User Account and/or Btcshop Account will not affect any rights and obligations incurred prior to the date of your Btcshop Account being closed.
You will be required to either cancel or complete all open Orders and, in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, provide transfer instructions of where to transfer any fiat currencies and/or cryptocurrencies remaining in your Fiat Account or Cryptocurrencies Account.
You are responsible for any Fees, costs, expenses, charges or obligations (including but not limited to, attorney and court fees or transfer costs of fiat currencies or cryptocurrencies) associated with closing your Btcshop Account. In the event that your account closing costs exceed the value in your Btcshop Account, you will be responsible for reimbursing us.
You may not cancel your User Account and/or your Btcshop Account to avoid paying any fees otherwise due or any examination as part of our AML Policy.
We may discontinue, terminate, suspend, or change any aspect of Btcshop, or its availability to you, at any time without notice.
In addition, we reserve the right to suspend, modify, deactivate or terminate your User Account and the associated Btcshop Account as well as your access to all or any portion of Btcshop immediately and without notice if (i) you violate any provision of this Agreement; (ii) we in good faith suspect that your account is in breach of our AML Policy; (iii) we are required to do so by a regulatory authority, court order, facially valid subpoena or binding order of a government authority; (iv) you or your accounts are subject to any pending litigation, investigation or governmental proceeding; or (v) for any other reason that we may reasonably conclude.
Your right to use Btcshop is subject to any limits established by us in our sole discretion. If your Btcshop Account or User Account is closed, a notice of closure shall be sent to the email address on record associated with your Btcshop Account or User Account, as applicable.
In addition, if you do not log into your Btcshop Account or User Account for one (1) year then, Btcshop may close your Btcshop Account and User Account.
Subject to the provisions of this Agreement, you agree, as the owner and/or designated representative of your Btcshop Account and/or User Account, that if your Btcshop Account or User Account is closed for any reason and unless otherwise required by law, court order or subpoena, Btcshop is authorized to either (i) send any remaining cryptocurrency to a cryptocurrency address that you provide within forty-eight (48) hours of receiving notice of your Btcshop Account or User Account being closed or (ii) sell any remaining cryptocurrencies on the open market and deposit the proceeds in the Fiat Account associated with your Btcshop The total amount of fiat currencies in your Fiat Account, less any applicable fees, will be distributed to you via bank wire transfer to the User Bank Account on record for your Btcshop Account.
In the event that your Btcshop Account or User Account is closed for any reason, Btcshop may be required to report any remaining funds in your Fiat Account as well as the Hong Kong Dollar, U.S. Dollar, Chinese Yuan equivalent of any remaining cryptocurrencies in your Cryptocurrencies Account, as unclaimed property.
If this occurs, Btcshop will use reasonable efforts to notify you at the email address shown in Btcshop ’s records. If you fail to respond to any such notice within forty-eight (48) hours, or as otherwise required by law, Btcshop may be required to deliver any such funds to Hong Kong Authorities as unclaimed property. Btcshop reserves the right to deduct an administrative fee resulting from such unclaimed funds, as permitted by applicable law.
The terms set out in this Agreement govern your use of Btcshop and the services that we provide. Once you visit our website and related pages on social media, you agree to be bound by the terms of this Agreement and acknowledge that you have received the disclosures set forth herein. If you do not agree to the terms of this Agreement, please do not visit, access or use Btcshop or the services that we provide.
This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between you and the Btcshop Parties, relating to your use of or participation in Btcshop and this Agreement supersedes any and all other agreements, oral or in writing, with respect thereto between you and the Btcshop Parties.
The failure of any of the Btcshop Parties to insist upon strict compliance with any term or provision shall not be construed as a waiver with regard to any subsequent failure to comply with such term or provision.
This Agreement shall not be construed to waive rights that cannot be waived under applicable state and federal laws.
This Agreement, or your rights and obligations hereunder, may not be transferred by you, but may be assigned by us without restriction. Any attempted transfer or assignment by you in violation hereof shall be null and void. This Agreement shall be binding and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto, our successors and permitted assigns.
In the event that we are acquired by or merged with a third party entity, we reserve the right, in any of these circumstances, to transfer or assign the information we have collected from you as part of such merger, acquisition, sale or other change of control.
The provisions of this Agreement shall survive the termination or expiration of this Agreement.
You agree that your obligations and the obligations of each User set forth in this Agreement are necessary and reasonable in order to protect the Btcshop and our business. You expressly agree that due to the unique nature of our business, monetary damages would be inadequate to compensate us for any breach by you of your covenants and agreements set forth in this Agreement. Accordingly, you acknowledge and agree that any such violation or threatened violation shall cause irreparable injury to the Btcshop and that, in addition to any other remedies that may be available, in law, in equity or otherwise, the Btcshop shall be entitled to obtain injunctive relief against the threatened breach of this Agreement or your continuation of any such breach, without the necessity of proving actual damages.
This Agreement, your use of Btcshop, your rights and obligations, and all actions contemplated by, arising out of or related to this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (“Hong Kong SAR”), as if this Agreement are a contract wholly entered into and wholly performed within the Hong Kong SAR.
Any controversy, claim or dispute arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the breach thereof shall be settled solely and exclusively by binding arbitration held in the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (“HKIAC”), administered by HKIAC and conducted in English. You expressly agree that any dispute about the scope of this Agreement to arbitrate and/or the arbitrability of any particular dispute shall be resolved in arbitration in accordance with this section. In the event that you threaten to litigate a dispute in court, we may institute arbitration to enjoin you from filing a complaint or petition in court; provided, however, that any of the Btcshop Parties may, without inconsistency with this arbitration provision, apply to any court for a preliminary remedy, i.e., equitable or injunctive relief, or to seek enforcement of the arbitral award. You expressly agree that an arbitrator may issue all appropriate declaratory and injunctive relief necessary to ensure the arbitration of disputes. Any such arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the then prevailing HKIAC Arbitration Rules & Procedures.
YOU AGREE THAT ALL ORDERS, DEPOSITS, WITHDRAWALS OR SALES ON Btcshop AND CONTEMPLATED ACCORDING TO THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE DEEMED TO HAVE OCCURRED IN HONG KONG SAR AND BE SUBJECT TO THE INTERNAL LAWS OF HONG KONG SAR WITHOUT REGARD TO ITS CONFLICTS OF LAWS PROVISIONS.
You agree that this section of this Agreement has been included to rapidly and inexpensively resolve any disputes with respect to the matters described herein, and that this section shall be grounds for dismissal of any court action commenced by you with respect to a dispute arising out of such matters.
Section headings in this Agreement are for convenience only, and do not govern the meaning or interpretation of any provision of this Agreement.
Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to constitute, create, imply, give effect to, or otherwise recognize a partnership, employment, joint venture, or formal business entity of any kind; and the rights and obligations of the parties shall be limited to those expressly set forth herein. Except for the indemnity and exculpation provisions herein, nothing expressed in, mentioned in, or implied from this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to give any person other than the parties hereto any legal or equitable right, remedy, or claim under or in respect to this Agreement to enforce any of its terms which might otherwise be interpreted to confer such rights to such persons, and this Agreement and all representations, warranties, covenants, conditions and provisions hereof are intended to be and are for the exclusive benefit of you and Btcshop.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, any translation of this Agreement is provided for your convenience. The meanings of terms, conditions and representations herein are subject to their definitions and interpretations in the English language. | 2019-04-21T10:07:11Z | https://btcshop.com.hk/terms-and-conditions/ |
Can Technology for Personalising Learning (TPL) support better pedagogical use of ICT?
Jones, Mellita M. and McLean, Karen J. (2012) “Personalising Learning in Teacher Education through the use of Technology,” Australian Journal of Teacher Education: Vol. 37: Iss. 1, Article 5.
This paper considers the components of personalising learning and describes one approach to creating a technology-infused learning environment that has been trialled in the tertiary sector. The key focus of this trial was the effective integration of technology as an enabler of personalising learning. Findings indicate that meaningful student learning experiences can be achieved through a personalised approach which also supports the emerging tenets of effective, pedagogical use of ICT for learning. These findings led to a model of Technology for Personalising Learning (TPL) which is presented as a planning framework through which personalising learning with technology can be achieved in higher education.
How do high school math teachers use technology to teach geometry?
The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics claims that technology is necessary to student learning in math and, in fact, enhances it. There are some studies to support this claim, but these studies leave some unanswered questions. The purpose of this study was to find out from current high school math teachers, of geometry specifically, what their views of technology are. The goal of the study was to ask these teachers which technologies they use and whether they believe technology has beneficial effects on student learning. This study did find a consensus among the participants as to which technologies they felt were the most beneficial in their classrooms, as well as those that might not be needed at all in a classroom.
How can technology enhance learning and teaching?
Price, Linda and Kirkwood, Adrian (2011). Enhancing professional learning and teaching through technology: a synthesis of evidence-based practice among teachers in higher education. Higher Education Academy, York, UK.
Technology has the potential effectively to support learning and teaching in a number of situations. However, the manner in which the technology was used and aligned with the goals and aspirations of the learner was an important consideration. Practitioners do not appear to be capitalising on existing evidence. More emphasis appears to be placed on generating new evidence rather than evidence driving new practices. Teachers’ beliefs and practices are influential in determining how they engage with technology. The context of both the student and the teacher is also influential in determining the successfulness of learning and teaching practices with technology. Academic developers have key roles in supporting practitioners in engaging with relevant evidence while also supporting the development of their beliefs and practices concerning learning and teaching with technology. Policy makers have key roles in determining the integration of technology, as they influence the culture within which practitioners operate and hence their actions.
What is the role of context on students’ performance on map tasks?
Lowrie, Tom, Diezmann, Carmel M., & Logan , Tracy (2011) Primary students’ performance on map tasks : the role of context. In Ubuz, Behiye (Ed.) Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education: Developing Mathematical Thinking, PME, Cultural and Convention Center, Ankara, pp. 145-152.
Being numerate in today’s society requires increased demands on our capacity to represent, manipulate and decode information in various graphical forms (e.g., graphs, maps). New technologies allow data to be transformed into detailed and dynamic graphic displays (e.g., Google Earth) with increased complexity (and detail), and consequently, there is greater need for students to become proficient in decoding maps. At the same time, the tasks students are required to solve are becoming more authentic and realistic. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect that students’ lived experiences (in terms of geographic locality) have on their ability to decode maps.
How do teachers understand students’ digital learning at home?
Honan, Eileen (2012) A whole new literacy’: Teachers’ understanding of students’ digital learning at home [online]. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, The, Vol. 35, No. 1, Feb 2012: 82-98.
This paper reports on an analysis of data collected through interviewing four teachers about their understandings of young people’s uses of new digital technologies at home and outside school. The teachers display some understanding and knowledge of their students’ access to new technologies, the skills they have developed using these technologies and the learning that occurs when using digital texts. However, it seems that these teachers cannot perceive the learning in terms of any educational affordance, or cannot see that students’ knowledge of digital texts used outside of school could be useful or have any place in the literacy classroom. The paper concludes with some questions that may start teachers thinking in different ways about their incorporation of digital texts into their literacy classrooms.
Should Laptops be banned from classrooms?
Laptops, iPods, iPads, and BlackBerrys are just a few of the newly developed modes of communication, note-taking, and music-storing devices that creep into our vocabulary–and students’ backpacks. Given the competitive nature of law school, students understandably bring laptops to class hoping to maximize their performance. Unfortunately for all involved, students use their laptops beyond the task of note-taking. The distractions that present themselves in class have led law professors to complain on various fora about the frequency of laptop use in the classroom. Some posit that students’ inappropriate use of laptops in the classroom has exceeded acceptable limits.
Based upon a series of design interventions with the educational computer game series Global Conflicts at various secondary schools, this article explores how educational gaming can be understood as a complex interplay between four knowledge forms – i.e. students’ everyday knowledge (non-specialised knowledge), the institutionalised knowledge forms of schooling, teachers’ subject-specific knowledge (specialised knowledge forms), and game-specific knowledge forms such as professional journalism, which is one of the inspirations for the game scenario. Depending on how the GC series was enacted by different teachers and students, these knowledge forms were brought into play rather differently. More specifically, several students experienced genre clashes in relation to their expectations of what it means to play a computer game, whereas other students experienced emerging genres – e.g. when one student was able to transform the game experience into a journalistic article that challenged her classmates’ understanding of journalistic writing.
Do teachers believe they are competent to promote healthy ICT use among their students?
Information and communication technologies (ICT), including computers, are becoming common place tools for learning by school children in Australia and around the world. Teachers are responsible for integrating ICT into the school learning environment; however, they may not recognize how and when ICT use may compromise their students’ physical health. Children’s exposure to physical harm through the unhealthy use of ICT may have liability implications for the education sector. All Catholic Education school principals in Western Australia were sent an email link to the survey for distribution to teachers at their respective schools. Fifty-five percent of teachers agreed they were concerned about their students’ physical health when using ICT. Only 19% of teachers reported they frequently or always provided their students with information on how to use computers in their class in a way, so as to promote physical health. Teachers identified barriers to promoting healthy computing use among students including; insufficient time (47%), non-adjustable furniture (46%), and insufficient knowledge (41%). Designing and implementing school-based computer ergonomics education programmes may assist teachers fulfil their duty of care in regard to the physical health and well-being of their students.
How Do Exemplary Science Teachers Use Technology?
The purpose of this study is to examine exemplary science teachers’ level of computer use, their knowledge/skills in using specific computer applications for science instruction, their use of computer-related applications/tools during their instruction, how often they required their students to use those applications in or for their science class and factors influencing their decisions in using technology in the classroom. The sample of this study includes middle and high school science teachers who received the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science Teaching Award. Analysis of the survey responses indicated that exemplary science teachers have a variety of knowledge/skills in using computer related applications/tools. The most commonly used computer applications/tools are information retrieval via the Internet, presentation tools, online communication, digital cameras, and data collection probes. Results of the study revealed that students’ use of technology in their science classroom is highly correlated with the frequency of their science teachers’ use of computer applications/tools.
How Is Instructional Technology Being Integrated in Higher Education?
Mariya Markova (2011) Integrating Instructional Technology into Higher Education, A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Franklin Pierce University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Arts in Leadership in the College of Graduate and Professional Studies.
This dissertation presents the findings of an in-depth study conducted at two universities in New England. The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons why higher education faculties are not fully embracing instructional technology. Findings suggest that many faculty members view the instructional technology to be difficult to apply to existing instructional methodologies. In addition, existing technology infrastructure appears to be inadequate and unreliable. While technical problems persist, the primary cause of faculty resistance at this time relates to a lack of adequate faculty development and training resources. Results suggest, given the increasing sophistication of instructional technology, institutions should require a higher degree of technological proficiency than most faculty members currently possess.
How is ICT Impacting Education in Pakistan?
In many countries, information and communication technology (ICT) has a lucid impact on the development of educational curriculum. This is the era of Information Communication Technology, so to perk up educational planning it is indispensable to implement the ICT in Education sector. Student can perform well throughout the usage of ICT. ICT helps the students to augment their knowledge skills as well as to improve their learning skills. To know with reference to the usage and Impact of ICT in Education sector of Pakistan, we accumulate data from 429 respondents from 5 colleges and universities, we use convenient sampling to accumulate the data from district Rawalpindi of Pakistan. The consequences show that Availability and Usage of ICT improves the knowledge and learning skills of students. This indicates that existence of ICT is improving the educational efficiency as well as obliging for making policies regarding education sector.
Are young children surrounded by techno-optimist teachers and techno-pessimist parents?
This paper examines teachers’ and parents’ perspectives and considers whether they are techno-optimists who advocate for and promote the inclusion of digital technology, or whether they are they techno-pessimists, who prefer to exclude digital devices from young children’s everyday experiences. The results of data analysis identified a misalignment among adults’ perspectives. Teachers were identified as techno-optimists and parents were identified as techno-pessimists with further emergent themes particular to each category being established. This is concerning because both teachers and mothers influence young children’s experiences and numeracy knowledge, thus, a shared understanding and a common commitment to supporting young children’s use of technology would be beneficial. Further research must investigate fathers’ perspectives of digital devices and the beneficial and detrimental roles that a range of digital devices, tools, and entertainment gadgets play in 21st Century children’s lives.
What are the risks of introducing new technologies to teachers?
The primary purpose of this paper is to provide anyone active in the field of education with a useful tool to assess risks during the integration of new technology in an educational setting, but especially to raise awareness of the danger of a downward spiral, which not only undermines our investment of time and money into these promising new technologies, but which also puts the learners at a great disadvantage when providing useful tools for their benefit which are, in the end, not fully or even wrongly used.
In this study, we investigated the extent to which self-reported measures for user acceptance (attitude, behavioral intention, self-reported frequency of use), added to the prediction of several aspects of use of a portal for education. Data from 835 teachers was collected: questionnaire “acceptance” data on one occasion and five parameters for observed use (number of logins, downloads, uploads, page views, and reactions) were extracted on two occasions from the portal database. We found that the self-reported measures for acceptance primarily predicted search behavior (monthly number of logins, downloads and page views), and not share behavior (monthly number of uploads and reactions). So, researchers aiming to assess teachers’ acceptance of a technology to contribute information, should adjust their measures for user acceptance so that these correspond with the targeted actual behavior.
Can robotics change students’ beliefs and interest toward STEM?
This quantitative study evaluates the impact of using robotics as a content organizer to teach a mathematic concept between math and technology education classes in a middle school of the students beliefs and interests toward STEM concepts. The analysis was based upon pre and post belief and interest survey responses by the participating middle school students. Ten schools from Pennsylvania participated in the study over the spring semester of school in 2010.
What do 40 years of research say about the impact of technology on learning?
This research study employs a second-order meta-analysis procedure to sum- marize 40 years of research activity addressing the question, does computer technology use affect student achievement in formal face-to-face classrooms as compared to classrooms that do not use technology? A study-level meta- analytic validation was also conducted for purposes of comparison. An extensive literature search and a systematic review process resulted in the inclusion of 25 meta-analyses with minimal overlap in primary literature, encompassing 1,055 primary studies. The random effects mean effect size of 0.35 was significantly different from zero. The distribution was heterogeneous under the fixed effects model. To validate the second-order meta- analysis, 574 individual independent effect sizes were extracted from 13 out of the 25 meta-analyses. The mean effect size was 0.33 under the random effects model, and the distribution was heterogeneous. Insights about the state of the field, implications for technology use, and prospects for future research are discussed.
Can Scratch be used to teach Computer Science Concepts?
We investigated the use of Scratch to teach concepts of computer science. We developed new learning materials based upon the constructionist philosophy of Scratch, and evaluated their use in middle-school classrooms. The results showed that most students are able to understand CS concepts, thus supporting the claims of Scratch to be a viable platform for teaching CS.
Do Interactive Whiteboards Motivate Elementary Students with Mathematics?
A treatment/control study (N = 773) was conducted to determine the extent to which use of interactive whiteboard technology (IWB) was associated with upper elementary students’ self-reported level of motivation in mathematics. Students in the treatment group reported higher levels of motivation relative to control students, but the effect was extremely weak. Students with teachers who were more supportive of IWB technology reported higher motivation levels (compared to students of teachers who were less supportive), but this effect also was very small. Claims about the motivation-enhancing effects of the IWB are not baseless, but they appear to be somewhat overstated. Research is needed to determine how IWB- use is associated with academic performance, and also to examine how teachers use the IWB and how this usage could be strengthened.
Why Do Teachers Participate in Self-generated Online Communities?
The purpose of this study was to examine reasons for teacher participation in on- line communities of K–12 teachers. The authors interviewed 23 teachers from three self-generated online communities and analyzed more than 2,000 postings in those communities. The findings indicated five reasons for participation: (a) sharing emotions, (b) utilizing the advantages of online environments, (c) combating teacher isolation, (d) exploring ideas, and (e) experiencing a sense of camaraderie. In conclusion, the findings imply that when designing teacher professional development programs, more emphasis needs to be placed on teachers’ emotional sharing and promotion of self-esteem.
Do teachers need media-competences instead of ICT competences?
Our starting observation is that there is a lot of literature about the use of ICT in teaching. Much of this literature with frameworks, schemes, flow charts etcetera, is about the process of introducing ICT in teaching. In our view the teacher and his or her main concerns, the learning and teaching processes inside the classroom, deserves much more attention. Our second observation is that there are much relevant new ICT-tools available which can support these learning and teaching processes. So, we focus in this paper on these aspects: what are the most important competences with respect to ICT for a teacher in order to support these learning and teaching processes? Because there are nowadays so many modern digital media available we propose the term media-competences for the teachers instead of ICT competences.
How can the symbolic power of ICT be negotiated?
The Internet may be, as typically suggested, important in distance education for facilitating connections between groups of students, educational institutions, and external learning resources. This article, however, reveals why this is not the only reason for applying information and communication technologies (ICT) in higher education in a remote area in a developing country. In addition, the Internet seems to be of great importance in symbolizing modernization and progress, thereby adding symbolic power to such education. Empirical sources originate from an explorative case study of an Internet-supported distance education program in the province of Bangka Belitung in Indonesia. Based on a translation perspective on the spread of pheromones, the analyses of empirical sources show how the Internet has contributed to the spread of distance education, but paradoxically this has not had much effect on the use of Internet by students in peripheral areas, at least not in the short term.
How can we help students become aware of appropriate online behavior?
Randy Hollandsworth, Lena Dowdy, Judy Donovan et al. (2011) Digital citizenship: It takes a village, 37-47. In TechTrends 55 (4).
Digital citizenship encompasses a wide range of behaviors with varying degrees of risk and possible negative consequences. Lack of digital citizenship awareness and education can, and has, led to problematic, even dangerous student conduct. If our educational village does not address these issues, the digital culture establishes its own direction, potentially pushing a productive, long-term solution further out of provides the reader with a number of suggestions that can help the professional to help their students become better digital citizens.
How can Flipping the Classroom support Active Learning?
Zappe, S., Leicht, R., Messner, J., Litzinger, T., and Lee, H.W., (2009) “’Flipping’ the Classroom to Explore Active Learning in a Large Undergraduate Course,” Proceedings, American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exhibition, 2009.
In traditional approaches to teaching engineering classes, the instructor plays the role of information conveyor, while the students assume a receiver role with primary responsibilities of listening and note-taking. Research into how students learn suggests that students need to be more actively engaged with the course material to maximize their understanding. The literature contains many examples of active learning strategies, such as teams solving problems in class and the use of student response systems with conceptual questions. Incorporating active learning strategies into a class means that there will be less time for delivering material via lecture. Therefore, instructors who choose to utilize active learning strategies must find ways to ensure that all required course content is still addressed. This paper discusses an instructional technique called the “classroom flip” model which was assessed in a larger, undergraduate architectural engineering class. In this model, lecture content is removed from the classroom to allow time for active learning, and the content that was removed is delivered to students via on-line video. This approach ‘flips’ the traditional use of lecture and more active learning approaches. Lecture occurs outside of class, and more active learning, such as problem solving, happens during class. Assessment data was collected to examine students’ use of the video lectures and perceptions of the classroom flip. The students’ feedback suggests that while the active learning and additional project time available in class improved their understanding, they would prefer that only about half the classes be flipped and some use of traditional lectures should be maintained.
How can students’ emotions determine effective use of ICT in education?
Impact of technology on learning has not been answered clearly many years after the introduction of ICT into classrooms. Today there are optimist and pessimist views regarding the use of ICT in education. Academic research has a position between these two opposing views. Although promising results on benefits of ICT use in education, ICT is not used in teaching in such extend as it could be appropriate according the potentials in the literature. The expected impact of ICT has not been realized mainly because massive investments in equipment and training have not been accompanied by the necessary radical organizational restructuring. The integration of ICT is a complex and multidimensional process including many dynamics such as ICT tools, teachers, students, school administration, educational programs and school culture. Another difficulty in front of this integration is the lack of interactivity and emotionality of currently used ICT. While using these devices students of today want active participation and emotionality instead of staying in a passive role. They are also looking for emotional satisfaction from using and interacting with the products. The main purpose of this article is to make an inquiry on affective computing with an educational viewpoint. The literature review is showing that emotions may serve as a powerful vehicle for enhancing or inhibiting learning and there are optimistic expectations towards affective computing among researchers. Affective computing systems are expected to have positive impacts on learning. Many researchers now feel strongly that intelligent tutoring systems would be significantly enhanced if computers could adapt to the emotions of students. Affective computing and detection of human emotions are areas still maturing and there various are difficulties in front of implementing affective computing systems in real educational settings.
What does literature say about the barriers to the successful integration of ICT?
The use of ICT in the classroom is very important for providing opportunities for students to learn to operate in an information age. Studying the obstacles to the use of ICT in education may assist educators to overcome these barriers and become successful technology adopters in the future. This paper provides a meta-analysis of the relevant literature that aims to present the perceived barriers to technology integration in science education. The findings indicate that teachers had a strong desire for to integrate ICT into education; but that, they encountered many barriers. The major barriers were lack of confidence, lack of competence, and lack of access to resources. Since confidence, competence and accessibility have been found to be the critical components of technology integration in schools, ICT resources including software and hardware, effective professional development, sufficient time, and technical support need to be provided to teachers. No one component in itself is sufficient to provide good teaching. However, the presence of all components increases the possibility of excellent integration of ICT in learning and teaching opportunities. Generally, this paper provides information and recommendation to those responsible for the integration of new technologies into science education.
Is web-based homework more effective than paper and pencil homework?
This study compared learning for fifth grade students in two math homework conditions. The paper-and-pencil condition represented traditional homework, with review of problems in class the following day. The Web-based homework condition provided immediate feedback in the form of hints on demand and step-by-step scaffolding. We analyzed the results for students who completed both the paper-and-pencil and the Web-based conditions. In this group of 28 students, students learned significantly more when given computer feedback than when doing traditional paper-and-pencil homework, with an effect size of .61. The implications of this study are that, given the large effect size, it may be worth the cost and effort to give Web-based homework when students have access to the needed equipment, such as in schools that have implemented one-to-one computing programs.
Are Teacher Pedagogical Beliefs The Final Frontier in Our Quest for Technology Integration?
Although the conditions for successful technology integration finally appear to be in place, including ready access to technology, increased training for teachers, and a favorable policy environment, high-level technology use is still surprisingly low. This suggests that additional barriers, specifically related to teachers pedagogical beliefs, may be at work. Previous researchers have noted the influence of teachers beliefs on classroom instruction specifically in math, reading, and science, yet little research has been done to establish a similar link to teachers classroom uses of technology. In this article, I argue for the importance of such research and present a conceptual overview of teacher pedagogical beliefs as a vital first step. After defining and describing the nature of teacher beliefs, including how they are likely to impact teachers classroom practice, I describe important implications for teacher professional development and offer suggestions for future research.
The introduction of the TPACK Framework has facilitated new and more rigorous study of teachers knowledge and use of technology in the classroom. However, the community interested in TPACK is still striving to develop a common understanding of what each construct in the framework means. A review of the research surrounding TPACK shows that there are still widely differing perceptions regarding how to operationalize the TPACK constructs and define boundaries between them. This paper reports on a conceptual analysis that was done to clarify construct definitions and boundaries in the TPACK framework. The research review and interviews with leading researchers have helped the authors to create an elaborated TPACK framework with case examples that further articulates the TPACK constructs and boundaries between them. The authors also suggest directions for future TPACK research.
Can children create new and authentic knowledge?
Bereiter, Carl; Scardamalia, Marlene. (2010) Can Children Really Create Knowledge? Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, v36 n1 Fall 2010.
Do experienced middle-aged teachers integrate more ICT into their teaching than younger teachers with a more positive attitude toward computers?
The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status of computer-based technology (CBT) use in secondary schools in Taiwan. A questionnaire was developed to investigate teachers’ attitudes toward computers and their application of CBT in instruction. We randomly sampled 100 secondary school science teachers and found that in general they did use CBT for accessing the internet and other teaching-related work. The surveyed teachers had a very positive attitude toward computers, yet we found their attitude was significantly correlated with their age and seniority. The older and more senior teachers generally held a less positive attitude toward computers. As for the application of computer-based technology in classroom instruction, most teachers claimed at least a moderate degree of implementation of CBT in the classroom. In gender difference, male teachers in general used more CBT in their instructional strategies than did female teachers. As far as age was concerned, middle-aged and more experienced teachers tended to integrate more CBT into their instruction than younger and novice teachers, even though the latter group held a more positive attitude toward computers. In correlation analysis we discovered that with male but not with female teachers, there was a direct correlation between degree of positive attitude toward computers and degree of application of CBT in classroom instruction. | 2019-04-25T02:52:13Z | https://internationalschoolsandict.wordpress.com/tag/teachers-and-technology/ |
In a historic first meeting of two very different worlds, Columbia Plateau tribal leaders met privately Tuesday with scientist Doug Owsley, who led the court battle to study Kennewick Man.
ELLENSBURG — In a historic first meeting of two very different worlds, Columbia Plateau tribal leaders met privately Tuesday with the scientist who led the court battle to study Kennewick Man.
The skeleton, more than 9,500 years old, has long been at the center of a rift between tribal members and scientists, led by Doug Owsley, a physical anthropologist at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History who spearheaded the legal challenge to gain access to the skeleton for scientific study.
Owsley says study shows that not only wasn't Kennewick Man Indian, he wasn't even from the Columbia Valley, which was inhabited by prehistoric Plateau tribes.
Tribal leaders who fought for reburial of the remains invited Owsley to meet with them this week to present the scientific findings to date.
After nine years of legal battles, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2004 ruled that the remains discovered in 1996, eroded from a bank of the Columbia River, were not protected by the federal Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), because the bones were so old that it was impossible to establish a link with modern-day Native Americans.
Owsley spent most of the day presenting his findings from the study of the skeleton, one of the most complete sets of remains ever recovered, for the gathering hosted by Central Washington University.
While Owsley has said in the past that Kennewick Man is not of Native-American descent, he said here for the first time that he believed the man was not even from this area.
Isotopes in the bones told scientists Kennewick Man was a hunter of marine mammals, such as seals, Owsley said. "They are not what you would expect for someone from the Columbia Valley," he said. "You would have to eat salmon 24 hours a day and you would not reach these values.
"This is a man from the coast, not a man from here. I think he is a coastal man."
Rex Buck, leader of the Wanapum people, told Owsley he appreciated the presentation, but that lamprey eel could provide the same types of marine-mammal nutrients that Owsley noted. "I hope you would think about some of these things, too, and add that to your equation."
Pressed by Armand Minthorn of the Umatilla Board of Trustees, who asked Owsley directly, "Is Kennewick Man Native American?" Owsley said no. "There is not any clear genetic relationship to Native American peoples," Owsley said. "I do not look at him as Native American ... I can't see any kind of continuity. He is a representative of a very different people."
His skull, Owsley said, was most similar to an Asian Coastal people whose characteristics are shared with people, later, of Polynesian descent.
And, while tribes want the remains returned for reburial, Owsley said there is still much more to learn from the skeleton, which has largely been inaccessible but for two instances, in which a team of about 15 scientists could study it for a total of about two weeks.
Tribal members listened for hours to Owsley's highly detailed presentation, but it did not budge their conviction that Kennewick Man is a part of their people's past — and needs to be reburied.
The remains of Kennewick Man reside at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture in Seattle. Tribal members make regular visits to the museum to pay their respects and offer songs and ceremony to the Ancient One, as he is called in tribal communities. Minthorn said reburial still needs to happen, and that the law should be changed to give tribes better control of sacred remains.
"That is the only way we will get him back," said Minthorn, who added that tribes are waiting until after the election to continue their push to get the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act changed in Congress, so tribes can press for return of the skeleton.
"Today just adds to getting the Kennewick Man back," he told Owsley. "That is our goal and that is going to be our effort. It would be great if you could help. If you don't that is OK, too."
Ruth Jim, a member of the Yakama Tribal Council, where she is head of the tribe's cultural committee, said it is frustrating that Kennewick Man is still out of the ground. "I don't disagree that the scientists want to do their job, but there should be a time limit. The only concern we have as tribal leaders is he needs to return to Mother Earth," she said.
Vivian Harrison, NAGPRA coordinator for the Yakama, said it was disturbing to look at the slides Owsley showed, with the bones presented on a platform to be scrutinized from every angle. "Really, to me, it's sad. This is a human being and his journey has been interrupted by leaving the ground."
Jaqueline Cook, repatriation specialist for the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, said scientists' finding that the skeleton had been purposefully buried was significant.
"It says a lot that somebody took care of him," Cook said. "To me that says community. And that he is part of the land. And our land."
The day's presentation was "subtly traumatic," said Johnny Buck, one of Rex Buck's sons and a member of the steering committee of the Native Youth Leadership Alliance. "We have medicine people that took care of bodies. But we never did look so long at them."
In parting, Minthorn presented Owsley with a traditional gesture of tribal respect, a Pendleton blanket, on behalf of the Plateau Tribes. With it, he extended his hand — and asked for help in returning the skeleton of the Ancient One.
While they don't know where they are yet headed together, those gathered ended the day with something they did not have before: the start of a relationship.
In his closing prayer, Rex Buck said, "We have listened to this man, and he has listened to us. And it was good."
"[M]any megalithic sites with features in common with European megaliths have been located: Some 300 are known but have not yet been studied in detail," write Grigoriev and Menshenin in the Antiquity article. Among these megaliths are numerous "menhirs," large upright standing stones.
The most spectacular megalithic complexes are on the relatively small Vera Island, located on Turgoyak Lake, about 35 miles (60 km) northeast of the geoglyph.
"This wasn't a settlement or a place for the living," says archaeologist Professor Colin Richards of Manchester University, who excavated the nearby Barnhouse settlement in the 1980s. "This was a ceremonial centre, and a vast one at that. But the religious beliefs of its builders remain a mystery."
What is clear is that the cultural energy of the few thousand farming folk of Orkney dwarfed those of other civilisations at that time. In size and sophistication, the Ness of Brodgar is comparable with Stonehenge or the wonders of ancient Egypt. Yet the temple complex predates them all. The fact that this great stately edifice was constructed on Orkney, an island that has become a byword for remoteness, makes the site's discovery all the more remarkable. For many archaeologists, its discovery has revolutionised our understanding of ancient Britain.
"We need to turn the map of Britain upside down when we consider the Neolithic and shrug off our south-centric attitudes," says Card, now Brodgar's director of excavations. "London may be the cultural hub of Britain today, but 5,000 years ago, Orkney was the centre for innovation for the British isles. Ideas spread from this place. The first grooved pottery, which is so distinctive of the era, was made here, for example, and the first henges – stone rings with ditches round them – were erected on Orkney. Then the ideas spread to the rest of the Neolithic Britain. This was the font for new thinking at the time."
It is a view shared by local historian Tom Muir, of the Orkney Museum. "The whole text book of British archaeology for this period will have to be torn up and rewritten from scratch thanks to this place," he says.
Farmers first reached Orkney on boats that took them across the narrow – but treacherously dangerous – Pentland Firth from mainland Scotland. These were the people of the New Stone Age, and they brought cattle, pigs and sheep with them, as well as grain to plant and ploughs to till the land. The few hunter-gatherers already living on Orkney were replaced and farmsteads were established across the archipelago. These early farmers were clearly successful, though life would still have been precarious, with hunting providing precious supplies of extra protein. At the village of Knap o'Howar on Papay the bones of domesticated cattle, sheep and pigs have been found alongside those of wild deer, whales and seals, for example, while analysis of human bones from the period suggest that few people reached the age of 50. Those who survived childhood usually died in their 30s.
"Being given World Heritage status meant we had to think about the land surrounding the sites," says Card. "We decided to carry out geophysical surveys to see what else might be found there." Such surveys involve the use of magnetometers and ground-penetrating radar to pinpoint manmade artefacts hidden underground. And the first place selected by Card for this electromagnetic investigation was the Ness of Brodgar.
The ridge was assumed to be natural. However, Card's magnetometers showed that it was entirely manmade and bristled with features that included lines of walls, concentric pathways and outlines of large buildings. "The density of these features stunned us," says Card. At first, given its size, the team assumed they had stumbled on a general site that had been in continuous use for some time, providing shelter for people for most of Orkney's history, from prehistoric to medieval times. "No other interpretation seemed to fit the observations," adds Card. But once more the Ness of Brodgar would confound expectations.
"It was absolutely stunning," says Colin Richards. "The walls were dead straight. Little slithers of stones had even been slipped between the main slabs to keep the facing perfect. This quality of workmanship would not be seen again on Orkney for thousands of years."
Slowly the shape and dimensions of the Ness of Brodgar site revealed themselves. Two great walls, several metres high, had been built straight across the ridge. There was no way you could pass along the Ness without going through the complex. Within those walls a series of temples had been built, many on top of older ones. "The place seems to have been in use for a thousand years, with building going on all the time," says Card.
"We have never seen anything like this before," says York University archaeologist Professor Mark Edmonds. "The density of the archaeology, the scale of the buildings and the skill that was used to construct them are simply phenomenal. There are very few dry-stone walls on Orkney today that could match the ones we have uncovered here. Yet they are more than 5,000 years old in places, still standing a couple of metres high. This was a place that was meant to impress – and it still does."
But it is not just the dimensions that have surprised and delighted archaeologists. Two years ago, their excavations revealed that haematite-based pigments had been used to paint external walls – another transformation in our thinking about the Stone Age. "We see Neolithic remains after they have been bleached out and eroded," says Edmonds. "However, it is now clear from Brodgar that buildings could have been perfectly cheerful and colourful."
The men and women who built at the Ness also used red and yellow sandstone to enliven their constructions. (More than 3,000 years later, their successors used the same materials when building St Magnus' Cathedral in Kirkwall.) But what was the purpose of their construction work and why put it in the Ness of Brodgar? Of the two questions, the latter is the easier to answer – for the Brodgar headland is clearly special. "When you stand here, you find yourself in a glorious landscape," says Card. "You are in the middle of a natural amphitheatre created by the hills around you."
These outposts of Neolithic astronomy, although impressive, were nevertheless peripheral, says Richards. The temple complex at the Ness of Brodgar was built to be the most important construction on the island. "The stones of Stenness, the Ring of Brodgar and the other features of the landscape were really just adjuncts to that great edifice," he says. Or as another archaeologist put it: "By comparison, everything else in the area looks like a shanty town."
For a farming community of a few thousand people to create such edifices suggests that the Ness of Brodgar was of profound importance. Yet its purpose remains elusive. The ritual purification of the dead by fire may be involved, suggests Card. As he points out, several of the temples at Brodgar have hearths, though this was clearly not a domestic dwelling. In addition, archeologists have found that many of the stone mace heads (hard, polished, holed stones) that litter the site had been broken in two in exactly the same place. "We have found evidence of this at other sites," says Richards. "It may be that relatives broke them in two at a funeral, leaving one part with the dead and one with family as a memorial to the dead. This was a place concerned with death and the deceased, I believe."
Equally puzzling was the fate of the complex. Around 2,300BC, roughly a thousand years after construction began there, the place was abruptly abandoned. Radiocarbon dating of animal bones suggests that a huge feast ceremony was held, with more than 600 cattle slaughtered, after which the site appears to have been decommissioned. Perhaps a transfer of power took place or a new religion replaced the old one. Whatever the reason, the great temple complex – on which Orcadians had lavished almost a millennium's effort – was abandoned and forgotten for the next 4,000 years.
A Late Bronze Age hoard has been uncovered in a field in the Parish of Trinity, Jersey just months after the biggest Celtic coin hoard of all time was unearthed in the Island.
It is thought that the find is a Late Bronze Age pottery vessel (around 1000 BC) containing what appear to be weapons and tools. At present, two socketed axe heads have been identified but it is not yet confirmed what else is contained within the vessel.
The find was discovered by Ken Rive from the Jersey Metal Detecting Society who, believing he had found something significant, contacted Jersey Heritage and the Société Jersiaise. Ken came across the exposed axe heads and quickly realized they were contained within a pottery vessel.
The hoard is being excavated by Jersey Heritage staff, Olga Finch (Curator of Archaeology) and Neil Mahrer (Conservator), Robert Waterhouse of the Société Jersiaise, and Ken, the finder. Yesterday (Tuesday), the vessel was being excavated in the trench to find out more about how it was buried before being taken up in one piece. It will now be opened up in the lab in order that the contents can be fully analysed and identified. The top part of the hoard has been damaged by a plough but it is not yet understood the extent of this damage.
The find comes just a few months after an Iron Age hoard containing around 70,000 coins and weighing approximately 3/ 4 of a ton was uncovered in the Parish of Grouville.
Tomb Near Serres Wife, Son of Alexander?
Researchers from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) claim that they have found the accurate spot in Rome where Julius Caesar was stabbed to death on March 15, 44 BC.
Roman texts depict that Julius Caesar was assassinated at Curia of Pompey by a group of senators.
“We always knew that Julius Caesar was killed in the Curia of Pompey on March 15th 44 BC because the classical texts pass on so, but so far no material evidence of this fact had been recovered,” said Dr Antonio Monterroso, CSIC researcher with the Institute of History of the Center for Humanities and Social Sciences.
Inside the Pompey’s Theater in Rome’s historic Torre Argentina square, the archaeologists found a 3 m (9 feet) wide and over 2 m (6 feet) high concrete structure that had been erected by order of Augustus, Caesar’s adopted son who took power upon his death.
“We know for sure that the place where Julius Caesar presided over that session of the Senate, and where he fell stabbed, was closed with a rectangular structure organized under four walls delimiting a Roman concrete filling. However, we don’t know if this closure also involved that the building ceased to be totally accessible,” Dr Monterroso said.
“It is very attractive that thousands of people today take the bus and the tram right next to the place where Julius Caesar was stabbed 2056 years ago,” he said.
(ANSA) - Ankara, October 8 - Two ancient Roman shipwrecks, complete with their cargo, have been discovered by Italian archaeologists off the coast of Turkey near the the ancient Roman city of Elaiussa Sebaste.
Officials say the discoveries - led by Italian archaeologist Eugenia Equini Schneider - confirm the important role Elaiussa Sebaste played within the main sea routes between Syria, Egypt, and the Anatolian peninsula from the days of Augustus until the early Byzantine period. Elaiussa, meaning olive, was founded in the 2nd century BC on a tiny island attached to the mainland by a narrow isthmus in the Mediterranean Sea.
A Roman marble coffin which was spotted in the bushes of a garden in Dorset has sold at auction for £96,000.
The 7ft (2.1m) sarcophagus was being used as a trough to stand flowers in, until its significance was recognised by auction valuer Guy Schwinge.
Mr Schwinge described how he saw the coffin "peeping out from under some bushes" during a routine valuation.
"As I drew closer I realised I was looking at a Roman sarcophagus of exceptional quality," he said.
Mr Schwinge, of Duke's in Dorchester, discovered the family had acquired the sarcophagus almost 100 years ago at auction.
An auction catalogue from 1913 shows the coffin was imported to Britain by Queen Victoria's surveyor of pictures, Sir John Robinson, who lived at Newton Manor in Swanage, Dorset.
"When I saw the name Duke's on the front (of the catalogue) I couldn't believe it," Mr Schwinge said.
The rectangular sarcophagus is carved from fine quality white marble, said a spokesman for Duke's, who sold the coffin for a second time.
The quality of the carving suggests it was made for a high status individual.
Experts from the British Museum have estimated the sarcophagus dates from the 2nd Century.
The owners were "utterly delighted" with the sale, Duke's said. | 2019-04-26T04:13:21Z | http://archaeology.ws/2012-10-16.htm |
1992-09-03 Assigned to MOTOROLA, INC. reassignment MOTOROLA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: LESK, ISRAEL A., DAHM, JONATHAN C., FRANKA, JOHN, HUFFMAN, GARY L., LIMB, YOUNG, NGUYEN, BICH-YEN, TOBIN, PHILIP J., LIN, PAUL T.
Contaminants are removed from a semiconductor material by heating the semiconductor material to temperature within the range of a minimum temperature where a halogen compound will decompose to halogen atoms without the use of ultraviolet irradiation and react with contaminants present on the semiconductor material and a maximum temperature of 800° C., wherein less than or equal to approximately 50 Angstroms of oxide is formed on the semiconductor material. The ambient in which the semiconductor material is heated is an ambient comprised of a nonreactive gas and a halogen compound for at least a time sufficient to remove a substantial amount of contaminants from the semiconductor material.
This invention relates, in general, to a method of removing contaminants, including, but not limited to, a method of cleaning contaminants from a semiconductor material.
Many methods are used to remove contaminants from a semiconductor material. In the past, one method involved exposing a semiconductor material to an anhydrous cleaning gas mixture containing one part by volume of nitric oxide and one part by volume of hydrogen chloride with a carrier gas of at least four parts molecular nitrogen at a temperature range of 850° to 1100° C. for a period of less than 10 minutes.
Another cleaning method entails exposing a semiconductor material to a temperature of 900° to 1300° C. in an ambient which includes hydrogen chloride and about 0.5 to 1% oxygen by volume to grow a protective silicon dioxide film on the surface of the semiconductor material to a thickness of not more than about 150 Angstroms for a period of 20 to 30 minutes.
Although these processes may remove some contaminants, it is desirable to improve the efficiency of contaminant removal so that a substantial amount of contaminants are removed, because contamination problems can be detrimental to the manufacture of semiconductor devices. Contamination can result in poor reliability and poor electrical performance. In particular, contaminants can cause the formation of gate oxide layers which have low rupture voltages and electrical junctions with high leakage, as well as other failures.
A method of removing contaminants, comprising the steps of heating a semiconductor material in an ambient comprised of a nonreactive gas and a halogen compound at a temperature within the range of a minimum temperature where the halogen compound will decompose to halogen atoms without the use of ultraviolet irradiation and react with contaminants present on the semiconductor material to form contaminant-halides and where the contaminant-halides are volatile and a maximum temperature less than or equal to approximately 800° C. An oxide layer of less than or equal to approximately 50 Angstroms is formed on the semiconductor material, and the semiconductor material is heated for at least a time sufficient to remove a substantial amount of the contaminants.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention comprises providing a semiconductor material. The semiconductor material includes a semiconductor material in and on which semiconductor devices are fabricated. The semiconductor material typically has contaminants present in and on it. Contaminants, as used here, include metallic contaminants, such as iron, nickel, chromium, and copper, and ions mobile in an oxide layer, including sodium, and potassium. Contaminants to be removed are those that are on the semiconductor surface as well as those that may diffuse to the semiconductor surface during the removal process.
The semiconductor material is placed in a chamber with walls that do not react with a halogen bearing gases and having a means for keeping a specified temperature, pressure, and ambient. The chamber should also have a means for introducing gases into the chamber and drawing off any gases (exhaust) present in the chamber. An example of such a chamber would be a diffusion tube used in semiconductor processing.
While the semiconductor material is introduced into the chamber, the ambient in the chamber is preferably comprised of a nonreactive or inert gas (one that is nonreactive with the semiconductor material) and a halogen compound. In this way, the halogen compound is available to react with the contaminants as soon as possible, before the the temperature of the semiconductor material has risen appreciably, thus preventing a significant level of diffusion of the contaminants into the semiconductor material by the exposure of the semiconductor material to the temperature of the chamber. In the past, there was no motivation to do this because it was believed that higher temperatures greater than 850° C. were necessary for the halogen compound to react with the contaminants present on the semiconductor material. In this embodiment, it is preferable to use a temperature of approximately 800° C. or less, because the halogen compound is introduced to the semiconductor material while it is being heated up from room temperature to 800° C. A temperature greater than approximately 800° C. will increase the amount of the contaminants that can be dissolved in the semiconductor material and increase the rate of diffusion of the contaminants into the semiconductor material, thus lowering the amount of contaminants that are removed.
In some situations, there may be some safety concerns with introducing the halogen compound while the semiconductor material is being inserted into the chamber. Recently, a new type of diffusion furnace was developed that allows the insertion of the semiconductor material into a closed loading chamber without exposing the semiconductor material to any heat. In these furnaces, the halogen compound and the nonreactive gas can be present in the loading chamber while the semiconductor material is still at room temperature. After the semiconductor material is loaded into the loading chamber, the semiconductor material is exposed to heat.
In some cases, it may not be desirable to introduce the semiconductor material into an ambient comprised of a halogen compound in furnaces that do not have the separate loading chamber. In this case, the ambient in the chamber can consist essentially of the nonreactive gas while the semiconductor material is being introduced into the chamber which is at the desired temperature. In this embodiment, it is preferable that the introduction of the halogen compound take place as soon as the semiconductor material is placed into the chamber and the chamber is closed or sealed. Introducing the halogen compound as soon as possible prevents or minimizes the diffusion of contaminants into the semiconductor material.
In this embodiment, as well as in the embodiment disclosed above, it is preferable that the temperature be as low as possible to keep the solubility of the contaminants in the semiconductor material as low as possible thus limiting the amount of contaminants that dissolve in the semiconductor material. From this standpoint, the preferable temperature range is approximately 300°-600° C. However, practical concerns may dictate using higher temperatures. The maximum temperature in this embodiment is less than or equal to 700° C. The solid solubility of contaminants in the semiconductor material is low enough at temperatures less than or equal to 700° C., even though the diffusivity of contaminants can be high at temperatures as low as 700° C., so that a substantial amount of contaminants are removed.
The minimum temperature at which the chamber is held is the temperature at which a halogen compound can provide halogen atoms, without the use of ultraviolet irradiation excitation, which react with contaminants present in the chamber and on the semiconductor material to form contaminant-halide compounds. However, it may be desirable to use a plasma, or other energy adding process, to decompose the halogen compound to increase the available halogen atoms which react with the contaminants. In addition, the temperature should be a temperature at which the contaminant-halide compounds remain volatile so that they are drawn off by the exhaust. In a preferred embodiment, the minimum temperature is approximately 300° C. At 300° C., it is not believed to be necessary to use an energy adding process to increase the available halogen atoms.
It was unexpected that the halogen atoms would be available to react with the contaminants at temperatures lower than 800° C., and in particular, temperatures as low as 300°-600° C., without the need for ultraviolet light to help decompose the halogen compound into halogen atoms. In the past, hydrogen chloride (HCl) has been used for the removal of sodium when growing oxide layers, and to improve the interface between the semiconductor material and the oxide layer. HCl has also been used to etch a small amount of silicon before an epitaxial layer is grown on a silicon substrate. However, some of these processes use a temperature of 850° C. or greater. At this temperature, a substantial amount of transition metals are not removed because they diffuse into the semiconductor material, as has been discussed above. Also, a substantial amount of oxide can grow on the semiconductor material, and serve as a barrier to the removal of contaminants. In addition, in some of the processes, either the partial pressure of HCl or the amount of time the process is performed is not adequate to provide a substantial removal of contaminants. The recent availability of a machine which is able to show the concentration of contaminants present on the surface of the semiconductor material, rather than in the semiconductor material, made it possible to verify that contaminants present on the semiconductor material had been removed using low temperatures between 300°-800° C. This machine is called a total reflection x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and is commercially available through several manufacturers.
In either of the above cases (where the halogen gas is introduced during insertion or after insertion of the semiconductor material into the chamber), the semiconductor material is preferably exposed to these gases for a sufficient time to effectively remove a substantial amount of the contaminants. This time is equal to a time which allows for the reaction of the halogen compound with the contaminants and volatilization of the contaminant-halide compounds. This time will vary depending on the temperature, pressure, gas flows, and the configuration of the chamber that is used.
The semiconductor material must be exposed to at least the equivalent of a partial pressure of the halogen compound of approximately 20 torr at 650° C. for 20-30 minutes in a diffusion tube. Because a variation in temperature and pressure of the chamber and the time at that temperature and pressure will affect the reaction rate, a specific range of partial pressures of the halogen compound cannot be specified. The higher the temperature, the lower the partial pressure of the halogen compound can be, and vice versa. For example, it was discovered that a process having a partial pressure of the halogen compound of 0.4 torr, at a temperature of 635° C., for a time of 15 minutes does not remove a substantial amount of contaminants from a semiconductor material.
It was discovered that a way to improve the efficiency of removing chromium from the semiconductor material, was to expose the semiconductor material to oxygen (O2) with the halogen compound and/or the nonreactive gas. A low level of oxygen is also desirable in removing hydrocarbons from the semiconductor material. In addition, at temperatures above approximately 700° C., it is desirable to form an oxide layer on the semiconductor material to protect the surface of the semiconductor material from pitting by the halogen compound. However, in the present invention, where the ambient is comprised partly of oxygen, the temperature, pressure, and ambient are such that little oxidation of the semiconductor material takes place.
It is important that little grown oxide is present on the surface of the semiconductor material, because this grown oxide traps any contaminants in the semiconductor material. Little grown oxide is defined as less than or equal to approximately 50 Angstroms. This grown oxide does include a thin native oxide (less than 30 Angstroms) which grows on the semiconductor material by being exposed to the air. For example, it was found that a process using a temperature ramped from 700° to 1050° C., at 1 atmosphere, with 5% HCl and 95% O2 for 40 minutes did not adequately remove a substantial amount of contaminants because an oxide layer greater than 50 Angstroms is grown in this atmosphere. In addition, the temperature is ramped too high before the cleaning process has enough time to work.
Preferably, the nonreactive gas is comprised substantially of nitrogen. Other nonreactive gases, such as argon, can be used. Nitrogen is preferred because it is readily available and inexpensive. Also, nitrogen is lighter than argon, so steady state is reached faster in an ambient comprised of nitrogen. If steady state is reached faster, the amount of time the semiconductor material must be exposed to the cleaning process can be shortened. In addition, more effective cleaning will take place because the contaminants will be removed faster, thus reducing the amount of contaminants that can diffuse into the semiconductor material.
The method of the present invention can also be used to remove contamination from the reaction chamber or diffusion tube itself. The process can be carried out without introducing the semiconductor material.
A first specific example of a preferred embodiment of the cleaning process is described below. The semiconductor material is inserted into a chamber, a diffusion tube, having a temperature of approximately 800° C. and a pressure of approximately 1 atmosphere in an ambient comprised of 0.5 to 10% hydrogen chloride as the halogen compound, 0 to 5% oxygen and the balance nitrogen as the nonreactive gas. Equivalent partial pressures may be used if pressure of the ambient is changed. Using a much smaller partial pressure of the halogen compound will increase the amount of time the semiconductor must be cleaned, which is undesirable if the amount of time is too long. It is preferable to use HCl as the halogen compound because it is very reactive, readily available, and does not deplete the earth's ozone layer.
The semiconductor material is inserted into the diffusion tube having the ambient specified above. Then, the semiconductor material is annealed or heated at this temperature for 20 to 30 minutes.
In order to more effectively remove iron and chromium, it was discovered that at least 3% hydrogen chloride is necessary at a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
The semiconductor material may then be removed from the diffusion tube or further processing may be started in the same diffusion tube, such as oxidation, diffusion, or annealing. An oxide layer grown on the surface of the semiconductor material after the cleaning process of the present invention is performed will have superior qualities because a substantial amount of contaminants will have been removed from the semiconductor material. This is particularly important when forming a gate oxide layer.
A second specific example of the cleaning process is described below. The semiconductor material is inserted into a chamber, a diffusion tube, having a temperature of approximately 500°-650° C. and a pressure of approximately 1 atmosphere in an ambient comprised of 0 to 5% oxygen and the balance nitrogen.
Once the semiconductor material has been inserted into the diffusion tube, and the diffusion tube is closed, hydrogen chloride is introduced into the diffusion tube as soon as possible so that the ambient is then comprised of 0.5 to 10% hydrogen chloride, 0 to 5% oxygen, and the balance nitrogen. The semiconductor material is annealed or heated at this temperature for at least approximately 20 to 30 minutes. The remainder of the cleaning process proceeds as that described in example #1.
As can be readily seen, a method of removing a substantial amount of contaminants from a semiconductor material has been provided. Semiconductor material processed according to the present invention results in the fabrication of semiconductor devices having good electrical performance and good reliability.
heating the semiconductor material without the use of ultraviolet irradiation in an ambient comprised of a nonreactive gas and a halogen compound and at a temperature within the range of a minimum temperature where the halogen compound decomposes to halogen atoms, without the use of ultraviolet irradiation, which react with the contaminants present on the semiconductor material to form contaminant-halides and where the contaminant-halides are volatile and a maximum temperature less than or equal to approximately 800° C., wherein an oxide layer of less than or equal to approximately 50 Angstroms is formed on the semiconductor material during the heating, and further wherein a partial pressure of the halogen compound in the ambient is at least sufficient to remove a substantial amount of contaminants and wherein the semiconductor material is heated for at least a time sufficient to remove a substantial amount of the contaminants.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises heating in the ambient comprised of an equivalent of less than or equal to approximately 10% hydrogen chloride as the halogen compound at a pressure of approximately 1 atmosphere.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises heating in the ambient comprised of approximately 5% hydrogen chloride as the halogen compound at a pressure of approximately 1 atmosphere.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises heating in the ambient having at least the equivalent of a partial pressure of the halogen compound of approximately 20 torr at 650° C. for 20-30 minutes.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises heating in the ambient consisting essentially of approximately 0 to 5% oxygen, 0.5 to 10% hydrogen chloride as the halogen compound, and the balance nitrogen as the nonreactive gas.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises heating in the ambient comprised of nitrogen as the nonreactive gas.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises heating for at least approximately 20 minutes.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises introducing the semiconductor material to the ambient comprised of the halogen compound and the nonreactive gas while the semiconductor material is heated from room temperature to the temperature within the range of the minimum temperature and the maximum temperature.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises introducing the semiconductor material directly into the ambient comprised of the nonreactive gas and then subsequently introducing the halogen compound into the ambient, and wherein the maximum temperature is less than 700° C.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises heating the semiconductor material to the temperature within the range of the minimum temperature and the maximum temperature less than 700° C.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises heating the semiconductor material to the temperature within the range of the minimum temperature equal to 300° C. and the maximum temperature equal to 600° C.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating comprises heating the semiconductor material in the ambient which is substantially free of oxygen.
oxidizing the semiconductor material to grow an oxide layer on the semiconductor material.
heating the semiconductor material without the use of ultraviolet irradiation for a time sufficient to remove a substantial amount of contaminants from the semiconductor material, wherein conditions are such that an oxide layer of less than or equal to approximately 50 angstroms is formed on the semiconductor material during the heating.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of introducing the semiconductor material into the chamber comprises introducing the semiconductor material into the chamber in the ambient which is further comprised of oxygen.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of introducing the semiconductor material into the chamber comprises introducing the semiconductor material into the chamber in the ambient which is further comprised of oxygen and the step of heating comprises heating in the ambient having at least the equivalent of a partial pressure of the halogen compound of approximately 20 torr at 650° C. for 20-30 minutes.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of introducing the semiconductor material into the chamber comprises introducing the semiconductor material into the chamber in the ambient which is further comprised of oxygen and the step of heating comprises heating in the ambient comprised of 0 to 5% oxygen, 0.5 to 10.0% hydrogen chloride as the halogen compound, and the balance nitrogen as the nonreactive gas.
18. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of heating comprises heating in the ambient comprised of nitrogen as the nonreactive gas.
19. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of heating comprises heating for at least approximately 20 minutes.
20. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of heating comprises heating the semiconductor material in the ambient which is substantially free of oxygen.
heating the semiconductor material at a temperature of between approximately 300° to 600° C. in an ambient comprised of a nonreactive gas and a halogen compound without the use of ultraviolet irradiation, wherein the semiconductor material has an oxide layer of less than or equal to approximately 50 angstroms formed thereon during the heating. | 2019-04-26T14:52:59Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US5300187A/en |
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The NaviSuite Nardoa is a cutting-edge, completely integrated 3D software solution for acquisition and processing of data during subsea pipeline and cable route inspections.
This proven, off-the-shelf software bundle allows you to save man-hours and money while delivering high-quality, thorough and comprehensive inspection results to your customers.
It encompasses the following software products – and can be upgraded with our NaviSuite Deep Learning option for high-performance, automatic data processing with both classification and segmentation of images and videos during subsea pipeline inspections.
Comprehensive ROV and vessel navigation information and positioning calculation.
Real-time visualisation of sonar and LiDAR data acquisition and eventing, enabling on-the-fly QC.
Editing of overall survey settings, raw sensor data and geodetic settings.
Advanced automatic cleaning and digitisation of terrain and pipe or cable in a 3D environment, and registration of objects of interest (eventing).
NaviSuite Nardoa is the ideal solution if you have end-clients with high expectations.
The software allows you to deliver high-quality inspection reports shortly after the inspection vessel arrives at port, as a paper report combining raw data and 3D models or displayed in a free 3D viewer.
... it covers highly accurate, extensive and thorough results that are easily comprehended, a key element being the possibility of 3D visualisation. In sum, your clients will get a sound decision-making basis in the work that follows the delivery of the inspection results.
You are ensured a fast and flexible workflow and inspection results of the highest quality.
You are ensured a fast and flexible workflow and inspection results of the highest quality, saving you time and money.
Through the possibility of near-real-time data processing, you can produce preliminary reports and thereby carry out on-the-fly data quality control. This lets you know straight away if there is a need for recapturing and virtually eliminates the risk of insufficient or flawed data.
The software is applied throughout the inspection process, offering you a comprehensive and advanced tool, from video data providing an integrated view and eventing both during data acquisition and processing, to manual or automatic data cleaning and generation of digital models of seabed and pipe or cable in a 3D environment.
The NaviSuite Nardoa solution makes use of raw data throughout the workflow, offering you complete traceability and eliminating errors due to data conversion. This means that you can instantly compensate for data inconsistencies and sensor inaccuracies without having to step back in the process and you can export the data to any relevant third-party software.
NaviSuite Nardoa is used by subsea inspection specialists throughout the world.
*S-CAN has since been replaced by the EIVA cleaning feature that comes free as part of NaviModel Producer, EC-3D.
NaviModel and NaviPac share the same 3D engine, and therefore the same powerful 3D visualisation features. Data can be visualised in 2D, 3D, side view or by time.
Seabed terrain can be visualised in a 3D environment.
Multiple Map Views are available. Each individual Map View window can be configured separately to display only the information required.
Background Web Map Service (WMS) maps can be displayed.
3D models can be imported into NaviModel (drag and drop into the Map View window).
3D models can be linked to any live objects (Vessel, ROV, Scanfish etc).
2D, 3D or Side views allows the user to quickly change the view facilitating better data interpretation.
Visibility slider allows users to compare different DTM’s quickly. This enables comparison over time or between different data processing methods.
DTM light and palette settings can be changed at any time.
Fly-through videos can be created for project or promotional presentations.
NaviPac is an integrated navigation and data acquisition software solution that includes surface and subsea navigation, route and waypoint planning, live tracking and piloting.
NaviPac Helmsman’s Display 4 (based on the same core as NaviModel) supports display of vehicle data (main vessel, ROV, ROTV, remotes etc) based on the NaviPac data feed. The data can be shown graphically in multiple map views.
All variants of NaviPac supports integration with AIS receivers. The data is read into NaviPac and can be shown in a dedicated AIS window and overlaid in the HMD. We perform an even read and utilise vessel dimension information.
Each Map View can be designed and controlled individually when it comes to content, overlays and layout. Map Views can be 2D, 3D or side-views, and orientation can be user defined, north-up, vehicle up or line up.
NaviPac supports a series of runline and waypoint formats including our own RLX/WPT format, ad generic ASCII readers. You can also draw lines and points directly in the Map View.
You can inherit multiple lines based on the base line defined, such as parallel or cross lines to get an optimal route plan.
Assignment of lines and waypoints are handled through the dedicated Vehicle Control view, as you may control multiple vehicles simultaneously. Each controlled vehicle will be available as distance offline indicator (DOL/DCC) and various runline information (along line, target ETA etc.).
HMD 4 includes a tool for automated runline generation for MBE site surveys. Initially the surveyor defines the first runline, and then HMD will the continuously calculate the outer limit for the line based on coverage and density requirements, and thus automatically calculate the next line. This tool is very suitable e.g., for vessel mounted solution for NaviSuite Kuda or for ASV/USV operations.
When using the auto-coverage tool you may also introduce the automatic run-in. The system will be based on vessel turn capabilities and calculate the shortest route to the next line.
Waypoints are handled in a similar manner to runlines, as assignment of the waypoint is done in the Vehicle Control View. Hereafter, an artificial runline is created from the vehicle to the point and NaviPac monitors the range/bearing to the destination. and can a,.o. feed that into autopilots and DP systems.
In the HMD you may pair any live vehicle (e.g. Vessel and ROV) and monitor the range/bearings between them for online display as live data and range information on Map Views.
When using runlines and waypoints you may connect NaviPac to autopilot systems using e.g., standard NMEA formats and pass cross-track error and destination waypoints on to the equipment.
NaviPac 4.2 supports use of other data units in addition to metric. The unit is selected in the project settings and all definition fields are then assumed to be in the selected data unit.
HMD will follow the selected data unit, but you may, by using a simple keystroke, toggle between metric and data unit if required.
Data recording will still be metric to guarantee data integrity, but data outputs can be selected freely.
Many different sensors can be interfaced and integrated in both NaviScan and NaviPac.
Setting up an entire vessel based project in NaviPac is easy performed using intuitive graphical definition tools. The video covers basic project definition, geodetics and vessel navigation setup.
Setting up remote and subsea vehicles is done in a similar manner to the main vessel – easy and intuitive. Adding instruments, positioning sources (transponders, INS, LBL etx) and defining weighting and Kalman filter settings is possible.
Single beam echo sounders and other single source data suppliers can easily be interfaced in NaviPac, either via standard drivers or enhanced user-configurable drivers. Data will be available for display in both Helmsman’s Display and DataMon. Single source data can be shown as points clouds in the HMD – and you can automatically derive DTMs out of it.
NaviScan supports a series of forward looking sonars such as eg. Tritech, Didson and Norbit. The data will be interfaced and recorded in NaviScan and made available for display in HMD as both stand-alone wedge display and 3D wedge display in the Map views.
Multi-beam echo sounder, laser and sidescan will be interfaced and recorded in NaviScan. Display and quality control is easily done in HMD by using raw point clouds, terrain models or data profiles. Using multiple windows allows for QC by looking at data density, model standard deviation etc. Built in semi-automatic cleaning tool enables instant delivery or preliminary DTM.
Sidescan data is interfaced in NaviScan and recorded in the SBD data format. The data can be shown both in real-time and in replay in special waterfall data display. This data display will also enable target markings (eventing) and image management.
NaviEdit can be used to recalculate data very quickly and where our sensor processing takes place. Here we change offsets, C-O’s, mounting angles, apply tide, apply SVP, de-spike sensors, improve object positioning, Kalman filtering, remove swell etc.
NaviEdit Header Editor allows the user to check an ROV setup.
NaviEdit Data Editor allows the user to view and QC sensor data via a series of graphical displays.
Data that is stored in NaviEdit can be imported into NaviModel.
Predicted or observed tides can be imported into NaviEdit using user-defined import templates.
CTD or SVP can be imported into NaviEdit using user-defined import templates.
You are able to work with several SEG-Y files in NaviModel at the same time. When NaviModel is loading the sub-bottom profiling data, the software extracts a rough track that is then taken through a two-step process of extracting a point every 100 metres, and then refined to 3 metres.
Sometimes incorrect measured offsets, C-O’s or mounting angles are entered into the online acquisition system. NaviEdit Header Editor allows us to correct these errors.
Sometimes Sound Velocity values are incorrect and we need a tool to perform a local correction. In NaviEdit Data Editor we can visualise the Sound Velocity corrections before we apply them.
Point data derived from sonar or laser systems can be cleaned, QC’d and edited using a plethora of manual or automatic tools. Cleaning operations can be applied multiple times to a complete data set or user-defined areas. For each cleaning operation, quality flags are assigned to every data point, so you never lose access to the original raw data.
Point data derived from sonar or laser systems can be cleaned, QC’d and edited using a plethora of manual or automatic tools. Cleaning operations can be applied multiple times to a complete data set or user-defined areas.
EC-3D supports several cleaning methods and is efficient at cleaning both 3D and 2D data.
It can be used to clean seabed DTMs.
EC-3D can be used to clean pipeline DTMs.
EC-3D can be used to clean point clouds.
EC-3D can be used to automatically clean point clouds or DTMs.
Histogram Spike Shooting can be used to reject or accept DTM points.
Points are selected if they are inside a circle.
Histogram automatically sets the rejection thresholds (can be manually over-ruled).
Histogram Plane Cleaning tool can be used to reject or accept DTM points.
Points are selected if they are inside a corridor, polygon or an existing boundary.
These tools can be used to reject or accept DTM points.
Point Editor can be used to manually reject or accept DTM points using an eraser (square select) or a region (polygon select). This tool will soon be replaced with a newer version within NaviModel.
We can create point clouds from sonar and laser systems or from historical XYZ files. Within NaviModel, there are many ways to visualise, edit and optimise point data.
XYZ files can be imported as DTMs, Point Clouds, or TIN Models.
By default, point clouds can be visualised as a solid colour or as a depth palette. However, if source files contain RGB or Intensity values, we can choose to colour the point cloud with this information instead.
A selection window or a polygon can be used to manually clean point clouds.
LAS files can be imported as DTMs or as point clouds.
Point clouds can be displayed as one solid colour, as RGB values or as Intensity values.
If point clouds are misaligned, we can use Point Cloud Registration to align them. We accomplish this by first digitising common features, and then performing a least-squared adjustment that moves one point cloud to another.
Large Point Cloud Viewer supports Point Clouds of virtually unlimited size.
In NaviSuite Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) can be generated, manipulated, and edited with the help of various tools.
DTM surfaces and Point Clouds can be generated at any time from either sonar or laser data.
Different surface types are generated upon data import and can be accessed at any time.
Visibility slider allows users to compare different DTMs quickly.
This enables comparison over time or between different data processing methods.
DTMs can be created from the differences between two other existing models.
A volume calculation is the difference between a reference surface and a comparison surface.
Surfaces can be from a DTM or a TIN model.
Density colour mode can be enabled to QC how many points are in each DTM cell.
It is possible to create custom surfaces based upon hard-coded variables or user-configurable equations.
This tool analyses DTMs to identify areas which have no coverage (i.e. contain gaps).
Matchup tool can be used to correct for DTM artefacts caused by incorrect ROV XYZ position.
Points are moved based upon differences between two existing lines (source and destination).
Points are moved perpendicular to the destination line.
Rectify tool can be used to correct for DTM artefacts caused by incorrect ROV XYZ position.
Points are moved perpendicular and along length to the destination line.
Level out tool can be used to correct for small depth differences between surveys.
Smooth surface tool smooths a DTM surface by an absolute distance or by the number of DTM cells.
Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetric Estimator (CUBE) tool is available in NaviModel and is implemented alongside our other cleaning approaches.
This tool analyses DTMs to identify rock events.
Within NaviModel, we can design trench or rock-placement profiles or import existing engineering drawings from various sources (AutoCAD).
In NaviModel theoretical trench profiles can be designed and visualised inside a 3D environment.
If available AutoCAD engineering drawings can also be used.
In NaviModel theoretical rock-placement profiles can be designed and visualised inside a 3D environment.
NaviSuite Uca is a configurable and integrated software solution for dredging, excavation, exclamation and similar – supporting bucket, clamshell and suction dredgers.
NaviSuite Uca supports several solutions for boom/stick excavation using both bucket and clamshell. The solution can e.g. be based on Trimble, eTrack or custom sensors for positioning each moving component.
NaviSuite Uca supports various wirecrane solutions (e.g. Henngstler, Trimble and Liebherr) for excavation. DataMon interfaces the cable counters and will, in a calibrated manner, use the information to position clamshell and opening angle of the clam.
NaviSuite Uca supports rock and material placement for both bucket and clamshell solutions. The system uses semi-automatic methods, as the operator presses a button and uses a foot-pedal to mark where material is placed. Uca will then add the corresponding material to the model based on a cone figure.
During an operation, NaviSuite Uca gives fast and reliable reports on the progress based on both live colour coding of the terrain and volume reporting. The result can be brought into NaviModel to make a final report project and use this as documentation and handout, as illustrated here where the entire operation was performed in one process without any second passes.
We have a large range of tools to create, modify, graph and export lines that are digitised within NaviModel. Digitised lines are multipurpose and are used both online and offline. Some examples of digitised line usage include controlling pipelines and seabed marker positions, creating boundaries, engineering designs and runlines.
We have a large range of tools to create, modify, graph and export lines that are digitised within NaviModel. Digitised lines are multipurpose and are used both online and offline.
Lines can be modified in many different ways.
If required, the entire length of the line can be smoothed in XYZ.
Local smooth tool allows you to concentrate on small line sections that require remedial action.
Waypoints can be converted to lines via the ASCii Importer.
Whilst we can always compare lines visually in the Map View window, sometimes it is better to create graphs for comparison.
The NaviSuite Workflow Manager tool is designed to enable a previously unseen degree of automatic data processing of massive amounts of subsea sensor data.
The first version of the Workflow Manager utilises NaviEdit and NaviModel for a traditional survey data set processing of data from AUV dive. As soon as the data is available, it is automatically loaded into the flow and processed by cleaning data, merging reprocessed AUV track, building DTMs and making sanity checks. This is typically done using the Server version.
The Workflow Manager desktop version is very well suited for NaviSuite Kuda operations where each file will be processed right after recording, thus enabling reporting and quality control as you go. The Desktop version runs one task at the time – but it is more than fast enough to cope with survey speed.
The more CPU (cores), memory and disk speed you have – the better you utilise the workflow engine. The optimal solution is running a bit fewer processes than the number of cores.
The many eventing features include auto-calculation of event types and an easy-to-use event tablet view.
Client and company specific event collections can be tailored to the activity undertaken.
During EIVA Days Denmark 2018, we presented a major expansion to the functionality of camera based scanning.
Events can be created quickly and are automatically placed onto a DTM.
Using the eventing tablet view allows for quicker event creation. With the eventing tablet, you can quickly add all events, or customise which events to add with just a few steps.
Pipe and seabed markers are used to create freespan and burial events.
This means that events and seabed markers always tie-in.
Events can be recalculated at any time.
User configurable templates can be created to export events in the format required.
Images and videos can be exported for each event or for selected events.
Pipetracker gap events are created from continuous sections of rejected pipetracker data.
Video and still images that contain time stamps can be combined with other data sources in NaviModel.
Video images can be wrapped around an existing pipe or digitised line in the Map View window.
Digital video acquired in external systems can be played and controlled inside NaviModel.
In NaviModel the track contains the date and time and must be synchronised with the video time to enable videos to play.
Normally the video time and track time are recorded in the same time zone. However sometimes this is not the case and we need the option to change the video / track time so that video will play.
Hue, brightness, contrast and gamma levels can be adjusted to improve badly lit videos.
Video images can be displayed as a vertical waterfall.
We have a great selection of manual and automatic tools, enabling users to quickly and easily identify the pipeline geometry from its surrounding environment. Pipe and seabed markers can be placed onto DTM surfaces or through data points.
Pipeline XYZ position can be manually detected by digitising the pipe marker.
Pipeline XYZ position can be automatically detected.
Pipetracker systems assign quality flags to each pipetracker record. In NaviEdit the system flags can be used to de-spike pipetracker data.
In NaviModel the raw and result pipetracker data can be visualised.
Pipetracker data can be flagged as accepted or rejected in NaviModel over-ruling NaviEdit quality flags.
Scan Profile scans contain data points from matching port (red) and starboard (green) systems.
Scan profiles are normally created from acquired Dual Head Scanning Sonar (DHSS) data.
Once created, Scan Profiles can be used by the Profile Analyser.
Profile Analyser can be used on Scan Profiles or Slice Profiles.
Profile Analyser places pipe and seabed markers through data points.
KP Axis can be used to view and QC events. | 2019-04-19T02:48:08Z | https://www.eiva.com/products/navisuite/navisuite-bundles/navisuite-nardoa |
If you’re new on the scene, or just not that into marketing, you may not have heard of the phrase ‘content marketing’. While it’s not exactly the new kid on the block (it’s been around for years), it is the hottest thing in marketing at the moment. 98% of marketers are now relying on content marketing as their primary source of income, both for themselves and their customers. It’s seen as the softer, more palatable cousin to the ‘hard sell’ techniques of old, and has been used for a long time in one form or another to build trust in brands.
Traditionally, the art of storytelling through physical marketing materials was the preferred method, but with digital innovations and the advent of the internet, content marketing has moved online. And boy, has it exploded. The phrase ‘Content is King’ can be heard everywhere, and now marketers are falling over themselves to generate new, exciting content to feed the ever-hungry content marketing machine. But what is content marketing? How do you create content from scratch? And what do you do with it once you have it? These are all questions we came up against ourselves, and now we want to bring the answers to you. Thanks to our own experiences with content marketing, we can show you how content marketing works, what it can do for you and how it will it help your business grow and expand.
If you want to look at it in definitional terms, content marketing is ‘a strategic marketing approach focussed on creating and distributing valuable relevant and consistent content to attract and retain a clearly-defined audience – and ultimately, to drive profitable customer action.’ In other words – it’s all about creating content that your prospects will find valuable, with the hidden intention of encouraging them to buy from you.
To dive a bit deeper into what the word ‘content’ means. It is another word for ‘information’. That information can take almost any form, from writing to artwork or video, but the end goal is to convey information and experiences towards an audience. For businesses, content can be anything you create for the purposes of marketing your business. So, if you’ve been around a while, the odds are you already have content, even if you don’t think you do. It’s hiding in the proposals you’ve written, where you justify your solution and how it will help. It’s in the words on your website, in the doodles used to explain how something works, and in the journey you took to get where you are now. Sure, it might need some tweaking and prettying up, but all businesses have a wealth of content just waiting to be utilised. The only question is, how?
So, you see, content really is the future of marketing. In an ever-evolving digital world, we are hungry for information, and reward those who provide us with it. If you’re not providing information in the form of content, you are perceived as less valuable. So, what are you waiting for?
Blog posts are still one of the more popular elements of content marketing, and pretty much the only type of content marketing that works for everyone. A blog post is essentially an article that you post on your website and then share with your customers. Blogs are a fantastic way of keeping your customers engaged with your brand over a prolonged period, developing a relationship with them before they decide to buy. It’s also great for SEO, and will help your business rank highly on all major search engines. In fact, many businesses blog for this reason alone, with the customer relationship aspect being secondary. Your blog posts shouldn’t be about your solutions though, not really. Instead, you should be focussing on the wider issues your customers will be facing. What problems do they have? What do they want to know? Great blogs are a mix of informative, enlightening, brand-developing content and a tiny bit of sales thrown in at the end. Generally, we recommend blogging twice a month, so you have a lot to work with.
One of the more contentious areas of content marketing is email newsletters. This is where you send out a carefully crafted email to a list of people, hoping for a response. There are two schools of thought on this. One states that newsletters should be very sales focussed, crammed with offers and exclusives to entice people to you. But unless you are a big, well-known brand like Ikea or Tesco, this approach rarely delivers results. Instead, we find that newsletters that aim to inform, educate or entertain elicit a more positive response. But the key to all of that is ensuring the right people are receiving your newsletter. Building an effective, targeted mailing list can be difficult, and this is where many businesses fall down. Don’t get us wrong – email newsletters can be incredibly effective content marketing tools – but they are one of the hardest to get right!
Unless you’re a graphic designer (or know one who owes you a favour) infographics are something you’re going to have to pay for. But, it’s worth it, because they are the content marketing equivalent of gold dust! Social media engagement with infographics is generally higher than any other form of content (other than video) and they’re an excellent source of extra content for you. But the best thing about infographics is that they are an effective way to visually communicate useful aspects of your brand’s story. This may be a problem/solution statement, an overview of the industry or perhaps a fun look at an aspect of what you do. Whatever the case, infographics are a great way to communicate your expertise with your customers. And what’s more, they are woefully underused!
Video is fast becoming one of the most popular forms of content marketing out there, for a few different reasons. For one, since Google bought YouTube in 2006 they have heavily favoured video in search results. But above that, video generates a very high engagement rate. Video marketing can take many forms – from simple brand introduction videos to video testimonials or entertaining problem/solution statements. Video marketing can be very effective, but it can also be expensive, particularly for start-ups. However, it’s well worth investing in if you can.
Case studies work very well for service-based businesses because they are very much solution focussed. A good case study will look exclusively at one customer, and frame the problem they were having for the reader. It’s a good idea to choose common problems, as these will resonate with a wider audience than more unique ones. The case study will then outline the solution you implemented, along with any hiccups or changes along the way. Throughout this, quotes from the client about the service will be woven in, lending some creditability to the piece. So instead of it being an exercise in blowing your own trumpet, a case study allows your customers to explain in their own words how much you helped them. Done properly, a case study will help you gain new clients with similar problems, all based on the words of your previous clients.
White papers are a much longer form of content, and at the moment are mainly used in the more technical sectors. They are essentially educational essays used to demonstrate your knowledge, technical advantage or business solutions. They are essentially very long case studies. But instead of talking to your customers and focussing on a specific experience, a white paper focusses on problems your customers face, and how you can solve them. White papers give a lot of information away, but they are also incredibly powerful tools for establishing credibility, trust and your position as a trusted advisor and subject matter expert. They are also incredibly useful for generating that email list we talked about earlier – all you do is put the white paper behind a barrier, so truly interested users will have to give you their name and email address to gain access. Almost any business can make use of white papers, but many don’t, so it’s a great way to get ahead of the curve.
This is more of a ‘catch all’ section, as social media is fuel for another article this length in itself! Social media is both a platform and a content type – it’s both the medium and the message. It’s great at both amplifying the content that you produce elsewhere (for example, your blog posts or videos) or it can be content in itself. Social media has become an indispensable and inseparable part of content marketing. As both a projector of your message and a conduit for your brand values, social media should be considered at every stage of the marketing process. It needs its own plan, its own content fuel and its own measurement strategies.
Now, that list is by no means exhaustive – we would be here for a very long time if we listed every single kind of content marketing there is! But it gives you a flavour of what you’re dealing with. Not all of those approaches are going to work for every business either. For example, high street retailers will find it impossible to put together customer case studies, but they will generally do very well on social media. Some business models simply don’t lend themselves to newsletters, while others thrive on in-depth white papers to discuss their solutions. The key is in finding the magic combination that works well for you and focussing on that. Otherwise, you risk spreading yourself too thin and not really succeeding at anything. Which brings us quite nicely on to our next point.
Sadly, creating the content is the last slab in the yellow brick road to content marketing success. Before you start creating anything, you need to understand what you are doing, why you’re doing it and how you can make it successful. That means a lot of planning, testing, measuring and adjusting as you go. To make the most out of content marketing, you need to have a strategy in place before you start. This will help you understand all those vital elements and inform any decisions you make.
As you can see, all that starts with defining your content marketing strategy. Figuring out what you are hoping to achieve with content marketing, what you need to do to achieve that and how it will be measured. It pays off to spend some time at this stage, even if you have to tweak it later on. Over 80% of content marketing efforts without a strategy in place will fail, and they can sometimes have quite serious ramifications to the business reputation as well. But if you have a strategy, you can guarantee you’ve thought of everything (within reason), so your content will be more coherent, and therefore more effective. Once you’ve identified your content marketing strategy, all that remains is to create the content and promote it to the world through as many channels as you can.
That’s all well and good, but unless you’re in content marketing already (in which case, why are you reading this?) then you might not really know how to create a strategy. That’s why many businesses end up without one. And guess what? Their content marketing tends to fail. Strategy is vital for content marketing success, so rather than leave you twisting in the wind, we have some tips for creating your own.
Before you start launching into writing your first blog post, you need to work out what the point is. Working out the objective of your content marketing will help you to work out what you need to do, when and how. In other words, it informs everything else. So, ask yourself, what are you trying to achieve? This is an often-overlooked step. After all, how will you know whether you have been successful if you haven’t defined a clear set of objectives? For most businesses, the goal of a marketing campaign is to sell more products or services. But this isn’t the only objective you can have. For example, you could also want to increase brand awareness, improve public relations or challenge the public perception of your company. The most important part of setting yourself content marketing objectives is to be precise and specific. So instead of saying ‘we want to get more sales’ (which isn’t very measurable), your objective should be ‘we want to increase sales in the South West by 40%’. This will help you plan clearly and measure effectively.
Now that you have your objectives, you can do some demographic research. A demographic, in marketing speak, is your audience, or more specifically, it’s how your audience is made up. This section is all about understanding exactly who your customers are, what they like and dislike, what motivates their purchasing and what their behaviours are. All of this information helps you target your content marketing efforts to appeal to them. If you’ve written a business plan, you should have all of this written down already. If you haven’t, or if it’s changed since you wrote your plan (as these things do), then it’s time to start again.
So, ask yourself this, if someone who didn’t know your business asked you ‘who are your customers’, what would you say? If your answer is ‘everyone’, then I’m sorry, but you’re wrong. Even the largest companies in the world can’t make that claim. Healthy eaters dislike McDonald’s, PC users don’t tend to buy Apple computers and not everyone drives a Volkswagen. Professional content marketing campaigns are targeted at specific demographics to achieve results. For example, after research, you may find that your product sells particularly well to women aged 25-35. With that information, you could make the decision to publicise your product on Twitter, where that demographic is strongly represented. You could also decide that placing an advert in a classic car magazine would be pointless, since your target demographic isn’t really represented there. This is an extreme example of course, but it just goes to show that demographic research informs the bulk of decisions you will make in the content planning process, so it’s not a step you want to skip.
Once you’ve worked out the why and how, it’s time to put together the what. By now, you have a good idea of what you’re trying to do, and who your target audience is, so the rest is straightforward. You just need to work out what you will produce, and what platforms to put it on. Planning out the platforms and their content in advance will help you create a truly effective marketing campaign. Blogs, videos, podcasts and other long-form content can be a great way to communicate your message, while social media helps you amplify that content and get it out into the world. There is something of a symbiotic relationship between all these different types of media, all of which helps you in building a content plan.
When creating your content plan, it’s important to be specific. Otherwise, you end up with ‘I’ll write 4 tweets a day and 2 blog posts a month’, and this is hard to stick to, especially if you’re busy. So, plan your blog post titles, define the content and frequency of your tweets and create a concrete plan for the entire month. Make sure you’re planning themed content for important holidays or seasonal events, and any other industry specific happenings in the year that could give you an opportunity to inject some personality and flavour into your content. This all slots together to create a schedule for your content. Scheduling is often tricky, particularly if you have no experience of it. But it has been proven time and time again that regular, timely content performs much better than marketing materials that are haphazardly flung out into the void. So, it’s important that you create a realistic content schedule that you can stick to early on. Don’t forget to build in time to plan and produce the content, brainstorm ideas, and the time it will take you to upload and schedule all of these things. Believe us, it takes longer than you would think!
If you’re struggling to visualise all of that, the easiest thing you can do is buy yourself a medium-sized desk calendar and only use it for content. That way you can note down what needs to go out, when and on what platform in one place. It also helps you work out when you would need to plan for each one, helping you build it into your own daily schedule.
So now, it’s on to the actual meat of it – creating the content! Here is another trip hazard for businesses, particularly those who aren’t all that geared towards marketing. All those things on your content marketing plan need to be designed, created and put out into the world, which can take a huge amount of time and specialist skill. If you enjoy these tasks, and have the time to dedicate to them, taking on the content production yourself can be incredibly rewarding. However, for some business owners, finding time to produce the required amount of content is just not possible. This is where outsourcing can save your life.
Many small business owners are reluctant to outsource at all, but particularly when it comes to portraying their business to the world. They pour their heart and soul into creating their business, which can make it difficult to let go at times. But, there are only 24 hours in a day, and most people need to sleep for about 1/3 of those. So, you should be totally honest with yourself: do you really have the time and skills necessary to produce the required amount and quality of content? If you know what you need and know you won’t be able to handle it, spend a little time finding a trusted partner you can delegate it to. Not great at writing? Hire a copywriter. Don’t know the ins and outs of Twitter? There are social media companies just waiting to help you. Don’t have the time to create your corporate videos? There are other businesses who do nothing else. Content marketing is one of the largest outsourced areas of marketing there is, especially for smaller and medium-sized businesses who need all their energy and time to deliver their products.
Once you have all your content created and ready, that just leaves the niggly little task of publishing it and measuring its success. Here, again, it’s useful to plan. Work out who will be responsible for publishing what, and ensure they know that! Consider whether items will all be uploaded live, or whether they will be created in bulk and then scheduled in advance. Here it really is down to how you prefer to operate, as everyone is different. But if you could take one tip from us – publishing and managing content across multiple platforms is a time-consuming job, and often works better if you simply dedicate a chunk of time to it in one go, rather than spreading it out.
But you aren’t alone. There are some great tools out there to help with the automation of repetitive content tasks. One of the most popular tools for social media management at the moment is Hootsuite, which will allow you to schedule social media posts across most of the important platforms. IFTTT (If This Then That) is an automation tool that lets you integrate different web-based services and create a domino effect of actions. For example, you could create a rule that says, ‘when I tweet, post that tweet to my business Facebook page’. Or another that sends out tweets every time you publish a new blog. There are literally hundreds of these tools out there, from simple free to use tools to all singing, all dancing content solutions. The best way to find out which is best for you and your business is by trial and error. There’s really no substitute for first-hand experience.
Despite us telling you all of this, there really is no set formula for content marketing strategy. There is no rule set you need to follow, or way to plan it all out. Some people prefer very intricate, detailed plans worked out months in advance, while others are perfectly happy with a few sheets of A4 for the year. It’s all about how comfortable you are with the work, and what works best for you. The best way to discover this is to try out a few different ways of working, or go with your gut.
And remember, your business is already teeming with great content. It’s all in your head. The knowledge you have of your industry, the experiences you’ve gone through and your brand story are all fantastic fodder for content marketing. The key is to provide useful, engaging information for other people. This will establish you as an expert in your field, and the success will just flow from there. If you struggle to create content, there are people out there who can help you. They are only a question (or a Google search) away.
At Brixx, we went through a tough process in learning how to market our own business. And in fact, we’re still going through it now. We found we knew an awful lot about what we do, but very little about how to turn that into a marketing plan. But what we quickly discovered was that one of our primary requirements – content – wrote itself for a while. Our own business’s journey has become a storytelling, and the lessons learned along the way each provided good, useful material for other businesses on the same learning curve as us. We also hoped that by becoming better at marketing, we’re also growing better at understanding who our customers are and the best ways to provide them with a useful, valuable service. Which, it’s safe to say, we absolutely did. But we’re still learning, still growing, and still generating more stories for our content marketing.
And you know what? So are you.
Want to see the effect on content marketing in a flexible 5 year financial forecast of your business? Start a free trial of Brixx today. | 2019-04-25T06:05:52Z | https://www.brixx.com/you-might-already-have-good-content-a-beginners-guide-to-content-marketing/ |
There is no requirement in the U.S. Constitution that the President must speak in the U.S. House of Representatives to deliver his State of the Union Address. In fact, prior to the age of television, presidents delivered it in writing.
Speaker Pelosi told Donald Trump that while we are in the midst of a government shutdown, perhaps the SOTU address should be delayed.
The truth is that Trump doesn’t need to speak in the U.S. Capitol to deliver whatever speech he wants. The man tweets and talks daily. There is very little he can say that will be new, unifying, or insightful.
Humor seems to be all we have left in this era of political discord and division. So, let’s have some fun with Markov Chains.
I got a JSON document of Trump’s tweets from Trump tweet archive. I limited it to his time as POTUS. Perhaps it would be more interesting to use his entire time on twitter as a source, but I will leave that as an exercise for the reader.
Note that the loop at the end generates 355 sentences of 5 to 20 words each, cleaning up the URLs, hashtags, and mentions. That roughly adds up to ~5000 words which take Trump about an hour to deliver.
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Dow, S&P 500 days from across our Country and the results for our Military at 7:00. | 2019-04-19T14:23:16Z | https://thedulinreport.com/2019/01/20/using-markov-chain-generator-to-create-donald-trumps-state-of/ |
21.03 of the Laws of the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis is unconstitutional because it offends the separation of powers doctrine; and (2) Regs. 17 and 28 do not apply to a person authorised to carry on corporate business. Similar declarations to declaration (1) were sought in relation to section 107 of the Trusts Act and section 55 of the Limited Partnerships Act.
(1) The Minister may, by Order, make provision for the purpose of carrying this Act into effect and, in particular, but without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, for prescribing any matter which may be prescribed by this Act.
(iii) any such provision either unconditionally or subject to any specified conditions.
(3) Without prejudice to any specific provision of this Act, any Order under this Act may contain such transitional, consequential, incidental or supplementary provisions as appear to the Minister to be necessary or expedient for the purposes of the Order.
244. Regulation of finance business.
(1) The Minister may, by Order, provide that companies , which intend to carry on or which are carrying on any business specified in the Order as being finance business, shall be subject to such regulations as the Minister may prescribe.
(2) An Order under this section may provide for the payment of annual and other fees and for the imposition of fines and daily default fines for breaches of the matters specified in the Order.
(1) of section 5 of this Act, obtain the authorisation that is required to carry on finance business.
The power to make orders generally is conferred upon the Minister by section 240. Section 244 specifically empowers the Minister to regulate finance business. However, the power is circumscribed because it specifically relates to “companies” that “intend to carry on or which are carrying on any business specified in the Order as being finance business”. The Companies Act defines as ” company” as “a body corporate registered under this Act, or an existing company”. An “existing company” is defined as “a company registered under the Companies Act, Cap. 335 or the International Business Companies Act”, both of which were repealed by section 241 of the Companies Act. Therefore, the Minister under section 244 may by order regulate only finance business of a company registered under the Companies Act.
Regulation 4(2) of the Companies Order states that Reg. 4(1) shall not apply to the doing of anything by or on behalf of certain listed entities. Reg. 4(3) states that Reg. 4(1) shall not apply to any transaction prescribed by the Minister (which may be done by Order: Reg. 4(4)).
The effect of this definition of a “person” is to provide for the types of entities who may apply to the Minister for authorization under Reg. 4(1) of the Companies Order to carry on finance business.
The essential question that arises for consideration is whether the Minister acted outside the powers conferred upon him or her by section 244 of the Companies Act when the Companies Order was made. In F Hoffmann-La Roche & Co AG v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry AC 295 Lord Diplock (at p.
… in constitutional law a clear distinction can be drawn between an Act of Parliament and subordinate legislation, even though the latter is contained in an order made by statutory instrument approved by resolutions of both Houses of Parliament. Despite this indication that the majority of members of both houses of the contemporary Parliament regard the order as being for the common weal, I entertain no doubt that the courts have jurisdiction to declare it to be invalid if they are satisfied that in making it the Minister who did so acted outwith the legislative powers conferred on him by the previous Act of Parliament under which the order purported to be made; and this is so whether the order is ultra vires by reason of its contents (patent defects) or by reason of defects in the procedure followed prior to its being made (latent defects).
Subordinate legislation will be held by a court to be invalid if it has an effect, or is made for a purpose, which is ultra vires, that is, outside the scope of the statutory power pursuant to which it was purportedly made. In declaring subordinate legislation to be invalid in such a case, the court is upholding the supremacy of Parliament over the Executive. That is because the court is preventing a member of the Executive from making an order which is outside the scope of the power which Parliament has given him or her by means of the statute concerned. Accordingly, when, as in this case, it is contended that actual or intended subordinate legislation is ultra vires, it is necessary for a court to determine the scope of the statutorily conferred power to make that legislation.
The Applicant submits that section 244 makes it clear that the Minister may by order regulate companies but the Minister has purported to regulate the Claimant who is an individual. The Respondents seem to concede the point albeit indirectly when they state that section 244 “clearly circumscribes the power of the Minister to only make orders in relation to companies carrying on finance business” (emphasis added). Counsel for the Applicant and the Solicitor General declined the invitation of the court on 26 October 2018 to file and serve submissions and authorities on whether the Minister acted outside of the powers conferred upon him or her by section 244 of the Companies Act when he or she made the Companies Order that applied to entities other than companies. This was perfectly understandable because of the clear wording of section 244.
If a provision in delegated legislation is found to go beyond the scope of the statutory power pursuant to which it was purportedly made it will be held to be invalid. The power of the Minister to make regulations pursuant to section 244 of the Companies Act is only in relation to companies that intend to carry on or which are carrying on any finance business. The Companies Order purports to regulate specific persons who intend to carry on or who are carrying on finance business. The definition of the word “person” in the Companies Order includes entities that are not companies, namely, individuals, partnerships and trusts. To the extent to which the Companies Order seeks to regulate entities other than companies, it is ultra vires section 244 of the Companies Act.
In Dunkley v Evans 1 WLR 1522, legislation gave the Minister the power to make orders prohibiting fishing within an area of the British fisheries limits. That power did not extend over a defined area of the sea adjacent to the coast of Northern Ireland. The order made by the Minister prohibited fishing for herring within the area of the sea that included waters adjoining Northern Ireland. The defendants fished for herring in the prohibited area and were prosecuted for so doing. They argued that the order was ultra vires the minister who purported to make it under the terms of the legislation. The prosecution conceded that the Minister’s power to make regulations did not extend over this relatively small area of the sea.
Unless the invalid part is inextricably interconnected with the valid, a court is entitled to set aside or disregard the invalid part, leaving the rest intact.
If the enactment, with the invalid portion omitted, is so radically or substantially different a law as to the subject-matter dealt with by what remains from what it would be with the omitted portions forming part of it as to warrant a belief that the legislative body intended it as a whole only, or, in other words, to warrant a belief that if all could not be carried into effect the legislative body would not have enacted the remainder independently, then the whole must fail.
75. Regulation of finance business.
(1) The Minister may, by Order, provide that the general partners of a limited partnership shall be subject to such regulations as he or she may prescribe if they are in respect of the limited partnership intending to carry on or are carrying on any business specified in the Order as being finance business.
(2) An Order made under this section may provide for the payment of annual and other fees and for the imposition of fines and daily default fines for breaches of the matters specified in the Order.
The order made by the Minister pursuant to section 75 of the Limited Partnership Act is identical to the Companies Order and is found in the Third Schedule of the Limited Partnership Act (the ” Partnership Order“). The Partnership Order defines a person in the same way as the Companies Order. Regulation 2(1) of the Partnership Act defined a “partner” as “a limited partner or a general partner”. The power of the Minister to make regulations pursuant to section 75 of the Limited Partnership Act is only in relation to limited partners that intend to carry on or which are carrying on any finance business. The Partnership Order purports to regulate specific persons who are carrying on or who intend to carry on finance business. The definition of the word “person” includes entities that are not partnerships, namely, individuals, companies and trusts.
107. Regulation of finance business.
(1) The Minister may, by Order, provide that the trustees of a trust shall be subject to such regulations as he or she may prescribe if they are in respect of the trust intending to carry on or are carrying on any business specified in the Order as being finance business.
The order made by the Minister pursuant to section 107 of the Trusts Act is identical to the Companies Order and the Partnership Order and is found in the First Schedule of the Trusts Act (the ” Trusts Order“). The Trusts Order defines a person in the same way as the Companies Order and the Partnership Order. Section 2(1) of the Trusts Act defines “trustee” as “a person who is named as such in the attestation and if more than one shall mean each trustee”. The power of the Minister to make regulations pursuant to section 107 of the Trusts Act is only in relation to trustees that intend to carry on or which are carrying on any finance business. Like the Companies Order and the Partnership Order, the Trusts Order purports to regulate specific persons who are carrying on or who intend to carry on finance business. The definition of the word “person” includes entities that are not trustees, namely, individuals, companies and partnerships.
Section 3(1) of the Financial Services Regulatory Commission Act CAP 21.10 of the Laws of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (the ” Commission Act“) provides for the establishment of the Commission. Pursuant to section 4(1) of the Commission Act, the Commission has responsibility for the administration of, inter alia, the Companies Order, the Partnership Order and the Trusts Order. The orders made below will have no effect on the regulation of finance business for trusts, companies and partnerships.
Since the Companies Act, the Limited Partnership Act and the Trusts Act sought unlawfully to regulate entities other than the ones for which they were specifically enacted, the regulation of “individuals” who intend to carry on or are carrying on finance business is now unregulated. The confusion of the Applicant when he received the letter from the acting Director of the Commission is understandable since he was being treated as if he were a company for the purposes of the Companies Order. The acting Director acted properly pursuant to Reg. 17(1) that mandated all authorized persons to submit to the Director General the Annual Audited Accounts within 3 months of the end of each financial year.
If the National Assembly wishes to regulate individuals who intend to carry on or who are carrying on finance business, it needs to enact primary legislation to do so. The regulation of individuals who intend to carry on or who are carrying on finance business cannot lawfully be achieved under the Companies Order, the Partnership Order or the Trusts Order.
WIR 230 where the Privy Council applied to the Constitution of Dominica what they had previously said in Hinds v R 1 All ER 353 AC 195 at 212.
The power to impose taxes and duties is inherently a legislative power constitutionally vested in the legislature. If the ‘further sum’ which s 27(4) of the Act has authorised the proper officer to demand is a tax or a duty, the legislature of Dominica has delegated or transferred its legislative power of taxation to the executive (ie the proper officer). The question thus arises as to whether such delegation or transfer of legislative power offends the basic principle of separation of powers.
(3) the nature and scope of the regulation is left up to the Minister; (3) there are no parameters within which the power to impose license and other fees must be exercised; (4) the Minister in the Companies Order imposed various penalties for late payment of the annual fee or licence fee; (5) the various penalties are completely arbitrary figures pursuant to no guidance or parameters in the enabling legislation; (6) the criteria for registration of an entity is left entirely to the discretion of the Minister in formulating the Companies Order; and (7) many other instances can be identified because there is a complete lack of the necessary limitations, policies and parameters in the Companies Act. As a result of these, the Claimant submits that sections 240 and 244, insofar as they purport to confer authority on the Minister to regulate finance business, are contrary to the constitutional principle of the separation of powers.
The Respondents submit that: (1) the doctrine of the separation of powers has not been violated; (2) the legislature has retained effective control by circumscribing the power on the Minister to make orders as set out in section 244 of the Companies Act; and (3) sections 240 and 244 of the Companies Act are intra vires the Constitution. The Respondents also submit that section 244 of the Companies Act provides proper guidance, policy directives with sufficient clarity and properly circumscribe the power delegated to the Minister under that section. As mentioned above, the Respondents concede that section 244 “circumscribes the power of the Minister to only make orders in relation to companies carrying on finance business”.
The question is whether the National Assembly has retained effective control over the Minister in his exercise of the power conferred upon him by section 244 of the Companies Act. Chief Justice Sir Vincent Floissac in Astaphan stated that effective control might be retained by: (1) circumscribing the power; or (2) prescribing guidelines or a policy for the exercise of the power.
(6) that any existing company or external company that intends to for the purposes of carrying on finance business must obtain the authorization that is required to carry on finance business (section 244(4)).
These requirements in section 244, particularly those in section 244(1) to 244(3), are sufficient to circumscribe the power of the Minister and they do provide sufficient guidelines to the Minister in relation to the exercise of the power to make an order to regulate finance business of companies. I am therefore unable to agree with the Applicant’s submission that the National Assembly failed to provide effective control over the Minister’s exercise of the power to regulate finance business under section 244. Consequently, section 244 does not offend the separation of powers doctrine. The same reasoning also applies to section 107 of the Trusts Act and section 55 of the Limited Partnerships Act.
The Applicant’s other argument is that persons who engage in corporate business under the Companies Order by, for example, incorporating or establishing companies or partnerships, do not hold funds on behalf of, or owe obligations to, third parties requiring them to submit Annual Audited Accounts to the director under Reg. 17(1) or to maintain books, records, separate accounts under Reg. 28(1). It is unnecessary to resolve this because the Companies Order cannot lawfully apply to indviduals.
1. Section 244 of the Companies Act, section 107 of the Trusts Act and section 55 of the Limited Partnerships Act do not offend the separation of powers doctrine.
2. The Companies Order is ultra vires section 244 of the Companies Act insofar as it purports to regulate individuals, partnerships and trusts that intend to carry on or are carrying on finance business.
3. The definition of “person” in Reg. 2(1) of the Companies Order is hereby deleted and replaced with: “person” means a company.
4. The Partnership Order is ultra vires section 75 of the Partnership Act insofar as it purports to regulate individuals, companies and trusts that intend to carry on or which are carrying on finance business.
5. The definition of “person” in Reg. 2(1) of the Partnership Order is hereby deleted and replaced with: “person” means a limited partner.
6. The Trusts Order is ultra vires section 75 of the Trusts Act insofar as it purports to regulate individuals, partnerships and companies that intend to carry on or which are carrying on finance business.
7. The definition of “person” in Reg. 2(1) of the Trusts Order is hereby deleted and replaced with: “person” means a trust.
8. The purported regulation of individuals who intend to carry on or who are carrying on finance business under the Companies Order, the Partnership Order or the Trusts Order is unlawful. | 2019-04-21T14:16:03Z | https://www.eccourts.org/damian-kelsick-v-kerstin-petty-et-al/ |
C. J. BARNES, Minor Scholarship in Modern Languages at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
M. D. BARRATT, Open Exhibition in Natural History at Pembroke College, Oxford.
P. BENTON, Arthur Sells Exhibition in English at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
P. W. CAVE, Open Scholarship in Geography at Keble College, Oxford.
R. F. LAUGHTON, Postmastership in History at Merton College, Oxford.
M. J. LODGE, Hastings Exhibition in History at The Queen's College, Oxford.
D. H. MOORE, Open Scholarship in Classics at Jesus College, Oxford.
B. D. NEEDHAM, Minor Scholarship in Social Studies at Balliol College, Oxford.
J. D. PERRY, Hastings Exhibition in Classics at The Queen's College, Oxford.
A. A. SAMPSON, Minor Scholarship in Social Studies at Trinity College, Oxford.
J. W. THORP, Open Scholarship in History at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
D. E. YOUNG, Open Scholarship in Modern Subjects at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
J. M. HASLAM, at Jesus College, Oxford; P. N. KENNING and F. A. SMITH, both at Trinity College, Oxford; and D. E. RODGERS, at St. John's College, Cambridge.
Also congratulations to R. J. THOMPSON on obtaining the Diploma of Licentiate of the Guildhall School of Music.
After a regrettably short stay among us, Mr. P. J. Watson-Liddell has decided to return to a warmer climate, with the added advantage of a promotion to higher office. He has been appointed Headmaster of the Army Children's Secondary School at Episkopi, Cyprus. We congratulate him very sincerely on this appointment and wish him a successful, interesting, and peaceful time.
In Mr. Watson-Liddell's place, we welcome Mr. A. G. JONES, B.A., of Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
Our valedictory paragraph on masters leaving last July omitted, for some unaccountable reason, the name of Mr. E. R. Wastnedge, although the omission was to some extent remedied by his appearance in the accompanying photograph. We apologise sincerely for this oversight, and trust that it is unnecessary to add that he left us (for a post at Kesteven Training College) much in his debt for his valuable services in many capacities.
Since our last issue, B. Cheetham and R. R. Kershaw have been appointed Prefects; B. D. Needham and D. E. Young have been appointed Sub-prefects.
The School Carol Service in the Cathedral on December 14th was again a very impressive occasion and fully attended. The collection amounted to £48 5s. 6d.
Visits were made at the end of term to several industrial establishments. We are most grateful for the hospitality and interesting demonstrations shown to our various parties by Messrs. Samuel Fox (Stocksbridge), Davy United, Laycock Engineering Company, English Steel Corporation, Sheffield Smelting Company, Yorkshire Electricity Board, Steel Peech and Tozer, Parkgate Iron and Steel Company, Sheffield Waterworks, Firth Brown Tools, Spear and Jackson.
The experiment of entertaining the Middle and Junior School with a French film on the last day of term proved highly successful. Three Telegrams hardly needed the assistance of English sub-titles to make intelligible the diverting adventures of the conscientious telegraph boy in pursuit of his lost pieces of paper.
School Dramatic Society: Twelfth Night.
A and 0 Level Examinations begin.
In 0 Level: 1 boy passed in 10 subjects; 25 boys in 9 subjects; 37 boys in 8 subjects; 30 boys in 7 subjects; 17 boys in 6 subjects; 13 boys in 5 subjects; 23 boys in 4 subjects; 21 boys in 3 subjects; 27 boys in 2 subjects; 57 boys in 1 subject. (These include 5th Special and 6th Form entries). The overall percentage pass was 87.1-the best results to date.
In A Level: 3 boys passed in 4 subjects; 71 boys in 3 subjects; 30 boys in 2 subjects; 28 boys in 1 subject. Overall pass, 910 o. 68 out of 104 passed in the General Paper. 31 Distinctions were gained and 3 State Scholarships were awarded.
Mr. JAMES HUNTER, Master at K.E.S. from 1919 to 1939, died on November 27th, 1959, aged 85.
Mr. Hunter exercised, for many years in Room 39, a regime of methodical classical discipline, and he will be remembered by many for his keen interest in school cricket, which was his special province for most of his time on the Staff.
The School was represented at his funeral in Sheffield on December 1st, and the sympathy of the Staff was conveyed to his son, Mr. Tom Hunter (an Old Edwardian) and to his widow and daughters.
THE busmen's strike, which added some complications to the morning rehearsal, did not, it appeared, appreciably diminish the attendance either of boys or of visitors in the evening. It was, as usual, difficult to see an empty seat.
With Sir Harold Jackson in the chair, and Sir Thomas Armstrong, Principal of the Royal Academy of Music, as chief guest, not to mention the Headmaster in genial and gently critical mood, and D. H. Moore's meticulous Latinity, the first half of the programme was as instructive and entertaining as ever. In the second, the music of which is more expertly appraised elsewhere, the Modern Language faculty was represented by Barnes (German), Lodge (French) and Thompson (Spanish).
As Sir Thomas himself said, the presence of a practising artist as speaker on such an occasion was somewhat unusual; and it was to the place of the arts, in individual life and in the community, that he chiefly directed our attention. Important though the utilitarian objects of education might be, a pupil had not explored or developed the whole of his potentialities who had not found in himself the capacity, and the urge, to practise some art or craft for the satisfaction of his soul and the enrichment of his leisure. Equally, a city or a state had the responsibility to promote the facilities which made the social arts such as opera and drama an ornament to community life. Why, for instance, had not Sheffield an opera house as good as that of any Italian city?
No one embarked on an answer to this question; but Mr. W. W. Holland, Assistant Director of Education, seconded by M. J. Lodge, concluded the proceedings with artistically worded speeches of thanks.
The Headmaster reported on a year " in no way outstanding, but with quite sound general results ". A feature of the situation in the university field was that entry to the modem universities is now becoming as keenly competitive as at Oxford and Cambridge, drawing candidates from schools all over the country. Of the boys who left in July, 1959, 63 were proceeding to Universities, 4 to Training Colleges or Technical Colleges, and 56 to employment.
" In the face of competition today," the Headmaster said, " a boy must be prepared to make a determined effort if he wishes to succeed. We will give him all the help we can, but he cannot afford to be indifferent or casual. Passing at `A' Level is not enough: standards are rightly high, and if a boy's first performance at `A' Level is not very sound, the decision will depend on how much his second attempt improves over the first. If the margin is not substantial, he is unlikely to be accepted. I do warn boys, therefore, who are taking `A' Level for the second time, to secure entry, that they cannot afford to rest on scanty laurels.... Not everyone, of course who takes `A' Level proceeds to a University, but most worthwhile careers today are expecting `A' Level qualifications. There are a few cases each year of boys who might profit by remaining a further year and due thought should be given by parents to this."
Games had been as multifarious as usual and had met with varied success. Tennis had profited, or would shortly do so, from the acquisition of the new courts. Athletic Sports and Swimming Sports flourished but might be better supported by visitors.
Surveying the astonishingly large number of additional activities, the Headmaster referred to " visits arranged, films shown, outside speakers introduced, outside lectures attended-economists visit London and its temples of high finance, historians take holiday courses among mediaeval documents at York, hardy cyclists tour France, modern linguists have a refresher course in Paris, ardent Shakespeare enthusiasts visit Stratford, budding engineers go on holiday courses in Mining, Railways or Steelworks, starry-eyed internationalists attend the C.E.W.C. Christmas Conference and hope to put the world to rights, serious biologists busy themselves in the country in the summer holiday on field courses, promising footballers go to F.A. courses to learn further skills, enthusiastic Scouts camp all over the country -these are just some of the items I have picked out, and I hope no one will feel hurt at what I may have omitted.
" The opportunities afforded by the School are many, but unfortunately they could be made much more use of. I am afraid in the world of today we take too much for granted; there are too many cheap attractions, value is often not placed where it should be. Youth in general ` never had it so good ', but not all take that view and we have yet to find some stimulus for some of our young men who have fancy hair-do's and economical trousers.... There should be in our scheme of things some opportunity for every boy to be able to take. This is not the case, and we find so often that the active people are drawn from the same relatively small group. Those who do not contribute in any way to some School activity outside the classroom are not making the most of their opportunities."
THE visit of an eminent musician as chief guest at Speech Day makes this perhaps a good time to take stock of the musical situation. The number of boys active in school music has certainly not been greater. The Orchestra is seventy strong, and there are eighteen more who have begun to learn instruments in recent months. The Choir for Carols numbered a hundred and sixty-five, some thirty-three of them being also orchestral players. With a few exceptions all these are keen enough to give generously of their time outside timetable hours to attend regular rehearsals. We continue to be agreeably surprised, too, that they can cope well with what is often very difficult music: the Madrigal Group can give a good account of a complex five-part motet which would extend an experienced adult choir; the Orchestra doesn't need to be given " school orchestra " arrangements but prefers full orchestral concert pieces. The instrumental side is fed by the flourishing brass school of Mr. Williams, the violin classes of Mr. Bradley, and by a number of private teachers who have for long been keen helpers in the work.
From this rich background an encouraging development would be the emergence of more really advanced performers. We have promising singers who only need lessons from a specialist to put them on the road to solo performance, and instrumentally too few players who do all they can to improve their technique. Playing in the Orchestra is fun-but the general standard depends on individual attainment. Sights should be raised. Every player should so strive that he is ready for a concerto and a place in the National Youth Orchestra by his last year!
The Speech Day music was designed to demonstrate this musical climate and also as a tribute to our guest. The Orchestra began with Meyerbeer's Le Prophete march and supported the Choir in Sir Thomas Armstrong's Pilgrimage and the final Vaughan Williams Old Hundredth. The Choir and Madrigal Group pieces by Sir Thomas were far from easy and both bodies managed well in the post-prizegiving conditions. R. J. Thompson's original piano composition was a noteworthy contribution both as a personal achievement and as an example of our school of composition fostered by the annual competitions. The numerous good school pianists tend, alas, to play away unnoticed, theirs being a solitary occupation, so it was good to hear an expert and poetic realisation of Sibelius' D Flat Romance from C. J. Barnes.
The Carols in the Cathedral again drew a capacity congregation, and were certainly among the best ever. Notable experiences, in a generally high level, were perhaps the Madrigal Group's Hodie Christus natus est (Sweelinek) sung in the resonant side chapel, and the full choir's Hymn to the Virgin (Britten) with its semi-chorus sited in the same place.
The Orchestra has welcomed eight new violinists: Brewin, Fisher. Grist, Martin, Peter, Skidmore, Wilkinson, Wilson; Mr. Baldwin (viola), Mr. Adam ('cello), Tierney (oboe), Crookes and Huston (clarinets) and Housley (trombone). We were sorry to hear of Rice's unfortunate accident in the summer which has meant his giving up the Leadership. J. D. Harris has taken on this position with notable success. We welcome also Mr. Pipes who has had experience as a solo singer. Mr. Adam, a chamber-music enthusiast, has already begun activity in this direction, which in the past has seen only sporadic activity owing to the difficulty of fitting it in to the weekly round; we hope those with the necessary skill will support him and so bring about an extension in this field.
The Music Club's activities, led by a committee of C. J. Barnes (President), R. J. Thompson and D. W. Williams, receive mention elsewhere. These have largely been in the nature of " live " concerts which have attracted substantial audiences. The necessary and desirable emphasis on practical music-making has for long meant that little time could be set aside for those who want to listen rather than to do. The Music Club committee will consider early in the new year what can be done to increase the opportunities for listening to records.
THE first thing is to applaud the choice of plays. Twelve months ago we were little more than entertained; this year, The Boy with a Cart, produced by Mr. Bridgwater, and Androcles and the Lion, Mr. Chalmers producing, provided a nicely contrasted, ambitious bill, which some schools would have been glad to attempt as their main dramatic offering of the year.
It would be easy to be patronising about The Boy with a Cart; a difficult play was attempted here which certainly justified itself on one of the performances. The main and obvious weakness was the inability of Cuthman to speak, or even to appear to understand, his verse. Siddall captured some of the vigour of the young saint, but he never convincingly portrayed his spiritual qualities, and his irritating diction showed that he has much to learn about dramatic speaking. Others were not blameless in this; indeed Fry's line "I'm always lagging a little behind your thoughts" assumed new meaning for at least one member of the audience; but Sarginson and Wilson brought dignity and life to some of the choruses.
The most notable performance came from D. D. Jones as Cuthman's mother, whose gestures, timing, and clarity built up a convincing character, and revealed a talent which should be very valuable in future productions. Amos gave a mature, even mellow rendering as Tawm, providing welcome variety in the vocal range, as did Lucas, whose Mrs. Fipps added a burst of vigour to a rather static play. No set was needed for the simple production, but by pleasing grouping, with effective costumes and properties, significant atmosphere was achieved.
Androcles and the Lion is a play of lucidity, genuine humour, and interesting ideas, with a typically Shavian mixture of the comic and the serious. The performance opened triumphantly with Grimsditch and Mingay losing no opportunity in an admirably produced prologue. Androcles here, and throughout the play, contributed a most sympathetic performance, with an intelligent mixture of pathos and brightness; Grimsditch is to be congratulated. Mingay, adding to his range, revealed an impressive potential gift for comedy. Another praiseworthy contribution came from Hall as Ferrovius. His zealous determination and energy exploited the comic possibilities of the part without ever sacrificing the audience's sympathy for his sincerity. In contrast to Ferrovius is the character of Spintho, and here Gunn, if less in control of his part than Hall, nevertheless aroused the right measure of contempt and pity in the audience.
To claim that these characters overshadowed Lavinia and the Captain is only to say that Jowett and Argent had more difficult parts, and that it is a weakness of the play rather than of the production that we were conscious of static moments between these two. Jowett's weakness is a certain monotony of voice, but he looked admirably patrician, and did well in the part, and Argent made an agreeably resolute and reasonable soldier. Whyman is to be commended for his interpretation of the various sides of Caesar's character, another performance which was all the better for being intelligently controlled. We shall also remember Barrow's harassed Centurion, Struthers' magnificent Lion, and an enthusiastic though rather unequally clad) band of soldiers, the gladiators and the Christians, all of whom contributed to a most entertaining production.
The two plays, both religious, yet so different, made a very successful evening: thanks are due to all concerned in their production. A plea might finally be added for backstage discipline in future. Less experienced actors should remember their obligations to their audience when off stage. There was, on both evenings, an audible ebullience in the wings and down the corridor.
P. D. C. P., D. E. R.
The feverish activity of the party system before Nomination Day was not quite so marked in our case, and so for the first few days after the preliminary announcements the only slogan which made itself heard was: " What could I stand for? " A request for authenticity resulted in the complete disappearance of such parties as the Prefects' Unionist, but we did hear some Proletarian murmurings to the effect that someone would be supporting the Communists. However, these proved false, and five names appeared. Soon the parties-by now our undaunted candidates had managed to gather their supporters-began putting out their manifestos and posters, some of which appeared in the most unlikely places. The campaign had begun.
Open-air meetings were held at dinner times, both at the front of the School and on the now proverbial roller, whose mobility proved effective in one or two cases where democratic principles failed. About this time, a somewhat mysterious publication called the " Election News " appeared, followed by a Gallup poll. Meanwhile, the candidates continued to fish for the floating voters, raising their hands to the sky and calling down terrible fates upon their rivals, to the amazement and great amusement of passengers on the top decks of buses. Strange things occurred, as when one candidate was ousted from his own meeting, and solitary figures could be seen wandering aimlessly round the School in sandwich boards. The Gallup poll continued to predict a resounding Tory success, much to the disgust of the four other candidates; but there was considerable confusion among the lower graphical regions.
October 8th dawned rather blurry-eyed for the majority of us, since we had been eagerly watching the television coverage of the other election going on at the time; but we somehow managed to shuffle to our respective polling booths and slip our ballot papers into very familiar ballot boxes. The next day we found that the Library fund was five shillings richer-two lost deposits-and that the Conservative candidate, A. R. Williams, had been elected with 49% of the votes. A. Rodgers (Socialist) gained 17%, followed by D. E. Rodgers (Liberal), D. E. Young (Independent) and A. A. Sampson (Progressive Conservative).
Apparatus: notice boards, cricket-pitch roller and typewriters.
Method: miscellaneous; for example, viz. bullet marks on front of building.
Result: A. R. Williams elected.
Conclusion: we've never had it so good.
AFTER the glamour and publicity of the Mock Election, the first session of the Mock Parliament seemed to excite little attention or enthusiasm in the School, which is something of a pity, as its aim, like the election, is a serious one. Opposition supporters, either demoralised or uninterested, failed to turn up in large numbers, leaving the work to a few staunch Socialists and one Liberal; several of those who submitted questions found themselves unable to attend, which might have hampered the proceedings, had not substitute questioners been allowed. This flagrant breach of the rules of procedure, however, could not be tolerated by the Ministry of Power, whose vehement objections Mr. Speaker had difficulty in quelling; but peace was finally restored and the meeting continued uneventfully.
Ministers were called upon to answer a variety of questions, dealing with wild-cat strikes, the Rent Act, Education, Transport, the Betting and Gaming Bill, and many more, which they did, with confidence if not always with competence; though it is invidious to single out anyone, the Foreign Secretary does deserve mention for his concise, if unintelligible replies.
Subsidiary questions came mainly from the Leader of the Opposition, who refused to be disconcerted by ministerial shouts of "Back'ards ". On the whole, despite the lack of Opposition support, and the fact that no questions came from the Government back-benchers, (one of whom, incidentally, disappeared halfway through, taking the despatch-box with him) the meeting was lively and interesting, and will, one hopes, become a regular event.
THE beautiful white building on the west shore of Ullswater looks from the outside like the luxury hotel it used to be. The first few days of the twenty-six days course are spent in learning map-reading, knots and first aid, elementary in themselves but vital on the Fells.
Fell-walking at first was strenuous, but as the course wore on it became really tough. Walks ranged in duration from one to four days, and culminated in the " Final Scheme ", when parties of four students were given maps, compasses, tents and subsistence rations for four days, with instructions to cover certain distances and climb as many mountains en route as possible.
The school has a fleet of over twelve canoes, fast, light and buoyant, but not too stable; not all are impermeable, and this adds interest to longer voyages. From a wooden jetty one is obliged to jump into the lake, at 6.30 every morning. We pretended not to like this.
The most infamous exercise is the Obstacle Course: one section is the " wall and beam " (twelve and six feet high respectively), providing much fun and few injuries; the other, in a clearing in the woods, is a bizarre three-dimensional network of trees, planks, platforms, tight-ropes, rope-ladders and a Tarzanic pendulum. On completing this, the student should be forty_ feet above the ground, to which he descends by means of a rope, pulley and tram-straps.
After recuperating from the most strenuous month of my life, I came to the conclusion, like many others before me, that it is fun to go to the Outward Bound School.
ON the first of August, a party of eight boys and retinue left Sheffield on an educational visit to Sweden, at the invitation of " Folkuniversitet ". A coach took us from London through the fields of England to Blackbushe airport, where we boarded a Hermes aircraft. After an exhilarating flight, terra firma rose to meet us at Torslanda airport. A fool and his luggage are soon parted, but fortunately nothing was lost. After a brief sojourn at Goteborg (Gothenburg) we travelled by train (at a speed unknown to B.R.) to Tanum; thence by bus to Grebbestad. We were hospitably welcomed by Lector Ek, the Swede in charge of the course.
The following day, our Swedish hosts arrived and we quickly became firm friends. Tuesday saw the beginning of the regular routine, viz.
7.0. Awakened by pneumatic drills followed by blasting.
7.30 Officially awakened by triangle solo of Swedish folk-music.
8.15 Sour milk, porridge, etc.
8.45-11.45 Three lessons with a quarter-hour break between. During these lessons we discussed all aspects of life in England and Sweden, and read " Three Men in a Boat ".
After lunch, most people went swimming and after fighting off a vast army-of wasps-we returned for dinner. For dinner we sampled many exotic dishes. After this we aided and abetted the Swedes with their prep. or found some pastime. Then we went off in groups to establish relations with the local inhabitants and to taste traditional Swedish beverages and varm korvs (hot dogs). Ten o'clock was curfew hour.
Among the extra-curricular activities were featured trips to places of interest, boat-trips to Fjallbacka and to an island, and a coach trip to see the famous Tanum rock carvings (carved by neolithic Swedes). Another visit of a more intellectual kind was to see a product of English cinematography, namely " The Tommy Steele Story ". Five of our party went by coach to Oslo, where they saw Viking ships, the Kon Tiki craft, and other relics. At Grebbestad, a small village on the Bohuslan peninsular, life was never dull. Thrice weekly there were open-air dances, at which some successfully performed traditional dances such as slow quicksteps and " smooches " (instruction provided by the kitchen staff).
We had many recreational activities. The sea was calm and it was a common sight to see a certain Tarzan-like gentleman imploring us to not sink his airbed. You can take a man to water but... Basket-ball and table tennis were played in the well-equipped gym. Meanwhile the poet of the party wandered through the countryside studying the fauna.
Much enjoyment was had in preparing a humorous tape-recording on the lines of the Goon Show for the final party, though there were many language difficulties. After this hilarious party our Swedish friends left and two days later we also departed. After viewing the beautiful city of Goteborg, we embarked on S.S. Suecia. We had a very comfortable journey. Some played deck-games while others provided their own amusements. Our poet friend went in search of leprechauns on deck.
We all came back with an appreciation of the fact that youth is the same abroad, and that the only barrier between us is linguistic.
R. N. C., J. R. G.
LAST summer I spent a few days in Paris, staying in a UNESCO hostel in the suburb of Montrouge, several miles to the south of the centre of the city. The advantage of this place was that it remained open until midnight, as opposed to 10.30 at the Youth Hostel. This, however, tended to produce a false sense of leisure in the evening, as I was later to find out to my discomfort.
On the second evening of my stay I had a meal with a friend, and afterwards he showed me a little of Paris by night. At 10.45 p.m. I said good-bye to him, leaving myself plenty of time to get back to the hostel-or so I thought. I took the tube to the Porte d'Orleans, one of the southern Metro termini, and arrived there at 11.15. The bus ride to the hostel would only take five minutes, but after a quarter of an hour waiting for the 68 bus, I made some enquiries.
" Oh, the 68 stops running at 10 p.m. But you can take the 128 as far as Boileau which is not far away from the hostel."
I alighted at Boileau ten minutes before midnight, a tired and sore-footed Cinderella in the midst of a maze of long parallel and dimly-lit streets, flanked on either side by gaunt blocks of apartments. I have never experienced such a feeling of eerie desolation as I did in that middle-class suburb which was literally as silent as the grave, with not a soul in sight-not even a gendarme.
Away to the north I could see the searchlight revolving on the top of the Eiffel Tower. Remembering from the previous night how it appeared in relation to the hostel, I set off in the vague direction of this haven, using what was primarily an aircraft beacon as my guide.
Eventually, I staggered up to the gates at about 12.20, only to find them securely fastened by a stout padlock and chain, and all the lights in the building were out. Clad only in a thin shirt and drill trousers, I was determined not to freeze to death, so I walked the two miles back to the Porte d'Orleans, where I went into an all-night cafe.
Having spent virtually all my money on hot chocolate, I began to feel the need of some sleep. I decided to look for a park bench and eventually, at two o'clock, I found one in a little garden surrounding the Maine (town hall) of Montrouge. In I sneaked and slept fitfully until 4 a.m.; two hours " a la belle etoile! "
Knowing that it would be impossible to get back into the hostel at that hour, I returned to the cafe, from where I watched Paris awake-a sight that amply compensated for my lack of sleep. At about half-past four, when it was still dark, a young girl began to erect a newspaper stall outside; then just before 5 a.m. a van drew up in the square and its driver deposited huge bundles of papers, first at this stall then at others which had similarly sprung up. Next came two road-sweeping lorries, line astern, going up and down all the streets leading off the main square. Soon a cavalcade of bread vans, milk lorries, and other delivery vehicles was scurrying about, until dawn finally arrived, and with it the first people going to work.
When I walked back into the hostel at 6.15 a.m. the warden gave me a bewildered look, since he could not remember anyone having already gone out that morning! After this adventure, I was careful to make better arrangements in the evening, for I found that Paris by moonlight was by no means as romantic as we are sometimes led to believe.
R. B. FISHER (1918-26) has been appointed Professor of Biochemistry at Edinburgh University.
J. HIGGINBOTHAM (1931-37) has been appointed a Director of Edgar Allen & Co. He joined Edgar Allens in 1946, after service in the R.N.V.R., and is a Freeman of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire.
G. R. HERITAGE played for the Oxford University soccer team against Cambridge, and D. M. PARFITT has played for the Oxford Centaurs.
T. R. MIDDLETON (1911-17) has been appointed a Director of English Steel Corporation, and also Director of Research, in succession to Dr. H. H. Burton (also an Old Edwardian).
President: J. M. JACKSON, Trinity Hall. Vice-President: G. P. J. BEYNON, Trinity Hall. Secretary: A. J. PINION, Jesus College. Senior Treasurer: DR. KENYON, Christ's College.
Best wishes for success are extended to all boys participating in this year's University entrance examinations. Should there be any who come up in term-time, they are cordially invited to contact the Secretary.
When I entered the room at 8.45 (on the evening of the VII Club Annual Party) the air was already thick with smoke and the barman was wearing a fixed smile of resigned benevolence. In the far corner an unheeded gramophone was playing " Tea for Two cha-cha " in time to the quick give and take of tankards. Around me was a horde of young gawky undergraduates and, with a shock, I realised that some of them were only in the Third Form when I left K.E.S. Freud, at any rate, would have expected me to develop a paternal complex.
A bridge school under the veteran and experienced eyes of Paul Swain and Peter Bennett (so this is how they spend their mornings in Queen's) played incessantly, and apparently soberly, through all the convivial vicissitudes. An ancient but lethal battleaxe was removed from its niche in preparation for some noble feat of arms, but Chris Vere, with several henchmen, secured it once more to the wall. Nick Waite, who gives a convincing but illusory semblance of suavity, and Graham Humphries, who makes no such attempt, played happily at Matador and Bull, until, somehow, other people were involved. Chris Vere once more laid his soothing hand on the disturbance. Chris Jennings, now, alas, no longer clad in scout's uniform and hardly recognisable as the lad whom I used to stand on the form, with, I must confess, consummate relish, dressed himself in an army uniform and played the part of Captain with unexpected authority, despite the sudden and brutal loss of his trousers. Mike Hutchings talked of marriage (vae victis) and Peter Fells drank rum quietly in a corner, seeing in his glass, no doubt, the huts and parade ground of Catterick. Bob Avis was encircled by a rowdy bunch of colleagues from University College, but Dave Parfitt left earlyperhaps he too felt old, but years had not dimmed his well-known panache.
At last the bar crashed down. The crescendo of noise died into silence, and I walked to my waiting cycle. As I fixed the battery of my lamp in the cycle-shed, the scout inquired " Will you be long, sir? " I shrugged my shoulders and shouted back " No ". Just another lifetime?
WITH the advent of one of the finest summers for many years, the O.E.C.C. at last came into its own. Of the official first team fixtures, only two were lost, one by ten runs and the other by one run. Although in a few of the other fixtures victory or an honourable draw were only narrowly achieved, on the whole the O.E's superiority was well established.
Reference should be made to the first ever defeat of Retford, on a hot day, and a wicket dusty beyond belief. If the members of the O.E.C.C. and their supporters (those who watch the cricket) have ever experienced a more " nail biting " period than the time taken by our last pair, Speakman and Dearden, to obtain 30 runs off the wily " Stinchcombe " with "all the time in the world", it must have been before the "living memory " of the present team members.
The second team, after a bad start, soon found their form and finished the season having won more matches than they had lost.
We feel that a large part of our recent success is due to the number of younger members who have recently joined the Club. If any boy leaving school is interested and notifies the secretary accordingly, he will be assured of some enjoyable cricket.
inns. N.O. Runs Highest Ave.
Overs Mdns Runs Wkts. Ave.
Catches Taken: Kay, 9; Woodcock, Rigby, Ollerenshaw, 8; Sivil, 6; Price, Allsop, Wise, 5; Everitt, 3; Speakman, Ford, Hill, Challenger, 2; Cook. Dearden, Newsome, 1.
Wicket Keeper: Gilpin, 8 caught, 2 stumped.
Total Runs Scored: 3,066. Wickets Lost: 195.
Average Runs per Wicket: 15.72.
Opponents: Runs, 2,357; Wickets, 222. Average Runs per Wicket. 10.61.
Owing to the Mock Election and the celebrated "busmen's holiday" we have held only two meetings this term. On October 20th D. E. Young played a tape-recording of the " 20th Century Folk Mass " and a discussion followed. On November 10th members had the pleasure of hearing the entertaining and thoughtful views of Messrs. Burns, Mackay, Robinson and Wightman on various topics. We thank them for giving up their time to take part in this Brains Trust. On November 13th an inter-schools meeting was held at K.E.S., when the Rev. Norman Webb gave an interesting talk on " Faith and Reason ". Despite fears of a " take-over bid " by the Girls' High School the meeting was judged a great success by all who attended. Our thanks are once again due to Mr. V. A. Vout for his constant help and guidance.
At a business meeting D. E. Young was elected Chairman and B. D. Needham Secretary, with a committee representing Fifth and Sixth formers. The first full-scale meeting was addressed by B. D. Needham, who introduced a discussion on " The economics of take-over bids ". The meeting was well attended and questions from the floor threw more light on the matter. The second and final meeting of the term dealt with " The future of the Labour Party ", when D. E. Cottingham gave a very well prepared and delivered speech. Despite close questioning the speaker maintained his views, but so, we fear, did the questioners.
It is a pleasant duty to thank Mr. D. Burke for his constant support and encouragement both to members and non-members of the Society.
At our November meeting A. A. Sampson had the unenviable task of justifying China's policy in Tibet and on the Indian border. This he did by uncovering an age-old Chinese Tibet and suggesting that Ladakh would be more fully utilised by the Chinese than by the Indians. Even though the audience could not accept his unusual point of view, it was refreshing to hear such a powerful defence of China's actions.
A fortnight later, D. E. Young gave us some equally unorthodox views on Britain's role in the Western Alliance. He believed Britain should ignore France and Western Germany in negotiations with Russia on disarmament and Berlin. Though many failed to see how this policy could achieve the long-term aim of greater European unity, Young's speech was a great success because of the heated discussion it provoked.
A talk by A. R. Williams on the United Nations was intended to be purely informative, but the speaker, as Conservative member for the school, inevitably found himself having to justify Britain's alleged defiance of the U.N. over Suez. The speaker believed that the U.N. still embodied mankind's best hopes even though, so far, it had failed in its supreme purpose of securing lasting peace and security.
The Society congratulates its Chairman, P. W. Cave, on his scholarship at Oxford.
SENIOR. There have been only three meetings during the term, largely because the Mock Election campaign took up time and speakers-both of which are precious to the Society. The generally low standard of speaking during the Election was unfortunate.
Mr. Francis Berry, of Sheffield University, addressed the Society on the subject of " The Poet's Voice ". His highly controversial views resulted in some equally controversial questions, but as usual, only a few of the large number present took an active part in the discussion. A session of "stump oratory" formed the second meeting; and at the end-of-term debate on " Tradition is an obstacle to progress " the subject held no terrors for the four eminent leading speakers, but the rest of the House had little to add to their utterances.
MIDDLE SCHOOL. On October 28th representatives of each Form had to speak on given subjects for one minute with restrictions as to the words they were to use; in a parallel contest, boys chose three objects from a bin and had to tell a story about the objects. Struthers proved himself the master in both contests. The bus strike delayed the second meeting until November 16th, when six boys gave readings of their favourite verse; the selections included " Pygmalion " and " Winnie the Pooh ". The final meeting on December 7th was reserved for " Julius Caesar on Ice", a very modern impression of this year's "0" Level set book, with the usual dramatic situations and catastrophic ending.
A very successful end-of-term debate was held, at which Mr. Watson-Liddell proposed, against Mr. Cook, "That there is no opportunity in modern society for the pioneering spirit ". After a lively and prolonged discussion form the house, the motion was defeated by a large margin.
JUNIOR. At the first of three meetings, an inter-form Quiz was won by 2(3), who crushed 2(1) in a semi-final. Stump oratory provided the subject of our second meeting; several learned, if rather halting, disquisitions were presented on subjects ranging form Rhubarb to the Other Side of the Moon. Our final entertainment was the Mock Trial of Dungworth upon a multiplicity of charges. Despite a skilfully conducted defence, the prisoner's nobility of bearing did not impress the jury; he was found guilty and sentenced, and summary justice was meted out.
SENIOR. The Society has continued on its devoted way, with small attendances but with unflagging spirit. Talford began the term with a most interesting, if technical, talk on Greek Music, illustrated by records kindly lent by Mr. Barnes. At the second meeting Bows threw fresh light on The Sophists, the professional lecturers of Greece. Two more meetings featured " Replotting Plautus "the amusing consequences of being forced, with knowledge of a particular situation in a comedy of Plautus, to predict the course of the plot. Cartwright had kindly promised to talk to both sections on Greece, which he visited last summer, but this has been postponed till the first meeting of next term.
JUNIOR. The autumn programme has shown variety, matched by consistently large attendances. A dozen members, shepherded by Mr. Watson-Liddell, visited the antiquities of Leicester under the auspices of the Sheffield Schools branch of the Classical Association. Grimsditch and Bows ably presented a coloured film-strip, " The Growth of Rome." The second meeting (" I Want to be an Actor ") proved that the Society is strong in dramatic purpose, if not achievement. M. A. Hall entertained and enlightened us with a well illustrated talk on " Some Curiosities of Ancient Warfare." The last meeting for the term, a " Latin Whist Drive," was much enjoyed, although the whist was far from evident. We shall miss Mr. Watson-Liddell, both for his interest in our activities and for his gift of helpful organisation, and wish him well in Cyprus, where he will still find evidence of Classical Antiquity.
On October 7th, in connection with the centenary of the death of I. K. Brunel, Mr. Wightman showed a film strip and gave an account of Brunel's life and work. Mr. Cook showed and commented on the film strip (made by Mr. V. J. Wrigley, founder of the society) depicting a history of architecture form Sheffield sources. At this meeting, too, P. J. Ellis was elected Secretary. On December 9th, P. S. Mattam spoke on " Earthworks in the Sheffield Area" and showed some pictures. I. Young gave a short account of the early history of St. Alban's with illustrations. Meetings were well supported and further meetings are arranged for next term.
Three Tuesday lunch-hour meetings were held by the Senior section; it is pleasing to note that audiences were somewhat larger than usual. The single record concert of the term-a recording cf Sibelius' Seventh Symphony-was introduced by R. J. Thompson. The other two meetings were a recital of lieder by K. Rice and a Senior Concert for which so many talented musicians offered their services that some had to be held over until next term. A varied programme was provided by Johnson, who sang Vaughan Williams' Linden Lea, Bomber, Wright and Harris (flute, trumpet and violin soloists) and Barnes and Thompson, who repeated their Speech Day performances.
The four meetings of the Junior section included three well attended concerts given by First, Third and Fourth forms respectively, Even allowing for those driven in by inclement weather, these were good and appreciative audiences. Plenty of talent was displayed by the first year, notable being Huston (clarinet) and Broughton (piano).
The Thirds gave a varied programme featuring pianists, singers, violin and trumpet. The Fourths provided a like assortment of instrumentalists. The remaining meeting was a presentation by D. W. Williams of records of Walton's Facade suite, with Edith Sitwell as the speaker of her own verses.
The Secretary is J. F. Billington, assisted by C. J. Barnes, and with R. L. Morant as publicity' secretary. Three enjoyable meetings have been held, and a good nucleus of membership has grown up. An amusing play, " Knock, ou le Triomphe de la Medecine," was read; Mr. G. Y. Adam gave us a first-hand account of life in modern Turkey; and M. R. Delanoe, a student of politics, spoke on " La scene politique et les institutions francaises contemporaines." Other interesting meetings are being planned. Our thanks are due to Mr. Bramhall, who kindly supervised our activities and chaired the meetings.
Only two meetings could be arranged during the term; M. Whitley gave a talk on Asteroids and Satellites, and C. R. J. Singleton an illustrated talk on Spectroscopy. A society library now flourishes, and our astro-quiz series continues. Work on our telescope, on which F. J. Ellis has been particularly active, is now proceeding satisfactorily after several hold-ups. J. F. Billington continues as secretary and Mr. Bridgwater as president.
With continued club support, especially from the junior School, the team had a bright start to the season, securing our first victories over High Storrs for some years. Against stronger opposition, however, the results were not so encouraging. We would again welcome greater enthusiasm from the Upper School, and extend thanks to Mr. Redston for his hard work.
v. High Storrs, home, won 3.5-2.5.
v. High Storrs, away, won 4-2.
v. Dronfield, away, lost 2-4.
v. Ecclesfield, away, drew 3-3.
LAST term just over 2,300 books were circulatedperhaps a slightly lower figure than we have come to expect in recent years. On the other hand, the figure for books missing at the stocktaking was higher at 25. This widening of the " trade gap ", to borrow an expression, spells danger to our reserves. In running our Library we give our public a deal of liberty in the belief that they can use it rightly. That implies an expectation that library users will not only borrow their books through the official channels but will also leave the library tidy, replace their periodicals correctly, deposit no litter, not bring in their luggage, and behave in such a way that those who wish to read are not disturbed. In all these respects last term was a little sub-standard. The Librarians do a great deal of work in caring for the library and should be able to feel that this is not altogether taken for granted. As an Old Boy recently said: "You do not realise how valuable this library is until you have left it."
R. E. Bardgett, V. Cocker, J. P. Consterdine, A. Cryer, D. Dawson, M. J. Gould, J. H. Hemming, B. Hibbert, B. Hilton-Tapp, A. E. Lewin, S. G. Linstead, J. R. Milner, J. S. Noble, J. Peaker, M. J. Sant, M. E. Sara, A. P. Spier, I. Wright, D. R. Williams, M. A. J. Williams, D. G. G. Young.
WE are very pleased to extend a welcome to Mr. Langrish who took over " B " Troop at half-term. " B " Troop in particular, and school scouting in general, will benefit from his experience and enthusiasm.
VARIETY and good spirits have been maintained in a term of poor recruitment at the beginning and transport difficulties in the middle. Our Monday night Troop meetings have produced a variety of activities, sometimes requiring courage; indeed, one Patrol Leader was reported as saying of Operation Sheffield, " It is a really tough assignment "-although he and P/L Neil Struthers wore an accomplished look in the morning paper! Somewhat earlier, there was born the saga of the stooping stranger.
This reminds me that all these things are now safely recorded for posterity in the Troop Log, regularly and accurately compiled by " Pyl ", and liberally supplied with sketches and photographs.
The Patrol (three-in-one) competition incorporates outdoor activities demanding the exploration of Derbyshire, and co-operation with other Troops, in addition to some open-air badge work.
Last Summer Camp came to life again recently when Mr. Brewin screened some colour photographs of Lakeland scenery and camp life, with amusing shots of " Madame " and some sports activities-and then " phut "! Summer Camp in 1960-so distant, and yet the site at least is virtually settled, either an offshore island in Solway Firth, or in the historical company of contraband and smugglers.
Seniors continue to give strong assistance at Troop meetings, and on occasion Senior meetings are held in the Den. Two Patrols entered the Holmstrom Trophy competition, without, however, carrying off the honours.
On the threshold of another year, we look for the continuance of the spirit of adventure and service in our Scouting.
FOR the first half of the term, " B " Troop was without a Scoutmaster but was looked after very competently by some of the Seniors under the fatherly eye of the G.S.M. Sixteen new scouts and a new S.M. have filled in the gaps in the Troop's numbers and several proficiency badges have been gained by the older boys. First Class badges have been awarded to J. Mould, R. Staniforth, G. Bottomley and J. Lomas.
The bus strike stopped a few Troop meetings from being held but it did not prevent a half-term wide game from being enjoyed. A Yetti hunt is planned for February. As usual, the Parents' committee has given given valuable help in money-raising efforts and in organising the Christmas party. The Seniors are now meeting every week and are planning to visit Germany in the summer. Three of the Seniors have been giving very welcome assistance in the running of the Troop and in addition two of them, " Ned " Craig and " Mo " Wright have become Queen's Scouts.
LAST summer the main Troop enjoyed a fortnight's camping near Southcombe, Dorset, under the able leadership of A.S.M's D. T. Crisp and J. M. F. Gagan. Of the Seniors, five had a mobile camping holiday in the south, using the main Troop camp as a base for their expeditions, while six explored the rivers Wye and Severn on a canoeing trip.
This term has brought five recruits to the Troop. We welcome them (and would welcome more) and wish them " Good Scouting! " for the years that lie ahead.
In the usual round of Troop and Patrol meetings the traditional " C " Troop spirit of hearty fellowship and boundless enthusiasm still thrives, and in addition to our games and fun much valuable training has been done. In this latter connection a special tribute is due to the work of our new T/L Jon Abrahams who has organised the training with highly commendable energy and efficiency. Our Troop outdoor meeting at Ringinglow was favoured with fine weather, and our night wide-game with the attention of a dozen or so tall strangers in dark uniform-not to mention Skip's sizzling hot dogs.
The Seniors have met, as usual, but infrequently. But under their new T/L Roger Pitt they have contributed to the Troop's activities, in particular by pioneering on the Close and by organising the final event of the term, the Christmas Party.
I should like to add a personal word of thanks to the leaders of the Troop, the T/Ls and P/Ls, for the great help they have been to me in my first term as S.M. Scouting has indeed much to offer to those who give themselves to it.
THERE has been a marked increase in the interest in Fives this term and the good weather has allowed continued use of the courts into December. It has been encouraging to notice the number of Middle School boys using the courts, and this augurs well for the future. As yet no fixtures have been played.
THIS year's Cross Country teams have drawn their support from largely untried material. There are now few really keen runners in the School and those of team standard have had little experience of competitive running. Only one really old campaigner remains to be supported in the Senior team by last season's experienced reserves, Battye and Kingman, and a comparatively new discovery, Fletcher. Fletcher has been the fittest member of the team and is now a most reliable second string, being closely followed, on a number of occasions, by the most improved runner, Battye.
Buckle, Cole, Gregory and Britton have all run regularly but, although they have given good service, the times of this weaker half of the team have been below those of previous years. Britton, a convert from the Second XI and the youngest member of the team, shows great promise and future teams will almost certainly be built around this " character." An unfortunate feature of the term has been the apparent retirement from Cross Country of R. H. Guite. His failure to regain last year's form as quickly as he had hoped and a foot injury seem to have caused him to lose confidence in his running ability. If he will run, Guite's experience alone could prove an invaluable asset to the team next term.
Towards Christmas the Under 16 team has shown considerable improvement and is now being moulded into a very sound and talented body. Mingay has led the team well and he with Berresford, Blythe, Carroll and Williams, will be a formidable force next term. There remain only two or three keen runners in the whole of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th forms. Of these few, who must be thanked for their loyalty, only 3rd former Rees has been outstanding, frequently beating much older and more experienced opponents.
Results of both teams have been generally poor but a number of races have been very fast and closely fought. Wins have been recorded over Manchester G.S., Woodhouse G.S. (twice; and Doncaster G.S., by the Seniors, and over Loughborough G.S., Doncaster G.S. and Mexborough G.S. by the Under 16 team. We thank Mr. Green for his efficient management; his shrewd time-keeping and calculation of results has always given even a well beaten team the " can't lose next week " feeling. Perhaps this feeling would become reality if we were given the training facilities afforded to other School teams.
AT Ecclesfield on October 17th our Seven-a-Side team retained the Edward Russell trophy after several hard contests. The star of this surprise win was Nosowski, our converted left-back, playing centre-forward. The School finished at the top of Group III, amassing 20 points against 6. In both the semi-final and final the School pulled back, when 7 points to 3 down, to win 9 points to 7. Scorers: Nosowski 7, Newton 4, Tranmer 4, Pike 1.
Apart from this one worthwhile display at Ecclesfield, our season has been disappointing so far. At the beginning of the season, we were weakened by the loss of Newton and Hodkin, but this was not the main trouble. The trouble was that the attack was not able to take the pressure off the defence, which resulted in continual pressure on the goal and the inevitable mistake.
Although the results would suggest better play halfway through the season, this is not the case. The team has played good and sometimes inspired football, on occasions. But throughout the season there has been a general lack of enthusiasm and determination. Although not seen in the results, determination to win does seem to have increased towards the end of the season and it is hoped that this will continue throughout next term.
Opportunism has been sadly lacking in the forward line-Needham, when angry, may sometimes unleash an " Empire Special " - Newton, too, is capable of a well taken goal-Tranmer occasionally stirs himself to shoot-but seldom does a game go by without a hatful of glaring misses, and the away game, at Woodhouse, was typical. However, the increased determination and pressure for First XI places promise well for next term.
Played 14, Won 3, Drawn 4, Lost 7, Goals for 23, against 36.
v. De La Salle (Away), drawn 1-1.
v. E. C. Powell (Home), drawn 3-3.
v. Old Edwardians 1st XI (Home), lost 0-5.
v. Manchester G.S. (Away), won 5-2.
v. Woodhouse G.S. (Away), won 5-2.
v. Chesterfield G.S. (Away), lost 0-2.
v. Old Edwardians 1st XI (Home), lost 1-3.
v. Bootham School (Away), won 2-1.
v. Ecclesfield G.S. (Away), won 4-0.
v. Abbeydale G.S. (Home), drawn 1-1.
v. Manchester G. S. (Home), drawn 1-1.
v. Woodhouse G.S. (Away), lost 0-2.
v. Mexborough G.S. (Home), lost 2-3.
v. Firth Park G.S. (Home), lost 1-4.
Scorers: Needham 9, Wileman 4. Newton 3, Dixon 2, Tranmer 2, Smith 1, own goal 2.
THIS has clearly been a term of transition. In some years, we have been accustomed to a strong Second XI able to win nearly all its matches, but the relative dearth of talent in the Junior and Middle Schools in the past two seasons is now beginning to affect senior soccer, and the poor record is a fitting commentary upon this.
In the early part of the term, it proved difficult to find the best blend of players, partly because the First XI was not settled, but mainly because there were a fairly large number of players of roughly equal ability. It was not until after half-term that a more definite pattern emerged, under the captaincy of Ball, who has certainly infused more spirit into the team and continues to play his rugged, whole-hearted game at centre-half. The defence is now combining together better, but the goalkeeping problem has proved difficult to solve, neither Foster nor Taylor so far proving entirely adequate. Several goals have been given away by unnecessary misunderstanding and usually these have proved vital in closely contested matches.
The main weaknesses, however, lie in the lack of control of midfield play and the inability of any single forward to prove a consistent marksman near goal. There has been little co-ordination between wing halves and inside forwards, and often we have been much slower to the tackles than our opponents. The wings have not proved fast enough to provide openings and have not always received the passes to bring them effectively into the game. In nearly every match, there have been individual skills, which have been worthy of admiration, but only co-ordinated play can hope to win matches against quite strong opposition.
In fairness to the team, it ought to be added that they have not always had the " run of the ball," that they have been beset by injuries in some matches, and that towards the end of the term some of the faults indicated have been recognised and in part remedied. The side is to be congratulated on its keenness, especially in its regular turnout for practice, and it is to be hoped that next term the weather will be kind enough to allow it to reveal its true promise.
Played 14, Won 3, Drawn 3, Lost 8, Goals for 25, against 40.
v. De La Salle (Home), won 1-0.
v. Old Edwardians (Home), lost 0-2.
v. Manchester G.S. (Home), lost 1-2.
v. Woodhouse G.S. (Away), lost 0-4.
v. Barnsley G.S. (Home), won 3-2.
v. Chesterfield G.S. (Away), lost 1-3.
v. Oakwood 1st XI (Away), lost 0-6.
v. Ecclesfield G.S. (Home), drawn 3-3.
v. Abbeydale G.S. (Away), lost 3-4.
v. Manchester G.S. (Away), lost 0-3.
v. Maltby G.S. (Home), drawn 3-3.
v. Woodhouse G.S. (Home), won 6-1.
v. Mexborough G.S. (Away), lost 1-4.
v. Firth Park (Away), drawn 3-3.
AFTER several seasons in which defeat figured but rarely, this season has so far provided few successes. In general there has not been so rich an array of talent to draw upon, but what the team lacked in skill it has not lacked in fight and spirit; in face of heavy defeat it has never given up. There is some talent present and in Hirst and A. Hall we have two skilful ball-playing inside forwards who would disgrace few teams. Indeed the strengthening of one or two key positions would transform the team into a more successful combination. Several matches lost seemed in the balance for quite a period before these latent weaknesses resulted in concession of goals. A highlight of the fixtures was a new one against the First XI of Carlton High School, Bradford, where Len Shackleton, former Sunderland and England star attended as a boy. Eason has captained the team in most games and has been a sterling defender.
L. J. S., M. J. P.
Played 9, Won 2, Drawn 1, Lost 6, Goals for 15, against 40.
v. Manchester G.S. (Away), lost 3-1.
v. Marlcliffe (Away), drawn 1-1.
v. Barnsley (Away), won 4-2.
v. Owler Lane (Home), lost 3-1.
v. Chesterfield (Away), lost 6-2.
v. Oakwood (Home), lost 6-3.
v. Carlton H.S. (Away), lost 13-1.
v. Manchester G.S. (Home), lost 6-1.
v. Huddersfield Amateurs (Home), won 1-0.
THE standard of football produced in the early matches was poor and only recently has more determination and skill been evident in the team's performance. The forward line has been especially weak and the lack of scoring power has been reflected in the constant pressure on the defence in all games, and of course in the eventual result.
It has been impossible to field a settled team because of numerous illnesses and injuries, but a more confident approach has been evident recently; two matches have been drawn. Lack of speed has usually been the most important reason for the loss of matches. With a settled team and greater speed on the field, allied to a more determined approach, the results next term should be better, for the nucleus of the team is a solid foundation upon which a winning team may be built. Until his illness Mills was a hard-working captain, and since then Kelly, a determined wing half, has done his best to hold together a team with different faces in it in every match. Fairhead had been a very capable goalkeeper, although the team has lost his services for one or two recent matches. The spirit shown by the team, even in defeat, has been very good and if this is maintained next term's results may be much different.
J. B. L., J. C. H.
Played 12, Won 0, Lost 10, Drawn 2, Goals against 50.
v. De La Salle (Home), lost 5-0.
v. Manchester (Home), lost 4-1.
v. High Storrs (Away), lost 7-0.
v. Barnsley (Away), lost 5-1.
v. Oakwood (Away), drawn 2-2.
v. Chesterfield (Home), lost 5-0.
v. Ecclesfield (Home), lost 4-0.
v. Abbeydale (Away), lost 2-1.
v. Manchester (Away), lost 5-2.
v. City (Away), lost 5-2.
v. Maltby (Home), drawn 0-0.
v. Mexborough (Home), lost 6-3.
Scorers: Dear 2, Mills 2, Wheatley 2, Bows 1, Burley 1, Fenton 1, Gott 1, own goal 2.
WITH only one win to their credit, this has been a poor term for the Under 14 XI. Generally they have been up against bigger and better sides, and have paid dearly for their mistakes, for they still have a great deal to learn about marking and tackling. One thing they must remember is to play hard all the game, for far too often the damage has been done and the goals conceded in a five or ten minute spell. Nevertheless, several boys have the makings of good footballers.
The team was normally chosen from: Lewis, Linfoot, Morgans, Cockcroft, Brook, Hopkinson, Seymour, Ellis, Roxburgh, West, Sallis, Blake, Hutchinson.
F. D. A. B., R. C. G.
THIS year's team has had a most successful half-season, having won 9 of the 11 matches played this term. Double victories were recorded against Manchester G.S., Oakwood (Rotherham), and Marlcliffe. Wiggett has been a reliable and capable captain. Stopford and Batty were leading goal scorers. The team has been selected from: J. P. England, J. M. Pye, D. L. Sleigh, R. Crowson, D. G. Fox, B. Bentley, A. Wiggett, R. Shepherd, P. A. Siddall, J. Padley, M. P. Dolan, I. H. Batty, T. J. Connerton, D. A. Hardwick, S. Butcher, A. J. Stopford, P. W. Solway, J. Chambers.
J. E. T., D. C. J.
v. De La Salle (Home), lost 3-4.
v. Oakwood (Home), won 3-2.
v. Manchester G.S. (Home), won 5-1.
v. High Storrs G.S. (Home), won 6-0.
v. Marlcliffe (Away), won 2-1.
v. Oakwood (Away), won 4-3.
v. Ecclesfield G.S. (Away), won 7-3.
v. Brincliffe G.S. (Away), won 8-0.
v. Manchester G.S. (Away), won 4-1.
v. Marlcliffe (Away), won 3-0.
Played 11, Won 9, Lost 2, Goals for 45, against 17.
WHEN Rugby started we began to aim at a fixture list as strong as we could get in order to learn from our experiences. It is now such that few games are played on level terms and this should be remembered in assessing the results. This year too the hard grounds and the bus strike caused us to go into the first match against the Mount Second without any real practice, and we have also suffered from a desperate shortage of reserves.
With five of last year's powerful pack available we hoped to control the game forward. It was not however until the Pontefract match that comparable fire and speed returned. It was unfortunate that an injury to Marshall, early in the second half, spoiled what looked like being an unusually fine performance against a team moving in a rather higher circle than our own. Against Wakefield Third the School controlled the game for a long period without knowing how to win it. This is no new experience, for until more of you come and play with us we have no real opposition on Wednesdays and a match is hardly the occasion for trying out tricks and gaining confidence. In the last respect many of the team could learn from Wager, and run as if they really meant to get there.
The next match, against Worksop Second, brought us against the best team we had ever played, and a far stronger one than they produced last year. We fought hard but were outclassed in skill and did well to hold the gap to twenty points. These hard games led to a marked increase in speed and enabled us to do well against Dronfield and Rowlinson. Against Lady Manners we met with our worst defeat ever. This school always produces good sides and this year has many County Schools players in its ranks, so that we were not too disheartened. It is on such occasions however that the team's worst fault becomes apparent. They fall well, and will defend stubbornly so long as the game can be kept close, but have little idea of stopping opponents once they are in full flight.
I will not mention names except to say that Laughton has captained the side well, with the right blend of wrath and encouragement, and has set them an example in every way. It will suffice to say that the team does contain some very useful players. In conclusion may we appeal to those of you who have no prospect of getting into School elevens to come and join us. It is a great game and we are all enthusiasts.
Oct. 17 v. Mt. St. Marv's 2nd (Away), won 14-3.
Oct. 24 v. High Storrs (Home), lost 12-8.
Nov. 7 v. Rowlinson School (Away), lost 9-3.
Nov. 11 v. Pontefract 1st (Home), lost 11- 0.
Nov. 14 v. Wakefield 3rd (Away), lost 14-6.
Nov. 18 v. Worksop 2nd (Away), lost 25-6.
Nov. 21 v. Dronfield 1st (Home), lost 8-6.
Dec. 5 v. Rowlinson School ',Home), won 14-3.
Dec. 12 v. Lady Manners 1st (Away), lost 54-0.
THIS season, despite the impression given by the results, is one of transition from unorganised rushes to methodical movements. Although team spirit is present in abundance, the backs and forwards have not yet been welded into a combined team, and for that reason speed in the backs and advantages in the scrum have not been converted into points.
Two further faults, a general reluctance to tackle immediately and hard, and bad marking, have been very much in evidence, and the need to eliminate these cannot be over-emphasised. The three-quarters, usually with heroic tendencies, almost inevitably die with the ball. This would be effective if loose-scrumming were of a high standard, but this is a somewhat neglected branch of forward play. Kicking and dropping on the ball have definitely improved, and the binding of the scrum is much better.
The Mount St. Mary's match was lost because of bad tackling of heavy forwards, and was soon followed by a drastic defeat at the hands of Worksop. With a much depleted team, we were given a lesson in direct, clean, and purposeful rugby by a polished Worksop side. Against Rowlinson, the team's attacking qualities were revealed, and all played to the best of their ability to achieve a heartening victory. However, the defeat by a tough Dronfield team which made the most of its opportunities was very disappointing, and no excuse can be offered for it. This was a sub-standard performance and is best forgotten. Our visit to Bakewell proved even less fruitful, but this defeat was not suffered without strong resistance in the second half. Tackling in this match was most encouraging.
A pleasing feature of this term was a friendly match with City Grammar School on the wilds of Castle Dyke at their wildest. It is hoped that this practice is continued, as the match was very enjoyable. Thanks are due to all who have played, refereed, watched and run the line, for making this a pleasant, if not successful, term.
The team has been very well captained by M. A. Hall. He sets an excellent example as a player and his enthusiasm is great. He keeps the organisation of the team very efficiently under control and we are much in his debt for this.
T. G. C., A. H. W.
v. Mount St. Mary's (Home), lost 0-20.
v. Worksop College (Away), lost 0-62.
v. Rowlinson School (Home), won 29-5.
v. Dronfield G.S. (Home), lost 3-29.
v. Lady Manners (Away), lost 0-48.
WE began the season with the usual optimism and enthusiasm and, as usual, our expectations proved unjustified. Our major problem is also unchanged-that of finding sufficient talent among the small number who opt to play Rugby. This is evident in the backs, where seasoned players such as Best, Timperley and North bear the brunt of attack and defence. In particular, the position of full-back has been difficult to fill, but Winter has shown unexpected talents in recent matches. The forwards still need practice in working together as a pack, but they have an able leader in Dodd. Strangely enough, we still retain our optimism and enthusiasm.
v. Mount St. Mary's (Home), lost 27-0.
v. High Storrs Under 14 (Away), won 5-9.
v. Worksop Under 14 (Away), lost 6-0.
v. Rowlinson School (Home), lost 0-18.
v. Wakefield (Away), lost 55-0.
MANY people were toying with the idea of continuing with Cricket matches at the beginning of term. Such was the reaction to one of the driest summers on record. Had it not been for the transport strike we would have been well ahead with our programme. As it turned out we just managed to complete the Knock-out competition and the House League before the end of term.
Sherwood proved once more to have a fighting spirit and nearly won the Knock-out for the second successive season. Wentworth proved a little too strong, however, and scored the only goal of the match. Both teams are to be congratulated for producing a high standard of football under really dreadful conditions.
The standard of football in House matches is very disappointing. It is sad to record that there is no outstanding team once the 1st and 2nd XI players have been removed. However, the majority of boys enjoy chasing a ball about, so we are at least contributing to their physical education even though the amount of progress is virtually nil!
The League winners will be announced in the next issue of the Magazine, as the deciding matches will not be played until January. Next term will have a mixed bag of sporting activities: Cross Country, Rugby Sevens, House Soccer Sevens and Athletics.
P W D L FOR AGST PTS.
GROUNDS have remained in excellent condition through the term and we have completed the House League competition. The games have been generally interesting but the standard of play and skill is lower than usual in both the Third and Fourth years. In spite of every encouragement to play Rugby we still have only forty boys who play this code. An' Increase of twenty in their numbers would be beneficial to both games.
FOR Juniors, the autumn term is the best of all. The weather is usually good, the pitches firm, and the new boys add an interest to the House League matches. Are they going to be as good as last year's?
This time, there is no doubt about the answer; the new intake is the best, from the football point of view, that we have had for many years; and with the Under 13 XI having its most successful season, there is promise of good School teams for years to come.
We have just completed the League programme and the final table is appended. It is particularly pleasing to see that Chatsworth and Sherwood have been successful, as these are Houses which have certainly had their share of lean years.
First XI: P w D L PTS.
At the end of the last school year many stalwarts left the House and this term the requirements of school teams have considerably weakened the soccer XIs representing the various sections of the House. Yet despite these losses the Senior XI has achieved a greater measure of success than ever before. We were unlucky to be beaten in the Knock-out after a hard and skilful game but the League team more often by enthusiasm than football ability played consistently well all the season and were placed first equal in the League. The results of Middle and Junior sections have been very disappointing; both have proved ineffective against strong opposition.
In Water Polo the House has met with only moderate success. The team has lacked experience and despite the considerable efforts of Abbott their defensive weaknesses have all too often been exploited. Yet it is true to say that they are progressing rapidly; should this improvement continue, the House will resume its lead in this field.
We must first of all heartily congratulate our Juniors. For the first time for many years, they have brought a football trophy to our cupboard. The Junior First XI won the House competition in no uncertain manner, by winning all seven matches. Sleigh and his team put up a very good performance and we hope their success will continue.
Chatsworth's interest in the Knock-out ended in the first round, as usual. However, a spirited first half display proved that the League team could have done much better had everybody tried. The Middle School team have had a reasonable start to the season.
The Water Polo team is having its best season for a number of years. The first game was drawn and the second was won quite convincingly. Two other matches were played.
We congratulate P. Benton and D. H. Moore on their University awards; and finally we must thank Mr. Watson-Liddell, who is leaving us, for his help and support as a House tutor. We wish him every success in his new role as a Headmaster in Cyprus.
The general standard of House spirit has been well maintained this term, with Kenning as captain and Barnes as secretary. The Soccer teams have had varied success. The Junior team has improved steadily in the course of the season, Greatorex functioning well in goal whilst Dolan and Batty in the forward line have scored frequently. The Middle School team has also improved in football ability and great credit must be given to Bingham on the left wing and Hopkinson at inside right. After several trials a reliable goalkeeper has now been found and the remainder of the defence is improving each match. The term has not been a great success for the Seniors with only two wins and one draw from the seven games played. On paper the team was strong but on the field it proved to be one of individuals, lacking the real co-ordination so necessary for success.
Swimming has remained the forte, and under the excellent leadership of Cheetham the Water Polo team has been victorious in all but one of its matches.
We extend a hearty welcome to Mr. Langrish as successor to Mr. Hersee and hope that his stay with us will be long and enjoyable.
The first duty of this report is to welcome Mr. Rhodes and Mr. Jinks as House Tutors and to thank them for the interest they have taken in the House. We congratulate Cave and Thorp on their scholarships at Oxford, and Cave on being appointed a Sub-prefect, together with Pike, Revill, and Robinson.
Our football this term has been of very mixed quality. The League team, led by Eason who has sometimes found difficulty in raising a team at all, gained only three points during the term. The number of boys in school teams explains this up to a point, but poor morale and indifference have played their part. In the first round of the Knockout we were defeated by Lynwood by 6 goals to l. However, the record of the Middle School First XI, ably captained by Gott, has been more encouraging and it is to them that we must look for signs of future success. The Junior First XI likewise shows promise. The Water Polo team has had a successful term which could have been outstanding with a little more support from the House. Although we cannot report any spectacular victories this term, we look forward with confidence to the New Year.
The Water Polo team, excellently captained by Parker, must first be praised for having swept aside all opposition, with such resounding victories as 13-0 against Welbeck and 10-0 against Chatsworth. With only two more matches to play, it appears that the League championship is well within our grasp, not to mention the Knock-out.
In football too Lynwood has put up a reasonable performance. The Seniors came top of the League on goal average, but a play-off between the top four houses will be held next term. The early loss of Pinder and Tym to school teams removed a lot of drive and direction. The rest of the team, however, do not lack spirit, especially Grant and Godley who make an excellent right-wing pair. We may face the play-off with confidence provided that there is much better marking and greater punch in the forward line. The Knock-out unfortunately evaded us, for we were beaten 1-2 in the first round by Welbeck, after a tough game.
The Middle School team has so far proved unsuccessful but the Juniors, both First and Second XIs, show promise. Success in House games nearly always comes from a team of ordinary players with spirit and determination and prepared to put in maximum effort. The football or cricketing genius, especially higher up the School, is soon snatched up by school teams, so we have to rely mainly upon the average player.
M. J. Lodge is congratulated on obtaining a Hastings Exhibition at Queen's College, Oxford.
For once, the achievement of the junior House Second XI in winning their football shield must be mentioned first. This was Sherwood's only definite success of the Autumn term. However, looking at the records, Ridgeway's Knock-out XI, which only lost in the final to Wentworth by a single goal, must be congratulated on its effort. Since all the more competent players of the side will remain for next season, the cup should return to its rightful place. Another near miss was the attempt by the junior First XI, under Wiggett's capable leadership, to gain the House Shield. Unfortunately, the team was only placed second in the League. The Middle School had one or two outstanding players but failed to do anything startling, and the record of the Senior First XI must be hastily passed over. The Water Polo team, despite Wilkes' example and exhortations, only won one match.
But next term should see some more definite triumphs, for, with a member of the House in almost every school team, the talent is obviously present. The record of the junior School encourages hope for the future. Mr. Baldwin has become a House Tutor; we hope that he will see the House achieve even greater success in the future.
Academically, we must congratulate A. A. Sampson, D. E. Young, and R. F. Laughton on their University successes.
A term of moderate success. On the games field, the performances of the House have been sound if not spectacular. The soccer Knock-out team began with a promising victory over Lynwood in the first round, but succumbed to Wentworth, the beaten finalists, in the semi-final after a heroic struggle against the odds. The Senior League team has played consistently well to finish equal first in the championship. Our Middle School side has excelled itself under the spirited captaincy of J. Fenton and, with one match to play, leads the league by one point. The junior section has been our weakest department for some years, but both Junior XIs have so far won as many matches as they have lost. The Water Polo team, though seriously weakened by the departure of Fisher and Wagstaffe, has nevertheless acquitted itself adequately under the captaincy of R. A. Ashford.
The following have played regularly in the School Soccer teams: Bennett, D. M. Bows and Needham in the First XI, Hall, Mayland, Nell and Ashford in the Third XI, J. W. Bows, Wibberley and Fenton in the Under 15, and West and Hopkinson in the Under 14. In addition, Guite has run for the Cross Country team, and Ainsworth has played for the Under 15 XV. We congratulate B. Bennett on his appointment as Sub-prefect. We welcome Mr. Head and Mr. Pipes as House Tutors and wish them every success in their association with Welbeck. And finally, we must say goodbye to the Head of the House, D. M. Bows, who is leaving to take up a temporary post before beginning his University career.
The House can look back on a very successful term. In the Senior League we finished equal first and only await a play-off. Our Knock-out team was expected to win the championship, which they did, though not without a hard fight in the final. Our Middle School team has won every game but one, and is at the moment second in the League. Our junior team's achievements we leave in kindly obscurity; they have done their best.
Perry, whose quiet and efficient support of the House each year has been long appreciated, leaves us with a Hastings Exhibition at the Queen's College, Oxford. We look forward to the rest of the year with confidence, expecting more successes both sporting and academic. | 2019-04-26T08:43:09Z | http://oldedwardians.org.uk/nlc/mags/60Jan.html |
Korvosa (pronounced kohr-VOH-sah) is the largest city in Varisia, and used to be the capital of Chelish Varisia. It now serves as the seat of one of three city-states that claim independent authority over their individual holdings in the region. Though its citizens and traditions have strong ties to the nation of Cheliax, with many of its people tracing their ancestry directly to servants of the Empire, the city's location at the mouth of the Jeggare River and the presence of a highly-defensible harbor have contributed to the establishment of Korvosa as a primary hub for trade. Various cultures and peoples can be found within the city's walls as goods move in and out of its gates. Magnimar is Korvosa's neighbour and rival and Magnimarians disparagingly refer to Korvosa as "Little Cheliax".
Korvosa is the eldest of Varisia's three city-states, once part of Imperial Cheliax but now independent. The settlement originally served as no more than a defensive position from which settlers and explorers would enter Varisia, only growing into the cosmopolitan center of trade that it is today with the passage of time and events. Korvosa is built upon the ruins of the Thassilonian city of Xin-Eurythnia, the capital of Eurythnia, which was ever ruled by Sorshen, the Runelord of Lust.
Before the arrival of the Empire of Cheliax, Korvosa was no more than a site sacred to the Shoanti; the protection of the location, as well as the pyramid found there, was of great importance. However, in 4407 AR a group of Chelish marines under the command of Field Marshal Jakthion Korvosa selected the site to begin construction of a defensive outpost. Once completed, Fort Korvosa acted as a common stop for explorers, settlers, and trappers operating in the region. The trading post and its defenses were later strengthened after a Shoanti raiding forced burned much of the location in what would become known as the Great Fire.
The Cousins' War began in 4502 AR, the result of an insult directed at one of Korvosa's noble families. The conflict heralded the end of the settlement's significance as a military position, but also resulted in the growth of both its population and economic power. Soon after, Korvosa was seen as a true colony of the Empire of Cheliax.
In 4606 AR the death of the deity Aroden resulted in civil war in Cheliax; many of the Empire's colonies, including Korvosa, suffered as their connection to the homeland unexpectedly disappeared. The city's government has succeeded in achieving some measure of prosperity since the Empire's decline, but the city's recovery from the chaos that resulted as a result of the Empire's sudden absence has been slow; its population is but a fraction of what most would expect given a settlement of Korvosa's physical size. Nevertheless, regarding political power, Korvosa is now equivalent with Magnimar, though this is far below the level considered appropriate for its decadent ruling class.
Korvosa sits in a double bend of the Jeggare River in southeastern Varisia just before it empties into Conqueror's Bay. The oldest part of the city is located on Endrin Isle, a relatively small spit of land, while the majority sits on the mainland across the Narrows of Saint Alika. Two smaller neighborhoods, Thief Camp and East Shore (see below), lie on the eastern shore of the Jeggare River. The city is built around two major hills: Garrison Hill on Endrin Isle and Citadel Hill on the mainland. The small Jeggare Isle lies off the southern coast of the city and holds little but Palin's Lighthouse.
The neighborhood of Bridgefront, in Korvosa.
The city of Korvosa is divided into seven official districts: East Shore, Gray, the Heights, Midland, North Point, Old Korvosa, and South Shore. The borders between these districts may be fixed (such as by water or a wall), or might exist only in the minds of the city's inhabitants. Two other areas exist above and below Korvosa that might loosely be called districts, making nine in total. The boundaries of these unofficial districts do not conform to any design by the city's planners: they are the rooftop area known as the Shingles and the large undercity of the Vaults.
East Shore is the only city district on the far side of the Jeggare River. It is connected to the rest of the city by High Bridge, and is home to a number of Korvosa's noble families with strong ties to the military. It is also the location of the city's second, and arguably inferior, magical school, Theumanexus College.
Gray serves as Korvosa's graveyard and is where most of its dead are interred; the only living inhabitants are the priests of Pharasma who tend it and reside in the Grand Cathedral of Pharasma.
The Heights sit atop Citadel Hill and the cliffs of Korvosa's western shoreline. It is home to the most powerful nobles in the city, including the monarch, as Castle Korvosa is located within its borders. The Acadamae, Korvosa's most well-respected magical college, can be found here as well. As the highest district in the city, its residents feel they can look down on the rest of Korvosa, both literally and figuratively.
Midland is what most visitors think of when they speak of Korvosa. Located in the southeast quadrant of the city, it is home to the majority of Korvosa's merchants, shops, and financial institutions. The criminal elements who might prey on this accumulation of wealth are kept in check by the fact that both the headquarters of the Korvosan Guard and the Sable Company are located here as well.
North Point was the first part of the mainland to be settled after the city began to expand from Endrin Isle. Encompassing the northeastern quadrant of the city, it is home to many families descended from these early settlers, in addition to much of Korvosa's municipal infrastructure, including City Hall, the courts, and the Bank of Abadar.
Old Korvosa, as its name implies, is the oldest, but also the poorest, most overcrowded part of the city. It encompasses all of Endrin Isle and is dominated by Garrison Hill. The shantytown of Bridgefront is located on the western part of the island.
The newest district of the city, South Shore, was only founded at the end of the 47th century AR. Located on the southwestern edge of mainland Korvosa next to the Gray District, it does not suffer from the overcrowding that plagues the rest of the city. Because of this, it is a highly sought-after residence for the city's new money elite. It is also home to the Pantheon of Many, Korvosa's ecumenical cathedral.
A race across the Shingles.
Built on top of the rooftops of Korvosa's most-densely populated areas lie wooden walkways, ramshackle abodes, and shops known as the Shingles. Due to the city's severe overcrowding, this area is home to some of the city's poorest citizens, as well as providing quick highways over the bustling streets for anyone wishing to avoid the crowds.
The Vaults run beneath most of mainland Korvosa and are far more than just sewers, as they incorporate the ruins of two other settlements previously located here.
Korvosa's holdings span much of southeastern Varisia, and include a diverse array of towns, villages, and regions including Abken, Baslwief, Biston, the Bloodsworn Vale, Harse, Melfesh, Palin's Cove, Sirathu, and Veldraine.
The government of Korvosa is comprised of three official branches, each with its own unique sphere of influence. In addition, Korvosa's noble families exert limited power in the affairs of government.
Since their appointment following the decline of Imperial Cheliax, the monarchs of Korvosa have served as the primary diplomats and defenders of the city-state; the city's royal bloodline has served the populace from the famed Crimson Throne since Korvosa gained its unexpected independence. The monarchy's authority has always been limited, with control of Korvosa's government shared among groups that existed prior to its inception.
The arbiters of Korvosa act as judges, hearing disputes and crimes and determining punishments for those deemed guilty. They also hold the responsibility of legislative oversight over decisions made by the other branches of Korvosa's government. The most well-known senior arbiter in the city is Zenobia Zenderholm, also known as the "Hanging Judge". She is justifiably feared by the criminal classes for her harsh rulings.
Korvosa's magistrates are in charge of the daily management of the city. The 23 individuals that comprise this body are primarily concerned with matters of bureaucracy, including taxation, economic oversight, and public works. Garrick Tann, the Magistrate of Commerce, is one of the least popular, as one of his duties is to act as the city's chief tax collector. In contrast, Syl Gar, the Magistrate of Expenditures is one of the most popular, as he responsible for spending the taxes on the city's behalf. Mercer Cucuteni is the current Magistrate of Tourism, responsible for making the city seem as interesting and inviting to outsiders as possible. Lolia Perenne is the Magistrate of Regulation. She and her staff spend most of their time searching for the various means by which merchants and customers cheat each other.
The monarchy is advised by the Peerage Review, a council composed of the heads of Korvosa's five Great Houses. The remaining 21 noble house comprise the Dock Families, each boasting control over one or more of the city's docks. Many of the nobles of Korvosa long for the culture of Cheliax and use Chelish fashions and customs to lord it over the populace considering themselves the model of Varisian culture.
The traditional colors of Korvosa (seen in the flag and in many of the uniforms of city organizations) are red, black, and silver. Red and black relate back to the flag of Cheliax, although the Korvosan flag uses a darker crimson than that of its former mother country. Silver is a symbol of the city's importance. Korvosa's official mascot is the hippogriff, dozens of which roost in the Great Tower and serve as mounts for the soldiers of the Sable Company. The city's motto is "Trosker ep Styrk", which in an archaic form of Taldane means "Fidelity and Strength".
Nobody likes to pay taxes, and Korvosa's inhabitants are not exempted from this rule. Compared to other cities, however, the Korvosan government levies relatively few such fees against its citizens.
Korvosa's military resources are embodied in three separate organizations, each charged with protecting the city-state and its people in manners unique to each group.
The primary responsibility of the Korvosan Guard is the protection and well being of the city of Korvosa. Its members serve as police and will, in times of danger from beyond the city's walls, also act in the capacity of a defensive military force. In addition, the Guard also often works to forward the interests of the government and the local church of Abadar.
The emblem of the Sable Company.
The hippogriff-mounted marines of the Sable Company answer directly to Korvosa's monarchy, their orders given to them by the standing seneschal of Castle Korvosa. Their purpose is to patrol and defend the city's skies and waterways, though they've also been known to assist the Korvosan Guard in their efforts throughout the city.
The Hellknights of the the Order of the Nail are paid allies of the Korvosan government, and pursue their unyielding ideals of order and law from nearby Citadel Vraid. They are fanatical when confronted by behavior or events that fly against their strict worldview, but support the city only as long as they are compensated.
Despite its remote location in relation to other major cities in Avistan, Korvasa is nonetheless a major commercial player in Golarion, and is a gateway for trade throughout Varisia. Its primary export is seafood, such as oysters (the Narrows of St. Alika are famous for their oyster beds), reefclaw claws, caviar, and other high-end seafoods. Also in the high-end foodstuffs department, Korvosa exports thileu bark to Cheliax at ridiculously high prices. It also exports goods made in its vassal states and is the only port that ships off Janderhoff goods. Thanks to the impressively large Bank of Abadar, Korvosa is also an important banking and financial city which mints its own currency. Thanks to the presence of the Acadamae, Korvosa is also a fair-sized supplier of magic items, especially low-level ones utilizing the school of conjuration. The Arkona family imports a lot of items from distant Vudra, which then are distributed throughout northern and western Avistan. Finally, as much as the government is loathe to admit, Korvosa has a pretty impressive drug trade, although it mainly imports such goods.
Korvosa's food supplies come from the farms around it and its vassal communities, although it does import foods that can't grow in its climate. Wine is a major import, for example, as are tropical and subtropical fruits. The majority of Korvosa's imports, though, are in "manufactured goods." Despite the presence of the Ironworks in the city, Korvosa's capacity to produce finished goods lags well behind its demand, and like any good colony it imports a lot of such supplies from its homeland. Textiles are another example of that need.
According to Korvosa's charter, no guilds or trade unions may be formed within the city. The only exception to this is the Cerulean Society, Korvosa's thieves' guild. This law was designed to keep groups from price-fixing, but also allows the city to maintain direct control over their labor force. Most craftsmen in the city are self-employed and learn their trade from a master during their youth. Because Korvosa relies heavily on these cottage industries, certain rights and protections are guaranteed to the workers.
Temples exist to Abadar, Asmodeus, Pharasma, Sarenrae, and Shelyn. Other faiths may have small shrines somewhere in the city.
The city does its best to regulate crime by allowing for an official Thieves Guild, currently the Cerulean Society. (This is despite the fact that merchants and tradesmen are not allowed to form guilds.) There are also various other independent crimelords and criminal gangs in the city, including the Sczarni.
Korvosa is home to one of Avistan's most famed schools of magic, the Acadamae, as well as the smaller Theumanexus College. Many purveyors of magical goods reside in the city too.
Otyughs occasionally escape the sewers.
Despite being seen internationally as somewhat of a provincial backwater, Korvosans like to think that their city is actually quite cosmopolitan.
Fully 90% of the city's population is human, with the vast majority being descendants of Chelaxian immigrants. Most of these consider themselves to be Korvosan, feeling no strong kinship with their infernally-dominated cousins to the south. Other notable human ethnic groups include the semi-nomadic Varisians, which constitute about 10% of the human population, although a much higher percentage of the population can claim some Varisian blood. Pure-blooded Varisians tend to encounter quite a bit of prejudice in Korvosa: most people just assume them to be murderers and thieves. Shoanti make up the smallest of the human ethnic minorities, mostly due to the centuries of conflict between the Shoanti and the Chelaxian settlers of the region, and the fact that as a semi-nomadic people, they have little use for cities. If Varisians encounter bias when dealing with the Chelaxian majority, the reaction towards the Shoanti borders on outright hostility.
Due to the city's proximity to the major dwarven settlement of Janderhoff, Korvosa boasts a sizable population of dwarves. The majority are merchants and craftsmen, dealing in the creation and selling of tools, arms, and armor. Although most of these items are contractually sold to a few noble houses, who then sell them to the general populace at a profit, dwarven merchants often sell their surplus on the open market, particularly at the Gold Market in Midland, and the Dock Trade in North Point.
Elves have existed in Korvosa since the early days of its founding. Most originally are from the relatively nearby Mierani Forest, although others have made their homes here for hundreds of years. The leader of the Mierani elves is Perishial Kalissreavil who is seen of an ambassador of sorts. He maintains a small compound on the South Shore where he and his entourage advise the city on matters of nature, magic, and other scholarly topics.
Halflings have a peculiar history in Korvosa. Sensing a chance to widen their profit margins, House Leroung began constructing halfling-sized ships and boats and hiring halflings to run them, believing that they would take up much less room and eat less than their human counterparts, leaving more room for cargo. Their hunch turned out to be completely correct, and seeing their increased profits, the other trade houses (with the notable exception of House Arkona) soon followed. Today, even though halflings only make up 2% of the total population, fully half the ships owned by most of the major merchant houses are staffed by halflings.
Imps and pseudodragons battle over Korvosa.
Imps are a common sight in the skies above Korvosa, often fighting with their natural enemies, the local pseudodragon population. These tiny devils are summoned by Acadamae students as part of their graduation requirements, but some are unable to fully bind them or otherwise lose control of them. The imps escape into the city where they form into small packs, looking for mischief. They are a particular nuisance in the roof-level Shingles, and often try to form alliances with gangs or other ne'er-do-wells.
Approximately two centuries ago, Magistrate Dess Leroung imported a small population of otyughs from Cheliax and imprisoned them in the sewers beneath Endrin Isle in order to get control over the growing city's waste problem. Access to tunnels they inhabit is via street-level entrances sealed with massive steel plugs that can only be opened by even larger crank-driven winches. Occasionally these creatures escape their pens and break into the main sewers, or even make their way onto the city streets, causing untold damage.
Pseudodragons have lived in the area since long before Korvosa was a city. For unknown reasons, they have become mortal enemies of the introduced imp population, and the two species always fight whenever they encounter each other. Two to three times a year, the imps and pseudodragons gather into huge flocks and fight each other en-mass in the skies above the city.
Like many other places in the Inner Sea region, Korvosa as developed its own slang of Taldane. Words such as Chel, Fronter, or Horser may only be found here, or may have caught on in other parts of Avistan.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Adam Daigle and James L. Sutter. (2012). Rise of the Runelords Anniversary Edition Player's Guide, p. 9. Paizo Publishing, LLC.
↑ Mike McArtor. (June 11, 2008). Guide to Korvosa (GM Reference/Errata), Paizo messageboards.
This page was last modified on 6 February 2019, at 12:44. | 2019-04-21T06:38:55Z | https://pathfinderwiki.com/wiki/Korvosa |
You can begin turning to Deuteronomy the 28th chapter where we will begin this message. I believe that all of us know that we are commanded to rejoice in the keeping of God's feast. But I wonder how many of us know that God plainly states that He can rejoice. Now this is not going to be a sermon about Him rejoicing, but we are going to get to that pretty quickly. And I think that you will find that what I am about to show you about rejoicing will be helpful to your understanding about rejoicing in keeping God’s feast.
Deuteronomy 28:63 And it shall be, that just as the Lord rejoiced over you to do you good and to multiply you, so the Lord will rejoice over you to destroy you and to bring you to nothing. And you shall be plucked from off the land which you go to possess.
I want you to notice first the context in which the word “rejoice” appears. First of all, Deuteronomy 28 is the blessing and cursing chapter and God can rejoice in either blessing or cursing. Now, are we becoming like Him? Can you rejoice in the time that you are being judged or going through a difficulty? God can rejoice in blessing and cursing. Let us look at this word in a slightly different context.
Deuteronomy 30:9 And the Lord your God will make you abound in all the work of your hand, in the fruit of your body, in the increase of your livestock, and in the produce of your land, for good. For the Lord will again rejoice over you for good, as He rejoiced over your fathers.
I believe that comparing these texts reveals something helpful in regard to the way that God defines rejoicing. Now, do we not we have the tendency to define or even to limit the term rejoicing to what we might call "fun times"? Times when we are really happy, we are really up, we are enjoying what is going on, everybody is laughing? That is a rejoicing period of time. Everybody has a smile on their faces. I am pretty sure that God can rejoice, from what He just said there, when people do not have a smile on their face, and yet He is rejoicing.
We can see, I think pretty clearly, that God does not limit His rejoicing just to those times. We can say that He does when He shows us clearly in Deuteronomy 28 that He rejoices in painful judgments that He from time to time has to deal out, the judgments that He brings upon the guilty.
So Deuteronomy 28:63 is definitely not one of those times where we might say “this is going to hurt me more that it does you” when we do this. He uses rejoicing at any time that He has the knowing satisfaction that He is doing the right thing. Rejoicing is not limited only to those occasions in which there is an elevated feeling of happy exuberance.
I am going to rehearse a little bit here mostly with Evelyn. She will remember these things, but I want to share them with you because this makes Evelyn's and my 52nd Feast of Tabernacles. Nashville will be the 21st different site that we have kept it at, but we have never kept it outside of the United States. We have requested a transfer only 3 times and each time we did it in order to spend some time with our very widely-scattered family. We have never transferred to another area or country just to see something, or some famous site, or to experience the attitudes and lifestyles of a particular strain of people. This has not been because we were totally disinterested in those things. It was because the Feast itself and the responsibility we had at the Feast was what captured our mind and attention.
Besides that, I reason, how many different feast sites did God ever establish in Israel? In over a thousand years of time He established a grand total of two. The first was in Shiloh which He destroyed because of Israel’s disobedience. The second was in Jerusalem. Now I am not saying that what the Worldwide Church of God did was evil, but I think that God is showing that attending a wide variety of festivals sites is not necessary to produce spiritual growth.
We were baptized in September, 1959 and the first holy day service that we attended was the Feast of Trumpets and then of course following that was the Day of Atonement. And that was the first time that we ever fasted for an entire day. That particular day is really seared into my mind, but it was not only the fast that made that day so significant to me (and it is still significant to me because it helped to point me in the right direction). It was because I met so many visitors to services that day, from New York City, from Philadelphia and other points east of Pittsburgh, and even people from Canada as well. On that Day of Atonement those people were already on their way to the Feast of Tabernacles in Big Sandy, Texas.
Do you realize that in 1959 the city of Pittsburgh was the only city in the United States between Chicago, Illinois and London, England in which there was a congregation of the Radio Church of God at that time? Those people in New York City, in Philadelphia, in Baltimore, if they were going to come to a Feast, had to come to Pittsburgh in order to keep it, and indeed, when we had feasts days then up until about 1962 or so, they were still coming to Pittsburgh and I met people then on those holy days from North Carolina, would you believe it?
There were people coming to Pittsburgh from Canada. We had four men in the Pittsburgh congregation from Canada. They started in Toronto, Canada and they were in Pittsburgh for services every Sabbath. You know how far it is from Toronto, Canada to Pittsburgh? They all did not live in Toronto. What they did is, they met at a holy day in Pittsburgh and they found out that they were from northern New York and northern Pennsylvania and they put together a relay. One man would start from Toronto, he would carry on about a 100 miles, the next guy would then pick up the relay, on to Erie, Pennsylvania and on down to Pittsburgh. Those men stayed the entire weekend! They came there for the Sabbath, they stayed the next day for choir practice, and they stayed for Spokesmen Club, and then they repeated it and went back to Canada, and the next week they repeated it again.
Keeping the Sabbath was something that you had to have a vision of and you had to have a treasure regarding it in order to keep it the way those people did. When Evelyn and I came into the Pittsburgh church, with our 4 kids at the time, we raised the attendance to one hundred. That was a major congregation in those days.
But, at any rate, that first year—1959—we did not attend the Feast of Tabernacles because we had no money whatever to keep the Feast. We did not even know about the second tithe until just before the Feast of Trumpets. And even if we had known, I do not know if we still would have made it because like most young people, we were dead broke. We were in hock up to here. But God did come first in our life and even though we were in hock up to here, we began paying tithes and then we were in hock even higher.
That Feast of 1959 we kept the holy day Sabbaths and the weekly Sabbath with our children at home, making do the best we knew how. There was no broadcast whatever, no live streaming, there was no Internet, there was no downloading of any kind of sermon material during the entire week. There was nothing on the telephone, there was nothing. I can remember we felt to some degree abandoned. I worked during the week, took the holy days off, took the Sabbath off, but otherwise we kept it by ourselves. But we made good and well sure that in 1960 we went to the Feast of Tabernacles. We went to, of course Big Sandy, Texas and somewhere between 5 and 6 thousand people were there. Wow, six thousand people! That was not the only Feast site by that time. There was also one in Squaw Valley, California.
Now it was a real interesting experience partly because Gladewater, Texas had a population of less than 8,000. Big Sandy and Hawkins, which were the next cities—towns? villages?—I mean, this was a one-traffic-light affair, both of them. They were the biggest towns around there and boy, they were pretty small. I believe that at that time neither Big Sandy nor Hawkins had even one motel. There were only two motels, I believe, at the time. Can you imagine brethren? Both of them were in Gladewater. Two motels for 5 to 6 thousand people attending the Feast of Tabernacles in Big Sandy on the Ambassador College campus.
We were not able to get a room in either of those motels, but I was able to make arrangements through Ambassador College to stay in a private home in Gladewater with a family by the name of Warren. I can remember them fairly well, even to this day. There were ten people in that home. It was Evelyn and my children, and there was another family there by the name of Johnson, and believe it or not, they were from Johnson City, Tennessee. I mentioned that the family name was Warren. I tell you with ten people in that home all sharing the same bathroom, we felt like we were in a rabbit warren there somewhere.
About 25 years later Evelyn and I kept the Feast in Johnson City, Tennessee and Mrs. Johnson was still in the church and we met her there. Mr. Johnson had died during that period of time. Evelyn and I were there because I was one of the traveling speakers that headquarters had sent out to give a sermon.
Back to Gladewater, because this was a kind of interesting experience. This was the year 1961 that this took place. By that time Gladewater had one fairly large motel that was called the Colonial Motel, a two story affair, and Evelyn and I were able to get two rooms in that motel. Now these two rooms were abutting one another, but they were not side by side, they were back to back, and there was a big porch that went all the way around the second floor and so we put four of our children in that room, and Evelyn and I and Alison, who was our youngest at that time, had the other one. So we arranged for an elderly couple to peek in on our kids once in a while, and quiet them down or whatever. We also made arrangements with our children, a series of signals: knock-knock-knock—that is the way. One knock was this, two knocks was this, three knocks was that. Otherwise our oldest daughter Virginia was in charge over there. Actually we made out pretty well.
I want, as I go along here, for you to compare keeping today’s feast with the way it was then.
There were no real restaurants in Gladewater or Hawkins or Big Sandy. I do not mean that there were no restaurants at all but they were not anything that you would consider to be a restaurant today. The nearest restaurants were in Longview, Texas and Tyler, Texas. Each one was roughly 20 miles from Gladewater. Now, what did you do when you wanted to go out to eat? Well you had to go at least 20 miles. But what about lunch time? That was little bit more of a problem because you could not go to an air conditioned restaurant there. There was nothing to go to. So we ate on campus where most of the people were staying.
They were staying in the Piney Woods area. They were staying in tents. They were staying, some of them in the Booth City area as well. But any cooking that they did, was done on charcoal grills or bottled gas camp stoves. In addition to that, sanitation facilities were very skimpy and greatly overcrowded. The church had erected a couple of permanent buildings in which there were places to relieve yourself and even to take some showers. Every day at services we would get an announcement: “Well, I’m sorry to tell you this, but the drains are clogged up again. Please be patient with us.” This resulted in people taking showers at one o’clock, two o’clock, 3 o’clock, 4 o’clock at night and then crawling back in bed in order to be ready for services.
Speaking of services, we had two services every day. Friday was particularly interesting, and this was because one of those two services was in the evening and fighting sleep during that service was very hard for this man and I did not always succeed. You can see it in the notes that I was taking, as my pen went right down the paper. Also it was on one of these Friday evening that one of our daughters was standing in between the two rows and she vomited on the lady in front of her.
I mentioned eating lunch at the college dining room. The food was reasonable but it took you an awful long time to get there. From the time you left services and walked to the student center, the dining hall. . . . Well, by the time you got out of services with 5,000 people, there was already a line that seemed like it was half a mile or three quarters a mile long. They could only feed so many people at a time, and so there was an awful lot of time standing in the sun, with Alison singing songs all the while we were going along there.
There were no activities. I kid you not. No softball tournaments, there was no dances, no volleyball—there was nothing! We were at services all the time, and by the time services were over for the day you were too tired to do anything else. Try concentrating as hard as you can for roughly six hours. It is wearying.
There was, and I am pretty sure still is, a small lake in Hawkins and once in a while people would dash out there and take a swim for a little while at some time or other I know I did it once myself. And I believe that there is a lake on campus, but after a while they started warning you about the snakes, so I never went swimming there.
Well at any rate, of all of these feasts that we had kept, there was only one that I could recall that I would consider was really a downer and that was in 1974. This was one of the times that Evelyn and I asked to transfer. At that time I was pastoring the Norwalk AM and PM congregations in Orange County in California and we wanted to travel across the country during the Feast time because it was the only time that we could afford to go. We went to Florida to visit with her parents. And so we kept the Feast that year in St. Petersburg, Florida and believe it or not, there were now over 12,000 people keeping the feast at that site and I think eventually St. Petersburg reached somewhere around 17,000 people attending the Feast of Tabernacles.
But I was not rejoicing at that Feast. On the long drive back to California after visiting with her dad and mom, I had quite a bit of time to analyze why that Feast to me was such a downer, and it was because I had put very little into making the Feast a good time. Now we had kept the Feast 13 previous times but this was the first time that I can look back on, that I was just there. I was there, but that was it. I was just there. And I know that I had not personally learned the lesson that the Feast is not a vacation. In some ways it has many trappings of a vacation in that we have more money than usual and we travel away from our home base. We are often in a resort area and we are not occupied in our day to day job.
Well, when we got to St. Petersburg Feast site I had no idea of any person or family that we would see there because we had made no arrangements to meet up with anybody. Besides that I had no responsibility in any aspect, whether spiritual or physical, in the operations of the Feast. That was a first for me. Even the very first Feast that we kept at Big Sandy I had a job to do. And would you know, it was at 3 am. We had a deacon in the congregation and he said: “Hey, would you like to work?” and I said: “Sure “and he said: “At 3 am?” I could not back out then, but actually it turned out to be very enjoyable. At 3 in the morning you would be surprised in a little burg like Big Sandy how many people were coming and going out of that Feast site at 3 am. Maybe they were going somewhere to get showers. I do not know.
But I was learning during that Feast that I had given nothing, zilch, nada to making that a good Feast of Tabernacles. So, as I thought this through, I realized that what dominated my thinking was visiting with my in-laws, with whom I got along very well, and we had a good time with them. I was to some degree interested in the city of St. Petersburg itself. I had been to Florida many times because of visiting her parents down there, but I had never been to St. Petersburg. And not only that, I also loved traveling because I loved to drive, and still to this day, I love to drive.
The only trouble was that all of this was not a good mix for me with the Feast of Tabernacles and the kind of attitude and approach I needed to have. And spiritually for me, as Ted was saying in the sermonette, it was very distracting, the combination of all of these factors that would normally have caused me to rejoice. I think God was teaching me something.
Leviticus 23:34 Speak to the children of Israel, saying: In the fifteenth day of this seventh month shall be a Feast of Tabernacles for seven days.
Leviticus 23:37 These are the feasts of the LORD, which you shall proclaim to be holy convocations, to offer an offering made by fire to the LORD, a burnt offering, and a grain offering, a sacrifice and drink offerings, and everything on its day.
Notice the positive commands about how the feasts are to be kept.
Leviticus 23:37 you shall proclaim to be holy convocations. . .
Leviticus 23:37 . . .to offer an offering made by fire. . .
Leviticus 23:40 And you shall take for yourself on the first day the fruit of beautiful trees, branches of palm trees, the boughs of leafy trees, and willows of the brook, and you shall rejoice before the LORD your God for seven days.
Leviticus 23:43 that your generations may know that I made the children of Israel dwell in booths when I brought them out of the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God.
Why? You are children of Israel and God is making us dwell in booths to this day because booths means something spiritual—spiritually important.
Deuteronomy 16:13-16 You shall observe the Feast of Tabernacles seven days, when you have gathered from your threshing floor and from your winepress. And you shalt rejoice in your feast, you and your son and your daughter, and your male servant and your female servant and the Levite, the stranger and the fatherless and the widow, who are within your gates. Seven days shall you keep a sacred feast to the Lord your God in the place which the LORD chooses, because the LORD your God will bless you in all your produce and in all the work of your hands, so you surely rejoice. Three times a year all your males shall appear before the LORD your God in the place which He chooses, at the Feast of Unleavened Bread, at the Feast of Weeks, and at the Feast of Tabernacles; and they shall not appear before the LORD empty-handed.
I would think by this time you should have gotten the point that God is very serious about the Feast of Tabernacles. However, the appearance—indeed, the seeming emphasis on rejoicing—might mislead one in thinking that the Feast is to be one big blast. But remember, when God uses rejoice, He rejoices when He is giving people pain. You can be sure it is a fair judgment when He does that. But it rejoices Him, gives Him a sense of satisfaction to bring pain on somebody that will bring change to their life. We will get more to that a little bit later.
Now, as if to draw attention to rejoicing, Leviticus 23:40 is the first time in the entire Bible that the word rejoice appears in the Scriptures. This particular word means "to brighten up." I want you to notice that. In Scripture, this Hebrew word usually appears as a spontaneous but unsustained feeling of jubilation to a subject. In other words, it tends to suggest a happy, momentary focused reaction.
In the Bible the subject almost always involves God. That is where rejoicing appears. It involves God or something about His way. Overall, God wants us to brighten up because of anticipation of His reasons for commanding His feast, or we have missed His point in calling the Feast in the first place. God does not do anything unreasonably or carelessly; there is always a point, a purpose, in everything that He does. He wants us to rejoice, but we are seeing that the rejoicing is connected with what He wants us to get out of the Feast.
Amos 5:21 I hate, I despise your feast days, and I do not savor your sacred assemblies.
Please understand. They were not keeping Baal’s feast days, they were keeping God’s feast days but they were doing it in such a way, in such an attitude, in such an approach that God is disclaiming any responsibility for what they are doing. And so it became their feast days. They were not keeping it the way He wanted it to be kept. We are going to learn something here in just a bit.
Amos 5:21-22 I hate, I despise your feast days, I do not savor your sacred assemblies. Though you offer Me burnt offerings, . . .
Notice He said: “though you offered Me.” The Creator God was somewhat on their mind.
Amos 5:22-24 . . . and your grain offerings, I will not accept them, nor will I regard your fattened peace offerings. Take away from Me the noise of your songs, for I will not hear the melody of your stringed instruments. But let justice run down like water, and righteousness like a mighty stream.
Let us first begin by considering the historical context. Israel at the time of the Amos’ ministry was a prosperous nation. Thus on the one hand there is a material prosperity, and on the other hand, declining spiritual and moral practices going on. God placed Amos into that mix of prosperity and spiritual and moral weakness to warn them of the judgments about to fall.
It is very easy for us humans to think that prosperity equals all is well between us and God. Not so, it can be deceiving. I think that Ted’s description in the sermonette was accurate about Lot being a man who was well-off. Having a wife and having a family, he was living “the good life.” Now God was about to destroy the entire city. He was at least giving him the opportunity to get out of there.
So God placed Amos into this mix of prosperity and spiritual and moral weakness to warn them of the judgments about to fall. Those judgments did not really fall for about 40 years. I mean the really serious ones. Now how much rejoicing can one do in that circumstance?
I just happened to think of something. This movie that we are going to show, which is drawn from Isaiah 9:10, took place right after Amos’ ministry. Probably around 725 we will just guess, maybe it was a little earlier, say 730, or whatever.
So God placed Amos into this mix of prosperity and spiritual and moral weakness to warn them of the judgments about to fall. Now how much rejoicing can one do in that circumstance? That could not have been a happy Feast to those listening to those sermons. Amos was like a thorn in their side. But yet, into that mix, is where God—and when God—chose to send Amos.
To compound the problem, Amos was a Jew and these people that he was speaking to were overwhelmingly all Israelites, and you know that there was a family antagonism there. “Why should we take correction from a Jew? They're every bit as bad as we are!” That did not matter; Amos was God’s messenger and that made all the difference in the world.
Amos 5:10-12 They hate the one who rebukes in the gate, and they abhor the one who speaks uprightly. Therefore because you tread down the poor and take grain taxes from him, though you have built houses of hewn stone, yet you shall not dwell in them; you have planted pleasant vineyards, but you shall not drink from them. For I know your manifold transgressions and your mighty sins: afflicting the just and taking bribes; diverting the poor from justice in the gate.
God had things already spelled out as to what they were doing. Now the important point I want to make with you right here and now is that the Feast of Tabernacles does not happen in a vacuum. It is preceded by the conduct, the behavior, the attitudes, the functioning of the people who kept the Feast, before they got there. In other words, we cannot separate our conduct throughout our life prior to the Feast of Tabernacles to the way things go at the Feast of Tabernacles. We do not want that disconnect to come to us because God oversees what is going on in our lives all the time.
It is very interesting. He probably made this Feast of Tabernacles one of His happier times when He was telling these people that these judgments were just about ready to fall on them. Again, why would He do it? Because the satisfaction that He would receive from knowing that what He was doing was the right thing and it would probably lead to these people’s eventual repentance. And that gave Him some sort of joy. But please understand, we do not keep the Feast of Tabernacles in a vacuum. It is connected with everything that went before as well.
So it is highly likely that we are going to bring with us to the Feast basically the same kind of attitudes, the same kind of conduct that we have had leading up to it. That is probably what happened to me in St. Petersburg that year. I went there in a bad attitude. I was going to have a good time. 'John the righteous' was going to have a good Feast, but I did not. So now you are getting the sermon that I prepared all the way back then in 1974 on the way home from St. Petersburg.
On the other hand, I have no doubt that when the Israelites kept the feast that we are reading of here in the book of the Amos that they enjoyed it. As it progressed, God was not pleased, and I really do not think that many people keeping that Feast got the point. There is a point for you and I and that is: it is a witness that one can have the blessings of good things in life and yet those blessings can be a means of obliterating God and His purpose from the Feast. Take a hint from Ted's sermonette. That is something that we have to keep under control.
I am going to show you later, if I get that far, that rejoicing is a choice. We can choose to rejoice. We can set the attitude. We have power over it. That is why God rejoices even in punishing people. It is from the satisfaction that He gets out of correcting people in that kind of a situation.
Part of the answer to this solution is to truly seek God’s Kingdom even at the Feast, and the mind will be helped to be changed in the right direction. But sometimes this is not easy.
One of this world’s evangelists said this. “It takes five percent effort to win a person to Christ but a 95 percent effort to keep him in Christ and growing to maturity in the church.” I can see why he would say something like that. He has dealt with it a lot in the world. He realizes that people are all too easily turned aside to what they accepted with rejoicing just a little while before. The mind can change that quickly and so the point here is that one must discipline himself to prioritize, and that is what Ted was getting at. How many people have failed to grow, or even completely lost their way because they allowed their time to be buried under an avalanche of activities?
What led me to this is I read a book one time called: How to Live on 24 Hours a Day. It was written by a man named Arnold Bennett. Well, a young woman came to him after hearing a lecture by him and she told Mr. Bennett that she was going to concentrate. “On what?” Mr. Bennett asked. “On lots of things.” she replied. That is the point. When we concentrate on a lot of things we are in reality concentrating on nothing.
Numbers 29 opens the door to something that has to do with the keeping of the Feast.
Numbers 29:12-13 On the fifteenth day of the seventh month you shall have a holy convocation. You shall do no customary work, and you shall keep a feast to the Lord seven days. You shall present a burnt offering, an offering made by fire as a sweet aroma made to the Lord: thirteen young bulls, two rams, fourteen lambs in their first year. They shall be without blemish.
Now that is just to get us started because this chapter shows that God required of the Israelitish people 189 sacrifices to be given by the nation during the Feast of Tabernacles. He required more sacrifices for the Feast of Tabernacles than all other feasts combined. Sacrifices are symbolic of something given up at a cost to the self, but given for the benefit of another. To make it very obvious, the Father gave the Son and the Son, Jesus, gave His life for the benefit of all. A Christian is to be a living sacrifice giving himself in service to God and fellow man rather than always serving human nature. Jesus said, “Greater love has no one that to lay down his life for his friends.” Sacrifice is the very essence of love.
There is more love symbolically shown there in Numbers 29 required by God than all of the other feasts combined. There is something very important about the Feast of Tabernacles. Sacrifice is the essence, the heart, the core, the very being, that part of love which gives it energy in the right kind of affection and service. Love is an action; the Bible makes that very clear. Love is something that we do. It is something that we give. It is an expression of affection, an expression of caring for. It is an expression of sympathy for, it is an expression of kindness, and it is an expression of thoughtfulness.
God does not blow smoke. There is something about the Feast of Tabernacles that is very important when He shows that more sacrifices are to be given at the Feast of Tabernacles than all others combined. If you are following me you are beginning to see why I had a lousy Feast of Tabernacles in 1974. I gave nothing, except a ride for my family to St. Petersburg and Ft. Lauderdale. But I ate good meals, had an occasional beer, a glass of wine, and even met some people from Pittsburgh that I knew from before. They were down there keeping it. But really, I left empty spiritually because I gave nothing.
Deuteronomy 12:10-12 But when you cross over the Jordan, and dwell in the land which the Lord your God is giving you to inherit, and He gives you rest from all your enemies round about, so that you dwell in safety, then there will be the place [Notice, the place, one place, the place.], where the Lord your God chooses to make His name to abide. There you shall bring all that I command you: your burnt offerings, your sacrifices, your tithes, the heave offerings of your hand, and all your choice offerings which you vow to the Lord. And you shall rejoice before the Lord your God, you and your sons and your daughters, your male and female servants, and the Levite that is within your gates, since he has no portion or inheritance with you.
Deuteronomy 12:17-18 You may not eat within your gates the tithe of your grain or of your new wine or of your oil, or the firstborn of your herd or of your flocks, of any of your offerings which you vow, or your freewill offerings, or the heave offering of your hand. But you must eat them before the Lord your God in the place which the Lord your God chooses, you and your son and your daughter, your male servant and your female servant, and the Levite who is within your gates; and you shall rejoice before the Lord your God in all to which you put your hands.
This context includes the keeping of God’s feast. Eventually that place became Jerusalem that was going to be set aside for the keeping of God’s feast, as well as the weekly Sabbath service. I want to use this primarily for the feast. Now I want you to notice, especially from these verses right here as well as the ones that we previously talked about, how sacrificing and rejoicing are linked. Both are required—sacrificing and rejoicing. The days of sacrificing are not over. They have simply been changed to spiritual sacrifices. God is love and sacrifice is the essence of His outgoing concern that produces all the really good things in life!
Deuteronomy 16:11-17 You shall rejoice before the Lord your God, you and your son and your daughter, and your male servant and your female servant, the Levite who is within your gates, the stranger and the fatherless and the widow who are among you, at the place where the Lord your God chooses to make His name abide. And you shall remember that you were a slave in Egypt, and you shall be careful to observe these statutes. You shall observe the Feast of Tabernacles seven days, when you have gathered from your threshing floor and from your winepress. And you shall rejoice in your feast, you and your son and your daughter, your male servant and your female servant and the Levite, the stranger and the fatherless and the widow who are within your gates. Seven days you shall keep a sacred feast to the Lord your God in the place which the Lord chooses, because the Lord your God will bless you in all your produce and in all the work of your hands, so that you surely rejoice. Three times a year all your males shall appear before the Lord your God in the place which He chooses: in the Feast of Unleavened Bread, at the Feast of Weeks, and at the Feast of Tabernacles; they shall not appear before the Lord empty-handed. Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing of the Lord your God which He has given you.
Three times in that series of verses He commands us to rejoice. You shall rejoice, you shall surely rejoice. Two of those three times rejoicing is commanded within the context of the family, servants, the ministry, strangers, orphans, and widows. Rejoicing and sacrifice is clearly associated as being within the company of like-minded people.
We come to the Feast out of the world almost overburdened with troubles great and small. We might face trials here, and they may be nothing compared to what the world is facing virtually every day. It is entirely possible that the troubles others within the company you are in right here are greater than the troubles that you have. In fact, it is possible that you have already faced a trial on the trip here. In registering, or perhaps with your room assignment, or with the meal, or perhaps an incipient sickness of someone within your family, has already affected you emotionally and is threatening to make the Feast a real downer.
I am starting on something here so that you will understand and I will tell you in advance, the Feast of Tabernacles is not supposed to be problem-free. We kind of laugh about it, we chuckle when something happens just before the Feast and we say: “Well, you know it's just the feast.” We expect it to occur. That is good, you are learning. Because God does not expect the feast to be trouble free. It is possible that you are facing and enduring events that may be nothing more than mere irritants compared to events that others are facing up to, either people that are here or people out in the world.
We are commanded to rejoice in a circumstance—this is my 53rd feast now; I say this with experience—we are commanded to rejoice in a circumstance that seems ready-made to produce problems. We have come here to present ourselves to God on an occasion that pictures, in the future, a world of integrity, harmony, and abundance because God's great fall harvest is being worked out. There is a figurative lesson that is somewhat varied and it is does not show up unless it is really dug for. It is something that has to do with the harvest of Pentecost and Tabernacles, in what they represent.
Notice that God says that we are not to come before Him empty. “You shall not come before Me empty.” What was it that the Israelites were likely to bring with them whenever they kept the feast? You see this is associated with both Pentecost and Tabernacles. If they kept the Feast of Pentecost what would they bring with them? They did not have banks they ran to. It is very likely that they brought a portion of their harvest. Probably winter wheat would be my guess. And so, whenever they kept the Feast of Tabernacles, what were they very likely to bring? Well, it was the beginning of the fall harvest of grain and most likely it was wheat. I am just guessing there. But it would be a grain, I think in most cases.
There is something I am going to read for you now in Psalm 126.
Psalm 126:5-6 Those who sow in tears shall reap in joy. He who continually goes forth weeping, bearing seed for sowing, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him.
It is the sheaves that I am interested in. This is one of the psalms of assent focused on between the Feast of Trumpets and the Feast of Tabernacles. A sheaf is a bundle of cut stalks of grain. So what were the Israelites likely to bring to a feast at those times of the year? It was very likely some of their harvest and that would have been grains and that is why the psalmist said that these people would be carrying their sheaves. At Tabernacles, the fall harvest of grains, they were to bring with them the profits of what they had just harvested. Bringing in sheaves symbolizes prosperity given by God and then brought to the feast to share with Him and others congregating together.
In principle, is this not what we do? We come here with the profits of this year’s work and we share them with God in an offering and we also share them with one another, taking one another out to dinner and so forth. Now notice it says “shall doubtless come again with rejoicing.” The word appears right in this context. And in this context the rejoicing results from sharing one’s prosperity with others. This is something that God very definitely wants us to do.
I mentioned earlier that this symbol has a spiritual tie. What does it take for a farmer to give an offering of his prosperity? First of all, he must not be lazy. He must do the physical work and receive the blessings of God. That is what it says in verse 5: “Those who sow in tears.” So he must not be lazy. He must do the physical work and receive on top of these the blessings of God, like rain in due season, in order to ensure that there is a good crop and a profit. Now work and the blessings are not limited to the physical alone. Life is not one dimensional. Just like I said, you cannot separate the way we have lived during the year from the Feast of Tabernacles and we cannot separate the physical and the spiritual either because life is not one dimensional.
Are there not spiritual works and do they not produce spiritual fruits? The answer is “absolutely.” What am I driving at here? When we go to the Feast of Tabernacles, we are to bring with us the spiritual fruits that we have reaped during the year. We find it very easy to say, "Well, I can reach in my wallet and get out the fruits of my work here—the greenbacks." But God wants us to understand that everybody should be able to bring with them spiritual fruit, which they in turn are to do what? They are to share them with the people who are here. This is how you rejoice.
Galatians 5:13-14 For you, brethren, have been called to liberty; but only do not use liberty as an opportunity for the flesh, but through love serve one another. For the whole law is fulfilled in one word even this: You shall love your neighbor as yourself.
If we are reaping a spiritual crop of fruits we are going to be able to do that, especially when we are brought together at the Feast of Tabernacles.
Galatians 5:15-16 But if you bite and devour one another, beware lest you be consumed by one another! I say then, walk in the Spirit, and you shall not fulfill the lust of the flesh.
Galatians 5:22-23 But the fruit of the Spirit is [Here is the crop:] love, joy, peace, longsuffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control. Against such there is no law.
Now drop down to chapter 6, because if we are bearing this kind of fruit, it tells us then in verse 2 of chapter 6 because he continues with the thought of how the fruit of the spirit is to be applied.
Galatians 6:2-4 Bear one another's burdens, and so fulfill the law of Christ. For if anyone thinks himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceives himself. But let each one examine his own work, and then he will have rejoicing in himself alone, and not in another.
We are commanded to deliberately bring the fruit of God’s Holy Spirit—fruit that we have produced during the year—to the feast and to share those fruits with others, and it does not take any money to do that. It takes, though, a mind that is focused on serving and pleasing others, of being kind, of being compassionate, of being thoughtful, of being generous, of being an uplifting person. The reason that feast in St. Petersburg was such a noticeable downer to me was because I was just there to please myself. It was an approach problem. I was not mean to others, I was just all wrapped up in myself. I wanted to make sure that I enjoyed it, that I had fun.
Now, we know that the time during which this spiritual harvest will take place is called the Millennium, but what is it going to take to produce the Millennium? Because Christ is going to be ruling, the Spirit of God will be more available than at any time during man’s history. Those things are certainly true, but I think we need to take our thinking a step further. We tend to think of the Millennium as a time of peace and prosperity, but it is more than that. It is a time also of monumental problems. I want you to turn with me to Ezekiel 36 just to show what God is going to have to do on His part in order to produce that, and whom He is going to work through.
Ezekiel 36:24-25 And I will take you from among the nations, and gather you out of all countries, and bring you into your own land. Then I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean; I will cleanse you from all your filthiness and all your idols.
Is God going to do this in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye? No, He is not.
Ezekiel 36:26 I will give you a new heart and a put new spirit within you; I will take the heart of stone out of your flesh and give you a heart of flesh.
I just mentioned in the previous verse that you read there in Psalm 126:6, how that the person not only has to give of himself to produce a crop, he also has to receive the blessings from God to enable these things to actually be produced. This is what God is saying that He is going to do on behalf of those who are coming out of the tribulation. They are going to have to give of themselves in order to produce a crop, even as we have to do it now.
Ezekiel 36:25-27 Then I will sprinkle clean water upon you, and you shall be clean; I will cleanse you from all your filthiness and all your idols. I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit within you; I will take the heart of stone out of your flesh and give you a heart of flesh. I will put My Spirit within you and cause you to walk in my statues, and you will keep my judgments and do them.
Ezekiel 36:28-31 And then you shall dwell in the land that I gave to your fathers; you shall be my people, and I will be your God. I will deliver you from all your uncleanness. I will call for the grain and multiply it and bring no famine upon you and I will multiply the fruit of your trees and the increase of your fields so that you need never again to bear the reproach of famine amongst the nations. And then you will remember your evil ways, and your deeds that were not good, and you will loathe yourselves in your own sight for your iniquities and your abominations.
There is a tremendous lesson there if we will just apply what we just read to ourselves, because we are going through this process right now in which God is giving of Himself. God is giving of His love; God is doing what is necessary on His part to make sure that we can produce the fruit. And He does not expect that we will eat all this fruit ourselves. We will never be in the image of God if we do not start using that fruit that God is producing in us with each other. That is what He is doing it for. So He wants us to carry the ball onwards.
Now, let us keep on going because it gets even more interesting. Remember, this is taking place as the Millennium begins.
Ezekiel 36:32 “Not for your sake do I do this,” says the Lord God; “let it be known to you. Be ashamed and confounded for your own ways, O house of Israel.
God is really stooping down to take care of us and to provide for us and help us so that we can be like Him and live life like Him and He wants to see fruit coming from that. But we have to give of ourselves and He has created the Feast of Tabernacles so we have the opportunity to do it in the best environment possible. The best environment we will ever be in during the year to work on ourselves, to practice using this fruit of the Spirit of God that He made possible, that He produced in us. Now we can spend on it ourselves, like I did in St. Petersburg. Or will we give of ourselves what He is producing in us?
Ezekiel 36:33-34 Thus says the Lord God: “On the day that I cleanse you from all your iniquities, I will also enable you to dwell in the cities, and the ruins shall be rebuilt. The desolate land shall be tilled, instead of lying desolate in the sight of all those who pass by.
What is God saying so clearly? “When I start working with you, I want you to do your responsibility too! Otherwise what I am doing for you is in vain.” And He does nothing in vain.
If we draw this to its focal point, it means that when we begin acting like God then we will know that He is the Lord. We learn by experience, we learn by doing, it is a hands-on affair. Now I am not saying that everything in the Millennium is going to be peaches and cream, because God shows in Zechariah 14 that He is going to plague the Egyptians if they do not do what He says. Maybe they are especially hardheaded, I do not know, but apparently they are not going to do too well for a while till they start learning.
Let us just summarize here. We can expect to have problems within the time-frame of the Feast of Tabernacles. There are going to be problems in the Millennium. We are experiencing a tiny Millennium here, seven days long, and He wants us to use the tools that He has given to us to enable us to bring forth a spiritual crop of good fruit and then we share them with one another.
Now a question: do we understand that problems do not have to be attacked in a bad attitude? Do bitterness, resentment, wrath, self-pity, and depression really help? Brethren, God has given us a better Spirit than that. And God is on His throne and He is there to help. He wants to do that. He commands us to rejoice and the very fact that He commands us to rejoice shows that the attitude is subject to our will. Everything He commands is subject to our will. We can do it, so the very fact that He commands rejoicing, just like He commands keeping the Sabbath and holy days, is proof that it is not something that automatically occurs just because one is here. So just like the Millennium, it must be produced.
We are here to worship God, and true worship is imitating God to the degree that we are able. We have to begin acting like God while we are here. We are here to learn and to become filled with the essential attributes of God, which is outgoing concern, giving, serving, sharing, sacrificing.
Do not shrink from it. Be like God. Before He created us, He knew that He would spend His time serving us and then dying for us. At this feast, make it your resolution to be actively proving that you love God. Give of yourselves in time. Pray, especially about Satan; the weather, the sermons, and the choir. Offer yourself in service, sing with all your heart, make as little work as possible for others, follow directions, be clean, do not litter, do not lose things. That last one was useless. Give a great feast! | 2019-04-23T02:23:33Z | https://www.cgg.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Audio.details/ID/3101/Rejoice-Gods-Feast.htm |
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Despite the fact that,there are lots of torrent clients available in the market, something was still lacking. filestream.me, a cloud based service, changed a concept of torrent downloading. filestream.me brings unique unparalleled power of cloud service and torrents together that brings you the fastest ever possible torrent download and resume.
Some ISPs around the globe control, throttle, or block torrent. Filestream isn’t torrent traffic from your ISP’s perspective, your ISP will not be blocking the filestrem.me download since not a torrent client,its a http downloader.If your service provider is blocking access to the BitTorrent network, an online torrent client like filestream.me is only service to download torrent.filestram.me is a free torrent downloader that runs in a web browser and no software is needed, it lets you resume paused downloads and helps protect your privacy.There is no more hassle of complexity involved in configuring router and firewall for optimum performance.
Although filestram.me is different than a regular torrent client, using a filestream.me is a piece of cake.When you paste magnet links of the torrent file or a .torrent file that you want to download, the website will take care downloading the files and storing the files to your personal account and finally you can download your files from anywhere and from any device.
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Though some limitations I mentioned above can be ignored for a premium user so filestream is still valuable because it’s entirely online and won’t be controlled by most ISPs.When Used in conjunction with download managers like Internet Download Manager (IDM),Free Download Manager (FDM) your torrent and other file downloads will be too easy.
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Almost all noobs to geek are familiar with the Fiverr.com, World’s most popular micro-job site which allows anyone to buy or post creative gigs, starts from just $5. Earlier it seems to be an impossible to raise a Fiverr like site due to the different modules need but Now you should check out the WordPress Pricerr Theme from SiteMile. Pricerr is best fiverr clone script, not merely an imitation. It’s amazing they’ve been able to make best fiverr clone wordpress theme that exactly match with Fiverr so closely using the WordPress Theme.
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You may be in dilema for picking up right online cloud data storage these days,it can be quite confusing since there are lot of Cloud storage company out there.Fortunately,many companies offer a free trial so that you can try out before you decide which one to use.
Online storage means all your files are saved on remote servers a bit similar like saving in Harddisk in your PC but the difference is that your files are tamper proof and safe in the remote data center and can be retrieved from any computer with internet connection.Many online backup storage company can save the changed versions of file so that you can restore any file.
Dropbox is one of best online data storage available. You can upload documents,photos, videos and other data that you can access from your smart phone,tablet, Mac, Windows,linux system, iOS, Android, BlackBerry, device with little effort.Dropbox offers public and photo folders sharing so that you can share with anyone.Third-party plug-ins and services extend its features and has LAN sync feature so that you can sync in LAN faster.Dropbox is online storage with no file size limit which is rare among other contenders.
Most importantly dropbox keeps File change history,so that you can roll back to the old version of any file.
Dropbox is best online storage with most free space since you can gain as much as 18 GB Free Cloud storage if you refer friends though it comes with 2 GB of free storage initially.
Spideroak is one flexible and versatile online cloud data storage and syncing solutions available.Spideroak provides 2GB of free online storage, but you can use refer-a-friend program to get upto 10GB space for FREE so this is best alternative for dropbox. Spideroak can not only your desktop be used to sync, but files on your mobile device, Mac, Linux system,or windows and just download the apps for your iOS, Android device, and leave the rest to the service. SpiderOak keeps revision histories, and metadata for all of your files and folder so you can check created, uploaded, and modified date of file folder and restore them if you need old version.
The main advantage of spideroak is that it is highly secure and highly take care your privacy so you will have no problem in data backup and syncing confidential information.
Formerly known as YouSendIt, Hightail has become one of the leading online storage space site.Hightail was initially known for individuals to share personal files and images. It is one of most reliable for sending large file since it has most powerful and significant features : ability to sign digital documents that you send. Unlike its contenders, Hightail added plugins that allowed files to be sent from within applications like Final Cut Pro , Adobe Acrobat and Microsoft Outlook. Even Yahoo! Mail included YouSendIt built-in button. Hightail has applications for Mac and PC desktops, iOS and Android devices.
Bitcasa is also an online backup cloud data storage that stores up to 10 GB worth of free playlists, videos, files, photos, docs and data in its free storage that can be accessed from any device and has unlimited space for paid customers.Bitcasa has clients for Windows and OS X, and mobile apps for iOS, Android and Windows Phone . You can use it for photos, music, and movies, it is easy to stream that content to your mobile devices or to your desktop wherever you want to use it. Th There is a Chrome extension for Bitcasa that lets to use bitcasa as downloads folder.
Amazon Cloud Drive is also online storage like dropbox which provides 5GB of free cloud data storage. Amazon Cloud Drive can be either the web or use a Windows app , Mac, or Android devices. This app has ability to upload files.Amazon provides a great content support, you can upload anything digital, including music, photos videos and documents with no limit on file size. You can even preview or download using a web browser. If your Kindle Fire is your main tablet device, Cloud Drive is your best choice. Amazon cloud drive Appps are available for kindle fire.Main feature of amazon cloud is that the uploaded videos can be played back in any devices.
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Mega.co.nz is successor of megaupload. Kim Dotcom released this service one year after the U.S. government shut down megaupload for copyright infringement. Mega is also a best cloud storage with maximum storage. It provides 50GB free cloud storage. The new tool promises “state of the art, browser-based encryption technology”.Mega is secured by AES encryption and all files are stored securely.Mega has desktop, ios, and android Application to sync and data backup.
Box is one of free online storage that gives you 10 GB of cloud data storage for free and the files and folders are organised in cloud in the cloud as of desktop and can be collaborated with users. Files and folders can be shared via internet,Main feature of box is that you can give editing privileges, or you restrict sharing to collaborators only.You can even restrict file previews or downloads.Setting passwords or automatic expiration dates are only available for paid account.Others Business tools include Google apps integration and admin console for bulk account management.Active Directory & Single Sign On (SSO) available for Enterprise account. Box.net apps is available for Android, iOS, Blackberry, Touchpad, or Playbook.
Apple icloud is best online storage if you use iOS devices. It syncs all your photos, music, calendars, apps, documents, and other data and makes them sharable with anyone in internet.iCloud comes with 5 GB of free cloud storage.The purchacescloud storage music and all stuff from iTunes doesnot count against your storage limit.iCloud will stream all the tracks in your iCloud as 256kbps AAC.Basic iCloud services can be accessed via the web on any platform.To use it to it’s all services, you need to be running a Mac with Lion or above or running iOS 5 or better for an iPhone,iPad or iPod touch.
Other : $20 per year for 10GB, $40 per year for 20GB, and $100 per year for 50GB.
Google Drive is also cloud free cloud storage that provides 15 GB free storage space shared with all google services. Google Drive syncs spreadsheets, presentations, documents, and videos from your computer and mobile devices.Google+ and Gmail are connected for collaboration and sharing.Google has broad rights to reproduce, use, and create derivative works from content stored on the Google Drive, via a license from its users so it is not secure to save all your creation and documents in google drive.You can backup data and use as online backup storage.
Formerly known as Skydrive is free online storage that offers 7 GB of free cloud storage for documents,photos and all other files and can be connected via any other devices. It needs to have a Windows Live account, If you already have than you have a OneDrive account that you can make use of. OneDrive is especially useful for Windows users,that can be used to sync any folder on their Windows system like Documents folder or music folder for safe keeping, or automatically sync or upload any Microsoft Office documents you create.
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When you want to share large files among groups of people, torrents are most convenient. Apple does not allow iphone/ipads torret apps in its App store. If you want to download any torrent, in your iPhone / ipad.Here are some very easy ways of downloading any torrent without even jail breaking your iPhone and above all it’s free!
1. Create an account in one of this Online torrent downloader Sites. Or you can use zbigz.com . It supports downloading without creating user accounts.
3. Once you have found torrent you are going to download,copy the torrent’s link (copy the URL) or magnet link.
5. After you have submitted to this download sites, it will compile your file and you are be provided with a single link to download torrent as regular file.
That’s all! You can now download any torrent file as a regular file without jailbreaking.This is one of the easiest methods to download torrents to iPhone and ipad without jail-breaking.
iTransmission can be used to download torrent files in iphone and ipad.iTransmission is widely used as Torrent client in apple iOS. It’s like BitTorrent client in PC, but works in iphone and ipad. For this apps, you need to download iTransmission from Cydia.
2. When Repo is added, then just search for iTransmission and install it. iTransmission fully functional after that, the download and upload works just fine.
3.You need to put a link to your torrent file and it start streaming the torrent immediately.You can add Magnet links and Torrent files.
Settings icon > remote > check enable utorrent remote access and give computer name and password. | 2019-04-18T15:26:44Z | http://www.noobstogeek.com/ |
Recent posts From the editor: We are all Spartans Recently, I met up with a long-time friend and her son who is a junior. . . Faculty voice: Todd Lucas: Taking on the 'ick' factor Every year in the United States, colorectal cancer claims more lives. . . Student view: Don Nguyen: Bringing science to life Look around. You can’t see them, but they are there. Bacteria.. . . More Glimpses Glimpse: 'Finding our voices' A woman works on the installation of the MSU Museum exhibit,. . . Glimpse: Spring blooms Now that the temperatures have finally risen, crocuses and other early. . . Glimpse: Support and solidarity MSU students wrote messages in support of survivors. Teal prayer flags. . . Glimpse: Spring has sprung Finally! Spring is starting to show its colors on campus like these. . . Glimpse: Night light A classic MSU lantern illuminates Walter Adams Field at sunset on a. . . Glimpse: Living laboratory Students gather water samples from the Red Cedar River for a class. . . Glimpse: River views The sun shines above the Red Cedar River on a cold winter morning. Photo. . . Glimpse: Ice, ice, berries Winter continues to bring ice and snow to campus. Here, a layer of ice. . . Glimpse: Charting a path . . . Glimpse: Gubernatorial visit MSU Acting President Satish Udpa welcomes Gov. Gretchen Whitmer to. . . Glimpse: Frozen banks . . . Glimpse: New day, new year A student makes his way across the "sacred space" on campus near. . . Glimpse: Season's greetings A vibrant poinsettia tree adorns the greenhouse at the Plant and Soil. . . Glimpse: Holiday cheer Members of the Spartan Marching Band tuba section share some holiday. . . Glimpse: Winter light A traditional MSU lantern adds to the winter wonderland on campus. Photo. . . Glimpse: Snow globe The chilly Red Cedar River as viewed through the opening on the Beal. . . Glimpse: Snowy grad A December graduate takes advantage of the first snowfall of the season. . . Glimpse: Colorful path Students make their way to class in front of the Hannah Administration. . . Glimpse: Shadows of the night Ghostly shadows line the path in the Sacred Space near Linton Hall,. . . Glimpse: Tunnel of trees Students make their way to and from class along the Red Cedar River. . . Glimpse: Fall in love with campus Bright, beautiful fall colors have begun to show themselves on campus.. . . Glimpse: To and fro Walking, riding or boarding, students find a variety of ways to get to. . . Glimpse: Sky view New photos on Spartan Stadium match up perfectly with the clouds on a. . . Glimpse: Bridge walk Students make their way to class across the Wells Hall bridge on a. . . Glimpse: Never forget MSU student organizations painted The Rock in remembrance of the lives. . . Glimpse: UFest Students celebrate the start of the semester at UFest in the MSU Union. . . Glimpse: Moving in Students and volunteers fill carts during Move-In Day on Aug. 25, 2018.. . . Glimpse: Garden bridge Summer's beauty is on full display at MSU's 4-H Children's Gardens. The. . . Glimpse: Summer skies Clouds float over Beaumont Tower on a perfect summer day. Photo by. . . Glimpse: Flower power A student tour guide, in a coordinated backpack to match the scenery at. . . Glimpse: Tracking butterflies David Mota-Sanchez, assistant professor of entomology, with a monarch. . . Glimpse: Branch out One of MSU's 22,000 trees on campus stands in stark contrast to the. . . Glimpse: Summertime Blue skies and sunshine frame Morrill Plaza and Human Ecology Building. . . Glimpse: A more perfect union Flowers adorn the MSU Union on a summer day. Located in North. . . Glimpse: All the world's a stage Department of Theatre Summer Circle actors perform their version of. . . Glimpse: I scream We all scream for ice cream. Hot weather means a visit to the MSU Dairy. . . Glimpse: Standing tall Linton Hall, with it's trademark peak, on a bright spring morning. Built. . . Glimpse: Center court Blue skies frame the Jack Breslin Student Events Center, a venue for. . . Glimpse: Get your head in the game The Spartan helmet adorns the wall of the the Jack Breslin Student. . . Glimpse: A classic This classic spring view of The Spartan Statue never gets old. Photo by. . . Glimpse: Sparty secrets Recent graduate Nicole Niemiec lets the world in on her secret -- that. . . Glimpse: Heads up! Spring graduates toss their caps in the air near Beaumont Tower to. . . Glimpse: Gone fishing An angler tries his luck fishing for Steelhead in the Red Cedar River.. . . Glimpse: Has spring sprung? Spring blooms in the William J. Beal Botanical Garden are finally. . . Glimpse: Featured faculty Lalita Udpa (second from left), professor of electrical and computer. . . Glimpse: 360-degree lab Designed for multi-disciplinary use, MSU’s Digital Scholarship Lab. . . Glimpse: New equipment Mechanical engineering doctoral student Berk Can Duva (right) and his. . . Glimpse: Dog day afternoon MSU Libraries host "Therapy Dog Thursday" in the Main Library to give. . . Glimpse: Book return High-level flood waters surround the MSU Library book return on Red. . . Glimpse: Study hall Students work together to complete assignments and study. Photo by. . . Glimpse: Winter's path Despite the cold temperatures, a simple walk to class in the winter can. . . Glimpse: Never again Students support survivors and march for change from The Rock to the. . . Glimpse: Commemorating MLK Jr. Students, staff, faculty and community members brave frigid temperatures. . . Glimpse: Through the looking glass The Red Cedar River glimmers through detail on the Kalmazoo Bridge on a. . . Glimpse: Spartan snowglobe A student braves the elements near Eustace-Cole Hall on Dec. 13, 2017. . . Glimpse: Walking in a winter wonderland Students walk through the beautiful W. J. Beal Botanical Garden on a. . . Glimpse: Snowy path A student navigates his snowy walk near Beaumont Tower after the first. . . Glimpse: Autumnal whoosh The last few leaves from campus trees fly past the Eli and Edythe Broad. . . Glimpse: Neither snow nor rain... The Spartan Marching Band fought against snow flurries and sleet to. . . Glimpse: Sunlit path A student rides along the MSU bike path on a sunlit fall day. Photo by. . . Glimpse: Fall views A student walks among the vibrant hues of autumn near Beaumont Tower on. . . Glimpse: Drum line Members of the Spartan Marching Band percussion section march along the. . . Glimpse: Wicked Witch of the East (Lansing) A Wicked Witch gets into the Halloween spirit and takes a ride along the. . . Glimpse: Spartan pride The Spartan statue stands tall just west of Spartan Stadium on a. . . Glimpse: Spartans Will build bridges New artwork, based on a student's sketch, adorns the bridge behind the. . . Glimpse: SMB shadows The Spartan Marching Band rehearses on campus for their joint half-time. . . Glimpse: Study hour A new Spartan gets some studying in while enjoying a beautiful fall day. . . Glimpse: Up close and personal An MSU student examines a specimen under a microscope in her organismal. . . Glimpse: Garden stroll Two students take a break from classes to stroll through the W. J. Beal. . . Glimpse: Never forget MSU's Rock is painted to remember the victims of 9/11. Photo by Derrick. . . Glimpse: Spartan Spectacular Students check out the fireworks show at the end of the annual Fall. . . Glimpse: Movie night Students enjoy "Guardians of the Galaxy 2" during movie night at The. . . Glimpse: Spartan eclipse of the heart While the MSU campus did not experience a total eclipse, there were. . . Glimpse: Tomato, tomahto Alex Marx, a junior majoring in environmental studies and sustainability. . . Glimpse: Fountain of knowledge The fountain behind Old Horticulture gives movement to a beautiful. . . Glimpse: Summer school shadows Students in the Red Cedar Writing Project's Spartan Writing Camp, hosted. . . Glimpse: Summer skies A beautiful summer sky and a classic MSU lantern frame the MSU Student. . . Glimpse: Standing tall Linton Hall, the second oldest extant building on campus, stands tall on. . . Glimpse: #ResilientTree This campus white oak tree, which was dated at nearly 350 years old, was. . . Glimpse: Branded A well-branded Spartan walks on campus near the Brody complex on June. . . Glimpse: Dig into summer Students work at the Campus Archaeology Program Summer Field School dig. . . Glimpse: Garden shadows Vistiors to the Beal Botanical Garden enjoy a beautiful summer day on. . . Glimpse: Live a little more As Adele says, "Look up to the sky, not just the floor." A beautiful. . . Glimpse: Benched Visitors to the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden enjoy the view of the. . . Glimpse: Wells Hall reflections Students enjoy the spring weather while relaxing on the patio outside of. . . Glimpse: Shadow branches A thornless honey locust tree casts its morning shadow on the MSU Main. . . Glimpse: Reach for the clouds Recent graduates celebrate their accomplishments on the bridge near. . . Glimpse: So long, Sparty A recent graduate celebrates with Sparty. During last week's. . . Glimpse: Earthy frame A tree trunk frames a beautiful sunset scene at the MSU Farms on Earth. . . Glimpse: Touchdown, spring! Spring blossoms frame the Spartan helmet on the Spartan Stadium. . . Glimpse: Spring blooms Spring daffodils bloom near the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden on April 14,. . . Glimpse: Over the banks The Red Cedar flows over the banks onto the pathway leading into the. . . Glimpse: Good morning, Spartans A beautiful sun rises between the Morrill Hall of Agriculture and Kedzie. . . Glimpse: On the margins MSU's Orchesis Dance Company rehearses for "On the Margins." The. . . Glimpse: Spring in their steps Students jog past a bed of blossoming winter aconite flowers as spring. . . Glimpse: In like a lion A student walks near Linton Hall and braves the winter weather on his. . . Glimpse: Study time A dedicated student puts in some study time in the Plant and Soil. . . Glimpse: Best dressed Angie Wendelberger (far left) gives students some costume construction. . . Glimpse: Global perspective Students make their way through the MSU International Center, home to. . . Glimpse: Ray of sunshine The winter sun warms things up a bit as it peeks over the corner of. . . Glimpse: Reflections on winter Reflections in the Red Cedar River on a winter day paint a beautiful. . . Glimpse: Run, Spartans, run Members of the 2016-17 Michigan State University cross-country team head. . . Glimpse: Riding the Red Cedar A couple of kayakers brave the January temperatures to enjoy a ride. . . Glimpse: Winter thaw Rising temperatures and rain created a winter thaw on campus on Jan. 17,. . . Glimpse: Snow days A student walks across campus along West Circle Drive during the first. . . Glimpse: Shade of winter Shadows of trees are cast onto the side of the Eli and Edythe Broad Art. . . Glimpse: Closed for the winter Gates to the The W. J. Beal Botanical Garden near the Main Library are. . . Glimpse: Winter blanket The Spartan wears a winter blanket of snow while standing guard near. . . Glimpse: Holiday greenery The annual MSU Horticulture Gardens poinsettia tree provides some. . . Glimpse: Performance art Music students perform an impromptu concert of "Beethoven's Fifth. . . Glimpse: Reflections A student pauses for reflection on the banks of the Red Cedar on Nov.. . . Glimpse: Falling leaves Fall leaves cascade down on campus during a bright fall day. Photo by. . . Glimpse: Red Cedar research Students examine samples taken from the Red Cedar River on Oct. 11,. . . Glimpse: Shine on, Spartan The Spartan statue is illuminated by bright fall sunlight on Oct. 19,. . . Glimpse: River art One of four spots along the Red Cedar River displaying installations of. . . Glimpse: Don't fence me in An autumn sunset captures the beauty of the Spartan farms on Oct. 2,. . . Glimpse: Rainy days and Thursdays Even a rainy Thursday can't dampen the Spartan spirit of students as. . . Glimpse: Mother Nature Spectacular clouds roll over Beaumont Tower on Sept. 21, 2016. Photo by. . . Glimpse: Art class A class session takes advantage of a lovely September afternoon near. . . Glimpse: Spartan Remix Students participating in the Spartan Remix gather around The Rock. The. . . Glimpse: Movie night MSU students enjoy movie night under the stars on Adams Field, Aug. 29.. . . Glimpse: In tune Members of the Spartan Marching Band tuba section practice in Spartan. . . Glimpse: Day of Service Hundreds of MSU Residence Education and Housing Services staff members. . . Glimpse: Things are looking up A sculpture in front of the Fairchild Theatre points to the summer sky.. . . Glimpse: Perennially beautiful Visitors enjoy a quiet moment in the shade of the entrance pavillion of. . . Glimpse: Pokemon Go...Green Pokemon Go fever hits campus as everyone tries to catch 'em all. Photo. . . Glimpse: Healing gardens The summer sun shines on the MSU Radiology Healing Gardens near the MSU. . . Glimpse: Photobomb The Spartan helmet from atop the Spartan Stadium south scoreboard. . . Glimpse: Patriotic Hannah The statue of John Hannah, MSU's longest-serving president (from. . . Glimpse: Dazzling display A gorgeous burst of a sunset paints a beautiful picture across the. . . Glimpse: Under the tulip tree The summer sun shines through the leaves of a campus tulip tree. Photo. . . Glimpse: Setting sun The sun sets on a campus pasture. Photo by Kurt Stepnitz. . . Glimpse: Stadium view The Spartan Stadium scoreboard peeks around the summer foliage near the. . . Glimpse: Square scene A budding tree is seen in the square panes of the Main Library. The MSU. . . Glimpse: Climbing the walls Purple flowers and climbing ivy bring spring color to the IM Circle.. . . Glimpse: Seasonal reflections Trees in the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden are reflected in a pool on May. . . Glimpse: One giant leap Graduating seniors from the class of 2016 leap for joy as they prepare. . . Glimpse: Go Green! Go White! Go Forth! Students celebrate their upcoming graduation ceremonies at the Spartan. . . Glimpse: Influential Spartan Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha, director of the Michigan State University and. . . Glimpse: Spring looks good on you Spring blooms begin to pop on trees outside of Linton Hall on April 11,. . . Glimpse: Early blooms After snow last week, spring blooms are finally starting to come out. . . Glimpse: Curtain calls Students from the China Conservatory of Music and the MSU College of. . . Glimpse: Spring study session A student takes advantage of the warmer weather on campus and gets some. . . Glimpse: #SpartanLove Two Spartans celebrate the first hint of spring near the Main Library on. . . Glimpse: Great Wall, Great Spartans Michigan State University College of Music students, who were visiting. . . Glimpse: Let the sunshine in An open window in Yakeley Residence Hall on March 7, 2016 welcomes a. . . Glimpse: Spartan sentry The Spartan stands guard over campus during a winter storm Feb. 25,. . . Glimpse: LookOut! and Dance The LookOut! Gallery at Snyder Phillips Hall became a dance space on. . . Glimpse: February Reflections A student is reflected in the windows of the north end of Spartan. . . Glimpse: Snowy commute Winter snow and cold temperatures have arrived on campus making getting. . . Glimpse: Just Ducky Ducks hang out on the Red Cedar River and enjoy a break in the winter. . . Glimpse: Deer Klara Kristalova's, Deer, stands watch of the Sculpture Garden at the. . . Glimpse: If Not Now, Then When? "If not now, then when? If not us, then who?" was the theme of the 2016. . . Glimpse: Snow Day A student walks on campus through the snow and cold on Jan. 12, 2016.. . . Glimpse: Reach Higher Students at MSU fall commencement ceremonies on Dec. 19, 2015. MSU. . . Glimpse: Fog lights A day-long and chilly fog throughout mid-Michigan creates a glow along. . . Glimpse: December lights A classic MSU lantern lights the way on a December night. The original. . . Glimpse: Illuminating science and culture Sunlight plays on the main staircase at the MSU Museum. The museum,. . . Glimpse: A colorful march The Spartan Marching Band performed “The Art of the March: Cues. . . Glimpse: Taps A member of the Spartan Marching Band plays "Taps" at a Veterans Day. . . Glimpse: The Beat Goes On The Spartan Marching Band endures heavy rainfall during the MSU-Indiana. . . Glimpse: Fall in Love With Campus Fall leaves make a dazzling display of color on West Circle Drive on. . . Glimpse: Fall never gets old The morning sun illuminates brilliant leaves near Olds Hall and the John. . . Glimpse: Take note An MSU vocal student auditions for a part in a collaborative opera. . . Glimpse: Capture the Flag The Spartan Marching Band enters the stadium tunnel just before the 2015. . . Glimpse: Leaving summer behind Summer breezes give way to autumn's leaves near the Brody Square dining. . . Glimpse: Banking on relaxation Students enjoy the beautiful fall weather while relaxing on the banks of. . . Glimpse: An eye on fall A student is framed by blooming black-eyed-susan flowers in front of. . . Glimpse: Step Up, Spartans An incoming student climbs the steps at the annual convocation ceremony. . . Glimpse: Campus is buzzing During Move-In Day on Aug. 30, President Lou Anna K. Simon visited the. . . Glimpse: Touchdown, MSU! President Lou Anna K. Simon shows great form as she catches a pass. . . Glimpse: Foliage Frames Summer foliage explodes in the sunshine in the courtyard of the. . . Glimpse: Amazon Queen MSU College of Osteopathic Medicine students board the Amazon Queen on. . . Glimpse: Global impact A child peeks at MSU photographer Kurt Stepnitz in the central highlands. . . Glimpse: New friends Chris Buller, MSU videographer, makes some new friends on location in. . . Glimpse: Summer quartet The MSU Dupere Quartet perform in the Beal Botanical Garden Musical. . . Glimpse: Summer exhibit A student walks by the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum. The museum will. . . Glimpse: Make way for ducklings A mother duck defends her ducklings beside a pond in the W. J. Beal. . . Glimpse: Campus Goes Green Summer campers and families alike enjoy MSU's lush greenery of W. J.. . . Glimpse: How to capture a squirrel A photographer captures a squirrel on the MSU campus. Photo by Derrick. . . Glimpse: On the banks of the Red Cedar Students relax and exercise along the banks of the Red Cedar River on. . . Glimpse: Afternoon ride A cyclist rides along the bike path by the Red Cedar River near the W.. . . Glimpse: Summer research A student examines a tree at the Kellogg Biological Station in Hickory. . . Glimpse: Sunset silhouette A midge perches on wild grass as the sun sets at the MSU Sheep Teaching. . . Glimpse: Reflections of Linton Hall Linton Hall is reflected in the stone horse trough and drinking-fountain. . . Glimpse: Teach the change A education graduate expresses her thoughts about teaching during. . . Glimpse: Reflections on nursing The Bott Building for Nursing Education and Research reflects clouds in. . . Glimpse: Beaumont blooms Spring blossoms frame the view of Beaumont Tower and the MSU Museum on. . . Glimpse: Spring blooms Spring blooms frame Spartans as they make their way to a reception for. . . Glimpse: Sticky science MSU forestry club students bottle up this year's supply of maple syrup,. . . Glimpse: Campus Ride Students board the CATA bus in front of the MSU Auditorium on March 30,. . . Glimpse: Fairchild confab Students have a discussion in the second floor walkway of Fairchild. . . Glimpse: Spartan silhouettes Students are silhouetted against the glass in the atrium of the Plant. . . Glimpse: Pining for research A tree in the Munn Pinetum are ribboned for pending research by Caleb. . . Glimpse: Concrete Beginnings Despite snow and freezing rain and even the gloom of night, the biggest. . . Glimpse: For whom the bell tolls A bell, crafted by the English company, Gillett & Johnston, in. . . Glimpse: Room with a view Students enter Mary Mayo Residence Hall on Feb. 17, 2015. Photo by. . . Glimpse: View from above Students in the atrium of the Biomedical Physical Sciences Building.. . . Glimpse: Winter's light A student exits the warmth of Williams Hall into the cold winter's eve. . . Glimpse: Linton glow The winter sun casts a dramatic glow on Linton Hall on Feb. 3, 2015, the. . . Glimpse: Eye on communications The Communication Arts and Sciences Building as viewed from the. . . Glimpse: Foggy view MSU's Beaumont Tower wears the shroud of a wintery fog, Jan. 14, 2015.. . . Glimpse: Through the clouds The sun peeks through cycling snow squalls on an MSU farm on Jan. 9,. . . Glimpse: Winter leaf After a relatively mild December, January has brought snow and frigid. . . Glimpse: Graduation silhouettes Graduates from the fall of 2014 semester are silhouetted against the. . . Glimpse: By the light of the moon Moonlight illuminates The Spartan statue on Dec. 4, 2014. Photo by. . . Glimpse: Room with a view Students are seen through the architectural detail in the atrium of. . . Glimpse: Flurry of reflections The first snowstorm of the season is captured in the architectural. . . Glimpse: Circle Drive Sunset A dazzling sunset lights up East and West Circle Drive on Nov. 10, 2014.. . . Glimpse: Bleeding green Students bleed green and give the gift of life at a blood drive in Brody. . . Glimpse: Spartan Fall Autumn leaves surround The Spartan statue on a cloudy day on Oct. 29,. . . Glimpse: Color path Students walk along the colorful fall path behind Owen and McDonel. . . Glimpse: The Course of Fall Autumn shows its color on the MSU West Forest Akers Golf Course. Forest. . . Glimpse: Pretty as a picture A student photographs the beauty of autumn's arrival along the Red Cedar. . . Glimpse: FRIB progress Work continues on the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, a new national. . . Glimpse: Glow Green An emerald glow greets Spartans as they enter the west entrance of the. . . Glimpse: September Silhouette Beautiful September skies light up the "S" tree at the MSU farm at Jolly. . . Glimpse: Jumping into studies Students measure the Red Cedar River's velocity during a fall class.. . . Glimpse: September Sky A brilliant September sun rises over the MSU farms on Sept. 9, 2014.. . . Glimpse: Practice Makes Perfect The Spartan Marching Band Color Guard runs through a half-time. . . Glimpse: Linton Reflections Old Botany Hall's reflection in the door windows of Linton Hall's east. . . Glimpse: Just Because Ron Cichy, who is retiring after 26 years as director of The School of. . . Glimpse: Lunch Break A Spartan enjoys lunch in the courtyard behind the Computer Center on. . . Glimpse: Summer reflections Student workers tend to the plants in the Beal Botanical Garden on a. . . Glimpse: Fount of knowledge The fountain in Old Horticulture Garden is a campus destination for many. . . Glimpse: Rockin' it out at AOP Academic Orientation Program students gather for a photo at the Rock. . . Glimpse: Living Laboratory Caretakers of the William J. Beal Botanical Garden at work on July 9,. . . Glimpse: Petals and pedals Students bike past the MSU Bikes shop and rental station along the Red. . . Glimpse: Writing Circle Participants in the Spartan Writing Camp listen to a story before. . . Glimpse: Pollination detail A closeup of a section of MSU's Amorphophallus titanum, aka corpse. . . Glimpse: Geometric science A reflection of the Biochemistry Building makes shapes on the Biomedical. . . Glimpse: Room with a view The Wells Hall atrium viewed from the third floor on June 5, 2014.. . . Glimpse: Pretty as a picture MSU students Aja Harper and Damon Adams photograph spring blossoms in. . . Glimpse: Shaping up for summer A view of West Circle Drive from the MSU Union's south stairwell. Photo. . . Glimpse: On the banks A view of the Red Cedar River from the Hannah Administration Building on. . . Glimpse: Flower tower A Saucer Magnolia blossom frames the view of Beaumont Tower on May 9,. . . Glimpse: Go Forth! Graduates celebrate their accomplishments at commencement ceremonies at. . . Glimpse: Broad reflections Reflections during a concert at the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum. . . Glimpse: Finally sprung! . . . Glimpse: Winter's last laugh After a weekend of warm, spring weather, winter had one last laugh for. . . Glimpse: The keys to success A music performace student practices at the Residential College of Arts. . . Glimpse: Taste of spring A young calf takes a lick at the MSU Dairy Farm on March 31, 2014. Photo. . . Glimpse: Fashion Forward MSU student designer Maria Estrada (left) works on some last-minute. . . Glimpse: Future designs Backstage preparations are made during the Department of Art, Art. . . Glimpse: Winter paths A student walks on the paths near West Circle Drive on March 6, 2014.. . . Glimpse: Winter shadows Students in the second floor atrium of Wells Hall on Feb. 28, 2014.. . . Glimpse: Carnegie Hall performance The MSU Wind Symphony performs at Carnegie Hall in New York City on. . . Glimpse: Study walk MSU student Carson Tabiolo reads her Japanese language textbook en route. . . Glimpse: Cold winter, warm heart A heart made by footprints on the frozen Red Cedar River. Photo by. . . Glimpse: Linton shadows Snow-covered trees cast shadows onto Linton Hall during a rare moment of. . . Glimpse: Winter windows A student walks near the Natural Science Building (right) as viewed from. . . Glimpse: One of Nine Ernest Green, MSU alumnus and member of the Little Rock Nine, speaks to. . . Glimpse: Glowing research Black light shows areas of damage on composite material at MSU’s. . . Glimpse: Baby, it's cold outside A polar vortex swept down upon campus Jan. 5 transforming the landscape. . . Glimpse: Green and White A white blanket of snow covers the greenery outside of Olds Hall after. . . Glimpse: Smelling Roses The Spartan Statue is decked out in a jersey and roses to celebrate the. . . Glimpse: North Kedzie view MSU students from a geology and human environment class present their. . . Glimpse: Ornamental beauty Ornamental grass frames the view of East Circle Drive. Photo by Derrick. . . Glimpse: Frame of fall Autumn leaves and evergreens frame the view of Hannah Administration. . . Glimpse: Dusting of winter The first dusting of snow decorates the leaves at the MSU Main Library. . . Glimpse: 24 hours in Zambia An iPhone captures the start of the day in Lusaka, Zambia, as MSU. . . Glimpse: Haunted Aud The Department of Theatre presents the 5th Annual Haunted Aud at the MSU. . . Glimpse: Getting involved Members of the University Activities Board pose for a group photo. The. . . Glimpse: MSU, we love thy shadows Members of the media cast shadows on the field near Sparty at the. . . Glimpse: Fall colors The morning sun lights up the fall trees near Olds Hall. Photo by Lisa. . . Glimpse: Freshmen Abroad Freshmen show their Spartan spirit at the Meiji Shrine in Tokyo during. . . Glimpse: Musical shadows Musicians are silhouetted backstage during the College of Music’s. . . Glimpse: Spartan Superheroes Spartan Superheroes are everywhere being world changers and life savers,. . . Glimpse: Remembrance A visitor comes to reflect and remember at the MSU Alumni Chapel on. . . Glimpse: Spartan skies The skies over Spartan Stadium grow ominous at the season's opening game. . . Glimpse: Fall Sounds Listen carefully in the afternoons on campus and you'll hear it. Welcome. . . Glimpse: Dem Hall Echoes The echoes bouncing around these Dem Hall shadows mean that it's. . . Glimpse: MSU Shadows An iconic shadow is cast upon the summer sidewalk.. . . Glimpse: Healing war dogs MSU alumnus Maj. Kent Vince, (right), works on Tommy at a veterinary. . . Glimpse: Red Cedar waterworks Water connects all of us and keeps us kicking. Photo by Kurt Stepntiz. . . Glimpse: The art of science . . . Glimpse: It's in the details A look at detail on Agriculture Hall, which will be renamed the Justin. . . Glimpse: Sunrise over Spartan Land The summer sun rises over the green fields of the south campus farms.. . . Glimpse: Award-winning Spartans Light glints off the Michigan EMMY award picked up June 16 by Anthony. . . Glimpse: Artistic reflections Pretty much everything at the Broad Museum at MSU offers a new. . . Glimpse: Surplus Sparty What is your profession? Learn more about the MSU Surplus. . . Glimpse: Farm days Clouds above the farm at the MSU Lake City Research Center. Photo by. . . Glimpse: Stars and Stripes Clouds frame the Stars and Stripes in front of the Hannah Administration. . . Glimpse: Spring planting MSU plant pathologist Marty Chilvers sets a guideline while planting. . . Glimpse: Containment Something appears out of "Containment" in the sculpture garden at the. . . Glimpse: Spartans crossing MSU photographer Kurt Stepnitz gets the shot for a University. . . Glimpse: Spring grads at Beaumont Go Green! Go White! Go Forth! Spring grads pose for a traditional MSU. . . Glimpse: Finals week at Olds Hall A glimpse through an Olds Hall classroom window, smack dab in the middle. . . | 2019-04-23T20:40:14Z | https://msutoday.msu.edu/360/2016/misty-morning/ |
TEXAS -- More than 90 collies have been seized from a Tomball home under a court order from a federal judge as part of a bankruptcy case.
U.S. District Judge David Jones signed an order Friday allowing Houston Collie Rescue to remove dogs from the property of Dr. Elaine Kmiec, an optometrist.
On Friday morning, Jones asked the group's president, Vickey Willard, if the organization was able to take on 35 dogs.
"That's what she claimed she had," Willard said Saturday. "When we left, there were 90-plus dogs, including two pregnant females. We're still counting today."
It took about eight hours to get all the dogs out, because volunteers kept finding more tucked away on the property, she said.
"Every time I got a batch out, I'd go back deeper," she said. "It kept going on and on. I didn't think we'd ever get them all."
Many were in deplorable condition, but none died during the seizure, Willard said. Among the maladies she noticed were ear infections, demodectic mange, overgrown nails, "hot spots" due to fleas and the smell of urine in their coats.
There were puddles of urine inside the house, creating an odor that lingered on the dogs and on the volunteers who handled them, she said.
The order signed by the judge Friday also noted that Kmiec had failed to meet her responsibilities as a debtor under bankruptcy law.
"Most egregious is the fact that her actions (en)danger the lives of 35 animals who cannot speak or protect themselves," the order stated. "The court cannot condone the use of the bankruptcy process to inflict harm on undeserving creatures."
Kmiec also had dozens of dogs seized from her property in 2006 and 2007, Willard said.
The collies rescued Friday are to remain in Houston Collie Rescue's custody until further notice, Jones' order stated. The organization is to provide the court a report on the exact number of dogs seized, their general condition and any other notable information.
Willard said the 90-some dogs are together in an appropriate facility under the care of experienced volunteers and will receive needed veterinary treatment. Financial donations can be made through the group's Paypal account on its website or by mail at Houston Collie Rescue, P.O. Box 526, Stafford, TX 77497-0526.
NEVADA -- “It was very long overdue. We’ve been dealing with this for over two years,” Terry Salyer, exasperated, said on Tuesday.
The longtime Pahrump resident watched with satisfaction as Nye County Animal Control officers and Hazmat volunteers along with sheriff’s deputies removed more than 30 dogs from attorney Nancy Lord’s property.
He was joined by about a half dozen others along the 200 block of Pechstein Street.
The action culminated from a two-year battle between Lord and families living in the neighborhood who say they cannot even go for an evening walk because packs of Lord’s dogs routinely roam the streets of the normally quiet neighborhood off Blagg Road.
Salyer said he and many of his neighbors were pleased to finally get some normalcy back into their lives.
“These dogs have been terrorizing the neighborhood for too long. Before today, we couldn’t let our dogs out and kids could not even play in their own yards. I’ve been waiting for this since eight this morning,” he said.
Though Lord’s property is entirely fenced in, Salyer initially thought the dogs may have escaped by digging underneath or somehow jumping over their enclosure.
“I have three dogs and late at night, I would let my dogs out in my yard through the doggie door. I have one that’s 14 years old and it got to be where I couldn’t let them out because she would literally come out, open her gate and let her dogs run loose. I feel sorry for the dogs,” he said.
Nye County Ordinance 430 requires animal owners with more than five dogs or cats over the age of six months on any given property to obtain a residential kennel permit, while anyone with more than 10 dogs or cats over the age of six months to obtain a commercial kennel permit.
Nye County Emergency Services Director Vance Payne said a court order allowed his crews to remove enough dogs for Lord to comply with local laws and ordinances relating to the number of pets residents can legally own.
Payne said his department tried on more than one occasion to settle the issue without a court order.
“About two weeks ago we had received a tentative agreement from her because she understood that this issue with the number of animals on her property was untenable. She sat down and talked with myself and District Attorney Brian Kunzi. We had a very amiable discussion and she understood there was a problem. We were able to work out a relationship where animal control would pick up five dogs a week until she got down to the legal numbers. We planned to work with rescue groups in the valley to try and find a home for them. On Aug. 12, an animal control officer was ready to go and pick up the five dogs when Nancy called me and said in her heart, she just couldn’t give them up, so she backed out at the last minute,” he said.
The dogs, now in possession of the Nye County Animal Shelter, are doing well, according to shelter official Tonya Brum on Wednesday.
The fact that the facility constantly maintains a high number of “guests,” officials there were forced to find additional accommodations for the new arrivals.
“With their ingenuity and creativity, they were able to build enough kennels to house the dogs comfortably,” Brum said. “They are in an ongoing court case so they are maintained until the case is adjudicated. The dogs are safe and secure.
Brum also said the shelter always welcomes donations.
“In all reality, the best donation is of course money, first and foremost and leashes. Towels and doggie beds are something else we can always use, especially for the older dogs because a concrete floor is really uncomfortable,” she said.
Payne, meanwhile, said Tuesday’s action required summoning additional resources out of northern Nye County.
“Tim McCarty is the animal control supervisor and we needed some strong supervision and coordination on the scene,” he said.
FLORIDA -- A 25-year-old man already out of jail on a felony charge for operating a chop shop and was re-arrested on Wednesday when neighbors called police concerned about a dying dog in his backyard.
Police arrested Emilio Garcia and added the charge of Animal Cruelty.
He appeared before a judge Thursday afternoon who held him on $5,000 bond and added that he would not be able to post bond right away until he saw the judge overseeing his first case.
Neighbors described the dog as being chained to a fence and that the dog appeared to be dead.
“The dog just couldn’t move. Nothing but bones. All his gums and tongue was pure white like he hasn’t eaten in God knows how long,” neighbor John Gilman told CBS4’s Lauren Pastrana.
Cell phone video shows the dog lying on his side, unable to lift his head when called. He was, however, wagging his tail.
“It was starving, his tongue and gums were white. The dog was skin and bones,” Alyssa Espinoza said.
Espinoza explained she and another neighbor, a 911 operator, entered the yard at the home along SW 164 Terrace and removed the dog from the property, then called police and animal services.
“It was horrible,” neighbor Shawntae McSween said. “It smelled like something was dead."
The owner of the dog happened to arrive not long after cops did.
Turns out, the he’s been in trouble before.
Garcia was recently arrested on charges of operating a chop shop and grand theft.
Garcia appeared before a judge Thursday on a new charge of animal cruelty with intent to injure or kill.
The animal lovers who rushed to the dog’s rescue have some strong feelings about the man accused of leaving this dog to die.
“They should be left to die and starve like that, that’s how I feel,” Espinoza said.
The director of Miami-Dade Animal Services confirms there’s a complaint history at the home, but did not have the details of the calls available at press time.
She said the dog remains in critical condition.
He needed a blood transfusion and is receiving supportive veterinary care.
ALABAMA -- An Alex City animal cruelty suspect is facing dozens of additional felony charges.
The 56 new charges against Nick Patterson, 30, deal mainly with financial matters such as allegedly stealing his grandparents' credit card and ringing up about $15,000.
Patterson was initially charged with animal cruelty. Police say he is on his way back now from Iowa where he surrendered last week.
Patterson is accused of starving and neglecting his purebred Collies on his grandparents' property on Pearson Chapel Road in Alex City. Patterson allegedly told investigators in early June he could no longer care for his dogs because he hurt his foot.
"He also claimed his help quit in February. He could have gone out to check on them. Do I believe him? No sir, I don't," said Alex City Animal Control Officer Kelly Cotney.
Fully grown, the dogs should weigh around 75 pounds, but investigators say Patterson's dogs only tipped 25 pounds on the day they were found. A family member alerted police. When authorities arrived, they found some of the dogs infested with maggots.
"He ran out of money. He wanted to maintain a certain lifestyle and the dogs came second," Cotney said.
Of the 20 animals found, 14 survived, and two are still missing. One of the surviving dogs is with a foster family while the rest are recovering at the city shelter.
VIRGINIA -- A Chesapeake man was charged with misdemeanor animal cruelty after a dog was treated for severe trauma earlier this month.
About 10 a.m. Aug. 11, a resident called Emergency Communications concerned about injuries a 5-year-old Pomeranian received while in another person's care, according to a police news release.
Animal Control officers responded and found the Pomeranian at a veterinarian's office, where the dog was being treated for injuries, including multiple broken bones, according to the release.
Joseph Quinton Moxley, 25, was charged and released on bond. The case remains under investigation.
NEVADA -- Nye County authorities served a search warrant Tuesday at the home of a local attorney, confiscating some three dozen animals that had become a nuisance to nearby residents.
Animal control officers and Nye County Sheriff’s deputies executed an operation just before 3 p.m. to seize the animals and deliver them to an area shelter.
The operation came after months of negotiations with the animals’ owner, who had already been cited numerous times.
Residents living in the area of Blagg and Stagecoach roads said they were fed up with Nancy Lord and the hoard of animals living on her property.
Neighbor Terry Salyer said he and other residents repeatedly called police and county officials to report dogs routinely running loose throughout the area wreaking havoc.
Salyer has been living at the same residence for more than 20 years. On Monday, he said he collected statements from other residents who wanted something done about Lord’s dogs.
“I just received five statements from the neighbors living around here who have never filled out a statement on her. That’s not including the 30 to 50 statements that have been filled out in the past two years. The sheriff’s department has been out here four times in the past two weeks. What they did, I don’t know. I do know that Nye County Animal Control has issued many, many citations to her already,” he said.
Everything changed on Tuesday afternoon when officers from Nye County Animal Control and Hazmat caravanned to Lord’s property along with sheriff’s deputies.
Nye County Emergency Services oversees animal control. Director Vance Payne said his crews were directed by the court to confiscate only enough dogs so that Lord becomes in compliance with ordinances relating to pets.
Nye County Ordinance Number 430 requires animal owners with more than five dogs or cats over the age of six months on any given property to obtain a residential kennel permit, while anyone with more than 10 dogs or cats over the age of six months to obtain a commercial kennel permit.
Lord refused to acquire those.
The ordinance went into effect Oct. 8, 2012 after it was approved by the Board of County Commissioners on Sept. 18, 2012.
As a result, Payne said his agency had to act due to the sheer number of dogs on the property.
“In Nye County you’re allowed up to nine dogs. Two of those can be unfixed or unaltered. In this situation, we estimate somewhere between 30 to 70 dogs on this property. The owner moved some to another property that we will also address today. The judge felt that we were at a point where we had to move on this. We are removing the animals and holding them on her behalf. She is still the owner of the animals and the court will sort it all out,” he said.
Crews spent the better part of two hours rounding up dogs of various breeds.
Most appeared to be in good condition.
Payne noted that if Lord possessed the proper permit, and kept her animals on her own property, there would not have been a problem.
“There are different levels of permits and if you have a large enough property, and a conditional use permit through the planning department, you can have unlimited animals. When they become a threat to your neighbors, all bets are off,” Payne said.
Salyer, meanwhile, said the situation has created unnecessary stress among his neighbors.
“One of them is a diabetic and he can’t even walk the streets anymore for exercise. Our other neighbors can’t let their kids out in their own yard,” he said.
Lord told the Pahrump Valley Times Tuesday afternoon that she had problems with how the ordinances in question were drawn up.
“There are numerous defects with the five dog limit. It should have been done by the town procedurally in the postings. They changed the ordinance by making it a multi-pet permit tier two, which is a lot more reasonable than a commercial kennel permit. Because of that, I did not move on it and I’m very sorry for that today,” she said.
Lord revealed her intentions when and if all of her animals are returned.
“All I want to do is take these animals with me. I will move out of Nye County tomorrow if I could get all of my dogs back. They don’t have room in the pound for them. All of my animals are in very good condition and the animal control people acknowledged that as well,” Lord said.
Additionally, Payne said his office had made numerous attempts to avoid the situation that occurred yesterday.
“The owner of the dogs has repeatedly said she would take steps to keep the dogs on her property, but it’s been to no avail. We actually have complaints going back to two years about the dogs running at large. This is not uncommon in our valley. We always have these incorrigible dogs who seem to be escape artists. The difference with this situation is the sheer number of dogs. She is in violation of Title 6 in several different areas, but the process is dreadfully slow,” he said.
MISSOURI -- A 21-year-old man who got into an argument with his girlfriend is in custody after he apparently took his anger out on her pet kitten.
Tyrell Devon Griffin, 21, of the 11000 block of Jerries Lane in Florissant, was charged this week with misdemeanor animal abuse. His bail is set at $10,000.
The incident happened in October. According to police, Griffin grabbed the kitten "while in a vengeful rage" and threw it against a wall. When he realized he had seriously hurt the animal, he fled from the apartment on Fox Chase Drive in St. Charles.
Griffin's girlfriend rushed the kitten to an animal hospital, but it died a short time later.
ARKANSAS -- A Jonesboro woman will appear in court on Wednesday for animal cruelty and improper confinement charges, according to a police report.
According to Jonesboro Police Officer Mike Owens, Lakendra Thomas, 21, of Jonesboro was cited for leaving her dog chained to a gate post and failing to provide proper medical care for a cut on the dog's back.
According to the report, Owens responded to a call about a vicious dog at 903 Haltom.
When Owens arrived on the scene, he reported that no one could get close to the animal. Owens included in the report that he “also noticed a large cut on the backbone of the dog that had been there for at least a week and had not been taken care of.” Owens reported the chain was too tight around the dog's neck.
Eventually, Owens was able to calm the dog down enough to remove the chain and take it to Jonesboro Animal Control.
Five days later, Owens got a call from Thomas about the dog and claimed the dog belonged to her.
When asked about the cut, “she had to call her brother before she could inform me (Owens) that it had chewed through a door,” according to the report. She went on to tell Owens that a nail caused the cut.
As Owens was filling out the citation, Thomas left in her car without taking the dog or signing the citation, the report stated.
On Friday night, Thomas picked up the dog from animal control and was cited for state cruelty and improper confinement.
MICHIGAN -- The jogger who was mauled to death in July by two large dogs on a rural road in Metamora Township was bitten at least eight times and knew, as he lay bleeding in a ditch, that he was dying, even as frantic neighbors tried to save him.
Craig Sytsma, 46, had run a little over a mile down Thomas Road the evening of July 23, jogging northbound at an easy pace, wearing his sunglasses and a black Harley-Davidson T-shirt, when the pair of hundred-pound Cane Corsos attacked him. The dogs pulled him down into a grassy ditch along the gravel road and bit him numerous times in both arms, his chest and back, his left buttock and thigh, as he struggled for his life.
Sytsma was "screaming and begging for help," according to the first neighbor who tried to administer first aid, even using her belt on his left arm as a tourniquet to stop the bleeding. As he began to fade, Sytsma said, "I'm bleeding out, I'm dying," and then the neighbor could feel no pulse.
And even as she tried to revive him with CPR, the dogs came charging back out of the woods and she had to back away until the dogs retreated.
Sytsma's last moments, and the fear that had been building in the community for several months as the dogs ran loose, are documented in lengthy police reports and witness statements obtained by the Detroit Free Press under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act.
Two neighbors were bitten in the months leading up to the killing and some began to arm themselves with guns.
The records also present a disturbing picture of dog owners seemingly aware of their animals' aggression and violence — they were warned by the family vet that the dogs were dangerous and had been sued over one of the dog bites — but took few steps to keep the dogs corralled. The dogs repeatedly dug out of their chain-link kennel and may have done so the day Sytsma died, according to the records.
The dogs' owners, Valbona Lucaj, 44, and Sebastiano Quagliata, 45, are charged with second-degree murder and remain in the Lapeer County Jail, unable to post $500,000 bonds. They will be in Lapeer District Court on Friday for an ongoing hearing to determine if there is enough evidence to send them to trial.
Sytsma, a divorced father of three, had beaten colon cancer the year before and had taken up running as a way to keep the cancer at bay. A sports fan and athlete, he worked as a metallurgical engineer at Eltro Services, a small engineering firm.
Thomas Road was a jogger's dream. A soft surface. Little traffic. No chance of crime. And it was shady that evening in July, with trees providing a rich, dark canopy along the road. The temperature was hovering around 80.
Sytsma set out that evening wearing shorts, a shirt, and Brooks running shoes. He'd left his ID back at the office, as well as his cellphone, something that would later play out as police struggled to identify the man in the ditch.
About 5:30 p.m., Edward Elmer was mowing his grass on a riding mower and waived at Sytsma as he jogged past. But when Elmer swung back to finish up his lawn, he saw a terrifying thing.
"Sytsma was in the ditch being attacked by two large dogs. Elmer stated he approached Sytsma but realized he couldn't do much due to the size of the dogs," the report said.
Elmer ran into his house and got his 44-caliber Magnum and fired four shots at the dogs, shooting one in the leg.
Elmer's girlfriend, Helen Barwig, a first responder with medical training, ran out to help, armed with paper towels. But she could do nothing to save the man in the grassy ditch. She told police Sytsma "was losing a lot of blood and begged her not to let him die."
Less than an hour later, Sytsma was pronounced dead at Lapeer Regional Hospital.
According to police reports, an autopsy later would reveal much of his injuries were in his arms, with no injuries to his head or neck, possibly because he used his arms to shield those areas.
He had bites to his chest and back as well. He had abrasions to his knees, where he likely fell onto the gravel during the attack. And he had bites to his back left upper thigh and buttocks.
Dog owner Quagliata arrived home that night to find police in his drive. His wife, Lucaj, and their three children were in Boston for a family reunion.
Quagliata eventually would tell police that he had locked the dogs in a kennel that morning before he left for his job as a house painter but that the dogs frequently tunneled out.
Police, in investigating the property, found that a kennel made up of cyclone fence, had been patched with logs to cover up holes in the fence. But one hole was open, without "anything to deny the animals from leaving the area,"' according to the report.
And police would learn that the dogs had bitten a woman in 2012 and a 73-year-old man in November 2013. That same man, James Salego, was sitting outside on his deck with his wife the evening Sytsma was attacked, and heard the screaming and the gunshots.
He told his wife, "those dogs are involved in something." The pair drove down Thomas road and spotted Sytsma in the road, as neighbors tried to revive him. Salego's wife "became very upset and they drove straight home."
In the days following the killing, neighbors told the police that the dogs had become a growing menace in the nearly three years since the family had moved to the neighborhood. Geoffrey Petz said his grandmother lived next door to Quagliata and Lucaj and was frequently menaced by the dogs running loose.
Last summer, he was confronted by snarling, threatening dogs who backed him into his grandmother's pole barn.
"It was alarming enough to make me carry a weapon while riding the mower out of fear that the dog would be loose while I was mowing," he said in a written statement to police.
In the days leading up to his arrest, Quagliata remained concerned about his dogs and contacted Lapeer Animal Control to make sure that Toni, one of the dogs involved in the fatal attack, was getting adequate care for his gunshot wound.
Officials told his attorney that the dog was scheduled for euthanasia and that any medical treatment would have to be paid for by Quagliata.
The dogs since have been put down. Seven puppies seized from the home have been sent to a rescue league in Texas.
Quagliata and Lucaj face up to life in prison if convicted. | 2019-04-24T16:35:30Z | http://fourleggedfriendsandenemies.blogspot.com/2014/08/ |
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Computers have become a part of peoples everyday lives along with other electronics such as smartphones and even smart-assistants. Because of this I recently decided to build my own PC since I was relying too much on my laptop, but while researching different parts and builds along with where I could buy them I started to wonder what actually happens to, specifically computers, but also any electronic device after it has reached the end of its life cycle? The answer was, I had no idea.
Computers are something we use in our everyday life, whether it be for work, school, entertainment or even just learning in general by looking up new things. Cryptocurrency mining is one activity that uses parts of a PC to earn somebody a source of income by quite literally sitting there doing nothing (well after you have gotten everything set up that is).
Armed with these two topics and an interest which, surprisingly, only grew as I did more and more research I started work on my Digital artefact or DA which is about an 8 minute video (+4 unmarked minutes at the end because I got a little carried away while looking stuff up) which can be found at the bottom of this post. I started off by looking into E-Waste with the intention of finding out how exactly it is recycled but quickly changed my topic to look at what actually happens to e-waste after it has been recycled. I focused on the sheer amount of e-waste and how it is a growing issue, the lack of general knowledge about recycling of e-waste in Australia and how most of this e-waste ends up in other countries where the process of melting down these toxic parts is not done in proper facilities or with the wellbeing of the workers doing it or the environment in mind. For the cryptocurrency component I focused on how the mining of cryptocurrency, which is currently going through a major boom in popularity, has effected the prices of components used to build a PC, specifically the graphics card. I go over how mining of crypto uses a graphics card, the ridiculous increase in cost to graphics cards because of the lack of supple and high demand and finally the possible causes of bringing back down the price of these graphics cards by looking at potential reasons the mining boom may be coming to an end (Reason 1 – Reason 2).
For the extra part I wanted to look at how cryptocurrencies are being put under regulatory scrutiny in both the US and Australia as the US debates whether these digital currencies should be treated as commodities or securities while in Australia, ASIC, an Australian government organisation, is moving a spotlight onto organisations who deal with ICO’s and are bringing the hammer down on misleading or deceptive conduct which I learnt about through an article released by Clayton Utz, a major law firm in the Country. There were two main reasons why I couldn’t put this last section as part of the actually marked assessment with the first being that I simply didn’t have enough time to talk about it but mainly because it didn’t really have anything to do with the process of building a PC which was the reason I started looking into these topics to begin with.
Abs.gov.au. (2013). 4602.0.55.005 – Waste Account, Australia, Experimental Estimates, 2013. [online] Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Products/4602.0.55.005~2013~Main+Features~Electronic+and+Electrical+Waste?OpenDocument.
Asic.gov.au. (2018). Initial coin offerings and crypto-currency | ASIC – Australian Securities and Investments Commission. [online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/digital-transformation/initial-coin-offerings-and-crypto-currency/.
Claytonutz.com. (2018). ASIC spotlight on marketing and sale of initial coin offerings – Knowledge – Clayton Utz. [online] Available at: https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2018/may/asic-spotlight-on-marketing-and-sale-of-initial-coin-offerings?utm_source=Insights&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Insights_20180524.
CryptoCurrency Facts. (n.d.). ASIC Mining Basics – CryptoCurrency Facts. [online] Available at: https://cryptocurrencyfacts.com/asic-mining-basics/.
Gilbert, B. (2018). Cryptocurrency miners are making it impossible for people to find a crucial component of PC gaming. [online] Business Insider Australia. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/nvidia-gtx-1080-gpu-impossible-to-find-buy-because-of-bitcoin-2018-1?r=US&IR=T.
Npr.org. (2010). NPR Choice page. [online] Available at: https://www.npr.org/2010/12/21/132204954/after-dump-what-happens-to-electronic-waste.
reddit. (2018). Video card prices and cryptocurrency mining v.2: electric boogaloo • r/buildapc. [online] Available at: https://www.reddit.com/r/buildapc/comments/7pjbus/video_card_prices_and_cryptocurrency_mining_v2/.
Rooney, K. (2018). Ethereum falls on report that the second-biggest cryptocurrency is under regulatory scrutiny. [online] CNBC. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/01/ethereum-falls-on-report-second-biggest-cryptocurrency-is-under-regulatory-scrutiny.html.
TechCollect. (2017). New research shows Australians holding onto broken devices to the detriment of the environment. [online] Available at: http://techcollect.com.au/new-research-shows-australians-holding-onto-broken-devices-to-the-detriment-of-the-environment/.
The Verge. (2018). Bitcoin mania is hurting PC gamers by pushing up GPU prices. [online] Available at: https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/30/16949550/bitcoin-graphics-cards-pc-prices-surge.
It has now been multiple weeks since I started work on my Digital Artefact about the process of building a PC and some of the issues involved with cryptocurrency and the effects of e-waste and honestly progress has been, limited. Since beginning the project I have realised that the final submission (if in video format) should only have a length of around 7:30, absolutely cutting my dreams for three different videos all of which would run for between 5-10 minutes. I recently found out though that I could change the structure of the assignment and add the parts about selecting components for the PC and then actually building the PC as extra videos that are unmarked so I plan to do them in that format while having the talk about issues be submitted as the actual assessed material. The reason I have still decided to continue with the videoing of purchasing and building the PC is because it is something that interests me and it seems to me that most similar videos already on the internet fail, to a large extent, to explain it to an uninformed audience in a way that makes sense.
So far I have got all the material for the selection of PC parts video which shows some of the websites that can be used to buy from and explains what different specifications on the parts actually do but have yet to edit the video (mostly because there was an issue with audio recording and I may need to layer a new audio track recorded afterwards over the top). While I wait for the parts to arrive so I can film putting the computer together I have started research into cryptocurrency and e-waste for the marked component, I hope to have a solid enough understanding of it by Thursday next week for my in class presentation on the project since it will be the major topic I talk on.
So far in my research for the third component (marked component) I have started to research the impacts of e-waste, the scale of the issue and what the plans are for the future in certain Countries. Waste from Electronics and Electronic Equipments (WEEE’s) represents the widest source of wastes with the highest growth per year worldwide with up to about 50 million tonnes being dumped per year (Up to 2014) with an estimated growth rate of between 3-5% annually (Cucchiella et al., 2015). Many Countries are beginning to look into recycling options for much of this electrical waste with special focus on the plastic and metals not only because this often toxic waste is filling up space at an extremely fast rate but also because they are easily recyclable and the metals can often be quite valuable. The EU specifically has done research into the value of reselling many of these more valuable materials found in different electronics with the most valuable being platinum with an average value of 37,607 Euro per kilo (followed by gold at around 34,000) (Cucchiella et al., 2015). Even since the early 2000’s e-waste has been a major issue of debate in Countries such as America where in 2005 more than 1.56 million metric tonnes of e-waste was discarded, most of which was dumped in landfills due to no alternative method at the time (Kahhat et al., 2008). Many avenues of encouraging people to recycle electronic parts are being discussed in many Countries, especially in Asian countries where there have been rising concerns about the health consequences that e-waste presents, especially to people at higher health risk such as pregnant women and children (Heacock, Kelly and Suk, 2016).
Cryptocurrencies are another major point that I wanted to talk on, beyond describing what they actually are I want to look into management, use of these currencies, what effects they have on everyday life and potentially look into what the future may hold for them. I have only just begun my research into cryptocurrency in the previous few hours before writing this so I am still not sure of specifically what I hope to talk about in the video component on crypto in my final DA. One of the major points that have interested me in my brief research on the topic is the security surrounding cryptocurrencies like preventing people from tampering with the system itself or from making mutually inconsistent statements to different people, for example trying to convince two different people that you have sold them the same “coin”. Since the method used to ensure security around cryptocurrency cant be physical in nature it makes heavy use of cryptography, which is also the basis of cryptocurrencies themselves, and is a research field that makes use of difficult math equations in an often extremely subtle manner (Narayanan, 2016), which as much as I would love to go into, I currently know nothing about.
Cucchiella, F., D’Adamo, I., Lenny Koh, S. and Rosa, P. (2015). Recycling of WEEEs: An economic assessment of present and future e-waste streams. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, [online] 51, pp.263-272. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115005808 [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].
Diaz, L., Lister, T., Parkman, J. and Clark, G. (2016). Comprehensive process for the recovery of value and critical materials from electronic waste. Journal of Cleaner Production, [online] 125, pp.236-244. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652616301299.
Heacock, M., Kelly, C. and Suk, W. (2016). E-waste: the growing global problem and next steps. Reviews on Environmental Health, [online] 31(1). Available at: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/reveh.2016.31.issue-1/reveh-2015-0045/reveh-2015-0045.xml.
Kahhat, R., Kim, J., Xu, M., Allenby, B., Williams, E. and Zhang, P. (2008). Exploring e-waste management systems in the United States. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, [online] 52(7), pp.955-964. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344908000360.
Narayanan, A. (2016). Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies. [ebook] Princeton University Press, pp.1-2. Available at: https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LchFDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=cryptocurrency&ots=ArmIgV1OnE&sig=DOX3RrBy6qILbI6QzZl_bCOa5kI#v=onepage&q=cryptocurrency&f=false [Accessed 27 Apr. 2018].
Over the past 8 weeks I have been s**tposting live tweeting in one of my university subjects BCM325 (Future Cultures at University of Wollongong Australia) as we watch different movies or TV shows that look at the relationships between man and machine. I have had to use Twitter to engage with the content in previous subjects but for the most part that included me trying to find vaguely relevant articles to some topic that didn’t really interest me and pretend that I had actually read the whole thing beforehand but live tweeting was very, very different.
Live tweeting is the process of commenting on an event that is happening live on the social media platform Twitter where in this case the event was watching these different shows and movies during my Thursday tutorial, and honestly when I started out the concept frightened me. Not for any reason like I’m not confident enough to post things or because I was so clueless as to what was going on in the class itself I had no idea what to write but simply because I had done nothing like it ever before. As far as I was concerned what is the point of writing about something live if a potential heap of people that read it have no idea what I am talking about?
One of the most confusing thing about live tweeting was how people would always tweet something along the lines of “live streaming this week coming from The Matrix #BCM325” and I always wondered why they did that? I mean honestly of course we are, I’m sitting in the classroom with you. When really it is designed to tell there followers what is going on so they don’t confuse everybody with a bunch of random comments coming from nowhere in quick succession (sorry to anyone who saw all of mine).
Now it is time for me to share with anyone reading this some of my tweets, conversations and fellow classmates tweets that I think show just how useful a tool such as Twitter can be for engaging with any kind of work (also here is my Twitter account @TateRobinson4). This first Tweet actually came from yesterdays class when we were watching the original Bladerunner and even though I have never watched it before I can see now why so many people love it. This is an example of how using Twitter you can have a conversation with someone, across the room, about the movie while it is still on without even knowing who the other person is it saves the time of having a discussion about it and I can link my very academic Wikipedia source that details what I was trying to say.
Next up is me stroking my own ego with Tweets that got all of 5 likes or more (wow!) but it seemed the only way for me to manage these staggering numbers was through Tweeting about things completely irrelevant to the work.
This next one shows how good Twitter can really be when it comes to a (in this case) a teacher still being able to ask questions of a class even while we are doing something else.
Being able to talk like this saves the trouble of everyone trying to remember discussion points for the length of a movie and then recall them afterwards, you can just put out your thoughts and other people can agree, elaborate or debate at the time.
People would often post articles relating to the specific movies and although this is one of those I feel as if the general concept between the social difference between the predicted future in cyberpunk and the present is very different from the way they portray it.
Here is a link to that article if anybody is interested in having a bit of a read.
One thing that did surprise me about the process of live tweeting was when people outside of the course would join in the fun. There were multiple times when out teacher would talk about people from all over the world asking what BCM325 actually was with one saying “What is BCM325 and where can I get some!” So here are a couple of tweets that came from people outside the class.
Although I was originally going to finish off this post with a few more tweets from me actually talking about the content in class I have decided to make these last two Tweets displayed a couple of jokes that I made during live tweeting sessions, enjoy.
Overall my experience with live tweeting was an unexpectedly positive one, I had never done anything like it in the past but, like I mentioned earlier, I feel like it was a great way to engage with the content while also having a bit of banter with the other students. All I hope is that we get the chance to do something like this again in another subject.
Unfortunately learning how to build something from most of these videos is like learning how to cook. In my experience learning how to cook it felt like every three seconds was somebody saying “and then leave it in the oven until it looks like its done”. Well what in the world is done supposed to look like? What if my oven is different from yours? How do I test when I think something is done? and I believe that videos of people explaining how to build a PC have the same issue, they tend to only make sense to those that know what they are doing.
I have been planning on building my own PC for an embarrassingly long time but have always managed to find excuses as to why I should be putting it off by making claims such as, I just don’t have the money or, I will think about it after I have gotten through this exam period only to promptly forget about it entirely. But if I was being completely honest with myself I would of realised, building a computer doesn’t even need to be that expensive, of course that being said I can’t settle for anything but the best to make sure I can do my university work on a highly responsive and fast computer in at least 2k resolution………. Or at least that is the reason I’m giving anyone who asks. My budget for the project which will include all hardware and software that I will need to make a working computer is between $2000 and $2500 AU and I want to use this opportunity of building my own PC to not only help people understand what all the seemingly random numbers and letters of different parts mean but also how you put them all together to create a finished product.
In case you haven’t quite caught on to what I intend to do yet over the course of the coming months I plan to (most likely) create a short series of youtube videos which address the issues of how to identify different specifications in computer parts and what you should be looking out for to differentiate between a high and low quality product, how to actually build a PC on a level that is hopefully relatable to those as absolutely clueless as myself and finally, but quite possibly most importantly, I want to talk about some of the issues surrounding computers like cryptocurrency mining and its effects on price (Especially how Ethereum mining forced up the price of graphics cards significantly). I also want to talk about how the concept of E-waste (electronic waste) is becoming a growing concern in the global community not only due to the amount of e-waste that exists, but also because of the implications it has on our environment and people’s health. | 2019-04-25T00:50:18Z | https://tatesblogblog.wordpress.com/category/bcm-325/ |
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