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Why, more than a century after the composer’s death, do the operas of Giuseppe Verdi continue to engage the hearts and minds of audiences in virtually all of the world’s opera houses? It can be argued with some degree of legitimacy, especially in the contexts of seasons planned in celebration of the bicentennial of his birth and an era in which there is an acknowledged paucity of singers with the vocal and technical resources required to fully meet the demands of his music, that a few of Verdi’s operas suffer from over-exposure, but bold is the opera-house management that mounts a season without a Verdi score in repertory. Hoary clichés would have it that the operas of Verdi hold the stage because the characters who populate them are somehow ‘relevant’ to audiences, but how many listeners have genuine understandings of the tribulations of Hebraic slaves, Genovese doges, and Spanish kings? There are very personal histories depicted in Verdi’s operas, some retold more factually than others, but it is doubtful that anyone goes to the opera in search of an education about the matriarchal social mores of Spanish gypsies or the peculiar chivalry of Lancastrian England—the sort of plot elements from which clever fellows like Gilbert and Sullivan could mine satirical gold. The lives of 21st-Century taxi drivers, bank tellers, preschool teachers, and factory workers are shaped by the same basic conflicts and emotions that fuel the dramas of Verdi’s operas, however. Few who hear DECCA’s new recording of Simon Boccanegra are likely to have been reunited with a presumed-dead child or victimized by the violence of a blood feud, but the expressions of intermingling fear, longing, distrust, and love that make Verdi’s opera—here presented in the composer’s 1881 revision—so theatrically gripping surely resonate with any listener. From the perspective afforded by musical history, modern arguments about the ‘relevance’ of opera seem beside the point, artistically and practically. Like Händel and Mozart before him, Verdi was a consummate man of the theatre, composing with keen understanding of his audiences’ sensibilities rather than in spite of them. The objective, then as now, was to sell tickets, and Verdi knew that the key to doing this was not offering musical portraits of people who looked or lived like those paying to see them. No, the paths to audiences’ wallets travel through their ears and hearts, and Verdi gave his audiences past and present unmistakably familiar emotions set to exquisite melodies. These are the reasons why Verdi’s music perseveres two hundred years after the composer’s birth; and the reasons why this recording of Simon Boccanegra is an apt commemoration of the Verdi Bicentennial.
Were Mark Twain writing today, he might opine that rumors of the demise of the Classical Music recording industry have been greatly exaggerated. It is true that new studio recordings of operatic repertory are rare now, but ‘live’ recordings of the quality offered by DECCA in this Simon Boccanegra confirm that the art of recording opera is alive, well, and conquering new territory. Preserved by DECCA’s engineers in excellently-defined sound that captures much of the sonic ambiance of the Wiener Konzerthaus, this recording benefits from the superb acoustics possible when recording concert performances and the vibrancy of musicians interacting with audiences. Virtually no extraneous noises betray the presence of those audiences, however, and the recorded sound is in fact superior to that heard on many studio recordings. Balances are ideal, with singers, chorus, and orchestra all occupying appropriate spaces in the sonic landscape and reaching the listener just as they would in the theatre. The wonderfully dramatic singing of the Wiener Singakademie deserves the attention lavished on recording it: even the most impassioned passages are free from distortion, and whether acclaiming the newly-elected Doge in the Prologue or noisily indulging in agenda-laden partisan politics in the Council Chamber scene, the choral singing is thrilling and recorded accordingly. The playing of the Wiener Symphoniker matches the choral singing appealingly, rising to every challenge of Verdi’s score with distinction. The orchestral introduction to the Prologue is one of Verdi’s most intriguing curtain-raisers, the repetitive melodic figurations employed to great effect as tension builds with each modulation, and the Wiener Symphoniker players deliver the music suggestively. The brass fanfares that are so crucial in Simon Boccanegra are played with unerring intonation, and string tone is full-bodied but never over-prominent. In the brief Prelude that opens Act One, the sounds of awakening Nature with which Verdi infused his music have never been more realistically conveyed. Both the chorus and the orchestra are deployed with idiomatic command of resources by Massimo Zanetti, whose conducting is all the more impressive for being centered on Verdi’s rather than his own conceptions of the drama. Throughout the performance, Maestro Zanetti discloses a refreshing comprehension of Verdi’s scenic construction, shaping numerous passages with insightful use of portamento even when his singers do not respond in kind. Simon Boccanegra is a viable candidate for being Verdi’s most episodic opera, and Maestro Zanetti paces each scene with recognition of its unique energy but without losing sight of the formal structure of the opera as a whole. All things considered, few performances—and even fewer recordings—of Simon Boccanegra in the past half-century have taken flight with the authentic spirit of Verdi so palpably coursing through the choral singing, orchestral playing, and conducting.
The Prologue opens in fine Verdian fashion with conspiratorial exchanges between Pietro, a prominent plebian, and Paolo Albiani, the goldsmith whose support for Simone Boccanegra’s election as Doge is motivated by deeply personal hatred of patricians and latent ambitions of his own. Singing powerfully throughout the performance, bass-baritone Igor Bakan is a Pietro to be taken seriously. Luca Pisaroni’s Paolo is also a strong presence in the drama, his dark-hued but nimble voice snaking commandingly through his interview with Pietro in the Prologue and ringing out robustly in the Council Chamber scene, in which Paolo is compelled to implicitly curse his own treachery. Dramatically, Mr. Pisaroni possesses the vital ability of turning on a dime, as it were, using subtle colorations of tone to be convincing both as an iron-willed political manipulator and as a suitably ardent rival for Amelia’s love. The horror that Mr. Pisaroni conveys in Paolo’s reluctant repetition of Simone’s oath of ‘Sia maledetto’ (‘May he [the traitor] be condemned’) is gripping, and the Machiavellian insinuations with which he attempts to recruit first Fiesco and then Adorno to the task of assassinating Simone are wonderfully chilling. None of the bite of Paolo’s bitterness is lost as he is led to his execution, rejoicing in the knowledge that his evil has ensured Simone’s death, and the depraved intensity of Mr. Pisaroni’s performance likewise never flags. Also worthy of mention are the performances of Gaia Petrone as Amelia’s maidservant and Andrew Owens as the captain of the crossbowmen, both singers making much of their few lines.
Jacopo Fiesco is among Verdi’s most unconventional creations. Like Fricka in Wagner’s Die Walküre, the influence of Fiesco’s actions is felt in every scene of Simon Boccanegra, but even when physically and musically present in a scene he is often a mere shadow, a figure whose motivations are cloaked in mystery. Several of Verdi’s most memorable bass rôles—Ramfis in Aida and the Grand Inquisitor in Don Carlos, in particular—were shaped by Verdi’s distrust of religious institutions, their villainy founded upon dogma, but Fiesco’s heart was hardened by grief and suspicion rather than prejudicial faith. The death of Fiesco’s daughter Maria, mother of Simone’s daughter, shatters whatever happiness Fiesco ever enjoyed and poisons his relations with Simone. That Verdi, who had suffered the loss of his own young daughter, sympathized meaningfully with Fiesco is revealed by the quality of the music that the composer lavished on the character. Among Verdi’s bass rôles, only Philippe II in Don Carlos has music comparable in beauty and emotional impact to Fiesco’s ‘Il lacerato spirito.’ Carlo Colombara brings involvement and an audible sense of tragedy to this scene, singing the great aria capably but without extraordinary insights. Mr. Colombara’s voice remains steady throughout the range required by Fiesco’s music, and he encounters fewer difficulties with the rôle’s tessitura than many singers who take the part, but there is a curious lack of idiomatic phrasing in his singing in this performance. Perhaps affected by the editing of multiple performances, the portamento that should be as natural for Italian singers as breathing is largely absent from Mr. Colombara’s singing. The duet with Adorno in Act One, ‘Propizio ei giunge,’ draws from Mr. Colombara his finest singing of the performance, and his contributions to the Council Chamber scene are quietly menacing. The dignity of Fiesco’s rank is evident in his rejection of Paolo’s suggestion that he murder Simone in Act Two, and Mr. Colombara elevates his performance to heights of true passion in Act Three, as Fiesco learns from the dying Simone that Maria is his granddaughter. The sense of thwarted vengeance is abated by the overwhelming joy of reconnection, movingly conveyed by Mr. Colombara. Both musically and dramatically, Mr. Colombara’s performance is impressive, but there are missed opportunities.
Acclaimed as one of the most promising sopranos to inhabit the world’s opera houses in recent seasons, Kristine Opolais follows her much-discussed performance of the title rôle in Puccini’s Suor Angelica, recorded for Orfeo under the baton of her husband, Andris Nelsons, with this assumption of Maria in Simon Boccanegra. In many ways, Maria is a fusion of Verdi’s earlier and later styles of composition for his soprano heroines, her music encompassing both the flexibility of Gilda and Violetta and the heavier demands of Aida and Élisabeth de Valois. As a result, the rôle has been effectively sung by lyric sopranos like Victoria de los Ángeles, Mirella Freni, and Katia Ricciarelli and by larger voices such as those of Dame Margaret Price and Anna Tomowa-Sintow. Precisely where Ms. Opolais’s voice stands in comparison with these singers is virtually impossible to ascertain in the context of a recording, but it is apparent from her first notes in ‘Come in quest’ora bruna sorridon gli astri e il mare’ that the voice is quite beautiful. Conjecturing on the aural profile of a voice using a recording as evidence is dangerous, even when the recording was taken from concert performances, but it seems throughout this Boccanegra that Ms. Opolais relies more upon volume than projection in order to be heard, especially in ensembles. ‘Come in quest’ora bruna,’ her only aria, is sung very well, but here and throughout the performance Ms. Opolais’s phrasing sounds artificial, possibly deriving from a non-native acquaintance with the text. She is affected most by the contrasts between her literal phrasing and the orchestral portamento that Maestro Zanetti applies with such a sure hand. Ms. Opolais sings passionately in the duet with Adorno, ‘Cielo di stelle orbato,’ but here, too, she succeeds with energy rather than finesse. The duet with Simone, ‘Figlia! a tal nome io palpito,’ the most memorable outpouring of melody in the opera, also inspires Ms. Opolais to committed, rewardingly full-toned singing, and here she takes the upper hand. She makes laudable attempts at the trills in the Council Chamber scene, where her singing is otherwise slightly aloof. The conflicts and resolutions of Acts Two and Three find Ms. Opolais more audibly absorbed into the drama. Vocally, perhaps Ms. Opolais’s greatest strength in this performance is her consistency: she reliably has all of the part’s notes in her voice, and nothing makes unduly strenuous demands on her considerable resources. Time and experience in Verdi repertory will likely warm the timbre of her voice, and despite moments that are less graceful than the music deserves this is a commendable inaugural effort by a soprano with the potential to make a lasting mark in the singing of Verdi’s operas in the 21st Century.
Celebrated for his mastery of a wide repertory and for his urbane artistry, Thomas Hampson does not possess the size or weight of voice of an ideal Verdi baritone. Rather than attempting to replicate the larger-scaled Verdi singing of his countrymen Lawrence Tibbett, Leonard Warren, and Cornell MacNeil, Mr. Hampson has pursued a course of being the ‘thinking man’s’ baritone, placing sophistication rather than brute strength at the core of his performances. The title rôle in Simon Boccanegra has proved one of Mr. Hampson’s most frequently-sung Verdi parts, one that he has sung at the Metropolitan Opera, in Chicago, and throughout the world. Vocally, Mr. Hampson’s singing contrasts interestingly with that of Ms. Opolais: in the Prologue and all three Acts, there are passages in which Mr. Hampson must strive to achieve with intelligent management of resources what he cannot produce with sheer volume and tonal amplitude. There are evident poetry and the early stirrings of tragedy in Mr. Hampson’s singing in the Prologue, in which Simone proves willing to sacrifice himself to the political machine in order to render himself—as Doge—more acceptable as a match for Fiesco’s daughter, and the duet with his rediscovered daughter in Act One is thoughtfully sung, though the pianissimo top F on ‘figlia’ at the duet’s close sounds strangely disembodied, as though recorded in a different acoustic. In an emotionally-charged scene such as this one, in which nuances of language are so important, the weakness of Mr. Hampson’s diction, his Italian never incorrect but sounding as if learned syllabically, is disappointing, and though his phrasing is unfailingly competent it lacks the authority brought to Simone’s lines by a singer like Tito Gobbi. With a singer of Mr. Hampson’s accomplishments singing the title rôle, the duet with Maria in Act One cannot fail to make a powerful impression, and Verdi’s music soars. Mr. Hampson faces his greatest challenges in the Council Chamber scene, where even baritones with larger voices are stretched by the demands of the music. Mr. Hampson occasionally forces his tone to the point of discomfort, mitigating the basic attractiveness of the timbre by attempting to lower his natural high center of vocal gravity in order to summon greater power in the upper register. This pressure also introduces a measure of unsteadiness, but Mr. Hampson is too shrewd an artist to risk damaging his voice. Dramatically, Mr. Hampson is an uncommonly intuitive Simone, feeling the sting of Paolo’s betrayal with special pain. This Simone is a pensive pirate who wears his heart on his sleeve, and Mr. Hampson’s portrayal is at its most eloquent in the opera’s final scene. So pervasive is the dearth of genuine Verdi baritones that the principal baritone rôles in several of Verdi’s operas have recently been appropriated by a tenor. In having his Simone preserved on a note-complete commercial recording, Mr. Hampson—a baritone, at least—enjoys a boon that Tibbett, Warren, and MacNeil were denied. That he ultimately offers an interesting, touching portrait of Simone with a voice that is fundamentally ill-suited to the rôle reveals the erudition of his artistry and understanding of his own voice. It is a flawed but fascinating performance.
In many recent productions of Simon Boccanegra, performances of Gabriele Adorno’s music have been more to be endured than enjoyed. The first Adorno at the Metropolitan Opera in 1932 was Giovanni Martinelli, and in subsequent seasons the part was sung by important tenors like Richard Tucker and George Shirley: in the 21st Century, however, it is rare to encounter an Adorno with a voice worthy of the part. Where this recording triumphs over many Boccanegra recordings, even those of the storied past, is in the casting of Adorno. From his first appearance in Act One until his last note in the opera’s final scene, Maltese tenor Joseph Calleja sings gloriously, allowing the brightness of his timbre and his quick vibrato to make the requisite impact in music typically sung by larger voices. Mr. Calleja’s singing bristles with passion in his duet with Maria in Act One, and there is an almost religious fervor to his singing in the duet with Fiesco that follows. An especially laudable aspect of Mr. Calleja’s performance is the manner in which he manages to create an Adorno who is a credible firebrand without overextending his voice. Still, there is nothing ‘contained’ about Mr. Calleja’s performance: the voice boils with jealous anger in ‘Sento avvampar nell’anima,’ and the elegant line maintained in ‘Cielo pietoso, rendila’ adheres to the highest historical standards of Verdi singing. Adorno’s shifting allegiances are the sort of operatic plot device that can all too easily dissolve into ridiculous melodrama, but the conviction with which Mr. Calleja sings makes every word of his rôle—delivered with superb diction—completely convincing. Mr. Calleja’s takes as his starting point for his characterization of Adorno the notion that he is essentially a restless, somewhat volatile young man whose sympathies are pulled in different directions, sometimes mercilessly. His one unchanging loyalty is to Maria, to whom he remains devoted even when Fiesco reveals that she is not a member of the aristocratic Grimaldi family, and the ardor with which Mr. Calleja sings in scenes with Maria is very moving. Now almost a decade into an international career that has garnered accolades throughout the world, Mr. Calleja’s voice shows no signs of the deterioration that in the current generation has marred the singing of so many young tenors at similar junctures in their careers. His timbre is somewhat reminiscent of that of Carlo Bergonzi in his first seasons as a tenor, and in this performance Mr. Calleja rises to a level of Verdi singing virtually unheard since Bergonzi’s retirement from the stage.
Though it was already an extraordinary opera at the time of its première in Venice in 1857, Verdi’s 1881 revisions to Simon Boccanegra produced a true masterpiece. The reluctant Doge and his restored daughter are some of the composer’s most memorable creations, and there are in Verdi’s portraits of these denizens of Renaissance Genoa aspects of humanity that need no translation or misguided reinterpretation for the supposed benefit of modern audiences. Thankfully, the opera has experienced a Renaissance of its own in recent years, its prominence in the seasons of opera companies throughout the world indicating universal recognition of the score’s unique potency. A friend to opera for decades, DECCA here perpetuates the label’s friendship with Verdi with a recording of Simon Boccanegra that is more than the proverbial sum of its parts. Though celebration of the Verdi Bicentennial is waning, the best moments of this recording inspire fervent hopes that Joseph Calleja and Massimo Zanetti are reunited for addition Verdi projects in future. They also renew desire to ensure that the music of Verdi thrives for another two centuries.
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2019-04-25T14:22:23Z
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https://www.voix-des-arts.com/2013/12/cd-review-giuseppe-verdi-simon.html
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The libxml library provides set of functions to easily add XML parsing and creating capability to SoldatServer scripts. It is based on the Expat XML parser, which is licensed under the MIT license which can be viewed in the post footer. Expat is used in many projects (like Mozilla or Perl). It is very stable and very fast.
Important: The Expat license requires that a copyright notice and the license text itself be included in any software that includes the parser. So if this library is used in software that is to be made public, the license below must be included with the software.
This library has partial support for Document Type Definitions (DTD) and Namespaces. The goal is to keep the commandset very simple while still allowing this library to handle any XML compliant document.
Also the Wikipedia article on XML provides a good starting point for people new to XML.
Extract an attached archive into the root of your SoldatServer directory.
Thus libxml.dll (Windows) and libxml.so (Linux) will be placed near to soldatserver.exe (Windows) and soldatserver (Linux) executable files and /libxml directory with an examples code will be copied into the /scripts directory of your server.
Run server using a "-safe 0" command line switch.
You should comment the "libxml_windows.pas" line and uncomment the "libxml_linux.pas" line in the /libxml/Includes.txt file to make an example code work on Linux.
are still accessible, so open the window and show the tree anyway.
P.S. The icon was based on the art made by New Mooon.
P.P.S. Unicode version of the library (Windows & Linux) attached in case you would like to use it in some of your apps or SoldatServer will someday become a fully Unicode compatible.
Returns a pointer to a child node of the given XML node. Index specifies the one based index of the node to return.
Returns the node pointer for the requested child node or 0 if there are no children or index is too high.
Copies the given XML node and all its contained text and children to a new location. This function can even be used to copy nodes into a different XML tree. For moving a complete node to a new location XML_MoveNode() can be used.
Node specifies the node to copy.
ParentNode is the node into which to insert the new node. To insert the new node at the root of the tree, XML_RootNode() can be used here.
PreviousNode specifies a childnode of ParentNode after which the new node should be inserted. If this value is 0, the new node is inserted as the first child of its parent. If this value is -1, the node is inserted as the last child of its parent.
Returns the pointer to the new XML node if it was copied successfully or 0 if copying was not possible.
Creates a new empty XML tree identified by the XML number. If XML_Any is used as XML parameter, the new XML tree number will be returned as "Result". Encoding specifies the encoding to use for the tree. Valid values are XML_Ascii, XML_Unicode or XML_UTF8.
The new tree will only have a root node which can be accessed with XML_RootNode(). To add new nodes, XML_CreateNode() can be used.
Creates a new XML node and inserts it into the given parent node.
TType specifies the type for the new node. The default is XML_Normal. Note that the node type cannot be changed after the node was created.
Returns the pointer to the new XML node if it was created successfully or 0 if no node could be inserted at this point.
Deletes the given XML node and all its contained text and children from its XML tree.
Note: the root node of a tree cannot be deleted.
Starts to examine the attributes of the given XML node.
Returns nonzero if the node is of type XML_Normal and zero else (as such nodes cannot have attributes).
Cleans up or reformats the XML tree for a better look when saving. It can be used to have a very compact output for efficient transfer or a more formatted output for better reading.
The formatting of the parsed XML document is stored in the "text" and "offset" fields of each node in the tree (see XML_GetNodeText() and XML_GetNodeOffset() for more information).
For XML_ReFormat and XML_ReIndent the IndentStep parameter specifies how many spaces of indentation to add for each level.
Note: There is no reformatting in CData sections and Processing Instructions except for the newline changes, as the whitespace contained inside these sections may be important depending on what is contained in the section.
Frees the XML object and all data it contains.
XML : The XML object to free. If XML_All is specified, all the remaining XML objects are freed.
Returns the value of an attribute in the given XML node. If the attribute does not exist an empty string is returned.
Only nodes of type XML_Normal can have attributes. For all other node types the compiler raises an error.
Returns the text encoding used for saving the given XML tree.
Returns either XML_Ascii, XML_Unicode (= UTF16) or XML_UTF8.
Returns the tagname of the given XML node. If the node is not of type XML_Normal or XML_Instruction, an empty string is returned.
Returns the character offset of this Node within its parent.
The returned value represents the number of characters in the parent nodes text data that lie between this node and the previous child node. So if this node directly follows the previous one, this value will be 0.
Returns the text inside the given XML node.
For a node of type XML_Normal, this is all text and whitespace within the node that is not contained within a child node.
For the root node, this is all whitespace outside of the main node (there can be no text outside of the main node).
For XML_Comment or XML_CData nodes, this is all text contained in the node.
Returns the value of the "standalone" attribute in the XML declaration of the document.
Returns nonzero if XML refers to an existing XML tree.
Loads a XML tree from the given file. The tree can later be accessed trough the XML value. If XML_Any is used as XML parameter, the new XML tree number will be returned as "Result".
Encoding parameter can be used to force the parser to use a specific encoding. (This overwrites the encoding set in the XML declaration!) Possible values are XML_Ascii, XML_Unicode or XML_UTF8. This parameter should be used when the document does not have an XML declaration, or the encoding information is provided outside of the XML document, for example through a mime type header in a communication protocol.
If XML_Any is used as Encoding parameter, parser will use the encoding set in the XML declaration.
Returns nonzero if the file could be opened and read. Note that this does not mean that the XML contained in the file was valid. To check for parser errors XML_Status() should be used. In case of a parsing error, all data parsed before the error is accessible in the XML tree.
Returns the main XML node of the tree. A valid XML document must have one "main" or "document" node which contains all other nodes. Other than this node, there can only be comments on the first level below the root node. The type of this node is XML_Normal.
Returns a pointer to the main node, or 0 if the tree has no main node (which happens if the tree is empty or the main node was deleted).
Moves the given XML node and all its contained text and children to a new location. This function can even be used to move nodes into a different XML tree. For copying a complete node to a new location XML_CopyNode() can be used.
Node specifies the node to move.
ParentNode is the node into which to insert the node. To insert the node at the root of the tree, XML_RootNode() can be used here.
PreviousNode specifies a childnode of ParentNode after which the node should be inserted. If this value is 0, the node is inserted as the first child of its parent. If this value is -1, the node is inserted as the last child of its parent.
Returns nonzero if the move was successful or zero if the node could not be moved.
This function must be called after XML_ExamineAttributes() to move step by step through the attributes of the given XML node.
Returns zero if there are no more attributes or nonzero if there still is one.
Returns the next XML node after the given one (inside their parent node).
Returns the node pointer to the next node or 0 if there are no more nodes after the given one.
Returns the parent node of the given XML node. Every XML node has a parent, except the root node.
Returns the parent node pointer or 0 if Node was the root node.
Returns the previous XML node from the given one (inside their parent node).
Returns the node pointer to the previous node or 0 if the given node was the first child of its parent.
Removes the attribute from the given XML node.
Only nodes of type XML_Normal can have attributes. For all other node types this function is ignored.
Returns the expanded name of the given node's attribute in a document that uses XML namespaces. The expanded name consists of the namespace URI (if any) and the local attribute name, separated by the separator character given in Separator.
Note: Unlike with node names, the default namespace is not applied to attribute names that do not have a namespace prefix. So attribute names without a namespace prefix simply get their local name returned.
In a document using namespaces, returns the expanded name of the attribute if it could be correctly resolved or an empty string if a namespace prefix is used that is never declared (which is invalid).
In a document without namespaces, returns the attribute name itself.
Returns the expanded name of the given node in a document that uses XML namespaces. The expanded name consists of the namespace URI (if any) and the local node name, separated by the separator character given in Separator.
In a document using namespaces, returns the expanded name of the node if it could be correctly resolved or an empty string if a namespace prefix is used that is never declared (which is invalid).
In a document without namespaces, returns the node name itself.
Returns a pointer to the root node of the XML tree. This node is always present. It represents the XML document itself. The text contained in this node represents the whitespace outside of any XML node (there can be no text outside of nodes). The children of this node are the main node and any comments outside the main node. The type of this node is XML_Root.
Always returns a valid XML node pointer if XML is an existing XML tree.
Saves the XML tree to the given file.
The created XML markup is not reformatted. It is written back as it was initially parsed/created. The amount of newline/whitespace written between the tags is stored in the "text" of each XML node. (see XML_GetNodeText() for more information) To reformat the XML markup before saving, the "text" for each XML node can be altered or XML_Format() can be used to apply some common reformatting options to the tree.
XML_StringFormat : Includes a byte order mark (BOM).
XML_NoDeclaration: Does not include the XML declaration.
Note: According to the XML specification, the XML declaration can only be omitted if the document is encoded in UTF-8 or UTF-16 or if the encoding information is provided externally through a transfer protocol for example. Even then, it is advised to keep the declaration in the document.
Returns nonzero if the file was successfully saved and zero otherwise.
Sets the value of the attribute on the given XML node. If the attribute does not exist yet, it will be added.
Changes the text encoding used for saving the given XML tree. Encoding can be either XML_Ascii, XML_Unicode (= UTF16) or XML_UTF8.
Note: This only affects the saving of the tree. The data in the XML object is always stored in the library internal string format (Ascii or Unicode depending on the compiled version). So a unicode executable that uses unicode library can safely change the encoding to XML_Ascii for saving and then back to something else without loosing any information in the tree in memory.
Changes the tagname of the given XML node. If the node is not of type XML_Normal or XML_Instruction, this function is ignored.
Changes the character offset of the given XML node within its parent nodes text data. See XML_GetNodeOffset() for more information.
Changes the text contained within the given XML node. See XML_GetNodeText() for more information.
Note: If the node contains children, changing its contained text may require an adjustment of the child nodes offset values as well.
Changes the "standalone" attribute of the XML declaration when saving the document.
Note: Since this library does not validate document type definitions (DTDs), the value of this attribute has no effect on the parsing/saving of documents with this library except that it is read from and written to the XML declaration. This value is however important when working with XML documents intended for validating parsers, that's why this command exists.
After calling XML_ExamineAttributes() and XML_NextAttribute() this function returns the attribute name of the currently examined attribute on the given XML node.
After calling XML_ExamineAttributes() and XML_NextAttribute() this function returns the attribute value of the currently examined attribute on the given XML node.
Returns the number of child nodes inside the given XML node.
In case of an error while parsing XML data this function returns an error-message describing the error. XML_Status() can be used to detect parsing errors.
To get more information about the error, XML_ErrorLine() or XML_ErrorPosition() can be used.
In case of an error while parsing XML data this function returns the line in the input that caused the error (one based). XML_Status() can be used to detect parsing errors.
To get the position within the line at which the error happened, XML_ErrorPosition() can be used.
In case of an error while parsing XML data this function returns character position within the line returned by XML_ErrorLine() at which the error was caused. The first character of the line is at position 1. XML_Status() can be used to detect parsing errors.
In valid XML, if a node has an attribute called "ID", the value of this attribute must be unique within the XML document. This function can be used to search for a node in the document based on its ID attribute.
Returns the node pointer of the node with the given ID tag or 0 if no such node exists within the tree.
Returns the XML node inside ParentNode who's relation to ParentNode is described through Path. XML_NodePath() can be used to get such a path to a node.
Path contains a list of node names separated by "/" to indicate the way to follow from the parent to the target node. For example "childtag/subchildtag" specifies the first node with name "subchildtag" inside the first node with name "childtag" inside ParentNode.
A node name can have an index (one based) to specify which of multiple child tags of the same name should be selected. "childtag/subchildtag" specifies the 3rd "subchildtag" inside the first "childtag" of ParentNode.
- If a path starts with "/" it is relative to the tree's root. No matter which node ParentNode specifies.
- A wildcard "*" can be used instead of a tag name to specify that any tag is to be selected.
- A Comment node has the tagname "#comment"
- A CData node has the tagname "#cdata"
- A DTD node has the tagname "#dtd"
- A Processing Instruction node has the tagname "#instruction"
Note: This command is not an implementation of the XPath specification. The syntax used and understood by this command is only a small subset of XPath. This means a path returned from XML_NodePath() is a valid XPath query, but this command only understands the syntax described here, not just any XPath query.
Returns the node pointer of the target node or 0 if the path did not lead to a valid node.
Returns a string representing the relation between Node and ParentNode. If ParentNode is specified, it must be a parent or grandparent of Node. If it is not specified, the root node of the tree is used.
See XML_NodeFromPath() for a description of the returned path string.
This is the trees root node. It represents the document itself. This node cannot be created or deleted manually. Inside the root node, there can be only one node of type XML_Normal and also no plain text (this is required to be a well-formed XML document).
This is a normal node in the tree. It can have a list of attributes and contain text and/or child nodes.
This node represents a comment. It can have no children or attributes. Its text represents the content of the comment.
This is a CData section. A CData section contains only text. Its content is not interpreted by the parser so it can contain unescaped "<", ">" and "&" characters for example. CData sections can be used to include other markup or code inside a document without having to escape all characters that could be interpreted as XML.
This is a document type declaration (DTD). This library does not use a validating parser, so these declarations are actually ignored when parsing a document. In order to save them back correctly, they are contained within such a DTD node. The text content of the node is the entire DTD tag. It can be read and modified through commands like XML_SetNodeText() and will be written back to the document when saving without modification. The XML_SetStandalone() command could be useful as well when working with DTDs.
This node represents a Processing Instruction. Processing Instructions contain information that is intended to be interpreted/executed by the target application. They have a name to specify the content of the instruction and the instruction data which can be accessed with XML_GetNodeText().
Returns the status of the last parsing operation done on this XML tree (using XML_Load()). This function should be called after every XML_Load() call to ensure that the parsing succeeded. A string representation of the parsing status (i.e. a readable error-message) is returned by the XML_Error() function.
A value of 0 (XML_Success) indicates a successful parsing, all other values indicate various error conditions.
Returns the version of the libxml library.
This look familiar! Glad it made it here, with the documentation; can make life easy for a lot of people. Good job.
Very nice, but I feel like JSON is a far more useful and ubiquitous data serialization format than these days as it's easier to parse/generate than XML.
jrgp: I found a post that has a couple points comparing JSON and XML.
I'm currently using this library, and your comment makes me wonder if I should switch to JSON if it would be a better option for my application. Personally I've never used JSON and am not even sure if it can do what I want. In any case, do you know of any numbers on how many people know XML and how many people know JSON? I mean 'know' as in are able to edit it with a text editor.
XML: pros include adding lots of attributes to your data (as in <tag attribute="value">tag contents</tag>) which makes it absolutely essential for things like HTML, but extremely difficult to parse as you have to examine each node's value and any number of attributes and nested children.
You can get to that with stuff like tag.key or tag['key'] or tag['arr'], and the syntax for accessing decoded JSON in php and python and perl is mostly identical, even in c# except then you need to create a class that has the exact same form as the json which you decode to. There's simply no way to parse XML that easily, as you need to account for both attributes and children of each node. I use JSON a lot at home and work when I need to throw dictionaries of data between programs written in different languages with ease.
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2019-04-19T03:11:06Z
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https://forums.soldat.pl/index.php?topic=42633.msg512954
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Discotech is an app that allows you to search, discover, and RSVP to the hottest clubs, lounges and live music events—it's the Kayak.com for nightlife. Before Discotech, the only way to get into the best clubs was through club promoters—middlemen who get paid on commission and take their large cut of fees. With Discotech, you can now browse through dozens of clubs, book your tickets, and enjoy the night seamlessly.
Formerly in Private Equity at Bain and The Gores Group. Speaks fluent Mandarin with a degree from Berkeley in Business and Industrial Engineering.
Founder of online lead gen company. Formerly at Zoosk. Alum of Univ. of Hong Kong and Berkeley.
Formerly at image sensor architecture and design company Ambarella. Engineer at Zoran. Intern at NASA’s Ames research center. Berkeley alum.
Ian and the team at Discotech have developed an innovative, revenue-positive business. The team has disrupted the large nightlife category and is poised for growth. They are great at UI and growth hacking. They have also pivoted well to include nightlife ticketing.
Founded in 2012 by three UC Berkeley alumni who were tired of being exploited by club promoters, Discotech serves as a one-stop "virtual concierge" that helps users find events, buy tickets, book tables, and RSVP for guest lists.
I've never met a team that hustles harder than Discotech. These guys know their problem, know their market, and are relentless in building the relationships and products that will solve a two-sided pain point. And as they gain scale, their two-sided platform only becomes more valuable and defensible.
Discotech is so easy to work with. They provide quality general admission guests and table reservations on a consistent basis.Their technology is easy to integrate with and their back end is built to data-mine important customer information. On the consumer side, their app is fast, easy and reliable. The customer service they provide the nightclub goer is second to none, and is a great representation of our standards. We love working with Discotech!
Normal guy looking to invest and be financially secure.
The 65,000 clubs in the U.S. depend on club promoters: middlemen who take their cut of the pie and operate primarily through word-of-mouth. These 100,000+ individual promoters are difficult to manage, unreliable, and impossible to scale.
We've grown our club partnerships over 50% in the last year and had 5,000 new registered users in June alone. And we've doubled our booking amount since 2015, of which we earn up to 20% on commission.
We’ve partnered with the best clubs in the U.S. We have 7 of the top 10 clubs in the country. Just download Discotech and browse the most popular nightclubs in Las Vegas, Miami, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.
The nightlife space has long been plagued by inefficiency and non-transparent pricing. As avid nightlife customers, we here at Discotech have firsthand experience with the frustration and disappointment that comes with promoters and the traditional nightlife system. From these negative experiences, we realized there was an opportunity for a technology-driven company to streamline the process and bring transparency to nightlife.
Over the last few years, our team has validated the concept and we have proven that the business is viable. By focusing on delighting our customers, we have grown past 65,000 registered users - primarily via word of mouth. In March of this year, we were able to achieve monthly break-even, and our revenues have continued to grow month over month since then. We have demonstrated that our model works, and now we are looking to scale the business by increasing our marketing and improving the platform via a larger engineering team.
Going out with your friends is fun, however planning a night out is anything but. At Discotech, we believe that the nightlife industry is overdue for disruption and that a technological overhaul will solve the major problems in this space. We invite you to join us now as an investor and help us bring about the much needed change in this industry!
We're taking nightlife from promoters and putting it back in the hands of club owners and their avid customers. It's a win-win scenario for both customers and clubs who are now finally able to track their guests and aren't losing money to dispersed middlemen. What Kayak.com did to travel agents, Discotech is doing to club promoters. We will be the mobile ticketing platform handling every entrance into the $26 billion U.S. club market and beyond.
We are building the OpenTable for nightlife. Our mobile app allows users to discover events, purchase tickets, and sign up for VIP guest lists at nightlife venues in different cities.
We are tackling the inefficiency and non-transparency that has been plaguing the nightlife space. People currently have to go through these nightclub promoters, traditional middlemen who are very hard to get in touch with and aren’t professional or very transparent when it comes to pricing. Our app makes it a lot easier for our customers to get the information they need, like accurate pricing, and ultimately, to make reservations very quickly without having to find these promoters, call them, text them, and go through a laborious process.Promoters get paid on commission. They’ll charge more if they know that the customer doesn’t know any better, just so that they can make more money out of it. Discotech is about working on a large scale and getting the lowest price possible for our customers. We save them money, make things easier, and we really just want to streamline this process, which we think is long overdue.
Not only are we a good solution for the end customer, who’s ultimately the paying customer for the club, but we also make things a lot easier for the nightlife venue which is actually something we learned after we set out to do this. Clubs find promoters to be a pain point. There are a lot of them, they’re highly fragmented, there’s high turnover, and their loyalties are not steady. We make it easy and streamlined for the club to source them with customers. We’re nonbiased and at the end of the day, we’re much more professional to work with than different promoters calling and texting the club and serving as this inefficient middle man.Clubs leverage promoters as essentially their marketing team for the most part. Promoters are valuable because they’re the ones who have contact with the customers; they’re the ones who go out and do a lot of the marketing. Most clubs are mom and pop shops who don’t have a very sophisticated marketing teams so they develop this relationship with the promoters where they go out, bring in revenue, and make a commission on that.When promoters do rent out an entire club, these promoters still rely on other promoters to fill their venue because just like the club owners, they want to maximize the number of people in the venue so that the event is hot. They want make money on the people coming in because ultimately that’s what they’re getting paid out on. In these situations, Discotech maintains similar operations where our app helps them increase traffic to their venue through our end users.On the customer end, it’s a huge pain point for a customer without contacts to find out what’s going on, to know what’s hot in town and how to get access to those events. That’s magnified if you think internationally as well. We’re only focused domestically but imagine going to a foreign country where you don’t speak the language but you want to go out. Imagine how hard that process would be without something like this.Another problem that we’re solve for the clubs is that, in traditional methods, promoters go out and try to get people to come by putting them on a VIP list, but these people aren’t paying in advance. Clubs don’t know how many of those listed names are actually going to show up whereas with us, people are actually paying in advance.
What do you have that traditional promoters don’t?
There’s a lot that we do that traditional promoters cannot do. One of the main differences is access to data analytics that comes with our app. We’re able to see trends and analyze data based on which DJs are hot and which nights are good. We can do a lot more for the club in terms of these data analytics but we can also help them as a CRM system because we can reach out to our customers via push notifications which clubs cannot do themselves.We also work with clubs in Los Angeles to provide an exclusive loyalty platform where our customers are able to accrue loyalty points and, just like airline miles, exchange them for rewards. The clubs allow us to do this because they trust that we can keep accurate tabs on customer spending whereas a human promoter may not be the most trustworthy.
How will you incentivize referrals?
We don’t currently have a referral reward system but it’s something that is very high in our to do list. We really want to go the Uber and Dropbox route where customer can get rewards or get incentives for sharing Discotech with their friends and also for inviting people to the party and doing different actions on the app.
The idea for Discotech really came to us as a team. We’re three guys from UC Berkeley, friends since college. None of us worked in the nightlife space so the idea came to us from the customer’s perspective. I think four or five years out of college, we were convening together in Las Vegas and we had spent a couple of hours tracking down different promoters and talking to them. We finally agreed on a price and then on the night of the event, we showed up as scheduled and we were told that our promoter had misquoted us. We don’t know this was an intentional bait and switch or if the promoter had just made a mistake.Either way, we were in a really tough spot. We actually ended up paying the extra amount that night but all the guys were just furious. We weren’t really having fun because we were bitter. While we were having drinks, we were just talking about how bad it tasted and it was really that experience that inspired us to search online to see if there was a company that was already solving this problem so that we as customers wouldn’t have to deal with this again.It was during that exploratory phase back in, I think 2013, that we saw there wasn’t anyone really solving this problem in a meaningful way by leveraging technology. We decided to do this as a side project at first. We built a demo for some of our friends and then got a lot of approval from the big nightlife players in Los Angeles where I was based at that time. It was from that point, we realized that this thing had legs and we quit our full time jobs and the team moved from San Francisco down to LA. We’ve been hustling ever since.
Initially, when we started the app, we were focused on solving bottle service only so that target market was much smaller--typically wealthy males who spend a lot of money. We’ve since democratized the product, added on prefilled ticketing to our app, and also VIP guest lists. From there, we now target anyone who wants to go to a club at any point whether they want to get them for free, whether they want to pay for a ticket or whether they want to do the VIP bottle service which is the high-end package. We really make it accessible to everyone. Our demographics are split pretty evenly, slightly more men than women but it’s pretty close to 50:50 now. We see people of all sorts. From ages 21 to 35, I’d say is our target group but really people of all ages.
The current market that we’re really focused on right now is nightclubs and lounges, however we also work with live music festivals such as Electric Daisy Carnival. If you look at some reports out there, I think the Nightlife Federation put out a report on the top hundred largest clubs and they’re doing about $1.5 billion in gross revenue. We estimate that our market in the United States is about $8 billion and around $25 billion globally. Of that $8 billion number, we estimate it’s about 80-85% due to alcohol sales, 60-65% of which is bottle service--the biggest segment. Then bar spend is probably around another 15-20%. The remaining difference comes from admission fees. Clubs are literally making more than half their revenue on bottle service. This percentage goes up for high end clubs.We’re already working with some bars, but not yet clubs or lounges. We’re also working with live music festivals like EDC, Ultra, Life Is Beautiful, Electric Zoo, some of the bigger EDM festivals that happen in America and so that’s a separate market all by itself and that’s somewhere we’re currently playing which impacts our adjustable market as well.
How do venues use your app?
To get on board the app is pretty straight forward. Once we give them the go-ahead, we simply need them to fill out a two-page Word document for us with all the information that we need. We then either work with the clubs or find pictures online ourselves to go live with the venue on our app and in regards to getting their events, we either scrape them directly from the event APIs, if they have them, or we have a scraper built that pulls them automatically from their website.
I actually start the guest list because that’s much more simple for us to do it. Every club is slightly different but for the most part at a certain time, we provide the club with a list of names for the guest list and that list is literally printed out or the doorman will have it on an iPad and then as customers come in, they’ll get checked off the list and then they’ll be given free admission or discount admission--whatever that guest list perk should be. Bottle service works the same way.
How does your app attract customers?
We offer services that no other traditional promoter could. We have the most efficient, streamlined system out there and we give customers the experience of being treated like high status royalty. For example, in Vegas, because there are a lot of venues, we will actually provide the customer with a dedicated VIP host who will contact the customer and set up a time to greet them in front of the venue. The host will then walk them into the club so that they don’t have to wait in any line. They’re getting the highest VIP experience. At other clubs, we book tables for them. They’re in the system, and then when people show up at the door, they’ll check in with their first and last name and just pay at the venue.
What can you do that traditional promoters can’t?
One thing that we do that a traditional promoter can’t do is actually just sell tickets, pre-sell tickets. The incumbent way of buying tickets would be to go to different websites and checking out the prices and then purchasing them online. We make it very easy to buy tickets in a few clicks. The QR code is stored on the app so you don’t need to print anything out or find it in your email. This makes it very easy since there’s a scan at the venue that reads the tickets that you bought on our app.
How did you guys start onboarding venues?
We launched and started off in Los Angeles. From LA, we branched into Las Vegas which is the largest market in the United States. That was really done through the connections that we made here in LA. For Las Vegas, the team actually moved to a suburb of Las Vegas called Slumberland. We lived there for seven months. During that time, we on-boarded all the major players in Las Vegas onto our platform. The sale process initially was a lot more difficult. Getting the foot in the door wasn’t that easy when we didn’t really have traction in customers and customer referrals to back us up.Once we are able to get the foot in the door, the sales process is pretty straightforward. There’s really no risk for the club to be a part of our app because we don’t take an upfront subscription cost or a service fee. We only eat what we kill, the same way that traditional promoters do. For that reason, when we make the presentation to the clubs, they’re pretty receptive to us because they don’t really have anything to lose.
I think we’re right now between 120 and 130 venues that are onboard the app. In addition to Vegas and LA, we’re also live in San Francisco, San Diego, Orange County, Miami and we’re starting to enter into other cities on the East Coast as well. In terms of number of venues, we’ve probably increased 50% over the last year. Adding venues onto the platform really isn’t our highest priority right now.We’re much more focused on getting users in the areas that we’re already in. In particular, we’re working on Los Angeles, which has really proven out to be a nice hub where we’ve achieved some kind of critical mass, and we’re starting to see a lot of organic downloads which is great. We’re really focused on gaining share rather than expanding without having the users that fall behind that.Month over month, we’re seeing more downloads. Last month, we, for the first time ever, broke 5,000 new registered users for June 2016. I believe our monthly active users is close to 16,000 off of a total install base of around 61-62,000 which we think is pretty solid.We also measure the unique number of visitors who come to our website so (www.Discotech.me). That number has also continued to grow every month as our SEO continues to improve. I believe those numbers are actually north of 34-35,000. We actually get more unique visitors to our website than we do to our app. Currently, we’re trying to funnel those people to our mobile app.
Who acquires the user base?
Historically, we’ve been doing all the grunt work. We started with digital marketing and guerilla tactics: going out to clubs and handing out cards. Once we had an initial feed of customers, they started talking and sharing it with their friends and now, all of our downloads at this moment and for the last number of months have been all organic. These are people searching for us on our website or just people spreading us through word of mouth because they like the product. Clubs today actually do offer us support when it comes to marketing so some of our good partners here in LA give us exclusive deals outside of the loyalty platform such as an exclusive guest list that’s only good for Discotech customers. One example would be Sound Nightclub which is a very prestigious and famous club in this country. On a number of nights, we’ll actually have a free one-hour open bar for our customers which, again, is exclusive to us. We provide them with Discotech wristbands to prove that they came in with Discotech and that helps us generate more buzz and more downloads.
What’s the value per customer?
Our lifetime value is definitely greater than our customer acquisition costs. For our paying customers, it’s a pretty high customer value because bottle service is such a high value item. Our average tables price costs around $1,500-1,600, of which we’re doing a little better than 10% blended margin so those customers are generating a lot of value per user.
How much do you guys make?
As far as we know, it’s pretty comparable to what promoters make. Right now, we are much more focused on growing users and building relationships with the clubs rather than maximizing our cash flow. We’ve kind of taken what was given to us, and we’re usually making between 10-15% commission on the traffic that we bring in.On the revenue side, growth has been great. Year over year, I think we’ve grown over 3x from where we were. I think around January of this year, we were probably doing around $100k in gross merchandise volume a month and now, we’re doing over $100k a month. We’ve definitively come a long way and we see that number continuing to grow especially as we gear up to launch our web app which we think will show an increase in our metrics.
How do you plan to grow and expand?
For us, we haven’t really been leveraging digital and paid marketing just because we’ve been very conservative and lean as a startup. We’ve been bootstrapping it. Where we really see the growth coming in is as follows:Continue to invest in the product, building out social features because nightlife is ultimately a social activity. You never do it by yourself; it’s something you do with your friends and the ability to see where your friends are going, invite your friends to events or parties--these are all part of the experience. Building in a referral program is something that we think would supercharge this organic growth that’s really been taking off for us.We want to get back involved in digital marketing and paid advertising. One of my co-founder’s backgrounds was doing that for five years at Zeus which is the online dating site. We think that we can do it in a very calculated and efficient manner. Lastly, we think that hiring the right people to help with community engagement, management, and social media would also be a big help for us because currently, we don’t have the human resources to really take full advantage of that and that’s something we’d like to look into.
Have you focused on specific types of nightlife venues?
What’s the biggest challenge for you guys?
The most important thing for us is getting the users. I think we got the club on-boarding part down, at least for now. I think the hardest thing is just getting the word out, building a brand, and communicating that brand to our customers. Once you have that initial critical mass, things definitely get easier because when you’re discovering Discotech from your friend, you’re much more likely to trust that brand and that product than if you just saw it on a Facebook mobile ad or a Google ad. For us, we want to do things that build a strong initial following and then grows off of that. We want to take the strategy that we’ve used in LA and apply it in the different new cities that we’re launching in.
There are a lot of plays that we can do that don’t currently exist. For example, a “Hotel Tonight” type of play with last minute deals because ultimately, a club operates very similarly to a hotel. They have a lot of overhead but selling a table or selling a hotel room doesn’t really have any incremental costs for them. They’re all about filling up that inventory. With the right data and the right connection to the customers, we can help clubs fill out, unfold inventory and have dynamic pricing like Uber.We want to incorporate surge pricing based on demand and inventory remaining. I think that is a really cool opportunity that would be disruptive in the space. People might possibly even bid on certain tables with customers being able to bid down or up. That’s something that doesn’t really exist today. For us, we also just want to make it a one-stop shop where people from different countries can get on one app and just make it very easy for them to get information and get onto the platform.There’s actually a few other potential things that we could be doing with the technology that we have. One of them is leveraging location based technology. For example, if you’re on the strip and you’re walking around and we know you open the app, then we know which clubs that you’re closest to. We could send you an exclusive deal or package. If it’s close to your birthday and we know that information, we can ping you in advance with a push notification offering you a special from the club that has birthday specials. There’s definitely a lot that we can do with customer data and location data to help with hyper targeting.
There are other app players out there, but our biggest competitor is Tablelist. There have been a few players in the past who have tried to build products like ours that have failed. One more recognizable name is I think is EZ VIP. They’re actually on shark tank and they got funded by Mark Cuban. A lot of these players in the past were just nightclub promoters who thought that because they could promote well, they could go out and build a technology company and do this but that wasn’t true. They didn’t invest enough in operations and building out the technology and making sure things worked.We, on the other hand, are approaching this from the product side as a startup should. Then we figured out how clubbing works while doing it. That was much more easy for us. Again, our biggest competitor’s Tablelist. They’ve actually raised between $3-$4 million and they’re based down in Boston. Their stronghold is really that Boston, New York area. We don’t really run up against them. They don’t play in the markets here on the West Coast and we don’t really see them run up against us in Vegas either. We’re really racing, I think, to displace promoters in whichever markets that we’re in.Unlike Tablelist, however, we are much more focused on the broader market for nightlife. As their name implies, Tablelist, they’re much more focused on the VIP, the table part, which again while it is a big business, it does not address a lot of the ticketing and guest list needs of the masses. We also have a partnership with Wantickets who is the largest ticketing provider in the nightlife space. They’ve been in business for over 15 years and we have relationships with a good number of clubs. I’d say most clubs in the country. Our partnership with them gives us access to their ticketing inventory which gives us a lot more ticketing inventory than they have. Many times, the inventory for Wantickets is actually exclusive as well.
The team is comprised of three founders. All three of us are UC Berkeley graduates, class of 2008. I (Ian) graduated from Berkeley with a degree in industrial engineering and business, and then started my professional career at Banning Company which is a management consulting firm. My office was based in San Francisco. After two years there, I moved down to LA and joined a medium sized private equity firm called The Gores Group which I believe had between $4-$5 billion of assets under management. Spent about a year and a half doing traditional M&A due diligence, mergers and acquisitions and then from year 1.5 to 2.5, I transitioned to an operational role at a couple of their portfolio companies. Our CTO Ian Bushong is an electrical engineer computer scientist graduate from UC Berkeley. I think he’s a region scholar and he started his career at a company called Ambarella. They’ve since gone public. They do semi conductor chips and software for video processing hardware and their biggest customer is GoPro. Our third co founder is named Mark Wu. After graduating from Berkeley with degrees in business and economics, he joined Zeus which is the online dating company and there, he specialized in digital marketing, user acquisition and search engine optimization. As CEO, I handle most of the business development for the business. Mark who’s our COO does a lot when it comes to design and helps with product management. Ian Bushong, our CTO, manages the product and the technology. We’re bringing on another full time developer very soon who is the former co-founder and CTO of a tech incubated company called Planted that raised over a million dollars. We’re really excited to be bringing him on board because he’s got a lot of relevant experience and we think he can hit the ground running. Then we also have interns who help us with operations and marketing. We also have contractors who helped us with tech development products from time to time as well.
Discotech Inc develops and distributes the mobile application, Discotech. Discotech is a free to download application on iOS and Android platforms that allows users to browse events, reserve tables, purchase tickets, and sign up for VIP guest lists at nightlife venues in different cities. Discotech is currently partnered with over 130 nightlife venues in Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Miami, San Diego, Orange County, San Francisco, and New York. We make it more efficient and transparent for our customers to make plans and enjoy a night out.
Our company generates revenue from commissions we earn on table reservations, ticket sales, and guest list traffic that are sourced or transacted on our mobile application. In 2016, commissions from table reservations has comprised 76% of our company's net revenue. Guest list and ticket sales comprise 19% and 5% of our total net revenue respectively. In 2016 to date, we have generated approximately $153,000+ in net revenue off $1,350,000+ in gross merchandise volume.
Our table reservation feature generates between a 10% and 20% commission on the gross spend of our end customers depending on the nightlife venue that we are partnered with. When a customer reserves a table on Discotech, we book the table on behalf of our customer with the nightlife venue, and then we follow up by providing confirmation and instructions to the customer. The customer ultimately checks in at the venue under their name, and pays for the table at the venue. (You can think of this service as "OpenTable for Nightlife") For payment, Discotech receives commission from our venue partners based on a percentage of our customer's gross spend. For ticket sales, Discotech handles the transaction directly on the platform. We sell tickets at face value + service fee to our end customers, who receive a digital ticket and QR code which they can use at the door to gain admission to the event. Discotech returns the face value portion of the ticket back to our club partners, and keeps the service fee as our commission for the transaction. Our ticket prices are always less than or equal to the price of tickets that are available directly on a nightlife venue's own website. Lastly, for guest list admission, we allow customers to add their names to a club or lounge's VIP guest list. At the venue, our customers can check in with their first and last name to receive free or discounted admission to the event. For generating this foot traffic, our venue partners pay us between a $3-$5 commission for every guest that checks in via our guest list.
In the immediate future, we expect to see continued growth through the summer season. We expect to see our performance slow in the Winter of 2017, before expanding significantly in the Spring of 2017. (We have seen this pattern in the previous two years we have been in business) In addition to the strong organic growth that has been gaining momentum month over month, we believe that a future catalyst to our growth will be the launch of our web app product. Currently, our website is purely a lead generation platform to our Discotech mobile app. Visitors to our website are unable to create accounts, reserve tables, or make transactions on the website. To date, we are seeing over 2x as many unique visitors to our website compared to our mobile app. We believe the launch of our web app will result in a step function increase to all of our key performance metrics. Through the next 2-4 years, the management team forecasts continued YoY growth as we expand our app to new cities domestically and internationally. We also believe that new feature releases will be a source of continued growth and monetization. While the team is relentlessly focused on growing the business, our ultimate goal is to sell the company to a strategic buyer when the timing and opportunity are right.
Economic downturn - Discotech, along with the nightlife industry, are susceptible to changes in discretionary spending and broader macro-economic shifts.
Competition - Although the industry does not currently have any strong technological players, we could see this shift over time. Additionally, it is possible that a larger player from an adjacent market (such as OpenTable or Priceline) may enter into our space. While we think that these players are more likely to acquire players, there exists a non-zero chance that they decide to enter the space organically.
Legislative Changes - Any legal changes surrounding alcohol consumption or nightlife regulation has the potential to negatively impact our business.
Talent/HR - any significant changes to our management team or developer team would have a significant impact on the productivity of our business.
Discotech currently has $172K in cash, $21K in accounts receivables, and $2K in current liabilities. The Company's networking capital is $191K. We are not currently burning cash on a monthly basis as our gross profit surpasses our expenses. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our policy is to invest any cash in excess of our immediate requirements in investments designed to preserve capital and provide liquidity. Accordingly, our cash and cash equivalents are invested primarily in demand deposit accounts, certificates of deposit and money market funds that are currently providing only a minimal return.
We anticipate using our available cash and the proceeds of this offering to expand our team and to invest in user-acquisition. Our most pressing hiring needs are for software developers and full time customer service/business development employees. Additional cash in the war chest will be used to acquire additional users via digital marketing, promotions, and SEO improvements. Discotech has a very disciplined and bottom-line focused management team, and we do not anticipate running our business with a burn rate which would put our company at risk of running out of cash. Although the proceeds of this offering are not necessary to the viability of our business (we are already profitable), it will be integral for: 1) Developing a functional web app, 2) Developing new features to our mobile application, and 3) Expanding to new geographies. We believe that building a new product line, improving our existing technology, and expanding to new cities will result in significant growth to all of our key metrics. Ultimately, we believe that this investment will have a positive ROI in the form of greater positive cash flows, and a boost to our multiplier when we exit the business.
Our cash held as of July 25, 2016 is 84% greater than cash held as of the same date in 2015. This increase resulted primarily from new investments (new convertible notes and SAFE notes issued) and improvements to our business operations in 2016. We saw our cash position decline between July 2015 through February of 2016 since we had not yet achieved cash flow break even.
Cash flow from the Company's operating activities are derived from net income/losses and changes to our accounts receivables.
Net cash provided by operating activities was -$133,433 for the year ended 2015, which was driven by a net operating loss of -$104,910 and a $28,523 increase in accounts receivable.
Net cash provided by operating activities was -$121,096 for the year ended 2014, which was driven by a net operating loss of -$117,623 and a $3,473 increase in accounts receivable.
We have financed our operations over the past few years through convertible notes that we issued in 2013 and 2014 to the sum of $405,000. In March of 2016, our business operations became profitable, so we are also funding Discotech now through the cash flow that is being generated by our core business. Discotech does not currently use, and has never used a revolving loan facility or bank loan - we do not have any long term debt.
Operationally, our total net revenue increased by $81K, or 227%, from 2014 to $117K in the year ended 2015. This increase was primarily driven by an increased customer install base, which increased by 160% from the prior year (14,892 at year end 2014 to 38,780 at year end in 2015). We have enjoyed our fastest growth in 2016. We have generated over $60K in net revenue in the months of May and June combined, and we are expecting to drive $40K in the month of July.
We expect these trends to continue in the current fiscal year and in the coming few fiscal years. The key driver to our growth stems from the number of new users that we are able to onboard onto Discotech. In 2016, we have seen our new downloads skyrocket through word of mouth and other organic channels. As our user base continues to grow, the virality of our product grows alongside it as there are now more people to share the app with new potential customers. Furthermore, Discotech is constantly investing in our product and developing new features that will improve our customer experience. We believe that this will result in greater virality of our product, higher engagement rates, and greater monetization over time. As mentioned before, we believe that the launch of our web app product will be a significant boost to our business as it will allow us to target customers who are not looking to download a new app to book a night out. Over the past few years, we have demonstrated that there is a clear need for our product in the nightlife industry, that our customers love Discotech and are actively sharing it with their friends, and that we can generate revenue in a profitable manner. I believe that our team will drive consistent growth into the future, and additional capital will allow us to make smart investments that will supercharge our business.
1 1. Economic/Market Risks - Although the nightlife industry has been on a steady rise over time, it is susceptible to broader changes in the macro-economic environment. Because nightlife is often associated with the luxury and discretionary spend category, significant declines to the domestic/global economic health could reduce demand for nightlife spend.
2 2. Competitor Risk - There is a risk that larger reservation platforms such as OpenTable or Priceline could enter into our space. (We believe they are more likely to acquire into this space rather than start from scratch, but its a possibility) Furthermore, Discotech competes with other start ups that are also competing to disrupt the nightlife space.
3 3. Talent Risk - A key assumption to our growth is the ability to hire and bring on talent that will help us improve our product, operations, and marketing. Finding the right employee fit for Discotech takes time, and a delay in the recruitment process could hinder our growth.
4 4. Privacy Risk - Discotech stores customer data on our servers. While we treat this data with the utmost importance and take measures to safeguard this data, there exists risk of data breach / hacking that presents itself as a risk to our business.
$100,000 1. Hire full-time software developer to support our development of web application and new features for the app.
Discotech is the one nightclub app that has shined for us, and are so easy to work with! They produce what they say they will, and have established a great network for promotions and tables. They communicate well, are on top of all of our events, and have the knowledge of events and clients that I haven't seen with anyone else. And, they bring clients and guests! We have had nothing but great experiences with Discotech and look forward to our continuing relationship with them.
Ian and the Discotech team are some of the brightest entrepreneurs I have ever come across. The journey that they share living and working together in San Francisco, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles is truly inspiring. They have demonstrated perseverance and resourcefulness that gives me great confidence that they will be successful no matter what obstacles come their war.
Boss and mom. Dabbling in small investments, REIT's, and 401k. Just started investing last year. Very new.
Founder and CBO of The Wark Group.
I am an IT professional working in Atlanta. Excited to be an investor in early stage companies like Discotech.
Hi guys! Can't wait to see Discotech grow! I posted on FB which every person involved needs to do! The AP has so much potential but needs to be seen and used! This would have been huge when I was still in the scene! Good luck!
Good luck fellas. I think you are all very smart young people and I like your story.
I live in NYC. While not really into the club scene, I can see this being a valuable tool. Will test it out sometime soon. Good luck!
Good day, My name is Zachary and I just invested in your idea and I look forward to your success. As a tech nerd myself I am obviously interested in all things technology. The opportunities unleashed thanks to ever evoling technology is truely a blessing. I await to hear about your future endeavours. Thank you for letting us be apart of this and God Bless.
Hello, This is Anish and I am a software engineer. I love the idea of this business and I personally think you guys are doing great with this. I wish I can be more help to you guys.
Strong Believer of Disruptive Thinking !!
Ardent Believer of Disruptive Thinking./.
Hi guys, it's great to learn more after retiring! Upon completion of my goal, I will contact you soon. Thanks.
The following interview is with Ian Chen CEO of Discotech, the company that created Discotech Nightlife. Tell us a little bit about your company Discotech is essentially your virtual nightlife host. Our mobile app allows users to discover events, reserve bottle service, purchase pre-sale tickets, and sign up for VIP guest lists at nightlife venues in different cities.
Online ticketing provider Wantickets has announced an exclusive partnership with nightlife app Discotech that will allow users to purchase tickets directly in the mobile app on their Android or iPhone devices. Founded in 2012 by three UC Berkeley alumni who were tired of being exploited by club promoters, Discotech serves as a one-stop "virtual concierge" that helps users find events, buy tickets, book tables, and RSVP for guest lists.
Discotech is the free mobile nightlife app that allows users to browse events, request VIP & bottle service, purchase tickets, and explore nightlife in their area Want to enjoy a night out, but want to avoid all of the unnecessary hassles associated with a night on the town? Well, fear no more.
It's silly to try to do and learn everything yourself, learn to surround yourself and rely on others to help you along the journey! Ian Chen was born and raised in the suburbs of Potomac, Maryland. Growing up, Ian was always a bit of a geek.
Discotech's mission is to bring transparency and efficiency to the grossly outdated nightlife reservation space. The team is new to the Las Vegas tech community. Discotech is the premier nightlife app for customers to browse events, sign up for guestlists, and book tables at their favorite clubs.
21 Jul 2014 Posted by admin NNightlife: a ritual governed by uncertainty. Methodical showering, dressing, primping. Scouting a swank spot. Waiting in line to pass muster with the gatekeeper. Maybe getting in if you are one of the chosen few or, if you are not, walking away disappointed with your tail between your legs.
Fans of the growing nightlife app genre have one more option to choose from on iOS, as Discotech has announced the launch of its app of the same name. The app allows users to browse local clubs, see which DJs are playing, sign onto guest lists, book tables and more, eventually earning loyalty points for the money they spend.
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2019-04-22T16:29:16Z
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https://wefunder.com/discotech
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2018-01-02 Assigned to SILICON VALLEY BANK, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT reassignment SILICON VALLEY BANK, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GENBAND US LLC, SONUS NETWORKS, INC.
In a method and system for managing at least one media stream from a media source to a media destination, where the media stream passes through at least one network, providing a media manager for managing the media stream and the at least one network for performing at least one of the management functions bandwidth management, media hairpin detection, media path control, equal access or preventing media backhauling. In the media manager at least one of the media stream information types media routing, receive transport address, routed receive transport address, source network, destination network, media stream identifier, or bandwidth of the media stream is stored for a time period during which the media stream exists in the at least one network. The media manager uses at least one of the stored information types for performing at least one of the management functions.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/314,119, filed Dec. 21, 2005, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present application relates to media stream management on the internet.
When communicating media over the internet, five problems arise: bandwidth management; hairpinning; backhauling; media path control; and equal access. These problems will be discussed below, such as in the context of Voice-over-Internet-Protocol (VoIP). It should be understood of course that the present application relates to any type of media stream management on the internet.
By way of background, the “Open Systems Interconnection” protocol (OSI) comprises a seven layer model: application (layer 7); presentation (layer 6); session (layer 5); transport (layer 4); network (layer 3); data link (layer 2); and physical (layer 1).
For VoIP, so-called “user agents” (UA) operating at the application layer send and receive information packets by use of the Session Internet Protocol (SIP), SDP, H.323, MGCP, Megaco etc. SIP and SDP are by far the most commonly used protocol for VoIP based communications.
First, the problem of bandwidth management will be discussed. According to the low-level design scheme, information to be communicated is broken down into discrete packets of information, and these packets are directed from an originating endpoint to a destination endpoint. A higher level protocol is used to establish a connection between the endpoints. Accordingly, a virtual communications link is established and a long message is broken down into multiple packets and sent by the sender. The receiving end collects these packets and reassembles them into the original long message. However, the individual packets that comprise the message may travel over different routes to reach the endpoint, depending on network availability, loading, etc.
When transmitting e-mail, web pages, and data files or the like, it is generally not crucial that data be transmitted in real-time, i.e., delays in the data transmission are generally acceptable if the intervening network is heavily loaded. However, with respect to real-time interactive communications, such as VoIP and videoconferences, excessive delay can make the communication unworkable. Therefore, for such real-time interactive media communications, properly allocating and managing the bandwidth is important. Also, as discussed hereafter, the problems of hairpinning, equal access, and backhauling need to be managed.
Now the problems known as “hairpinning”, “bandwidth management” “media path control”, “equal access” and “backhauling” will be explained.
Hairpinning describes the situation where the caller and callee are in the same network.
Bandwidth management is a problem where a network has to manage how bandwidth is allocated for multimedia sessions based on policies for network topology or network users. Bandwidth management is necessary in order to provide guaranteed QoS (Quality of Service) to sessions and media streams which are admitted in the network and to prevent sessions from being established through the network where bandwidth is not available (using policy). Bandwidth may be tracked on single networks or between networks.
Media Path Control is a problem where in order to control the QoS provided to a session media or to route the media through incompatible networks, the media stream needs to be routed through specific network elements (generally called media gateways or MGs). Media path is controlled independently from the path session signaling takes, especially in VoIP where the two paths are setup using different protocols (e.g. SIP for signaling and SDP for media).
Equal access is a regulatory requirement which allows a subscriber to access long distance services by dialing a special code on his phone before dialing the intended recipient, thereby choosing a carrier of his choice. The user's service provider thus has to open up access to his physical infrastructure or service to third party long distance providers. For VoIP and other Internet based applications this may mean that the session signaling (that is, a signal to begin a call such as “INVITE”) and/or media stream must be routed to a third party long distance provider.
Media backhauling is a problem where media is upstreamed to the provider's core network where the service offered is controlled instead of being routed through a shorter path between the subscribers. The shorter path, which is preferred, is either a direct path between the subscribers of through local servers located close to the subscribers who do not have the service intelligence.
Session Border Controllers today integrating or coupling some forms of media management.
It is an object to improve media stream management on the internet in the problem areas of bandwidth, hairpinning, media path control, equal access, and/or backhauling.
In a method and system for managing at least one media stream from a media source to a media destination, where the media stream passes through at least one network, providing a media manager for managing the media stream and the at least one network and for performing at least one of a plurality of management functions, wherein the plurality of management functions include bandwidth management, media hairpin detection, media path control, equal access or preventing media backhauling. Storing in the media manager at least one of a plurality of media stream information types, wherein the plurality of media stream information types include media routing, receive transport address, routed receive transport address, source network, destination network, media stream identifier, or bandwidth of the media stream is stored for a time period during which the media stream exists in the at least one network. The media manager uses at least one of the stored information types for performing at least one of the management functions.
FIGS. 6A/6B show the six steps and the different types of information for the particular media stream present and which are stored in the media manager for the media path control and equal access management examples of FIG. 5 (in a media routing scenario).
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the preferred embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device, and/or method, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur now or in the future to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
does not work in an ASP/ISP model where the signaling proxy may be owned by the ASP and the L3 (layer 3) network is owned by an ISP.
FIG. 1 shows a media management system of the preferred embodiment where media stream management functions are used for a SIP call. It only shows INVITE request processing (known as call or session signaling) since all functions can be illustrated using that request as an example (an INVITE request is an invitation from a caller 13 (media destination 12) initiating a telephone call in VoIP to a callee 17 (media source 16). The processing for responses and other requests containing media information is identical.
A media manager MM may independently exist and connects to the other components shown (SIP proxy 11 (a server), and media gateways MG1, MG2) via standard or proprietary interfaces/protocols. The media manager MM may be bundled up with the SIP proxy 11 and/or MG (media gateway) elements MG1, MG2 (See FIG. 2) as well. FIG. 1 shows the information flow which illustrates the method used and the algorithm which is common to all deployment models.
In FIG. 1 the media manager MM holds the different types of media stream information (known as “information types” hereafter) for a particular media stream relating to the service being provided. For example, these information types are typically: 1) media routing information for the stream, denoted by MR, 2) destination transport addresses for the stream denoted by RX and NRX which contain an IP address and port pair, 3) source network SRC and destination network DEST information; and 4) bandwidth B/W information.
The AS is the Application Server which controls the service, and may be bundled within the SIP proxy 11 as shown in FIG. 1, but it need not be.
In a typical SIP call, the caller 13 (media destination 12) places the call on path 14 through the SIP proxy 11 to the application server AS along path 8, then back to the SIP proxy 11 along path 9, and then to the callee 17 (media source 16) along path 15. The SIP proxy 11 sends media stream update message (arrows 2 and 4) to the media manager MM to establish information types for a media stream in the media manager MM. Thus, the media manager MM can keep track of each media stream it knows in the networks it is managing, like the ISP Network 18. If the media stream is allowed by local policy and configuration on the media manager, it sends Media Stream OK message (arrows 3 and 5) to the SIP proxy 11. Otherwise, the Media Stream OK message is not sent (details not shown) and the SIP proxy 11 may decide the handling of the call at that point based on its own policy. At the end of the call, the SIP proxy 11 deletes the information types from the media manager MM (call termination is not shown). Details of the different stored media stream information types in the media manager MM are shown in FIGS. 3A/3B, 4A/4B, and 6A/6B.
The method of FIG. 1 is applicable to both of the scenarios where 1) a media stream is routed through an intermediate system as shown in FIG. 1 (i.e., the media gateways MG1, MG2); or 2) sent directly between the caller 13 and the callee 17, the example shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 1 will now be described in greater detail.
First call signaling will be described. The caller 13 (media destination 12) initiates a SIP INVITE on the path 14 to the SIP proxy/SBC 11 in the ASP network 10. The SIP proxy 11 is linked by paths 8, 9 to the application server AS. The application server AS and the SIP proxy 11 send the SIP INVITE along path 15 to the callee 17 (media source 16).
Now media stream flow will be described. The ISP network shows media stream flow and includes the media manager MM and media gateway MG1 linked to the caller 13 via path 19, and media gateway MG2 linked to the callee 17 via path 20.
Dashed line 21 shows the MM/MG1 interface path in the ISP network 18. Dashed line 22 shows the MM/MG2 interface path in the ISP network 18. Dashed line 7 shows the MM/SBC interface path between the ISP network media manager MM and ASP network SIP proxy/SBC 11. All three of these dashed lines are illustrated in the legend key at 26.
Dashed line 23 shows the media stream path for the media stream (RTP/UDP) from media gateway MG1 to media gateway MG2. The legend key for this dashed line is indicated at 25.
Solid lines 14, 8, 9, and 15, relating to legend key 24, indicate the path for the session (also known as call) signaling SIP/H.323/Megaco/RTSP.
As shown in FIG. 1, the media manager MM performs one or more of the following management functions: bandwidth management; media hairpin detection; media path control; equal access management; and preventing media backhauling into the ASP network 10 used for session signaling.
FIG. 2 shows a SIP call flow to illustrate hairpin detection, bandwidth management, and media backhauling prevention. The information types which are stored in the media manager MM in FIG. 2 and the information types being sent to and from the media manager are shown in FIGS. 3A/3B and FIGS. 4A/4B.
In FIGS. 2, 3A/3B, and 4A/4B, a caller 13 places a call and the application server AS (where service is controlled) detects that a caller 13 is in the same network A (27) (which can be the ISP network in FIG. 1 but with media gateways) as the callee 17. The application server AS in network E (29), which is another ISP network, routes the call back into network A. At this point, the application server AS forwards the INVITE which is sent to the callee 17.
The caller 13 and callee 17 are assumed to be in the same network A as shown at 27.
The media manager MM and the media gateway MG are shown as a bundled system 6 in this example for simplicity. The interaction between the media manager MM and media gateway MG is not the subject of this preferred embodiment, but rather the subject of this preferred embodiment are the techniques used in the media manager MM which stores media stream information types to provide the indicated management functions.
In FIG. 2, the steps which occur during session signaling when the caller places the SIP INVITE call are indicated by circles 1-6. In step 1, caller 13 initiates the SIP INVITE call on path 14 to the SIP proxy 11. In step 2 the SIP proxy 11 may send the media stream update message 2 containing information types to the media manager in the bundled network 6 via path 7. The media manager then replies with the media stream OK message 3 if the media stream is allowed. In step 3 the SIP proxy sends the SIP INVITE on path 8 to the application server AS in network E (29), and the SIP INVITE then returns on path 9 to the SIP proxy 11 (step 4). In step 5, the media manager MM in bundled system 6 may send a media stream update message 4 to the media manager. The media manager then replies with media stream OK message 5 if the media stream is allowed. Thereafter in step 6 the SIP proxy 11 forwards the SIP INVITE on path 15 in step 6 to the callee 17.
FIGS. 3A/3B and 4A/4B will now be explained. In both figures, media routing for intra-network sessions is not required by the media manager MM policy configuration. FIGS. 3A/3B is the case where the media manager has been configured to route media for calls expected to be between networks A and E. FIGS. 4A/4B is the case where this is not required and shows the difference in stored information types on the media manager MM.
In step 1, only one media stream is shown on path 14 for simplicity (call INVITE) and the receive transport address (IP address and port) of this media stream are shown as information type RX under the SDP (session description protocol) designation.
In step 2 at path 7, the media stream update message 2 has information type MR (media routing) which contains information derived by executing media routing policy for the call expected at this point to be between networks A and E. The media manager MM expects to media route this call since MR(A,E) is “on”.
In FIGS. 3A/3B and 4A/4B, the information types required for hairpin detection are: source network (Src-Network); destination network (Dest-Network); media routing (MR); and destination transport address (IP address and port) (marked as Dest IP). A port represents an end point or “channel” for network communication. Different ports allow different applications on a same computer to utilize network resources without interfering with each other.
In FIGS. 3A/3B and 4A/4B, the information types required for bandwidth management are: bandwidth (B/W) calculated when processing the event; Dest IP (with port); MR; Src-Network; and Dest-Network. The bandwidth allocated to the media stream is stored as an information type corresponding to the media stream. The information for the source and destination network of the streams may also be maintained though they can be calculated using the former stored information values.
The method for computing bandwidth for the networks can be described as follows. For all media streams maintained, the bandwidth used for source and destination networks is aggregated as well as the bandwidth used between these networks. This may be an alternative to maintaining the network at runtime.
The information types required for backhaul prevention are: the Dest-IP (with port), MR; SRC Network; and Dest Network. The media manager MM thus maintains the information types of the media stream.
The media manager MM computes various information types for the media stream as well as other objects like source and destination network or intermediate networks which it is aware the media stream will pass through. Some examples of this computation are illustrated for network A. Note that all of the computations are actually derived from the information types maintained for the media stream itself, and it can be either stored or computed on demand based on the media manager MM's knowledge of the media streams.
The media manager MM uses information from the SIP proxy 11 to determine where the media stream is destined to go (based on transport address RX) and what the tentative source network is where it will be originated (based on Call-Dest-Network). This latter source network is where the SIP proxy thinks the media stream is destined to. The media routing MR information type for the call is determined using the source and destination information type media routing—MR(A, E)=on. This preferred embodiment focuses on the use of stored media stream information types maintained on a per media stream basis to implement the management functions.
Using the media stream information types, the media manager MM can compute the bandwidth used between various networks or for a single network. For example, the bandwidth between network A and network E is 1 Mbps since it is known that there is a single media stream which is expected to exist originating from network E and terminating on network A. Note that the computation can be done for any object as long as its relationship to the media stream is known. For example the information type bandwidth (BW) can also be computed for a transit network as long as the topology is known of how the transit network is located between networks A and E.
In summary, in step 2 the SIP proxy 11 sends a media stream update message 2 containing information types for the particular media stream to the media manager which are then stored by the media manager.
Steps 3 and 4 are executed by the SIP Proxy and Application server and simply result in the SIP message to be forwarded along the indicated paths.
In step 5, the SIP proxy sends the Media Stream Update message 4 to the media manager which contains the same information it sent earlier in Step 2 to the media manager. The media manager MM finds a “hit” in its run time cache/database of media streams it knows already exists in the network A. The hit is based on either the receive address RX (IP/port information) or the unique ID (FIGS. 4A/4B). When a hit is found, the media manager MM retrieves and updates the information types it created for the media stream in previous step 2. It now knows that the source network of the media stream is where the INVITE is destined to (which is network A itself) and re-applies the media routing policy. This is the hairpinning management scenario. The MM determines by applying the policy for media routing network A, MR(A, A) and determines that it is disabled. Since media routing is no longer necessary (directed by policy in the example), the media manager MM pushes the old media destination stored in the Dest-IP information type as NRX in the Media Stream OK message 5 to the SIP Proxy 11.
In step 5, the bandwidth for network A is also updated. It is now known that there are no expected media streams between the networks A and E, and there is a single media stream within network A. So B/W(A,E)=0 Mbps and B/W(A,A)=1 Mbps.
Since the SIP proxy 11 is able to push back the old media destination in the INVITE, media backhauling to the network C (or the application server or the SIP Proxy) is prevented. In this way, it is prevented unless necessary (e.g. for private to public network calls).
For the bandwidth management function, the media manager creates an aggregated bandwidth value for at least one network from values of the bandwidth information type of at least one media stream and all additional media streams passing through the at least one network. A new media stream is disallowed from setup in the at least one network if the aggregated bandwidth value exceeds an administratively provided bandwidth value in the media manager for the at least one network. The media source and the media destination may lie in the at least one network being managed.
Also for bandwidth management, a media stream may be passing through at least two networks; and the media manager creates an aggregated bandwidth value for the at least two networks from values of the bandwidth information type of the at least one media stream and all additional media streams passing through the at least two networks.
For the media hairpin detection function the media manager detects that values of the information types source network and destination network of at least one media stream are the same.
The media manager performs the backhauling prevention function by not routing a media stream in case a management determined policy of the media manager between media source network and media destination network does not require the media stream to be routed through a media gateway.
FIG. 5 shows a media routing scenario, and more specifically a solution for media path control and equal access. Steps 1-3 are the same as in FIGS. 2 and 3A/3B. The point where it differs is steps 4 and 5, as shown in FIGS. 6A/6B.
In step 4, the application server AS or the SIP proxy 11 may decide that in fact this call needs to pass through a provider selected by the user or administrator. If this information is decided by the application server AS, it is sent in the same INVITE back to the SIP proxy 11. The SIP proxy 11 may also invoke local policy to determine that the call needs to be sent through an interim network, as well (network I).
In step 5, the same as before in FIGS. 2, 3A/3B, and 4A/4B, there is a “hit” with the previous information types stored for the existing media stream. The SIP Proxy also sends the Media Stream Update message 4 for the interim network with the Call-Interim-Network=I information type. The existing information types are updated as well as the new information types created since there is more than one media stream. As shown in FIG. 5, the new network which is inserted in the middle of the call is the IXC network I labeled 40. The media manager MM in this example inserts two media gateways MG1 and MG2 into the media stream and updates the information types with the media stream OK message 5 for the individual media streams as indicated in step 5. These media gateways MG are selected based on the information provided by the SIP Proxy in the Call-interim-Network information type. The example shows two media gateways MG1 and MG2, but in reality there could be just one or more than two. These are connected by path 43 to each other and via paths 41 and 42 to caller 13 and callee 17, respectively. The information types are updated for stream 1 and the new information types are created for stream 2 as shown. Example computations for networks A and I are shown as well.
Like for FIGS. 3A/3B, FIGS. 6A/6B show the six steps and explain the stored information types of the media manager MM, but for the equal access example of FIG. 5 as explained above.
For the media path control function the media manager based on stored information types alters media source and media destination information type values of a media stream by altering values of at least some of the stored information types of the media stream and creating a new media stream with associated information types having new values, and sending the routed receive transport address of the new media stream to the media source.
For the equal access management function the media manager inserts at least one media gateway of a long distance carrier chosen by the media destination centrally of the at least one media stream. The media manager inserts the at least one media gateway, based on provisional information stored in said media manager, by altering a value of at least one of the information types of the media stream, and sending the routed receive transport address of the media stream to the media source.
The ISP Network and the ASP network are shown separated for the preferred embodiment only; they may, however, be administratively controlled by the same entity and the separation may either not exist or be purely logical where the ASP network represents the core of the same network and the ISP network represents the access of the same network.
a protocol used between the media gateway MG and the media manager MM could be anything.
This listing of some possible variations is not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure which is showing a preferred embodiment among many possible embodiments.
In the preferred embodiment, the media manager is not required to have the capabilities of managing all the indicated functions but may perform only one of the management functions indicated.
While a preferred embodiment has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiment has been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention both now or in the future are desired to be protected.
said media manager using at least one of said stored information types for performing at least one of said management functions.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said bandwidth management function comprises the steps of: creating an aggregated bandwidth value for said at least one network from values of said bandwidth information type of said at least one media stream and all additional media streams passing through said at least one network.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein a new media stream is disallowed from setup in said at least one network if said aggregated bandwidth value exceeds an administratively provided bandwidth value in said media manager for said at least one network.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the media source and the media destination lie in said at least one network being managed.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein for bandwidth management, said at least one media stream is passing through at least two networks; and said media manager creates an aggregated bandwidth value for said at least two networks from values of said bandwidth information type of said at least one media stream and all additional media streams passing through said at least two networks.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein for said media hairpin detection function said media manager detects that values of the information types source network and destination network of said at least one media stream are the same.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein for the media path control function said media manager based on stored information types alters the media source and media destination information type values of said at least one media stream by altering values of at least some of the stored information types of said at least one media stream and creating a new media stream with associated information types having new values, and sending the routed receive transport address of said new media stream to the media source.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein for the equal access management function said media manager inserts at least one media gateway of a long distance carrier chosen by said media destination centrally of said at least one media stream.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said media manager inserts said at least one media gateway, based on provisional information stored in said media manager, by altering a value of at least one of the information types of said at least one media stream, and sending the routed receive transport address of said at least one media stream to said media source.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said media manager performs said backhauling prevention function by not routing said media stream in case a management determined policy of said media manager between said media source network and said media destination network does not require the at least one media stream to be routed through a media gateway.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said media manager is provided inside an SIP server.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein said media manager is provided inside a media gateway.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein said at least one network has at least one media gateway and said media manager controls said at least one media gateway.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein said media manager communicates with a session server which comprises an SIP proxy.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the media stream comprises a voice-over internet protocol media stream.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein said at least one network has at least one media gateway and the media manager is bundled with the media gateway.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein said media manager communicates with a session server which comprises an SBC server.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein said at least one network comprises an ISP network with at least one media gateway and an RTP path.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein said at least one network has no media gateways and an RTP path between the media source and the media destination.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein during a signaling session, an invitation is sent from the media destination to the session server, then to the media manager, then to the application server, then from the application server back to the session server, then through the media manager to the session server, and then to the media source.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein a session server with which said media manager communicates is in an ASP network and said media manager is in an ISP network.
22. The method of claim 1 wherein a session server and said media manager in communication with said session server are in a common network.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein a media gateway is also provided in said common network with said media manager.
24. The method of claim 1 wherein a session server is provided in communication with said media manager, and said session server sends a media stream update message to said media manager, and said media manager responds with a media stream OK message depending upon how said media manager is managing at least one of said management functions.
26. The system of claim 25 wherein said bandwidth management function comprises: creating an aggregated bandwidth value for said at least one network from values of said bandwidth information type of said at least one media stream and all additional media streams passing through said at least one network.
27. The system of claim 26 wherein a new media stream is disallowed from setup in said at least one network if said aggregated bandwidth value exceeds an administratively provided bandwidth value in said media manager for said at least one network.
28. The system of claim 26 wherein the media source and the media destination lie in said at least one network being managed.
29. The system of claim 25 wherein for bandwidth management, said media stream is passing through at least two networks; and said media manager creates an aggregated bandwidth value for said at least two networks from values of said bandwidth information type of said at least one media stream and all additional media streams passing through said at least two networks.
30. The system of claim 25 wherein for said media hairpin detection function said media manager detects that values of the information types source network and destination network of said at least one media stream are the same.
31. The system of claim 25 wherein for the media path control function said media manager based on stored information types alters the media source and media destination information type values of said at least one media stream by altering values of at least some of the stored information types of said at least one media stream and creating a new media stream with associated information types having new values, and sending the routed receive transport address of said new media stream to the media source.
32. The system of claim 25 wherein for the equal access management function said media manager inserts at least one media gateway of a long distance carrier chosen by said media destination centrally of said at least one media stream.
33. The system of claim 32 wherein said media manager inserts said at least one media gateway, based on provisional information stored in said media manager, by altering a value of at least one of the information types of said media stream, and sending the routed receive transport address of said media stream to said media source.
34. The system of claim 25 wherein said media manager performs said backhauling prevention function by not routing said media at least one stream in case a management determined policy of said media manager between said media source network and said media destination network does not require the media stream to be routed through a media gateway.
using at least one of said media manager stored information types for performing at least one of said management functions.
36. The computer program product of claim 35 wherein said bandwidth management function comprises the steps of: creating an aggregated bandwidth value for said at least one network from values of said bandwidth information type of said at least one media stream and all additional media streams passing through said at least one network.
37. The computer program product of claim 36 wherein a new media stream is disallowed from setup in said at least one network if said aggregated bandwidth value exceeds an administratively provided bandwidth value in said media manager for said at least one network.
38. The computer program product of claim 36 wherein the media source and the media destination lie in said at least one network being managed.
39. The computer program product of claim 35 wherein for bandwidth management, said media stream is passing through at least two networks; and said media manager creates an aggregated bandwidth value for said at least two networks from values of said bandwidth information type of said at least one media stream and all additional media streams passing through said at least two networks.
40. The computer program product of claim 35 wherein for said media hairpin detection function said media manager detects that values of the information types source network and destination network of said at least one media stream are the same.
41. The computer program product of claim 35 wherein for the media path control function said media manager based on stored information types alters the media source and media destination information type values of said at least one media stream by altering values of at least some of the stored information types of said at least one media stream and creating a new media stream with associated information types having new values, and sending the routed receive transport address of said new media stream to the media source.
42. The computer program product of claim 35 wherein for the equal access management function said media manager inserts at least one media gateway of a long distance carrier chosen by said media destination centrally of said at least one media stream.
43. The computer program product of claim 42 wherein said media manager inserts said at least one media gateway, based on provisional information stored in said media manager, by altering a value of at least one of the information types of said at least one media stream, and sending the routed receive transport address of said media stream to said media source.
44. The computer program product of claim 35 wherein said media manager performs said backhauling prevention function by not routing said media stream in case a management determined policy of said media manager between said media source network and said media destination network does not require the media stream to be routed through a media gateway.
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2019-04-21T08:53:49Z
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https://patents.google.com/patent/US9692710B2/en
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Reigate Stone was used from the Roman period until the 19th and 20th centuries; that it was mainly used in Royal, monastic and other church buildings; that it was quarried underground from a narrow strip of the southern slopes of the North Downs measuring c.16km east-west; that many of the quarries survive; and that it was transported by road to the River Thames and then by water.
The oldest and most prestigious buildings in many of the world’s great cities are frequently those built of stone. To ensure long life the stone used must be durable and capable of withstanding the often polluted urban atmosphere. To produce fine architecture it helps if the stone is fairly easily worked and readily carved. Some cities are fortunate in being located near sources of stone which combine relative ease of working with reasonable durability. London is not so lucky. It has no real building stones at all in its immediate vicinity and its builders have, in the past, had to make pragmatic compromises between the accessibility, durability and workability of different types of stone.
The use of Reigate Stone in buildings in and around London is an example of just such a compromise. As its name suggests, this stone comes from the area around Reigate which is located about 30 km south of London. In terms of distance it is, therefore, one of London’s more accessible building stones. However, it is fairly soft. Whilst this makes it easy to work, it also contributes to its poor weathering properties. Nevertheless, in an area with a dearth of good building stones, lack of durability was sometimes of secondary importance. For many centuries it was widely used in the south-east of England; often for highly visible, decorative work in some of the most prestigious buildings in the country. Reigate Stone is, therefore, more important in terms of the archaeology of buildings than might be expected just from consideration of its intrinsic qualities as a building material.
In the past it was widely accepted that Reigate stone was “not found in Roman contexts” (Westman,1994,3.3.4). Recent archaeological excavations have, however, yielded a small number of finds of Reigate Stone from securely dated Roman levels, including some from pre-Boudiccan levels in London (Drummond Murray & Thompson, in prep.) Evidence from standing buildings and excavations shows that there was also some use of Reigate Stone during the Saxon period. However, the first major exploitation of Reigate Stone occurred in the medieval period. This reflected the increasing number of masonry buildings being erected, principally for the Crown and Church. Royal and religious demand for the stone continued into the 16th century. Following the dissolution of the monasteries one source of demand virtually disappeared and sometimes even helped meet the demand from the other source, as when Henry VIII’s Nonsuch Palace was supplied with Reigate Stone from the dissolved priory at Merton (VCH,ii,p278). In the next couple of centuries changes in fashion and improved supply of better building materials resulted in Reigate Stone being less widely distributed, although a lot of it was used in the rebuilding of St Paul’s following the 1666 Fire of London. The end of the 17th century also produced the first eye-witness accounts of Reigate-stone quarries (Aubrey,1718). Evidence for its use as a building material in the 18th century is rare but, because of its refractory properties, it continued to be used for the linings of kilns, ovens and furnaces (VCH,ii,p278).
During the Victorian era the fashion for whitened doorsteps created great demand for the softest form of Reigate Stone, usually called ‘Hearthstone’. This was wetted and rubbed on the step, leaving a white deposit. However, even during the 19th century Reigate Stone was still used for building; it was even considered (but rejected) for use in rebuilding the Houses of Parliament (Barry,1839). The last days of the industry were devoted solely to hearthstone production, an activity which only finally ceased in the 1960s.
The name ‘Reigate Stone’ is widely used by archaeologists (e.g. Westman,1994) and building historians (e.g. NMR), although sometimes the less definite ‘Reigate-type stone’ is used. This may be because it is known that the stone was also quarried in other parishes near Reigate and it is not possible to determine petrologically the precise source of archaeological specimens (deDomingo,1994,p243).
However, whilst contemporary historical documents sometimes name the parish of origin precisely - e.g. “Regate stone otherwise y called Mestham stone” (Eton Coll. Building contract c.1453 in Salzman,1967,p527) - such documents also frequently used the term generically. Hence we find in the London Bridge accounts for 1461 “for 47 loads of stones called Reygateston at 20d the load at the quarry of Maistham 78s4d” (Harding & Wright,1995,p126).
In this account the term Reigate Stone is used in this generic sense. The extent of the area to which it can be applied is discussed in sections 1.4, 2.1 and 3.1 below. Reigate Stone is also sometimes called ‘Firestone’. This name has been used not only when the stone has been used as a refractory (see 1.2 above) but occasionally when it has been used as building material. For example, the NMR contains 3 listed building records where the main material is Firestone compared with 31 entries where the main material is Reigate Stone.
As noted above, ‘Hearthstone’ is a similar but softer material to Reigate Stone and is found inter-bedded with it (see 1.4 below). The term usually refers to the material used for whitening steps. However the context needs to be looked at carefully since a hearthstone may also be ‘a flat stone forming a fireplace’ (QED); such a hearthstone would be more likely to be made from the harder Firestone.
The term ‘freestone’ is also sometimes applied to Reigate Stone (see e.g. VCH,ii,p278). This is, however, not a term which is exclusive to Reigate Stone but is also applied to other building stones, particularly limestones, which “can be freely worked with hand tools in any direction” (Clifton-Taylor&Ireson,1983,p17).
Reigate Stone comes from the geological formation called the Upper Greensand. Although the Greensands - Upper and Lower with the Gault Clay between them - are widespread throughout south-east England - see Fig 1 - only a small area appears to have provided Reigate Stone. According to Fitton, writing in 1827, “Merstham occupies nearly the middle line which has been worked upon for firestone [=Reigate Stone]; the extreme points to which the quarries have extended of late years being near Godstone on the east and Buckland Green on the west” (quoted in Jukes-Browne, 1900,p97).
This area is also shown on Fig 1. Modern authors agree with the eastern limit but extend the western limit a little to Brockham (see e.g. Sowan,1975,p575). However, the westernmost quarries in Brockham and Betchworth may all be late 19th century and have been worked solely for hearthstone (ibid.,p588). In fact Hawkins, referring specifically to Brockham in 1879, writes about “a tunnel which is excavated entirely in the Hearthstone, no attempt being made to work the underlying Firestone” (quoted in Jukes-Browne,1900,p100).
Geology was an important factor in limiting quarrying to this area. The dip of the Reigate Stone beds increases from east to west. At Brockham it is over 21½º, compared with 4-9º over the rest of the area (Jukes-Browne,1900,p100). East of Godstone the Reigate Stone formation “thins to a metre or so of economically valueless sand” (Sowan,1975,p575). The type of quarrying used to exploit Reigate Stone (see sections 2.1 and 2.2 below) is impractical if the bedding is thin or steeply dipping.
Commentary and tables in Jukes-Brown present a simple model for the relationship between the hearthstone and firestone beds with the former overlying the latter. The precise thickness and character of the stone which could be exploited varied from quarry to quarry but the details from Merstham shown in Table 1 above are reasonably typical. However, Sowan (1999,p5) reports that there are other descriptions which “indicate that building stone and hearthstone beds alternated in the underground working faces.” Such individual beds are not readily detected by normal field inspection and recent geological studies indicate that, in fact, “the beds exploited ... appear to consist of lenticular masses of good building [i.e. Reigate] stone which would weather well, intercalated with similar masses of inferior stone [i.e. hearthstone] fit only for use as a mineral pigment” (ibid.p6).
This more complex view of the geology may explain why, despite sophisticated petrological analysis, archaeological specimens which were “firmly identified as Firestone from the Reigate area” “could not be sourced accurately” [i.e. could not be identified as coming from a particular quarry] (de Domingo,1994,p243). To match archaeological samples to distinct, laterally wide-spread, beds would be difficult enough; to match them to different individual lenses would be practically impossible.
Today the word ‘quarry’ generally conjures up an image of a large open-cast pit from which stone of all kinds is extracted. In the past it had a meaning which was simultaneously both more and less precise. “The word ‘quarry’ is derived from the Latin quadrare, to make square. Quadraria were places where squared stones were cut, which is another way of saying an excavation in beds yielding large ‘dimension’ or ‘block’ stone for all building and monumental purposes” (Stanier,1995,p9). It is not necessary for such workings to be open-cast; they can be underground quarries - ‘mines’ in modern parlance. Medieval and later documents which refer to Reigate Stone quarries use the word in this sense; there is no evidence to suggest that medieval and later quarries were other than underground. In the Reigate Stone quarrying area between Brockham and Godstone the Upper Greensand lies beneath the chalk and outcrops on the southern side of the North Downs.
The entrances to the underground quarries are generally located a short distance north of where the Upper Greensand outcrop actually comes to the surface. This is probably because natural weathering of the stone at, or near, the surface would tend to make it too friable for building purposes.
In comparison with open-cast quarrying the techniques used for underground quarrying (see 2.2 below) had relatively little impact on the surface. This presents difficulties when it comes to locating the quarries. Place name evidence can be a help: e.g. Quarry Farm (TQ352533), Quarry Hall Farm (TQ322532), Quarry Hangers (TQ322535), Quarry Dean Farm(TQ298539). However, many places in the quarrying area are located near relatively modern, large, open-cast, chalk pits and the antiquity of ‘Quarry’ names needs to be established before they can be taken as evidence of Reigate Stone working. Whilst the existence of these chalk pits can be confusing it was largely as a result of Croydon Council’s intention to use the pit near Merstham as a land-fill rubbish dump that local interest in the Reigate Stone quarries was aroused. In an attempt to determine whether there was a risk of contamination from the rubbish entering the ground water via the old quarries local caving clubs re-opened old workings, all of which had been sealed for decades and some of which had probably been sealed for centuries (Musto, 1969).
The knowledge gained from these re-opened quarries has provided the basis for much of the rest of what is set out below on exploitation. It also provides the most certain evidence for the location of the quarries. This has been supplemented by field walking, place-name studies (see above), and the study of old maps and documents and more modern local histories.
A note in Surrey Archaeological Collections (Saaler,1994,87,p207) places ‘Witelamb’ at NGR TQ 2452, i.e. somewhere on Colley Hill. It is unclear whether this is based on precise knowledge of where White Lamb is located or is based on a sensible interpretation of the rest of the data in the charter, coupled with a knowledge that Colley Hill was certainly quarried in later centuries. However it should perhaps be noted that in 1217-18 Colley was held by one ‘Walter of Colley’ as a separate Manor within the honour of Reigate (VCH,iii,p237).
Access to the Reigate Stone beds through the chalk (see Fig 2 above) was achieved using a modified form of ‘adit or drift mining’. In adit mining, instead of sinking a vertical shaft and then striking out along the bed of rock, a tunnel is driven into the hillside where a bed of the material sought is found. The modification employed in Reigate Stone quarries was to dig a sloping trench downwards and forwards, through the chalk/chalk marl, until the Reigate Stone was reached - see Fig 3. Then quarrying commenced by driving tunnels into the rock, following the dip of the strata and ensuring that the “hard roof” stone (see Table 1) was left intact.
Particularly good examples of such entrance depressions can be found near the Chaldon/Merstham parish boundary. The woods called Bedlams Bank at TQ308537, for example, are growing in and around two entrance depressions each originally over 10m deep and about 100m long. One has the steeper side of its sloping trench at the west end of the woods and the other has its steep side at the east end, the more gradual slopes of both converge at the centre of the woods. These gradual slopes would have provided a route by which the cut stone could be finally hauled to the surface without the need for any special winding equipment.
The fact that the quarries were worked down the dip of the rock, coupled with an appreciation of the surface geography indicated in Fig 2, provides one explanation for Reigate Stone being worked underground rather than from open-cast pits: the amount of unwanted chalk &c. which would have to be removed before reaching the 1.5m or so (see Table 1) of useful building stone would rapidly become excessive. When all such excavations were done entirely by hand it would have been particularly important not to waste effort digging out unwanted material. Also, by working underground, the economically valuable farmland above the quarries remained untouched. Farmland was further preserved by leaving underground all of the waste material excavated in the quarries. In the case of Reigate Stone quarries worked exclusively for building stone (i.e. pre-19th century workings) this waste included considerable quantities of hearthstone. The absence of obvious surface waste tips of hearthstone anywhere in the Reigate Stone quarrying area provides further support for the contention that it was always quarried underground.
Whilst, strictly, “Reigate stone is neither a limestone nor a sandstone; nor ... a calcareous sandstone” (Sowan,1999,p5) it does contain sufficient calcium carbonate (about 45% according to tables in Jukes-Browne,1900,pp326-7) for a similar process to take place. Indeed, Jukes-Brown himself notes (p420) that Reigate Stone “hardens on exposure to the air, if kept undercover and protected from the rain and sun”. This need for protection during the ‘seasoning’ process suggests that opencast quarrying for Reigate Stone would render the stone unsuitable for building purposes. This is, of course, entirely consistent with the observation made in section 2.1 above that naturally weathered outcrops are too friable to be used in buildings.
Once underground, quarrying was continued by tunnelling beneath the ‘roofstone’ layer. To begin with, two tunnels would be cut; one would run obliquely down the dip (e.g. c.5°NE at Merstham) and the other would cut across it roughly at right angles. As this second tunnel was extended, further down-dip passages would be cut roughly parallel to the first. In a few cases (e.g. Tower Wood Quarry, Fig 4) small connecting passages would be cut between adjacent down-dip quarry passages.
However, modern surveys of the quarries at Merstham/Chaldon and Godstone (see e.g. Fig 5) show that generally almost all of the dividing wall between passages was excavated leaving only pillars of stone in place to support the roof. This technique is often referred to as ‘pillar and stall mining’.
In all of the quarries investigated, the stone was cut using the simplest of hand tools: picks and wedges. Pick-marks are to be seen everywhere on the roof and on the in situ pillars. When the quarries finished working the working faces were left in various states of development some of which are shown below in Plates 1-3.
Careful study of the working faces has provided evidence of the sequence and techniques used to extract individual blocks of stone.
First (Fig 6a), a slot about 0.2m deep was cut with a pick along the whole length of the face, beneath the roofstone.
Next (Fig 6b), another slot was cut down one side of the face. This did not extend to the full depth of the face. Narrow, but deep, grooves were then picked out along the other two side of the intended block (Fig 6c) and squarebased sockets cut, again with a pick, at intervals along these grooves. These sockets are generally called ‘wedgepits’ (see e.g. Stanier,2000,p23). Iron wedges were then inserted into these wedge-pits and hammered home causing the stone to split at right angles with respect to the bedding. The blocks were then levered or lifted away. This procedure was repeated across the face, possibly a number of times, until only a large slab was left at the bottom of the face (Fig 6d). With the smaller blocks removed, a slot was then be cut around the back of this large slab (Fig 6e).
Wedges were then driven in at the base to shear the slab free. (Based on Croydon Caving Club,l976,pp2-3). The sole known example from the quarries at Chaldon of a line of wedge-pits is shown in Plate 4a. Plate 4b shows a wedge in situ at the bottom of this line. This is located in an area of roof-fall, which may explain why it was left.
As noted in 1.4 above, the beds seen in the currently accessible quarries at Merstham and Godstone appear to be a mixture of good building stone and poorer hearthstone in the form of lenses rather than simple alternating beds. Work is currently being undertaken so that “we might be able to tell the difference [between Reigate/building stone and hearthstone], and explain it in chemical and mineralogical terms” (Sowan,1999,p8). However, this will still leave unanswered the question: ‘How did the original quarrymen tell the difference?’ One possible answer is that they could ‘feel’ the difference as they picked into the rock, in the same way as archaeologists can sometimes feel a difference as they trowel across visually similar contexts. If this was the case one might expect to find different pick-mark densities in different parts of the quarries and indeed Sowan (ibid. p7) reports that in places “some indication of bedding demarcations c[an] be seen (better indicated by changes in the toolmarking than by the appearance of the stone itself)”. However the general impression one gets of the toolmarking in the quarries is that it is notable more for its uniformity than for its changeability.
the entrances with the working faces.
2.2.4 Moving the Stone Underground.
No actual remains of ‘hurdles’ have been reported from quarries at Chaldon but there is evidence of grooves in the floors in some areas - see Plate 8. The grooves are “up to 4ins [100mm] wide and about 2ft [0.6m] apart”(Croydon Caving Club,1976,p21).
Occasional finds of horse- as well as ox-shoes - show that both animals were used in the quarries.
There are even the skeletal remains of both an ox and a pony - Plate 10. However explaining their presence in the Pony Skeleton, Chaldon Quarry quarry is difficult: From their locations underground it is unlikely that they are the remains of animals which just wandered into an abandoned open quarry entrance. On the other hand putrefying corpses would not have been tolerable in a working quarry. One possibility is that they were considered to be of no more use, and therefore killed, when the quarry closed. But the skull of the pony, which can be clearly seen in Plate 10, shows no sign of it having been pole-axed.
At Quarry Dean, Merstham and Godstone quarries, which were working in the 19th century, there is evidence of early use of iron plate railways to move the stone underground (Osborne,1982,p79). The role of the Surrey Iron Railway and its extension the Croydon Merstham and Godstone Railway, both of which were plate-railways, in transporting Reigate Stone to London is discussed in section 3.3.3 below.
Hence, although “Roman quarrying tools ... have been found from London to Housesteads on Hadrian’s Wall” (ibid.) they include things which are not markedly different from the pick and wedges shown in plates 5&6 above. There are even examples of wedge-pits attributed to Roman quarriers, including “a line of three wedge holes cut parallel with vertical joint in the rock face at Barcombe Down, overlooking the Stanegate fort of Vindolanda” (ibid.p3l). Furthermore, “in Devon, Beerstone from the chalk formation is said to have been quarried underground by the Romans” (ibid.p13, my emphasis).
The first improvement in quarrying techniques which was applied to many different types of rock did not occur until c.1800. This was “an easier and more accurate development of th[e wedge-pit and wedge] technique [which involved] the boring of a line of smaller holes for the insertion of ‘plugs’ and ‘feathers’. The steel feathers of half round section protect the stone from damage, spread the pressure evenly and help prevent the plug (wedge) from hitting the bottom of the hole and springing out dangerously when struck by a sledge hammer ... Th[is] method was introduced from the early nineteenth century onwards and continues today, the only difference being that the holes are now made by compressed air drills.” (ibid.p23). However there is no evidence in the form of signs of ‘bored’ holes or finds of ‘feathers’ of this technique being used in any of the known Reigate stone quarries; not even in those which were certainly worked in the nineteenth century, such as some at Godstone. Nor is there any evidence for the use of compressed air or other powered tools. Regrettably, these absences cannot be taken as indication of the antiquity of these quarries since “wedge-pits were used into the twentieth century” (ibid.).
A further problem with dating underground quarries stems from the fact that “mining is a destructive industry and each succeeding generation of miners erases the evidence of its predecessors as it extends their workings” (Barnes,1979,p45). The significance of this observation can clearly be seen by considering the simplest form of relative dating applicable to an underground Reigate Stone quarry: the entrance must pre-date the working faces.
However, as shown in 2. 2 . 2 above, much of the entrance area will have been filled up with waste stone and that which is still open will have been used continually for access to and from the working face(s). Hence anything found on the surface in an entrance ‘passage’ may date from any time between the date when the passage was first dug to the time it was last used.
This means that the few dateable artefacts which have been recovered, usually by cavers, and reported cannot be treated as if they were from secure, sealed and stratified contexts. However, taken with other evidence, they may provide some indication of when the quarries were open. For example, eighteenth century clay tobacco 18th Century Tobacco Pipes, Chaldon Quarry pipes - Plate 11 - correlate with graffiti chalked on the walls in contemporary handwriting - Plate 12. There is, of course, Graffito with Date (1723); Chaldon Quarry no certainty that either the writers or smokers were quarrymen. In fact Sowan (1975,p583) speculates that “these apparently casual visitors were prompted to explore the Chaldon mines by reading Aubrey’s brief mention of them!” The brief mention by Aubrey to which he refers is that quoted in 2.2.4 above.
The oldest dated find came from an area of quarry close to the boundary between Merstham and Chaldon. It was a mid-16th century jug - Fig 7 and Plate 13 - which was found near to one of the working faces. It was dated by John Clark of the Museum of London who suggested that it might be London made with Dutch influence or possibly an import from Holland. His analysis was based on comparison with examples found in excavations at Arundel House in the Strand in 1972 (see Haslam,1975,p227). Mid-16th Century Jug; Merstham/Chaldon Quarry.
Although not from a sealed context, the jug’s location, next to a working face, might indicate when work ceased in this part of the quarry. Certainly records of purchases of Reigate Stone become rarer in the mid-16th century. This is discussed further in 4.3.4 below.
The difficulty in determining dates for quarries provides one reason for wanting to be able to establish petrological links between buildings of known date and particular quarries. However, as is noted in 1.4 above, attempts to do this for Reigate Stone have had only limited success. Although “Exact sourcing of the greensand is virtually impossible ... [some specimens] appear to derive from a lower horizon in the greensand beds than [others]” (Samuel,1997,p195). The significance of this depends on where the two horizons lie. As Table 1 shows, it is possible to have two separate beds of Reigate Stone within a single quarried bed of Upper Greensand. In such a case each and every advance of the working face - see Fig 6 - would remove both beds more or less simultaneously. Hence, one cannot infer that stones from the higher bed were necessarily quarried before those from the lower bed, or vice versa.
According to Stanier “much has been written on building stones, and the examination of tool marks and other textures may be instructive in dating worked stones” (Stanier,2000,p33). However this technique is not generally applied to quarries for the simple reason that “such [tool]marks are extremely rare in quarries” (ibid.). Whilst this may be so in open-pit quarries it is clearly untrue of underground Reigate Stone quarries, as many of the plates in this account demonstrate. The reason for toolmarks not having been studied in these quarries is probably simply because no one with the necessary expertise has visited them. Having said that, my inexpert impression is that all of the marks seen underground could have been made with the sort of tools shown in Plates 5& 6 and may therefore not provide useful dating evidence.
Although there are many historical records, mainly in the form of building accounts, which give details of the purchase and use of Reigate Stone, there are few before the nineteenth century which include any details about the quarries. Domesday Book includes only seven quarries for the whole country (although there are reasons for believing that it under-records the true number) (ibid.p15). Two of these seven are in Limpsfield, c.4km east of Godstone. The VCH (ii,p277) asserts that these were undoubtedly for Reigate Stone. Turner (1995,p285), however, states that “it is not certain that these were Upper Greensand quarries”; a view supported by geological considerations - see 1.4 above.
The most explicit medieval document regarding Reigate stone quarries is the charter of 1218 quoted in 2.1 above. A Patent of Edward III (cited in VCH,ii,p277) appointed John and Philip Prophet masters of the quarries at Merstham and Chaldon in 1359. How this might relate to specific quarries is discussed further in 3. 1 below. Other medieval documents similarly locate quarries no more precisely than to a particular parish and are therefore of limited use in dating individual quarries. Even as late as the end of the seventeenth century Aubrey (pub.1718) provides no more locational detail than that there were working Reigate Stone quarries in Gatton, Chaldon, Bletchingley, and Godstone. Contemporary documentation relating specifically to quarrying can be found from the nineteenth century onwards, although even this is not necessarily comprehensive.
Part 2, covering the distribution and use in buildings of Reigate stone, together with a full bibliography, will appear in Pelobates 88.
Birkbeck College; for reviewing and discussing the initial proposals for this dissertation; for helpful comments on an early draft of the first two sections of it; and for effecting an introduction to Dr Mark Samuel.
Dr Mark Samuel; Architectural Masonry Archaeologist, Museum of London Specialist Services; for an informative discussion on the subject of Reigate Stone generally; for providing copies of relevant papers; and particularly for providing me with a copy of his extensive bibliography of medieval masonry building technology.
Mr James Drummond-Murray; Museum of London Archaeology Service; for providing information over the telephone about the finds of Reigate Stone in pre-Boudiccan levels in his excavations at Borough High Street.
English Heritage staff at the National Monuments Record Enquiry and Research Services for carrying out a number of searches of the computerised NMR database at my request.
Mr Paul Sowan for an informative discussion following presentation of his lecture on Reigate Stone at the South East Regional Industrial Archaeology Conference 2000.
Mrs Sarah Pankiewicz; librarian of the Croydon Caving Club; for providing many documents which would otherwise have been unobtainable; and particularly for providing the slides taken by Mr Frank Thompson in 1977 from which all of the plates in this dissertation, except Plate 15, were taken.
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2019-04-24T04:49:00Z
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http://www.croydoncavingclub.org.uk/node/380
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2019-04-23T00:01:20Z
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http://photographybydmiller.com/tween-girls-room/
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I am a C/C++ Python and Java developer at the Elettra Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Trieste, Italy.
For the control system we use and produce open source software, and we develop under linux.
I have been a fan of FreeBSD since my laurea degree thesis back in 2004.
To cope with work necessities, I normally develop under gentoo linux, but at intervals I go back to FreeBSD for some time just to revise it and see how its development goes on and what is the user experience also on the desktop side. Actually, for me it's quite equivalent to develop either on linux or freebsd.
So, I've recently switched back to FreeBSD 11 and these are my impressions, and the difficulties I've met as both a developer and a desktop user.
Gentoo Linux is a source based linux distribution, so there is perfect analogy when dealing with gentoo portage and FreeBSD software managed with ports.
Since Linux has introduced cgroups and systemd, the world has changed: i can do multiple make -j9 inside several shells (building packages and work stuff) without noticing any slow down in desktop interaction. This is an achievement that once you get used to, you can't live without.
Additionally, if an application goes crazy and tries to eat up all CPU resources, you simply don't notice any lag elsewhere. I asked around in FreeBSD forums, the only suggestions were to use limits or nice. Apart that limits kills the process, it is clear that those solutions are not up to the task.
This adds up to other issues caused by not easy trackable processes being executed in the environment and eating up too many resources. Last weekend, I left the computer running, as usual, and when I got back the system was extremely slow. Chromium tabs were all gone blank, and switching from one to another took up to 5-6 seconds to display the contents of the web pages that had originally been loaded. Only after killing a bunch of other applications (skype, firefox), situation got back to normality. Another example, a simple gdb port configure script blocks on checking whether compiler driver understands Ada and in a few seconds makes the system completely unusable.
As far as desktop is concerned, Flash support is also a big problem, but we all know that Flash is going to disappear (and many of us wish this would happen as soon as possible) and it's disappointing that fundamental web services as Deezer or Spotify still rely on it.
A major issue the FreeBSD (kernel) developers should face is evident when I read the forums.
What comes out is a very conservative attitude towards what is new, a general and often unjustified skepticism towards solutions that Linux has implemented since ages. They have made it look ahead to the future and gain the market in embedded solutions and, most of all, in the mobile world.
I deem there's a huge work by the FreeBSD software developers in order to keep the packages and ports up to date and aligned with the most trending applications (I mostly refer to desktop, which is the topic of my discussion). This monumental work is not backed up by enough insight into future by low level software developers that, being so strict, hinder the potentialities and advancements of modern software.
Even if I acknowledge that probably desktop environment is no more the biggest interest in computer science, it is still a good showcase for users and programmers that want to move from a system to a faster and more reliable one. Most importantly, this is when the system offers a source based software distribution.
As should stand out, what I'm saying is not meant to be a critic, it's rather a sad consideration of that it's probably too late for FreeBSD to keep up with Linux, which has been making giant steps in the last years.
That's one of the reasons why I use it.
Even if I acknowledge that probably desktop environment is no more the biggest interest in computer science, it is still a good showcase for users and programmers that want to move from a system to a faster and more reliable one.
I am using FreeBSD 10.3 on an entry level hardware as my main desktop computer. All is working flawlessly after some tweaking. I am building my packages with ports-mgmt/poudriere while running desktop applications. My HDD is a ZFS pool over Geli and I had to limit memory for ARC with vfs.zfs.arc_max="4G" to get a more responsive desktop while building packages.
My desktop is more responsive by using ZFS than with UFS. UFS is a I/O high throughput filesystem and the lack of responsiveness was due to disk I/O latency when the HDD is busy (large archive file extraction for example).
I made a test with two drives: the first one for the system and home directory (ZFS pool) and the second one UFS formatted for the data. Making a lot of disk activity on the second drive (like big files copy, etc..) doesn't affect the responsiveness of the system because system and program files are located on the first drive which doesn't handle the high load activity.
It is a bit outdated but you can update some tweaks to comply with your FreeBSD release.
I can't help feel that your main problem is the mindset. "When in Rome do as the Romans do..." comes to my mind here (no offense intended). I also think you didn't really do your homework either, I can't help wonder if you ever spend a little time checking out the FreeBSD handbook?
CGroups, or control groups, are basically doing nothing more than resource limiting. nice(1) obviously doesn't cut it because all that does is schedule priorities. I'm not familiar with limits(1) myself (learn something new every day ) but from what I can tell (first glimpse at the manualpage) it sets (or displays) kernel resource limits. I could be mistaken: but that's a whole kernel, and all your processes will share that one.
But there's more, the FreeBSD handbook has a whole chapter on resource limits. 13.13 'resource limits'. Either you use login classes or you can opt to use RCTL. It doesn't even require a custom kernel anymore, as of 10.x this is a standard feature. See rctl(8) for more information. Fun fact: this existed long before CGroups were a thing (sorry, had to mention ).
I agree that FreeBSD doesn't always follow trendy developments. Like Phishfry said above: that is exactly why I use it.
Qobuz is using HTML5 for streaming http://www.qobuz.com/ as well as Youtube or Dailymotion.
You should accept that every system is different and has disadvantages and advantages. Since you focus on Linux features that don't exist on FreeBSD, you need Linux. I personally don't care about the features you have mentioned (at the moment) and I am happy with what I have.
From my point of view, I started on a Linux system, then went to FreeBSD. I've tried Linux several times (I am really serious, I always migrate my entire environment, for several months, with various distributions) and it ended in a disaster every time. Since many years now, I am literally scared of even trying out Linux, because I wouldn't even know what filesystem I have to pick (there is nothing that can replace ZFS, if you love your data; I know there is ZFS on Linux, but I don't trust it). Even simple questions like what distribution to choose... I have no idea about it. I also have a system that I can customize without the fear that everything will be destroyed after an update (this is what I need and FreeBSD delivers this on every level, from base systems up to ports and its configurations). Linux distributions fall in two categories (for me, I haven't used Linux recently, btw...). First category is "easy to use" and will restrict you like a dumb user and ruin everything after some time. The second category is flexible, but utterly complicated and ended in an unrecoverable package management deadlock.
FreeBSD, to be honest, falls rather in the second category. But the package management deadlocks have always been recoverable and, since I am a long time user, I know exactly how to find my way out of all of the problems. It is far easier to use for me, because I know it.
At the end, it is just the matter of experience and the scope. You know how to solve your problems with Linux. I know how to solve my problems with FreeBSD. What do we have in common? Nothing! You find that FreeBSD has to "keep up with Linux"? Fine. I find, Linux is ruined enough that it will never be able to keep up with FreeBSD.
I accept that people feel comfortable on Linux. I am just not one of them.
RHEL 7 is the reason I don't do "linux"
I find, Linux is ruined enough that it will never be able to keep up with FreeBSD.
You use the FreeBSD system for server or desktop? No way Linux is in ruins, on the contrary, the fee market for desktop increased in a great extent, and that is good.
Developer doing something only in spare time and for free.
Linux developed by huge army of professionals with paid full-time. Some time ago, my company used FreeBSD and i every year did donation to FreeBSD foundation.
- First of all, most people in Core is not developers and/or not use FreeBSD. All of them works/use MACOS or Linux on notebook and use Linux in their company.
- No one brings to the discussion of what projects will be sponsored this year, this is discussed behind closed doors.
- They have closed from public maillist.
Anyway, I was forced to migrate all my servers/companies from FreeBSD to Linux, I stopped doing donation and patch for ports and drop maintainership for some of my ports: I've register tons of PR on bugs.freebsd.org and they hang open a few years because there is no one to respond. I have no confidence tomorrow in FreeBSD.
Founder of WhatsApp donates large sums to FreeBSD and FreeBSD Foundation receive much more donation than, for example, OpenBSD. But unlike OpenBSD, FreeBSD from getting worse and worse for every year. So for me, it is better to have one developers-dictator as Theo de Raadt (OpenBSD) or Matthew Dillon (DragonFlyBSD) who is interested in the development of the system, instead of Core of lots people with money but which is nothing for the project and not develop with their private channel and who not use FreeBSD in any forms and without any interest to FreeBSD.
PS: By the way, because you are a C/C++, Python and Java developer - how about spending some spare/free time and improve FreeBSD ( porting and/or maintaining software, create patch for RCTL/RACCTL and ULE to make system more stable ? Are you ready to make such sacrifices? Since the FreeBSD mostly is developing such people.
The sole purpose of the original poster is to sign up for an account to intentionally knock FreeBSD. For one who claims to use it since 2004, he is a first time poster and is just now appearing on these boards?
His comments also show a lack of proper usage, a lack of fundamentals and an insistence that if something doesn't work like Linux then it must be wrong.
So what is the purpose of him starting this thread? All he is doing is bashing FreeBSD and praising Linux. Isn't that what Reddit is for?
nly my phone to type on. He'd get an earful. This thread needs to be closed and the poster banned.
a general and often unjustified skepticism towards solutions that Linux has implemented since ages.
Seriously? In reality, Linux is always catching up to old technology.
FreeBSD has had jails since 1999 and Solaris zones since 2005, while AIX had LPARs since early 2000s and WPARs since around 2006-7.
Solaris has had DTrace since 2005 and Linux has multiple tracers in different states. Ftrace, sysdig, perf_events, eBPF, systemtap, ktap, dtrace4linux, LTTng, OL DTrace (shrieking and pulling my hair out), and systemtap has created panics before (not a good thing on production servers).
If your company chooses RedHat/CentOS then you're stuck on an old kernel that doesn't have eBPF, for example.
Name me even 5 technologies that Linux created that has innovated operating systems. Everything they have has been done before, usually decades ago. Linux, catching up to old technology.
This thread needs to be closed and the poster banned.
What there is to read, close and so to think that all is well? There are many active users using FreeBSD in graphical desktop, and participate in these forums, and contribute in any way to the foundation, and we also report of the BUGS that presents the system, hopefully arrive FreeBSD standard in desktop graphics.
What there is to read, close and so to think that all is well?
There is indeed nothing to read in the OP. He is so much in love with cgroups and systemd and can't live without Adobe flash. Seriously. So FreeBSD developers better start writing systemd for FreeBSD. If you consider that a serious post I would like you to give me the address of the guy who is selling you dope you smoke. I want to get some of that stuff too.
There are lots of things which are wrong with FreeBSD and unfortunately they are not just desktop related. However novice or even casual users are just not well position to see what is wrong with FreeBSD. Some of the "problems" can't be even settled without invoking philosophical differences. That is why we have four BSDs which are far further apart than any of 1000 or so currently active Linux distros (most of them just derivatives of Ubuntu with different wall paper).
The only reason your forever love OpenBSD was forked from NetBSD is because Theo is a socially maladjusted bully who cannot control himself and be decent toward others and was kicked out of NetBSD.
I don't known if jacum is here only to do FreeBSD bashing, but I have to admit that FreeBSD could be discouraging, especially for desktop usage.
I am a long time FreeBSD user (since 1999 FreeBSD 3.1 release) but I am new to this forum as a poster (but not as a reader), so being a newcomer to this forum is not an argument. In addition, English is not my native language, so it is more difficult for me to express clearly my opinion and I am not the only one in that case.
I appreciate FreeBSD, and find the FreeBSD foundation the most open foundation regarding income and outlays. You can read details like how much the spent on electrical bills in 2016.
Still FreeBSD gave me bad impression, when simple functions like selecting keymap during install and have it consistently applied, failed. Se many tread about this for years, with non English user.
On OpenBSD it just works.
This tread bellow painted a picture that gave meaning to me. FreeBSD takes great pride in delivering a industry leading, long term supported enterprise software. But in reality as the post make case for, it becomes a mess with old proven insecure code, and allot of work for FreeBSD developers hacking together on their own, unable to use upstream fix, and wanting to leave none one behind regarding long time support.
https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/55542/ "FreeBSD - a lesson in poor defaults"
OpenBSD merciless cuts the rotten parts out, even if that will give some admins some pain with the next release.
It will be room for both FreeBSD and OpenBSD, but how big I dont konw. Still a little diversity I think would be a good thing in a research environment. Both in the creative mindset way, and in practical security, same os for desktop, firewall, and servers could lead to lightning complete takeover if some weakens applies to all system due to OS (still allot of different OS get hard to keep track of) so maby only a little diversity is good, but it is good?
...when simple functions like selecting keymap during install and have it consistently applied, failed. Se many tread about this for years, with non English user.
This is a generalization, and certainly not true for all non-English users. I'm one of the non-English users and have used a non default keymap during install for many, many years. There might have been problems way back in time, but that is a long time ago now. I'm a FreeBSD user since FreeBSD 3.x days.
The sole purpose of the original poster is to sign up for an account to intentionally knock FreeBSD.
No, not knocking, nor bashing. You didn't carefully read my post, or I can't express myself very well because English is not my language. My account has been active for a while. Even though I haven't written so much up to now, I've been reading a lot here, and I have posted on lists.freebsd.org and submitted bug requests in the past. Anyway, saying I am a fan and praising ports developers' work is not bashing imho.
For one who claims to use it since 2004, he is a first time poster and is just now appearing on these boards?
Again, You didn't read well. I said I've been a fan since 2004, occasionally going quite secretly back to FreeBSD because at the Synchrotron Radiation Facility where I work Linux is the mandatory choice.
Surely I have lack of fundamentals, but I hardly think they come out from what I've written, at least not enough for you to say that. On the other way, I think I have a sufficient knowledge to provide you details about my installation so that you can concretely help me optimizing it.
and an insistence that if something doesn't work like Linux then it must be wrong.
I can't see any insistence nor any statement where I say it's wrong. I've search/asked this and other forums before posting this consideration without any concrete advice.
Again, no. If I take time to develop again on FreeBSD is not for bashing it, or because I praise linux. I started this thread hoping to find some polite and constructive critic / suggestion that really proves what I say is wrong or amendable in some way.
Even if this is not the kind of attitude I'd expect from a FreeBSD expert, I can say that it can probably help me and some more people out there to understand and make a decision.
Thanks! I am already trying it on FreeBSD!
Well, these threads tend to get out of hand. Possibly relevant stuff, like someone asking a bash question, then being foolish enough to mention that they did this in LInux, get closed, but anti Linux rants can go on for pages. : ) Basically it is usually the same, Oko and the good Dr. making scathing, yet fun to read, remarks, me coming in and acting superior, because I'm a jerk, usually trying to get in a dig at how mods will close threads that would be useful about TrueOS or CURRENT, while letting these anti Linux rants go on--though, 'twere I a mod, I would too, as I like both the Dr. and Oko, and find their complaints fun to read.
Once I was in the midst of a flame war, and a beloved cat died. I realized then how meaningless stuff written by strangers on the Internet should matter, unless it's something that might be professional--for example, say I called Oko bad names, then went to find a job where he works....I'd be all like, "Ooops"
I asked around in FreeBSD forums, the only suggestions were to use limits or nice. Apart that limits kills the process, it is clear that those solutions are not up to the task.
Why not using nice to put a compiler in its right place on a desktop computer ?
Another example, a simple gdb port configure script blocks on checking whether compiler driver understands Ada and in a few seconds makes the system completely unusable.
There are at least two posts in this thread which may very well be classified as bullying and hostile.
Yes, in the same way a swarm of bees "bullies" the jackass who kicks their nest because he doesn't like the taste of the honey they've made. Like they exist just to make his tea taste good, and aren't really just making that honey for themselves.
Or maybe more like the swarm of bees bullied the "jackass" who, while passing by their nest, asked them why their honey does not taste the same as the honey from the other nest?
It is more "does not taste as good as" in the present case and that's very different.
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2019-04-22T22:26:50Z
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https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/why-as-a-programmer-and-desktop-user-i-seem-i-cannot-give-up-linux-for-freebsd.59029/
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Evergreen’s executive staff has over 25 years of Development, Property Management and Construction experience. With this, Evergreen has gained the expertise to deliver owners and investors committed results while providing its valued residents a quality apartment home experience. Evergreen’s leaders not only excel in their professional fields, but are compassionate, caring leaders with employees, residents, investors and other key stakeholders best interests in mind. Relationships are the foundation of everything Evergreen does."
Jeff is Chairman of the Board for Evergreen Real Estate Group.
Prior to joining Evergreen, Jeff was Senior Vice President and General Counsel for The Habitat Company, a full service real estate company involved in the real estate development, property management, asset management and brokerage of property, primarily in the metropolitan Chicago area. Jeff has been a practicing attorney in Chicago since 1966. Before joining Habitat in 1987, Jeff was a senior partner in a major Chicago law firm specializing in all aspects of real estate law. He received his undergraduate degree from Purdue University and graduated from the University of Chicago Law School.
Jeff is experienced in real estate financing, particularly tax exempt bond financings, and has been involved as an attorney and/or principal in over 1 billion dollars of tax-exempt bond transactions. He also has extensive experience in working with numerous federal, state and local housing agencies including the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Illinois Housing Development Authority and the City of Chicago Department of Housing. Further legal experience includes representation of various not-for-profit sponsors in the development of senior and physically disabled housing, and contractors specializing in construction of apartments and condominiums.
Noteworthy committee service includes stints with the American and Chicago Bar Associations, primarily in the areas of real estate development and financing. He has also lectured on aspects of real estate development before various bar groups and real estate conferences.
Community and charitable service includes terms on the School Boards for both Northbrook and Glencoe and as Chairman of the Nominating Committee for the New Trier High School Board. Recent charitable participation includes involvement with Literacy Chicago, Children’s Oncology Services, Inc. (which operates One Step At A Time Camp), AIDS Chicago, the Chicagoland Bicycle Federation and Victory Gardens.
Steve oversees operations for Evergreen including Property Management, Acquisitions and Development. Steve’s primary role is to ensure that Evergreen’s executive staff has the coordinated plan, tools and resources to achieve the organizations desired results. Steve leads his team in the development of Evergreen’s annual work plan as well as the organization’s overall long-term strategic plan and its best-in-class/best practices initiatives. Steve is also well versed in affordable and conventional, market rate acquisitions and development and has led Evergreen’s recent efforts in the acquisition of over 1,000 apartment units.
Prior to joining Evergreen Steve served in senior marketing positions for such companies as SC Johnson, Johnson & Johnson and The Kellogg Company and led the development and marketing of new products both domestically and internationally. Steve earned an MBA in marketing from Georgetown University and a Bachelor’s Degree at The American University. Steve is fluent in Spanish and upon graduation from American, was selected as a VIP Liaison at the World’s Fair in Seville, Spain. Steve is a licensed Real Estate Broker, President of the Chicagoland Apartment Association and serves on both the Architectural Review Board and Downtown Development Committees for the Village of Lake Bluff. Steve is a Trustee at the Ravinia Festival, former President of the Ravinia Associates Board, is a member of the Georgetown University Alumni Association and a youth AYSO soccer coach. Steve lives in Lake Bluff, Illinois with his wife and three children.
John oversees all aspects of Evergreen’s property management of more than 7,0000 units of affordable and conventional market rate housing in 62 developments in 9 states. In his role as Executive Vice President, John is focused on ensuring best in class management services for a wide range of clients, including our residents, property owners, investment partners, and housing agencies. John analyzes, develops, and executes – in collaboration with the management team – strategic processes and procedures to provide the highest quality of service to our residents, maximize the value of the assets we manage for our owners, and ensure an engaging and satisfying work environment for our employees.
John has over 25 years of experience as an executive in the field of multi-family property management with a particular emphasis in affordable housing. Prior to joining Evergreen, John was Senior Vice President of Related Management Company’s Midwest affordable housing portfolio which consisted of over 7,000 units in 50 developments. Related Management acquired Metroplex, Inc. in 2015, where John had been President with responsibility for the overall operations of the company and its portfolio of approximately 5,200 residential units in 4 states. Prior to being named President of Metroplex, John was Vice President of Operations and responsible for the development, management, and oversight of company policies and procedures relating to everything from human resources to corporate and regulatory compliance matters. As an attorney, John also acted as in-house legal counsel on fair housing, landlord-tenant, employment, regulatory, and contract related issues. Before joining Metroplex in 1993, John was employed as a staff attorney for Sheldon Baskin, Henry Hyatt and Daniel Epstein, an affiliated real estate development group whose business was concentrated in conventional market rate and government assisted multifamily housing.
John received his B.S. in Business Administration from Marquette University and his J.D. from the DePaul University School of Law. He is licensed to practice law in the State of Illinois and holds an Illinois Broker’s Real Estate license.
Polly Kuehl, CPM is Senior Vice President of Property Management for Evergreen Real Estate Group.
After 6 years as Vice President of Housing for Providence Management and 13 years as Executive Director of Housing for Lutheran Social Services of Illinois, Ms. Kuehl joined Evergreen Real Estate Services on November 1, 2004.
Ms. Kuehl has developed and/or managed affordable housing for 30 years. She has specialized in housing funded through a variety of funding programs, including HUD 202/811, 236, Section 8, Tax Credit, HOME, public housing scattered sites and HUD insurance programs and has worked, directly, with over 100 such projects.
During her career, Ms. Kuehl was involved with the development of over 30 affordable housing properties and oversaw the management of over a 100 affordable housing properties.
Ms. Kuehl earned a Masters Degree in Public Administration from the University Of Minnesota Humphrey Institute Of Public Affairs with a concentration in Aging Services and an undergraduate degree in Social Work from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She has a Certified Property Management designation from the Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM) and a State of Illinois Real Estate Managing Broker’s License and a State of Ohio Broker’s License. The combination of social services, property management and fiscal management is a unique blend, which offers significant benefits for properties serving a lower income or more vulnerable population.
Ms. Kuehl has served as President of the Housing Cabinet and has served on numerous task forces for Life Services Network and on the Subsidized Housing Committee for IREM. She was selected to be a board member for the Housing Authority of Cook Country. In addition, she has spoken at numerous seminars and training events.
Mary Mauney is Vice President of Property Management for Evergreen Real Estate Group.
Mary has 30 years of experience in affordable housing during which she has been involved with Section 8, 236, 202/811,LIHTC, HOME, and Rural Housing. For 18 years Mary worked in Georgia and managed properties throughout the southern United States. In 2003 she joined National Housing Compliance, the PBCA Contract Administrator in the state of Georgia which eventually led her to become Director of their Illinois Field Office. In 2011 she returned to Property Management and has been working at Evergreen since 2013.
Mary has a Bachelors degree from Oberlin College. She is a Certified Property Manager through the Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM) and is a Licensed Broker in the state of Illinois. She is lives in Oak Park Illinois and currently serves on the board of the Oak Park Housing Commission and has been a long time member of the St. Vincent de Paul Society.
Tom Koranda is the Chief Financial Officer for Evergreen Real Estate Group.
As the C.F.O., Tom is responsible for corporate financial planning and analysis, including the analysis of financial results, overseeing cash management, corporate accounts receivable management, cash flow planning and investment management.
Tom also works closely with the ownership of Evergreen's clients on new acquisitions and refinancings and also representing Evergreen Real Estate Services in investor relations.
Tom also has ultimate responsibility for the operations of the accounting department for both corporate and managed properties and supervises a growing accounting department – currently nine team members. This includes responsibility for internal controls, the month end closing process, evaluating financial and accounting systems, serving as the key contact person with external auditors and coordinating the filing of audits and tax returns.
Tom has extensive experience in the affordable housing industry. Prior to joining Evergreen, Tom worked for Metroplex, Inc. for 21 years at various levels within their accounting department, including serving as the Controller for nine years. Prior to that, Tom worked as an auditor for CBIZ (formerly Philip Rootberg and Company), a public accounting firm with an extensive affordable housing practice.
Tom graduated with honors from DePaul University, with a Bachelor's Degree in Accounting and is a registered CPA in the State of Illinois. Tom is also the recipient of the Elijah Watt Sells Award for performance on the November 1986 CPA exam.
David Block is Director of Development for Evergreen Real Estate Group.
David joined the company in September 2014 and originally served as Director of Affordable Housing Development. An architect and urban planner, he has been involved in community development and affordable housing for more than 20 years.
Prior to joining Evergreen, David spent 12 years at The Community Builders, a national non-profit organization, where he was Director of Development for Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin. In his time at The Community Builders, David managed portions of three significant public housing transformation engagements – in Hartford, Connecticut, Louisville, Kentucky, and Chicago – and he also led the development of the residential component of The Shops and Lofts at 47 (with Skilken Development), a complex $46 million mixed-use, mixed-income development that included 120 apartments and an urban prototype store for a large national grocery chain.
David earned a master of architecture degree from Washington University in St. Louis and a bachelor’s degree in English from Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
With a decade of experience in the real estate industry, Kevin has managed a dozen affordable housing development and acquisitions projects encompassing 1,000 units with total development costs in excess of $160 million. He has closed transactions with 4% and 9% Low Income Housing Tax Credits, tax exempt bonds, HUD insured and conventional loans, historic tax credits, HOME, CDBG, AHP and Illinois Affordable Housing Tax Credits, and has extensive experience with Section 8 contract renewal options and issues related to HUD operating subsidies.
Prior to joining Evergreen, Kevin worked in the Chicago office of The Community Builders, Inc. His responsibilities at TCB included developing funding applications, analyzing new business opportunities, and managing acquisitions.
Before entering the affordable housing industry, Kevin worked in commercial real estate, with experience at REDICO, a commercial real estate firm based in metro Detroit, and in the Beijing office of Savills, a global real estate professional services firm. At REDICO, Kevin authored successful proposals for receivership and asset management of retail and office properties; essentially turnaround business plans for distressed assets, and led the analysis of two proposed corporate acquisitions. As an Analyst at Savills, Kevin worked with institutional investors in Class A office, retail and residential properties across northeast China, and was responsible for synthesizing real estate market and economic data, investigating assets, and advising clients on a wide range of issues.
Kevin has Master of Urban Planning degree and Professional Certificate in Real Estate Development from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and a Bachelor’s degree in Economics from Michigan State University. He is a licensed Real Estate Broker in Illinois.
Larry Pusateri is a development principal in EREG and serves as the Chief Executive Officer and Principal of Grandbrier Senior Living.
Prior to co-founding EREG Development (formerly VeriGreen Development) and EREG acquisitions, Larry worked in the field of affordable housing development since 1987. Formerly, he served successively as the housing development director of three of Illinois' most prominent non-profit affordable housing agencies: the Statewide Housing Action Coalition (now Housing Action), Lakefront SRO Corporation (now Mercy Lakefront) and Century Place Development Corp. (now Heartland Alliance). While at Lakefront, Mr. Pusateri successfully completed the Local Initiatives Support Corporations' (LISC) Development Management Program.
Since 1995 Larry has worked as an affordable housing development consultant in successive firms of his own and as a principal of Lightengale Group. He has assisted non-profit and for profit developers in the creation of thousands of affordable housing units. Some of those projects have been recognized by the Federal Home Loan Bank at the national level, as the Chicago Non-Profit Development of the Year by the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC) and received Good Neighbor Awards from the Chicago Board of Realtors. In 1998, Lightengale’s Rosenwald Project was honored as a Chicago Neighborhood Development Award winner. Larry also was a principal in Daveri Development Group which developed affordable housing projects throughout Illinois and in Indiana.
A few years ago, in response to the overwhelming unmet need for senior assisted living and memory care Larry joined with Jeff and Steve to create Grandbrier Senior Living. Grandbrier created a successful AL/MC development in Prospect Heights, Illinois and is in development on several additional AL/MC properties in the Chicago suburbs.
A 1980 Graduate of Northwestern University, Larry has also been a presenter at housing seminars sponsored by HUD, the Illinois Housing Development Authority, Chicago Department of Housing, the first National HIV/AIDS Housing Conference, the Chicago Rehab Network, Neighborhood Reinvestment Corp., the Chicago Community Loan Fund, the Corporation for Supportive Housing and the National Rural Housing Conference, among others. Larry also served as an affordable housing development finance instructor for the University of Illinois’ Urban Developer’s Program in 1998 and 1999.
Andre Pintauro is the President of Evergreen Construction Company and affiliate of Evergreen Real Estate Group.
Andre works closely with Evergreen’s development team in a construction capacity across various multifamily project types including new construction, adaptive re-use, acquisition rehab and mixed use construction projects.
Prior to joining Evergreen, Andre recently worked as a project executive and commercial business unit leader at one of the top 400 General Contractor firms, overseeing more than ¾ of a million square feet of development. An experienced leader in the contracting world, Andre was recognized for his ability to consistently complete projects within budget and on schedule. During this time, Andre was responsible for a commercial business unit ranging from $50-75 M. During his 14 years with his last company, he served as a mentor for a number of project managers, assistant project managers and interns. His many projects have given him the technical expertise in all phases of project coordination, management, & development. His experience has ranged from renovation to new construction to adaptive reuse.
Andre received a Bachelor of Science in Construction Management from Illinois State University. Andre has 20 years of experience in commercial, healthcare, educational,municipal, and corporate construction. Andre's experience ranges from projects as small as 1,000 square feet to projects as large as 150,000 square feet.
John Noonan is the Director of Facilities at Evergreen Real Estate Group.
He is responsible for establishing and monitoring best practices for all operations within the Facilities Management and Construction Services division. Areas of focus include: due diligence, ongoing evaluation of managed properties, negotiating bulk purchase agreements, assisting properties with capital improvement projects and planning for preservation of the assets, as well as overseeing all aspects of REAC preparedness and inspection for our affordable properties.
John comes to Evergreen with 30 years of experience in rental housing maintenance and development. His primary area of focus throughout that career has been on the affordable side but also includes experience with market rate and luxury properties, mostly for Wisconsin based companies. He was one of five Project Managers on the NIBP Rehab Project, a $34M tax credit overhaul of nearly 1,100 units of occupied family and senior housing throughout Wisconsin. As a former HUD certified REAC inspector, he is an expert at incorporating REAC practices into ongoing maintenance programs and has provided consulting services and presented trainings throughout the country.
John earned a Certificate in Project Management from Cardinal Stritch University in 2006 as well as various technical designations and achievement through independent study. He serves on the Board of Directors for Community Projects for Seniors in Milwaukee, WI and volunteers with that organization on a regular basis. He is a musician and an avid motorcyclist who also serves as a Chief Election Examiner in his current home city of West Allis, WI.
Remy Guzman, is the Human Resources Manager for Evergreen Real Estate Group.
Remy’s main focus is providing strategic leadership and administration of company Human Resources functions. With over 15 years’ progressive experience in Human Resources and Talent Management, Remy has worked in different industries: Hospitality, Transportation, Retail, and nonprofit.
Remy is responsible for Human Resources strategy, programs and policies that will provide an employee- oriented, high performance culture that emphasizes empowerment, quality, productivity and standards, goal attainment and the recruitment of a superior workforce. Remy is aiming to move the bar for Evergreen toward the company’s goal of being a best in class employer- attracting the best and brightest employees and providing our existing employees with the highest quality human resources support.
Prior to joining Evergreen, Remy was a Recruitment & Human Resources Manager for Heartland Alliance , an international non-profit organization providing solutions to ending poverty through services, research and advocacy in the areas of housing, employment, immigration and other social justice initiatives.
Remy holds a Master’s Degree in Human Resources Management from Keller Graduate School of Management. Remy is a bilingual in Spanish and a certified Human Resources Practitioner with the Senior Professional in Human Resources Certification (SPHR) - HRCI and the Society for Human Resources Management Certification- Senior Certified Professional (SHRM- SCP). Remy enjoys traveling, opera, cooking and spending time with loved ones.
Cheryl A. Warren, CPM is the Director of Regulatory Compliance for Evergreen Real Estate Group. Cheryl’s main focus is assisting site staff in understanding HUD and Tax Credit regulations, and simplifying and standardizing policies and procedures for Evergreen in Regulatory Compliance. With over 25 years’ progressive experience in property management, Cheryl has worked to make the stringent requirements of HUD and tax credit programs more understandable for the staff, and develops detailed procedures for Evergreen properties. Known for her dry sense of humor, Cheryl works to present ever-changing HUD and Tax credit regulations with a relaxed point of view.
Cheryl is responsible for developing Compliance policies and procedures, Tenant Selection Plans, Affirmative Fair Housing Marketing Plans, VAWA policies and procedures, site HUD and tax credit audits, and training on HUD, EIV and tax credit requirements. In addition, Cheryl does consulting with staff on VAWA and Section 504 issues, standardizing compliance forms, Management and Occupancy Review preparations and responses, and EIV policies and procedures.
Prior to joining Evergreen, Cheryl was a Regional Supervisor for Providence Management and Development and Lutheran Social Services of Illinois, and a Field Office Asset Manager for the Illinois Contract Administrator, National Housing Compliance (formerly GHA). Before starting a new career and life in Affordable Property Management, prior positions included Director of Religious Education for a suburban Chicago church, a junior high school teacher, an ESL tutor and a Field Office Advocate for the Chicago Archdiocese Marriage Tribunal.
Cheryl holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from DePaul University in Education. She achieved CPM designation in 2014, and hold the designations of SCHM (Specialist in Housing Credit Management), and BOS (Blended Occupancy Specialist). She enjoys speaking to groups on Compliance issues.
Sandra McClain-Jones, LCSW is Director of Quality Assurance for Evergreen Real Estate Services, LLC. Mrs. McClain-Jones joined Evergreen Real Estate Services in February 2013, as a Social Service Coordinator and she was promoted to Director of Quality Assurance in March 2017.
Mrs. McClain-Jones earned her Bachelor of Social Work from University of St. Francis, Joliet, Illinois and her Master of Social Work from Aurora University, Aurora, Illinois. She also has a State of Illinois Social Work Clinical License.
Mrs. McClain-Jones has worked in the social service field for over 16 years in the capacities of a supervisor; clinical therapist; case manager; teacher and Bachelor and Master Social Work student intern consultant. Prior to joining Evergreen Real Estate Group, Mrs. McClain-Jones worked at Center for Family Services as Director of Bridges between Communities and Schools; at Joliet Terrace Nursing Center as Director of Psychiatric Rehabilitation; as well as, at University of St. Francis, Joliet, Illinois as Social Work Adjunct Faculty and at University of St. Francis Health and Wellness Center as a Clinical Social Worker.
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2019-04-24T18:55:53Z
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https://www.evergreenreg.com/about/leadership/
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Metrical grid inference for free rhythm musical input - Avid Technology, Inc.
Computer-based methods infer a metrical grid from music that has been input without a predetermined time signature or tempo, enabling such free rhythm input to be annotated with the inferred grid, and stored and transcribed as a musical score. The methods use Bayesian modeling techniques, in which an optimal metrical grid is inferred by identifying the metrical grid that best explains the given sequence of notes by maximizing the posterior probability that it represents the note sequence. Prior musical input from a given user as well as explicit information about the musical style of the input may be used to improve the accuracy of the transcription.
Ahlback, Sven, Goteborgs University Thesis, “Melody Beyond Notes, A Study of Melody Cognition”, 2004, pp. 1-543.
Sound On Sound, MOTO FreeStyle Sequencer, Mark of the Unicorn Freestyle MAC Sequencing Software, May 1998, 4 pages.
Apple, MainStage 2 User Manual, Apple, Inc., 2011, pp. 143-151.
Grachten, Maarten, et al., “Temp-Express: tempo transformations preserving musical expression”, Workshop on Methods for Automatic Musica Performance and their Applications in a Public Rendering Contest, 2003, pp. 32-36.
1. A method for free rhythm musical input, the method comprising: receiving musical input comprising a sequence of notes; determining an optimal metrical grid corresponding to the sequence of notes, wherein the optimal metrical grid is defined as the metrical grid that optimally represents the sequence of notes, and wherein determining the optimal metrical grid is based in part on an a priori probability of the occurrence of the optimal metrical grid, wherein the a priori probability is independent of the sequence of notes; annotating the musical input with the optimal metrical grid; and storing a representation of the annotated musical input.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the metrical grid comprises a time signature and a tempo.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising generating a musical score representing the sequence of notes using the time signature and tempo.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein the optimal metrical grid comprises a plurality of tempos including the first-mentioned tempo.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein each of the plurality of tempos starts at the beginning a measure based on the time signature.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein one or more of the plurality of tempos starts at a location other than the beginning of a measure based on the time signature.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein an priori probability of a given one of the plurality of tempos representing a portion of the musical input is based in part on a characteristic of a portion of the musical input received prior to receiving the given portion.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein the optimal metrical grid comprises a plurality of time signatures, including the first-mentioned time signature.
9. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining a start location for the optimal metrical grid.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising modifying the musical input by adjusting a temporal location of at least one of the sequence of notes to more closely conform to the optimal metrical grid.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the sequence of notes is represented as a sequence of MIDI events.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the musical input is received as audio input, and the sequence of notes is determined by analyzing the audio input.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the optimal metrical grid is involves Bayesian modeling of the probabilities of a range of possible metrical grids for representing the sequence of notes.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the a priori probability of the occurrence of the metrical grid is based in part on information about a musical style of the musical input.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the musical input is received from a given user, and the a priori probability of the occurrence of the metrical grid is based in part on a musical style of the given user.
16. A computer program product, comprising: a non-transitory computer-readable medium with computer program instructions encoded thereon, wherein the computer program instructions, when processed by a computer, instruct the computer to perform a method for free rhythm musical input, the method comprising: receiving musical input comprising a sequence of notes; determining an optimal metrical grid corresponding to the sequence of notes, wherein the optimal metrical grid is defined as the metrical grid that optimally represents the sequence of notes, and wherein determining the optimal metrical grid is based in part on an a priori probability of the occurrence of the optimal metrical grid, wherein the a priori probability is independent of the sequence of notes; annotating the musical input with the optimal metrical grid; and storing a representation of the annotated musical input.
17. A system for free time musical input, the system comprising: an input for receiving music data comprising a sequence of notes; a memory for storing computer-readable instructions; and a processor connected to the memory, wherein the processor, when executing the computer-readable instructions, causes the free time musical input system to: determine an optimal metrical grid corresponding to the sequence of notes, wherein the optimal metrical grid is defined as the metrical grid that optimally represents the sequence of notes, and wherein determining the optimal metrical grid is based in part on an a priori probability of the occurrence of the optimal metrical grid, wherein the a priori probability is independent of the sequence of notes; annotate the musical input with the optimal metrical grid; and store a representation of the annotated musical input.
Systems that enable a user to record music for playback or for producing musical notation require that a tempo and a time signature for the music be supplied before the user can start recording. Once the user starts recording, he is constrained to play in time to a metronome click. This is an impediment to recording new ideas, as decisions about changes in tempo and time signature have to be made in advance and the user is unable to introduce timing variations that are a natural part of a performance. If the user opts to turn off the metronome click, he can record in an unconstrained manner, but the recording system is unable to interpret the musical data for quantization or displaying notation because the input is not aligned with an internal tempo map.
The requirement to pre-select a time signature and tempo is particularly difficult for less experienced users, who may not be familiar with music theory or even with musical notation. There is therefore a need for musical input systems that free users of this constraint.
In general, the methods, systems, and computer program products described herein enable a musical input system to infer a metrical grid and a corresponding tempo based on the free rhythm musical input from the user, and optionally additional information about the musical style and the user's prior musical input. This frees the user from the need to specify a time signature and tempo prior to recording their performance.
In general, in one aspect, a method for free rhythm musical input includes: receiving musical input comprising a sequence of notes; determining an optimal metrical grid corresponding to the sequence of notes, wherein the optimal metrical grid is defined as the metrical grid that optimally represents the sequence of notes, and wherein determining the optimal metrical grid is based in part on an a priori probability of the occurrence of the optimal metrical grid; annotating the musical input with the optimal metrical grid; and storing a representation of the annotated musical input.
Various embodiments include one or more of the following features. The metrical grid comprises a time signature and a tempo. The method further includes generating a musical score representing the sequence of notes using the time signature and tempo. The optimal metrical grid comprises a plurality of tempos including the first-mentioned tempo. Each of the plurality of tempos starts at the beginning a measure based on the time signature. One or more of the plurality of tempos starts at a location other than the beginning of a measure based on the time signature. The a priori probability of a given one of the plurality of tempos representing a portion of the musical input is based in part on a characteristic of a portion of the musical input received prior to receiving the given portion. The optimal metrical grid comprises a plurality of time signatures, including the first-mentioned time signature. The method further comprises determining a start location for the optimal metrical grid. The method further includes modifying the received musical input by adjusting a temporal location of at least one of the sequence of notes to more closely conform to the optimal metrical grid. The sequence of notes is represented as a sequence of MIDI events. The musical input is received as audio input, and the sequence of notes is determined by analyzing the audio input. Determining the optimal metrical grid involves Bayesian modeling of the probabilities of a range of possible metrical grids for representing the sequence of notes. The a priori probability of the occurrence of the metrical grid is based in part on information about a musical style of the musical input. The musical input is received from a given user, and the a priori probability of the occurrence of the metrical grid is based in part on a musical style of the given user.
In general, in another aspect, a computer program product includes: a non-transitory computer-readable medium with computer program instructions encoded thereon, wherein the computer program instructions, when processed by a computer, instruct the computer to perform a method for free rhythm musical input, the method comprising: receiving musical input comprising a sequence of notes; determining an optimal metrical grid corresponding to the sequence of notes, wherein the optimal metrical grid is defined as the metrical grid that optimally represents the sequence of notes, and wherein determining the optimal metrical grid is based in part on an a priori probability of the occurrence of the optimal metrical grid; annotating the musical input with the optimal metrical grid; and storing a representation of the annotated musical input.
In general, in a further aspect, a system for free time musical input includes: an input for receiving music data comprising a sequence of notes; a memory for storing computer-readable instructions; and a processor connected to the memory, wherein the processor, when executing the computer-readable instructions, causes the free time musical input system to: determine an optimal metrical grid corresponding to the sequence of notes, wherein the optimal metrical grid is defined as the metrical grid that optimally represents the sequence of notes, and wherein determining the optimal metrical grid is based in part on an a priori probability of the occurrence of the optimal metrical grid; annotate the musical input with the optimal metrical grid; and store a representation of the annotated musical input.
FIG. 1 is high level flow diagram of the described method of inferring a musical grid from free rhythm musical input.
FIG. 2 is a diagram representing a probability distribution for the location of a note within a measure of music.
FIG. 3 is an illustration of a metrical grid that has been inferred using the described methods.
A free rhythm musical input system enables a user to record in a natural manner by not requiring the user to make decisions about tempo or time signatures. It also removes the constraint of playing at a constant tempo that follows a metronome click. In such a system, the user is able to indicate to the system that he is ready to start recording, e.g., by hitting a record button, and take his time to prepare this thoughts, at which time he can start playing in an expressive manner. The system then interprets what the user plays to infer the locations of the measures and beats, and the corresponding tempos and time signatures that best represent the musical intentions of the user.
The system employs a Bayesian probabilistic model for audio. An advantage of Bayesian models is that they can factor in prior knowledge and expectations for how the data is structured. This is especially true for music, since music generally has a high level of structure, which is manifested in its harmonic and rhythmic structure. Furthermore, Bayesian modeling is extensible, in the sense that extra state variables may be added as required to capture different aspects of the structure. Here, the model is applied to the problem of determining the location of the beats in a sequence of notes played without a click. The sequence of notes may be represented as a sequence of MIDI events.
For a given set of notes, p(notes) is constant, so it can be disregarded since it does not affect the selection of the optimal grid. p(notes grid), which is referred to as the likelihood, represents the probability that the particular set of notes would be found given this choice of grid. This is effectively a goodness-of-fit measure that is higher for combinations of notes that align well with the beat positions of the grid.
p(grid) is the a priori probability defining how likely it is that a given grid as represented by a time signature and tempo would be encountered. This can be determined empirically from a corpus of actual real word music. To a first approximation, the expected distribution of tempos is a Gaussian distribution centered on 120 beats per minute (bpm) with a time signature of 4/4. Simpler time signatures are more likely to occur than complex ones, which serves to disfavor over-fitting of the data. However, if the input data departs significantly from a regular, simple rhythm, the likelihood of selecting a more complex model increases. In most cases, the model favors a simpler time signature in which local variations in timing, (e.g., from loose playing), are best accommodated by retaining a simple time signature and adjusting the bpm, e.g., 4/4 at 130 bpm with loose timing rather than swung 17/8 at 52 bpm. The application of Bayes theory in this way favors models which are simpler unless there is compelling evidence that a more complex model is justified.
The process starts with the receipt of music, e.g., as a MIDI file, that has been input without a click, i.e., in free time (FIG. 1, 102). A portion of the received music starting at the beginning of the file is then analyzed to estimate the initial tempo and grid location, i.e., start location in the MIDI input of the first measure of the inferred metrical grid (104). This involves defining the likelihood function p(notes grid). In musical data, it can be expected that more notes are aligned to the start of the measures than on third beats (half note), individual beats (quarter note), half-beats (eighth note), quarter beats, and triplets. This may be modeled with a probability distribution function. One example of such a function is a mixture of Gaussian distributions centered on each of the measure locations listed above, with decreasing probability amplitude from locations aligned to the start of the measure, to third beats, individual beats, half-beats, etc. Such a probability distribution is illustrated in FIG. 2. In order to evaluate the relative likelihood of a particular tempo given the musical data, the likelihood based on the selected likelihood function is evaluated over a range of tempos. However, the posterior probability rather than the likelihood is what is required, which, using Bayes theory (see above) can be expressed as p(grid|notes)=p(notes|grid)×p(tempo). This weights the likelihood with the prior probability of the tempo distribution p(tempo). As one example, a simple Gaussian distribution with a mean of 120 bpm and a standard deviation of 10 bpm may be used. This choice reflects an expectation that a large majority of source data is expected to lie in the range of 90-150 bpm. For situations in which the style of the musical input is known by the system, either by inference from prior input from a given user, or by explicit selection of a musical style, an a priori probability distribution tailored to that style is used. This may be based on a survey of the music literature corresponding to that style. When such a distribution is used, the model is unlikely to fit tempos outside this range unless the data strongly suggests this. The metrical grid that maximizes the posterior probability is selected. This initial grid, which is based on an initial portion of the MIDI file, is used to provide the starting location and initial tempo.
and the problem can be stated as finding i that maximizes p(Mi, Φi|d).
In practice the metrical grid model in which the tempo changes slightly from one measure to the next will generally be favored unless the player's input is very regular. Most human playing includes loose timing, as well as deliberate changes in tempo, which are generally best modeled by tempo changes between successive measures. An example of the metric grid selection performed by the described modeling process is illustrated in FIG. 3, which represents the application of the method to a short MIDI file of a performance of Bohemian Rhapsody that was recorded without a metronome click. Bold vertical grid lines indicate where measure lines and tempo changes were detected, and the lighter vertical lines regularly spaced between the measure lines represent the individual beats of each measure. The horizontal bars indicate the location and duration of the notes (in this case, represented by MIDI events) in the file, and it can be seen that these are mostly aligned with the beats of the inferred metrical grid.
In general, musical data having a regular rhythm with bass notes that are on the beat lend themselves well to the detection of a well-fitting metrical grid using the models described above. Musical input in which the performance is more expressive, with a high degree of timing variation not only from one measure to the next, but also from one note to the next (e.g., rubato), may be better represented by models in which intra-measure tempo changes are supported. Other characteristics of the input data that require additional model parameters for effective determination of the metrical grid include time signature changes, pick-up bars, fermata (i.e., pauses), hesitations, wrong notes, and syncopation or strong off-beats or suppressed eighth notes such as are often found in jazz, blues, and reggae.
The use of Bayesian modeling facilitates the incorporation of information about past music input from a given user or class of users into the a priori probability distribution of metrical grids. This may improve the quality of subsequent metrical grid inference, and result in a more reliable and accurate transcription. In other words, the system is able to adapt to a user. For example, after receiving input in a jazz style, the system learns to increase the a priori probability of rhythms that include off-beats. Alternatively, or in addition, a user may supply explicit information about the musical style or rhythm, such as by specifying a musical style, e.g., classical, jazz, blues, or reggae, thereby pre-configuring the system to favor metrical grids favored by the specified style.
The determination of a metrical grid for free rhythm musical input allows the sequence of notes in the free rhythm musical input to be annotated with the metrical grid, and stored in association with the grid. Storing may be performed on a local memory, e.g., RAM, magnetic disc, solid-state disk, or on a server hosted over a local area or wide area network. The recorded music can be played back in a manner in which the inferred tempo changes are ironed out, or changed into another sequence of tempos. Other uses include the transcription of a musical score based on the inferred metrical grid with its time signature, tempo, and measures, and the ability to create recording loops.
In the system described above, the free rhythm music is received in the form of a sequence of MIDI events, in which the temporal locations of the notes and their duration are provided explicitly. It may also be possible to receive the music in audio form, and use audio analysis tools to determine the temporal locations of the note onsets and, in some cases, also the durations of the notes within the audio, thus broadening the applicability of the described techniques to acoustic performances or recordings.
The various components of the system described herein may be implemented as a computer program using a general-purpose computer system. Such a computer system typically includes a main unit connected to both an output device that displays information to a user and an input device that receives input from a user. The main unit generally includes a processor connected to a memory system via an interconnection mechanism. The input device and output device also are connected to the processor and memory system via the interconnection mechanism.
One or more output devices may be connected to the computer system. Example output devices include, but are not limited to, liquid crystal displays (LCD), plasma displays, audio output devices such as loudspeakers, various stereoscopic displays including displays requiring viewer glasses and glasses-free displays, cathode ray tubes, video projection systems and other video output devices, printers, devices for communicating over a low or high bandwidth network, including network interface devices, cable modems, and storage devices such as disk or tape. One or more input devices may be connected to the computer system. Example input devices include, but are not limited to, a keyboard, musical instruments that generate a MIDI sequence, digital audio or analog audio, keypad, track ball, mouse, pen and tablet, touchscreen, camera, communication device, and data input devices. The invention is not limited to the particular input or output devices used in combination with the computer system or to those described herein.
The computer system may be a general purpose computer system which is programmable using a computer programming language, a scripting language or even assembly language. The computer system may also be specially programmed, special purpose hardware. In a general-purpose computer system, the processor is typically a commercially available processor. The general-purpose computer also typically has an operating system, which controls the execution of other computer programs and provides scheduling, debugging, input/output control, accounting, compilation, storage assignment, data management and memory management, and communication control and related services. The computer system may be connected to a local network and/or to a wide area network, such as the Internet. The connected network may transfer to and from the computer system program instructions for execution on the computer, media data such as video data, still image data, or audio data, metadata, review and approval information for a media composition, media annotations, and other data.
A memory system typically includes a computer readable medium. The medium may be volatile or nonvolatile, writeable or nonwriteable, and/or rewriteable or not rewriteable. A memory system typically stores data in binary form. Such data may define an application program to be executed by the microprocessor, or information stored on the disk to be processed by the application program. The invention is not limited to a particular memory system. Time-based media, such as music or video may be stored on and input from magnetic, optical, or solid state drives, which may include an array of local or network attached disks.
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2019-04-25T23:41:58Z
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http://www.freepatentsonline.com/8829322.html
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The Global Organization of People of Indian Origin (GOPIO) has condemned the recent shooting death of Indian American Srinivas Kuchibhotla of Kansas. GOPIO Chairman Dr. Thomas Abraham said that the "apparent hate crime" is vicious and GOPIO stands together with the victims' families at their time of distress.
The 32-year-old Indian engineer Kuchibhotla, who was working in aviation systems for Olathe-based Garmin Ltd, died after he was shot by navy veteran Adam Purinton who, according to witnesses, yelled "get out of my country" and "terrorist" at a bar on the night of February 22nd, 2017 before opening fire.
Kuchibhotla's colleague Alok Madasani, also an engineer from Hyderabad, was critically injured in the attack. Another bar patron, 24-year old Ian Grillot, who had tried to apprehend the gunman, was also injured in the shooting and reportedly put his life in risk to save the Indians.
"Our thoughts are with the victims and families shaken by the shooting in Kansas and we do not have place for senseless acts of violence in our country,' said GOPIO President Niraj Baxi.
GOPIO news release stated that any act of violence fueled by hatred, xenophobia and prejudice cannot be tolerated. The local and federal law enforcement must investigate the shooting as a hate crime.
"The FBI and other state agencies must initiate quick legal proceedings against the murderer and the incident must be treated as a hate crime," said GOPIO Vice President Ram Gadhavi.
We also want White House to issue a statement against such senseless violence against immigrants who are legally in America and contribute to the economy of our country," said Dr. Rajeev Mehta, GOPIO's International Coordinator for North America.
Addressing the Joint Session of the US Congress, President Donald Trump condemned the shooting in Kansas.
GOPIO has also urged the community to sign the petition to the White House https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/petition/indian-engineers-target-hate-crime.
GOPIO Chapters have also planned Candlelight Vigils around the US. One such vigil has been planned in Riverside, Southern California by GOPIO-Inland Empire Chapter on March 5th.
AFRICAN SAFARI AT DISCOUNTED RATES IS BEING ARRANGED FOR CONVENTION ATTENDEES.
Contract: Ishwar Ramlutchman. Convention Convener and International Coordinator for Africa, Tel: +27-833578747. E-mail: [email protected].
GOPIO has started a signature campaign requesting Prime Minister to allows Diaspora Indians to exchange or deposit their demonetized notes. Diaspora Indians with foreign citizenship and OCI/PIO card holders are being turned away by Reserve bank of India from depositing their demonetized currencies, although govt. had announced that it has extended the date for NRIs to deposit their currencies till June 30th, 2017. However, Diaspora Indians with foreign citizenship after standing outside the gate for several hours and when they reach the gate, they have been told that only NRIs with Indian passport can go inside. It is a major issue to be corrected.
GOPIO in its appeal to the Prime Minister wrote that Indians who left India to earn their living should not be deprived of their hard-earned money because they could not come during the period, Nov. 8th to December 30th, 2016.
GOPIO International Executive Council requests you to sign up this petition and forward this e-mail to your family members and friends (including in India) and request them to sign up and support this campaign. Please visit GOPIO website www.gopio.net and sign the petition at the link provided in the home page.
Attached herewith, please find feedback from Diaspora Indians on this issue Petition on Demonetization - Feedback from OCI/PIO Card Holders If you read some of the comments, Diaspora Indians are saddened and frustrated. India should not short change them and ignore their request. They are the most reliable and valuable people India has around the world to promote India's interest. They are not asking for any favor. They just want their hard-earned money to be exchanged or deposited in their NRO account or deposit this amount at a bank such as the State Bank of India which is not far away from their home in India. That is a fair request. GOPIIO hopes that GOI will heed to this request.
You could further write your concerns to the Prime Minister at his website www.narendramodi.in, Finance Minister at [email protected] or Revenue Secretary at [email protected].
The intended restraints on H-1B visas have instigated Prime Minister Narendra Modi to urge the US to take a "far-sighted" perspective on the movement of Indian professionals to the US.
The Prime Minister felt that skilled Indian talent has contributed to enriching the US economy and the work of Indian professionals in the US, has helped both the US and India to prosper.
Indians graduating from US universities claim more than 50% of the 65,000 plus 20,000 H1B visas and L1 intra-company transfer visas, helping to generate nearly $100 billion (65% of the country's $155 billion annual revenues) from its InfoTech sector alone. These revenues will be adversely affected if the US administration clamps down on these visas.
As of now, Indian professionals are granted a large number of the visas that allow them to stay in the US for six years. In addition, Indian professionals, many of whom became US permanent residents and citizens, have founded many companies in the US and have generated tens of thousands of jobs and billions in revenues. Indian-born Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, who called on Modi recently, is a prime example of an Indian achiever who has helped the US economy.
A high-level team from the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) arrived in Washington DC to lobby with the administration against this proposed tight visa regime for guest workers. Among other benefits to the US economy, this team aims to show how Indian companies have generated more than 400,000 jobs in the US.
In his meeting with visiting US lawmakers, Prime Minister Modi stated that he was encouraged by the "shared commitment to further strengthen ties that have grown deeper in the last two and a half years". These lawmakers plan to meet with top government officials, politicians, members of think-tanks and non-governmental organizations.
GOPIO is alerting those holding PIO card to take immediate steps to convert it to OCI Card. If you have a PIO card issued by Govt' of India, which so far served as your visa to India, will be terminated on June 30, 2017. You must act before this date to apply to convert your PIO card to an OCI card for free. After this date, you will have to start afresh an application for OCI card and pay the fee.
To apply for conversion of PIO to OCI, go to https://passport.gov.in/oci. One can complete an application and give attachments on line. One can also use this to apply for a new OCI for your spouse (Indian or foreigner) and for children.
President: Mrs Kritilata Ram, Vice President: Mrs Bharatee Awotar, Secretary: Mrs Aryawattee Boolauky, Assistant Secretary: Mrs Gomatee Ramyead, Treasurer: Mrs Kheshi Pooja Bhujun and Assistant Treasurer: Mr Ashish Kumar Ramyead.
Besides the above six established main objectives, the GTNM strives hard to promote the Indian diaspora of Mauritius, nationally and internationally through cultural, economic engagements, educational, social and humanitarian undertakings. We also promote all means of expression and communication, meetings and exchanges between the Indian diaspora of Mauritius both Regional and National levels and the rest of the world. To meet the above objectives the GNTM has constituted small committees which will be called 'CELLS'. Each cell will have a Chairman or Chairperson who will take over explicit activities which re-join the objectives of the GTNM. The chairperson of these committees are: Culture/Tradition - Mrs Vidya Sookun, Academic/Educational/Vocational, Medical/Health - Dr Rajeev Samjhu, Social/ Charity/Entrepreneur - Mr Sachidanand Boolauky, Youth/Sports - Miss Rachna Tashali Ram and Women's Council - Miss Zaahirah Mahamode.
Photo: GOPIO Triolet North Mauritius officers at a recent meeting: From l. to r. Front row: Poonam Mootia (Public Relation Officer), Kritilata Ram (President), Amita Boolauky (Secretary), Dr Ally Aullear (Member), Kalianjali Bhoyroo (Member); back Rao, from l. to r.: Sudhish Boolauky (Chairperson Social Cell), Kesheerai Seebaruth (Member), Lekha Vidushi (Member), Rachna Tashali ( Chairperson Sport Cell) & Prerna Ramcharitur (member).
The officer visited the inmates of Calebasse, the Krishnanand Sewa Ashram and celebrated Christmas. Present at the visit were President Mrs. Kritilata Ram, some members and the Ramyead family. The visitors from the GOPIO Triolet.North Muaritius distributed gifts and Christmas cake to the inmates who thanked them and conveyed their blessings to the families of the GOPIO members. Mrs. Ram and the others were encouraged by the experiences of the inmates and wished them a long and healthy life.
GOPIO-CT officials were invited by Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) to a lecture by India's Niti Ayog Vice Chairman Prof. Arvind Panagariya on February 6th at the Italian Academy at Columbia University. GOPIO-CT President Anita Bhat, Immediate Past President Shelly Nichani, Treasurer Biru Sharma and Trustees, Dr. Thomas Abraham and Sanjay Santham interacted with Prof. Panagariya before and after the talk. Prof. Panagariya, holder of Jagadish Bhagvati Chair at Columbia University, is currently on leave of absence from Columbia since he took up the position in India. GOPIO-CT had hosted Prof. Panagariya earlier in 2008 after his book "The Indian Emerging Giant" was published.
Contact: Anita Bhat, President, GOPIO-CT, TeL: 203-324-2935, e-mail: [email protected].
Global Young Achievers Awards Night (GYAAN) a signature event of GOPIO Sydney was organized on Feb 11, 2017 at Castle Grand Function Centre, Castle Hill to recognize and honor students of Indian origin for their outstanding performance in HSC exams.
The students, whose Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank (ATAR) was more than 97% included Rohan Krishnaswamy (ATAR 99.95); Pritham Kadappu (ATAR 99.95) Jash Vanjara (ATAR 99.85); Kabir Agrawal (ATAR 99.70); Sahil Arora (ATAR 99.55); Srichakra Motamarri (ATAR 99.55); Sagarika Dey (ATAR 99.45); Vanishka Virmani (ATAR 99.00); Seethal Bency (ATAR 98.40); Karthik Subbana (ATAR 98.40); Harjap Singh (ATAR 98.35) and Sunaina Salgame (ATAR 97.20).
Balvinder Ruby, President, GOPIO Sydney, congratulated the students on their outstanding performances.
Besides this academic category, two individuals of Indian descent, Prof. Vijay Kumar and Vinay Kolhatkar along with the FoxG1 Foundation Australia were recognized for their community service work.
Prof. Vijay Kumar (Community Service- Nuclear Medicine) was appointed as a Member in the General Division of the Order of Australia (AM) for his service to Medical research in Nuclear Medicine and biology, and to the community. He is a Clinical Professor at Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and was the President of Australia & New Zealand Society of Nuclear Medicine.
Vinay Kolhatkar (Community Service - English Literature) is the author of The Frankenstein Candidate. He is also the author of A Sharia London and the editor of The Savvy Street.
FoxG1 Foundation Australia (Community Service-Health) is a Health Promotion Charity with a mission to provide hope and support to individuals diagnosed with FoxG1 and to fund research and clinical trials to find a cure for this disease.
This year GOPIO Sydney focused on the theme of Family Violence and the Indian Support Center, that champions the causes of the family violence, along with other concerns, was selected and $1,330 was raised for this cause.
Although the gravity of family violence is recognized and many women seeking help from the National Family Violence helpline are Indians, most of the associations concentrate only on victim support. Balvinder Ruby emphasized the need to also identify the root causes, such as working on preventive measures through community consultation.
Prof. Michelle Simmons Dean of Education, presided as chief guest and thanked the sponsors for the generous support, the media for spreading the message and the performing artists to make this occasion colorful and entertaining.
GOPIO International called up a meeting of GOPIO-New York, which has not been a good standing chapter for the last couple of years, even though GOPIO-New York has been the first GOPIO Chapter. As per GOPIO-Executive Council discussion, GOPIO Vice President in charge of chapters Mr. Ram Gadhavi called a meeting of the GOPIO-New York members as well as others who want to become chapter members. It was held at the Indian American Kerala Center, Elmont, NY. The meeting was chaired by GOPIO International Chairman Dr. Thomas Abraham. Founder President, GOPIO-New York Chapter, Mr. Lal Motwani briefly shared with the attendees, some of GOPIO-New York Chapter's accomplishments since its inception in 2003.
Dr. Abraham mentioned the most active GOPIO-Chapter, Connecticut's "exemplary" accomplishments over the years; this chapter's focus being civic and community-oriented events and activities. After discussing how to make the chapter active again the following officers were elected with a floor nominations.
Mr. Lal Motwani was endorsed as Honorary Chair of the GOPIO-New York Chapter will Dr. Abraham will serve as an Advisor.
GOPIO-New York plans to undertake several activities in 2017.
Contact: Beena Kothari, 631-988-1280, [email protected].
Under the leadership of Mr. Dhiraj Ahuja, the GOPIO Delhi/NCR chapter was launched on December 23, 2016 at the India International Centre in New Delhi. The chief guests were Mauritius High Commissioner Jagdishwar Goburdhan and GOPIO International Chairman Dr. Thomas Abraham. In his remarks, High commissioner Goburdhan called upon all Indians to visit Mauritius.
Photo above: GOPIO-Delhi/NCR being inaugurated by lighting of the lamp by High Commissioner Jagdishwar Goburdhan as other dignitaries and GOPIO officials look on.
Chairman Abraham said that GOPIO chapters in India will serve to bring the Diaspora Indians closer to India by providing people to people contact. GOPIO Academic Council Chairperson Dr. Neerja Arun said that chapters in India can host Diaspora youth during their trips to India. GOPIO's officer for Liaison with Govt. of India Mr. Sunil Rawla was also present at the chapter inauguration. Also present was Ms. Alka Parekh, Board member of Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
Attended by over 100 people, the occasion also saw the installation of the members of the Executive Committee for this new chapter headed by Dhiraj Ahuja as its president. Other officers are: Vice President Girish C. Gupta, Secretary Harish Aneja, Treasurer Sunil Garg.
Photos topmost: The head table at GOPIO-Delhi/NCR Inauguration showing Chapter officials with dignitaries; from l. to r.: GOPIO-Delhi/NCR Vice President Dr. Girish C. Gupta, Indian Oil Refinery Director Rajesh Ahuja, Chapter President Dhiraj Ahuja, High Commissioner Goburdhan, GOPIO Intl. Chairman Dr. Abraham, Ms. Alka Parekh and Dr. Neerja Arun; middle photo: chapter officials are being inducted with Oath of Office by Dr. Abraham; bottom photo: audience at the launch.
GOPIO officers also called on Niti Ayog Vice Chairman Dr. Arvind Panagariya and discussed on how GOPIO can help mobilizing resources of Diaspora Indians for India's development.
Mr. B. Vanlal Vawna, Consul General of India, Sydney introduced the new High Commissioner to community leaders of Sydney including GOPIO Sydney and Sydney NW Chapter leaders. Dr. Ajay M. Gondane addressed the community leaders, expressed goodwill and cooperation from all community members. Dr. Gondane specifically requested for a copy of "Global Indian Diaspora" coffee book during the introductory session.
Dr. Ajay M. Gondane joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1985. He worked in various capacities in the Indian Embassies & Consulates including in Damascus, Baghdad, Vienna, Ankara and New York. He was High Commissioner of India to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands & Vanuatu. He also worked earlier in SAARC, West Asia North Africa, Bangladesh-Myanmar Divisions. He was the Coordinator for the XIV SAARC Summit in New Delhi, 2007.
Photo - Dr. A.M. Gondane with some community leaders of Sydney.
GOPIO SFO Redwood city joined hands with American Red Cross to respond quickly and effectively to a series of severe storms that pounded Northern California last week. They manned especially in San Jose and many parts of Alameda and San Mateo counties in California.
The Northern California Coastal Region teams opened six different shelters that provided a temporary haven for families displaced from their homes by local flooding. GOPIO SFO Redwood City team members provided much-needed meals and snacks, distributed relief supplies through bulk distribution efforts, and continued to meet one-on-one with affected individuals and families.
Photo: Rini Johar, President of GOPIO SFO/Red Wood City with American Red Cross volunteers Ken Burns and Janice Kent.
Gopio Triolet (North Mauritius) President Kritilata Ram, Assistant Secretary Ramyead and some other members participated in the annual Yaj ceremony organized by the Apravasi Ghat Indian Indentured Immigrants Arrival Celebration Committee.
This was chaired by Mrs Sarita Boodhoo at the site of the Apravasi Ghat. Two officers from the Indian High Commission attended this ceremony, along with members of the Apravasi Ghat Trust Fund Committee and officials of various non-governmental organizations.
This Yaj, held on November 2nd commemorates the landing of the first indentured laborers in Port Louis. The first Indian immigrants arrived in Mauritius on 2nd November 1834, were later followed by around 462,000 immigrants who conquered the Apravasi Ghat to change the country's history, which forever altered its demography, economy and politics.
The Yaj (sacrifice) commemoration symbolizes the sacrifices made by these immigrants. The participants paid homage to their forefathers and to Chacha Beekrumsing Ramlallah, the founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Mauritius Times and a leader who worked for the recognition of the Apravasi Ghat as a historical monument. This commemoration was followed by Bhopuri songs and dances. The Bhojpuri song, Geet Gawai has been sent for inscription on the world list of intangible heritage of UNESCO for 2016, by the government, so that it is recognized as a Mauritian Cultural Patrimony.
In her speech, Mrs. Sarita Boodhoo emphasized how in 1987, the "coolie ghat" or "immigration depot" became known as Apravasi Ghat and was established as a National Monument. Later in 2006, the Apravasi Ghat became the first Indenture Site in the world to be inscribed on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites. This is the only place outside India where descendants of Indian Immigrants have created a pilgrimage spot, such as Grand Bassin or the Ganga Talao where annually, almost half a million Indo Mauritians worship. The Apravasi Ghat, Grand Basin or the Ganga Talao, and the Indian Immigration Archives at the Mahatma Gandhi Institute, make the Mauritian experience unique in the history of Indian Diaspora.
Nikki Haley has scripted history by becoming by becoming the first Indian American to serve in a Cabinet rank position in any U.S. presidential administration.
Speaking about Ms. Haley's appointment as the US Ambassador to the UN, White House press secretary, Sean Spicer stated that she was one of the most respected governors in the country. He said "Ambassador Haley has a proven track record of bringing people together, regardless of their background or differences, to great opportunities for bettering her state."
Third term MP of Indian origin, Kanwaljit Singh Bakshi has been appointed by New Zealand Prime Minister, Bill English, as a Parliamentary Private Secretary to assist the Minister of Police.
In this role Mr. Bakshi, along with the other Parliamentary Private Secretaries will ensure that all communities are better served by the government.
Mr. English affirmed, "Keeping all of our communities safe is a priority of this Government and Mr. Bakshi will help the Minister of Police in this regard."
Indian Americans, TV Asia's Chairman, H.R. Shah, sitar and surbahar player and composer, Imrat Khan and MIT professor and CEO of edX, Dr. Anant Agarwal were among the recipients of this year's Padma Shri awards. This year, these three awardees were the only Non-Resident Indian recipients.
Shah is also the chairman of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (USA) and the Director of the Indian American Center for Political Awareness (USA). Earlier, he was awarded the 2005 Ellis Island Medal of Honor.
While expressing his gratitude to his family and friends, Shah stated that he was humbled, honored and overjoyed that his work of more than 35 years had been recognized.
Khan, the younger brother of sitar maestro, Ustad Vilayat Khan, hails from a musical family and he received this award for his contribution to arts and music. He tours in Europe, USA, and East and Southeast Asia and teaches classical Indian music and instructs sitar students at Washington University in Saint Louis.
Boston-based Dr. Agarwal, who received the Padma Shri in the education and literature category, was also awarded the prestigious Harold W. McGraw, Jr. Prize in Education, last year. He has an Undergraduate degree from IIT, Madras and a Ph.D. from Stanford. Currently, he serves as CEO of edX, an online learning destination founded by Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Dr. Agarwal who has served as the Director of MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, has earlier won the Maurice Wilkes prize for computer architecture, and MIT's Smullin and Jamieson prizes for teaching. He is the author of the textbook "Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits."
Hollywood producer and Wimbledon tennis player, Ashok Amritraj has been appointed Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted at the 2015 UN General Assembly.
For the past 30 years, Amritraj has garnered global acclaim producing over 100 films and now he hopes to work with the UN in India to amplify awareness about the SDGs. With this appointment, he plans to leverage the power of the media to create diverse, socially-relevant content.
Yuri Afanasiev, UN Resident Coordinator will seek Amritraj`s support in showcasing innovations and cutting-edge solutions to challenges in India.
Three Indian-origin persons were awarded Australia`s highest civilian honor in 2017 for their contributions in the field of medicine and work towards the community.
Purushottam Sawrikar, a medical practitioner, received the Order of Australia medal for his service to medicine and to the Indian community.
Makhan Singh Khangure from Perth won the award for his work in neuroradiology, in education and for his contribution to many medical associations.
Vijay Kumar, a nuclear medicine specialist and a researcher, received this award for his medical research in the disciplines of nuclear medicine and biology and for his work in the community.
Indian American Uttam Dhillon will be a member of the legal team that will serve under White House counsel, Donald F. McGahn in compliance and ethics matters. He will be a special assistant to the president and associate counsel to the president.
Earlier, Dhillon served as chief oversight counsel for the U.S. House of Representatives Financial Services Committee. Dhillon was also the head of the Department of Homeland Security`s Office of Counter-narcotics Enforcement.
Recently Jyoti Bansal has sold his 8-year-old firm in the US, AppDynamics for $3.7 billion to Cisco Systems. AppDynamics develops software to help companies monitor their mobile apps and websites for bugs and fix them.
Bansal got his first funding of $5 million for App Dynamics after many rejections from Venture Capitalists. AppDynamics then went on to raise more than $350 million in eight funding rounds from Silicon Valley.
AppDynamics struck this deal with Cisco Sytems just before they launched its IPO, which valued the company at $2 billion, and Cisco agreed to pay almost twice the price.
Jignesh Pandya, an Indian-American cricket enthusiast has announced plans to build eight cricket stadiums in the US at an estimated cost of USD 2.4 billion.
Pandya, chairman Global Sports Ventures, feels he can professionalize cricket in the United States by creating a league that allows athletes to compete at the highest level and allow fans to enjoy the game at these world-class facilities.
These cricket stadiums, Pandya said, would be a part of "lifestyle centers" comprising high-rise residential complexes, shopping centers, entertainment centers and office complexes.
The eight proposed stadiums, each with a capacity of 26,000 people in New York, New Jersey, Washington DC, Georgia, Florida, Texas, Illinois and California, would create as many as 17,800 new jobs in the US, according to Pandya.
Pandya feels that Americans, are the biggest sports lovers in the world and sports economy in the US is around $87 billion. This leads him to be confident that there is "a great market and a readymade audience for cricket in the US".
He hopes that this plan will fructify when the International Cricket Council (ICC) hosts any tournaments in line with its strategic framework for USA cricket, potentially hosting the ICC World Twenty20 in 2024.
Canadian- Indian, Dr Shawna Pandya will become the third woman of Indian origin to go into space after Kalpana Chawla and Sunita Williams.
She has been shortlisted from 3,200 people enrolled in the Citizen Science Astronaut (CSA) program and will fly with eight other astronauts in space missions slated to take off by 2018.
In addition to being an astronaut, Dr Pandya is a neurosurgeon, who worked in Canada's Alberta University hospital, Edmonton, an opera singer, writer, international taekwon-do champion and has trained with the Navy. She has also been a Silicon Valley entrepreneur, walked the runway as a model and has given a TEDx talk about resilience.
Dr Pandya finds space travel as exciting and fascinating as medicine and her list of achievements prove that with ambition, motivation, and strong work ethics, there is no limit to success.
Ms Anju Kalra, Treasurer GOPIO Sydney was presented with a Mayoral Commendation Citizen of the Year Award by Clr. Yvonne Kean, Mayor, Hills Shire Council on Australia Day January 26, 2017 for her work in the community for seniors from multicultural backgrounds.
Anju Kalra is an Aged Care and Dementia Consultant. Anju empower the seniors in our communities by providing them with information on aged care services and assists the seniors in linking with support services that enhances their independence and quality of their lives and helps them to make informed decisions for their lives.
GOOD NEWS FOR PIO CARD HOLDERS: The Government of India is encouraging all PIO Card holders to convert it to OCI and has extended the deadline to June 30, 2017. If you convert your PIO to OCI before this deadline, you do not have to pay the Consular Fee of $275.
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2019-04-18T17:02:12Z
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http://gopio.net/news_030517.htm
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Extra 30% Off Yellow Dot Already Reduced Women's Apparel. Valid 3/1-3/3 at ElderBeerman.com!
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60% Off Dresses From Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, Taylor And More! Valid 7/6-7/8 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 60% Off Baby And Girls Dresses! Valid 7/6-7/8 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 60% Off Mens Ruff Hewn Tees And Henleys! Valid 7/6-7/8 at Elder Beerman.com!
Up to 60% Off Select Designer Styles From Coach, Lauren Ralph Lauren, Dooney and Bourke and More! Valid 7/10-7/15 ElderBeerman.com!
Doorbuster! 60% Off Mens And BandT Exertek Activewear! Valid 7/12-7/18!
Up To 60% Off Ladies Designer Shoes! Valid 7/14-7/31 at Elder Beerman.com!
Up To 60% Off Men's Designer Shoes! Valid 7/14-7/31 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! Get 60% Off Entire Stock of Kids Sleepwear from Carter's, Calvin Klein and Their Favorite Characters! Valid 7/19-7/29 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! Get 60% Off Entire Stock of Playwear and Sets from Carter's Osh Kosh B'Gosh, Kids Headquarters and More! Valid 7/19-7/29 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 60% Off Mens Activewear from Exertek! Valid 7/19-7/29 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 60% Off Entire Stock of Girls Dresses! Valid 7/19-7/29 at Elder Beerman.com!
Get 60% Off Entire Stock of Nine Stars Trash Cans! Valid 7/19-7/31 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 60% Off Entire Stock of Summer Trends for Guys from Ocean Currnet and Lazer! Valid 7/19-7/29 Elderbeerman.com!
Get Over 60% Off Huge Selection of Microfiber Sheet Sets! Valid 7/30-8/6 Elderbeerman.com!
Doorbuster! 60% Off Boys And Girls Mix And Match Playwear! Valid 8/4-8/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! 60% Off Girls Dresses From Rare Editions, Bonnie Jean And More! Valid 8/4-8/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! 60% Off French Toast Uniforms! Valid 8/4-8/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
GET 60% Off Entire Stock of Men's Golf Apparel from PGA Tour and Izod! Valid 8/4-8/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 60% Off Entire Stock Of Kids Playwear and Sets From Carter's, Osh Kosh B 'Gosh! Valid 8/9 to 8/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 60% Off Entire Stock Of Kids Sleepwear! Valid 8/9 to 8/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 60% Off Entire Stock Of Girls And Boys Exertek Activewear! Valid 8/9 to 8/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
60% Off Chefs Quarters Open Stock Bakeware, Cookware And Dutch Ovens! Valid 8/13-/21 at Elder Beerman.com!
60% Off Apparel From Vintage America Blues, Democraxy and Ruff Hewn! Valid 8/13-8/23 at Elder Beerman.com!
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Bouns! Up To 60% Off Entire Stock Of Playwear And Gifts From Cuddle Bear! Valid 8/18-8/21 at Elder Beerman.com!
60% Off Web Exclusive Luggage Reg. $260-300! Valid 8/24-9/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
60% Off Web Exclusive Bedding! Valid 8/24-9/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
60% Off Kids Sleepwear by Carter's, Calvin Klein and More! Valid 8/28-9/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
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Sleep in Luxury 60% Off All Elite Sheets Reg.$180-90! Valid 8/25-9/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
Travel in Style 60% Off Web Exclusive Luggage Except Ricardo! Valid 8/25-9/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
Fall Into 60% Off LQ and Web Fall/Holiday Shop Reg $225! Valid 8/25-9/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
60% Off Home Décor, Wall Art, Clocks and Frames! Valid 9/8-9/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
60% Off Entire stock of Paula Deen Riverbend Cookware Sets and Open Stock and Rachael Ray Cucina Open Stock Cookware! Valid 9/17-9/23 Elderbeerman.com!
Get 60% Off Ladies Coats and Jackets from Calvin Klein, London Fog, Steve Madder and More! Bous Priced at $64-$114! Valid 10/11-10/17 Elderbeerman.com!
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Get 60% Off All Elite Sheets! Valid 11/8-11/11 at Elderbeerman.com!
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Biggest One Sale. Up to 60% Off Sitewide Plus Up to an Extra 25% Off! Valid 11/13-11/15 Elderbeerman.com!
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60% off Window treatments! Valid 11/26-11/27 at Elderbeerman.com!
Up to 60% Off Plus Get up to an Extra 25% Off! Valid 12/6-12/9 at ElderBeerman.com!
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60% Off Anolon and Chefs Quarters by Wilton Metal Bakeware! Valid 12/6-12/9 at ElderBeerman.com!
Bonus 60% off cold weather accessories for kids. Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
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60% off String Lights, Flameless Candles and LED décor. Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
60% off Living Quarters Heated Blankets, Throws and Mattress Pads. Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
60% off Closeout Samsonite Aspire Xlite Luggage. Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
60% off Chefs Quarters Cookware. Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
Up to 60% Off Huge Selection of Women's Boots. Valid 12/15 elderbeerman.com!
Up to 60% Off Huge Selection of Women's Boots. Valid 12/15-12/16 at elderbeerman.com!
60% Off Entire Stock of Pillows. Valid 12/15-12/16 at elderbeerman.com!
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Get 60% Off Women's Faux Leather, Faux Sherling and Faux Fur Coats. Valid 12/17-12/19 at elderbeerman.com!
Bonus! 60% Off Plush Robes and Wraps from Jasmine Rose, ME, Zoe and Bella and HUE. Reg. $50-$80, Bonus $20-$32. Valid 12/17-12/19 at elderbeerman.com!
60% Off Kids Activewear. Bonus $5.60-$32.40. Valid 12/17-12/19 at elderbeerman.com!
60% Off Seasonal Dinnerware, Giftware from Pfaltzgraff Winterberry, Living Quarters, Lenox and More! Valid 12/17-12/19 at elderbeerman.com!
Up to 60% Off Plus Get Up to an Extra 25% Off. Valid 12/17-12/30 at elderbeerman.com!
Doorbuster! 60% Off Toys from FAO Schwarz. Reg. $20-$70, Doorbuster $8-$108. Valid 12/20-12/28 at elderbeerman.com!
60% Off Seasonal Dinnerware, Giftware from Fitz and Floyd, Living Quarters and More. Valid 12/20-12/28 at elderbeerman.com!
60% Off Wilton Holiday Bakeware. Valid 12/20-12/28 at ElderBeerman.com!
60% Off Entire Stock of Drones and Remote Control Toys From Sharper Image. Valid 12/29-12/30 at ElderBeerman.com!
Up to 60% Off Plus Get Up to an Extra 25% Off. Valid 12/31-1/7 at ElderBeerman.com!
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60% Off Window Treatments. Valid 1/12-1/29 at ElderBeerman.com!
60% Off Seasonal Swarovski and Waterford Ornaments. Valid 1/12-1/29 at ElderBeerman.com!
60% Off LED Home Décor. Valid 1/12-1/29 at elderbeerman.com!
60% Off Kids Cold Weather Accessories. Reg. $18-$30, Bonus $7.20-$12. Valid 1/21-1/25 at ElderBeerman.com!
60% Off Kids Dresses From Rare Editions, Bonnie Jean And More. Reg. $48-$86, Doorbuster $18.80-$34.40. Valid 2/9-2/25 At Elderbeerman.Com!
60% Off Wall Art, LED Décor, Frames, and More! Valid 2/14-2/20 herbergers.com!
60% Off Men's Fashion Sportcoats from Nick Graham, Tommy Hilfiger, Michael Kors and More! Valid 4/5-4/9 at elderbeerman.com!
Get Up to 60% Off Summer Décor, Gardening and More! Valid 4/5-4/9 at elderbeerman.com!
60% Off Chefs Quarters 12pc Cookware Sets and Open Stock Cookware. Valid 4/5-4/9 at elderbeerman.com!
60% Off Living Quarters Whiteware Dinnerware. Valid 4/5-4/9 at elderbeerman.com!
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Doorbuster! 55% Off Kids Playwear, Sportswear, Activewear and Sleepwear! Valid 7/6-7/8 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! 55% Off Exertek and Adidas Spring and Summer Styles! Valid 7/12-7/18!
Doorbuster! 55% Off Carter's Baby Playwear! Valid 7/12-7/18!
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Doorbuster! 55% Off Kids Playwear and Sets from Carter's, Osh Kosh B 'Gosh, Kids Headquarters and More! Valid 8/24-8/26 at Elder Beerman.com!
55% Off Infant Dresses! Valid 11/5-11/7 Elderbeerman.com!
55% Off Girls Holiday Dresses Reg. $44-$86! Bonus $19.80-$38.70! Valid 11/5-11/7 Elderbeerman.com!
Get Upto 55% Off a Huge Selection of Ladies Jeans, Capri's and Shorts. Valid 3/1-3/3 at ElderBeerman.com!
55% Off all 12-18ct Single Serve Coffee Packs. Valid 3/1-3/4 at ElderBeerman.com!
Doorbuster! 55% Off a Huge Selection of Kid's Sleepwear from Carter's and their favorite characters. Reg. $20-$46, Doorbuster $9-$20.70. Valid 4/5-4/7 at elderbeerman.com!
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Save Up to 50% Off a Huge Selection of Swimwear! Valid 5/7-5/10 at Elderbeerman.com!
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Get 50% Off Keurig Value and Variety 40-48ct K-Cups! Valid 5/11-5/17 at Elderbeerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off Men's Dress Shirts and Ties from Nick Graham, Kenneth Cole REACTION and More! Valid 5/18-5/22.
Get 50% Off Ladies Sandals From Ruff Hewn, Relativity and Studio Works! Valid 5/23-5/29 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! Up to 50% Off Handbags and Small Accessories From Stone Mountain, b.o.c., Tignanello, Anne Klein and More! Valid 5/23-5/29.
Bonus! 50% Off Men's Short Sleeve Woven, Polos and Shorts! Valid 5/23-5/29 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! Entire Stock of Ladies Easy Street Shoes Up to 50% Off! Valid 6/7-6/13 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 50% Off Mens Ties, Bowties and Pocket Squares! Valid 6/7-6/13 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 50% Off Mens Belts and Wallets! Valid 6/7-6/13 at Elder Beerman.com!
Entire Stock of Mens Jockey Underwear Buy 1 Get 1 50% Off! Valid 6/7-6/13 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 50% Off Mens Izod Golf And Pga Tour Apparel! Valid 7/6-7/8 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 50% Off Men's Lauren Dress Pants! Valid 7/6-7/8 at Elder Beerman.com!
Get Up To 50% Off Nostalgia Kitchen Electrics! Valid 7/6-7/8 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! Up To 50% Off Mens Dress Shirts and Ties! Valid 7/6-7/10 at Elder Beerman.com!
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Save 50% on Select Estee Lauder Products. Valid 7/9-7/29 at Elderbeerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off Entire Stock Of Discovery Kids Toys! Valid 7/12-7/18!
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Bonus! 50% Off Entire Stock of Discovery Kids Toys! Valid 7/19-7/29 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 50% Off Men's Sportswear from Chaps! Valid 7/19-7/29 Elderbeerman.com!
Get Up to 50% Off a Huge Selection of Backpacks from Jansport, High Sierra, Nickelodeon and many More! Valid 7/31-8/15 Elderbeerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off Playwear And Sets From Carter's, Okb, Nanette And More! Valid 8/4-8/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off Kids Sleepwear! Valid 8/4-8/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
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Doorbuster! Up To 50% Off Kids Activewear From Exertek And Adidas! Valid 8/4-8/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
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Bonus! 50% Off Men's Long Sleeve Button Downs From Chaps! Valid 8/9 to 8/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
50% Off Designer Bedding From Tommy Hilfiger, Calvin Klein and more! Valid 8/9 to 8/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
50% Off Entire Stock Of Kcups! Valid 8/9 to 8/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
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Bouns! 50% Off Kids Sleepwear! Valid 8/18-8/21 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bouns! 50% Off Entire Stock Of Toys From Discovery Kids! Valid 8/18-8/21 at Elder Beerman.com!
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Bonus! Up To 50% Off Entire Stock Of Kids' activewear from Exertek and Adidas! Valid 8/18-8/21 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off Entire Stock Mens Sportswear From Ruff Hewn And Paradise! Valid 8/18-8/21 at Elder Beerman.com!
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Doorbuster! 50% Off Entire Stock of Toys from Discovery Kids! Valid 8/24-8/26 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off Entire Stock of kids Sleepwear! Valid 8/24-8/26 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off Men's Sportswear from John Bartlett Consensus and Ruff Hewn! Valid 8/24-8/26 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off Men's Designer Blazers and Suit Separates! Valid 8/24-8/26 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off Entire Stock Men's Activewear from Exertek! Valid 8/24-8/26 at Elder Beerman.com!
50% Off Izod Casual Pants Reg.$70-60! Valid 8/27-9/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
50% Off Entire Stock Men's Sportswear From John Bartlett Consensus Reg. $54-28! Valid 9/8-9/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
Denim Days! Buy 1 Get 1 50% Off Entire Stock of Men's Levi's Jeans Reg.$60-80! Valid 9/8-9/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
50% Off Men's Casual Pants from Haggar Reg. $70-75! Valid 9/8-9/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
Accessorize! 50% Off Entire Stock of Men's Dress Shirts and Ties From Van Heusen, Kenneth Cole Reaction and More Reg. $40-75! Valid 9/8-9/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
50% Off Select Ladies Dresses from Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger! Reg $99! Valid 10/3-10/4 Elderbeerman.com!
Get 50% Off Ladies System Jackets from Halifax, Below Zero, BCBG and More! Reg $180-$250! Valid 10/5-10/10 at Elderbeerman.com!
Get 50% Off Entire Stock of Kid's Activewear from Exertek and Adidas! Reg. $18-$54! Valid 10/11-10/17 Elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Entire Stock of Collegiate Team Apparel! Valid 10/11-10/17 Elderbeerman.com!
Save 50% Off John Bartlett Statements Sleep Bottoms! Valid 10/19-10/21 at Elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Women's Calvin klein Fleece! Valid 10/22-10/31 at Elderbeerman.com!
Get Up to 50% Off Home Décor from Fringe, Artisan Trend Collection and LED Décor! Valid 10/22-10/31 at Elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Santa's Pantry Candy and Treats! Valid 11/6-11/7 Elderbeerman.com!
Save 50% Off Entire Stock of FAO Schwarz and Discovery Kids Toys! Reg. $16-$270, Bonus $8-$135! Valid 11/8-11/12 at Elderbeerman.com!
$16.97 Cuddl Duds packaged/50% off Cuddl Duds lounge! Valid 11/26-11/27 at Elderbeerman.com!
Online Only! Up to 50% off select shoes from Naturalizer, Aerosoles, Life Stride, and Easy Street! Valid 11/26-11/27 at Elderbeerman.com!
Bonus! 50% off select boots from Natural Soul, Earth Origins, Baretraps, Easy Spirit, and Not Rated! Valid 11/26-11/27 at Elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Fossil gifting. Choose from Handbags, Wallets, Small Leather Goods & More! Valid 11/26-11/27 at Elderbeerman.com!
50% Off FAO Schwarz Toys! Valid 11/26-11/27 at Elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Women's Activewear! Valid 11/28-11/30 At Elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Entire Stock of Music Turntables! Valid 12/6-12/9 at ElderBeerman.com!
Bonus 50% Off Toys from FAO Schwarz! Bonus $10-$500! Valid 12/6-12/9 at ElderBeerman.com!
Bonus 50% off Cuddl Duds layering and sleepwear. Reg. $26-$58, bonus $13-$29. Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Women's Dresses! Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
Bonus 50% off Entire stock of kid's sleepwear from Carter's and Calvin Klein and their favorite characters. Reg. $20-$48, bonus $10-$28.80. Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Collegiate Team Apparel. Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
50% off all Drones from Sharper Image. Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
50% Off NFL Team Apparel Valid 12/14-12/16 at elderbeerman.com!
50% off Entire Stock of Single Serve Coffee Kcups. Valid 12/15-12/16 at elderbeerman.com!
Bonus! 50% Off KN Karen Neuburger Microfleece pj Sets. Reg. $28-$72, Bonus $14-$36. Valid 12/17-12/19 at elderbeerman.com!
50% off Toys from Discovery Kids. Reg. $16-$100, Sale $8-$50. Valid 12/17-12/19 at elderbeerman.com!
Buy 1, Get 1 50% Off Entire Stock of Melissa and Doug Toys. Reg. $4.99-$29.99. Valid 12/17-12/19 at elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Sharper Image Drones! Valid 12/17-12/19 at elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Entire Stock of Kid's Holiday Dresses and Dresswear. Reg. $30-$99.50, Sale $15-$49.75. Valid 12/20-12/28 at elderbeerman.com!
50% off Kids Sporto Boots. Valid 12/20-12/28 at elderbeerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off a Huge Selection of Kids Activewear from Exertek and Adidas. Reg. $18-$54, Doorbuster $9-$27. Valid 12/20-12/28 at elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Cuddl Duds Layering for Ladies. Valid 12/29-12/30 at ElderBeerman.com!
Get 50% Off a Huge Selection of Activewear for Her! Valid 1/2-1/9 at ElderBeerman.com!
50% Off Toys from FAO Schwarz and Discovery Kids. Reg. $16-$270, Bonus $8-$135. Valid 1/2-1/9 at ElderBeerman.com!
Bonus! 50% off huge selection of kids playwear and sets from Carters, Oshkosh B'Gosh and Mix and Match. Reg. $12-$79.50, Bonus $6-$39.75. Valid 1/14-1/18 at elderbeerman.com!
50% off Discovery Kids and FAO Schwarz Toys. Reg. $16-$270, Bonus $8-$135. Valid 2/10-2/21 at elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Baby Spring Outerwear. Reg. $40-$50, Bonus $20-$25. Valid 2/9-2/25 at elderbeerman.com!
Up to 50% Off Easter and Spring Essentials. Valid 2/10-2/28 at elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Men's Blazers from Michael Kors, Tommy Hilfiger, Lauren Ralph Lauren and More! Valid 2/14-2/20 herbergers.com!
50% Off Entire Stock of Keurig K-Cups. Valid 2/14-2/20 herbergers.com!
50% Off Men's Golf Apparel. Valid 2/22-2/25. elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Entire Stock of K-cups from Keurig. Valid 2/22-2/25 elderbeerman.com!
Up to 50% Off Sunglasses from Jessica Simpson, Steve Madden, Tahari, Sam Edelman & More! Valid 3/5-3/13 ElderBeerman.com!
Get Up to 50% Off Men's Paradise Shorts, Swimwear and Short Sleeve Wovens. Valid 3/9-3/10 elderbeerman.com!
Get 50% Off Ladies Activewear by Tommy Hilfiger Sport, Puma, Champion, 32 Degrees and More! Valid 3/28-3/31 at elderbeerman.com!
50% Off a Huge Selection of Kid's Playwear and Sets from Carter's and More. Reg. $12-$79.50, Doorbuster $6-$39.75. Valid 4/5-4/7 at elderbeerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off a Huge Selection of Cuddle Bear Playwear and Gifts. Reg. $16-$34, Doorbuster $12-$27.20. Valid 4/5-4/7 at elderbeerman.com!
Doorbuster! 50% Off Toys from Discovery Kids. Reg. $16-$100, Doorbuster $8-$50. Valid 4/5-4/7 at elderbeerman.com!
50% Off Young Mens Shorts and Tees. Valid 4/5-4/9 at elderbeerman.com!
Up to 45% Off Designer Handbags from Calvin Klein, Dooney and Bourke, Fossil, Lauren Ralph Lauren and More! Valid 1/21-1/27 at ElderBeerman.com!
Bonus! 40% Off Kids CK Jeans and Silver and Co. Sportswear! Valid 5/7-5/10 at Elderbeerman.com!
Bonus! 40% Off Select Sandals from Anne Klein, Bandolino and Nine West! Valid 5/11-5/17 at Elderbeerman.com!
Bonus! 40% Off Select Styles from Earth, JBU and Ryka! Valid 5/11-5/17 at Elderbeerman.com!
Get 40% Off Select Tervis Insulated Coolers! Valid 5/11-5/17 at Elderbeerman.com!
Doorbuster! Take 40% Off Women's Sandals and Flats from Anne Klein, Nine West and Bandolino! Valid 5/18-5/22 Elderbeerman.com!
Doorbuster! Get up to 40% Off Men's Shoes from Clarks, Steve Madden, Skechers USA, Nunn Bush and More! Valid 5/18-5/22.
Get 40% Off Entire Stock of Blenders! Valid 5/18-5/22 Elderbeerman.com!
40% Off Entire Stock of Coffeemakers and Accessories! Valid 5/18-5/22 Elderbeerman.com!
Get 40% Off Ellia Diffusers and Oils by Homedics! Valid 5/23-5/29 at Elder Beerman.com!
40% Off Entire Stock of Women's Shorts and Crops from Silver! Valid 6/7-6/13 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 40% Off Kids Apparel from Calvin Klein Jeans! Valid 6/7-6/13 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 40% Off Select Men's Champion Activewear! Valid 7/6-7/8 at Elder Beerman.com!
Get 40% Off Entire Stock Of Ladies Shorts and Crops From Silver Jeans! Valid 7/11-7/14!
Bonus! 40% Off Kids Nautica Uniform Apparel! Valid 7/19-7/29 at Elder Beerman.com!
Doorbuster! 40% Off Boys And Girls Ck Jeans Apparel! Valid 8/4-8/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 40% Off Men's Collegiate Team Apparel from J. America and Champion! Valid 8/9 to 8/12 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bouns! 40% Off Boys And Girls Ck Jeans Apparel! Valid 8/13-8/23 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bouns! 40% Off Mens Sleepwear From Nautica And More! Valid 8/13-8/23 at Elder Beerman.com!
Bonus! 40% Off Entire Stock Of Shorts and Crops By Silver Jeans Co. $35-$53! Valid 8/30-9/5 at Elder Beerman.com!
Get Up to 40% Off Men's Jeans from Buffalo, Silver Jeans, and Lee! Valid 10/11-10/17 Elderbeerman.com!
40% Off Men's Champion Fleece! Valid 10/11-10/17 Elderbeerman.com!
Get Up to 40% Off Cold Weather Accessories! Choose from Hats, Scarfs, Mittens and More! Valid 10/15-10/23 Ony at Elderbeerman.com!
40% Off Silver and CK Denim for Boys! Valid 11/5-11/7 Elderbeerman.com!
Red Alert Flash Sale! Get An Extra 40% Off! Valid 12/8-12/9 at Elder-beerman.com!
40% off American Girl craft kits. Reg. $44, sale $26.40 Each. Valid 12/10-12/14 at elderbeerman.com!
40% off Kitchen Electrics from Nuwave, Instant Pot and Copper Chef. Valid 12/14-12/16 at elderbeerman.com!
40% Off Toys from FAO Schwarz. Reg. $20-$1000, Sale $12-$600. Valid 12/17-12/19 at elderbeerman.com!
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This is part 4 of my review of the Pathfinder Playtest from Paizo. You can see part 1 here, part 2 here, and part 3 here. In this part of the review, I’ll finish up my comments in this series with Game Mastering through Appendices.
The section starts off with six bullet points to give overall guidance to the GM. I think the guidance misses the mark a bit, but it’s a good start. Unfortunately, the advice given out in that brief segment makes it appear as if the bulk of the work for the world, characters, events, and storytelling land firmly on the GM’s shoulders. This is, to some extent, true. However, I feel that this was a grand opportunity to let the GM know that they are not the driver in the storytelling effort, but a participant with the players in the storytelling. The advice given is solid, but the tone here sets the stage for making new GMs think they are in charge. Any veteran GM will certainly tell you that this is not the case once the players start rolling with their own ideas.
The segment that covers how to start a session is fantastic! I hope to see this expanded a bit in the final book, but this is a wonderful set of advice. I even learned a few new tips and tricks in this area. Well done, Paizo!
This area gives great advice about not looking up specific rules and gives guidance on how to “wing it” when necessary. This is something every “core” rulebook for every RPG should have.
This section is given in a brief sidebar. I have a problem with this because quite a few readers of RPGs will skim those areas thinking they are not important. This is a perception thing because if it were important, it would be in the main text, right? I think the six bullet points I mentioned above could be combined with this sidebar to create a new approach to collaborative gaming that excels at great fun and excellent storytelling. Merging these two concepts, I think, would lead to a more powerful statement.
Just as a refresher, modes are split up into encounter, exploration, and downtime.
The encounter section is too brief. This is the most technical part of the game, and this can lead to it being the hardest to adjudicate properly because of the number of rules, feats, spells, skills, powers, items, monsters, and characters involved. I know. I know. Many books (and articles!) have been dedicated to this very topic, and I don’t expect Paizo to replicate what’s already been covered. However, I think a deeper dive into encounters would be best.
The exploration and downtime modes are covered very well. These two sections are lengthy and solidly give the GM the right information to execute what is a new concept for Pathfinder. The guidance and tips found within these two sections will make running them go very smoothly for an experienced or fresh GM.
Now that I’ve read the entire “Modes of Play” section, I think I figured out what is bothering me with the encounter section beyond its brevity. The encounter section was written for experienced GMs. The exploration and downtime sections were written in a manner that targets new GMs. I feel that Paizo needs to take a fresh look at the encounter section and rewrite it (and expand it) as if they were attempting to teach a brand new GM (as in, brand new to RPGs, not just Pathfinder) how to run an encounter. If they revisit and expand the encounter section with this in mind, I feel it would be a much stronger contribution to the GM section of the book.
I’m going to be brief here. These three pages are well thought out, clear, and give some great examples on how to come up with target numbers on the fly or apply adjustments where necessary. Paizo’s team did an excellent job on this section.
I’ve been looking forward to hitting this section ever since I learned that each level requires an even 1,000 XP to obtain instead of an upward-climbing slope of more experience points for the next level than the current one.
Unfortunately for me, the “kill a monster” XP is listed in the supplemental bestiary, which I haven’t taken the time to flip through the PDF yet. I guess that’ll be next on my list of reading (but not reviewing). On the flip side, the XP awards for minor, moderate, and major accomplishments are laid out as 10, 30, and 80, respectively. Even though they call it “group XP” it’s not divided between all the characters. If the group accomplishes a moderate goal, then all the PCs involved gain 30 XP.
There’s a sidebar for “Story-Based Leveling” that is in this section that calls for the GM to decide if and when the characters level up. This puts a sour taste in my mouth. It’s a personal opinion here, but I really don’t like these approaches at all. The players should see the steady gain of XP for their characters (even if they don’t level yet), so there is a sense of accomplishment in that area. Having the GM suddenly decree, “You go up a level.” feels too much like the GM is controlling things. Of course, this could just be me and my experiences with GMs wanting to have too much control. Your mileage may vary in this area.
There are several pages dedicated to terrain, climate, and hazards. While the lists aren’t complete (I’m assuming they will be more comprehensive in the final, larger book), what is listed there and how the various environmental conditions impact the game are well stated. I like what I see as a set of building blocks toward more content.
The hazards section is very well done. A hazard is the generic term for traps, pits, dangers, and magical effects that can harm or impede the PCs. There are ways to find, trigger, disable, destroy, and/or dispel various hazards depending on their nature. The playtest book came with a sample of three hazards. I had kind of hoped for a few more, but I’m assuming they didn’t want the playtest book to bloat up too much. I’m looking forward to seeing what the final product (and the various expansion books and adventures) have along these lines.
The loot! We’re finally at the gold and shiny and magic and wonderful stuff portion of the book. Yeah, I’m a little excited here because I’m interested in seeing how things change up in this section, if at all.
This section opens up with the usual text explaining what they’re going to be talking about, teaching some keywords, and generally laying out the approach to treasure.
After this comes all sorts of tables outlining (almost proscribing) what treasure different level parties should (must?) receive for a fair and equitable game to be run. The fact that the treasure allotment is so heavily proscribed makes me extraordinarily sad.
Yeah. You read that right. There are no more dice rolls involved in generating treasure with Pathfinder. This breaks my heart, to be honest. As a GM, I always loved rolling up treasure because it would spark new ideas, thoughts, plot arcs, and cool stuff in my brain. Yeah, if I happened to roll up a majorly disruptive magic item for a low-level group, I’d probably shift things around a bit (or re-roll). However, randomly creating magic items for folks to find is gone. I’ll be over here in the corner shedding a tear for days gone by.
Okay. I’ve had my cry. I’m mostly better now. Looking at the new approach at handing out treasure is fair and balanced. It will assist new GMs from overloading their group with disruptive items while keeping the party well-equipped for future challenges. This is super helpful for new GMs, and I can appreciate this approach at handing out goods. I just wish they’d kept gems, jewelry, and/or artwork as a form of gaining wealth because those can, once again, inspire stories and side plots, not just a gain of wealth. Now, the party will just gain some gold from the hoard and move on.
If I ever run this version of Pathfinder, I’ll most likely break out my 2nd edition AD&D treasure generators (or the first Pathfinder versions) and run with those. They’re more fun than hand-picking treasure, to be honest.
After the list o’ treasure tables ends, the book delves into materials, which is one of the best write-ups of “non-normal” materials I’ve ever seen. Excellent job here. Obviously, the list isn’t complete, but I expect it to expand in the final version.
While flipping through the treasure section, I hit the sections for snares (crafting, detecting, triggering, etc.) and I was baffled here. I’m not sure why these were listed here under treasure, instead of above with the hazards. Did the wrong pages get dropped into the layout in the wrong place?
After snares, comes the alchemical items. This is a cool section. I highly encourage everyone to check this part out. There are oodles of examples, tons of ideas, and great information about how they play in the game. Loud applause for you here, Paizo.
Runes come next, and this is the part of enhancing weapons and armor with special powers. I love how weapons and armor must now be etched with cool-looking runes to become super special. This adds flavor to the world and storytelling options (as well as some neat intimidate/perception uses when someone wearing a well-etched suit of armor walks in the door) to the whole feel of the game.
Last come the details of the various magic items that don’t fall into “weapons and armor.” This comprises the bulk of the treasure section, and I’m not going to detail each item or neat thing. I do want to say that I really want to play an archer (preferably with the elven ancestry) with an Oathbow.
This is probably going to be my shortest write-up of any of the sections in the book. The appendices simply are: traits and glossary.
The traits are all of the capitalized keywords (such as Strike) used within the book. The glossary is a good collection of phrases, terms, and things found within the book that may not be readily known to every player.
This is a good foundational book for what promises to be a pretty cool system. There are some rough edges (as there are with any playtest document), but I figure Paizo is wise enough to listen to the feedback sent to them (and hopefully this series of articles) to improve the game.
The first is that I’m already heavily invested with knowledge, money, habits, and familiarity in the first version of Pathfinder. I have too much “edition inertia” going on to abandon Pathfinder 1.0 for Pathfinder 2.0. If the shift were more subtle between the two, I could see picking it up. However, everything will require major conversions to get from 1.0 to 2.0.
The second is that I’m extremely concerned with the lack of random treasure. Yeah. It’s that big of a deal. I feel it’s a departure too far from the “source material” that was created way back in the 1970s. I don’t like that one bit.
The third is that I don’t see anything drastically improving the game that much. There are tons of incremental improvements and quite a few major changes in the playtest document, but none of them really blew my socks off. There are some new concepts and ideas in here that I think I could shift back into a Pathfinder 1.0 game, but that now leaves me with Pathfinder 1.0 and some house rules (which I already have).
I’d probably go with the playtest version, to be honest. It’s a better game, and my prejudices built up from playing RPGs for decades (and my Pathfinder edition inertia) would not be a factor in choosing which game to go with.
I know. I know. I’m giving a mixed message here, but there are different angles to look at things.
Paizo put out a solid effort here. I’m impressed with the amount of thought, care, effort, and experience that went into developing this game. They’ve certainly evolved the game. There are some high points in the evolution and some low points as well. I think the high drastically outweighs the low.
I’m very much looking forward to the final version of the game. I’ll take a look at it then and reevaluate things at that time to determine if my stance on moving forward to the new version will change.
Thanks to the Gnome Stew readers out there that stuck with me through these very long articles!
NextCraft Free Magic Items In 3, 3.5 And Pathfinder? Yes Please!
J.T. started role playing at the tender age of 10 years old one sweltering Texas afternoon. Since that fateful day he has eaten his way through dozens (maybe even hundreds!) of different systems in search of great and different tastes. When not sitting at the gaming table, he works at a Day Job keeping computers secure and writes fantasy stories in his spare time.
love the detail and recommendations you provide in your reviews, thanks!
J.T., what would say makes this new version of Pathfinder different from D&D 5e? Obviously, there are minor variations, such as the ability boosts based on ancestry, class, etc., but is there anything that majorly distinguishes it?
Having said that, I’ve heard good things about 5e, but while I still own Pathfinder 1.0, I’m good for my crunchy/fantasy setting games. I have no need for others at the moment.
I think you’re drastically over-reacting with a “personal boycott”, although I understand you’re committed to the Pathfinder version of D&D.
Thank you for your reviews. There were several aspects of Pf2e which I had misunderstood which you cleared up nicely.
Yeah. I do admit that I go overboard with personal boycotts. I didn’t watch Fox for any reason for several years after that suddenly canceled Dark Angel. That upset me quite a bit, so I missed out on quite a few good things (like Firefly the following year).
I’m glad my reviews helped clarify some things for you!
I finally saw the last 2 parts of your review. I think the thing that you glossed over because it was too meaty is actually one of the most important and big changes, and also the biggest change and simplification over 5e. The way they reformulated actions changed the game dynamic quite a bit. The ability to do any 3 actions at level 1 is huge. In pathfinder 1.0, you have a standard action, move action (or free 5ft step), swift, immediate and any number of free actions. In 5e it is segmented into a move action, bonus action and standard action with some unimportant actions like drinking a beer not taking an action at all. In all three you get a form of reaction, but how they are used in each are vastly different. When I was playing with one of the developers of the game doing the game mastering, he explicitly told me that it was perfectly allowed for me to try the acrobatics to get past the cockatrice more than once since that was only a single action. This single change is probably the most controversial they did. You don’t get to cleave into a dozen enemies and stretch your single combat round into 5 minutes of boredom for everyone else. That mechanic drastically reduced the power scaling slope vs specific levels and to account for that they made it such that a level 1 doesn’t feel like you should slit your wrists due to being useless.
When playing at Level 1, I actually felt worthwhile. When game mastering level 1s, I felt overwhelmed by the new ruleset. It didn’t help that 2 more people ended up at my table than I was prepared for, and thus I didn’t have sufficient copies of everything for me to keep a set for myself other than the rulebook and my game mastering materials. About half of the people who signed up for my table were 5e players who hadn’t ever played D&D 1 – 3.5 or Pathfinder 1. As a playtest there to give Paizo feedback, that is a good thing, as that is the primary market they are trying to get. 2 of the 5e players were pretty new to 5e and didn’t really understand the intricacies of RPGs. I should have excluded them, but I let the person who owns the store monitor the list for me, and once they were seated, I didn’t want to tell them to leave.
The inertia you refer to is both good and bad. Paizo is very careful about balancing new content with old content, and in fact they overbalance in many cases taking a lot of flavor and fun out of new classes (lookin’ at you kineticist). This new book gives them an opportunity to fix that. It lacks of a lot of character specialization that you can do with 1.0, even without the extra books, as it really does limit you in the rules. In return it gives you a remarkably large number of ways to customize each character even within a class in ways that would have taken archetypes before.
I’m not saying that anyone should play this over 5e or Pathfinder 1.0, at least not yet. A year ago I would have said that you definitely shouldn’t, because AL was pretty awesome and going to conventions and meeting new people and playing with them was tons of fun, but all the changes to AL made it feel less worthwhile. Pathfinder 1.0 has a dwindling following, but a lot of the people who stay there are more in it for the complex rule interactions, kind of like the people who played the MMORPG Rift. Pathfinder 2.0 as of the 1.6 rules update for the playtest is in between the two in overall complexity and flexibility.
Thanks for those insightful and wonderful explanations in your comments. I’ll admit that I’ve recently delved into the world of D&D 5e. When I wrote the PF 2.0 review, I hadn’t touched a D&D 5e book (literally), so I couldn’t make those comparisons.
Now that I’ve jumped into the D&D 5e arena, I can see a great deal of similarities and differences in the two different evolutions of the two games. I like where both are going, but I gotta say that I like D&D 5e over PF 2.0. D&D 5e feels (without having played it yet) more streamlined to me. Easier to learn the rules. Easier to manage the game from the GM’s point of view. Easier to just let the story telling fly!
I’m not saying that Paizo did a poor job with PF 2.0, though. They both look great.
Thanks again for taking the time to type up your comments and thoughts!
I think once you play both of them you’ll see the real differences and where 5e is both harder to understand (trust me people get confused as to what is a bonus action and what is a standard action ALL the time) and at the same time less cool feeling. I’m going to run a few more pathfinder playtest games, because I’m still getting a feel for how the rules are supposed to work together overall, despite the fact that the actual playtest is over. Note that character generation in PF2.0PT, even if you follow the video tutorial they made, is overly complicated and confusing for people who’ve played PF1 and any edition of D&D. You and I would get the reason and mechanics why they do it but it confuses the layman overly much (I spent over an hour trying to make sure everyone at my first table understood why they were doing what they were doing and wrote as much on the first playtest form). Thanks for responding. If you want to run a PF2.0PT game or want me to run one sometime give me some notice and I’ll tell you when I’m available to drive down.
Sweet! Thanks for the offer of running a PF2 game for me. I might take you up on that offer if Real Life lightens up at some point to let me have a free evening.
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2019-04-26T00:42:09Z
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https://gnomestew.com/pathfinder-playtest-review-part-4/?replytocom=87341
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A still further reason for the slowness of improvement in the present case arises from the peculiarity of the relations involved. In times of early violence, it is the weak that are subjugated and enslaved, and, as civilization advances, it is ever the lowest and most ignorant class of any society that falls into the condition of menial servitude. The feeblest, the least competent, the least provident, naturally sink to the bottom of the social scale, and become the helpers, the dependents, the drudges, and the servile appendages of the classes who have wealth, intelligence, and power. In domestic life these relations become organized with the abject class at the base of the social structure. Improving agencies will obviously not take effect alike upon the higher and lower elements. Many causes will operate powerfully to maintain separate interests, to favor the superior class, and to hinder their inferiors, so that servants will be the last to be reached by elevating agencies.
How slowly ameliorating changes in the domestic relations have proceeded, and how long their worst features have survived, are shown by the tenacity with which a vicious system of domestic servitude was clung to even in this country. Multitudes still remember the order of things in which half the country bought their servants from the auction-block. That primitive condition in which the menial was a merchantable chattel, with hardly more rights than a brute, continued down to these times, and has been got rid of only in the present generation. The slave system could have lasted as long as it did only in a form of society in which the menial class was low, degraded, and without influence. And that the slave system has in turn widely reacted to promote the social debasement of the working-class there can be no doubt. The slave system, of course, grew more and more anomalous as the sense of justice and humanity strengthened among the people i but we must not forget that slavery in this country was not destroyed by the moral reprobation of the community. It was defended as an historic and permanent order of society until it was incidentally terminated by revolution. It is now easy to execrate its atrocious forms, but we have by no means escaped from the baneful influence of many of its ideas. The idea of an abject menial class is still entertained as a part of the normal constitution of human society, while the associations of a degrading and but recently abandoned system are still potent for the debasement of those who continue in the relations of domestic service.
But, in spite of all this, the serving class, however disabled and degraded, will be found to have participated much in that general movement which we term the progress of society. Civilization may have been staggered by the "servant-girl problem," but it has not wholly broken down before it. The mistress can no longer kill her perverse domestic with impunity—although she may often think this is a step backward instead of forward. General tendencies have been at work which have put an end to the ancient order in this respect. In the early ages of domestic servitude, one of its incidents was the power of the master over the life of the servant. This prerogative has long since disappeared, though not because of the sixth commandment, or as a result of law reform, or the enactment of protective legislation. It was the culminating effect of a succession of natural causes, whose operation was gradual and extended over centuries. By captivity in time of war, or by the voluntary submission of the indigent, the prosperous and opulent became possessed of numerous servants, whom they chastised, sold, killed, and subjected to unlimited jurisdiction generally. In time the master possessed so many of these abject creatures that their numbers surpassed the accommodations of the household, and it became necessary to quarter them out upon the fields they cultivated. Here they lived in hamlets, and were called villagers, or villeins. Living apart from the master, it became less easy for him to keep a strict watch over their behavior, or to compel them to labor by chastisement. To incite them to work, gifts of money were made, and better results were obtained by making the pay proportionate to the results accomplished. Thus the master, using bribery instead of compulsion, and being removed from constant personal contact with his servants, had less occasion to become enraged at their short-comings, or to visit them with severe punishment. The exercise of dominion over life became less frequent, then ceased, and with a growing sense of justice the arbitrary power was forever lost, though it took centuries of the slow-working processes of evolution to accomplish this result. Potgresserus says that not till the twelfth century was the power lost.
But if progress has brought amelioration to the servile class and promises still more, it has brought also its disadvantages, some of which are the results of changed and improved relations. In the early ages masters and servants were more nearly alike in employments and manners of living than they are now. The acquirement of wealth and the luxurious habits which wealth introduced destroyed this degree of equality; the additional advantages inured to the benefit of the master alone; the servant remained indigent. The effect of social progress was thus to separate their lives as well as their interests. Servants constitute an isolated class. By an unwritten social law they are cut off from intimacy with their superiors, and consequently fail to reap the advantages which follow a community of interests with those above them. They fail to be leavened by the influences which act for the elevation of the community at large. This has operated to retard their progress and elevation, and produces aggravating effects which are more marked in our own republican country than in those countries where social gradations are more definitely established. Even in slavery there was a certain community of interest and responsibility on the part of the master, of which we see but little in the surviving forms of domestic servitude. This isolation drives servants to self-defense against the iron hand of control on the part of masters and mistresses, and results in a spirit of antagonism, leading to tacit conspiracy against those whom they regard as their enemies. Obligations sit lightly upon servants, and they habitually study to promote their own interests by unscrupulous arts and all kinds of dishonest practices. This may be deplored, but we may well ask, What are the servants to do? They are a disintegrated as well as an isolated class, and can gain but imperfectly the benefits which arise from combination. Equality is the universal theory; why, then, should they not demand increasing privileges, and rebel against the circumstances that keep them down?
But slow as has been the improvement of this class, and notwithstanding their humble social condition, and although they are too frequently regarded as a lower race of beings, with no rights except to obey, yet they have reached a stage of progress that entitles them to the protection of law, to which they are amenable also like all other people. The servant-girl has a legal status just as much as her mistress, and rights which ought to be held sacred, and, if they were so regarded, one important step toward the amelioration of the relations of lady and servant would be taken.
The relation of mistress or master, as the case may be, and servant is based upon contract only, and the two parties to the contract are upon an equal footing so far as rights are concerned. They differ only in what they agree to do one is to work, and the other to pay and thereon hang all the law and the prophets. It naturally follows that physical punishment can not lawfully be administered to a domestic. As Chancellor Kent said, "that is not an incident of the contract of hiring." It is hardly necessary to enlarge upon this right of servants, as the physical punishment of a domestic is rarely, if ever, heard of.
In the case of slavery, where the servant was owned, it was assumed to be for the interest of the master to provide medical attendance in time of sickness, but the free servant has no such claim. If a servant-girl falls sick, the mistress is not legally compelled to take steps to restore her to health. According to both Chancellor Kent and Mr. Story, the party hiring is not bound to provide a servant with medical attendance or medicines in case of sickness. If a gentleman at the servant's request sends for a physician, he is not liable to pay the doctor's bill unless he omits to make known who requests the services, or unless he exceeds his authority, or expressly or impliedly engages to be answerable, either by directly promising to pay for them, if rendered, or by doing or saying something which justifies the doctor supposing that he engages to pay him.
But if the gentleman has hired a doctor, and given him to understand that he will pay him, he is bound to pay what the services are reasonably worth; he can, however, at any time give him notice that he will not be liable for further services. If he calls the doctor in to attend the servant without the servant's request or consent, he must foot the bill; it being considered merely a generous act on his part. A lady, too, under the same circumstances becomes similarly liable provided she never had a husband or has buried him. If she is still fettered by one, there seems to be some doubt as to whether she can make a valid contract that will bind anybody at all to pay the doctor. The law is not well settled. It may be said, however, generally, that she can not bind her husband, because the obligation of a husband to furnish medical attendance does not extend beyond his wife and own children, and he is under no obligations to provide it for a servant. And, as such attendance for a servant can hardly be called a necessary which the husband must provide the wife, she can not be considered as his agent for the employment of the doctor. So, too, she can not, as a rule, bind herself, because her identity is merged in that of her husband. She is not sui juris, and has no right to contract. But, if she has separate property, the case may be different. In New York she can be held liable on her separate estate, if the intention to charge it is declared in the very contract, which is the foundation of the charges. The rule everywhere, however, is not the same. There is a conspicuous lack of uniformity on the subject of married women's rights. Some day uniformity may be obtained. If those ladies who cry for the right of suffrage would shed half of their tears for a settlement of the laws pertaining to married women, they would accomplish results worth striving for. But to return to the doctor. The poor man, at present, had better take care when a married woman comes to employ him for her servant, or he may be "left out in the cold."
Although not bound to furnish medical attendance and medicines, it seems the party hiring is bound to furnish proper food, and to support the servant during her sickness or disability, so long as she remains in his or her employ.
Another right which a servant-girl has, is a right to the enjoyment of a good character provided she has one and the law presumes she has it until the contrary appear. There is, unfortunately, a tendency on the part of a great many people to speak too freely, too thoughtlessly, and even maliciously, of the characters of others. The more marked the inferiority in social position of the person talked about, the greater the freedom with which the unbridled tongue wags; and just in proportion as the maligned person's station in life is lowlier, the injury done is the more irreparable. So it frequently happens that the character of one who has lived in a menial relation to us is spoken slightingly of, in a manner not justified by the facts. Thoughtlessness of the consequences of idle words, revenge for some act of the servant, or some other motive, may be at the bottom of it, but they afford no justification. The law protects her or will, if she has cash enough to invoke its protection, or can persuade a lawyer to take her case on speculation. If, however, the communication is made by a person acting honestly and without actual malice, then, even though it be defamatory, the law protects the one making it. Servants bear such a peculiar relation to society that it is deemed necessary, for the common protection and well-being of its members, that honest and proper communications in regard to servants should be freely made, and that those called upon to make such communications should not be hampered by the apprehension of vexatious litigation. The good of the many is not to be sacrificed to save the few from injury. We see the same principle of protection in regard to communications made respecting the solvency of traders, the skill of professional practitioners, the trustworthiness of persons in confidential positions. The welfare of society demands that they be made freely, faithfully, and truly, and to give a servant a good character that is undeserved is a grievous offense.
On the other hand, one who designedly gives a bad character not deserved, under the pretense of discharging some duty to herself or to society, offends against justice and humanity, and the law throws no protecting cloak around her words. On one occasion a gentleman unasked wrote a letter in regard to a servant's character to another party, with the result of injury to the servant. The man was sued, and the jury found that he had acted maliciously, and rendered a verdict against him. The judge remarked: "I do not mean to say that, in order to make libelous matter (written by a master) privileged, it is essential that the party who makes the communication should be put into action in consequence of a third party's putting questions to him. I am of opinion he may (when he thinks that another is about to take into his service one whom he knows ought not to be taken) set himself in motion and do some act to induce that other to seek information from and put questions to him. The answers to such questions, given bona fide with the intention of communicating such facts as the other party ought to know, will, although they contain slanderous matter, come within the scope of a privileged communication. But in such a case it will be a question for the jury whether the defendant has acted bona fide, intending honestly to discharge a duty, or whether he has acted maliciously, intending to do an injury to the servant."
In another case, a person told a servant girl's mistress that the girl was irregular in her conduct. The result was, she lost her place, and sued her defamer. The judge remarked: "If a neighbor make inquiry of another respecting his own servants, that other may state what he believes to be true; but the. case is different where the statement is a voluntary act; yet, even in this case, the jury is to consider whether the words were dictated by a sense of the duty which one neighbor owes to another."
Voluntary communications are looked upon askance. Stronger evidence is necessary to show that they were made in good faith than when the statements are made in response to inquiry. And if a lady unasked displays a forward and officious zeal in giving a character prejudicial to a former servant, it will be a material guide to the jury in ascertaining the real motive. The mere fact, however, that a communication is voluntarily made does not of necessity render it unprivileged, and, if the publication is warranted by an occasion apparently beneficial and honest, and there is no malice, it is not actionable. If, for instance, a lady who has given a servant a good character finds that she was not justified in so doing, it is her right and it becomes her duty to communicate the facts to the person to whom the other communication was made, in order to prevent that person's being misled by the previous recommendation, and such a communication is privileged. So, too, if a person to whom a servant has been recommended finds out that the character given was not justified by the servant's actions, and informs the lady who recommended her of the fact, and cautions her against giving recommendations for morality or honesty, this is, in the absence of malice, a privileged communication. Where a lady gives a character in response to an inquiry, she will not be presumed to have been actuated by malice. Even if what she says is untrue, she can not be successfully sued, unless the servant can prove that she spoke maliciously, and knew that what she said was untrue and injurious. And she need not prove the truth of her statement unless it is plain that she was actuated by malicious motives. If under such circumstances a prima facie case of falsehood be made out, she will be bound to show that the assertions were made under a belief in their truth. A lady once had a young woman in her employ, who was afterward dismissed. Having a chance to make another engagement, she referred to her former mistress, who wrote to the person making inquiry: "I parted with her on account of her incompetency, and not being lady-like nor good-tempered. P. S. May I trouble you to tell her that, this being the third time I have been referred to, I beg to decline any more applications?" The result could have been foreseen. The girl lost the engagement. Stung by the letter, she sued the writer, and general evidence was given of her competency, lady-like manners, and good temper, and that, in reply to the two previous applications which were made before her dismissal, the writer had recommended her. It did not appear in evidence why she was dismissed. The judge told the jury that they must decide whether there was sufficient proof that the defendant, in writing the letter, had been influenced by some improper-feeling toward the plaintiff to make a false statement knowingly. They found that there was, and the plaintiff got a verdict.
On another occasion a man was asked about the character of a servant who had been in his employ, and he replied that she was dishonest. Of course, she lost the prospective engagement. She sued. It appeared from the evidence that the charge of stealing was not made until after she had left the defendant's service; that he had told her he would say nothing about it if she would resume her employment at his house, and that he afterward said to her that, if she would admit the theft, he would give her a character. The jury concluded that he was not acting bona fide in the reply he gave to the inquiry as to the girl's character, and gave her a verdict.
In making a damaging statement to an inquiring person about a domestic, it is perhaps kinder to her to see that no one is present but the one interested in the inquiry. It may also turn out to be the safer course to pursue. It is true that such caution is not absolutely essential for the protection of the communication, but, if an opportunity is sought for making a charge before third persons when it might have been made in private, it affords strong evidence of a malicious intention, and thus deprives it of that immunity which the law allows to such a statement when made honestly; and, too, the fact that a third person is present is a circumstance which, taken in connection with others, such as the style and character of the language used, would have weight with a jury in determining whether the person making the statement had acted in good faith or had been influenced by malice, The same thing may be said of an accusation made to a servant in the presence of another. It is a question for the jury. If it is made at such a time, on such an occasion, and under such circumstances that the inference of malice prima facie arising from the accusation is rebutted, the burden of showing that it was actuated by malice or ill-will rests upon the servant. It must, for instance, be made in good faith and for a justifiable purpose, in the discharge of a duty, public or private, legal or moral, or in the prosecution of one's own rights and interests, and without any design to defame the person to whom it relates, even though it is all untrue. Thus, if a lady is about to discharge a servant, and calls in a third person to hear the reason therefor, and states the reason in that person's presence, the courts have held that such a communication made with honesty of purpose is privileged. It has been held, however, in Massachusetts, that a false charge made before a third person is libelous. If the statement is made in answer to inquiries, it must be to some person who has an interest in the inquiry, and not as mere matter of gossip.So, where a gentleman, having dismissed his servant for dishonesty, refused to give him a character, alleging to those who applied that he had dismissed him from his service for dishonesty, and the servant's brother afterward inquired of the master why he had so treated the servant, and was thus keeping him out of a situation, the gentleman replied, "He has robbed me, and I believe for years past." Only one instance of robbery had been charged or proved, but it was held, nevertheless, that the answer to the brother was privileged.
It seems, too, that it is within the scope of privileged communications to honestly protect one's interest by informing servants of the dishonesty of a fellow-servant. A man, having dismissed his servant, afterward remarked to two other servants: "I discharged that man for robbing me; he is a thief, and if ever you speak to him again or have anything to do with him I shall consider you as bad as him, and shall discharge you." This was held on a subsequent trial to be a privileged communication.
Let us now look at another right. Servants have well-defined rights in regard to wages. If they perform their part of the contract, they are entitled to a performance on the part of the party of the first part, to wit, the party hiring. Just what the servant has to do has been succinctly stated by Mr. Story: "A servant," says he, "is bound to obey all the just and reasonable commands of his master, to be careful and faithful as to all property committed to his charge, to do with diligence and care his proper and appointed work, and to behave with decency and in a manner consistent with his station as servant. . . .But the command must be just and reasonable, and within the fair scope of his employment."
The right to the wages is not affected by the fact that there is nothing for her to do, if she is on hand and holds herself ready to serve. The hiring being an accomplished fact, and the time of service begun, the right to wages exists. If there is nothing to do, so much the luckier for the servant. As a matter of fact, however, it may be safely said that such an easy state of affairs seldom occurs in the experience of most domestics.
The right to wages is unaffected also by damage done by the servant. For instance, if she injure articles or lose them in the course of the service, the party hiring can not without a specific agreement to such effect, deduct from the servant's wages their value, but must bring her cross-action against the servant for compensation. So that, if a lady deducts for some such cause a portion of her cook's wages, the cook would have a perfect right to sue for the sum deducted. Inasmuch, however, as the party hiring can bring a cross-action, or, as in New York practice, set up a counter-claim in the cook's action, for the lost articles, the cook's net recovery would be nil. In other words, the legal and illegal ways of settling for the damaged or lost articles end in similar results. "It is six of one and half a dozen of the other." As a matter of practice and advisability, the illegal method of deduction, although it overrides the servant's rights, is better for her, as it saves her the expense of a lawsuit merely for a principle. The wise cook will not grumble at it. She, if anybody, ought to know that the frying-pan is better than the fire.
Nor can the party hiring deduct from the servant's wages any sum paid a physician called in by the hirer for the servant without the request or consent of the latter, nor in this case can a cross-action be brought for such sum, as the act is considered as merely one of generosity.
If a servant hired for a specific time is wrongfully discharged before the expiration of the time for which she was hired, she can sue the party hiring for a breach of contract. She can bring an action either to recover for the services that she has actually rendered or for damages for the breach, in which latter case she can recover any amount already due her for services, and also compensation for damages sustained by the wrongful dismissal. She can not wait, however, until the expiration of the period for which she was hired, and then sue for the whole wages on the ground of a constructive service.! It is obligatory upon her to diligently try to find another place. She must make reasonable exertions to diminish the damages. This is an active duty which the law wisely imposes. "Public interest and sound morality accord with the law in demanding this, and if the injured party through negligence or willfulness allows the damages to be unnecessarily enhanced, the increased loss falls upon him, and he can recover nothing for damages which by reasonable diligence on his part could have been prevented." If the servant has been unable to find employment, and has been forced into involuntary idleness by circumstances, her damages will be an amount equal to the whole compensation agreed upon. This was held in a case where the action did not happen to be brought until the time of hiring had expired. In another case where a servant who had been hired for two months was discharged without cause at the end of five days, it was held that the servant was entitled to recover the wages for the whole two months, although there had been so few days' service.
If, now, on the other hand, the servant hired for a specific time is justly dismissed, or without reasonable cause leaves the service, what are her rights in regard to wages? Chancellor Kent says that in such case she loses her right to wages for the period she served. This is, undoubtedly, the rule where the full performance of the contract is a condition precedent to the right to wages, and through the servant's fault fulfillment becomes out of the question. Common sense and strict justice, however, lead to a different rule where the fulfillment of the contract is prevented or rendered impossible by the sickness or death of the servant. The law makes a distinction between the willful or negligent violation of a contract and where its fulfillment is prevented by the act of God. "In the one case, the application of the rule operates as a punishment to persons wantonly guilty of the breach, and tends to preserve the contract inviolable. In the other case, its exception is calculated to protect the right of the unfortunate and honest man who is providentially and without fault on his part prevented from a full performance." In general, the contract is subject to the implied condition of health and strength, and sickness will excuse a servant from liability, and justify her in rescinding the agreement.
Such are some of the rules regarding the rights to wages of servants who are hired for a specific time. With those who are not hired for any particular time, as is the case with the majority of domestic servants, the case is different. The servant is considered as hired with reference to the general understanding that she shall be entitled to her wages for the time she serves, and either party, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, may determine the service at any time. The question most likely to arise on such termination is whether any notice must be given by the party terminating the service. In England, a month's notice is customary, and, if it is the hirer who ends the hiring, he can give a month's wages instead of the notice. If the dismissal is for misconduct, however, the servant is not entitled to the month's wages. The English rule has not been incorporated in the law of this country. As was stated by Chancellor Kent, there is no distinction between menial and other servants. Whether notice is to be given depends upon the contract between the parties, or, if that is silent on the subject, it depends upon the custom of the particular place. Where there is an express contract upon the subject, it is binding, and must be observed, except in case of the disobedience of the servant, or under some other such circumstances. If the parties have not seen fit to take the subject of notice into consideration, no notice is required unless a well-established custom to give notice exists.
Before closing the discussion of the right to wages, mention should be made of an exception to the rule that the servant who performs faithfully her contract without breach is entitled to wages. The exception is that of persons whom the law deems unable to contract. Take the case of a married woman, for example. Where the common law still controls the relation of husband and wife, all wages the wife earns belong absolutely to him, and any promise made to pay her is considered as a promise made to him. And the common-law rule prevails except where it has been modified or changed by statute. In New York State, before 1860, a married woman who contracted for her personal services with the knowledge and consent of her husband, and was promised by the party hiring what her services were reasonably worth, acquired no title to her earnings in her own right. It was hard upon a poor wife, and the Legislature gallantly enlarged the rights of married women, so as to enable them to contract for their services, and receive and keep the pay for them for their sole and separate use, and to invest the same.
Then take the case of minor servants. In general, a child's earnings belong to and are recoverable in the name of the parent. In the absence of an agreement, express or implied, that payment may be made to the child, the parent alone is entitled to the child's earnings. The father, if living, can claim his child's wages; but, if he be dead, they belong to the widow so long as she remains unmarried. The law puts upon her the support of the children, and so, if they go out to service while under age, gives her the right to their earnings, and to collect them. But if she marries again—presto!—her legal capacity is gone. She is no longer herself, but has merged her identity in another, and she can no longer control the property or earnings of her children.
If in general there is an express or implied agreement that the child may receive the wages, that agreement supersedes the common law rule. For instance, if a minor makes a contract for her services on her own account, and the father knows of it and makes no objection, there is an implied assent that she shall have her own earnings. If, again, the parent resides in the same place, and neither receives nor claims any wages for the daughter's services for a long period, the inference would be strong that he or she intended that the daughter should receive her own earnings. Or, if the parent is absent for several years, and leaves the child to shift for itself, the presumption is that there was an intention to emancipate the child. In New York State the Legislature has taken a hand in this matter, and provided that payment of wages to a minor in service shall be valid unless the parents or guardians of such child notify the party employing the minor within thirty days after the service begins that they claim the child's wages. And, under any circumstances, if it appears that the child at service has no parent or guardian entitled to her wages, the mistress must pay them to the servant.
Such are some of the rights of those who serve us. It would be a difficult task in the limits of a magazine article to treat of all their rights. Being human beings, and performing their lowly duties by contract only, the law clothes them with rights similar to those possessed by other persons, who are not compelled to undertake what we call menial work. Their property rights, for instance, are as sacred as those of princes. To steal a dollar from a cook is as wrong as to break open the safe of a banker. Their rights of life and limb also are just as inviolable as those of their employers. To kill a waitress is murder as well as when a queen is put to death violently. To chew up the thumb of a chamber-maid is mayhem just as surely as if it were the thumb of the President.
↑ 8 B. and C, 578.
↑ 1 Car. and Mar., 104.
↑ 30 N. Y., 20.
↑ 1 F. and F., 24.
↑ 3 Q. B., 11.
↑ 3 Q. B., 5; 109 Mass., 193.
↑ 16 C. B. N. S., 829.
↑ How. (IT. S.), 266.
↑ 16 Q. B., 322.
↑ 2 Story on Contr., § 1,297.
↑ 28 New York, 76.
↑ 1 E. D. Smith, 70.
↑ 26 How. Pr., 528.
↑ 2 Kent, p. 292.
↑ 20 N. Y., 197.
↑ 2 Story on Contr., § 1,303.
↑ Shars. Black., 426, n.
↑ Cooky's Black., p. 129, n.
↑ Shars. Black., 420, n.
↑ f 5 Wend., 204.
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2019-04-23T20:16:05Z
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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_22/April_1883/The_Legal_Status_of_Servant-Girls
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Also I read a few posts on this but maybe this isn’t the focus of your web-blog, but many boutiques have net 30 terms, if I am a new designer could I ask for a deposit at time of order? If so what is a reasonable deposit and should it be non-refundable after the cut off date?
With regards to net 30, I realize that many stores have terms they list as acceptable to them but if your policies differ and they like you enough, they’ll bend. It’s not a one-way street. If anything, your terms take precedence over theirs. For example, I once had a customer -who I had a bad feeling about- who midway in the cycle, informed me that he would only pay net 30. I said “fine, find another pattern maker. My terms are that I get paid at delivery”. Best decision I ever made. He threw a horrendous fit and actually said that he’d complain about me to “the highest powers of the apparel industry” but he ended up leaving town three weeks later, stiffing the contractor (a friend of mine).
Still, I know a jewelry designer who gets deposits. Miracle said it could be that the practice of deposits is different in jewelry, it may be a standard practice in that industry. The designer I know mentioned that deposits are not unusual owing to the constantly fluctuating price of gold. She is charging 10% of total invoice. Since her average invoice is $50,000, her input costs are considerable and she only produces to order. In jewelry, her operation is considered to be closer to custom work (private label) so maybe that’s another reason she can get it. Miracle also said she knows of crafty type gift shops who are buying from tiny crafty companies and they are doing deposits in exchange for discounts off of wholesale invoice. I’ve also heard this but personally, I don’t know anyone who’s made these kinds of arrangements. Hopefully, they’ll offer up their experience in comments.
About private label; if you’re producing an item specific to a retailer’s requirements such as a fabric you’re only using for them, then I’d think that a deposit would be mandatory. Private label is considered to be custom work. You always get a deposit for custom work because you have no guarantees you could find another customer to buy the goods if the store reneged. The usual deposits are 50%-60% of total invoice.
There’s another issue related to deposits you need to watch if you’re getting the deposit payments via their credit cards. Technically, according to the merchant services agreement you sign, you cannot charge someone’s card unless you’re shipping product that day or within 24 hours. Technically, accepting deposits with charge cards could expose you to chargebacks from whoever services your merchant account. Legally, the buyer can get their money back from you with no problem. You have no legal standing because your merchant agreement governs how you are permitted to use and process those instruments. The merchant agreement has precedence over whatever you and your buyer agree to. In other words, they can back out of the deposit agreement and there’s nothing you can do about it. If you’re going to take deposits, get a check with the purchase order. I’m not sure of the merchant services policies if it is a debit card but I think it is the same. Personally, I’m glad that my book printer will accept deposits on my debit card because it’s convenient for me but we have an established relationship. I know they don’t like it. Previously, they required a check.
With regard to the deposit and “should it be non-refundable after the cut off date”, that is an agreement you come to as a condition of sale. If it is private label -a custom order- I’d definitely say the deposit was not refundable. You can try to resell the products elsewhere to recoup your profit margin (assuming the deposit covered your costs) and if you can great but you should not guarantee to the original purchaser that you can refund a portion of their deposit. Informally, it’s another matter. It could be you sell those goods easily, incurring few transaction costs in the process meaning you have the ability to refund the balance as a matter of good will.
If a designer is doing private label for a store and the patterns are made specifically for that store – do you think the store should incure the one time cost of designing and patternmaking in addition to the wholesale price of the garment? The DE would not be able to sell the designs to any other store. In that case it would be ok to charge the store a deposit?
The standard way to take deposits on credit cards is to pre-authorize but not capture funds. Once pre-authorized, you have a certain amount of time (depending on your merchant account) during which the credit card is guaranteed to clear for the amount you authorized. We do pre-authorizations on all of our web-based retail orders and then capture funds when we ship. We also pre-authorize some new wholesale accounts.
On freelance patternmaking I always get a deposit if I have not done business with the client before and it is a DE. If it is a well established company, my odds of getting stiffed are relatively low. Always, my invoice is issued as “due upon delivery”.
Thankfully I had already established this policy many years ago when I got ripped off by a “designer” who hired me to knock off an item and then never picked up the stuff even though I called and called. He then had the nerve to take me to small claims court claiming I took his money and didn’t deliver the product. I went to the judge with the patterns and told him that I required half down and half at the end and that the “gentleman” was free to take his patterns when the other half was paid for. The judge ruled in my favor, but I never did see the other half of my $$$.
I guess the differences are between providing a service and providing a product and the size of your operation. I am a one man show and there is a direct correllation between my patternmaking labor and my income. Depending on the size of your business, there may be not be as large a percentage of income riding on the receipt of one outstanding invoice.
If a designer is doing private label for a store and the patterns are made specifically for that store – do you think the store should incure the one time cost of designing and patternmaking in addition to the wholesale price of the garment?
The DE would not be able to sell the designs to any other store. In that case it would be ok to charge the store a deposit?
Like Jane said, it depends. If it’s a new customer I get a deposit but this falls under custom work so you can. It’s not a deposit based on delivery of finished products that I’m representing myself to be the manufacturer of. Like Jane said, one would be providing services.
The standard way to take deposits on credit cards is to pre-authorize but not capture funds. Once pre-authorized, you have a certain amount of time (depending on your merchant account) during which the credit card is guaranteed to clear for the amount you authorized.
I agree preauthorizations are great for what you’re using them for (and thanks for bringing that up!) but Jenny would need the cash in order to proceed. She needs the deposit to fund the production of the order.
Out of curiosity, can’t you itemize your bill in such a way that the initial payment (aka deposit) is for consulting services rendered?
IMO, the initial installment is a deposit on goods. My handwritten invoices for custom clients read precisely that. Though, I have pulled down my merchant agreement to comb through it. Kathleen raises a strong point.
My current policy is that the client is entitled to the goods/trimmings if they chose to stop the work order. If the client stops work after the garment is laid/cut, then the charge is prorated for the hourly work applied up to cutting. Otherwise, the 2nd installment is payment for the work order due upon deliver.
I’ve had two clients (ever) stop work after the pattern was cut and ask for the patterns. In that case, I triple the drafting fee. The assumption is that patterns are my IP and that I’m granting the buyer license to produce if I allow them to walk out of my shop. To date, no one has actually purchased their personal pattern from me.
But, I’m keeping my lips tight on the rest because I want to encourage feedback.
This whole deposit and “funding the buyer” thing is very interesting from a TCE point of view. (Yes I know, >>).
Really? My understanding has always been that when someone hires someone to do work, the hirer owns it, not the employee or contractor. It seems that the incentives would be misaligned as you have described it: they bring in an idea that they think will sell, you could do a less-than-stellar job, they decide not to pay, you take their ideas to market and clean up. It’s called “opportunistic behavior”. If they own the patterns they contract you for, then you either do a good job and get paid or you don’t and don’t.
BTW, who are “the highest powers of the apparel industry”? Marlboro? Benson & Hedges?
Your understanding of contracted work is the same as mine. If a designer hires a patternmaker to create patterns, the work is considered for-hire. Since the pattern is the work product being purchased, the IP behind it rests with the designer.
However, in a tailor’s shop, the tailor is the designer and the client is purchasing a garment. That is, unless someone elects to use an unconventional business model. In that case, the pattern is the plan to deliver the work product – not the work product, itself.
The comments for the post have gone way off topic. The topic was deposits for production and not custom clothing. Some new people may get the idea that the standards in custom clothing that JC mentions can be applied in our business but they can’t. The question here was deposits on an order of manufactured goods or even deposits for private label goods (good points, all) but now the topic has veered toward pattern making services for custom clothing which are not standard in the apparel industry. I think that’s better left to Pacc.
JC: your practices may be standard and acceptable on the custom clothing end of things but they aren’t on this side. According to your logic, I’d make three times as much money being a sample maker than a pattern maker. There is NO way -in this business- that I can charge three times as much money for providing the pattern after the fact of failing to deliver a sample. I don’t know how the PACC or home sewing people manage to get away with that but they’d get laughed out of the room on this side of things so I’m not going to dispute those standards knowing nothing about them (they don’t make sense to me) but that discussion doesn’t belong here. I adore you and deeply appreciate and enjoy your comments but I am concerned that a new visitor who has never worked in the industry will think that the practices you describe from the home sewing side of things are standard and they’ll try to apply those standards to manufacturing clients (even greener DEs) that they happen to come across and then I have to gently explain they’re guilty of exorbitant pricing practices (or untoward IP practices) and I’ll have to unmuddle those messes. I’d prefer we just drop the whole topic of custom clothing sewing altogether and leave that to PACC and the home sewers. I can only imagine or hope that PACC exercises the same restraint and respect as it applies to our business.
People look to this blog as an information resource and this entire thread has derailed and I’d hate for someone to read some of the comments and think that this is how they’re supposed to do things. Visitor: if this describes you, none of the comments discussing custom clothing should be confused with accepted practices in the apparel industry; those standards do not apply in our business.
The discussion has been interesting. From my experience, the fashion/apparel business has operated without many contracts. I guess there are implied contracts when a retailer places an order. People in the business know that the order is dependent on a lot of variables. Communication and delivery is key to retaining a good reputation with buyers, etc.
The deposit issue is a new one for me. I have never seen it done in the wholesale business, even for private label. Occassionally you do get stuck with merchandise, but there are ways to deal with it.
I guess this is all part of the general movement towards people trying to shift responsibility, financial and otherwise. I have seen a general trend toward more paperwork (contractual) in the apparel business, but not to the point of deposits.
I appreciate your feedback and it is well received. I am in process of changing my business model and that I am learning while I do it. I agree that differences exist (i.e. custom v. production); and, that I will drop mention of custom work since it may serve to confuse the audience.
To clarify: stopping a work order and failure to deliver (or, work not acceptable) are separate issues. I suggest that if a client stops the work order, there needs to be a reasonable degree of reconciliation. If a client refuses work because it is unacceptable, I am obligated to either make it right (on my dime) or refund the client’s money – whatever it takes to make the client “whole”.
BTW: triple my fee sounds like a lot; but, it isn’t. It’s competitive with the rates you describe as typical in the industry for contracted patternmaking services. Since patternmaking isn’t my business, it’s only a process that I use, I can stand to learn a few things.
I am a small DE and have just instituted a policy of a deposit only for buyers who have refused their orders in the past (and left me with inventory). It is a take it or leave situation that I have presented them with. My goal is not to ban certain stores from buying the line, but to weed out the repeat offenders. Also, some sketchy stores do turn themselves around and this seems to be a good way for them to show their commitment.
what i’ve never been able to do is wrap my mind around the fact that stores get time to pay for product. why net 30? it sounds like a recipe for not getting paid. and yes, the store can be researched but if you’re a new DE, it would seem even if the store’s normally good about paying, it may not feel that way as much with someone new. why not COD? if there’s such a problem with sell-thru, maybe the DE could have a money back gaurentee for clothes that don’t sell thru. what DE is going to want people to see their clothes for 85% off anyways? the DE has pay up front for fabric, for pattern service, etc. but the stores get a time break? either they have the money or not. like i said, i don’t get it. i’ve worked in clothing retail and saw alot of putting off paying bills as long as possible which only adds to the 30 net mystery for me.
Is it customary to give a boutique your merchandise and then wait for them to send payment?
Is it a good idea to have a preview show and invite boutique owners, consumers, family and friends, as a way to introduce your line and get orders? Is this considered a trunk show?
How do I approach a boutique owner with my designs as a start up designer?
Is it to late to manufacture a spring line, have trunk shows, and everything else invovlved with getting your first order?
I am going to New York October 6, any suggestions on where to purchase fabric wholesale for a spring line?
Deposits have become expected in the Bridal category. Our stuff is too high end and Bridal Stores can go out of business fast.
Last year at market I ended up with ONE store who never paid the other 1/2, never signed the Policy Agreement after being handed it in person, emailed, and snail mailed at least 8 copies. 6 months of calls and emails telling her we have her order ready but___ resulted in our dropping them. If anyone wants to know who it is I will email the info.
I think it’s only fair to expect full payment from a client you don’t have an established business relationship with. Tell them you’ll give them a year and see! If they prove reliable then allow it and make it a conditioned agreement.
Same with area Exclusives! I had one store insist on it, and now I find out she’s still not officially open a year later afterall! Exclusivity rescinded Sistah.
Re designers requesting deposits. The fashion industry is the only industry that operates in this backwards and basically unethical business behavior.
If you are producing an order for a store and you do NOT ask for a deposit u r basically lending the money at a zero percent interest rate.
As a designer, you are purchasing the fabric and paying for the labor FOR THE STORE! A deposit only covers the labor and materials ..which is being prodipuced FOR THEM! This is not going to pay for your work or your overhead, etc. this is why so many smaller FASHION designers go out of business, not to mention many stores have poor credit so it is unwise TO NOT TAKE A DEPOSIT. Even if a store has good credit, many are unethical and do not pay designers on time.
So if u operate in this WISER AND SMARTER MANNER BY REQUESTING DEPOSITS YOU WILL SURVIVE that is making sure your designs sell well and fit correctly etc. but if you have the background and the stores know you then that is the way to go. Never trust the stores!
In Every other industry deposits are the norm and that is why they operate more efficiently.
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2019-04-21T20:16:21Z
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https://fashion-incubator.com/net_30_and_getting_deposits_for_orders/
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Clostridium (Ruminiclostridium) thermocellum is a model fermentative anaerobic thermophile being studied and engineered for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic feedstocks into fuels and chemicals. Engineering efforts have resulted in significant improvements in ethanol yields and titers although further advances are required to make the bacterium industry-ready. For instance, fermentations at lower pH could enable co-culturing with microbes that have lower pH optima, augment productivity, and reduce buffering cost. C. thermocellum is typically grown at neutral pH, and little is known about its pH limits or pH homeostasis mechanisms. To better understand C. thermocellum pH homeostasis we grew strain LL1210 (C. thermocellum DSM1313 Δhpt ΔhydG Δldh Δpfl Δpta-ack), currently the highest ethanol producing strain of C. thermocellum, at different pH values in chemostat culture and applied systems biology tools.
Clostridium thermocellum LL1210 was found to be growth-limited below pH 6.24 at a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. F1F0-ATPase gene expression was upregulated while many ATP-utilizing enzymes and pathways were downregulated at pH 6.24. These included most flagella biosynthesis genes, genes for chemotaxis, and other motility-related genes (> 50) as well as sulfate transport and reduction, nitrate transport and nitrogen fixation, and fatty acid biosynthesis genes. Clustering and enrichment of differentially expressed genes at pH values 6.48, pH 6.24 and pH 6.12 (washout conditions) compared to pH 6.98 showed inverse differential expression patterns between the F1F0-ATPase and genes for other ATP-utilizing enzymes. At and below pH 6.24, amino acids including glutamate and valine; long-chain fatty acids, their iso-counterparts and glycerol conjugates; glycolysis intermediates 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose 6-phosphate, and glucose accumulated intracellularly. Glutamate was 267 times more abundant in cells at pH 6.24 compared to pH 6.98, and intercellular concentration reached 1.8 μmol/g pellet at pH 5.80 (stopped flow).
Clostridium thermocellum LL1210 can grow under slightly acidic conditions, similar to limits reported for other strains. This foundational study provides a detailed characterization of a relatively acid-intolerant bacterium and provides genetic targets for strain improvement. Future studies should examine adding gene functions used by more acid-tolerant bacteria for improved pH homeostasis at acidic pH values.
Clostridium (Ruminiclostridium) thermocellum is a model fermentative anaerobic thermophile being studied and engineered for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic feedstocks into fuels and chemicals [1–3]. C. thermocellum forms specialized biofilms for growth on cellulose and produces mobile and cell-bound enzyme complexes termed cellulosomes that mediate deconstruction of lignocellulosic substrates to short, β1,4-linked glucose oligosaccharides for fermentation to ethanol and organic acids. Wild type C. thermocellum fermentation products include acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, H2, ethanol, and amino acids such as valine , with additional products being made at high substrate loadings as a result of overflow metabolism .
Organic acid production decreases biofuel yields and acidifies culture medium, each of which are undesirable for an industrial process. Therefore, metabolic engineering efforts have focused on modifying carbon metabolism to decrease production of acidic co-products and increase ethanol production [9–17]. In the highest yielding C. thermocellum strain published to date, strain LL1210, pathways for the synthesis of lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and most H2 production were eliminated , followed by adaptive laboratory evolution to improve growth rate and ethanol titer . This allowed the strain to produce 22 g/L ethanol from 60 g/L cellulose, with a maximum theoretical yield for ethanol of 75% although further advances are required for the bacterium to be industry-ready. Ethanol yields and titers of up to 80% and 38 g/L, respectively, have also been achieved with an engineered C. thermocellum strain in co-culture with an engineered Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum strain . While these strains synthesize essentially no organic acids as end products, fermentation of sugars to reduced compounds such as ethanol or butanol results in the production of a more oxidized compound such as bicarbonate, which will also result in acidification of the medium.
Organisms must be tolerant to the fermentation conditions and the products formed during growth, especially at the high substrate levels required for industrial fermentations. The response to ethanol stress and ethanol-tolerant strains of C. thermocellum have been characterized [19, 20]. C. thermocellum inhibition by pentose sugars and compounds generated within switchgrass fermentations has also been characterized. However, deep understanding of the C. thermocellum response to low pH remains underexplored.
While the anaerobic cellulolytic bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes has been evolved for steady-state growth at pH 5.75 , known anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria typically do not grow at pH values lower than pH 6.0 . High-yielding- and highly productive ethanologens such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis, which are not natively cellulolytic, have broad pH ranges (pH 2–6.5 and pH 3.5–7.5 , respectively). C. thermocellum is typically cultured in medium maintained at neutral pH and it maintains its intercellular pH between ~ 7.3–8.5 [24, 25]. For different C. thermocellum strains, growth has been reported between pH 5.9 and 8.1 , as low as pH 6.0 , and between pH 6.2 and 7.7 . The lower pH limit of the only C. thermocellum strain that is currently genetically tractable, strain DSM1313, has not been reported.
A major mechanism of low pH toxicity is dissipation of the proton gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane. Weak acids such as acetic acid become protonated at the low pH in the supernatant, resulting in an uncharged molecule that can cross the cytoplasmic membrane. The cytoplasm is more alkaline, so the weak acid becomes deprotonated, effectively transporting a proton from outside the cell to the inside, collapsing the ∆pH and acidifying the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic pH can be maintained by a variety of mechanisms that include proton pumps, antiporters, production of ammonia via urease and arginine deiminase pathways, and organic acid decarboxylation reactions that cleave a carboxylic acid side chain (pKa ~ 4.7) to bicarbonate (pKa = 6.4 and more volatile); tolerance to lower pH can be further enhanced by macromolecule repair or protection, lipid changes and biofilm formation [29–31]. Understanding and enhancing the mechanisms by which C. thermocellum responds to decreased pH will be critical for the industrial application of C. thermocellum for lignocellulosic biofuel production, but those mechanisms are not currently known. Therefore, to better understand the physiological response of C. thermocellum to acidic conditions, we cultured strain LL1210 at different pH values in chemostats and applied systems biology tools.
Clostridium thermocellum LL1210 was cultured in duplicate chemostats fed with defined medium (MTC) containing 3 g/L cellobiose for 1058 h (Fig. 1, Additional file 1). After initial batch fermentation, steady-state chemostat growth was achieved for pH 7.0 at a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. The culture pH was then reduced to pH 6.5 at hour 189.5 and stead-state growth was maintained. Culture pH was checked using a regularly calibrated external probe and reported in Additional file 1. A pH adjustment to pH 6.10 resulted in substantial decreases in cell densities (~ 308 h, Fig. 1), along with lower ethanol concentrations and concomitant increases in cellobiose concentrations (Additional file 1), which suggests the specific growth rate of strain LL1210 was lower than the dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. Medium flow was temporarily halted for 37.5 h and the culture pH set to 6.25, which restored cellobiose consumption, ethanol production and cell density and permitted medium flow to be resumed at dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. After the equivalent of three fermentor vessel volumes, the chemostats were adjusted from pH 6.25 to 6.15, which coincided with lower culture densities. The mean culture turbidity measurements nearest to the omics sampling points, as measured by optical density (OD600 nm) and their standard deviations were 0.655 (0.02), 0.651 (0.04), 0.533 (0.06), and 0.143 (0.05) for pH values pH 7, 6.5, 6.25 and 6.1, respectively. A change in dilution rate to 0.05 h−1 permitted growth at pH 6.10 and 6.00. At pH 5.90, culture turbidity steadily declined; the dilution rate was reduced to 0.01 h−1 and the OD continued to decline for 144 h in one chemostat while the other oscillated, indicative of stress, and eventually recovered. A single chemostat was able to maintain growth at pH 5.90 at a dilution rate of 0.01 h−1, although culture turbidity showed a steady decline at pH 5.80 over a 133 h period and was unable to recover when the flow was stopped for 84 h. Thus, growth-limiting pH for this system is approximately pH 6.25 using strain LL1210 in a chemostat with a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1 and slower dilution rates are required for steady-state growth below this pH.
Samples at dilution rate of 0.1 h−1 were withdrawn from each bioreactor at pH 7 (actual pH = 6.98), pH 6.5 (actual pH = 6.48), pH 6.25 (actual pH = 6.24), and at apparent washout pH 6.15 (actual pH = 6.12) for analysis by transcriptomics and metabolomics (Fig. 1). Additional metabolomics samples were taken at pH 5.80 at a lower dilution rate (0.05 h−1) to help elucidate the physiological changes.
A greater number of differentially expressed genes were observed as the pH diverged further from pH 6.98. Using pH 6.98 as a reference, there were 80, 469, and 536 differentially expressed genes, respectively, for cells growing at pH 6.48, 6.24, and pH 6.12 (Additional file 2). To more easily categorize gene expression responses to pH changes, differentially expressed genes were clustered (Fig. 2a), and then gene clusters were checked for enrichment of gene ontology (GO) terms in comparison to the frequency of GO terms for all genes in the C. thermocellum genome by Fisher’s exact test (Fig. 2b). Cluster 1 contained only one gene (a 2-isopropylmalate synthase; Clo1313_0857) and cluster 3 only contained tRNA genes and were omitted from enriched function tests. Cluster 2 contained genes for rRNA, tRNA, tRNA modification, purine metabolism, and polyamine transport but no enrichment of GO terms was found. Flagella biosynthesis and chemotaxis, sulfate transport and reduction, nitrate transport and nitrogen fixation, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH, Clo1313_1847), and fatty acid biosynthesis (clusters 4, 5, 6) were downregulated, while F0F1-ATP synthase genes (cluster 7) were upregulated at pH 6.24. Diguanylate cyclase genes Clo1313_1339, Clo1313_1404 (with TRP repeats), Clo1313_1813 (with putative polar amino acid sensor domains and a phosphodiesterase domain), and Clo1313_2478 (putative response regulator) were all found in cluster 4. Genes for MotAB (Clo1313_0056-7) were part of cluster 6. MotAB system has been show to generate flagellar torque using proton-motive force . Upon being shocked with pH 6.12, cells increased expression of genes for translational machinery (cluster 8), while gene expression decreased for carbohydrate binding and polysaccharide catabolic processing enzymes (cluster 9) including those for cellulosomal proteins CipA, OlpB, Orf2p, OlpA, CelD, CelH, CelR, CelV, CprA, CtManF, LecA, XynA, and XynD (Additional file 2). Cluster 9 also contained a malate shunt gene, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK, Clo1313_0415) . All but one of the glutamate synthase (GOGAT) genes (Clo1313_2032-3, Clo1313_2035-6) were also in cluster 9.
Previous studies have identified genes commonly expressed during acid stress by Gram-positive neutrophilic bacteria , which includes genes for amino acid decarboxylases/antiporter systems, DnaK, GroEL, ClpP protease, urease, F1F0-ATPase, arginine deiminase (ADI), agmatine deiminase (AgDi), and cyclopropane fatty acid (CFA) synthase. Most of these gene systems were not differentially expressed in C. thermocellum and genes for ADI, AgDi, or CFA are not annotated in the genome. Rather than increasing in expression at low pH, several decarboxylases were downregulated at pH 6.24 and 6.12, including aspartate 1-decarboxylase (Clo1313_1318), diaminopimelate decarboxylase (Clo1313_1540), orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase (Clo1313_1266), putative oxaloacetate decarboxylase (Clo1313_1523), and a putative sodium pump decarboxylase γ-subunit (Clo1313_1525). The only decarboxylase that was upregulated at any pH was the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme (Clo1313_1509), which produces the aminopropyl substrate need for synthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. However, expression of the agmatinase and spermidine synthase (Clo1313_1529-1530) that synthesize the spermidine and spermine were either not differentially expressed or showed decreased expression at lower pH. Then again, genes for a putative spermidine/putrescine ABC transporter (Clo1313_1471-5) were upregulated at pH 6.24 and 6.12 (Additional file 2). Because a polyamine transporter and biosynthetic gene were upregulated, and polyamines can decrease membrane permeability and may protect cells in acid environments , their potential to augment C. thermocellum LL1210 growth at lower pH values was evaluated. Medium was supplemented with 100 μM of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, spermine, or metabolic precursor arginine and the terminal pH was determined after 144 h. C. thermocellum LL1210 fermentations with and without amendments initiated at pH 7 and 6.75 had similar growth profiles (Additional file 3).
Downregulation of the GLDH (Clo1313_1847) and GOGAT (Clo1313_2032-3, Clo1313_2035-6) genes were observed at pH 6.12, but no significant expression changes were observed for the Type I glutamine synthetase (GS, Clo1313_2031), two Type III glutamine synthetases (Clo1313_1357 and Clo1313_2038), or the glutamate synthetase (Clo1313_1849) (Additional file 2). The type III glutamine synthase (Clo1313_2303) was significantly upregulated at pH 6.24 (Additional file 2). To examine the role of nitrogen metabolism in relation to pH and physiology, deletion strains for GLDH, GOGAT, GS, GS–GOGAT, and an annotated NifH (Clo1313_2339) were characterized using unbuffered (MOPS free) carbon-replete medium (10 g/L) (Additional file 4). Consistent with an earlier study , the parental strain had a higher specific growth rate compared to strain LL1210 (Additional file 4a). The final pH for the GS-mutant- and LL1210 cultures were about pH 6.3 and pH 5.9, respectively, whereas the range for the other strains was ~ pH 5.6–5.8 (Additional file 4b). In the unbuffered system, the GS mutant achieved the highest culture turbidity and produced the second highest titer of ethanol after strain LL1210 (2.0 and 2.7 g/L, respectively) (Additional file 4c). The higher final ethanol titers and pH values for strains GS and LL1210 coincided lower levels of residual substrate.
Genes for two orphan histidine kinases previously predicted to be part of the sporulation cascade in C. thermocellum , a pro-σE processing protease and BofA, inhibitor of the stage IV pro-σK processing protease SpoIVFB, were upregulated in C. thermocellum LL1210 at pH 6.24 compared to 6.98 (Additional file 5). To better understand the role of sporulation in the pH response of C. thermcellum, growth and sporulation of strains LL1210, asporogenous strains M1726 (DSM1313 ∆hpt ∆spo0A1) and M1725 (DSM1313 ∆hpt ∆spo0A1 ∆ldh ∆pta), and the DSM1313 ∆hpt parental strain were examined. C. thermocellum sporulation was inefficient, consistent with an earlier study and sporulation-deficient mutant strains had neither a growth advantage or disadvantage at lower pH values for the conditions used in this study (Additional file 5).
The molecular chaperone GrpE (Clo1313_0932) and heat shock protein Hsp 20 (Clo1313_0678) were upregulated (2.0- and 2.2-fold) at pH 6.12, which were previously found to be upregulated after furfural shock and heat shock in C. thermocellum ATCC 27405 . Hsp33 (Clo1313_2544) and MutS (Clo1313_1982) were upregulated at pH 6.24 (2.2- and 2.0-fold, respectively). Hsp33 was previously found to be more highly expressed in cellulose-adhered C. thermocellum ATCC 27405 compared to planktonic cells . At pH 6.12, downregulated genes included one of the annotated Clp protease genes (Clo1313_1116) (0.48-fold), an annotated DNA repair proteins RadC (Clo1313_1465) (0.36-fold), and UvrD (Clo1313_2004) (0.31-fold) and a small subunit of an exodeoxyribonuclease VII (Clo1313_1389) (0.50-fold).
To further investigate the physiological changes that occur at lower pH values, metabolomics was performed to compare intercellular concentrations of metabolites when cells were exposed to pH 6.98, 6.48, 6.24, 6.12, and an additional time point at pH 5.80 (at a lower dilution rate 0.05 h−1). Peak areas for 91 metabolites identified by GS–MS were calculated for comparison (Additional file 6) and 39 of these were significantly higher at one or more of the pH values compared to pH 6.98 (Table 1). Most significantly, higher metabolites in cells at pH 6.24 were nitrogen (N)-containing metabolites that included glutamate, lysine, glycine, and five unknown N-metabolites (Table 1). There were also two unknown phosphate (P)-containing metabolites. Glutamate showed the largest differences in average fold change across all samples tested at lower pH values (Table 1). At pH 6.24, cells contained 267 times more glutamate than cells at pH 6.98 (significant α = 0.05). Intracellular concentrations of glutamate ranged from 0.004 μmol/g pellet at pH 6.98 to 1.798 μmol/g pellet at pH 5.80 (Additional file 6). Concentrations of intercellular valine, alanine, and threonine were also quantified on a μmol/g of pellet basis for comparison with glutamate concentrations. While glutamate and alanine peaked at pH 5.80 (2.660 μmol/g of pellet for alanine), valine and threonine peaked at 6.24 with concentrations of 5.312 and 0.267 μmol/g of pellet, respectively. Long-chain fatty acids, their iso-counterparts and glycerol conjugates accumulated at growth-limiting pH values, pH 6.12 and 5.80 (Table 1). Citramalate accumulated at pH 6.24, 6.12, and 5.80 (Table 1) and an accumulation of glycolysis intermediates 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose 6-phosphate, and glucose at pH values 6.12 and 5.80 was consistent with downregulation of genes for major downstream pathways, malate shunt (Clo1313_0415) and the TCA cycle (Clo1313_0708-9) (Additional file 2).
At pH 6.24, only valine, alanine, and threonine extracellular concentrations were significantly higher than when pH was 6.98 (α = 0.05) (Additional file 7). Asparagine was significantly lower at pH 6.24 compared to 6.98 (α = 0.05). Extracellular glutamate was not significantly different at pH 6.24 compared to 6.98, although it was significantly lower at pH 6.48 compared to 6.24 (α = 0.05). When cells were shocked with pH 6.12 compared to when they were growing at pH 6.98, there were significantly lower concentrations of all detectable extracellular amino acids except methionine (α = 0.05). The amino acids that had the highest average extracellular concentrations in chemostats were valine (1.5 mM at pH 6.24), asparagine (147 μM at pH 6.98), and alanine (104 μM at pH 6.24). The highest average concentration of glutamate was 32 μM (near the limit of detection) at pH 6.24 (Additional file 7). An ABC-type branch-chain amino acid transporter gene (Clo1313_0822) was upregulated at pH 6.24 and 6.12 and ABC-type polar amino acid transport genes (Clo1313_0794-5) were upregulated at pH 6.24 (Additional file 2).
To gain a global perspective on metabolic inhibition at growth-limiting pH values, at and below pH 6.24, key mechanisms and responses for pH homeostasis were summarized (Fig. 3). A key feature of the physiological response at lower pH values was changes in expression for use and conservation of ATP. At pH 6.24, LL1210 increased expression of its F1F0-ATPase (Fig. 2). The F1F0-ATPase likely pumps protons to maintain pH homeostasis by ATP hydrolysis as is the case of many other neutrophiles . Competing uses for ATP included valine transport, chaperones protecting cytoplasmic macromolecules from acid damage, and assimilation of ammonium by GS, GOGAT, and GLDH (Table 1, Additional file 2). ATP is also consumed by fatty acid biosynthesis (Table 1, Fig. 2), but there are many metabolites and downregulated genes for this aspect of metabolism. Therefore, it was omitted from Fig. 3, with the exception of biosynthesis pathways for valine and leucine, which are precursors for biosynthesis of iso-fatty acids. The accumulation of fatty acids and iso- derivatives may improve the capacity cytoplasmic membrane to repel protons, but adjustments to membrane lipid composition in response to an increase in proton concentrations are diverse among bacteria and not well understood . Though fatty acid adjustments may have reduced membrane permeability to protons, downregulation of fatty acid biosynthesis genes suggests that ATP conservation was more important. Other gene expression changes that decrease ATP consumption include downregulation of sulfate and nitrate ABC transporter and reduction genes and 80 putative flagella biosynthesis and motility genes (listed in Additional file 2). Reduction of proton influx may also have been achieved through downregulation of gene expression for proton-channeling motility proteins MotAB (Clo1313_0056-7) at pH 6.24 (Fig. 2) . The putative proton-pumping PPi-ase (Clo1313_0823) was constitutively and highly expressed at all pH values. Accumulation of intercellular phosphate at pH 5.80 (Table 1) may have been due to PPi-ase activity, ATP hydrolysis or other cellular activities. Another possibility is that collapse of the membrane gradient would have made PPi hydrolysis to free phosphate much more thermodynamically favorable via the membrane-bound PPi-ase. Both reduction of proton influx through MotAB and proton-pumping through the putative PPi-ase would allow more ATP conservation.
Clostridium thermocellum strain LL1210 has deletions in key genes for metabolic pathways to produce acetate, lactate, formate, and H2, and it has among the highest reported ethanol yields and titers for this bacterium. LL1210 grew at pH 6.24 at a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. At pH values at or below 6.24, we observed gene expression patterns and metabolite levels consistent with five pH homeostasis mechanisms used by C. thermocellum LL1210, namely (i) proton pumping by F1F0-ATPase, (ii) macromolecule protection by chaperones, and (iii) prevention of proton influx through MotAB were mechanisms supported by changes in gene expression (Fig. 2, Additional file 2); (iv) proton pumping by PPi-ases was supported by metabolomics (Table 1); and (v) changes in membrane fatty acid composition was supported by both techniques (Fig. 2, Additional file 2, Table 1).
Differential expression analysis at pH 6.24 revealed that the F1F0-ATPase genes were upregulated (Fig. 2), consistent with a model that the bacterium uses F1F0-ATPases to pump-protons at the expense of ATP (Fig. 3). Increased expression and activity of F1F0-ATPases are associated with pH tolerance in several other bacteria challenged with sublethal pH conditions [29, 30, 38]. In addition to the F1F0-ATPase system, proton-pumping may be possible via a constitutively and highly expressed putative proton-pumping PPi-ase (Clo1313_0823) (top 9% of genes) [39, 40]. Rhodospirillum rubrum and plant proton-pumping PPi-ases are reversible and the C. thermocellum proton-pumping PPi-ase has been proposed to be important in energy metabolism in this organism ; further studies are required to experimentally test the function in C. thermocellum. Many ATP-utilizing enzymes and pathways were downregulated at lower pH, which included most of the flagella biosynthesis genes, genes for chemotaxis, and other motility-related genes (> 50) as well as sulfate transport and reduction, nitrate transport and nitrogen fixation, and fatty acid biosynthesis genes (Fig. 2, Additional file 2). Genes for sulfate transport/reduction and for nitrogen metabolism have shown differential expression in response to stresses [36, 52] and their roles in maintaining homeostasis and for channeling electrons to augment biofuels productively could better understood through modeling, biochemistry and genetic studies. In this study, clustered and enriched gene ontologies (GO) analyses indicate genes for enzymes using ATP had inverse differential expression patterns compared to F1F0-ATPase genes, which suggests metabolism is redirected to conserve energy (Fig. 2). Indeed, maintaining ∆pH and protecting macromolecules takes precedence over many reactions since critical enzymes for growth cannot function if they are damaged. In addition to a direct burden on ATP, flagella motility may have an indirect burden since protons channeled into the cell through MotAB would need to be pumped back out by to maintain pH homeostasis. Therefore, motAB downregulation at pH 6.24 would support pH homeostasis (Additional file 2, Fig. 3).
Genes involved in polyamine transport and biosynthesis were differentially expressed at lower pH, suggesting a potential functional role for these compounds in pH tolerance. Specifically, the transporter (Clo1313_1471-5) and SAM decarboxylase gene (Clo1313_1509) were upregulated (Additional file 2). Medium supplementation with polyamines or arginine (a polyamine precursor) did not significantly improve growth or enable C. thermocellum to ferment to a lower terminal pH value compared to unsupplemented fermentations (Additional file 3). Instead, a functional role for stabilization of tRNAs during translation matches well with polyamine biosynthesis and transport gene expression profiles clustering with expression profiles of genes for tRNAs, tRNA modification proteins, rRNA, ribosomal proteins, ribosomal maturation factors, and translational initiation factors (Fig. 2, Additional file 2). Upregulation of translational machinery, tRNAs, and the polyamines that stabilize them, is likely a regulatory response to the abundance of available carbon at pH-limited growth.
Genes involved in sporulation were upregulated at pH 6.24 in chemostat culture. Interestingly, strain LL1210 has a mutation in one of the two copies of the spo0A gene that results in an amino acid change ; Spo0A is generally the master regulator of sporulation, and the role of this mutation has not been established. However, examination of sporulation in different genetic backgrounds at acidic pH fermentation demonstrated that C. thermocellum is inefficient at sporulation, and that LL1210 is similar to the wild type strain. Further, a growth advantage for sporulation mutants in acidic, MOPS-free, carbon-replete medium was not observed (Additional file 5), suggesting that a programmed metabolic shutdown via sporulation is not a major driver of sensitivity to low pH.
Nitrogen metabolism was strongly effected at lower pH values, resulting in increased secretion of amino acids including valine and alanine, which has been seen in other studies [8, 18], and also intracellular accumulation of glutamate with minimal secretion (Table 1, Additional files 5, 7). Some neutrophilic bacteria express glutamate decarboxylase in response to pH stress to convert glutamate into γ-aminobutyric acid; the decarboxylation reaction consumes protons from the cytoplasm which reduces intercellular pH . Heterologous expression of a glutamate decarboxylase in C. thermocellum LL1210 could make use of the accumulating intracellular glutamate, possibly enabling steady-state growth at pH values less than 6.25 with a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. Glutamate decarboxylases with pH and temperature ranges suitable for C. thermocellum have already been characterized [44, 45], and heterologous expression of glutamate decarboxylase genes with enhanced production of γ-aminobutyric acid in distantly related organisms has been demonstrated . Urease is another target for improvement of pH tolerance in C. thermocellum. Urease activity in neutrophilic bacteria produces ammonia which is protonated intercellularly or exported and protonated to form ammonium thereby raising intracellular or extracellular pH . The urease genes had low expression in LL1210 at all pH values sampled (Additional file 2) in urea-containing growth medium. Previous work has showed that the parental strain (DSM1313 Δhpt) also had low urease expression in urea-containing fermentation medium, but that deletion of the GS gene caused significant upregulation of urease genes . Consistent with higher expression of the urease genes, higher terminal pH was also previously observed for the GS-mutant fermentations compared to the parental strain fermentations . It remains to be determined if higher urease expression increases C. thermocellum’s intracellular pH and enables steady-state growth at pH values below 6.25 with a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. The GS mutant had less residual cellobiose and glucose in unbuffered medium than LL1210 and other nitrogen assimilation mutant strains tested (Additional file 4). Therefore, deletion of the GS in LL1210 might also improve substrate utilization and reduce or eliminate the need for buffering fermentation media.
Clostridium thermocellum LL1210 can grow under slightly acidic conditions, similar to limits reported for related C. thermocellum strains. In nature, C. thermocellum may be exposed to acidic pH values, and if it is, metabolism will slow or the bacterium could sporulate, which are not aligned with industrial processes. This foundational study provides a detailed characterization of a relatively acid-intolerant bacterium and provides genetic targets for strain improvement. Future studies should examine adding gene functions used by more acid-tolerant bacteria for improved pH homeostasis at acidic pH values.
Clostridium thermocellum strains DSM1313 ∆hpt , LL1210 , M1726 (LL376) , M1725 (LL375) , and AG1329 were used in this study. The GLDH (Clo1313_1847), GOGAT (Clo1313_2032-6), GS–GOGAT (Clo1313_2031-6), and a nifH (Clo1313_2339) strain were deleted in a C. thermocellum DSM1313 ∆hpt background to create AG1327, AG1328, AG2068, and AG2078, respectively. Mutants were constructed using the procedures described in detail [49, 50]. Strains are available upon request. Primers used to construct strain AG2078 and other strains used in this study as well as SNPs identified from genome sequencing are provided in Additional file 8. Strains were stored frozen at − 80 °C in a modified version of DSM 122 medium, referred to as CTFUD , that contains 50 mM of MOPS (morpholinepropanesulfonic acid) and 10 mM of sodium citrate. Actively growing cultures were transferred twice from freezer stocks prior to batch fermentation experiments and inocula were 2% of the final volume. Cells were routinely cultured at 55 °C in either 50 ml (160 ml serum bottles) or 10 ml (26 ml Balch tubes) of MTC medium as described earlier , except that MOPS was omitted in this study. The LL1210 strain was also cultured in 1 ml volumes in a 48-well plate reader (Biotek Eon, Winooski, VT, USA) inside a Coy anaerobic chamber kept at 55 °C with growth data collected at OD600 nm every 15 min. Growth in MTC-containing 100 μM of spermine (AC132750010, Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH, USA), spermidine (S0266, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), putrescine (AC112120250, Fisher Scientific) or arginine (A5006, Sigma-Aldrich) was assessed in plate reader assays.
Strain LL1210 was grown at 55 °C in duplicate 750 ml (total vessel capacity 1.3 L) chemostat cultures using water-jacketed BioFlo110 bioreactors (New Brunswick Scientific, Edison, NJ, USA), essentially as described previously in another C. thermocellum chemostat study , except that the medium contained 3 g/L of cellobiose as the carbon source. Briefly, the MTC medium was MOPS free and fed at a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1, except where noted, for 1058 h. Temperature, pH, and agitation speed were monitored and controlled during fermentation using the BioCommand software (version 2.62). Gel-reference pH electrodes Mettler-Toledo (Woburn, MA) calibration, accuracy checks and pH control were maintained as described earlier , except that 1 N HCl and 3 N KOH were used for acid and base additions, respectively. Recalibration of the bioreactor probes was performed at 546 h after pH drifted by 0.08 and 0.12. Samples for omics were taken in 50 ml volumes; then harvested and stored as described in . For transcriptomics, two samples were taken from different chemostats at pH 6.48 and 6.12, and for pH values 6.98 and 6.24 biological duplicates and two technical replicates separated by at least one change of vessel medium were collected. For intracellular metabolomics, samples were taken immediately after transcriptomic samples, and additional biological duplicate samples were taken at pH 5.8 for metabolomics only. Culture turbidity was measured taking optical density readings at 600 nm using a Genesys 20 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).
Cells were enumerated using a modified version of the direct cell counting procedure described in . Briefly, 1 ml of culture samples were preserved for up to 1 week in 0.025 mg/ml (final concentration) paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich,). Cells were diluted 1:1000 with 0.9% (m/v) saline solution and stained with 25 nM 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (final concentration), immobilized to a 1.5 cm diameter section of a black MilliQ filter, and then imaged with a Zeiss Axio Imager.M1 with a Plan Apochromat 63×/1.4 Oil Immersion objective and X-Cite Series 120 Exfo fluorescence power source (Carl Zeiss, Germany). 8-bit images were imported into ImageJ (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) for manual or automated counting. Manual counting was performed with the cell counter plugin, and automated counting was performed with JAVA scripts (Additional file 1) which assumed cells were visible at a % Area (saturation threshold) of 1% (± 0.1%) with a particle size greater than 5 pixels after binary images had been processed with Watershed. Spherical morphologies were assumed to have a particle size range of 20–200 pixels and circularity of 0.85–1.00 for conservative estimates, and a particle size range of 50–100 pixels and circularity of 0.95–1.00 for liberal estimates. Automated parameters were validated with manual counts of 24 images. Stepwise calculations of standard deviation of progressively more sample counts were performed to ensure the count variance plateaued. Highly refractive mature spores were also observed by light microscopy after heat fixing to 20 μl of stationary cells to glass slides.
Extracellular fermentation product samples for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were collected and processed as described in . HPLC data were generated using a Shimadzu Prominence LC-20A Series system (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD) fitted with a refractive index detector (model RID-20A) and an Aminex HPX 87H HPLC column (300 × 7.8 mm) (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Dallas, TX, USA) against known standards for cellobiose, glucose, ethanol, acetate, lactate, and formate. Intracellular metabolite fold changes and select metabolite concentrations were determined using a 5975C inert XL gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) . Extracellular amino acid concentrations were quantified by an Aracus Amino Acid Analyzer (membraPure, Berlin, Germany) . Two-tailed paired T tests were performed to determine if amino acid concentrations were significantly different. Homoscedasticity was confirmed by performing Breusch–Pagan and Abridged White’s tests prior to performing T tests.
Total RNA was isolated from 50 ml of chemostat sample using the procedures described in , and quantity and quality were determined using a Nanodrop instrument (ThermoFisher Scientific Waltham, MA). Depletion, library preparation and sequencing were completed at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI, Walnut Creek, CA). In short, 100 ng of total RNA was depleted of ribosomal material using a Ribo-Zero (TM) rRNA Removal Kit (Epicentre). The rRNA depleted RNA was fragmented and reversed transcribed using random hexamers and SSII (Invitrogen) followed by second strand synthesis. Stranded cDNA libraries were generated using the Illumina Truseq Stranded RNA LT kit, following the manufactures protocols, using ten cycles of PCR. qPCR was used to determine the concentration of the libraries. Libraries were pooled and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform with version 2 chemistry in a 2 × 151 bp configuration (JGI, Walnut Creek, CA; Project ID 503106). Fastq files were verified for integrity by checksum and read quality checked using FastQC . RNAseq reads were trimmed using Trimmomatic MAXINFO method with target length and strictness parameters set to 40 and 0.8, respectively . Reads were mapped to C. thermocellum DSM1313 (NC_017304, last modified 2015/07/30) using Bowtie2 with the same parameters as the very-sensitive preset option expect the number of mismatches was set to 1 [57, 58], and reads were counted with HTSeq . Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to check for sample variation using JMP Genomics 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Differential expression analysis was performed with DESeq 2 . Genes were considered significantly differential expressed when their adjusted p values were less than or equal to 0.05 and log2-fold change values were ≥ 1 or ≤ 1. Raw RNA-seq data have been deposited in NCBI SRA under project number PRJNA395926. PCA plots, raw counts, RPKM normalized gene counts, and differential expression are provided in Additional file 2. Genes found to be differentially expressed at pH 6.48, 6.23, and pH 6.12 compared to pH 6.98 were clustered by their expression patterns using the K-means cluster procedure in JMP Genomics 8. Fisher’s exact test was then performed on 7 of the 9 K-means clusters to identify enriched GO terms. Prior to this analysis, GO terms were identified for the entire C. thermocellum DSM1313 genome using the standard workflow in Blast2GO 4.1.5 .
JMW designed and conducted experiments, analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. J-WM contributed to chemostat cultivation and sampling. MRJr contributed to chemostat cultivation and sampling, and HPLC analysis. NLE generated metabolomics data. DMK extracted RNA. TR generated and analyzed extracellular amino acid data and constructed the nifH mutant. MMA contributed nifH mutant construction. TJT analyzed metabolomics data. AMG oversaw nifH mutant construction, assisted with data interpretation and manuscript preparation. SDB designed experiments, analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work is supported by the BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), which is a US Department of Energy Bioenergy Research Center supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the DOE Office of Science. ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, for the DOE under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. RNA-Seq data were generated by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, a DOE Office of Science User Facility, is supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
The manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, preparation of the manuscript, or the decision to submit the work for publication. The publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).
This work is supported by the BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), which is a US Department of Energy Bioenergy Research Center supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the DOE Office of Science. ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, for the DOE under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.
13068_2018_1095_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx Additional file 1. Data logs, substrate and product concentrations, internal and external pH readings, and media formulation for chemostat reactor cultures of C. thermocellum LL1210.
13068_2018_1095_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx Additional file 2. Raw and processed read counts, alignment statistics, log2-fold changes in the gene expression, and K-means clusters and GO enrichment of differentially expressed genes from samples taken from C. thermocellum LL1210 cultured in chemostats at pH values 6.98, 6.48, pH 6.24, and pH 6.12 (washout conditions). Gene expression at pH 6.98 was used as a reference for differential expression at lower pH values.
13068_2018_1095_MOESM3_ESM.docx Additional file 3: Figure S1. Average optical density at wave-length 600nm (A and C) and average terminal pH (B and D) of C. thermocellum LL1210 cultured in 48-well plates. OD600nm readings were taken automatically every 15 min in a microplate spectrophotometer (Biotek Eon, Winooski, VT) kept in an anaerobic chamber. Only 3-h time points are shown. Nine hundred microliters of inoculated medium was mixed with 100 μl of uninoculated medium supplemented with spermine, spermidine, or putrescine (polyamines), or arginine (polyamine precursor) so that the final concentration was 100 μM. Initial culture pH was 7.00 (A and B) or 6.75 (C and D). Averages were calculated from at least three biological replicates. Error bars indicate standard deviation and are colored the same as the amendments in the legend. Table S1. Average and standard deviation of maximum and terminal optical densities (600nm) and specific growth rate of C. thermocellum LL1210 cultured in media with and without amendments and having initial pHs of 7.00 and 6.75.
13068_2018_1095_MOESM4_ESM.docx Additional file 4: Figure S2. Average growth (A), terminal pH (B), and remaining substrates and products at the end of C. thermocellum-mutant strain fermentations of cellobiose in MOPS-free carbon-replete medium (C). Averages were computed with data from four biological replicates. Error bars in each graph indicate standard deviation. Some error bars are too small to see. Deletion mutants are designated as LL1210 (hydrogenase maturation protein, lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate formate lyase, phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase), GLDH (glutamate dehydrogenase), GS (glutamine synthetase), GOGAT (glutamate synthase), GS-GOGAT (both), and NifH (nitrogenase iron protein). The parental strain designated DSM1313 has a deletion in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase.
13068_2018_1095_MOESM5_ESM.docx Additional file 5: Figure S3. Differential expression of genes found in Clostridia sporulation cascades. pro-σE processing protease is a stage III sporulation factor. BofA is an inhibitor of the stage IV pro-σK processing protease SpoIVFB. Table S2. Percentage of spherical morphologies 144 and 216 h after inoculation. Figure S4. Substrates and products (A) and the pH (B) after 144 and 216 h of C. thermocellum-mutant fermentations on MOPS-free carbon-replete medium starting with an initial pH of 6.75. Significant differences at α = 0.001 for comparisons with DSM1313 (∆hpt) are indicated with a “*” and comparisons with DSM1313 (∆hpt) and LL1210 are indicated with “**”. Averages were calculated with six biological replicates. Error bars indicate standard deviation.
13068_2018_1095_MOESM6_ESM.xlsx Additional file 6: Table S3. Fold changes of intercellular metabolite there were significantly higher or lower in concentration at growth-limiting pHs.
13068_2018_1095_MOESM7_ESM.xlsx Additional file 7. Extracellular amino acid concentrations in media from C. thermocellum LL1210 chemostats that were sampled when pH values were pH 6.48, pH 6.24, pH 6.12, and below. Demonstrations of data homoscedasticity for T tests.
13068_2018_1095_MOESM8_ESM.docx Additional file 8: Table S4. Strains and primers used in this study.
Andrews S. FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. 2010. http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc. Accessed 5 Feb 2016.
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2019-04-18T23:21:15Z
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https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-018-1095-y
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Prehistoric facts are often seen as the truth, or regimes of truth, that can be easily established by a combination of power and perceived knowledge. This suggests that the perceived roots of conflict and terrorism are often enshrined in subjective historical realities, established through relative facts and the construction of the regimes of truth. This article has been connoted in five major offshoots.
Firstly, this section describes prehistoric conditions from three religious points of view (Jews, Muslims and Christians) which have been concocted to modern political doctrines (Zionism, Palestinianism, Pan-Arabism etc.) in the construction of conflict. Arab people involved in the war on behalf of Palestinians because of having envisioned pan-Arabism near the greater Syria.
Secondly, this section deals with the four major Arab-Israel wars in 1947, 1956, 1967 and 1973 in the Middle East. Israel has become independent country following the 1st Arab-Israel war and Palestinian established PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization in 1964). United Nations has passed resolutions on the solution to the conflict for several times as dominant peace treaties were signed such Camp David treaty in 1978 following those UN Resolutions .Israel attacked in Lebanon and Iraq in 1982 following their ‘pre-emptive and pro-active policy’.
Thirdly, this section deals with the processes of the declaration of war of independence by Palestinians through the Intifada (mass uprising) in 1987 and 2001 under the leadership of Hamas (a political organization). In the mid time of these two mass uprising, there were signed peace treaty such as Oslo accord in 1993, Wye River treaty in 1998, Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandums in 1999 and The Roadmap for Peace in 2003 as efforts to resolve the conflict following dominant UN Resolution 242 and 339 particularly.
Fourthly, this section deals with major factors of war eruption in 2014 between Israel and Palestine following previous political complexities.
Fifthly, several kinds of optimistic solutions have been proposed in resolving this conflict which may conducive to both countries.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, issued December 23 2016, codified the growing concern on the part of the Quartet members that Israeli settlement expansion in the West Bank was eroding the viability of a two state solution. As referenced in the text of the resolution, the construction of settlements over the 1949 armistice lines is both a violation of Israel’s obligations as an occupying power and in contradiction to UN Security Council Resolution 242, which establishes those lines as the basis for a negotiated settlement between the parties to the conflict.
While the resolution was welcomed as an important affirmation of those principles, this article questions whether the quest for peace and Palestinian self-determination might be better served by recognizing Israeli settlement as a fait accompli and crafting a new process based on the terms of settlement outlined in UN General Assembly Resolution 181. Unlike UN security council resolution 242, which is premised on the territorial integrity of sovereign states, the 1947 “partition plan” was based on the assumption that the conflict could only be resolved by assuring both parties meaningful exercise of self-determination within the boundaries of Mandatory Palestine.
The terms of the 1947 partition plan, which incorporate the findings of the UN Special Commission on Palestine and earlier efforts like the 1937 Peel commission, focus less on the establishment of borders and more on the mechanisms of government, modalities of cooperation and protections for minority rights that would follow the independence of two sovereign, but interdependent states.
This paper argues that a return to those principles would liberate the peace process from the zero-sum terms outlined in UN security council resolution 242 and acknowledge the source of the conflict is the competition between rival identity groups within what would be effectively recognized as a single, binational state.
The paper – based on a series of confidential, track-two dialogues between current and former Israeli and Palestinian officials and academics which took place in London under the auspices of BICOM – will (a) map the factors leading to the erosion of the classic bilateral paradigm of a negotiated two state solution, (b) map the three main alternative approaches to moving forwards towards a two state reality – a regional framework, constructive unilateralism, and Israeli-Palestinian confederation – and (c) claim that a new ‘hybrid’ strategy, drawing creatively and strategically upon all four strategies is now the most likely way to make progress.
A variety of reasons for the weakening the relevance of the paradigm of bilateral negotiations are explored. These include Israeli political paralysis and the strengthening of the right-wing, the institutional weakness and geographical and ideological divisions among the Palestinians, and the absence of trust compounded by numerous failed negotiations processes. Moreover, continuing regional chaos, a new American administration likely to prioritise other domestic, regional and global issues, and the EU beset by domestic challenges, suggests no significant external intervention is anticipated in the short term.
The paper will argue that returning to the classic bilateral negotiation model without prior agreement on parameters is not worthwhile. ‘One more heave’ won’t do. However, the paper’s central claim is that there is potential for a ‘hybrid’ model which draws creatively upon components from four models of Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking: bilateral negotiations focused on agreed parameters; a regional framework; constructive unilateralism; and Israeli-Palestinian confederation.
Such a model would involve a regional framework for a peace process composed of a strategically creative deployment of genuinely constructive, and sometimes coordinated, unilateralism, and bilateral negotiations that move from framework agreements through incremental implementation to final status talks.
The advantage of such a model lies in its combination of designing a political horizon or endpoint while harnessing the flexibility of constructive unilateralism, which might begin on a small-scale. Moving away from sequential to parallel incentives, as the Arab League has recently done in the Arab Peace Initiative, and shedding the mantra of ‘nothing is agreed until everything is agreed’, would also introduce more flexibility into the process. Moreover, seemingly radical proposals found within the confederative model – such as allowing some Israeli settlers to remain in a Palestinian state with a similar number of Palestinian refugees residing in Israel – may also form part of this model, helping to resolve some hitherto intractable core issues.
Several difficulties of a ‘hybrid’ strategy are anticipated and addressed.
Debate on the Middle East peace process has traditionally been focused on the need for a negotiated solution based upon the agreement of both Israel and Palestine. Although a consensual way out is desirable, facts on the ground make it more and more difficult to materialize.
This paper explores the possibility of a non-negotiated solution imposed by the Security Council (SC). This would mainly consist of a demarcation by the SC of the border between the two. For this purpose, the SC should take the stances of both Palestine and Israel and the rules of international law on the issue of territorial disputes into account. However, it should be mainly guided by what is the demarcation that better serves the interests of peace, even if that is contrary to the interests of one or both parties or to the rules of international law on the issue.
The power of the SC to act against or beyond international law rules is increasingly acknowledged. There is a strong argument that the SC has been over the decades not merely “messing up” with treaty law but also with customary international law. In addition, it has become increasingly clear that SC decisions bind every actor of the international order, irrespective of their membership in the UN. This is in accord with article 2 (7): although ‘[n]othing in the […] Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state […] this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII’. It is also in tune with article 2 (6): ‘[t]he Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security’. These provisions are ‘a consequence of the fact that the purpose of the United Nations […] is not only to maintain peace within the Organisation but within the whole international community’.
A territorial dispute is normally not only a matter that does not lie within the sovereignty of any one single state but is also a situation that very rapidly can turn into a threat to peace. This explains why the SC has already in the past determined proprio motu the boundary between two states in the case of Iraq-Kuwait. Resolution 687 (1991) therefore serves as a good example of what should be the main features of a resolution on the Israel-Palestine issue.
The bottom-line argument is that there is no inherent reason which prevents the SC – in the face of a threat to peace arising from the Israeli-Palestinian problem – to settle a permanent border between the two, impose that settlement on all state and non-state actors alike and try to deal away with the problem for good. The contention can actually be put forward that this threat already exists. Thus, the Charter’s procedural conditions for the SC to immediately act have already been met.
In the post- Oslo peace accords era, especially following Yassir Arafat’s death on the one hand and the hegemonic right- wing shift in internal Israeli politics on the other hand, a “conflict- management” approach instead of conflict resolution is prevalent. The question is whether the conflict management approach might be proven suitable, possibly under different political conditions in Israel or is inherently inefficient to provide a viable solution.
In order to answer this question it is useful to examine comparatively a different case of division and occupation which has been dealt in the framework of conflict management, namely that of Cyprus. While the conflict in Cyprus has not been resolved, it remains frozen for the past 43 years, with a very small number of violent incidents. On such a basis it could be argued that the “freezing” of a conflict or in other words the conflict management approach might be more suitable, in order to gain time until tension eases.
In principle that could be an efficient approach for the Israeli- Palestinian conflict as well. However, the inherent and structural dynamics within and around the Israeli- Palestinian conflict, contrary to the issue of Cyprus, rule out such an option as viable. Conflict management can be suitable in cases where a minimum of security on the ground is guaranteed for all sides, the regional framework influencing the conflict discourages violent confrontation, the balance of power is not too disproprtionate in favor of one side and the grievances between the populations involved have eased. Therefore when in terms of international relations, existing polities, balance of power and mass psychology, the motive not to resort to violent confrontation overweights the contradictory tendency.
In the case of the Israeli- Palestinian conflict though, none of these conditions is present. The Palestinian populations do not enjoy practically any security guarantees, given the continuing occupation; the balance of power leans disproportionally in favor of Israel; public grievances between the two populations are high and even further the regional framework is dominated by a violent process of regime and state- borders change.
Therefore, structurally and inherently, the conflict- management approach towards the Israeli- Palestinian conflict is deemed to fail. Even worse what appears as conflict- management is in fact an one- sided and in violation of international law and Oslo accords, conflict resolution process, through the de facto expansion of the Israeli state and the destruction of all possibilities for a viable Palestinian state. This condition has become fundamental of Israeli state policy, leading inevitably to escalating confrontation.
The Middle East in the past five years has been in instability and political change. The “Most Dangerous and Complicated Region on Earth”, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict’s need of the hour is a peaceful settlement. This endless conflict can be replaced by a peaceful future. The hopes of Arab Spring have been replaced by the Syrian civil war, problems in Iraq, the failure of the Lebanese state, anarchy in Libya and Yemen and recently the rise of the deadly Islamic State. The dilemma of Israeli policy is how to deal with the Syrian crisis, where the major threat from Islamic State is based. Jordan is also pressurizing Israel to accept Palestinian statehood. Now, Israel’s the most important policy dilemma is how to deal with Syrian crisis.
Trump’s proposal is for Jerusalem to be recognized as Israel’s capital and prepare for structural changes in Middle East policies. However, his immigration order to seven Muslim countries can affect the Middle East peace process. Another important factor is Iran’s support of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic jihad which has turned into Israel-Palestinian conflict. As of now, the Iran and Syrian support to Hamas is disrupted due to Syrian civil war. Israel is also facing the problem of Palestine issue, national security challenges and hostility from a large part of the Arab and Muslim world. Israel has to deal with Hizballah and Hamas as a potential future conflict. Mohamad Abbas, the leader of the Palestinian Authority oppose resorting of armed conflict. There are also prospects of uprising of Hamas and groups closer to Fatah to launch a military action against Israel. The regional challenges and opportunities are that Israel has limited choice at regional level. As Erdogan is interested in trade and economic relations, it has little prospect of improving relations with Israel. There is a concern that rises of jihadist current in regional politics. Israel and Sisi’s Egypt have also common interest in the Sinai Peninsula and in the Gaza Strip. Iran’s support to Hamas and Palestinian Islamic jihad is significant for Israel and Palestinian conflict. Turkey has also political and diplomatic support to Hamas. The Iranian and Syria’s support to Hama has been disrupted due to Syrian civil war. The two successful peace accords Camp David and Oslo accord to be followed for bringing peace. By this way, the vision of “Two State Solution” can become reality. The proactive involvement of Arab States can give crucial ladder. The lack of internal consensus between two major Palestinian groups Hamas and Fatah becomes challenging for peace process. Israel also do not trust Palestinians and are not willing to make any concession because security is most important issue to them as threat posed by Hamas on Israel civilians.
The UN’s resolution 2334 has confirmed the gaping hole between the consensus of the international community and the realities on the ground. On the one hand, the resolution sanctifies the legal and international framework for future settlement as two states based on the 1967 borders. This strengthens the Palestinian leadership’s adhesion to a national struggle, while the option of a human rights struggle that many have hoped for has been significantly weakened. The resolution is also quite explicit in rejecting the tactic of acquiring territory by settlement. Netanyahu’s dream of sharing the West Bank with a puppet Palestinian state suffered what may be a terminal blow.
So much for what has happened in the realm of international law, agreements and the future of negotiations. The realities on the ground, on the other hand, are very much becoming those of a single polity. The number of settlers increases by the day, and the political impossibility of evacuating even the tiniest of settlements is now a basic constraint to any solution. With or without formal annexation of some areas of the West Bank, the Israeli government is purposefully tying the economies of the West Bank and Israel’s in ways that have not been seen since the 1980s.
“Two States One Homeland” is an Israeli and Palestinian civil society group that believes that it has a solution to this apparently impossible puzzle. Here is the vision in all its simplicity: the local reality is of a single Homeland – that is, an organised, coherent and cherished geographic entity. But there is nothing about a State that says that two of them cannot simultaneously occupy a single Homeland. Two sovereign states could still recognise the right of citizens of Palestine, including current refugees, to reside in Israel and the right of citizens of Israel, including the current settlers, to reside in what would become the Palestinian state. The states will be separate, but will also be deeply interdependent, and the intensity of the interdependence will require many joint political, legal and economic institutions.
Two States One Homeland tries to bridge the gap between the international commitment to two states and the mixed demographic and economic realities. There will have to be two states based on the 1967 borders. This is, and will be, the only game in town as far as the international community is concerned. But both states would have mixed demographic structures, a shared, undivided capital city, and they would recognise their tight economic and environmental interdependence. In effect, open borders are a practical necessity for any implementation of the two state solution.
Two States One Homeland not only offers a truly pragmatic approach to the material and demographic aspects of partitioning an indivisible land, but also recognises that the land is both shared and plural. This vision does not absolve Israel of moral blame and legal responsibility. But, fundamentally, long term reconciliation can only come through ensuring the equality of all those who live on the land, as well as recognition of both collective national aspirations within the territory.
In Belgium, federalism is seen as an institutional way to pacify the lingering conflict between the country’s two main communities, the Flemings (Dutch-speaking) and the French-speaking. Don’t be mistaken, even though the Belgian conflict has a nonviolent nature, a permanent climate of polarization between the culturally and linguistically different groups exists. In 1970, grave tensions between Flemings and French-speaking led to the demise of the unitary state of Belgium and the creation of a federal state. A combination of self-rule (regional government) and shared rule (federal government) proved the right recipe to sufficiently pacify intercommunity relations to prevent violence and bloodshed. The Belgian model of federalism is asymmetric i.e. often multiple federated entities exercise competences over a same territory. In bilingual Brussels for example, not only the federal government, but also the Flemish and the Frenchspeaking community are competent to build schools.
Of course the grave inequality between the deeply divided communities in Israel/Palestine raise legitimate questions concerning the comparability with the Belgian situation. Yet, however different the cases may be, important similarities are numerous. Both Belgium and Israel-Palestine are binational states made up of two main communities with very different and often opposed aspirations. Belgium and Israel/Palestine are also almost the same size geographically and have a similar population density. Moreover, Brussels, much like Jerusalem, is a contested city claimed by both Flemings and French-speaking as their capital. Brussels enjoys a special autonomous status within the Belgian federalist framework, with a combination of self-rule and control of the two communities over the city. With regard to the self-rule, institutional mechanisms are put in place to protect the Flemish minority of Brussels. Conversely, on the federal level the French-speaking minority (40%) enjoys constitutional guarantees against unilateral action by the Flemish majority (60%). The Belgian constitution created a tradition of consensus politics by impeding decision-making by (linguistic) majority rule.
The central research question is simple and broad: What would an Israeli-Palestinian federation based on the Belgian model look like? The paper will briefly describe the key aspects of the Belgian federal system and consequently analyze whether these aspects should or should not be integrated in a possible federal solution for Israel-Palestine. These key aspects include: personal or territorial federalism, symmetric or asymmetric federalism, division of competences, hierarchy of norms, protection of minorities, financing and the capital. Specifically the status of Brussels deserves additional attention as it serves as a model for a possible solution of the Jerusalem-issue. Without disregarding the fundamental differences between the Belgian context and the Israeli-Palestinian situation, the paper will put forward a model for a possible future federal state Israel/Palestine, based on several aspects of the Belgian federal system.
9. Can Asymmetrical Constitutional Arrangements Provide an Alternative Answer for the Disputed?
Most traditional federal theory remains rooted in a notion that asymmetrical arrangements in federal states are considered rather exceptional. Contemporary research in asymmetrical federalism points that traditional federal theory suffers from limitations, mainly concerning three matters. The first is that traditional federal theory fails to trail evolution in the internal structure of states. The second is that traditional federal theory bases this argument on uninational federal systems. The third is that traditional federal theory proposes symmetry as an essential integrative part of federal states. Such a construction of federal system cannot be expected to deal with, at least not effectively, confronting challenges with regard to a change in the understanding of autonomy claims.
This is especially true for systems such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Kingdom of Belgium, the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, and the United Kingdom. Contemporary literature stresses that traditional federal theory fails to recognize that features of asymmetrical federalism are identifiable, although sometimes covert, in quasi-federal states, regionalized unitary states, and even in a transnational setting. This is closely linked to the understating federalism as a process. Besides this, many of these systems are multinational in their essence. Threatened by autonomy claims from different subnational entities, these states accommodate these claims through the employment of asymmetrical solutions that are put into practice to hold the state together, thus bringing forth new types of federal systems.
Contemporary federal theory indicates that recent federal systems are fragmenting and multinational states that produce asymmetrical responses to differences. To that end, the more comprehensive approach is needed to research contemporary asymmetrical arrangements as a mechanism for diversity accommodation in multinational societies. In spite of the potential harmful effects, asymmetry still remains an option for diversity accommodation (Burgess, 2009) as it allows an opportunity to compromise (Wolff, 2011). As the choice for constitutional asymmetries implies a rejection of (coercive) homogenization, asymmetry upholds the power to choose which prevents the system from falling into decay (McGarry and L’Leary, 2012). This suggests that asymmetrical solutions are often required in federal systems, as well as that a certain degree of the asymmetry may provide grounds for the sustainability of the system (Delmartino, 2009). Having asymmetry at a disposal provides a flexibility in the institutional design process, which includes (sequential) accommodation processes (Wolff, 2011).
The first aim of this paper is to respond to these theoretical challenges by establishing a new theoretical framework based on a notion of multi-tiered multinational systems that experience constitutional asymmetries. The second aim of this paper is to apply this framework in identifying when asymmetrical solutions may be an alternative solution in disputed territories, such as in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The methodology consists of conventional methods that combine legal analysis with political science, aimed at the elaboration of the theoretical framework, comparative analysis, and desk-study and legal analysis.
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2019-04-22T12:26:25Z
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https://csips.org/workshops-and-conferencesmepc2017abstracts/
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Try your luck gold prospecting and gold panning at the these Northern and Southern CALIFORNIA locations.
Nobody likes a claim jumper, so watch for posted claims and pan only at sites and parks where the public is welcome. It's always a good idea to call ahead, visit Web sites and stop at the ranger station to make sure you know the rules.
These areas and parks allow public access for gold panning.
Auburn State Recreation Area: Includes 40 miles of the north and middle forks of the American River. From Auburn, reach the area from Highway 49 or Auburn-Foresthill Road. (530) 885-4527, www.parks.ca.gov.
South Yuba River State Park: Includes a 20-mile stretch of the Yuba River's south fork. Off Highway 49, north of Nevada City. Nearest town is Bridgeport. (530) 432-2546, www.parks.ca.gov.
Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park: Gold panning in Humbug Creek, behind buildings in North Bloomfield. Malakoff Diggins is 26 miles from Nevada City. (530) 265-2740, www.parks.ca.gov.
Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park: South fork of the American River at Coloma, where gold was discovered in 1848. Panning lessons daily, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Cost $7. For large group reservations: (530) 295-1850. For more park information: (530) 622-3470, www.parks.ca.gov.
Columbia State Historic Park: Look for Matelot Gulch Mining Co. inside the park for panning lessons. Cost is $8; (209) 532-9693, (209) 533-3105. Park is three miles north of Sonora off Highway 49. For more park information: (209) 588-9128, www.parks.ca.gov.
Hangtown's Gold Bug Park & Mine: A 61.5-acre park in Placerville, 2635 Goldbug Lane. Gold panning in the troughs. Pan rental is $2 an hour. Check in at Hattie's Gift Shop if you want to pan. (530) 642-5207, www.goldbugpark.org.
� Two square miles along the South Yuba River near the town of Washington have been set aside for gold panning. (530) 265-4531.
� The Forest Service also has a gold panning parcel at the Union Flat Campground on the North Yuba River. (530) 288-3231.
Eldorado National Forest: Gold panning is allowed, and the Eldorado National Forest Web site recommends two areas � PiPi Campground and the Cache Rock area. It also provides some good advice: "... it is your responsibility to determine whether you are on private land or a mining claim." Maps are available at ranger offices in Pioneer, Georgetown, Pollock Pines and Camino. www.fs.fed.us/r5/eldorado.
The great "Gold Rush of 1849" caused California to be named "The Golden State". Even today, gold mining continues on a large scale. Gold ranks 3rd in California's mineral production. The state has produced over 150 million ounces of gold with most of that being produced in "The Mother Lode" placer mining areas.
THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH WAS THE SECOND USA GOLD RUSH FIRST ONE WAS OUT IN THE EAST GOLD BELT.
Amador County was the most productive of "The Mother Lode" counties. This county produced approximately 6,500,000 ounces of placer gold and 7,700,000 ounces of lode gold. Mining continues today. The richest area in this county is about 1 mile wide across the west central part of the county from the south to the north. The Old Eureka Mine had the deepest shaft in America at 1,3500 feet deep and it was the largest producer in the mother lode in the early days. The Kennedy, Argonaut and Keystone Mines were also large gold mines in the same area.
Sizable dredging and drift operations between 1850 - 1950 produced about 100,000 ounces of placer gold near Fiddletown along Indian Gulch which goes into Big Indian Creek. Big Indian Creek is said to contain placer gold in large quantities. Around the Plymouth area is said to be rich.
Close to the town of Plymouth, in the west central part of the county there were many placer operations that produced tens of thousands of ounces of placer gold. The Loafer Hill mine, near Oleta, had several small gravel deposits that produced well.
Near the town of Jackson, you will find the Gwin Mine, it produced lode gold in masses of crystallized arsenopyrite. These are great specimens. Jackson Creek reportedly contains placer gold.
Hydraulic operations were located on this river that produced considerable placer gold.
Hydraulic operations were located on this river that produced considerable placer gold. Near Volcano in the west central part of the county around Jackson Gulch and Ranchero Gulch there were some very rich placer deposits.
Total production from Butte County, 1880-1959, is reported as approximately 3,200,000 ounces of placer gold and 104,000 ounces of lode gold. The Surcease Mine located at township 21N range 4E was a large producer of lode gold.
The town of Magalia located in north central part of county, production from 1932 - 1959 was 15,976 ounces of placer gold.
The Magalia Tertiary gravel deposits produce placer gold. The Perschbaker Mine, major producer prior until 1910 was a major lode gold producer.
Cherokee City, area stream gravels, contain placer gold. On Cherokee Flat, alluvial gravel deposits contain placer gold. Oroville district, in south part of county, along the Feather River, had a total production between 1903-59, of 1,964,130 ounces. The area gravel deposits contain rich placer gold deposit. At Thompson's Flat there were large placer gold operations. Yankee Hill district, located at township 21N range 4E and 5E, in central part of county had a total production of 5,154 ounces of placer gold and 34,427 ounces of lode gold, all along the Feather River there are many placer operations and area lode gold mines.
The Calaveras River channel and all tributaries contain rich placers. In the Table Mountain area placers were also very rich. Located at township 3N and Range 10E, along the Calaveras River, you will find the Jenny Lind district which had large scale dredge and dragline operations, with and estimated production of over 1,000,000 ounces of placer gold.
Camanche district, in NW part of county, had a total production estimated at 1,000,000 ounces, along the Mokelumne River there were huge, bucket type dredge operations with rich placer gold. Campo Seco district, located at township 4N and 5N and range 10E, in northwest part of county had a total production around 70,000 ounces. All the area tributary stream gravels contain rich placers. You will also find the Pern Mine, it was primarily a copper mine with a rich by product of gold. Mokelumne Hill district located at township 5N range 11E. South of the Mokelumne Hill 2 miles you will find the Eclipse, Infernal, and other mines that were large producers of lode gold.
Angeles Camp had many area mines. The Keystone, Lancha Plana, and Union mines were gold mines with a by product of copper. The Utica and Gold Cliff mines were major producers of lode gold. Melones districts contained over 800 lode mines. Carson Hill was the most productive area and contained many mines with rich lode gold deposits. The Sheep Ranch Mine was a huge producer of lode gold. The Royal Mine was also a large producer of lode gold, with over 10,000 ounces of production.
Gold is reported on Mount Diablo, in Mitchell Canyon. There was an old prospect on Walnut Creek in a ravine tributary. Gold was reported with bornite and chalcopyrite.
Between 1880 and 1990 Del Norte County has produced approximately 50,000 placer gold ounces and about 1,000 ounces from lode deposits.
Diamond Creek area had several lode mines with placer possibilities. The Keystone mine was a lode mine in the Rockland district.
Monkey Creek is said to contain placer gold.
Shelly Creek contains placer gold associated with area quartz mines.
The Smith River is definitly the place to look in this county. The Smith River produced about 45,000 ounces from placer operations dating back to the 1880's. Most of the tributaries contain gold as well.
James Marshall discovered gold at Coloma in 1848 on the South Fork of the American River 8 mile northwest of Placerville to initiate the great gold rush of 1849-50. From 1880 through 1959 the county produced 1,267,700 ounces of gold, earlier production not being recorded, but probably very large.
Along the American River and its tributaries, very many placer operations were conducted. In the Georgia Slade district, located at township 12N and range 10E, in northwest part of county there were many area quartz mines, that produced rich lode gold. In the area weathered gravel deposits, extensive hydraulic operations produce rich placer gold. Throughout the Mother Lode, East Belt, and West Belt districts in an area about 10-20 mi. wide extending north to south in the western part of the county. The total production is around 1,000,000 ounces. The Union and the Church mines were major lode gold producers. The Big Canyon, Mt. Pleasant, Pyramid, Sliger, Taylor, and Zantgraf mines, were all major producers of lode gold. Around the town of Fairplay had many area lode mines and placer operations. At the Indian diggings, placer grounds, and lode mines. Around the town of Georgetown in the North part of the county there were also many rich area placers. Around the town of Nashville there were also many area lode mines, opened in 1851 for rich lode gold. Also around Nashville there were rich area placer mines that were reactivated in the 1930s, when large, floating dragline dredges were introduced.
Near the town of Placerville there are many old placer mines that exist near all local streams. If you go northeast 5.6 miles, along the American River there are some very rich gold placers. The gravel deposits in Cedar Ravine, Forest Hill, Smith's Flat, Webber Hill, and White Rock Canyon all had very rich placer gold mining history. If you go south 18 mile in township 9N and range 13E, you will find the Grizzly Flat Placers which were very rich. In the west central part of township 10N range 11E there were also some very rich mines that produced lode gold (hard rock mining).
This is a very rich river. It contains good gold on most bars and benches.
At the Briceburg recreation area approx 12 miles east of Mariposa on Hwy 140 you can sluice and pan for gold. Also at the day use Bagby rec. area between Mariposa and the samll town of Coulterville on hwy 49. Gold Dredging is available for a small fee. The GPAA also maintains a couple of members only claims in this area. Check out the local small towns around the area like Hornitos and Aqua Fria, these are less travelled but have abundant gold in the creeks and rivers.
Placer gravels along the San Joaquin River produced 121,000 ounces between 1880 and 1959, when it was part of Madera County. All sand and gravel operations along the San Joaquin River between Friant and Herndon had rich placer gold operations. At the Friant Dam the gravel excavated for use in building the dam produced $196,977 in placer gold between 1940-42.
Gold is the principal mineral resource of Humboldt County, primarily from placers along the Klamath and Trinity rivers. The total production through 1959 was 131,300 ounces. There are six lode gold mines shown on U. S. Forest Service quadrangles.
It has long been known that this river contains placer gold almost everywhere in its length. Near the town of Orick the area ocean beach sands north and south of the mouth of the Klamath River was once worked for placer gold, platinum. Near the town of Orleans in the Northeast part of the county very many gravel bars and benches along the Klamath River to SOMES BAR in Siskiyou County along Highway 96 had very rich gold placer operations.
Gold occurs throughout Imperial County in its arid mountain ranges. Here is where the classic pick, pan, shovel and burro prospector of the nineteenth century crisscrossed the desert between water holes. A minimum estimate of 235,000 ounces of lode and placer gold have come from this county.
Northwest of Yuma, Arizona, in the southeast part of the county you will find Ogilby site of the Cargo Muchacho district, it had many old mines worked since Mexican times with a total production about 193,000 ounces. Gold can be found in all regional arroyo bottoms, benches, terraces. This is dry wash placers with abundant gold. There are many abandoned area lode mines that produced gold. Most of the gold is fine, grain, wire, nuggets, often with copper.
On the Colorado River due north of Yuma, Arizona you will find Picacho Camp in the extreme southeast corner of the county. The Chocolate Mountains area placer and lode claims produce considerable gold. In the southwest you will find the Picacho Mountains that had many gold bearing veins in gneisses and schists overlain by lavas, tufts, and conglomerates. The Paymaster district, minor lode gold production to the South by 5 miles the Picacho Mine, Bluejacket, and others produced some lode gold. A ghost town named Tumco was also a good producer from several area mines.
Inyo County produced 496,000 ounces of gold between 1880 and 1959, primarily from lode mines scattered throughout the county, with a considerable percentage as byproduct from lead, silver, copper, and tungsten ores. In the Inyo Range, the Russ district opened in 1861) had many area mines that produced lode gold. On the west and east slopes of the Inyo Range in Mazurka and Marble canyons, there were many small scale placer workings.
At Ballarat, in the South Park District, in the southcentral part of county there was a total production of over 100,000 ounces. There are many area old mine dumps that show gold traces. The Ratcliff Mine, was a chief producer of lode gold. Southwest of Ballarat 10~15 miles, in township 23S. range 42E and 43E, in the Argus Range, the Sherman district had a total production, 1939-41, of 14,184 ounces of lode gold. There are also many area lead, silver mines that had a by product of gold. The Arondo Mine was a rich producer of free gold. The Ruth Mine was also a rich producer of free gold, with pyrite.
West of Bishop by 17 miles, the Willshire-Bishop Creek district, on east front of the Sierra Nevada Range and in the Tungsten Hills; had a total production, 75,000-100,000 ounces of by product gold, from lead, silver mines. The Bishop creek Mine and, at head of Bishop Creek and the Willshire Mine were large lode gold producers. The Pine creek Mine was once the largest domestic tungsten mine also had a by product of gold. The Cardinal Gold Mining Company Mine only produced lode gold.
At Death Valley National Monument on slope of the Funeral Range you will find The Chloride Cliff district which had a total production of 60,000 ounces. Also the site of the Keane Wonder Mine which is now in ruins, but once a large lode gold producer.
East of Lone Pine in the Inyo Mountains in north central part of the county, you will find the Union district, that had a total production,1860s-1959, between 10,000 and 50,000 ounces of lode gold. The Reward and Brown Monster mines, were major producers of lode gold. In area canyon and gulch gravels, slopes and drainage channels, placers gold can still be found.
In the southeast corner of the county, you will find Tecopa. If you go east 5-10 miles, you will find the Resting Springs district, that had a total production through 1959 of 15,000 ounces of lode gold from lead, silver ores, from the Shoshone Group of mines.
If you go west in the Panamint Mountains you will find Wild Rose district, a ranger station is located in Monument, west in the Panamint Range, had a total production of about 73,000 ounces of lode gold from the Skidoo Mine.
A total of 1,777,000 ounces of gold came from Kern County between 1851 and 1959.
Amalie district, is located between south summit of the Piute Mountains and Caliente Creek in township 30S. range 33E and 34E, it had a total production of 30,000 ounces of lode gold. The Amalie Mine was a major producer; but there were several other area mines that produced lode gold.
If you head southeast by dirt road to Bodfish, the Green Mountain district located between the west slope of the Piute Mountains and edge of Kelsey Valley on east side of mountains, you will find the Bright Star Mine, which had production around, 34,000 ounces of lode gold. 7 miles northwest of Piute, in township 29S and range 33E, you will find the Joe Walker Mine which produced about 100,000 ounces of lode gold.
In Kernville, located in township 25S. range 33E, the Cove district had a total production, 262,800 ounces, primarily from the Big Blue Mine. It produced free gold, associated with arsenopyrite.
West in the Greenhorn Mountains at Lake Isabella along Greenhorn Gulch, extensive placers produced rich gold deposits. Also in area quartz mines there was some lode gold. West in township 26S. range 32E and 33E, the Keyes district had a total production, 39,600 ounces through 1959. There were numerous area Mines that produced lode gold.
In Mohave in township 11N and range 15W, you will find the Pine Tree Mine, which produced 75,000 ounces of lode gold. If you go southwest by 4 mile in township 10N and 11N and range 11W, 12W, and 13W, you will find the Rosamond-Mohave district, that had total production, 278,250 ounces of gold plus silver. West of Rosamond several miles, you will find the Tropico Mine, it was a major producer into 1950s. Many other area mines around adjacent Wheeler Springs produced lode gold. If you go to the northeast 25 miles in the El Paso Mountains, all regional gravels contain placer gold, This is a rich area. There are major mines in the area. The Cudahy Camp, Owens Camp, Burro Schmidt's Tunnel, Colorado Camp, etc. all were rich in lode gold.
If you go to Randsburg, in the heart of the Rand district, which lies along the Kern County, San Bernardino County line, produced nearly all of the 836,300 ounces of gold is from the Kern County half, with silver as a by product. The Yellow Aster Mine was the largest producer, and many other area mines produced lode gold. If you go northwest 9 miles, in Goler Gulch, the placer deposits were worked 1893-94. The GPAA has a claim at Goler Gulch, see the claim information page.
Colors can be found by the dry wash method in Goler Wash located approximately 3 miles north east of Garlock Ghost town. Some of the area is ownwd by a prospect club out of Barstow. They are real friendly and encourage site tours and membership. The down side to this area is that it is open to off highway vehicles and the dirt road traffic gets heavy and noisy at times. There are no toilets or water or organized camping of any kind. The nearest formal camping is at Red Rock Canyon about 15 miles away.
If you go to 16 miles south of Weldon, in township 28S. range 35E, you will find the St. Johns Mine, which was a rich lode gold producer.
The Diamond Mountain district and Hayden Hill district, produced a total of 147,500 ounces of gold in Lassen County, with a considerable amount of unrecorded placer gold produced before 1880.
At Hayden Hill, in northcentral part of county, in township 36N and 37N. range 10E and 11E, produced 116,000 ounces of lode gold, 1870-1910, from several mines. This burned down in 1910. Six miles south of Susanville, in township 29N. range 11E and 12E, the Diamond Mountain district had a total production of 10,000 ounces of placer gold and 22,000 ounces of lode gold. In area stream gravels of Tertiary age you can find placer gold. There are several area gold quartz lode veins in three types of igneous rocks, at the lode mines.
Gold placers were worked in Los Angeles County between 1834 and 1838 by Mexican and Spanish miners, and by 1858 more than 6,000 miners were working placer deposits 35 miles northwest of the Los Angeles city hall. Most of the county's total production of gold through 1959 was 1,109,200 ounces which came from lode deposits, but small yields of placer gold are garnered every year by amateur gold hunters from many places, especially from sand and gravel pits and from the streams of the San Gabriel Mountains above Azusa.
In the north central part of the county, you will find Acton, it is located in the Cedar and Mt. Gleason district, the area had many area mines and prospect pits, notably the Governor Mine, which had a total production of at least 50,000 ounces of lode gold.
If you go north up San Gabriel Canyon, you will find Azusa, which is located in the San Gabriel district which had a total production, 1848-1957, of about 165,000 ounces of gold. In the San Gabriel range gravels, worked 1848-80 for estimated 120,000 ounces of placer gold and still productive of colors and nuggets to weekend panners and dredgers. There were also several area lode mines in area which contained gold quartz veins cutting igneous and metamorphic rocks. In the East Fork of the San Gabriel range, the old site of Eldoradoville which was a gold camp of early 1860s and favorite amateur gold hunting area today, in area watercourse and bench gravels you can find placer gold with some sizable nuggets.
North along the Kern County line and south of Neenach, you will fin Lancaster, which is in the Antelope Valley district. Gold was discovered in 1934 in the Antelope Valley district. It had a total production through 1946 of 9,700 ounces. There are many area claims and prospects, and the River Mining Company Claims are the most productive for placer and lode gold.
In Placerita Canyon State Park near Newhall, it is the area of original productive placer operations, in present gravel deposits you can still find placer gold.
Northeast of San Fernando by 12 miles, in Pacoima Canyon, the headwater and area gravels and slopewash deposits contain placer gold. If you go 12 miles up the canyon from its mouth, you will find the Denver Mining and Milling Property which was a rich lode gold producer.
In Tujunga located in Tujunga Canyon, the area gravel deposits contain colors and small nuggets.
Total gold production of Madera County through 1959 is calculated at 90,000 ounces. Along the Fresno, Chowchilla, and San Joaquin rivers, there were many dredging operations from discovery years until now for its placer gold content. Near the town of Coarsegold there are many area lode gold mines hidden back in oak covered hills. The Fresno river runs through Coarsegold and Oakhurst yielding much fine gold to those willing to dig.
North of Coarsegold by 2 miles there are old mine dumps with gold showings. Northeast of Coarsegold by 5 miles there are area gold quartz mines, and on dumps gold showings. Near Hildreth area extending to Grub Gulch, there are quartz mines that contain lode gold. Near Raymond you will find the Mount Raymond district, The Star Mine produced gold with lead.
Chowchilla River is said to be rich in placer gold.
Fish Creek is located in the North Fork district, and it contains many area lode gold mines and placer operations.
Fresno River contains placer gold. We know for sure because we live on it! :-) Try some of our gold panning material.
San Joaquin River is said to contain placer gold.
Mariposa County is southernmost of the Mother Lode counties and has had a long and productive gold mining history, with total production of 2,144,500 ounces of gold recovered from 1880-1959, of which 583,500 ounces came from placer operations. Following the closure of mining during World War II, the annual gold production has been about 1,000 ounces. There were very many important lode gold and placer gold producers. The Copper Queen Mine produced copper with a by product of gold. In sections 9 and 10, of township 4S and range 15E, you will find the Fitch Mine which was a rich lode gold producer. West of Bagby in Quaternary gravels along the Merced range, placers produced 50,000 ounces of gold, between 1860-70. In Bear Valley , area mines, especially the Josephine produced lode gold. In Coulterville, which is located more or less central in the Mother Lode and East Belt areas, a northwest trending zone 3-4 miles wide extending from Mormon Bar into Tuolumne County, had a total production, about 1,009,000 ounces of lode gold. The major mines include the Princeton, Pine Tree, Mt. Ophir, Original and Ferguson, Hite, and Mariposa all which produced rich lode gold deposits.
Aqua Fria and Mariposa Creeks were the first placers discovered before 1849, many rich placer gravels.
In the Hornitos district, more than 500,000 gold ounces were produced along Hornitos Creek, in Quaternary gravels. This offers abundant placer gold for the panner.
In the northwest part of county, you will find the Blanchard district; it is located along the Tuolumne county line, just south of Jawbone Ridge; and on the ridge between Moore and Jordan Creeks. 4-5 miles northwest of Bower Cave. There are many placers in regional Tertiary gravels which produced about 75,000 ounces of gold.
Aqua Fria and Mariposa Creeks were the first placers discovered before 1849, many rich placer gravels. Two and a half miles south of Mariposa, in township 5S. range 18E, you will find the Mormon Bar district that had a total production, 75,000 gold ounces. Near the headwaters of Mariposa creek and its tributaries rich placer gold is to be found. At Mormon Bar, area of extensive dragline operations in the 1930s also rich placer gold is to be found. Southeast of Mariposa by 6 miles, the Silver Bar Mine can be found and it was a rich lode gold producer.
Is rich in placer gold - though mostly fine or flour gold. River runs through Yosmeite. See Briceburg info above.
It is reported that gravels along the Navarro River in Anderson Valley contain placer gold and platinum.
From Merced Falls to Snelling in the alluvial plain between these towns the gravels were extensively operated 1929-43 by several connected bucket dredges of the Yosemite Mining and Dredging Company. They had a total production, 1880-1959, of 516,346 ounces of placer gold.
LOOK FOR TAILING PILES FOR METAL DETECTING OF LARGE NUGGETS.
It is reported that in the northeast part of the county there were several quartz mines in the High Grade District that produced about 14,000 ounces of lode gold.
Gold mining began in Mono County in 1862, with a total production of 1,176,200 ounces through 1959, with activity continuing today. At the Blind Springs Hill district, you will find the Diana, Comet, Comanche, mines which were mainly copper, silver with a byproduct gold. In the Benton district, there are area lode mines with gold, lead, silver. In the Bodie district and State Monument to the ghost town in township 4N. range 27E, discovered 1860 had a total production through 1959 of 1,456,300 ounces of lode gold. There are many area old mines and dumps with gold showings. On slopes above the town of Bodie, the Standard Mine, was the principal producer. In the Casa Diablo Mountains, at Mammoth Lakes, there are scattered small mines and prospects for lode gold. In the Paterson, in the Sweetwater Range, there are area silver mines that had a by product of lode gold. At Tioga Pass, there are area quartz veins and stringers in granite with gold showings.
At Bridgeport near headwaters of the Walker River, you will find Dog Creek which had very productive placers. North of Mono Lake, the Bodie Diggings had good placer gold. Northeast and east of the East Fork of the Walker river, just north of Masonic Mountain, in township 6N. range 26E, you will find the Masonic district. The area had many small mines, and the Pittsburgh Liberty Mine, was a major producer to district's total production of about 34,000 ounces of lode gold.
At Bridgeport near headwaters of the Walker River, you will find Virginian Creek which had very productive placers. North of Mono Lake, the Bodie Diggings had good placer gold. Northeast and east of the East Fork of the Walker river, just north of Masonic Mountain, in township 6N. range 26E, you will find the Masonic district. The area had many small mines, and the Pittsburgh Liberty Mine, was a major producer to district's total production of about 34,000 ounces of lode gold.
Is said to contain gold.
It is reported that in the Los Burros district that there were small area mines in quartz veins that contain lode gold.
Napa County had a total gold production of around 24,000 ounces the came as a by product of silver mining. Near Calistoga, north by 2 miles, you will find the Mt. Saint Helena Mine, the Palisades Mine and the Silverado Mine.
Both placer and lode gold mines of Nevada County, opened in 1850 and continuing active to today, produced a total of over 18 million ounces of gold. Many placer deposits are known to be rich today, but have not been touched because of state laws ending hydraulic mining operations. Many Tertiary gravel deposits that produced at least half the placer gold through 1909 include the San Juan Ridge, North Columbia, Scotts Flat, Quaker Hill, and Red Dog, You Bet mines, all of which became big hydraulic operations with huge untouched reserves that are producing small amounts of placer gold by amateur panning and small scale high banking efforts. At French Corral all area stream gravels produce placer colors and nuggets.
In Grass Valley and Nevada City districts, with very many Mother Lode area camps and mines, total production estimated at 2,200,000 ounces of placer gold and 11,000,000 ounces of lode gold. At Grass Valley, on outskirts of town, the Gold Hill Mine was the first lode mine in the district. At Ophir Hill, Rich Hill, Massachusetts Hill; you will find famous mines the Empire, North Star, Idaho, Maryland ( which had the largest production of any lode gold mine in state) all produced very rich lode gold deposits. At Nevada City; the Blue Tent and Sailor Flat operations were placer gold producers. The Champion, Providence, Canada Hill, Hoge, and Nevada City mines were very rich lode gold mines in this area.
At Meadow Lake which is 35 miles east of Grass Valley, a relatively minor lode gold district of several mines, worked 1863-1905, with total production of about 10,000 ounces of lode gold.
Although best known for its great placer mines, Placer County also produced substantial amounts of lode gold, with a total of production of over 2 million ounces from 1880-1959. The gold produced from 1849-1880 was not recorded, but probably was very considerable. One and half mile west of Colfax you will find the, the Rising Sun Mine, which was a leading gold mine in the county and had a total production of 200,000 ounces between 1866 and 1932, rich pockets in quartz stringers produced lode gold. East of Colfax by 5 miles you will find the Iowa Hill district, it consisted thick Tertiary gravel deposits worked hydraulically and by drifting. The many area placer operations produced 800,000 ounces of placer gold. The Morning Star Mine produced about 150,000 ounces of lode gold as well. The Dutch Flat - Gold Run district, along north boundary of Placer county due east of Grass Valley (Nevada County), all Tertiary stream channel gravels extending south from Nevada County, produced about 492,000 ounces through 1959 of placer gold from the Tertiary beds. At Forest Hill district, in southcentral part of county, extensive operations produced total of 344,000 gold ounces from area Tertiary channel gravels, worked by drift mining placer gold. East of Forest Hill by 5 miles in south part of the county, you will find the Michigan Bluff district which has a total production, 300,000 gold ounces. The Big Gun Mine, largest hydraulic operation in district produce rich placer gold. The Hidden Treasure Mine, richest drift mine in California was also a rich placer gold producer. There are several area lode gold mines, the Pioneer, Rawhide, etc. that were also rich. At Loomis the area gravel deposits along the American River were dredged during the 1930s for placer gold.
At Penryn go east 1 mile, and you will find the Alabama Mine, it was a rich lode gold mine, with lead and silver.
Near the town of Auburn along the American River, many rich placers existed. The Ophir district was most productive, with 1,500,000 ounces of lode gold produced. At the Green Emigrant Mine, the Crater, Bellevue, Oro Fino, and Three Stars mines, were very rich producers of lode gold.
One of The favorite places to go is the Auburn State Recreation Area. It is located about 30 minutes east of Sacramento in the Mother Lode. It is easy to find on a map. It is a public area, therefore, claims cannot be filed so it is open for mining. The primary gold is placer and I suppose if you get real lucky you may find a vein, however, this area has been well prospected for 150 years. There is a lot of black sand in this system and usually plenty of fine gold as well. Up to one pennyweight nuggets are not uncommon to be found occasionally but, the norm is fine gold, flakes of all sizes and small nuggets. There are many areas where a person can get one pennyweight in one day with nothing more than a pan! A friend recently found more than a 7 pennyweight in nuggets in one afternoon! Just remember that before you set up the equipment, do your testing as there are also areas that contain little or no gold.
Of the approximately 4,582,000 ounces of gold produced in Plumas County, 1855-1959, more than half came from Tertiary gravel placer mines worked on a large scale by hydraulic methods. The Gopher Hill, Nelson Point, Sawpit Flat, and Upper Spanish Creek mines, were all in alluvial gravels for there placer gold content. The Engles and Superior mines, primarily copper with a by product of gold. In the Crescent Mills district, in township 26N. range 9E, there was total production through 1959 of 3,255 ounces of placer gold and 32,069 ounces of lode gold. In area streams, in Quaternary gravels you will find placer gold. At the Green Mountain Mine they produced of 100,000 ounces of lode gold by 1890. In the Johnsville district, in the southcentral part of county, in east l/2 of township 22N. range 11E, they had a total production, 393,000 gold ounces. All regional stream and bench gravels contain placer gold. The Plumas-Eureka Mine, was a major producer of lode gold. At the La Porte district, in southwest part of the county, in township 21N and range 9E, was the hydraulic mining center since 1850s, with total production, 1855-1959, of 2,910,000 gold ounces. At Mumfords Mill the area copper mines had a by product of gold. At Spring Garden go northeast 9 mile and you will find the Walker Mine, primarily copper mine with a by product of gold.
Near Belden, along the North Fork of the Feather River there are rich placer deposits.
At Rich Bar, the area gravels along Indian Creek, a tributary of the Feather River, has very rich placers.
The Ancient Yuba River channel traced northeast of La Porte for 10 miles 500-1,500 ft. wide and 10-130 ft. deep, with placer gold concentrated in lowermost 2 ft. above bedrock, it was very rich placer.
A total of 108,800 gold ounces, mostly lode gold, came from many relatively small mines and a few placers scattered throughout Riverside County, 1893-1959. Southwest of Blythe by 20 miles, you will find The McCoy Mountain district, numerous copper mines had a by product of gold. North of Desert Center, a large area along the north boundary of the county, in township 2S and 3S and range 10E and 12E, the Pinon-Dale district had a total production, produced over 33,000 ounces of lode gold. The Lost Horse Mine, producer of 1,000 ounces of lode gold and The New Eldorado Mine, produced about 500 ounces of lode gold. At Packards Well go south 2 miles in the Palen Mountains to area copper mines that had some production of gold. West and Southwest of Perris, in township 4S and 5S and range 4W you will find the Pinanate district. In that district you would find the Good Hope Mine which was worked prior to 1850 by Mexicans, It produced 1,500 ounces of lode gold.
Among the leading gold producing counties, Sacramento County produced over 6 million ounces of placer gold and 5,000 ounces of lode gold between 1880 and 1959.
Along the Cosumnes River, stream and terrace gravels contain placer gold. The general area is south of the Cosumnes River in sand and gravel pits, and regional tributary streams and ancient channels all contain placer gold. Near Folsom, the center of intensive bucketline and dragline operations, had many area placer mining operations, and drift mines, mostly opened before 1930, district production about 3,000,000 ounces of placer gold. At Sloughhouse district, along the Cosumnes River in township 7N range 7E, had a total production of 1,700,000 ounces of placer gold produced by early hydraulic methods and dredging during the 1930s, many area stream gravel deposits contain placer gold.
San Bernardino is the largest county in the United States and has very many mines scattered throughout its desert and mountain ranges. Although some placer deposits were worked in the early 1850s, most of the recorded production of 517,000 gold ounces through 1959 came from lode mines and as a by product of other base metal mines. South of Ludlow 7 miles, in township 6N and 7N and range 8E, you will find the Stedman district, the Bagdad Mine, discovered in 1903, 150,000 ounces of lode gold. Southwest of Needles by 36 miles on U.S. highway 95 to a westward trending road in the Turtle Mountains, at Carson Wells, you will find the Lost Arch Mine which produced lode gold. West of Oro Grande by 5 miles, you will find the Silver Mountain district, area silver mines had a by product of lode gold. The Black Diamond Mine produced gold, with copper and silver. Northeast of San Bernardino by 20-25 miles, in township 2N and 3N and range 1, 2, and 3E, you will find the Holcomb district which had a total production, 400,000 ounces of placer gold and 54,500 ounces of lode gold. The Ozier Mine, major producer since 1850 for lode gold. In Holcomb Valley many area rich placer deposits located in the 1860s, producing about 340,000 ounces of gold. Also in many valley area mines, mostly abandoned now you can find lode gold. Southeast of Twenty Nine Palms by 15 mile, in township 1S and range 11E and 12E, you will find the Dale district, which had the Brooklyn Mine which opened in 1893 and had a total production of 63,500 ounces of lode gold. Southeast of Victorville by 30 miles, you will fine the Wild Rose Group of claims that produced lode gold in tremolite.
The total gold production of gold in San Diego County, 1869-1959, was about 219,800 ounces of lode gold, with very minor placer production. fifty-five Miles northeast of San Diego you will find Julian which was the most important gold producing section of the county. Around Julian there were area lode mines that produced well. If you go east of Julian by 5 miles, in vicinity of Banner, you will also find area lode mines. If you go south of Julian by 3 miles, you will find a copper mine that had a by product of gold. If you go south of Julian 4 miles, you will find the Friday Mine which was a nickel mine with a by product of gold. In the Ramona district, there is the Spaulding Mine which was a lode gold but it is said that in flats below the Little Three Mine you will find placer gold. In Wynola there are area small placer gravel deposits.
The 1885-1959 production of 126,400 ounces of gold in San Joaquin County came largely from sporadic placer deposits along the Mokelumne River. In the Belota district, along the Calaveras River, in township 2 N and range 9 E, in east central part of county, a western extension of the Jenny Lind district in Calaveras County had a total production estimated between 20,000 and 40,000 gold ounces in numerous area Quaternary gravel deposits that produced rich placer gold. In Camanche, along the Mokelumne River all the way to Clements, numerous placer deposits. The Clements district in northeast corner. of county, along the Mokelumne River, production estimated between 50,000 and 100,000 gold ounces, all area Quaternary gravel deposits, worked small scale before World War I and dredged during 1930s for its rich placer gold.
Near Linden, numerous area gravel deposits along the Calaveras River had rich placer gold.
Also throughout the County Gold has been found and mined mostly in the flour variety. Only three locations have produced sizable nuggets. Mostly, West of Paso Robles, in the Mountain Country. A lot of it is private. Some is National Forest. (Los Padres National Forest). Just to the Northern Outside Boundary of the County in Monterey County and to the Eastern Boundary of San Luis meets the Kings & Kern County line, Nuggets have been found on Private Cattle Ranches for years. On JACK RANCH, now owned by the Hearst Corp., there is a butte behind the Headquarters, known as Gold Hill, for good reason. The Mission Padres of San Miguel Mission (7 miles north of Paso Robles) and Mission Indians mined gold there around 1805. Gold has been found North of there in the Castle Mountains, also known to the locals as Kings Peak.
An abandoned town / mining district east of Pozo, CA. San Juan Creek and its tributaries. It's called the La Panza district, but no town of La Panza there today. Mostly flour gold. Two GPAA claims in the area.
The area west of Mission San Antonio (Hwy 101) and east of Ragged Point (Hwy 1)is an old mining district called Los Burros, but it's mostly private.
Between 1880 and 1959 Shasta County produced a total of 2,033,000 ounces of gold, of which 375,472 ounces came from placers. Each summer finds many amateur and "pocket" gold hunters, as well as dredgers, working the county's streams.
Along the west central border of the county in the Deadwood district is French Gulch, It had a total production of 128,000 ounces, between 1848-1959, mostly from lode mines along Clear Creek, which were also the earliest placer discoveries. The Washington Mine, was discovered in 1852 and was a lode gold producer. The Greenhorn Mine, in section 33, or township 37N and range 5W was a copper mine with a by product of gold.
In the Southwest corner of the county you will find Platina, which is located in the Harrison Gulch district, the Midas Mine discovered in 1894 and destroyed by fire in 1914 after producing more than 20,000 ounces of lode gold.
West of Redding 4 miles the Silver King Mine was a silver mine with a byproduct of gold. Southwest of Redding by 10 miles, in township 31N range 6W, you will find the Igo district, along Clear Creek, the placers produced 115,022 ounces of gold, primarily 1933-42, with minor amounts since. Northwest of Redding by 20 miles The West Shasta district had a copper-zinc, gold production, 520,000 ounces. The south part of district, the Iron Mountain Mine by of product gold, with silver, copper. The Balaklala Mine was a silver mine with by product of gold. Six miles west of Redding is the ghost town of Shasta, now a historical monument, area old mines and site of early day gold rush for lode gold.
Lode gold mines in Sierra County produced most of the total recorded 2,161,000 ounces of gold, with an unrecorded production prior to 1880 probably boosting the total well above 3,000,000 ounces.
Allegheny and Downieville districts in southwest part of county about 10 miles apart, with total placer production of 194,000 gold ounces and drift mine total from Tertiary gravels of 485,000 ounces, total production recorded as 2,173,000 gold ounces. All regional stream gravels and bench deposits have panning colors and nuggets, The 16 to 1 Mine, principal producer of 100,000 ounces of lode gold located on Kanaka Creek. The Kenton Mine, also on Kanaka Creek was also a large producer.
In Sierra City you will find The Sierra Buttes Mine and district, producer of 825,000 ounces of lode gold.
I have personally dredged this creek with a 3" and 5" dredge below the Kenton Mine. This is one of the richest creeks in the Mother Lode as far as I am concerned. I found some good gold on Kanaka creek below the Kenton mine. Nice Nuggets with quartz attached.
Jim Labuz and I dredged this creek with a 3" dredge on the Trios Mine Claim, owned by Harry Deter. We did real good for the time we were there. We found some real nice nuggets. This was an excellent place to dredge.
Gold in several areas on the Slate Creek. The Slate Creek was filled with white quartz cobble from the many hydraulic mines. As a recreational, weekender miner, you will recover about an ounce or so in a week. It's common to find quartz with gold in it or on it. This last summer, several pieces were found that weighted from 7 grains to 17 pennyweight.
Many have dredged this river in many places and always done well when they hit virgin dirt. This river replenishes every year. I saw a 22 pound nugget that came out of this river above Downieville. The nugget was name "The Lure".
Many have done quite a bit of mining in this county and it is one of my favorite places to hunt for gold. Heart of the famed "Northern Mines", Siskiyou County contains more than 370 once active gold mines, which yielded 1,800,000 troy ounces of gold between 1880-1959, with a large unrecorded amount produced between 1850 and 1880. Each summer many amateur prospectors work the gold bearing streams throughout the county in perhaps the most rugged region in California. Compared to other California counties little has been officially reported on Siskiyou County and gold production and much of the information available is questionable. Placer mining is the main way that gold is taken, due to the complex geology in the county. Gold is not the only metal of importance in Siskiyou County. The county is said to contain large Platinum Group metal deposits. The Platinum Group Metals in the Klamath Mountains are unique in that they are composed largely of iridium and osmium, in the form of osmiridium, with platinum being lesser importance. The Klamath River has not been an important source of placer platinum because it is so fine and difficult to recover. Platinum Group Metals collected at the Ten Eyck Mine near Orleans on the Klamath were assayed at 92% osmiridium and 8% platinum. It is reported at a placer operation near Orleans that 3 ounces of osmiridium were saved in a period of 6 years. Platinum on the Salmon River and its tributaries was larger, with nuggets up to 1 ounce in weight being recovered. Most of the platinum has a black coating. The primary areas to look for platinum in Siskiyou County are Callahan, Seiad Valley, Independence, Ten Eyck, Orleans, Forks of the Salmon, Sawyers Bar and the North Fork of the Salmon River.
Close to the southwest border of Shasta County Cottonwood creek and its tributaries (Antelope, Crow, Dry Driver and Roaring Creeks) have produced a large amount of placer gold. Estimates put it as high as 260,000 ounces and this may not be an exaggeration. The area was dredged with buckets in many places during the depression and little has been done since.
Deadwood Creek is still a favorite with recreational prospectors and the area has a rich history of producing placer gold since the early days. Other producing streams in the area are Cherry, French, Indian and McAdam Creeks.
Dillon Creek from where it joins the Klamath River in the west part of the county, has produced a considerable quantity of placer gold. It had a rich history of late from 1951 to 1960 it was worked on a large scale. For those who want to prospect the area, it is well to remember that this last discovery was of a type that required cyanide heap leaching and investigation to the local geology might prove profitable.
Elk Creek produces gold throughout its length.
Horse Creek is a very rich creek. Watch for natural cinnabar deposits that contain mercury. I filled a sluice completely full once on this creek with mercury.
Humbug Creek placers were discovered on Humbug Creek about ten miles northwest of Yreka. Later many gold bearing quartz veins were found and worked. Overall estimates range upwards of over 600,000 ounces recovered. Large scale bucket dredging continued until 1950 and recreational miners are active in the area now.
North of Happy Camp in area jade mines along Indian creek you will find nephrite jade, gold colors and nuggets, and most prized of all, jade laced with stringers of raw gold which is a prime collectors' gemstone.
The Klamath River contains placer gold along its entire course through Siskiyou County. The Klamath River was a productive placer stream and many operations continue today. Many of the tributaries were major producers. Many gold lodes were also discovered near the river. Today, even though much of the river is claimed, amateurs find spots to work their dredges and many do very well. A study of local history and property rights is suggested. Some of the best locations are at where the following creeks come into the river; Humbug, Horse, Schutts Gulch, Scott River, Independence, Dillon, Elk, Indian, Thompson. This list is not complete and many of the tributaries produced large quantities of gold.
Klamath River bar and bench gravels contained rich placers. All tributary creeks and bench deposits contain placer gold. From Somes Bare north along highway 96 following the Klamath River to Happy Camp, vast bench gravel deposits untouched to today, extremely rich extensions of huge hydraulic operations east of Happy Camp to highway turnoff to Yreka contains tremendous placer gold potential.
As much as 50,000 ounces was produced at the Gilta Mine about 5 miles south of the town of Forks of Salmon. Of more interest to the amateur dredgers are the very rich placers which were found on Know-nothing Creek near the mine. Virtually nothing has been done in this area since the early 1900's.
Along every mile of the Salmon River in Siskiyou County placer gold is found. Almost every type of placer mining has been used on the river. Both the north and south forks were productive and one stretch between Forks of Salmon and Sawyers Bar is estimated to have produced over 1,000,000 ounces. This is one of the richest rivers in Siskiyou County.
Cecilville is located 30 miles southwest of Callahan on the South Fork of the Salmon River. The Salmon River produced considerable gold on both the east and south forks, near the point where they join in southwestern Siskiyou County. After the placers had been worked a for several years, lode veins were found and mined until 1940. The lodes had both massive bodies and stringers which ran to high grade pockets. If you go north of Cecilville by steep USFS road to the summit, the Black Bear Mine, now private property, but was a producer of 150,000 ounces of lode gold. Many area mines in regional canyons produced lode gold. The East fork of the South Fork of the Salmon River you will find placer gold, with platinum nuggets.
The Forks of the Salmon was the center of large gold mining operations and all regional stream and bench gravels had very rich placers. There were huge hydraulic operations on the major streams which produced 1,000s of ounces of placer gold. If you go southeast of this area, about 10 mi., you will find The King Solomon Mine which can be reached by Matthews creek jeep road. This mine was a major producer of lode gold with over 50,000 ounces recorded.
The Liberty district is about 10 miles east of Forks of Salmon. The placers were discovered here in the 1850's. The area was active until the start of World War I and although some gold prospecting has taken place since. Many lode mines in the area.
Sawyers Bar is located in the Salmon River district and contains roughly 800 square miles of extremely mountainous country between the Marble Mountains and Salmon and Trinity Wilderness areas. This area had a total production between 1855-1965 estimated at 16,000 ounces of placer gold and 20,000 ounces of lode gold. In all regional stream gravels you can find placer gold and platinum. There were very many huge hydraulic operations and Chinese diggings, accessible from the east on Sawyers Bar road. The North Fork of the Salmon River in all gravel and slope wash deposits you will find placer gold. In the South Fork gravel bars, especially near mouth of Black Gulch there are rich placer gold deposits. The Whites Gulch Mine was a hydraulic operation worked until 1970 for its placer gold. If you go east 10 mile to Idlewild which was the site of an old sawmill and USFS campground, the gravels of South Russian River have rich placer gold and platinum deposits on bedrock. It is reported that on the North Fork of the Salmon there were very many mines, The Hickey Mine, The Gallia Mine, The Red Hill Mine all of which were substantial producers. Also it should be noted that gold in this area is said to be fine to flour and you should have recovery systems that will handle that type of gold.
A large amount of gold was recovered from the Scott River near the town of Callahan with most of the recorded production coming from a dredge operation which worked the stream for about five miles. There were also many lode deposits near Callahan. The veins were small, but they were rich. One lode mine is reported to have recovered between 15,000 and 20,000 ounces. Callahan is located 44 miles Southwest of Yreka at South end of Scott Valley. This is an area with enormous amount of mining activity. The bed of the South Fork of Scott River, from Callahan South toward headwaters there were great hydraulic operations and Chinese rock piles which still contain placer gold. Gold is still found after every winter runoff. Also placer gold is found in all gulches and creeks, with many lode mines hidden back in steep mountains. North along the Scott River, several miles of dredging operations which were halted in 1955 by law. Southwest of Callahan, by jeep road, the Martin McKeen Mine, was a producer of 12,100 ounces of lode gold. The Porphyry Dike Mine, was also an important producer of lode gold. Go North of Callahan 5 mile to Sugar Creek and follow west on USFS road to a hydraulic workings which contains very rich placer gold. Go South a few mile to Camp Eden, then go Southeast across canyon you will find the Blue Jay Mine, and in the gravels of nearby Jackson creek is an area which was a rich producer of gold nuggets after winter floods. Go East of Callahan 10-12 miles along Grouse Creek and you will also find additional rich placers. The Copper King Mine was a silver mine that had a by product of gold. South of Callahan 14 miles, Carter Meadows Recreation Area in Trail creek there is also rich placer showings.
Fort Jones is located by traveling southwest along the Scott River road to Indian Creek, it had extensively dredged gold placers. All access roads into the Scott Bar Mountains lead to productive mines, most which were lode gold producers. Placer gold can be found in all regional gulches, canyons, streambeds, and bench deposits (some extensively worked). If you travel north 12 mile you will find the vanished town of Deadwood on old road. to Yreka and all area canyons and gulches contain gold. If you travel west down Scott River road you will find Cottonwood and Rancheria Creeks which had large scale dredging operations which produced over $4,000,000 in 1850s. There are many area lode gold mines, especially the Golden Eagle, produced 48,500 ounces until 1931.
Placer mining began early during the gold rush in the area about five miles west of Fort Jones. Rich lode mines were found later in this area.
West of Greenview 4 miles, in Quartz Valley, is where you will find Muccinsville which had several old mines on west side of Quartz Mountain and site of a 5 stamp mill remnant near Quartz Valley School. The area stream gravels contain pannable colors.
Scott Bar is located where the Scott River meets the Klamath River. It is 3 miles east of Hamburg on highway 96. The Scott Bar Mine operated from 1850 until 1970 and had lode gold in hesitite. Placer gold was discovered here at the beginning of the gold rush and for many years the nearby area supported hydraulic and lode mines. It is worthy of note to amateur prospectors for many rich pockets were found here.
The mines just west of this small town were lode and although they produced around 30,000 to 40,000 ounces they were considered worked out shortly after the turn of the century.
Yreka is the county seat of Siskiyou County and contained many rich lode mines, rich placers. Following winter storms, large gold nuggets can be picked up within city limits, especially around the water works where, in December 1964 floods, several nuggets to 4 ounces each were found on the surface.
Hawkinsville is a suburb of Yreka and was the site of a rich gold camp of early 1850s. The canyon and gulch gravels contain rich placer gold. Hungry Creek, area gravels and slope wash deposits contain placer gold. 14 miles southeast is the Peg Leg Mine which was a rich lode gold mine.
The gold on Thompson Creek is large and slabby, but Thompson creek is very spotty and it is a good idea to have some good boulder moving equipment. Bedrock is generally deeper on this creek.
Between 1880 and 1955 the Quaternary grave deposits of Stanislaus County produced 365,000 ounces of placer gold.
Along the Stanislaus River near Oakdale to the Northeast to Knights Ferry in all the gravel bars, benches and terraces gravels you will find placer gold.
Along the Tuolumne River, near Waterford all the way East to La Grange in the Tertiary gravels and benches you will find placer gold.
Lode mines and placers produced over 2 million ounces of gold in Trinity County between 1880 and 1959, most of it came from placer gravels of the Trinity River. Trinity County is the dredgers best chance to find a large platinum nugget in the state of California. Several Nuggets of Platinum greater than 1 ounces have been found.
Near the mouth of Coffee Creek, the area gravels contain placer colors and many area lode mines were big producers.
If you go North along the East Fork of the Trinity River, especially in the Indian Creek tributary, you will find productive placer gold locations.
On the west edge of the county, in gravels of the Trinity River stream, bench, and terrace gravels you can find placer gold. There are many area quartz mines that produced lode gold. Dedrick, Douglas City, Hay Fork, all gravel bars, benches, and tributary deposits along the Trinity River contain placer gold, platinum nuggets. Near Helena area gravel bars and benches along the Trinity River contain placer gold. If you go North along the East Fork of the Trinity River, especially in the Indian Creek tributary, you will find productive placer gold locations. In Junction City there are numerous area lode and placer mines. In Trinity Center, original town now under waters of Claire Engle Lake, but central in the Trinity Basin district, which had a total production of over 1,750,000 gold ounces from 1880-1959. There are many huge hydraulic operations, visible from the U.S. Forest Service logging roads, all of these produced placer gold and platinum. The Golden Jubilee Mine was a very productive lode gold mine. Three miles above old town site of Trinity Center you will find the Enright Claim which was a rich placer gold producer, with platinum nuggets to several ounces. In Weaverville there were many big productive mines along side roads that produced lode gold. The La Grange Mine was the largest hydraulic operation in area for placer gold.
Tulare County had more than 60 lode mines, but only those in the White River District (discovered in 1853), produced a large amount of gold. The total gold production for this county was about 21,000 ounces. It had two districts the Mineral King District and the Whte River district that produced gold. In the Mineral King District there are many area prospects that produced lode gold in arsenopyrite deposits. In the White River District there were many manys that produced lode gold. South of Porterville by 30 miles, on the middle fork of the Tule River there were many small copper mines that had a by product of gold. South of Porterville 11 miles you will find the Deer Creek Mine. This mine was a silver mine that had a by product of gold.
Tuolumne County produced over 3 million ounces of lode gold and over 8 million ounces of placer gold, the placers are thought to be the richest in the state. At Columbia many area gravel deposits are worked for placer gold. At Sawmill Flat, the Barney Pocket Mine was a big lode gold producer. In the south part of the county in township 1S and range 14E, 15E, and 16E the Quaternary stream gravels yielded about several 100s of thousands of ounces. Near Groveland you will find the Longfellow Mine which was the most productive in the district with 24,200 gold ounces produced before 1899 of lode gold. Southwest of there at Big Oak Flat, the Washington Mine was also a rich lode gold producer.
At Jamestown and Sonora, is the Columbia Basin district, which is about 2 miles in diameter, in parts of township 1N and 2N and range 14E and 15E in the northwest part of the county and it had a total production about 5,874,000 ounces of placer gold. In all area stream, bench, and terrace gravels you can find placer gold. About 3 miles south of Jamestown you will find the Mann Copper Mine that had a by product of gold. In Sonora the area gravel deposits in the streambeds, benches, were very rich and extensively worked for there placer gold. The O'Hara mines produced some beautiful crystallized lode gold. At Tuolumne, Standard and Soulsbybille, in the East Belt district, they had total production, 965,000 gold ounces. The area had very many area lode and placer mines. The area mines around the settlement of Pooleys Ranch also produced rich lode gold.
West of Tuttletown, beginning of the Mother Lode belt of about 40 lode mines extending northwest to southeast across Tuolumne County had some very rich areas as well.
At the headwaters of Moccasin Creek near Mariposa County, they had a total production over 2 million ounces. The Harvard Mine and the Dutch mines were the most productive properties in district with 450,000 ounces produced to 1928.
Between Jamestown and Sonora and the Stanislaus River, the Pocket Belt district which is 5-6 miles wide had a total production 1,267,000 ounces of placer gold. There were many small area mines that produced lode gold. The Bonanza Mine was so rich that it produced 15,000 troy ounces in a week one time.
A suggested prospecting site in southern California. It's the Piru Creek area in the Los Padres National Forest. It is located just north of Los Angeles in the Gorman Region on Interstate 5 in Ventura county. this is a very scenic and accesable area for the Southern California Prospector It is a year round creek good for panning and sluicing. The gold is fine flake with an occasional nugget.
The placer gravels of Yuba County produced over 5 million ounces of gold, its lode mines yielded only 1 million gold ounces.
In the Browns Valley and Smartville district, in central part of county, in township 16N. range 5E. There were many area mines that produced lode gold. The Hibbert and Burris mines were the most productive lode gold in the area.
At Challenge there were lots of lode gold mines.
In the Dobbins district, in the Indiana Ranch area, the California M Lode was a rich lode gold mine. In section 30 of township 18N and range 7E, you will find the Red Ravine Mine which was also a rich lode gold producer.
At Smartvile there are many lode gold mines that are rich.
I have a friend that is doing real well on the Feather River with a 5" dredge. He is on some club claims. At Marysville and Yuba City, regional gravels of the Feather River especially upstream toward the mountains are very rich in placer gold.
In the Hammonton district, in S part of the county along the Yuba River, in parts of township 15N and 16N and range 4E and 5E, total production over 500,000 ounces. In Quaternary gravels, extensive placer operations were done in all regional buried channel and exposed Tertiary gravel deposits, these were extensively worked placers. I have used large dredges in this area on the Yuba River and I have personally had 10 ounce days with an 8" dredge.
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2019-04-21T18:09:39Z
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Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a powerful antioxidant�both on its own and as a "recycler" of vitamin E and vitamin C. It can restore the antioxidant properties of these vitamins after they have neutralized free radicals. ALA also stimu�lates the body's production of glutathione and aids in the absorption of coenzyme Q10, both important antioxidants. Because ALA is soluble in both water and fat, it can move into all parts of cells to deactivate free radicals.
Supplemental ALA has been used to treat peripheral nerve degeneration and to help control blood sugar levels in people with dia�betes. It also helps to detoxify the liver of metal pollutants, block cataract formation, protect nerve tissues against oxidative stress, and reduce blood cholesterol levels. ALA could play an important role in the prevention and treatment of chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. ALA is known also as a metabolic antioxidant, because without it, cells cannot use sugar to produce energy. The body does not produce large amounts of ALA, and since it is found primarily in only a few foods, including spinach, broccoli, and organ meats, supplementation may be necessary.
The herb bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) contains natural antioxidants that keep capillary walls strong and flexible. A European relative of the American blueberry, they also help to maintain the flexibility of the walls of red blood cells and allow them to pass through the capillaries better. Anthocyanidins, phytochemicals which are found in bilberries help to lower blood pressure, inhibit clot formation, and enhance blood supply to the nervous system. Studies indicate that antho�cyanidins can provide up to fifty times the antioxidant protection of vitamin E and ten times the protection of vitamin C. This herb also protects the eyes and may enhance vision; supports and strengthens collagen structures; in�hibits the growth of bacteria; acts as an anti-inflammatory; and has anti-aging and anticarcinogenic effects. The compound glucoquinine, found in bilberry leaves, has also been shown to help lower blood sugar levels.
Researchers at the Chia Nan College of Pharmacy and Science in Taiwan tested burdock (Arctium lappa)for its antioxidant properties. They found that burdock is a powerful antioxidant, capable of scavenging hydrogen per�oxide and superoxide radicals. It also showed a marked scavenging effect against hydroxyl radicals. The study showed also that burdock and vitamin E quench more free radicals when used in combination. Burdock also protects against cancer by helping to control cell mutation.
See under Vitamin A and the Carotenoids.
Coenzyme Q10 is an antioxidant. It has structural similarity to vitamin E. CoQ10 plays a crucial role in the generation of cellular energy, is a significant immunologic stimulant, increases circulation, has anti-aging effects, and is beneficial for the cardiovascular system. Also known as ubiquinone, coenzyme Q10 is found in highest concentrations in the heart, followed by the liver, kidney, spleen, and pancreas. Coenzyme Q10 helps to metabolize fats and carbohydrates within the mitochondria, the cells� powerhouse. It also helps to maintain the flexibility of cell membranes.
In Japan, coenzyme Q10 has been approved for use in treating congestive heart failure. Various research reports suggest that coenzyme Q10 also may be beneficial in treating cancer, AIDS, muscular dystrophy, allergies, gastric ulcers, myopathy, periodontal disease, diabetes, and deafness.
Coenzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble compound primarily synthesized by the body and also consumed in the diet.
Coenzyme Q10 is required for mitochondrial ATP synthesis and functions as an antioxidant in cell membranes and lipoproteins.
Endogenous synthesis and dietary intake appear to provide sufficient coenzyme Q10 to prevent deficiency in healthy people.
Oral supplementation of coenzyme Q10 increases plasma, lipoprotein, and blood vessel levels, but it is unclear whether tissue coenzyme Q10 levels are increased, especially in healthy individuals.
Although coenzyme Q10 supplementation may be a useful adjunct to conventional medical therapy for congestive heart failure, additional research is needed.
Roles for coenzyme Q10 supplementation in other cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and diabetes require further research.
Coenzyme Q10 supplementation does not appear to improve athletic performance.
Although coenzyme Q10 supplements are relatively safe, they may decrease the anticoagulant efficacy of warfarin (Coumadin).
Presently, it is unclear whether individuals taking cholesterol-lowering medications, known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), would benefit from coenzyme Q10 supplementation.
Found in the spice turmeric, the phytochemical curcumin has antioxidant properties that prevent the formation of and neutralize existing free radicals. It stops precancerous changes within DNA and interferes with enzymes neces�sary for cancer progression. Curcumin stops the oxidation of cholesterol, thus protecting against the formation of plaque in the arteries. In a study of chronic smokers, those who took curcumin excreted a substantially lower level of mutagens (substances that induce cells to mutate) in their urine, a reflection of how well the body is dealing with these cancer-causing substances. Curcumin also blocks toxic compounds from reaching or reacting with body tis�sues, and may prevent cataracts.
Curcumin should not be taken by anyone who has bil�iary tract obstruction or is taking anticoagulants, as curcumin stimulates bile secretion and acts as a blood-thinner.
Flavonoids are chemical compounds that plants produce to protect themselves from parasites, bacteria, and cell injury. More than 4,000 chemically unique flavonoids are known; they occur in fruits, vegetables, spices, seeds, nuts, flowers, and bark. Wine (particularly red wine), apples, blueberries, bilberries, onions, soy products, and tea are some of the best food sources of flavonoids. Flavonoids are especially potent antioxidants and metal chelators. Certain flavonoids in fruits and vegetables have much greater antioxidant activity than vitamins C and E or beta-carotene. In fact, flavonoids protect the antioxidant vitamins from oxidative damage.
Flavonoids are a large family of polyphenolic compounds synthesized by plants.
Scientists are interested in the potential health benefits of flavonoids associated with fruit and vegetable-rich diets.
Many of the biological effects of flavonoids appear to be related to their ability to modulate cell signaling pathways, rather than their antioxidant activity.
Although higher intakes of flavonoid-rich foods are associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease risk, it is not yet known whether flavonoids themselves are cardioprotective.
Despite promising results in animal studies, it is not clear whether high flavonoid intakes can help prevent cancer in humans.
Although scientists are interested in the potential of flavonoids to protect the aging brain, it is not yet clear how flavonoid consumption affects neurodegenerative disease risk in humans.
The sulfhydryl (sulfur and hydrogen) compounds in garlic are potent chelators of toxic heavy metals, binding with them so that they can be excreted. They are also effective protectants against oxidation and free radicals. Garlic aids in the detoxification of peroxides such as hy�drogen peroxide and helps to prevent fats from being oxi�dized and deposited in tissues and arteries. Garlic also contains antioxidant nutrients such as vitamins A and C and selenium.
Studies on aged garlic extract (AGE) have shown that the aging process substantially boosts garlic's antioxidant potential. AGE protects against DNA damage, keeps blood vessels healthy, and guards against radiation and sunlight damage. Aged garlic extract reduces blood cholesterol levels, thus lowering the risk of heart at�tack; provides protection from heart disease by preventing clots that can lead to heart attacks and strokes; and helps lower high blood pressure.
Ginkgo biloba is an herb with powerful antioxidant effects in the brain, retina, and cardiovascular system. Gingko biloba is the extract from the leaves of the maidenhair tree and has many properties, including an anti-platelet affect on the blood and an increased ability to widen blood vessels. It is well known for its ability to enhance circulation. In one particular study it has been shown to have a measurable effect on dementia in peo�ple with Alzheimer's disease and people recovering from strokes. Other studies indicate that it can improve both long- and short-term memory and enhance concentration. Gingko biloba has also been used to treat hearing problems, impotence, and macular degeneration.
Increased bleeding. The substances called �gingkoglides� present in Gingko Biloba can have an antiplatelet effect and therefore make you more susceptible to bleeding. If you are using aspirin or warfarin, gingko biloba may enhance the effect of these medications making you more prone to bleeding. If you are awaiting surgery, it is advisable to discuss gingko biloba with your doctor, as you may have problems with bleeding during the operation.
Diabetes. There are some reports of gingko biloba interfering with how the body deals with insulin in patients with diabetes.
Epilepsy. People who have epileptic seizure may be at risk of more seizures if taking gingko biloba.
Adverse reactions include allergic reactions, headache and stomach upset.
Glutathione is a protein that is produced in the liver from the amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine. It is a powerful antioxidant that inhibits the formation of, and protects against cellular damage from, free radicals. It helps to defend the body against damage from cigarette smoking, exposure to radiation, cancer chemotherapy, and toxins such as alcohol. As a detoxifier of heavy metals and drugs, it aids in the treatment of blood and liver disorders.
Glutathione can be taken in supplement form. The production of glutathione by the body can be boosted by taking supplemental dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a hormone; N-acetylcysteine or L-cysteine; and L-methionine. Studies suggest that this may be a better way of rais�ing glutathione levels than taking glutathione itself.
Green tea contains polyphenols, which include phytochemicals that have antioxidant, antibacter�ial, antiviral, and health-enhancing properties. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a particular type of polyphenol in green tea, have been shown to have the abiltiy to pen�etrate the body's cells and shield DNA from hydrogen peroxide, a potent free radical. Green tea protects against cancer, lowers cholesterol levels, and reduces the clotting tendency of the blood. It also shows promise as a weight-loss aid that can promote the burning of fat and help to regulate blood sugar and insulin levels.
A recent study published in journal Chemical Research in Toxicology in 2003 suggested that green tea�s ability to fight cancer is even more potent and varied than scientists susptected. Scientists already know that green tea contains anti-oxidants which may have a protective effect against cancer. But now they have discovered that chemicals in the tea also shut down a key molecule which can play a significant role in the development of cancer. The molecule, known as the aryl hydrocarbon (AH) receptor, has the ability to activate genes � but not always in a positive way. Tobacco smoke and dioxins, in particular, disrupt the functioning of the molecule and cause it to trigger potentially harmful gene activity. The researchers, from Rochester University, found that two chemicals in green tea inhibit AH activity. Both chemicals are similar to compounds called flavonoids, which are found in broccoli, cabbage, grapes and red wine, and which are also known to help prevent cancer. The Rochester team showed that the chemicals shut down the AH receptor in cancerous mouse cells. Early results indicate the same is true in human cells.
Experts from the UK's Institute of Child Health carried out a study, which showed that green tea may �protect the heart�. This study was published in the journal of the Federation of Experimental Biology. The team of researchers, led by Dr Anastasis Stephanou, carried out laboratory tests on heart cells which found that a major chemical component of green tea known as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) can reduce cell death after a heart attack or stroke. It appears to block the action of a protein called Stat 1, which becomes activated within cells after a stressful event such as a heart attack or stroke, and plays a role in inducing cell death. EGCG also appears to speed up the recovery of heart cells. This allows the tissues to recover, alleviating damage to the organs.
Scientists in Japan have found EGCG can stop HIV from binding to healthy immune cells, which is how the virus spreads. They found that EGCG stopped the virus from binding to CD4 molecules and human T cells. These are vital parts of the body's immune system. Usually HIV is able to sneak inside these cells and wipe them out. The scientists said further research is needed to see if EGCG could be used in new anti-HIV drugs. They said simply drinking green tea would not offer people protection from the virus. The concentration of EGCG used in the laboratory tests are many times over the blood concentration that could be achieved by just drinking green tea.
Another team of researchers led by Dr David Buttle from the University of Sheffield, UK, have found that two compounds found in green tea, EGCG (epigallocatchin gallate) and ECG (epicatechin gallate) can help prevent osteoarthritis by blocking the enzyme that destroys cartilage. He said that one of the compounds EGCG had been shown specifically to protect the cartilage. "We have shown that EGCG protects cartilage destruction in test-tube models of cartilage loss that mimic what happens in the arthritic joint, and work by others suggests that EGCG reduces joint swelling and pain. Green tea should be drunk as a prophylactic to prevent disease. If you have fairly severe joint damage it may be too late to do anything about it, but if you spend decades of your life drinking green tea in the end it may be beneficial."
Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland in the brain and is important in the regulation of many hormones in the body. Among its key roles, melatonin controls the body's circadian rhythm, an internal 24-hour time-keeping system that plays an important role in when we fall asleep and when we wake up. Darkness stimulates the release of melatonin and light suppresses its activity. Normal melatonin cycles are disrupted when we are exposed to excessive light in the evening or too little light during the daytime. For example, jet lag, shift work, and poor vision can disrupt melatonin cycles. In addition, some experts claim that exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields (as is common in household appliances) may disrupt normal cycles and production of melatonin.
Melatonin is also one of the hormones that controls the timing and release of female reproductive hormones. As a result, melatonin helps determine when menstruation begins, the frequency and duration of menstrual cycles, and when menstruation ends (menopause). Many researchers also believe that levels of melatonin in the body are related to the aging process. For example, young children have the highest levels of nighttime melatonin and these levels are thought to diminish progressively with age. This decline likely contributes to why many older adults suffer from disrupted sleep patterns and tend to go to bed earlier and wake up earlier in the morning than when they were younger. However, emerging research is bringing the idea of diminished melatonin levels in the elderly into some question. Therefore, those considering use of this supplement should first talk to their healthcare provider about having blood levels of melatonin checked.
In addition to its hormone actions, melatonin also has strong antioxidant properties and preliminary evidence suggests that it may help strengthen the immune system. Because melatonin is a potent hormone, it's advisable to check with a healthcare provider before using it as an antioxidant supplement.
The hormone melatonin is an efficient free radical scav�enger and singlet oxygen quencher. Singlet oxygen is an "excited" oxygen molecule whose excessive discharge of energy causes damage to other body molecules. While most antioxidants work only in certain parts of certain cells, melatonin can permeate any cell in any part of the body. More important, melatonin is one of the few antioxidants that can penetrate the mitochondria, the cells' "power plants," which produce energy. Melatonin does seem to protect the mitochondria from free radical damage. In laboratory experiments, melatonin supplementation has been found to extend the lifespan of mice. Other non-human lab�oratory studies have shown that supplemental melatonin can inhibit cancer growth, help modulate the immune system, and protect against degenerative diseases. Melatonin also stimulates the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, another antioxidant.
A unique amino acid, methionine neutralizes hydroxyl radicals, one of the most dangerous types of free radicals. Most often a byproduct of reactions between heavy metals and less toxic free radicals, hydroxyl radicals can be formed also during strenuous exercise or exposure to high levels of ra�diation, and can damage any type of body tissue.
The sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine is needed to pro�duce the free radical fighter glutathione and to help maintain it at adequate levels in the cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a more stable form of cysteine that can be taken in supplement form. NAC is used by the liver and the lymphocytes to detox�ify chemicals and other poisons. It is a powerful detoxifier of alcohol, tobacco smoke, and environmental pollutants, all of which are immune suppressors. Taking supplemental NAC can boost the levels of protective enzymes in the body, thus slowing some of the cellular damage that is char�acteristic of aging. NAC supplementation may also decrease both the frequency and duration of infectious diseases. It has been used to treat AIDS and chronic bronchitis. People with diabetes should not take supplemental NAC without first consulting a health care provider, as it can interfere with the effectiveness of insulin.
Also known as coenzyme 1, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with high-energy hydrogen, or NADH, is the "spark" that ignites energy production in the body's cells. NADH's high antioxidant capacity derives from its ability to reduce levels of substances. NADH plays a central role in DNA repair and maintenance, and in the cellular immune defense system. Studies report that NADH also can inhibit the auto-oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which causes the release of toxic chemicals that may damage sensitive parts of the brain.
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) are naturally occur�ring substances present in a variety of food and botanical sources. They are unique phytochemicals known as flavonoids that have powerful antioxidant capabilities. OPCs are highly water soluble, so the body is able to absorb them rapidly. Clinical tests suggest that OPCs may be as much as fifty times more potent than vitamin E and twenty times more potent than vitamin C in terms of bioavailable anti-oxidant activity. What's more, OPCs work with the antioxidant glutathione to recycle and restore oxidized vitamin C, thus increasing the vitamin's effectiveness. Because they are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, OPCs can protect the brain and spinal nerves against free radical damage. In addition to their antioxidant activity, OPCs protect the liver from damage caused by toxic doses of acetaminophen, a non-prescription pain reliever; they strengthen and repair connective tissue, including that of the cardiovascular system; and they support the immune system and slow aging. They also moderate allergic and inflammatory responses by reducing histamine production. OPCs are found throughout plant life; however, the two main sources are pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), produced from the French maritime pine tree, and grape seed extract, made from the seeds of the wine grape (Vitis vinifera). Pyc�nogenol was the first source of OPCs discovered, and the process for extracting it was patented in the 1950s. Pyc�nogenol is a trademarked name for pine bark extract, not a generic term for OPCs from other sources.
Selenium is an essential trace mineral that functions as an antioxidant in partnership with vitamin E to protect tissues and cell membranes. Among other things, it increases an�tioxidant enzyme levels in cells. Selenium is also an integral component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (each molecule of this enzyme contains four atoms of selenium). Glutathione peroxidase targets harmful hydrogen peroxide in the body and converts it into water, it is a particularly important guardian of blood cells and of the heart, liver, and lungs. The richest food sources of selenium are organ meats and seafood, followed by muscle meats. In general, there is wide variation in the selenium content of plants and grains because plants do not appear to require selenium. Thus, the incorporation of selenium into plant proteins is dependent only on soil selenium content. Brazil nuts grown in areas of Brazil with selenium-rich soil may provide more than 100 mcg of selenium in one nut, while those grown in selenium-poor soil may provide 10 times less. Use caution when taking supplemental selenium. Amounts higher than 1,000 micrograms (1 milligram) daily may be toxic.
Extracted from the seeds of the herb milk thistle, silymarin has been used for centuries to treat liver disease. The active ingredients in milk thistle are several types of flavonoids (powerful antioxidants), known collectively as silymarin. Silymarin guards the liver from oxidative damage. It also protects the liver from toxins, drugs, and the effects of alcohol, and promotes the growth of new liver cells. In addition, silymarin increases levels of glutathione, a potent antioxidant enzyme produced in the liver.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme. SOD revitalizes cells and reduces the rate of cell destruction. It neutralizes the most common, and possibly the most dangerous, free radicals�superoxide radicals. Superoxide radicals instigate the breakdown of synovial fluid, the lubricant for the body's joints. This leads to friction and, ultimately, inflammation. SOD works synergistically with the enzyme catalase, which is abundant throughout the body. Catalase removes hydrogen peroxide byproducts created by SOD reactions.
SOD also aids in the body's utilization of zinc, copper, and manganese. Its levels tend to decline with age, while free radical production increases. Its potential as an anti-aging treatment is currently being explored.
A class of phytochemicals, carotenoids are fat-soluble pigments found in yellow, red, green, and orange vegetables and fruits. They are a potent family of antioxidants that include alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Of the more than 500 carotenoids found in na�ture, about 50 can be converted into vitamin A in the body.
Carotenoids quench singlet oxygen, which is not, chemically speaking, a free radical, but is nevertheless highly reactive and can damage body molecules. Carotenoids also act as anticancer agents, decrease the risk of cataracts and age-related macular degeneration, and inhibit heart disease. Studies have shown that carotenoids found in tomato juice (lycopene), carrots (alpha- and beta-carotene) and spinach (lutein) may help to protect against cancer by reducing oxidative and other damage to DNA.
Vitamin C is a very powerful antioxidant that also recharges other antioxidants, such as vitamin E, to keep them potent. Its water solubility makes it an efficient free radical scavenger in body fluids. Some studies have shown that vitamin C is the first line of antioxidant defense in plasma against many different kinds of free radicals. The cells of the brain and spinal cord, which frequently incur free radical damage, can be protected by significant amounts of vitamin C. This vitamin also guards against atherosclerosis by preventing damage to artery walls. Vitamin C acts as a more potent free radical scavenger in the presence of the phytochemical hesperidin.
Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that prevents the oxi�dation of lipids (fats). Fat oxidation has been implicated in the process that leads to atherosclerosis. Vitamin E is fat soluble and, since cell membranes are composed of lipids, it effectively prevents the cells' protective coatings from becoming rancid as a result of the assault of free radicals. Vitamin E also improves oxygen utilization, enhances im�mune response, plays a role in the prevention of cataracts caused by free radical damage, and may reduce the risk of coronary artery disease.
The natural form of vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol) is superior to the synthetic version (dl-alpha tocopherol). New evidence suggests that zinc is needed to maintain normal blood concentrations of vitamin E. Selenium enhances vitamin E uptake. These two nutrients work together in the body.
Zinc's main antioxidant function is in the prevention of fat oxidation. In addition, it is a constituent of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Zinc is also needed for proper maintenance of vitamin E levels in the blood and aids in the absorption of vitamin A.
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2019-04-23T22:58:32Z
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2005-02-10 Assigned to MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC. reassignment MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AKRAM, SALMAN, RIGG, SIDNEY B., OLIVER, STEVEN D., WATKINS, CHARLES M., HEMBREE, DAVID R., KIRBY, KYLE K.
Methods for forming interconnects in blind holes and microelectronic workpieces having such interconnects are disclosed herein. One aspect of the invention is directed toward a method for manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece having microelectronic dies with integrated circuits and terminals electrically coupled to the integrated circuits. In one embodiment, the method includes forming a blind hole in the workpiece. The blind hole extends from a first exterior side of the workpiece to an intermediate depth in the workpiece. The method continues by forming a vent in the workpiece. The vent is in fluid communication with the blind hole. The method further includes constructing an electrically conductive interconnect in at least a portion of the blind hole.
The present invention relates to forming interconnects in microelectronic workpieces and microelectronic workpieces formed using such methods.
Microelectronic devices, micromechanical devices, and other devices with microfeatures are typically formed by constructing several layers of components on a workpiece. In the case of microelectronic devices, a plurality of dies are fabricated on a single workpiece, and each die generally includes an integrated circuit and a plurality of bond-pads coupled to the integrated circuit. The dies are separated from each other and packaged to form individual microelectronic devices that can be attached to modules or installed in other products.
One aspect of fabricating and packaging such dies is forming interconnects that electrically couple conductive components located in different layers. In some applications, it may be desirable to form interconnects that extend completely through the dies or through a significant portion of the dies. Such interconnects electrically couple bond-pads or other conductive elements proximate to one side of the dies to conductive elements proximate to the other side of the dies. Through-wafer interconnects, for example, are constructed by forming deep vias on the front side and/or backside of the wafer and in alignment with bond-pads at the front side of the wafer. The vias are often blind vias in that they are closed at one end. The blind vias are then filled with a conductive fill material. After further processing the wafer, it is eventually thinned to reduce the thickness of the final dies. Solder balls or other external electrical contacts are subsequently attached to the through-wafer interconnects at the backside and/or the front side of the wafer. The solder balls or external contacts can be attached either before or after singulating the dies from the wafer.
One concern of forming through-wafer interconnects is that it is difficult to fill deep, narrow blind vias with electrically conductive material. In most processes using solder, for example, flux is used on a layer of nickel within the blind via to remove oxides from the nickel and to prevent the nickel and other materials in the via (e.g., solder) from forming oxides. When the molten solder enters the blind via, the flux solvent produces gases that can be trapped in the closed end of the blind via. This is problematic because the gases may produce voids or other discontinuities in the interconnect. In addition, the flux itself may be trapped in the fill material and cause additional voids or irregular regions within the interconnect.
Another concern of forming through-wafer interconnects using blind vias is that vapor deposition processes may produce non-uniform seed layers on the sidewalls in the vias. This can affect subsequent plating processes in high aspect ratio holes because the nonuniform seed layers cause the plating rate to be higher at the openings than deep within the vias. The electroplating processes, for example, may “pinch-off” the openings of high aspect ratio holes before the holes are filled completely. Therefore, there is a need to more effectively form interconnects in blind vias and other deep holes in microfeature workpieces.
FIGS. 1A-1K are side cross-sectional views illustrating a portion of a workpiece at stages of a method for forming interconnects in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a portion of a workpiece illustrating a stage of a method for depositing conductive fill material into a blind hole accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 3A-3C are side cross-sectional views of a portion of a workpiece illustrating stages of a method for depositing conductive fill material into a blind hole in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of a portion of a workpiece illustrating a stage of a method for forming interconnects in accordance with still another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view of a portion of a workpiece illustrating a stage of a method for forming interconnects in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention.
The following disclosure describes several embodiments of methods for forming interconnects in blind holes, and microelectronic workpieces having such interconnects. One aspect of the invention is directed toward a method for manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece having microelectronic dies with integrated circuits and terminals electrically coupled to the integrated circuits. In one embodiment, the method includes forming a blind hole in the workpiece. The blind hole extends from a first exterior side of the workpiece to an intermediate depth in the workpiece. The method continues by forming a vent in the workpiece. The vent extends to the blind hole such that gases or other fluids can flow from the blind hole to the vent. The vent can accordingly be in fluid communication with the blind hole. The method further includes constructing an electrically conductive interconnect in at least a portion of the blind hole. The method can then include removing material from a second exterior side of the workpiece to thin the workpiece.
Before forming the vent, the method can also include applying a dielectric liner to at least a portion of the blind hole, depositing a barrier layer over at least a portion of the dielectric liner, and depositing a seed layer onto the barrier layer. A layer of resist is then deposited over the workpiece and an opening is formed in the resist over the blind hole. A conductive material is then deposited into the blind hole and over at least a portion of the seed layer. The conductive layer can act as a wetting agent for a conductive fill material that is deposited into the blind hole to form the interconnect after forming the vent.
Another aspect of the invention is directed toward a microelectronic assembly including microfeature workpiece having a substrate with a first side and a second side. The assembly can include a microelectronic die on and/or in the substrate. The die includes an integrated circuit and a terminal electrically coupled to the integrated circuit. The assembly can also include a blind hole in the substrate extending from the first side of the substrate to an endpoint at an intermediate depth within the substrate. The assembly also includes a vent hole in the workpiece that is open to the blind hole and an electrically conductive interconnect in at least a portion of the blind hole.
Specific details of several embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to interconnects extending from a terminal proximate to the front side of a workpiece, but the methods and workpieces described below can be used for other types of interconnects within microelectronic workpieces. Several details describing well-known structures or processes often associated with fabricating microelectronic devices are not set forth in the following description for purposes of clarity. Also, several other embodiments of the invention can have different configurations, components, or procedures than those described in this section. A person of ordinary skill in the art, therefore, will accordingly understand that the invention may have other embodiments with additional elements, or the invention may have other embodiments without several of the elements shown and described below with reference to FIGS. 1A-5.
FIGS. 1A-1K illustrate various stages of a method for forming interconnects in a workpiece 10 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 1A illustrates the workpiece 10 at an initial stage before the interconnects have been formed. The workpiece 10 can include a substrate 12 having a first side 14 and a second side 16. The workpiece 10 can also include a plurality of microelectronic dies 20 on and/or in the substrate 12. Each microelectronic die 20 can include integrated circuitry 21 and a plurality of terminals 22 (e.g., bond-pads) operatively coupled to the integrated circuitry 21. The terminals 22 shown in FIG. 1A are external features at the first side 14 of the substrate 12. In other embodiments, however, the terminals 22 can be internal features that are embedded at an intermediate depth within the substrate 12.
FIG. 1B is a side cross-sectional view of the area 1B shown in FIG. 1A. In previous processing steps, a first dielectric layer 30 was applied to the first side 14 of the substrate 12, and a second dielectric layer 32 was applied over the first dielectric layer 30. The second dielectric layer 32 was then patterned and etched to expose the terminal 22. The dielectric layers 30 and 32 can be a polyimide material, but these dielectric layers can be other nonconductive materials in other embodiments. For example, the first dielectric layer 30 and/or one or more of the subsequent dielectric layers can be parylene, a low temperature chemical vapor deposition (low temperature CVD) material such as tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and silicon oxide (SiO2), and/or other suitable materials. The foregoing list of dielectric materials is not exhaustive. The dielectric layers 30 and 32 are not generally composed of the same material as each other, but these layers may be composed of the same material. In addition, one or both of the layers 30 and 32 may be omitted and/or additional layers may be included, such as in the case of a redistribution layer. After depositing the second dielectric layer 32, a mask 33 is applied over the second dielectric layer 32 and patterned as shown in FIG. 1B. The mask 33 can be a layer of resist that is patterned according to the arrangement of terminals 22 on the substrate 12. As such, the mask 33 has an opening over the terminal 22.
Referring to FIG. 1C, a hole or aperture 40 is formed through at least part of the substrate 12. The hole 40 extends through the terminal 22, the first dielectric layer 30, and a portion of the substrate 12 to define a blind hole or via 45. For purposes of this specification, a “blind hole” or “blind via” refers to a hole or aperture that extends only partially through the substrate 12 or is otherwise closed at one end. The hole 40 is formed by etching through the materials using one or more individual etches. After forming the hole 40, the mask 33 is removed from the workpiece 10.
The hole 40 can alternatively be formed using a laser in addition to or in lieu of etching. If a laser is used to form all or a portion of the hole 40, it is typically cleaned using chemical cleaning agents to remove slag or other contaminants. Although laser cutting the hole 40 may be advantageous because the substrate 12 does not need to be patterned (i.e., mask 33 would not need to be applied), etching the hole 40 may be easier because the slag does not need to be cleaned from the hole 40 and the depth of the hole 40 can be more precisely controlled with an etching process. A further advantage of using an etching process is that the first side 14 of the substrate 12 can be patterned and etched to simultaneously form a plurality of holes 40 aligned with corresponding terminals 22. Furthermore, the holes 40 can generally be more precisely aligned using an etching process as compared with a laser cutting process.
Referring next to FIG. 1D, a third dielectric layer 34 is deposited onto the workpiece 10 to line the sidewalls of the hole 40 within the substrate 12. The third dielectric layer 34 electrically insulates components in the substrate 12 from an interconnect that is subsequently formed in the hole 40, as described in greater detail below. In one embodiment, the third dielectric layer 34 can be a low temperature CVD oxide, but in other embodiments the third dielectric layer 34 can be other suitable dielectric materials. A suitable etching process is then used to remove the third dielectric layer 34 from at least a portion of the terminal 22. A barrier layer 36 is then deposited onto the workpiece 10 over the third dielectric layer 34 and in electrical contact with the terminal 22. In practice, the barrier layer 36 generally covers the second dielectric layer 32 and the terminal 22 in addition to the third dielectric layer 34. The barrier layer 36 can be deposited onto the workpiece 10 using a vapor deposition process, such as CVD or physical vapor deposition (PVD). The barrier layer 36 can be composed of Ta, W, or other suitable materials.
Referring next to FIG. 1E, a seed layer 50 is deposited onto the barrier layer 36. The seed layer 50 can be deposited using vapor deposition techniques, such as CVD, PVD, atomic layer deposition, and/or plating. The seed layer 50 can be composed of Cu or other suitable materials. The thickness of the seed layer 50 is generally 400 Angstroms to 2 microns. The seed layer 50, however, may not cover the barrier layer 36 uniformly. This may cause subsequent electroplating processes to not apply a uniform metal layer onto the workpiece. If the seed layer is deficient, it can be enhanced using an enhancement process that fills voids or noncontinuous regions of the seed layer 50 to form a more uniform seed layer. One suitable seed layer enhancement process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,181, which is incorporated by reference.
Referring next to FIG. 1F, a resist layer 60 is deposited onto the seed layer 50, and the resist layer 60 is patterned to have an opening 61 over the terminal 22 and corresponding blind hole 45. In several embodiments, a first conductive layer 52 can then be deposited onto the exposed portions of the seed layer 50 in the blind hole 45. The first conductive layer 52 can be Cu that is deposited onto the seed layer 50 in an electroless plating operation, electroplating operation, or another suitable method. The application of the first conductive layer 52 is an optional step that can be omitted in several embodiments.
Referring to FIG. 1G, a second conductive layer 54 is deposited onto the first conductive layer 52 in the blind hole 45. The second conductive layer 54 is a wetting agent that facilitates depositing subsequent materials into the blind hole 45. The second conductive layer 54 can be Ni that is deposited onto the first conductive layer 52 using an electroless or electrolytic plating process. In other embodiments, the blind hole 45 may be coated with other suitable materials using other methods.
Referring next to FIG. 1H, a vent hole 70 is formed in the substrate 12 extending from a bottom portion of the blind hole 45 to the second side 16 of the substrate 12. The vent hole 70 can be formed using a laser to cut through the substrate 12 from the second side 16 to the bottom of the blind hole 45. The laser can be aligned with the blind hole 45 and/or corresponding terminal 22 using scanning/alignment systems known in the art. A suitable laser is the Xise200 commercially available from Xsil Ltd. of Dublin, Ireland. After forming the vent hole 70, it is generally cleaned to remove ablated byproducts (i.e., slag) and/or other undesirable byproducts resulting from the laser. For example, the vent hole 70 can be cleaned using a suitable cleaning agent, such as 6% tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH): propylene glycol. In other embodiments, the vent hole 70 may not be cleaned. In alternative embodiments, the vent hole 70 can be a different size or shape, and may be formed using an etching process (e.g., a dry etch and/or a wet etch), a mechanical drilling process, a dicing or laser slot, or another suitable method.
In several embodiments, a temporary protective filling or coating 69 (shown in broken lines) can be deposited into the blind hole 45 before forming the vent hole 70. The protective filling 69 can be a photoresist, polymer, water, a solidified liquid or gas, or another suitable material. The protective filling 69 protects the sidewalls of the blind hole 45 from slag produced during the laser drilling process. The slag can negatively affect the plating of nickel onto the seed layer and/or the wetting of a conductive fill material into the blind hole 45. The protective filling 69 can be removed after forming the vent hole 70.
Referring next to FIG. 1I, a conductive fill material 80 is deposited into the blind hole 45 to form an interconnect 82. The interconnect 82 has a first end 83 proximate to the terminal 22 and a second end 84 at the bottom of the blind hole 45. The fill material 80 can include Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, Au, solder, or other suitable materials or alloys of materials having the desired conductivity. The conductive fill material 80 can be deposited into the blind hole 45 using plating processes, solder wave processes, screen printing processes, reflow processes, vapor deposition processes, or other suitable techniques. The plating processes, for example, can be electroless plating processes or electroplating processes. Several additional embodiments of methods for depositing the fill material 80 into the blind hole 45 are described below with respect to FIGS. 2-3C.
Referring to FIG. 1J, the resist layer 60 is removed from the workpiece 10 and a suitable etching process is used to remove the remaining portions of the seed layer 50 and barrier layer 36 on first side 14 of the substrate 12. Referring to FIG. 1K, the substrate 12 is thinned to a desired thickness “T” by removing material from the second side 16 of the substrate 12. In the illustrated embodiment, the second end 84 of the interconnect 82 is exposed after removing material from the second side 16. In one embodiment, the initial thickness of the substrate 12 is approximately 750 μm, and the final thickness T is approximately 100-500 μm. The initial and final thicknesses can be different in other embodiments. The second side 16 of the substrate 12 can be thinned using grinding, dry etching, chemical etching, chemical polishing, chemical mechanical planarization (CMP), or other suitable processes.
One advantage of several embodiments of the method for forming interconnects 82 illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1K is that the vent hole 70 allows trapped air, gases, or volatile solvents to escape from the larger blind hole 45 when filling the blind hole with the fill material 80. In this way, the vent hole 70 allows the fill material 80 to more easily flow into the blind hole 45 and mitigates the likelihood of voids or discontinuities in the interconnect 82.
Another advantage of several of the embodiments of the method described above in FIGS. 1A-1K is that the vent hole 70 will not become plugged while depositing the fill material 80 into the blind hole 45. Because the vent hole 70 is formed after depositing the second conductive layer 54, the fill material 80 deposited into the blind hole 45 will only flow as far as the wetting material (e.g., the second conductive layer 54) and will not flow into the vent hole 70. Accordingly, the vent hole 70 will remain open during the filling process and allow any gases and/or fluids trapped in the blind hole 45 to escape.
FIGS. 2-3C illustrate several additional embodiments of methods for depositing the fill material into the blind hole 45. FIG. 2, for example, illustrates a method for filling the blind hole 45 using a plating process. This method can include several steps similar to those described above with respect to FIGS. 1A-1E. The subsequent stages of this method, however, may differ from those described above in that the fill material is plated into the blind hole 45 using a bottom-up plating process that selectively fills the blind hole 45 with fill material. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the substrate 12 can conduct electrical current to the seed layer 50 or other conductive material (e.g., conductive layers 52 and 54) in the blind hole 45. In another embodiment, the conductive layers 52 and 54 may not be deposited onto the seed layer 50. This embodiment continues by applying an electrical potential to the second side 16 of the substrate 12 and an electrode 230 immersed in the plating solution 220. An electrical current accordingly passes through the substrate 12 such that the ions in the plating solution 220 plate onto the seed layer 50 and progressively plate onto each other to fill the blind hole 45 and form an interconnect 282. The plating process can be terminated when the blind hole 45 is either fully or partially filled with the conductive fill material. The workpiece 10 can then undergo further processing as described above in FIGS. 1J and 1K.
FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate another embodiment of stages in a method for filling the blind hole 45 with a conductive fill material. This method can include several steps that are at least generally similar to those described above with respect to FIGS. 1A-1H. The subsequent stages of this method differ from those described above in that a vent hole is not formed through the substrate 12. Instead, the substrate 12 is releasably attached to a support member 310 (e.g., a carrier substrate) that includes a first side 312 and a second side 314 opposite the first side 312. The first side 312 of the support member 310 is releasably attached to the first side 14 of the substrate 12 with an adhesive material 320. The support member 310 has a vent hole 370 substantially aligned with the blind hole 45. The vent hole 370 can be formed either before or after the support member 310 is attached to the substrate 12.
Referring next to FIG. 3B, the second side 16 of the substrate 12 is thinned until the bottom portion of the blind hole 45 is opened. The substrate 12 can be thinned using processes similar to those described above with respect to FIG. 1K. Referring to FIG. 3C, this embodiment continues by depositing a conductive fill material into the blind hole 45 to form an interconnect 382 extending through the substrate 12. The fill material can be solder, copper, or other suitable materials. The fill material can be deposited into the blind hole 45 using a solder wave process, but in other embodiments the fill material can be deposited using plating procedures or other suitable methods.
FIG. 4 illustrates a stage in a method for forming an interconnect in a workpiece 410 in accordance with still another embodiment of the invention. Several stages of this method is at least generally similar to those described above with reference to FIGS. 1A-1F. The subsequent stages of this method, however, differ from those described above with reference to FIG. 1G-1K in that a plurality of vent holes 70 are formed for individual blind holes 45. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, two vent holes 470 are formed from the second side 16 of the substrate 12 to the blind hole 45. In other embodiments, more than two vent holes may be formed for each blind hole.
FIG. 5 illustrates a stage in a method for forming an interconnect in a workpiece 510 in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention. Several stages of this method are at least generally similar to the steps described above with respect to FIGS. 1A-1E. For example, the third dielectric layer 34, the barrier layer 36, and the seed layer 50 can be deposited onto the workpiece 510 to line the blind hole 45. The seed layer 50 can also be enhanced to provide a uniform seed layer. The subsequent stages of this method, however, differ from those described above in that the vent hole 570 is formed after completing the seed layer 50. After forming the vent hole 570, the workpiece 510 can undergo additional processing steps that are at least generally similar to those described above with respect to FIGS. 1F-1K. For example, first and second conductive layer 52 and 54 (FIGS. 1F and 1G) can be deposited into the blind hole 45, and then a fill material can be deposited into the blind hole 45 (FIG. 1I). In other embodiments, the blind hole 45 can be filled without depositing the first and second conductive layer 52 and 54 shown in FIG. 1F and 1G by electrochemically depositing a fill material onto the seed layer. The electrochemical deposition processes can be electroless plating processes or electroplating processes. In the case of electroplating processes, a potential can be applied to the backside of the substrate as shown in FIG. 2, or the potential can be applied directly to the seed layer as known in the art.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, various aspects of any of the foregoing embodiments can be combined in different combinations. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.
constructing an electrically conductive interconnect in at least a portion of the blind hole.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing material from a second exterior side of the workpiece to thin the workpiece.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein forming a blind hole in the workpiece comprises etching a hole into the workpiece such that a portion of the hole is aligned with the terminal and the hole does not extend completely through the workpiece.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein forming a blind hole in the workpiece comprises laser cutting a hole into the workpiece such that a portion of the hole is aligned with the terminal and the hole does not extend completely through the workpiece.
forming a vent comprises laser cutting a hole from the second exterior side to the blind hole.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein forming a vent comprises laser cutting a hole from the second exterior side to the blind hole.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein forming a vent comprises etching and/or mechanically drilling a hole from the second exterior side to the blind hole.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein forming a vent comprises laser cutting a plurality of holes from the second exterior side to the blind hole.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein forming a vent comprises etching and/or mechanically drilling a plurality of holes from the second exterior side to the blind hole.
removing the protective filling and/or coating after forming the vent.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein constructing an electrically conductive interconnect comprises filling the blind hole with a conductive fill material to form the interconnect.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein constructing an electrically conductive interconnect comprises filling the blind hole with a conductive fill material to form the interconnect, and wherein the conductive fill material includes Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, Au, solder, or other suitable materials or alloys of materials having the desired conductivity.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein constructing an electrically conductive interconnect comprises plating a conductive fill material into at least a portion of the blind hole.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein plating the conductive fill material into the blind hole comprises applying an electrical potential to the workpiece in the presence of a plating solution.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein plating the conductive fill material into the blind hole comprises electrolessly plating the fill material into the blind hole.
applying a conductive layer into the blind hole and over at least a portion of the seed layer before forming the vent.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from the at least a portion of the workpiece outside the blind hole after constructing the interconnect and before removing material from a second exterior side of the workpiece to thin the workpiece.
18. The method of claim 16, further comprising enhancing the seed layer before applying the layer of resist.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein the conductive layer is a second conductive layer, and wherein the method further comprises applying a first conductive layer into the blind hole and over the seed layer after applying the layer of resist and before applying the second conductive layer.
removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from the at least a portion of the workpiece outside the blind hole after filling the blind hole with a conductive fill material.
applying a conductive layer into the blind hole and over at least a portion of the seed layer.
thinning the substrate from the second side until at least a portion of the interconnect is exposed.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein forming a blind hole in the substrate comprises etching a hole into the substrate such that a portion of the hole is aligned with the terminal and the hole does not extend completely through the substrate.
24. The method of claim 22 wherein forming a blind hole in the substrate comprises laser cutting a hole into the substrate such that a portion of the hole is aligned with the terminal and the hole does not extend completely through the substrate.
25. The method of claim 22 wherein forming a vent hole comprises laser cutting a hole from the second side of the substrate to the blind hole, and wherein the vent hole extends to the blind hole such that gases or other fluids can flow from the blind hole to the vent hole.
26. The method of claim 22 wherein forming a vent hole comprises etching and/or mechanically drilling a hole from the second side of the substrate to the blind hole, and wherein the vent hole extends to the blind hole such that gases or other fluids can flow from the blind hole to the vent hole.
27. The method of claim 22 wherein forming a vent hole comprises laser cutting a plurality of holes from the second side of the substrate to the blind hole.
28. The method of claim 22 wherein forming a vent hole comprises etching and/or mechanically drilling a plurality of holes from the second side of the substrate to the blind hole.
29. The method of claim 22 wherein constructing an electrically conductive interconnect comprises filling the blind hole with a conductive fill material to form the interconnect.
30. The method of claim 22 wherein constructing an electrically conductive interconnect comprises filling the blind hole with a conductive fill material to form the interconnect, and wherein the conductive fill material includes Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, Au, solder, or other suitable materials or alloys of materials having the desired conductivity.
31. The method of claim 22 wherein constructing an electrically conductive interconnect comprises plating a conductive fill material into at least a portion of the blind hole.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein plating the conductive fill material into the blind hole comprises applying an electrical potential to the workpiece in the presence of a plating solution.
33. The method of claim 31 wherein plating the conductive fill material into the blind hole comprises electrolessly plating the fill material into the blind hole.
applying a conductive layer into the blind hole and over at least a portion of the seed layer before forming the vent hole.
35. The method of claim 34, further comprising removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from the at least a portion of the substrate outside the blind hole after constructing the interconnect and before thinning the substrate.
36. The method of claim 34, further comprising enhancing the seed layer before applying the layer of resist.
37. The method of claim 34 wherein the conductive layer is a second conductive layer, and wherein the method further comprises applying a first conductive layer into the blind hole and over the seed layer after applying the layer of resist and before applying the second conductive layer.
removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from the at least a portion of the substrate outside the blind hole after filling the blind hole with a conductive material.
filling the passage with a conductive fill material to form an interconnect in electrical contact with the terminal.
41. The method of claim 40 wherein forming a blind hole in the substrate comprises etching a hole into the substrate such that a portion of the hole is aligned with the terminal and the hole does not extend completely through the substrate.
42. The method of claim 40 wherein forming a blind hole in the substrate comprises laser cutting a hole into the substrate such that a portion of the hole is aligned with the terminal and the hole does not extend completely through the substrate.
43. The method of claim 40 wherein forming a vent hole in the support member comprises forming a vent hole either before or after releasably attaching the first side of the substrate to the support member.
44. The method of claim 44 wherein filling the passage with a conductive fill material includes filling the passage with Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, Au, solder, or other suitable materials or alloys of materials having the desired conductivity.
45. The method of claim 40 wherein filling the passage with a conductive fill material including filling the passage using a solder wave process.
applying a conductive layer into the blind hole and over at least a portion of the seed layer before releasably attaching the substrate to the support member.
47. The method of claim 46, further comprising removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from the at least a portion of the substrate outside the blind hole after constructing the interconnect.
48. The method of claim 46, further comprising enhancing the seed layer before applying the layer of resist.
49. The method of claim 46 wherein the conductive layer is a second conductive layer, and wherein the method further comprises applying a first conductive layer into the blind hole and over the seed layer after applying the layer of resist and before applying the second conductive layer.
removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from the at least a portion of the substrate outside the blind hole after filling the passage with the conductive material.
removing material from the backside of the workpiece to thin the workpiece and expose at least a portion of the conductive fill material in the first opening.
52. The method of claim 51 wherein forming the first opening comprises etching a blind hole into the workpiece.
53. The method of claim 51 wherein forming the first opening comprises laser cutting a blind hole into the workpiece.
54. The method of claim 51 wherein forming a second opening comprises laser cutting a vent hole from the backside of the workpiece to the first opening.
55. The method of claim 51 wherein forming a second opening comprises etching and/or mechanically drilling a vent hole from the backside of the workpiece to the first opening.
56. The method of claim 51 wherein filling the first opening with a conductive fill material comprises filling the first opening with Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, Au, solder, or other suitable materials or alloys of materials having the desired conductivity.
thinning the workpiece from the backside of the substrate to expose at least a portion of the individual interconnects.
an electrically conductive interconnect in at least a portion of the blind hole.
59. The assembly of claim 58 wherein the vent hole in the workpiece comprises a hole extending from the second side of the substrate to the blind hole.
a conductive fill material disposed in the blind hole over at least a portion of the conductive layer and electrically coupled to the terminal.
a metal fill disposed in the blind hole over at least a portion of the wetting agent and electrically coupled to the terminal.
an electrically conductive interconnect in at least a portion of the blind hole and in contact with the terminal.
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2019-04-22T22:47:09Z
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https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060177999A1/en
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So, the votes have been counted and the people have spoken and it is time to reflect a little on what has happened In Stockport, 2 parties have something to be happy about - Labour gained 4 seats and again topped the poll in terms of votes cast (33.39%) and the Liberal Democrats avoided a meltdown, coming second in terms of votes (31.02%) and, whilst they lost three seats that they had held in 2008 (including the Councillor leader, David Goddard's seat in Offerton), they managed to regain Cheadle and Gatley and hold on in Hazel Grove and Bredbury Green and Romiley.
The big losers were the Conservatives who came third in vote share (25.33%) and lost two of their seats (Cheadle and Gatley and Heatons North).
Control of the Council is now open to debate but I would guess that the Liberal Democrats will retain control with the support of the Independent Ratepayers and the People Matter councillor who supported the Liberal Democrat deputy leader (new leader?) in her slim hold in Manor. Of course, I could be wrong.
This was an easy gain for Labour but the collapse in the Liberal Democrat share of the vote is truly catastrophic, coming third behind UKIP. The Lib Dem's John Reid took only 8.23% of the vote, down by 38.69% since 2008 and it is very much back to the drawing board for the party here. UKIP's Phil Lewis garnered a decent 11.8% of the vote to take second place whilst the former UKIP candidate in 2010, John Heginbotham, managed only 2.94% in his Independent tilt at the seat. The Conservatives' Stephen Holgate will be disappointed to have come in fourth and their vote share slipped compared with 2008 and last year suggesting that, even among their small base in this ward, they have suffered a post-budget backlash.
Labour's Andy Sorton will doubtless battle to prevent Labour losing its heartland seat in the future having achieved a stunning 35.82% swing from the Liberal Democrats since 2008.
I feel fairly pleased with myself with this result as it pretty much turned out as I predicted - Labour's Roy Driver managed to increase the Labour vote by an impressive 6.1% since last May and Labour's vote is up by 26.08% since 2008, the highest vote in this area that Labour has achieved since the creation of the Borough (I am happy to be corrected here) and higher than even Labour's Bill Prince achieved in 1980 when he was elected as Labour's one and only councillor in Bredbury.
The Liberal Democrat's Christine Corris managed to hold on with a massively decreased majority from 2008 and a swing against the Liberal Democrats and to Labour of 22.92% in that period. Whilst 2008 was a disaster for Labour nationwide, this is still pretty stunning in the context of this ward. The Lib Dem vote fell sharply from last May (-7.7%) and the continued collapse of the Tory vote has probably helped Cllr Corris to hold on with a comfortable-ish majority of 181.
The Conservatives will be pretty dumbstruck by their continuing fall in support in this area where a mix of Lib Dem targeting of the vote and the reaction to the Budget has led them to be out of the race for this ward. Their vote share has more than halved since 2008 and this is the worst showing they have had since the present ward was created.
The BNP's Andy Webster took a fairly impressive share of the vote and, as ever, it isn't too easy to speculate where it would have gone if he hadn't stood; many of his supporters wouldn't have voted at all, a few would be Tories but evidence seems to show that BNP voters are often from a disproportionately Labour supporting background so this intervention may have helped Cllr Corris.
The Liberal Democrats are probably delighted that there are no elections in this ward for a couple of years to give them time to rebuild their voter base but if Mr Driver stands again, I see him winning here.
I got this one completely wrong and I hold my hands up. I was sure that the Conservatives would gain this seat and that Labour would begin to build up their vote share but, when I produced my predictions, the evidence of the post-Budget Conservative collapse wasn't clear and I did not take into account the impressive campaign machine of Councillor Lees who managed to get the vote out whilst the turnout overall for the ward fell sharply. The Lib Dem's 1594 votes were only 14 more than they achieved last year when they were roundly beaten by the Tories, but the turnout in this ward has fallen by a fifth since last May (913 voters less) and the Conservatives voters seem to be the ones who mainly stayed at home with their number of votes down by 906. This is what is known as the rule of differential turnout and the Liberal Democrats have worked it impressively in this ward. Whilst Cllr Lees share of the vote has fallen by 6.82% since 2008, the large fall by the Tories has meant there has been a swing to the Liberal Democrats of 2.06%.
This has got to be very disappointing for the Conservatives who nearly took this seat from Cllr Lees in 2008, coming within 119 votes last time she defended the seat, so I guess there will be a post-mortem asking why they could not enthuse the base to turn out and vote.
Labour's Kathryn Priestly held the vote share from last year (a slight increase of 0.13%) but I expect she will be very disappointed not to have held onto the voters from last year. Nevertheless, Labour has achieved a 13.66% rise in their vote since 2008.
The BNP's Tony Dean achieved 4.1% of the vote and that will have probably have had a similar effect to what I described in Bredbury and Woodley.
I am glad I posted last Wednesday night that I was putting this in the Liberal Democrat gain column instead of my initial belief it was a toss-up but a probable Tory hold. Too much was going wrong for the the Tories to see them hold this and congratulations to the new Liberal Democrat councillor Keith Holloway on his victory.
Compared to last year, there was another depressing drop in the turnout here but Cheadle and Gatley managed one of the best turnouts in the borough with 41%. It seems that the Lib Dems managed to get their vote out better than the Conservatives who, despite only losing a small share of the vote on last year (-1.42%) saw their hopes of retaining this seat for Mick Jones fall from their fingers. I guess there will be a lot of blame laid at the hands of the Government's recent budget shambles but that didn't stop the Lib Dems from getting their vote out. As it happens, the turnout was very similar to that of 2008.
The leaflet targeting of Labour voters by the Lib Dems (including quoting attacks on Labour by their former councillor in Manor) to get the Tories out may have had some success as the Labour vote fell back slightly from 2011 by 0.93% and all this added to the margins to make last year's very marginal ward slightly safer for the Liberal Democrat's and produce a gain for them.
Labour's Colin Owen will be disappointed to have not progressed this year, especially given the Coalition government's troubles, but he still managed to improve Labour's vote share since 2008 from 8.77% to 20.4%.
Now, I put this ward in my Toss Up column whilst predicting a Lib Dem hold, the result shows my foolhardiness and I will take the newly re-elected Cllr Pantall's good-natured comment on that post as a well-needed hand slap.
It must be said though that nobody could have foreseen (at least until the few days) the remarkable drop in the Conservative share of the vote, especially given the absence of a UKIP candidate whose voters were unlikely to rush across to Labour or the Liberal Democrats. It would appear that they mostly stayed at home, which must be very worrying for the Conservatives. If they had stood this year, the evidence suggests that UKIP would have increased its share of the vote.
The voter turnout was depressingly low in Cheadle Hulme North at just 33% but Councillor Pantall managed to get out his vote and, whilst only increasing the number of votes the Lib Dems got in 2011 by 9 votes, he increased the vote share by 10.83%. The Conservatives share fell by 5.12% whilst Labour's Emily Hewson increased the vote from last May by 1.1%.
So, whilst Councillor Pantall's share of the vote has dropped by over 4% since 2008, he can be pleased with his comfortable majority and the success of his campaign. For Labour, a wonderful increase of over 22% since 2008 with a hefty swing to them from the Lib Dems, but disappointment that they haven't done better and a need to look at how it targets those voters resistant to them.
As for the Conservatives' Chris Green, just thank your lucky stars that UKIP didn't stand or things could have been much worse.
I predicted a solid Lib Dem victory here but guessed at a reduced majority for Cllr Grice - I was wrong as he managed to hold onto a fairly comfortable majority which, whilst his vote share fell in relation to 2008, the drop in the Conservative vote made more impressive than it could have been. Compared to 2008, the Lib Dem vote fell by 4.47%, the Conservative vote fell by 12.56%, whilst the Labour vote rose by 11.42% and UKIP vote rose by 6.85%.
Compared to last May however, Labour's Theo Smith saw his vote fall slightly (-1.36%) but this is not a great ward for Labour and it was always going to be a struggle for him. Councillor Grice will be delighted to see his party's vote rise to 46.86% after last years drop but much of this, on a reduced turnout, seems to be based on the Lib Dems managing to get their vote out whilst the Conservatives (28.9%) suffered an anti-Coalition backlash with UKIP rising and many voters staying at home so dropping by 6.76% since 2011.
Other than Cllr Grice, the big winner was UKIP's Cyril Peake who is the only candidate to actually increase his number of voters (up by 108) on 2011 and saw his vote share rise by 3.93% overall. This was bad news for the Conservatives' Julie Smith-Jones and will cause some serious soul-searching in the Tory camp.
Despite a good campaign by sitting Councillor Ann Smith, this was always going to be a difficult battle for the Liberal Democrats after the seat swung heavily to Labour last year and, with the ward being the place where two LD councillors (Roy Driver and David White) defected to Labour out of frustration with the Coalition government and local cuts, has become a fairly safe Labour seat. On the face of it, the majority that Labour's Wendy Wild has achieved looks fairly low (267, 8.22%), but this is actually a swing to Labour and without a sitting councillor for the Lib Dems in a couple of years, I suspect the Labour majority will be closer to that of last May.
Davenport and Cale Green had a higher turnout than 4 years ago although it dropped pretty dramatically from last year, which seems to have benefited the Liberal Democrats who also managed successfully to squeeze the Conservative vote which fell by 7.26% since last May and by 10.15% since 2008. Without question, a good result for the Lib Dems but only in terms of where they were last May. In terms of 2008, the Labour share of the vote has risen by 17.19% and the Lib Dem share has fallen by 7.39%, a swing to Labour of 12.29%. The healthy looking Lib Dem share of 38.01% would probably not have looked as good if the Tory vote hadn't so spectacularly collapsed.
The Green Party's Phil Shaw managed a respectable 6.34% of the vote, although it is down since last May (-2.02%) and the Liberal's Graham Ogden left no mark on this contest with only 37 votes (1.14%).
Whilst it is probably of little comfort to former Cllr Smith, I congratulate her on holding onto a personal vote that made things look slightly better than they could have done for her party.
Another seat where I wrongly guessed a Conservative gain, although it was very close and the Conservatives, unlike in other parts of the borough, managed to increase their share of the vote compared to their successful campaign last May. The past few weeks' unmitigated bad news for the national party surely depressed the potential Conservative vote and, as with the rest of the borough, the turnout fell quite steeply. Councillor Hogg managed to get the Lib Dem vote out and is undoubtedly very relieved to see their vote share rise by 5.9% since last May.
The result is actually worse for the Tories than it looks - this year there was no UKIP candidate and, when I first made my prediction of a Tory gain, I believed this would help them. The fact that it hasn't and that UKIP's vote seems to have stayed at home is very worrying for the Conservatives and their losing candidate, Oliver Johnstone. Interestingly, the Conservatives got exactly the same number of votes as in 2008 (1668) but, on a lower poll, have increased their vote share.
Labour's Catherine Sheppard will be disappointed to have not made progress on last year but they can certainly be pleased to have escaped the worst of a squeeze - the vote since last year fell by only 0.61%.
Congratulations to a relieved Councillor Hogg, he held on despite a big drop in his vote share since 2008, most of which has gone to Labour on a huge 12.105% swing.
I predicted this one correctly with the share of the vote for the Conservatives and Labour fairly similar to last year but with a slight rise for both parties and Labour enjoying an additional swing from the Tories of 0.625%.
It must be difficult for the Conservatives to know what has happened in this seat which used to be a fairly safe (at one time, very safe) bet for them. Whilst there have been demographic changes, it still has a demographic that should favour them but it seems that they are destined to be the most likely to succeed when Labour is doing badly.
The Conservative candidate, Barbara Judson, can be pleased that she managed to increase the vote share by 1.2% since last May but, in a straight fight with Labour, they will need to be achieving in the mid 40's to be sure of a gain. Compared to 2008 when former Councillor Jones stood, the Tory vote has fallen by 14% whilst Labour's has risen by 22.34% (admittedly, 2008 was a terrible year for Labour), a swing of 18.17% to them.
Labour will be delighted to have taken this seat and Councillor Sedgwick will be particulary pleased to have raised the Labour vote share since last year by 2.46%.
The Green's veteran candidate, Janet Cuff, will be pleased that she didn't suffer a squeeze and saw her share of the vote rise compared to 2008 and 2011.
For the Liberal Democrats and their candidate, Andrew Rawling, this is probably a result they would like to forget. Never a good seat for them, they were squeezed in this race and forced into 4th place.
I got this one wrong but I did wonder (and added to my original post) what the effect of the intervention of the now 'People Matter' Cllr McAuley might be on behalf of Cllr Derbyshire. To be honest, I don't really think that it has made much difference to the result as Labour held its share compared to last year and it was the successful squeeze that the Lib Dems managed to put on the Tory vote that seems to be the main reason for this hold. I suppose he may have convinced a dozen or so people and that would be responsible for the hold, but it is not too worthy of consideration as it can't be quantified.
Compared to last year, the Conservative vote share has fallen by 7.06%, some of that may have stayed at home but some will be the result of a 'keep Labour out' campaign.
The Deputy Leader of the Council, Sue Derbyshire has worked very hard with her party on this campaign and managed to get her vote out very successfully and she deserves congratulations for this whilst others were losing out. Compared to 2008, her share of the vote has fallen by only 1.06% (remarkable really) and this is the reason for her victory.
Labour's Walter Barrett will be deeply disappointed to have failed to take this seat by only 24 votes and will need to go to the drawing board to work out how to get former Tories to switch to Labour let alone gain even more former Liberal Democrat voters. However, the Labour vote compared to 2008 has risen by a stunning 20.19% and holding on to that share will be the basis of future victory hopes for Labour.
The BNP's Duncan Warner again stood and his vote continued to decline.
I predicted last year that Labour would take this seat at these elections and I guessed it would be a nailbiter - and it was: Labour's Laura Booth claiming the scalp of Council Leader, Dave Goddard, by just 45 votes. From all reports, this was a real battle and it came down to who could get the vote out and whether Labour could convince enough tactical Lib Dems that they could win. Equally, Dave Goddard had to convince Tories to vote for him to keep Labour out.
In the end, Labour were successful and managed to increase their vote compared to last year by 5.13% whilst the Liberal Democrat's vote slipped by 0.41%. I don't doubt that some Tory supporters may have gone straight across to Labour, but it is more likely that they went to the Lib Dems at about the same rate as voters switched from the Lib Dems to Labour. Only 140 less voted than last year and it is all these slight margins which excite psephologists and frustrate party activists - it is the 'if only' rule: "if only I had got that vote out, if only I had canvassed that street again."
The Conservative vote held up fairly well but, given they were the main opponents to the Lib Dems until last year, they will be concerned that they are clearly third here and weren't able to capitalise on the defection to them of Councillor Smith.
UKIP's Harry Perry would have hoped to have gained at the expense of the Tory troubles nationally, but failed to do so and saw their vote slip back slightly. In such an interesting and close contest, it is hard to be an also-ran.
In the end, it has been Labour's ability to crawl back from the doldrums of recent years and to make themselves a challenger in this ward which is the real story. It was always likely that if Labour re-established itself in Offerton then the main losers would be the Liberal Democrats. Since Mr Goddard last stood in 2008, the Labour share of the vote rose by an extraordinary 26.82% and the Lib Dem share has fallen by 12.47%, a swing of 19.645%.
The disappearance of the BNP has added to the political weather - where has that vote gone? Evidence suggests that many are former Labour voters and the party was most successful here when Labour was nowhere, but the BNP voters are a mixed bunch and a lot will be voting UKIP and a few will stay at home.
So, Stockport has lost its Council Leader and the Lib Dems have lost their party boss, it will be interesting to see what happens now but, for Mr Goddard, after 20 years as a councillor (many as a Labour representative), I suspect a bit of a deep breath and a sitdown is in order.
I put this in my Toss Up column and wasn't sure who would win, but (again) I had not taken into account the effect of the 'omni-shambles' budget on Conservative-inclined voters and the Lib Dems successful campaign. Compared to last year, The Lib Dem vote fell only slightly (-0.37%) whilst the Conservative vote share fell by 4.81% giving the Lib Dems a more comfortable majority than last year though somewhat worse than 4 years ago when Councillor Orrell last stood.
The Conservative candidate, John wright, will be disappointed not to have been able to hold or increase the Tory vote share and must be frustrated by the national picture which depressed the Tory vote, but UKIP's Izzy Bolton managed to increase their share of the vote (+2.98%) compared to last May and much of that must have come from the Conservatives. The veteran Green candidate, Ken Pease, will be pleased that he saw his vote share rise by 2.6%.
Labour's Janet Rothwell managed to avoid a squeeze and increased her vote share since last May by 1.74%. I am sure that she will feel some disappointment not to have made a significant move forward and to be establishing the Labour Party as realistic challengers for the ward but, compared to 2008, the vote share is up by 16.38%.
Councillor Orrell will be fairly pleased with the result but will be concerned at the low turnout and the fact that, compared to when she last stood for election (2008), her party's share of the vote fell by 14.39%.
So - the story is that where there was a competitive battle, the turnout was quite good, and the Liberal Democrats did better than many predicted (including themselves, I would have thought) due to the fall in the Conservative vote compared to last year. It is probably why the Lib Dems managed to hold onto Hazel Grove, Bredbury Green and Romiley along with Manor whilst gaining Cheadle and Gatley.
A lot of Conservatives will be very unhappy with David Cameron but I suspect a lot of Liberal Democrats, when the relative relief fades, will be concerned at the effect that being part of the Coalition has had on their local activist base. Across the north of Stockport and in the old Lancashire wards, the Lib Dems vote has collapsed as disastrously as it has in large parts of Manchester and Rochdale. It is amazing to see how their vote has disappeared in Brinnington and Central (won by the Lib Dems in 2008), Edgeley and Cheadle Heath (once a Lib Dem seat) and the best they achieved was 9.63% in Reddish South.
As Labour discovered to its cost, you cannot wither away in wards or you may find that the way to recovery is a long one.
For the Conservatives, a series of bitter blows when they had hoped for better - they are reduced to only 10 Councillors and are only able to rely (in fairly good times) on the Bramhall wards to return councillors in the Conservative cause. Third in terms of vote share across the Borough and a distant third in terms of the number of Councillors, there needs to be a lot of soul-searching in the Stockport Conservative camp.
For Labour, not-quite unalloyed joy but joy nonetheless; for the third year in a row, Labour has increased its number of seats on the council and, for a successive year, have the highest number of votes cast across the borough. Whilst there will be disappointment at just missing out on taking Manor from the Liberal Democrats, there will be a lot of satisfaction at gaining 4 seats and finally getting a toe-hold in Offerton with the added bonus (for them) of removing David Goddard from his seat. Labour's success in pushing the Liberal Democrats close in Bredbury and Woodley offers them a strategy for becoming the largest party in Stockport with a successful rebuilding of their support in the east of the borough.
So - much to contemplate.
Your Manor analysis is bias to the extreme "squeezing the Tory vote to keep Labour out" how is this quantifiable in a statistically significant way, thats right it isn't. Manor was won by 28 votes and the Labour vote was down by just over 200 from last year. I suspect Walter Barrett just couldn't get the support the way Laura Booth could illustrated by the Labour Leaders comments in the MEN that he got what he wanted and Offerton was a bonus. Why put up a candidate you don't support? From speaking to nieghbours I think Cllr McAuley is more respected than you give him credit for. It was a flawless campaign from the Lib Dems to win by the margin they did, skillfully using McAuley's situation to their advantage. Clearly Labour need to get better at strategy apparently people where campaigning in brinnington while they were losing Manor, I think this has more to do with it.
Labour's vote share, on a reduced turnout, is nearly the same as last year. The Tory vote was squeezed. In my analysis, I congratulate Councillor Derbyshire on her campaign.
So, what is the issue? I still do not believe Cllr McAuley's situation shifted that many votes although, as I noted in my analysis, it may have been enough to swing the seat in such a close election.
You are welcome to your opinion which, to be honest, considerably mirrors mine - I agree that the Lib Dems have played Cllr McAuley's situation well and that their campaign was excellent...so, where is the bias? Oh, the margin was 24 votes, not 28.
I'm affraid the stats do lie as on the Stockport website it says turnout was up from last year. This is of course wrong, but I still contest your analysis that the McAuley factor had little impact for the following reasons. While turnout was down nationally in Stockport the Liberal vote in terms of numbers has remained relatively consistant over the last two years and actually in manor consistant outside of GE over the last few years. Hazel Grove, Bredbury Green and Romiley and Manor the variance was minimal. This is quite obviously down to working on a core vote quite successfully however Labour could not maintain the 200 votes that came out to vote the last time despite two very prominant media campaigns and a alot more campaigning over the year. Cheadle and Gately the Labour vote went down almost parallel to the Lib Dem vote. so simply putting this down simply to a national trend does not give sufficent attention to the local circumstances. While I agree it shifted few votes. I think it kept enough at home. An issue for Labour in the future when they contest the seat.
I didn't get my statistics from the Stockport Council website - what I have analysed are the votes cast and they are correct. The turnout in Manor fell from 34.66% last May to 30.65% this time and that accounts for the Labour vote share fall.
I agree that the turnout is consistent with a normal year but compared with 2008 only the Labour vote has risen.
I admire your defence of Councillor McAuley and I have no issue with that, but the evidence is as I present it and, from what you write, you agree.
In terms of the percentages you've obviously done your sums however your conclusion is muddled. On the one hand you say the Lib Vote has remained consistant while on the other your saying it is being proped up by a sucessful Tory squeeze its one or the other. Also while the Labour vote is the only one out of the two that has gone up over the last 2 years it is also the only one out of the two to have gone down numerically as well. Infact I think I''m right in saying the Liberal vote in Manor is the only one to have numerically gone up in Stockport compared with last year, which is significant in terms of what the mood amongst voters in that ward campared with other wards in the area. Also don't forget that the Leader of the Council could not hold on to his seat in Offerton which was safer than Manor and the Tory vote went down while the Libs stayed roughly the same and the Labour vote went up. This would indicate that tories in that area are more likey to turn Labour than Liberal. I think this illustrates the point that a more qualitative understanding of the McAuley factor is significant in any analysis of the Stockport election as it is not known what the feeling within the Labour Party was toward the candidate who by all accounts was not very supportive and even the Labour Leader claimed he got what he wanted on the night even with Derbyshires election and Offerton was a bonus. So my orginal point stands that a statistical interpretation of the results which leads to the Tory squeeze (which was also affected by national discontent) conclusion is more inductive than a the argument I put to you. Its not a defence of Cllr McAuley its a reasonable conclusion to reach with a more detailed look at the results.
We will agree to differ; I have taken the same approach to all the wards I have reviewed. It is up to local politicians to decide what interpretation to place upon the results.
As for Offerton, it is much more in line with normal vote movement to suggest that Cllr Goddard lost votes to Labour at a greater rate than he managed to gain them from Conservatives. I do not doubt that some Tories may have switched to Labour but it is likely to be a small minority compared to those who would switch to the Lib Dems to keep Labour out.
To accept your argument one would need to fly in the face of all evidence to the contrary.
I haven't just 'done my sums', I have researched voting patterns for many years and demographic shifts seldom happen in a vacuum.
When it comes to Manor and Offerton, you have your view and you are welcome to share it, I happen to disagree.
The actual numerical evidence is not to the contrary at all. As I said in the beginning your reductionist approach is leaving out and reducing key variables as insignificant anomolies that ultimately squew your analysis toward developing along the lines of a good night for Labour. Furthermore your suggesting that voters appear to be following some kind of national trend or confused model based broadly on a national swing suggesting the electorate and local campaigners are incapable of rational thought in relation to local issues and simply follow a national trend. The reality is that it is this kind of analysis that cost Labour the bradford By election. The out of touch senario that Mr Miliband likes to pontificate about. I'd be weary of your statistics if you ever decide to run for office yourself you may come a cropper.
I am not a politician or member of any political party, I fell out with the Labour Party a long time ago.
These are the statistics for Stockport - Labour got its highest share of the vote in many years in May (even up on 2011), the Liberal Democrats got their second worst result in recent memory and the Conservatives fell back very badly.
Exactly how could this be described as a bad night for Labour (because none of my Lib Dem and Conservative supporting fellows see it as such)?
You are angry with someone but it isn't (or shouldn't be) me. I suggest you look back at my original reflection on Manor and notice that I congratulated Cllr Derbyshire on her win because when things are close local variables do count and, in her case, her long service as councillor and hard working campaign is likely to be the major reason she has held her seat(along with everything else I suggest).
My original predictions were based on the local makeup of each ward and I am sure I have never impuned anybody's ability to think rationally - indeed, the whole point of tactical voting, which I posit as being one of the reason for Cllr Derbyshire's victory, is that it is a decision based upon a person's choice.
To deny that national issues effected the results goes against the opinion of most politicians and political commentators and I dare say that the closeness of the result in Manor will be mostly put down to that by the local Liberal Democrats than any failings on their part as the local administration.
Thankfully, I will never run for election - if you have a response to my specific point about whether Labour's best share of the vote in Stockport Borough counts as a good night for them, I will respond, otherwise, this is getting really daft.
:\ Angry? I'm merely stating a point of view about your analysis basis being flawed because the percentages do little to elucidate the Liberals overall managed to buck the national trend in terms of their capacity to maintain a critical mass of voters turning out. The issue for me with the analysis is purely academic. I suggest that Labour needed to take Manor in order to achieve status as the Boroughs Largest Party in the next two years and for the Tories to take hazel grove. My contention is that the narrow results are significant in appreciation of the information released by Cllr McAuley across the borough. As a consequence what I'm saying is to suggest the McAuley factor is insignificant does not reflect in the real data i.e. the numerical evidence. If Labour are to progress in Stockport they will have to hope the economy remains flatlined and that they can get the same 40 tamesiders out in Manor as well as in Offerton at the next election. Furthermore if they aren't the biggest party by the time they are in Government at the next general election then they will never achieve largest party status in Stockport. On that basis it can hardly be regarded as a good night for Labour.
Read each of my comments on the wards, I have remarked on the success of the Lib Dems where it was exceptional. I have no axe to grind.
Amyway, your opinion has now been expressed so I think it is best to move on.
Os a chionn agus ar aghaidh!
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2019-04-23T06:29:05Z
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http://catholicleft.blogspot.com/2012/05/review-of-stockport-council-election.html
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Oregon physicians find employment in one of the state’s many hospitals (most are nonprofits), in professional corporations, in educational and research institutions, and in other commercial settings such as the biopharma industry. Regardless of the setting, physicians are nearly always employed pursuant to the terms of a written employment contract. The Oregon employment attorneys at Vogele & Christiansen have extensive experience providing advice and counsel to Oregon physicians and also represent physicians in employment-related litigation.
This article is a general overview of selected issues relating to Oregon physician employment contracts, including discussion of a recent federal court decision regarding physician nonsolicitation and noncompetition agreements under Oregon law. While this article refers to “physicians” there are, of course, many stages in a medical doctor’s career that may involve contracts, including internships, residencies, and fellowships. The issues addressed below also arise in connection with the employment contracts of other medical professionals such as dentists, pharmacists, and licensed professional counselors.
Physician contracts involve all of the issues that one finds in any sophisticated employment contract, along with an overlay of issues unique to the medical profession. Some of the boilerplate language in a physician contract — e.g., choice of law, severability, integration, and assignment clauses — are found in every detailed employment contract. A typical physician contract will include many pages of legalese and there is no single, uniform format for a physician contract. Nearly all Oregon physician contracts are drafted by the employer’s attorneys. The occasional exception to this rule has resulted in a few of the more unusual contracts and contractual provisions that we have seen. For example, we have encountered a number of DIY independent contractor agreements that are de facto employment contracts. This sort of misclassification can lead to significant problems down the road for physicians, just as it can result in legal headaches for both employers and employees in other lines work.
As with other provisions in physician contracts, compensation may be addressed in the body of the contract, or it may be covered in an attached Exhibit, Schedule, or Addendum.
Physician contracts frequently include signing and/or retention bonuses, with the latter structured or staged for payment as tenure benchmarks are reached. Relocation reimbursement is also common. Attention should be paid to repayment obligations with respect to all of these. If the physician does not remain employed for the contractually-established term, a repayment of part or all of a bonus or relocation expense may be required.
Physician contracts may be for a set term, but will often include an automatic renewal provision as well. If the parties do not pay attention to renewal and implement changes, the physician should assume that all of the contractual provisions, e.g. compensation, will continue as is. We have seen situations in which automatic renewals have lead to confusion, or worse. When an employment relationship is harmonious, successive automatic renewals may pass unnoticed. If the relationship sours for some reason, this can result in conflict. It is not uncommon to meet a physician who signed a contract for a one year term, 5 or 6 years ago, and has not looked at the contract since it was signed.
Another key provision regarding tenure will be the provision for notice of termination. Physician contracts inevitably include termination clauses, regarding termination for cause and without cause. Take a look at the “for cause” definitions; they are usually limited to extreme events but can also be tied to subjective criteria such as acceptable performance or fulfillment of duties. It is hard to argue against an “acceptable performance” standard, but keep in mind it is subjective. For example, if a substantial severance payment may be owed upon termination, depending upon whether an employee is terminated with or without cause, the employer’s and employee’s interpretation may differ greatly.
A 30 to 90 day notice requirement for either party to terminate a physician contract is typical. Be aware, however, that a contract for a set term of a year or more that includes an option for the employer to terminate without cause in 60 days is, in effect, internally inconsistent. Nonetheless, this scenario is common, and it is often said that this agreement is akin to a 60 day contract.
Oregon physician contracts also generally provide that employment is “at will.” That means the relationship can be terminated by either party at any time and for any (lawful) reason. The at will concept is also technically inconsistent with a 60 day or 90 day notice of termination clause.
This inconsistency is attributable, however, in part, to the nature of a physician’s workplace, where patient care is of utmost importance and a more abrupt termination of employment may be antithetical to the healthcare mission.
As mentioned above, there may be repayment requirements for bonuses and relocation expenses if a contract is terminated, by either party, early on. We have seen more than one situation in which a physician purchases a home at the outset of employment only to encounter the necessity of moving and selling the home far sooner than expected.
Depending upon the nature of the practice and setting, nailing down the specifics of your schedule may or may not be possible. Your contract will certainly address call coverage in at least general terms. Sometimes the contract will simply indicate that your call coverage schedule will be consistent with that of others in the practice. Call coverage can certainly become a bone of contention; or, more aptly, freedom from excessive call coverage might be in contention.
Discuss call coverage in interviews and pre-employment discussions. It may be best to have call coverage obligations specifically detailed in the agreement (e.g. with a ratio of days or nights on/off).
Oregon physician contracts may include specifics regarding benefits or may simply refer to a benefits summary in a separate document. It is wise, indeed essential, to review all documents referred to or incorporated by reference in your physician employment agreement. We have seen contracts and employment negotiations that were cavalier with respect to benefits, only to find later that there was not a “meeting of minds” on certain issues. For this reason, it is best to have benefits itemized in a contract or written policy, including health care, disability and life insurance, vacations, holidays, and incidentals such as continuing medical education, license fees, staff dues, a professional journal subscription, and so forth.
Malpractice insurance coverage is obviously an important topic to physicians. It will generally be paid for by the employer. One key issue, however, is tail coverage and who will pay for it. If you have an occurrence policy, tail coverage will not be necessary as it will cover any incidents that take place during the policy period.
If you have a claims made policy, you may be able to negotiate a provision requiring the employer to pay for tail coverage if you are terminated without cause.
Restrictive covenants generally refer to confidentiality, nonsolicitation, and noncompetition agreements. Oregon law provides specific requirements that an employer must satisfy to establish an enforceable noncompetition agreement. ORS § 653.295. These requirements may be summarized as: (1) the employee must be notified of the noncompetition requirement in a written offer two weeks in advance of employment, or, if employed, upon a subsequent bona fide advancement, (2) the employee must be in an exempt, “white-collar” professional, managerial, or administrative position, (3) the employer must have protectable interests, such as trade secret information, at stake (patient lists will meet this requirement in the medical setting), and (4) the employee’s gross annual salary and commissions must be greater than the median family income of a family of four as determined by the most recent U.S. Census Bureau information.
Nonsolicitation agreements are not covered by the requirements of ORS § 653.295. In other words, if an agreement includes the other indicia of a binding contract — offer, acceptance, and consideration — the physician who signs an agreement not to solicit former patients or employees of the employer should expect this agreement to be enforceable.
As of this writing, in 2016, restrictive covenants are among the most contentious issues in Oregon employment law. This is true generally, and is also true with regarding to physician contracts. A recent decision from U.S. District Court in Oregon is illustrative. See Pacific Kidney & Hypertension, LLC v. Kassakian, 2016 WL 223709, 156 F.Supp.3d 1219 (D.Or. 2016).
In Kassakian, the physician employee provided nephrology services to employer’s patients. The employment agreement contained noncompetition and nonsolicitation provisions. The nonsolicitation of patients provision applied for 2 years and the noncompetition agreement was for a period of 1 year (note that ORS § 653.295 was amended effective Jan. 1, 2016 to allow a maximum period of 18 months for a noncompetition agreement; the prior limit was 2 years).
Notably, the “restricted area” was within a 25 mile radius of where the physician practiced. For a breach of the provisions, the contract provided for liquidated damages of compensation equal to 1 year’s salary. The physician’s salary was $144,000 annually for a four-day workweek with benefits and bonuses.
The contract met the four threshold requirements of ORS § 653.295: it was provided to the physician two weeks before her first day of work, the physician was clearly a “professional” within the meaning of ORS § 653.020(3), the employer had a “protectable interest” in the form of access to “trade secrets” as defined by ORS § 646.461 (“at least in the form of a confidential customer list” according to the court), and the physician’s salary was greater than the median income of a family of four as measured by the U.S. Census Bureau.
After a year of employment, physician provided employer with her 90 day notice of termination and intention to begin employment with a “direct competitor” within the “Restricted Area” of a 25 mile radius. The physician also tendered $145,299 to employer in an attempt to satisfy the liquidated damages provision. The employer rejected the check, returned it to employee, and sued to enforce the restrictive covenants. The employer sought, among other things, a temporary restraining order and injunctive relief (in essence, a judicial order preventing physician from working at new employer, for the applicable time period and within the Restricted Area).
Spoiler alert: the federal court granted a partial restraining order despite the fact that the evidence indicated that the demand for nephrologists in the Portland vicinity appears to exceed supply and some Portland-area patients must wait a very long period of time to see a nephrologist. New employer’s Clinic President testified that there is a wait time of two to three months for scheduling new patients at new employer’s clinic.
Nonetheless, the Kassakian Court noted that two Oregon decisions — one from the Supreme Court in 1964 and one from the Court of Appeals in 1982 — have held that enforcement of a physician’s noncompetition agreement does not violate Oregon public policy. The U.S. District Court observed that although the Oregon Supreme Court could choose to overrule those cases, it has not done so to date. Whether a physician’s noncompetition agreement is void as against public policy “is a question that only may be decided by the Oregon Supreme Court in exercising its common law authority or by the Oregon legislature.” To unpack this conclusion, for readers who are not lawyers, a federal court sitting in diversity jurisdiction applies the substantive law of the state in which the federal court is located; hence, the federal court in Oregon does not ‘make’ Oregon law but instead attempts to apply Oregon law as it exists.
The U.S. District Court ultimately held in Kassakian that (a) physician could not solicit former patients, but (b) she could treat patients she had treated at former employer if the patients came to her at new employer without any direct or indirect solicitation on physician’s part.
The lesson from Kassakian is that Oregon law does not preclude noncompetition agreements and nonsolicitation agreements as to physicians and medical professionals. Assuming all the other prerequisites are satisfied, such agreements are enforceable against physicians just as they may be for other Oregon professionals, executives, and administrators. Therefore, it is imperative that physicians carefully study the specific language of the restrictive covenants in their contracts. In many communities in a state such as Oregon, a 25-mile “restricted area” can effectively guarantee that a physician will be required to relocate to continue his or her career upon departure from employment in light of an enforceable noncompetition agreement.
In sum, the language of restrictive covenants is often unique and we recommend that any physician with questions concerning their employment contracts – and especially the restrictive covenants – seek legal advice from an experienced Oregon employment attorney.
Noncompetition and nonsolicitation litigation, or arbitration, can be very expensive. Proceedings for injunctive relief are expedited and attorney’s fees of tens of thousands of dollars can accrue very quickly.
Among the other important provisions you may find in a physician employment contract will be dispute resolution clauses, including arbitration agreements. These agreements will require you to present any formal disputes over your contract to an arbitrator or arbitrators rather than filing a complaint in court where the issues would be resolved by a judge or jury (there are of course licensing bodies with jurisdiction over many aspects of the physician’s practice, but here we are talking about a contract dispute over employment matters).
Most employees who have signed arbitration agreements have at best a fuzzy recollection of having done so. While everything is negotiable, if your employer has included an arbitration agreement in your employment contact, that provision may not be negotiable. Nonetheless, you should at a minimum understand what you are agreeing to. By signing an arbitration agreement, you will give up the right to a jury trial, the right to appeal, and the right to utilization of a public forum for conflict resolution (as extra-judicial arbitration of a physician contract will be resolved in private). You will likely have assumed obligations to pay for a part of the proceedings, including arbitrator’s fees (filing fees are typically paid by the litigants in any event, whether in court of arbitration). Along with the arbitration clause, the employment contract may also contain an attorney’s fee provision. If this provision is a one-way fee provision, purporting to allow only the employer to recover attorney’s fees, Oregon law will require that the provision be interpreted with mutuality. ORS § 20.083.
While you may or may not have a choice whether to accept a contract containing an arbitration provision, it behooves Oregon physicians to educate themselves about their rights and options under the contracts they sign. Read your employment contract and ask questions if there are any aspects of the agreement that you may not understand.
This article is not legal advice and is of course extremely general in nature. As mentioned above, if you have questions after reading your employment contract very carefully you should seek legal advice from an Oregon employment lawyer before signing. The attorneys at Vogele & Christiansen are experienced and happy to help with most Oregon employment contract issues.
Please use the form below to submit written input or feedback about the following article: Oregon Physician Contracts.
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2019-04-24T22:04:14Z
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https://oremploymentlawyer.com/oregon-physician-contracts
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I’m sitting in this same room, the room I’ve lived in for ten years now, lit only by the screen’s quiet glow. A drop of rain only occasionally lands on the roof. I have to be up for work in four hours.
And maybe that’s true. I would certainly love to change that balance, and maybe find peace in life.
Thoughts do race in my head tonight…thoughts of the future, of the present, of work and ambition and…and of you. It would be cruel to hope you are having a sleepless night too, but shades of destiny like that would make for good stories one day.
I’m not fitful; I just can’t fall asleep. For the first time in months, I reach for my earphones and hope somehow the music can soothe me since darkness can’t. I doubt it will work.
I think of those nights when neither of us can sleep, where we just lie quietly in bed together and talk. A slow song comes on my player, and I can see us slowly dancing together, out on a dance floor or in the darkness of our living room. I can imagine the freedom and exhilaration that comes when I first realize that I love you, that you’re the one, and the liberation that comes from the first time I tell you.
I think of the comfort and bliss so tender and serene when you soothe me. Pulling me in close, laying my head against your heart: “All my agony fades away when you hold me in your embrace.” It’s enough to sprout tears of joy and happiness.
I can hear you say my name. The smallest of deeds with the greatest of meanings. Darling, of all the words, in all the languages in all the lands of all the world, the one thing I want to hear most is my name on your lips, spoken with love and kindness. I want to hear you thank me for living a life of preparation and waiting for you. I want to know that it was worth it. I want to hear the relief in your voice when you trust me and know that your walls can finally come down completely, that we can share all the things written in our hearts. I want to see you laugh and cry at the same time. I want time for us to be nothing else but us, and nowhere else but together. I yearn for sighs of content, not melancholy.
It’s been a busy two days off. It always is…I don’t know any pace but fast. I’m balancing two jobs, home life and my double life. Days I don’t work are full of bustle and busy.
They say that’s life. I need something more real than that. I need a life that fills my heart as well as my head. I need that love and that support, the kind I’ve lived without for so many long and lonely years.
I’ve been waiting so long now…so long. I may not be sleepy tonight, but I am tired. Some days, I think all I’ve ever been is tired.
At times I think I see a face in the crowd, that I recognize the you I haven’t met yet, and when I find it’s not you, it’s just another let-down. Finding you is a hope beyond hope.
You are my greatest ambition. All those silly, sappy words about dying a little bit every day are true. They’re only called sappy by hearts embittered or wearied of that refrain.
I’ve always wanted to leave a legacy. Not a legacy of vanity with my name on buildings and signs, but a legacy of deeds, a harvest my Father can be proud of, an example that can inspire others to be better. Sometimes I wonder why I try, or if all this striving is worth it. I’ve always imagined I’d never retire, but I now see why people do. They want peace. They want to stop fighting and find tranquility and harmony in this life.
More than ever, I want that, and need it.
More than ever, I want and need you, and to find solace and comfort somewhere else besides a computer screen on nights like tonight.
Then to have them love you back?
That is the greatest dream.
So I’ve been on a few more dates.
Nothing serious. Just here and there, once or twice. That itself makes me sad, because to me, “dating” is serious business. How much graver of a ponderance can the mind weigh than the heart and soul of a would-be wife?
It’s enough to send one into yet another tailspin of despair. I’m staving it off with the promises of Providence, but my gosh, how dark the world is.
It does make me realize the thought process that goes into evaluating a woman. I always told myself I wouldn’t write them down, but these thoughts are for you as much as anybody, you may as well hear them. And besides which, if you haven’t already figured out, I often write my thoughts out to promote order and unity among them.
Besides which, let’s face it, everyone does some rough mental calculus about a person we’re sizing up for long-term potential. So what questions do I ask myself about a girl when evaluating her?
1) How deep is her faith?
Your faith, my dear, must be so avid and so devout. Your heart must be so wrapped up in the Father that I must fall on bended knee before Him and plead for it.
2) How does she spend her time?
Time is so valuable and precious. I don’t believe in wasting it. (That also means I don’t know how to relax, but you know that already.) Does a girl spend it on mindless pursuits like constant movies and video games? Or does she spend time going places and doing things, working out, cleaning up, taking care of herself and others? Does she volunteer somewhere? Or, on the less desirable end of the scale (where we find me sometimes), is she a workaholic?
3) How does she dress?
Don’t mistake this for vanity, Darling. But how we dress says a great deal about us. If it did not, clothing would not be such a huge industry. There are, of course, style variances. I am immediately concerned if you are showing cleavage or too much skin, and I’m not exactly warmed up if there is an abundance of makeup or trendy fashion. I just love a girl that can be graceful in her own skin, dignified, attractive, tasteful and traditional in her clothing.
4) How does she speak?
How dismayed I am to hear the tongues of fair young maidens drag their creator through the dirt! I understand a foul word under stress or grave circumstances, but I desperately hope to find you, my dear bride, with lips unstained by the vice of vulgarity. Still further, I crave that constancy and comfort of conversation, deep, intellectual and never-ending.
5) How does she treat sinners…and sin?
How often we hear, love the sinner, hate the sin. But this has limits. There are times the sinful brother or sister must be shunned, and fellowship must be broken or limited with those of the world who reject the light of Christ. I work among unbelievers constantly, but I am not congruent or compatible with them. There are some things that cannot be smiled upon or accepted.
I live in a dream world to seek positive answers in today’s world.
I’ll keep living there. The Lord wouldn’t impress these qualities on my heart if He did not have in mind somebody to fit them.
Tonight, in absolute silence behind the cover of clouds, and accompanied by an unusual evening chill, the sun set.
Our world slowly drifted back into darkness as evening descended, our daylight off away to warm the other side of the world for a time.
One more day over. 24 hours of busywork, productivity, laziness and labor washed into the history books by nightfall. A day’s deeds now transformed into nothing but memory, with its consequences and after-affects promising to cascade into our waking and even sleeping hours in the days to follow.
What did I do with these hours? I worked.
They call it the weekend, and the average man looks forward to these hours as “time off.” I worked twenty of them.
I like running and staying busy. It leaves less time for the thoughts to catch up. Alas, my thoughts are persistent and spry little buggers, quite capable of keeping up with me, and spearing my mind with that persistent, wistful loneliness that comes from knowing I’m missing something (someone) who isn’t here yet. Every hour of the day is undergirded by that knowledge.
My days on this earth now number more than 9500. Each one of them has chiseled and carved me just a little bit. And each of them brings me one step closer to you.
Every hour of our complete and utter happiness of being together is being dearly bought and paid for now, darling. Like Jacob’s seven years of hard labor, I am toiling under my Father’s supervision (and, I hope, earning His blessing and His favor!) to meet His approval, and yours.
One day. 24 hours. A single step closer to you.
I know the path has already been a long, and you tire of staring backwards at miles and miles of your own solitary footsteps. Be patient, dear. In God’s timing, we shall pass even these dull hours together in bliss.
“And yet it seems so full of comfort and of strength, the night. In its great presence, our small sorrows creep away, ashamed. The day has been so full of fret and care, and our hearts have been so full of evil and of bitter thoughts, and the world has seemed so hard and wrong to us. Then Night, like some great loving mother, gently lays her hand upon our fevered head, and turns our little tear-stained faces up to hers, and smiles; and, though she does not speak, we know what she would say, and lay our hot flushed cheek against her bosom, and the pain is gone.
Sometimes, our pain is very deep and real, and we stand before her very silent, because there is no language for our pain, only a moan. Night’s heart is full of pity for us: she cannot ease our aching; she takes our hand in hers, and the little world grows very small and very far away beneath us, and, borne on her dark wings, we pass for a moment into a mightier Presence than her own, and in the wondrous light of that great Presence, all human life lies like a book before us, and we know that Pain and Sorrow are but the angels of God.
That you may feel he is unhappy too.
Silence is scattered like a broken glass.
You bend your head and wipe away a tear.
I see them out there constantly, don’t you? The girls that have been railroaded by what they thought was love.
Now don’t think for a moment I spare men. Perhaps my assumption of their character is so low that, while I do not excuse their behavior, they are such fools that they do not surprise me.
Women are such wondrous, graceful creatures; their foolishness surprises me.
Sometimes, they meet me and they are reminded of what they could have had. Darned if that doesn’t just eat me up inside.
Or sometimes, they meet me and think they’ve finally found what they didn’t know they were looking for — a noble end to their long and storied wanderings.
I wish there was something I could do…I wish I could give them all a part of me.
Darling, this may sound arrogant. Please believe me, such remarks come only from a sad and lonely heart, lamenting the human condition not just because it renders him an isolated romantic nomad, but lamenting it for its own sake.
I am secure in the knowledge that my love goes beyond feeling. I know altogether well the resolve in my heart to love, honor, cherish, protect you. I know that these are the virtues a woman deserves, even if she does not earn them. And I know that I can provide them. Is a builder arrogant for laboring many years to establish a strong roots, a solid foundation and sturdy walls? By God’s grace, I have sought — or, asked God to — sculpt and shape me into the man my wife would desire.
In short, I know I cannot treat a woman perfectly, but I know I can treat her well, and those are better odds than I would give any dozen men she might find on the open market.
But as I mentioned before, relationships are the one area where I get to be selfish.
I know I could never make you happy unless I woke up every day basking in the quiet revelry and happiness of love. And as I’ve explained before, somehow in my narrow mind, that joy is diminished by the notion of sharing you with the past, with your memories, with other men. I feel a need, an ache for that clean slate on which we may both begin, whole, unspoiled, new, fresh, clean.
Ah, but I dwell once again too keenly on that subject. I write merely to say I find it sad and ironic to see women now…and who they could once have been.
People desire to be good, or even great. But few of them take the steps necessary to achieve those goals. I truly do wish I could give all of them the gift I’ve cultivated and stand ready to give to you.
And so, in your absence, my love burns unabated and enduring, awaiting only the magic of your eyes, the sound of your laughter and the warmth of your embrace to unlock its doors.
Tired of being alone! I want to feel; I need to fall in love with you.
It is time to tell you about my secret identity.
No, I don’t wear a uniform or a mask, or fight crime. But it is a double life, one outside of my two jobs, and one I seldom inform my co-workers. It’s a life that causes most people to wonder why I don’t pursue it full-time. It’s a life I could get well-paid to do full-time. And it’s only fair I tell you about it now.
No, I can’t tell you what it is. Silly…that would compromise the identity. Don’t worry, you’ll find out when you get here.
But it is political. And it does involve some pretty cool moonlighting. It means meeting important people at times, and flying around the country to appear at events, debates or conferences. It involves being on TV and radio programs, and in the newspapers.
It has been an incredible opportunity for the Lord to drop amazing circumstances into my life. It has also been an opportunity to see “important” people…how they live, work and act. Don’t get me wrong, I like putting on a suit and tie and being important for a little while. But I find living that kind of life full-time to be hollow and unsatisfying. Although I believe that my future echoes with a call of greater importance from on High, for now I make it my ambition to lead the quiet life of tending my own business and working with my hands.
Importance is a means to an end, dear, just as riches are. I can’t shake the feeling that both will be given to me some day, but not gifts to be cherished, hoarded or preserved, but gifts intended to be spent and spread, almost as quickly as possible.
A funnel carries with it an abundance, but is a channel, not a vessel. It cannot fulfill its purpose if it ceases to flow.
Are you equal to such a task? Would you mind if cameras were on you a lot, or if people wanted to interview you for being my bride? Would you like to learn how to speak to crowds, to use a new-found influence to help change lives? Would you be willing to be the gracious and gentle wife of someone suddenly become “important” and would you be stern enough to help me to resist the grasp of pride in that hour? Would you be willing to watch your man carry such a heavy yoke, bear him up as he grapples with right and wrong, and watch his hair turn gray from the stress of work? Would you be willing to lay those pleasures and burdens aside with dignity?
I think God is using these times and these experiences to train me for the future. If I’m right, He’s also training you.
Maybe one of us isn’t done training yet. Maybe it’s me. We both know there’s a reason He’s keeping us apart for now. And I know we both struggle with that sometimes. I think we’ll begin to wake up a little more as the time of our meeting draws closer.
If that’s true, then Darling, I’m right around the corner. Watch and wait for me. I’ll be there as soon as I can.
No matter what life brings us, I hope you can always see me as that hero…and that I can always be worthy of that role.
Than here in my room dreaming about you and me.
Would you see what’s inside?
At least I was. And maybe “phobia” is the wrong word to use. I’m just not (wasn’t) very touchy-feely.
It’s not like I didn’t get hugs from my parents growing up or anything…in fact, there’s nothing I appreciate more than a touch on the arm. I’m even becoming quite a hugger, which is new. But I’m sensitive to touch. I usually flinch if someone touches my arm during conversation, or taps me on the back to get my attention. I’m just on high alert I guess.
You’d laugh if I told you the jobs I’ve had where touching is a mandatory and entirely frequent activity I perform. God has a sense of humor, and in his mercy He seems to have given me an extraordinary ability to muscle past my reservations and hesitations and just get a job done. I’m grateful to Him for that.
I don’t know why this sensitivity is, especially evaluating it against society’s standards. One of those things that makes me either weird or normal, depending on which population you compare me to. But it also means I’m going to appreciate those little gestures and caresses that much more together.
I see them out there every day. Lovers, giving each other little touches in public. A hand on the back, an arm around the shoulder, a sweet and absent-minded caress across the arm. (I’m quite the people-watcher you know.) How lightly they take for granted those parting kisses!
It’s said that to be truly happy, Man must live wholly in the present, holding neither regrets of the past nor fears of the future. None of us achieves that kind of happiness completely, but I wonder if these couples live even partially in the moment, wonder if they appreciate the value of their touch.
One of the most poignant and wonderful books I’ve ever read was Les Miserables. It is the typical classic — a book everyone wants to have read, but no one wants to read. It is long and at times dull, but immensely rewarding, and contains a wonderful and grossly overlooked love story between Marius and Cosette. These two finally find each other, and plight their troth in the garden.
“Throughout the whole of the month of May of that year 1832, there were there, in every night, in that poor, neglected garden, beneath that thicket which grew thicker and more fragrant day by day, two beings composed of all chastity, all innocence, overflowing with all the felicity of heaven, nearer to the archangels than to mankind, pure, honest, intoxicated, radiant, who shone for each other amid the shadows. It seemed to Cosette that Marius had a crown, and to Marius that Cosette had a nimbus. They touched each other, they gazed at each other, they clasped each other’s hands, they pressed close to each other; but there was a distance which they did not pass. Not that they respected it; they did not know of its existence. Marius was conscious of a barrier, Cosette’s innocence; and Cosette of a support, Marius’ loyalty. The first kiss had also been the last. Marius, since that time, had not gone further than to touch Cosette’s hand, or her kerchief, or a lock of her hair, with his lips. For him, Cosette was a perfume and not a woman. He inhaled her. She refused nothing, and he asked nothing. Cosette was happy, and Marius was satisfied. They lived in this ecstatic state which can be described as the dazzling of one soul by another soul. It was the ineffable first embrace of two maiden souls in the ideal. Two swans meeting on the Jungfrau.
At that hour of love, an hour when voluptuousness is absolutely mute, beneath the omnipotence of ecstasy, Marius, the pure and seraphic Marius, would rather have gone to a woman of the town than have raised Cosette’s robe to the height of her ankle. Once, in the moonlight, Cosette stooped to pick up something on the ground, her bodice fell apart and permitted a glimpse of the beginning of her throat. Marius turned away his eyes.
What took place between these two beings? Nothing. They adored each other.
The reputation of a man is to be “all arms” and seek his gratification from a woman’s body, with or without her consent. Yet, how could I disrespect you, or any woman? It seems often that I respect a woman more than she respects herself.
In truth, I began by questioning myself as to whether or not it would be a problem to know you have kissed another man before. I hope you find that as ironic as I do. I suppose part of those sentiments is just pure jealousy. I have few friends that truly, genuinely care like that, let alone have the opportunities to express affection physically.
Anyway Darling, if I abstain from a great deal of physical contact in the beginning, you must not take this as a sign of disapproval or dislike. Quite the opposite. You are being elevated to a position of a sort-of reverence. Believe me, when the time comes, there will be no hesitations or reservations.
I look forward to every single one of them, the times when I can show you I care with a simple touch. Cupping your face in my hands. Sweeping your hair out of your eyes, or pulling a renegade eyelash away. Tracing the curve of your chin, rubbing the back of your neck, and so many more that prudence and discretion forbid.
I dare not even imagine the chills and joys of you returning those favors.
Oh, I’ll love every minute of it Darling, because I know you will.
Heaven forbid I ever take it for granted.
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2019-04-26T12:29:27Z
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https://letterstoluthien.wordpress.com/2012/04/
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Achilles Tendinitis in a 62 Year Old Competitive Sprinter!
I'm a 62 year old master's sprinter, I've been plagued with achilles tendonitis (on and off) for a while now, it is only in my left tendon, one small hot spot, I believe there is a bump there.
I've tried almost everything you mentioned, ultrasound, PT, etc, the ONLY thing that seems to help is ICE.
After a pain-free Fall and Winter, the problem started again, I believe I was overstretching, ie; stair stretches, standing on a rocker arm device, now I only do wall push ups, and have stayed on the grass for 98% of my workouts.
The problem is, my season starts in 3 weeks and I've yet to put the spikes on, should I now religiously start your ice therapy treatment as many times per day as I can?
Am I reading correctly that with ice dipping, it's done every two hours for ONLY 10-15 seconds at a time? Also, what about a SMALL, 1/8 " heel lift, have you had any success with that? Thank you for a GREAT article and hope to hear from you.
Hi Gary. Let's get you into competition shape.
1. If you can only find one small hot spot, that's good news. A bump makes sense.
2. Ultrasound, PT, etc, isn't bad, it just doesn't seem to be the RIGHT tool for the specific job.
Ice, however, is your best friend.
3. RE: a heel lift for Achilles Tendonitis. I'm not a fan in theory or in real practice.
Theoretically a heel lift is going to tilt you forward some, which can be problematic for shin splints. Also, heel lifts aren't a 'fix', and I prefer to put effort into a fix instead of something that doesn't reverse the problem and just slows the progressive pattern of something like Achilles Tendonitis.
In real practice, your calves and Achilles tendon are already too chronically contracted and too short, with too much constant tension on the tendon and hot spot.
A heel lift may 'help' by shortening the structure and taking the tension off the lesion site, but you can see how that just helps make the entire structure even shorter.
And the body will adjust to that by basically shrink wrapping down to the new shortness, which will become the new normal, which will then result in MORE tension on the spot of tendonitis when you aren't wearing the heel lift, and then even when you are.
You -could- wear one ONLY when you train, and ONLY for a week or so while you Ice like crazy, to eliminate a small amount of tension and negative communication to the nervous system.
Not worth it in my mind, but it won't hurt to experiment with it.
to throw yourself at Ice Dipping and Ice Massage. Religiously and Fanatically.
If you hit it like your life depends on it, it is well within the realm of possibility that you can help your body heal the problem within the next couple of weeks. Or at the very least get out of pain or very close too it, such that you can still train and compete and continue to ice to help your body heal.
Due to various factors, it can take a good long while to 'heal' Achilles Tendonitis. But the pain is almost solely due to the Inflammation Process and Pain Enhancing Chemical, and you can get that out fast. Which will then help the healing process immensely.
5. Over a 2 hour period, Ice Dip a minimum of 10x, for 10-15 seconds each. Ice cold, and immersed as high as possible. Ice Massage as directed. Again, the more the merrier.
6. With light, gentle streching, add in Stretching By Hand. This is self massage, but not just squeezing and rubbing. Push and pull into the tissue of the calf muscles such that your are stretching the tissue manually in a variety of directions.
A. If you're not already, start a good high level of Omega-3 fatty acids/fish oil. These are anti-inflammatory, and vital on so many other levels.
B. Lay out in the sun regularly and/or take a good loading dose of Vit D3. See the Vit D pages at www.easy-immune-health.com.
C. Increase your protein intake. Protein is the building block required to heal the wear and tear damage of Tendonosis and Tendonitis of the Achilles Tendon. I'm confident in predicting that you don't eat enough protein.
1. How bad does that little hot spot hurt and/or limit you?
2. When did it first show up? Years ago? Decades ago?
Ask whatever questions that come up. I'm happy to help.
Comments for Achilles Tendinitis in a 62 Year Old Competitive Sprinter!
PART 2 -- Achilles Tendinitis in a 62 Year Old Competitive Sprinter!
1. If I warm-up properly I can get through the workout although lately I've been doing more quality than quantity, the problem starts AFTER the workout, upon sitting in my car to drive home, when I get out it's sore and I'm limping. After ice therapy it calms down, the next day is usually an easy day, no soreness.
2. It began a decade ago, goes away, comes back.
A decade ago, yep. Tendonitis is a progressive dynamic. You can start to get a sense of how it has slowly been developing over time, your body has been fighting it off and trying to compensate, and now it's getting to the point of being overwhelmed.
What you describe makes sense. You are working out, the tissue is mobile and getting lots of circulation.
Then you sit down, and basically things get 'cold'. You stiffen up for a variety of reasons, and specifically to this conversation, you sit down and your nervous system starts to notice wear and tear and other factors and says "Hey, we're injured!"
So it kicks in more and more of the Inflammation Process, which traps fluid in the area and releases chemicals which enhance your sensitivity to pain. Which makes things tighten up even more.
Protein. Self massage/stretching. Make sure you're well warmed up before exercising, and Ice like a bandit afterwards, and for the next 7 days, actually.
Keep me updated. Ask questions.
Part 3 -- Achilles Tendinitis in a 62 Year Old Competitive Sprinter!
Joshua, thank you for your comments, wrote back yesterday but don't know if you received it.
I have been doing the ice therapy religiously, yesterday went to the track, 1st time in 2.5 weeks, warmed up well, put spikes on, ran 4x100m @ 400 pace, ended up limping after the 3rd one, stopped workout, went home and iced, iced, iced, today, iced, feels better, BIT sore but better.
Season starts in 2 weeks, should I stop training for 3 weeks, and build -up again or try and compete, on grass it's not so bad but when I get on the track area hurts, what do you suggest?
Hate to curtail season but I don't want this thing to rupture, looking forward to your reply.
That's good you're icing and pushing it a little bit.
If you don't see what you sent yesterday on this page, I didn't get it.
Here's a couple of concepts you want to follow.
1. Prevent your body from feeling the sensation of pain there in the Achilles tendon. Two sprints is good, that third on....not so good because the body ups it's defensive mechinism.
2. RELAX all the structure. Tight calves and Soleus muscle keep extra tension on the lesion on the tendon.
If I were you, this is what I would do.
1. Write off the first 2 weeks of the season.
2. Depending on how fast you heal, don't sprint for the next 1-2 weeks while you do the next several numbered variables.
Long walks with long stride. Gentle easy stretching. Bike (stationary), swim, other cardio that is not achilles intesive. Stay in shape in other ways that won't put strain on the Achilles.
3. Lots of gentle, easy stretching of the calves/soleus muscles.
4. LOTS of icing and ice massage.
More and more, start digging that ice cube into the hot spot on the tendon. Grind into it, force old stuff and new circulation in.
I don't usually say this, but alternate with heat. Tendonosis and Tendinitis of the Achilles tendon is heavily effected by lack of blood flow. You want to create as much circulation to that spot as possible, as well as keep is squishy with massage with the ice cube.
5. Massage your calves and soleus. Essentially, you are going to stretch all the tissue in the area in new and different directions with your hands and elbows.
Ultimately, Achilles Tendonitis can be blamed on two things.
Too much tightness, and not enough circulation.
If you want to heal, correct those two factors.
If you want to heal quickly, correct those two factors a lot.
Also, up your protein intake and good fats A LOT for the next few weeks, and the season in general.
And keep up the icing. You don't really have a better option than investing a week or two into doing WAY MORE ICING THAN YOU WANT TO DO.
Keep all the soreness out with the icing and you will heal faster.
Key to staying pain free: Keep all the soreness out with icing.
Let me know if I missed anything you sent, keep me updated, ask questions.
PART 4 - Achilles Tendinitis in a 62 Year Old Competitive Sprinter!
Joshua, thank you so much.
PART 5 - Achilles Strengthening! - Achilles Tendinitis in a 62 Year Old Competitive Sprinter!
Joshua, what is your feelings toward Eccentric Strengthening, something I've read about on the internet for the Achilles?
I'm a fan of anything that helps.
The calves and Soleus are already -STRONG-. If you're a sprinter/runner, they are already way strong.
Strength, in my experience, isn't the issue.
One issue is that people don't eat enough protein and good fats to support strong tendons.
Another is that because the lower leg muscles are super strong and used so much, they get tight. Too tight. And stay tight.
This is problematic for the Achilles Tendon because it keeps too much tension on the tendon, and it essentially lessens circulation into the tendon.
I will say this for Eccentric Strengthening and the Heel Drop exercise.
Eccentric lengthening of the structure is -great- for lengthening a muscle and helps reset how tight the nervous system holds the muscle.
Personally, I would focus on the lengthening and the drop, not so much the contraction at the top.
Research may or may not show Eccentric Strengthing to be good for Achilles Tendonitis, I just don't know.
And, if it is effective, it makes sense, as A. Eccentric lengthening helps relax too tight muscle, and B. Movement is Life. Movement creates circulation, circulation brings blood to the tendon, the tendon REALLY NEEDS CIRCULATION to stay healthy.
Supplements question -- Achilles Tendinitis in a 62 Year Old Competitive Sprinter!
Joshua, started doing the drop, just 2 sets of 10 right now, no weight, achilles is better, not limping anyway, did a nice 20 minute power walk yesterday and of course ice and some heat.
Are you an advocate of any type of supplements for inflammation; ie, Bromase and Super Cissus RX? Have you heard of them, will wait for your comments.
Bromelain gets a thumbs up. Make sure you take it on an empty stomach, otherwise the enzyme will digest your food as opposed to eat up scar tissue in your body.
I don't know the science on how that works, but that's what they tell me.
SuperCissus I haven't heard of, but there are lots of products out there.
I'm a big fan of natural anti-inflammatory options. Turmeric, for example is a highly regarded natural anti-inflammatory.
Pretty soon here I'm going to put some suggestions for natural options on my site.
And they're a good idea anyway, as systemic inflammation is part of the aging process, and the less of that our body has to deal with, the happier we will be in the short and the long run.
Natural options for injuries like Achilles Tendonitis are a good option because there are really no side effects, certainly no dangerous ones (when used appropriately).
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are good ideas too. Different research says different things about them, so do your due diligence.
Make sure you are doing a lot of ice massage, and the self-massage stretching.
Wouldn't hurt to take notes on what you actually do each day. I'll ask for specifics later so we can compare actions to results.
PART 7 - Achilles Still In Pain - Achilles Tendinitis in a 62 Year Old Competitive Sprinter!
I need your help and fast, I have been doing everything you suggested for my Achilles, however, today I went to the track ( 1st time on track in 2.5 wks.) been on grass, warmed up really well, it was a nice warm day, put spikes on, ran 4x 100m @ my 400m pace with a 5 minute interval between runs, the achilles hurt like a toothache, especially after the 3rd and 4th rep.
Right now I'm icing, I gave it the pinch test, no pain, but I'm limping, with 2 weeks to go until my 1st race, I'm perplexed.
I have a couple of choices, see what you think.
1. Lay off hard training for a week.
2. Go to meet, warm up good, see what happens.
3. Bite the bullet, take 3-4 weeks active rest and begin again EASY, this choice will end season.
I have the Bromase in hand, am dubious to take it although you gave a thumbs up, went to pharmacist today and she said it is up to me but she is dubious about efficacy.
I've been icing and some moist heat and gentle stretching, can run fast but NOT up on toes, am dubious about putting spikes on right now, could not run a full 400 w/o pain, can run a possible 800 flat-footed, am training on grass, can get through w/o major pain, know my speed limits, what about this Bromase, any side affects?
That's great you're pushing your limits. That is not a bad thing.
Just because there is pain doesn't necessarily mean that you have to stop.
Please don't take this out of context. Specifically for you Gary and where your Achilles Tendon is at, there is a healing/activity balance to find.
If you are doing all the right things to heal, you can push your body and your 'injury'. It's just a matter of push it the right amount such that you are pushing the limits but not causing more damage than you can quickly recover from.
So if you can train and keep the pain in a good area without making it progress, that is good.
If you trained like you say you have been doing, and the pain isn't getting worse, that's not a horrible place to be.
And of course the more you Ice and Ice Massage, the better. Ice keeps the Inflammation pain out.
It's unlikely that you are injuring yourself significantly as you train now. But you want to keep in mind that you are managing 3 things.
3. The rate of healing and what helps healing.
PART 8 - Achilles Tendinitis in a 62 Year Old Competitive Sprinter!
Plus, ya know, you're 62. Fact is, we do break down a little bit. Sure you have Okinawan guys living and active til age 99, but they're not running sprints.
The fact is, you can get to and stay at pain free levels of competition. It just takes more work the older you get.
And depending on how much you enjoy sprinting, you will want to push yourself and your body more or less.
I love Brazillian Jiujitsu. I have trained through bruises, crushed ribs for 3 months, horrible meniscus pain in one knee, neck pain and f&*$ed up thumb joints injury.
If you shift your thinking that you're not just in the sport of sprinting, but you are also in the sport of pushing your machine to it's limits on injury/healing levels too, that might make a difference.
Problem is, the Achilles Tendon is one of the most necessary parts of sprinting. Hard to compensate around that one.
So. You certainly can take 4 weeks off and dedicate it to healing. No shame there.
Or you can push yourself. Pushing the icing. Push the eating protein and cleaning up your diet and adding in lots of Omega 3 fats and coconut oil. Push the massage, massage stretching, light and frequent stretching (and Ice Massage deeply).
Push yourself paying attention to and learning about the pain.
Every athlete has to discover their limits, and the science of keeping themselves fit.
You have wisdom. This injury is a learning lesson. You can make the best choice about whether to push it. I can't make that choice for you, but I am here to support you in doing what you want to do.
If you want to push yourself through the season and then take time and heal fully, I can help you do that.
If you want to back off and invest in repairing your structure fully now, I can help you do that.
Let me know what path feels right.
On Bromase: Bromalain is a natural enzyme derived from Pineapple. There is no downside that I know of. Do take it on an empty stomach or the enzyme digests food instead of scar tissue type tissue.
Effectiveness? It's hard to tell, is different for everyone. Enzymes are used widely in Europe. I have tried the product Wobenzyme before, and found it to be noticeably effective.
So this last round was pretty conceptual. Let me know what I said means to you. I really want you to get the dynamic around injury, pain, perceived pain, and rate of damage but just touched on it here.
Hi Joshua, thought I'd give you an update on my situation, it does not seem any worse.
I have decided to train on my own for another 5 weeks and take 4 weeks active rest.
I have been on the track 3x since we last corresponded, I still cannot or am reluctant to get up on the balls of my feet, but can run hard for a couple of reps.
When I finish the tendon is sore, like a toothache, however, when I apply the ice it calms it right down, when I sit around and get up it is a bit sore, then I apply more ice and it's fine.
How does this sound to you, nothing serious?
Hey Gary. Thanks for the update.
It sounds like you're on track (pun intended).
I think you mean that you're going to train for 5 weeks, then take 4 off.
It's all about finding the best strategy, for sure.
It sounds like you are pushing yourself, training, icing afterwards, and managing the pain.
That's pretty good. Finding the limits and behavior of the Achilles Tendonitis is an important step.
Once you get a feel for what you can do and what it takes to manage the pain, then you can start to play with the edges.
For instance, if you push more, can you ice more and get the same result?
So that's a good sign you can train, and ice it and get the pain out. A very good sign.
Now let's help the tendon heal.
A. Ice as often as you are willing too.
C. Light stretching, often throughout the day. Constant repetition is the key, as opposed to one sit down stretching session.
Healing Achilles Tendonitis, and yours because you are on the 'more experienced' end of the age range, is all about nutrition and circulation.
You need the right nutrition in, and circulation to the tendon to get it the nutrients so it can repair itself.
I'm writing a page right now about magnesium and tendonitis, I'll update this conversation when I finish it. I definitely suggest calcium and magnesium supplementation too.
Great advice here Gary - I agree with much of what Joshua has recommended. I would also recommend looking at moving up the chain of the lower extremity and examining the function of your hips and core.
Everything in the body is interconnected - from the fascia that "shrink wraps" all of the muscles together, to the interactions between all of the muscles and bones, and all the way up to the nervous system and the various levels of control that they exert in order to provide the function we use everyday.
I have found in my practice that tightness in the hips and lumbar spine can contribute significantly to Achilles tendon pain.
The mechanics suggest that if your hips and spine are not moving enough, then the body has to compensate in order to find that needed motion somewhere else. Sometimes that compensation comes at the knee (which will often result in patellar tendonitis) or at the ankle in Achilles tendonitis.
The treatments you have focused on so far have dealt very much with the structure of the Achilles, and the inflammatory process that is occurring there. But something had to have caused that problem, the overload to cause the inflammation and irritation.
I am sure you go through some type of stretching before/after your workouts - you may find some benefit in adding in a few more hip/low back stretches to try to improve your mobility in those areas. Won't hurt anything, may help a lot.
Hey Gary, I highly recommend checking out Bart's website and content on hip stretches and such.
I've recently started to team up with Bart. I'm at expert at getting rid of the specific pain and damage from the Tendonitis dynamic, and in my words, Bart is an expert at the bigger picture of muscle balance and alignment and the role it plays in injury.
I haven't read anything of his so far that I disagree with. And his site has a lot of content/education that mine doesn't. And because of the different directions of our specialty and focus, likely never will.
Check his work out. Whether you start getting out of pain with my focus or his, if you want to continue to be an athlete operating at the level you want to be, realistically you need to deal with both.
Hi Joshua, fyi, am competing tomorrow night.
The correspondence between us has really helped.
You've done a great job of keeping at it.
Ultimately, you can expect getting close to or full recovery -IF- you keep at it.
Most people give up or stop too soon.
Bone broth, Ice Massage, appropriate stretching.
Over time, you can keep your body going down a path of Achilles Tendonitis healing and recovery, even if you are training and competing.
The more you train/compete, the more ice massage, self massage, and stretching you need to do to compensate/aid your body to do more positive things than negative things.
Joshua, did you receive my last comment?
I did enter and compete in 1 meet, however, the Achilles is not 100%, better but not where I can run at my best, so I am going to take a 4 week active rest; power walking, stationary bik, upper body, flexibility.
Hi Gary. Sorry, I did receive it, and I've been scurrying about getting ready for a massage gig I'm leaving right now(!) for for a F-Sun at the 2009 Crossfit Games.
I'll give you a full response Monday, or sooner if there's internet out in the middle of nowhere where we're going to be.
Active Rest is GREAT! And in my opinion, your focus on the Achilles Tendonitis spot should be to get as much new blood to it as you can as often as you can, and as much waste product and old fluid out and away as often as you can.
This is icing, heat, massage.
You have the tools for that.
I am curious exactly how you're doing. Talk with you on Monday (possibly sooner).
Gotta finish packing. Out the door in 20.
HOWEVER, it still does not feel right when I get up high on the balls of the feet and try and push off.
When can I start my Fall training and do you think it has healed and what can I do to ascertain that it not not return? Thank you!
Argggh. Totally didn't get back to you on monday.
My excuse is that I was totally tired after 30 hours of massage in 3 days.
But really, I just forgot. Sorry.
In the future, feel free to bug me often. The persistent bird gets the worm, as they say.
Awesome with the pinch test. That's a great sign.
Now, essentially, you get back into running slowly and patiently.
Let's say that you've 'healed'. Awesome. And let's also take the case that there is still -some- degree of tendinosis (degradation of the tendon due to lack of blood supply).
Meaning, if you stopped your self care and started trainign/running/competing again, it's predictable that the whole mechanism would still start up again.
Really, let's take the case that IT WILL TRY TO DO THE SAME PROCESS AGAIN, tightness, irritation, pain, tightness, etc.
Your job is to A. Keep all inflammation out and B. Push as much new blood to the area as possible.
You are now in the context of 'the art of tendonitis prevention'. Now you have to pay attention, feel it out, play with your edges, pay attention, self care self care self care as necessary and then some.
YOu know how it doesn't feel 'right' when you are up on your toes? There's a lot of possible explanations, and here is were it gets kind of esoteric and iffy. Lots of things one -could- say about that.
It is likely that you can get to a point of training as much as you want with a minimum amount of self care.
Are you done with self care forever? No.
Can you get really efficient to counter the effects of training on your Achilles Tendon with very little time and effort? Yes.
Basically it's this equation: You have gotten benefit. You will continue to get benefit if you keep at it. And when you train, you must counter any negative effects with the self care, as much as it takes.
Go ahead and start training now.
I'm a big fan of easing into it (your nervous system, that is still monitoring the Achilles Tendonitis area/system and that is still worried about it, DOES NOT LIKE SURPRISES).
Does that answer your question(s)?
PART 15 - Achilles Tendonitis Bump!
Hi Joshua, my 4 week active rest is over and stated my program yesterday, did 15 minute jog and some 70% 100m strides, went very well, iced and self massaged the achilles after the w/o.
Question for you is this; is there any way to get rid of or reduce the bump on the left hand side of my Achilles?
That's great to hear. I'm proud of you for all the work you've been diligently doing on yourself.
Assuming that that bump is the spot where there was scar tissue build up, possible scar tissue regrowth if there was/is Tendonosis, then than is indeed the spot (and a couple inches on either side of it) to focus your work.
Your job is to keep it soft, mobile, getting circulation (old off/out, new on/in), and then after workouts to keep inflammation out and circulation to it again.
The softer and more mobile it is, the healthier it is. The 'healthier' the scar tissue is, the less likely it is to get any tiny rip and tear damage from training/running/etc.
I wouldn't worry about reducing or getting rid of it. I'm not sure it's really possible without surgery. And the bump itself isn't necessarily a problem if the bump consists of healthy, mobile fibers.
Keep the fibers soft and mobile, instead of dry and crunchy, and they're -almost- as good as undamaged fibers.
On the topic of Tendinosis, it sounds like you're tissue is healthy now, if not 1000% back to normal (You don't get back to pre-injury structural strength, but you're getting very close to it).
If you want to keep competing, I would do some amount of regular icing/massage, if only to keep circulation coming to the tendon to keep any future Achilles Tendinosis from developing.
Preventing Achilles Tendonosis is the best way of never having to worry about it. The way to do that is to do self-care LONG before you have pain.
Now, you'll have to do some upkeep, both to continue the healing of the tendon, and to keep it in optimal health.
Good, bad, I don't know, but in the interests of staying active and out of pain....I believe you'll agree that it's worth it.
PART 16 - Achilles Tendinitis in a 62 Year Old Competitive Sprinter!
Achilles Tendonitis Gone, now knee pain after 8 track meets in 8 weeks.
I have had Achilles tendonitis for almost nine months now, and I have tried different things such as heel drops, rolling out, and stretching, but I have gotten no luck.
I bought your ebook on reversing Achilles tendonitis a couple of days ago and started the ice dipping and massaging phase. But my hotspot seems to get super irritated even after I am done with the ice dipping and massaging. Is that normal? Will it continue to hurt when I do the ice dipping and massaging until the issue is fixed?
You're getting in there and literally stirring the pot. An increase in tenderness/soreness is common, especially if you're really getting in there. As your tissue gets more healthy/more 'in shape', you'll get less soreness resulting and be able to go deeper with less soreness or tenderness.
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It is probably the most famous of the Fairy Tales, and over 700 versions of this classic have been written. This is where you express your thoughts about the Classic Fairy Tale, Cinderella. I personally love this story! I like it because it is a story that tells you if you give generously, you will be rewarded. I can't wait to hear your thoughts about this!
Another well-known version was recorded by the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century. The tale is called "Aschenputtel" ("Cinderella" in English translations) and the help comes not from a fairy-godmother but the wishing tree that grows on her mother's grave. In this version, the stepsisters try to trick the prince by cutting off parts of their feet in order to get the slipper to fit. The prince is alerted by two pigeons who peck out the stepsisters' eyes, thus sealing their fate as blind beggars for the rest of their lives. In this story, the prince is tricked twice but is spared by the birds. This lowers the Prince's status and he seems less heroic, raising Cinderella's status as a strong-willed individual.
I like the versatility of the story. It can be adaptable to any culture, and it more or less has been as various cultures have their own version of the tale. At the heart of every "Cinderella" is that very basic premise: a young woman is transformed and she finds love. Never mind the mice or the fairy godmother or the evil stepfamily. Every "Cinderella" is about overcoming obstacles, be it through a physical or personal transformation, and being rewarded for your determination.
Like the movie Sabrina (1954, dir. Billy Wilder, starring Audrey Hepburn, Humphrey Bogart, & William Holden). It's all about how a young girl is transformed (she goes away to Paris for a few years to study) and falls in love. Unlike Cinderella, there are two suitors for her, and ultimately Sabrina realizes which one she truly loves...just as he realizes it as well.
One of the movie channels was playing Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister a month ago. Kram and I were watching it, and we couldn't believe how uninteresting the movie was. The story is intriguing and they had several great actors (Jonathan Pryce Stockard Channing, Azuara Skye, and Matthew Goode in his first major role), but the movie simply wasn't as good as we remembered it to be. Oh well, I guess that's what happens when there's 8 years between viewings and you build it up in your head to be better than you remember.
I'm surprised Duster hasn't posted here, to be quite honest.
I agree with Escapay that the best thing about the story is its simple yet resonant message, so versatile that any rendering of it can be easily accepted. If you were to strip any version of the story to its bare bones, you could easily retell it to one's own liking while still giving the same overall message: if you're poor and downtrodden, be good and keep holding on, as that ticket to a happy ending may just be around the corner. In this regard, it's a great fairy tale.
I've always found the universality of the Cinderella theme bizarre. Just because, cultural ideals have been so different from each other in places, that you would think this kind of moving-above-your-station idea would be looked down upon by some societies. That's the main reason I've always understood why it was considered such an "American" story. But I guess everyone low on the social ladder dreams about being more than they are, American or not. Of course, the US version of a Cinderella story would probably end up with riches, fame, celebrity, etc.
Of course, I don't mean to strip the story down to that; there are a lot of great things about the various interpretations of the story. I haven't read the Perrault version (I'm not sure if I have a book of Perrault or not), but I have read the Grimm version. My favorite part of their version was always the way the dress falls from the willow over her mother's grave. I just always liked the way it seemed that her mother took care of her beyond the grave, and also there's that mother-daughter relationship that's so rare for some reason. You usually only get the evil (step)mother.
Oh, I am certainly interested in all versions of Cinderella. From my youngest years it has always been my favorite fairy tale. I think that it was after I saw Disney's version, I loved the story and wanted to check out the other versions when I saw them, and I always enjoyed them.
However, I always wondered if I would ever find a version I liked more than/thought was better than the Disney version, and I never did. Also, for a while recently I wondered if The Little Mermaid might be my favorite fairy tale, after reading the original, but there was no question what my favorite movie would always be, Walt Disney's Cinderella. And that film is still my favorite, so that is a testament to the film's greatness and belovedness, though the fairy tale itself has also, I decided, remained my favorite.
There is definately more to the story than just being versatile, I love most the versions that we know to be "Cinderella" specifically, the Perrault and Grimm one. Though, because of the name "Cendrillon" and it's iconicness to me and what I suspect is also to most people, I find the Perrault one to be the "Cinderella", though I suppose it could also be the earliest known written version, "Cenerentola", from which the Perrault and Grimm versions seem to come from, or are at least closest to. I also consider the Disney version as the true version in a way.
Okay...I searched and could not find what I originally found, which was the supposed date that the Chinese version of Cinderella, of which I am not even sure what the right name is, "Yeh-Shen" or something else, was written. Not that that might matter as that same Chinese version was probably told orally before that, but I'm trying to find out if the Greek-Egyptian version called "Rhodopis" came before the Chinese version.
Can anyone help me with that? Can anyone find when each was written, and which came first?
Rhodopis was actually a real person, a slave, but the story written says her golden slipper was taken by an eagle to the king, and he went to find who owned it. The eagle may have been a god and the slippers may have been given to the slave by her master because she danced so beautifully.
So anyway, the Greek "Rhodopis" version probably came first, then the Chinese "Yeh-Shen" version, and then came the version that is most like the Cinderella we know today, and the version I'd consider actually is Cinderella, the Italian "Cenerentola" by Giambattista Basile. This version is considered the earliest recorded version of the Cinderella we know and was recorded in a collection of stories in 1634, but I think it was published in 1674.
In this version, a dove comes to the heroine's window and tells her that if she wishes for anything, to send for the dove of the Sardinian fairies and she will have her wish. When her father goes on a trip to Sardinia, he goes to the fairies' grotto and gives his daughter's greeting and a fairy comes out and gives him a date tree for his daughter. Cenerentola plants the tree and the fairy comes out and gives her all the dresses and horses and carriages for the ball on it's three nights.
Now, many people think the Grimm Brothers' version of Cinderella is the original one, and that it's the most true one, and I had also thought that the Grimm Brothers' one might be because Cinderella's dead mother helping her magically made more sense to me than a fairy godmother who doesn't shown up until one night, but here you can see the earliest version is really Cenerentola, and Perrault's fairy godmother and the Grimm's magic tree seem to both come from that version.
So after Cenerentola, actually before the Grimm's, came the version by French intellectual Charles Perrault in 1697, "Cendrillon". The German Grimm Brothers published their version, "Aschenputtel" in 1812. However, it is very possible that the Grimms, who were recording the stories as a way of collecting their own German history and culture, may have heard versions of the story that were much closer to how the original, original Cinderella was, but we cannot know that. Besides, the Grimm's even changed a little bit of the stories to make them more Christianly acceptable, if not other things.
Now, it has been said, including Lazario's first post in here, that the heroine of the Grimm's version is more strong and taking action in her happiness than the Perrault version, and the Disney version based upon the Perrault version.
Well, the Grimm's version I find to be a little weird, because the way Cinderella takes action is through what seems to be magical means, planting a tree that magically gives her the clothes she needs, and calling on birds to help her with her chores in order to go to the ball. I also found it weird that Cinderella had a tree that gave her anything but she couldn't use it to make herself happier in her situation or just completely fix her situation already, but then again the story never says she didn't use the tree to amuse herself and be happy when she wasn't doing chores, and I guess she couldn't exactly ask the tree to make her family nice to her or give her a whole new place to live.
But maybe the Grimm's Cinderella was using the power of God and heaven to get what she wanted, because her mother told her that God and her spirit would help her, so maybe this is why Cinderella thought of planting the tree and calling the birds, so in that way it makes more sense.
However, in the French version it is very possible if translations are to be read correctly that the heroine leaves her slipper behind on purpose so the Prince will find her and marry her. Still, this actually is the heroine who waits around the for something to happen to her the most, but only if we disregard that this Cinderella actually seems to want her stepsisters to love her, and so her happiness seems to actually come from being with them, so maybe she thought her being good to them would get her what she really wanted, and that is taking action.
Disney's version may cover all these things. It is already clear to me that the Disney version uses both the French and German versions. Yes, most things are from the French, but the birds helping Cinderella and the wickedness of the stepmother who makes her do chores so she can't go to the ball when she asks to seem clearly to me from the German version, among other small things. Cinderella asking to go to the ball, and getting certain conditions to do it, as well as possibly using the power of God or heaven with her faith and believing, as well as being good, covers the Grimm's version of Cinderella as far as being active to get her happiness. The French idea of being good to get what you want, and possibly to get love from her stepfamily (if more so her stepmother) is also covered by Disney's Cinderella as far as activism to get what she wants. But the Disney version does everything the most practically and dare I say realistically. It is also in this way that the fairy godmother doesn't come out of nowhere but out of Cinderella's faith in fate's/heaven's power/help, for in the Disney version the godmother comes out of the air around Cinderella or heaven because of this. God and godmother.
Also, I would say that Perrault's version was perhaps the first or only one to add in Cinderella's character a good bit of wit and humor and personality, as part of his own witty writing of the tale, more so than any other version, including the Grimm's version, at least as far as I know. It is something which is also kept in the Disney version. Though perhaps all these points are debatable.
It seems the Grimm Brothers actually added in the violence on the stepsisters, as punishment for their wickedness, possibly from their Christian values. I don't like that, but I do like a lot of other things about the Grimm version, yet if I had to pick I would pick the Perrault version as my favorite written version, and the Disney version as my favorite version period. But instead of the stepsisters getting so horribly punished in the Grimm version or left alone in the Disney version, the French version has Cinderella love and forgive her stepsistsers, who love her back in the end, and I like that a lot, and it certainly makes Cinderella seem even more kind a character, and more deserving of her rewards.
Some weird things and questions are brought up about the tale, especially in the Grimm's version, but one big question is why does Cinderella run away from the Prince, especially in the Grimm's version? It seems there's many good reasons for the Perrault and Disney version, as the magic ends and Cinderella could be afraid of the Prince seeing the magic, seeing her as a ragged servant, or being at the ball in such a way in general, but the Grimm's Cinderella doesn't have to leave, she chooses to.
My guess is that Cinderella may have wanted the Prince to say he would marry her before she stayed with him, to be sure he wanted her and would not cast her away if he knew who she really was. It is also possible she didn't think of this at all and just wanted to leave, but the prospect of marriage made her want to be with him. These reasons could actually be applied to the Perrault and Disney versions as well. In both those versions the Prince makes a royal command he will marry her, so in a way there might be no turning back at that point and Cinderella has him and her security even if he doesn't like what he finds out about her.
Also, in the Grimm and Perrault versions, though mostly the Grimm's where Cinderella escapes the prince three times, she could be leading the prince on and trying to make him want her more and more, so he finally needs to have her and marry her. I guess this could happen in the Disney version, too, even just after one night, it could be what makes him decide to marry her.
However, Perrault himself inserted morals into his tales, or simply revealed what the original morals inherently in the stories were (as he felt they were) that he spoke about at the end of each story, that did teach about life, or give advice for life.
I have found some sites say that Cinderella was deformed in the Grimm's version, but her gown made her very beautiful, and this was about inner beauty. Well, I have not found any version of the Grimm's where it says Cinderella was deformed to describe her by the omniscient narrator in the beginning of the story or anywhere in the story. However, in the end of the story, the Prince calls for the last maiden left in the house to try on the slipper and Cinderella's father says something that has been translated as calling her either "deformed" or "stunted". Well, maybe she's just small, I mean it was about her having small feet, wasn't it? Also, her father could just be calling her that as an insult, as he is saying it in a mean way, because he loves his new wife and children more than Cinderella, for who knows why, perhaps the stepmother kind of forces him. He could even just be saying it because as a dirty, ragged, downtrodden girl she does look deformed and he may even say it just because his new wife turned her that way and that's how he thinks of her now. Also, in the Greek-Egyptian version, Rhodopis, I heard at least one version say, the girl was made fun of for having lighter skin than the other girls, a form of racism and not considering a certain look to be beautiful, but later the heroine gets recognized for the greater person she is.
But every version, including Perrault's, still has the same thing: A girl is cast as a dirty, lowly, perhaps "ugly" unworthy person, but later, everyone realizes her true good worth.
I admit that if the heroine really was deformed or ugly, then became beautiful by magic, and then was shown as her true self later but was appreciated for her inner beauty/goodness, that would be wonderful, and perhaps the best way. But one of the same sites talking about this said Cinderella's outer beauty comes from her inner beauty, and I must point out that that is exactly what the Perrault version, and then the Disney version, could be saying. The outer beauty of the heroine may be a metaphor for her inner beauty.
Perrault's moral at the end of the story may even indicate this more, but I am not sure, especially since there are multiple translations. His "Cendrillon" actually came with two morals, the first being about the beauty thing, essentially saying kindness and goodness are best, and the other is that you may need the blessing/help of a godmother, or a friend. I really am not sure which translation of the morals is right, but these morals are kept very well by Disney's version if you consider Cinderella's kindness and goodness won all the good that came to her, and that her friends and godmother also brought it to her.
Adding to this, I would say that at least one of the messages of both the French Cinderella and the French Beauty and the Beast says "Inner beauty gets you outer beauty", taken in all ways, and thus maybe this message is a French thing.
Cinderella, also being the most known story all around the world for the longest time (though Beauty and the Beast may even be a rival in that), has also been the most looked at, critically. And so it has been criticized from being too simple or superficial to being sexist against women.
Yet I say at Cinderella's heart is a story where people say the heroine wasn't worthy as them, but the heroine believed she was and dreamed she was. Then everyone saw that she was, or was even better than them, especially for being so good and kind. It is a story about equality and being treated well, being treated like you should be. Even one of Disney's Cinderella's better lines is "I'm still a member of the family."
I suppose the big problem left is that people think Cinderella needed to show everyone she was worthy all by herself, but consider that she tried and yet people still treated her like crap. Sometimes it takes someone else to say, "Hey, she's right, she is special. Here, see" after she tried.
And finally, as I said in The Little Mermaid thread, fairy tales have to do with real life. I think there have been times I felt like Cinderella, I know there have been countless times I wanted to be like Cinderella, but I can at least recall a recent time where a talked to a boy I thought was cute, we had a deep conversation and I really started to get feelings for him, but then he went to the movies with his friends and who were kind of my friends but they went without me and didn't invite me. My prince and my stepsisters to the ball without me. I sat on a bench and almost cried. I knew a little more about Cinderella's pain. It is more hurtful than it sounds. You know it more when it happens to you.
Well, that's all I'm going to say for now.
This was awesome! And it's so great to know Cinderella's glass shoes really could work! But I bet they would have worked better if they actually were the girl tester's size.
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2019-04-23T00:20:51Z
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https://www.dvdizzy.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=27040&view=print
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The aim of the current study was to analyze the perceptions, knowledge, and practices of primary healthcare professionals in providing patient education to people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A total of 23 health professionals working in primary healthcare units in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, participated in a focus group in order to discuss their patient education practices and the challenges for effective patient education in diabetes self-management.
The results were categorized as follows: 1) lack of preparation and technical knowledge among the health professionals on some aspects of diabetes mellitus and the health professionals' patient education practices; 2) work conditions and organization; 3) issues related or attributed to the clientele themselves; and 4) diabetes care model.
This study highlights the importance of reorienting the patient education practices, health professionals' skills and work goals, and evaluation of the educational interventions, in order to establish strategies for health promotion and prevention and control of the disease.
The incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus are increasing in epidemic proportions and impacting the 30 to 69-year age bracket . The increasing morbidity and mortality in this population group and the complexity of diabetes treatment, including dietary restrictions, use of medication, and associated chronic complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiopathy, neuropathic foot, and others) emphasize the need for effective educational programs and training for health professionals, in order for them to meet this demand adequately. This is one of the current challenges for public health, especially in primary care. Patient education programs and strategies can contribute to behaviour change and improve metabolic control and self-monitoring of skills for the individual with diabetes mellitus to make treatment decisions [2, 3]. Education for people with diabetes is a therapeutic approach that motivates individuals to acquire knowledge and develop skills that facilitate self-management of care [4, 5].
Several authors [6–9] have added that to achieve effective education for people with diabetes requires providing health professionals with training, current knowledge on the disease, pedagogical skills, effective communication, listening, and understanding, as well as the capacity to negotiate with individual patients and use dynamic and interactive strategies to reduce the barriers to high-quality individual care.
Current efforts to improve the quality of diabetes care are based on knowledge of factors associated with the health professionals, including the limitation of their knowledge and skills concerning the disease, organization of their educational practices, and quality of provider-patient interaction based on cultural, social, and cognitive understanding and language. Several studies[8–10] have suggested that such factors act as barriers or facilitators for implementing patient education for self-care and that they affect the choice of individual patients' treatment choices. However, relatively few studies have been performed to identify these factors.
The study thus focused on a group of health professionals working in primary care and academia and involved in health service practices. When designing the patient education process in diabetes, they identified the need to investigate the existing educational practices in the health service and the results for individual patients. This realization raised the demand for reorganizing the patient education program in diabetes, analyzing each health professional's skills, the work goals in patient education activities, and the results of interventions in order to establish strategies for health promotion and prevention and control of the disease.
The current study thus proposes to analyze perceptions, knowledge, and practices by primary healthcare professionals' in providing patient education to people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The research was designed as a case study with a descriptive/exploratory qualitative approach. The study was developed and conducted in two primary care units on the East Side of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from April to June 2009. The criterion for selecting the recruitment sites was ease of access due to their link to university services. The health professionals were included in the study because they: were working with individual and group patient education for people with diabetes, had more than two years of experience with educational practices, and showed experience and interest in diabetes education. The sample thus consisted of 23 health professionals with university training that work in primary care, particularly involved in diabetes care, and that aim to implement a model educational program for people with diabetes.
The data were collected using the focus group technique and filling out an identification form for health professionals using specific instruments. The focus group meetings included 10 to 12 participants, i.e., a kind of interview or conversation in homogeneous groups, designed to obtain information on a specific theme [11, 12]. The focus group explored barriers and facilitators for successful patient education in diabetes. The identification form provided a description of the participants, including: gender, age, schooling, profession, time on the job, and experience with individual and group patient education practices in diabetes.
The participating health professionals worked in the fields of nutrition, physical therapy, medicine, and nursing. Their time on the job ranged from 9 to 28 years, and they were all women with experience working with group and individual patient education for people with diabetes.
Two focus group meetings were held in each primary care unit, lasting one hour each and involving an average of 10 to 12 health professionals, totalling four meetings.
The group interviews followed a focus group script with the following themes: educational practices (facilitating factors and barriers), integration between patients and the health team, essential elements for developing and continuing patient education, and proposals for improving the patient education programs. Audio recordings were made of the group discussions.
To ensure the participants' anonymity, the interviews were numbered 1, 2, 3, 4,....10.
The material was recorded, systematized, and categorized to build a database, considering recurrent and frequently expressed opinions, disagreements, and consensuses. The data were then processed and interpreted according to the thematic analysis focus, adapted by Minayo .
The principal category emerging from analysis of the material relates to difficulties and barriers experienced by the professionals in performing more effective work. Within this category we created subcategories in which we grouped the answers related to: 1) work conditions; 2) work organization; 3) lack of the professionals' technical preparedness in relation to diabetes; 4) issues related to individual patient conditions; and 5) issues related to the patient education practice itself. This last set of factors was the central object of our analyses, including discussion of: a) the professionals' involvement in the patient education practice; b) limited provider-patient integration; c) reduction of the discussion on diabetes to test results and prescription changes; and d) issues pertaining to participatory methods.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Federal University in Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the Belo Horizonte Municipal Health Secretariat, having complied with all the requirements of Brazilian National Health Council Ruling 196/96, which deals with ethical issues in research involving human beings.
The findings were grouped according to aspects highlighted by primary healthcare professionals. In the discussions, all the professionals reported the "difficulties and barriers" in dealing with daily situations related to group education strategies for more effective work with diabetes.
The professionals reported that they felt insufficiently prepared to conduct educational practices for people with diabetes, pointing to gaps in their knowledge on the disease, the importance of diabetes management, and problems in pedagogical methodologies as aspects that hinder more effective results in patient education for diabetes self-management.
E1: "I feel poorly prepared in relation to the [patient] education dynamics and teaching techniques [...] I don't feel trained for health education or developing knowledge on the disease"
Another aspect frequently identified in the discussion relates to the health professionals' perception of the work conditions in which primary care is provided.
Low wages, limited physical space for patient education activities, and limited access to the health centre's coverage area were perceived by the health professionals as factors that affected the patient education practice in diabetes. They reported the need to establish partnerships to use places other than the health centre such as churches, homes for the elderly, and neighbourhood associations in order to ensure comfortable areas with the necessary privacy for the patient education activities.
E3: "The physical space is very limited [...] there's no way to conduct the educational activities [...] the coverage area is huge, and for some patients it's hard to reach the health centre and participate in the groups."
In the discussions, the participants remarked on the scarcity of educational materials, lack of structure in the educational process, and lack of recognition of the groups' importance in patient education for self-care.
Some professionals pointed to the absence of a clear proposal in the diabetes care service and remarked on the lack of time, the work overload, and lack of planning in the patient group activities.
E4: "The groups are large, involving talks with too many people. It's very difficult to orient so many people all together [...] with meetings once a week [...] the group becomes tiresome, repetitive, unproductive, uninteresting, always the same people [...] the group doesn't have a start or finish."
Thus, the problems detected by the majority of the health professionals refer to the services' organizational structure: lack of time and availability to participate in the groups due to the large number of individual patient consultations and the lack of training and motivation for professionals to lead groups.
The health professionals' motivation was considered an important factor, according to quotes from the participants, and appeared more frequently among physicians and nurses that participated in patient education activities. Motivation was viewed as a catch-all term for issues related to professional interests, intentions, and awareness.
The participants identified several economic, cultural, and social patient-related factors that impact the continuity of patient education activities in diabetes.
The discussions revealed the difficulties in adhering to patient education for self-care, and some health professionals confirmed that economic, cultural, and social factors affected individual attitudes in diabetes self-management. The barriers identified by health professionals among individual patients included lack of time to adhere to healthy life habits, lack of money, absence of appropriate places for physical exercise, and individual passivity towards treatment.
Problems in provider-patient communication included health professionals' lack of understanding of the social context, inattention to specific knowledge, language differences, and insufficient consultation time for patients to be heard and express their doubts, knowledge, and difficulties in understanding medical terminology. According to this interpretation, information alone is not effective for patients to decide and take an active part in the treatment. Meanwhile, health professionals' role in routine patient education in diabetes is predominantly paternalistic.
E6: " Sometimes the language issue, attitude [...] and the inability to construct knowledge together with the [patient] population [mean that] some professionals feel unprepared for [patient] education [in diabetes] and lack the skills to recognize their own limitations."
The health professionals reported that it is important to improve individual patient education by working on cultural and social issues and developing reflexive listening to foster education in self-care and help patients realize that their own actions can make the difference in diabetes treatment.
In this category, participants emphasized the limited involvement by the health professionals in patient education, resulting in repetitive and mechanical work and the lack of an interdisciplinary approach. The professionals felt the need to interact more with individual patients and participate in the groups with other colleagues, jointly discussing what can be done to improve daily patient education practice. Some admitted that they were not concerned about how they should lead the groups and educational activities.
E8: [...] we don't educate the clientele very well, and this limited education doesn't help with diabetes prevention and control [...] it's important for the health professional to become active and involved in the educational practice [...] to be available and take interest in teamwork."
E2: "[...] I've tried to improve the patients' blood glucose levels [...] but we haven't achieved the objectives of educational work [...] The professionals' effort is very limited, and they need to share [the work] with other professionals."
The health professionals commented on the importance of receiving training in patient education for self-care, defining their skills and tasks within the team in order achieve decentralization from the physician/nurse figure in diabetes care and seek an interdisciplinary approach for developing a model educational program.
According to the participants' discourse, the second greatest difficulty in education was the limited integration between the health professionals and patients, which should be based on cultural, social, cognitive, and linguistic comprehension.
E10: "The groups currently lack involvement by all the professionals. Few lead the group [activities with patients], while individual patients demand participation by other professionals [...] and this situation hinders the educational practice."
Additionally, the health professionals interviewed here were not concerned about the cognitive, motivational, and emotional barriers in the provider-patient relationship that interfere in self-care and self-management of the illness.
The participants highlighted the importance of involving the team in the educational practice; they emphasized that individual health workers should know their competency and the limits of their scope of work. According to the health professionals, the group debates focus only on test results and changing prescriptions, with poor use of the space for dialogue, which becomes "tiresome and boring", a frequently reported difficulty in patient education in diabetes, as illustrated below.
E7: "the group focuses mainly on changing prescriptions, obtaining the medication, and having the physician check the test results [...] and discuss the difficulty in understanding the prescription, which is sometimes long and drawn out, [...] all of which becomes tiresome and boring for the health professionals."
The participants also recognize that the health professionals and patients should collaborate to develop participatory strategies in order to improve the odds of managing the disease and reduce the physical, psychological, social, and economic consequences of diabetes, as described next.
E8: " Group discussions with patients should be based on the population's needs with the objective of obtaining more and interested spontaneous individual participation. Thus, the educational process becomes more effective if it is based on the community's wishes and needs."
E9: "When working in groups involving professionals with different knowledge sets, you can't bring a pre-formatted approach for the individual patients. It has to be something that the population suggests, based on their needs, to exchange knowledge. The team's involvement is important; professionals need to be aware of the competencies and limits of their co-workers from other professions."
The health professionals also mentioned the importance of assessing the patients' economic situation in order to orient their eating plan and reinforce the provider-patient contact, communication between the various persons involved in the process, the language used by the health professional, and the space for discussing and elaborating didactic materials to be used in patient education. They highlighted that patients should be well informed about their illness in order to achieve effective treatment results and know how to manage their care and obtain control of the treatment.
The current patient education process is based on health professionals "transferring" information on diabetes (the disease), rather than a more comprehensive and effective educational approach. The approach should focus on the need to establish a dialogue and thus on the capacity to hear the needs and demands of the groups with whom one is working. The target of the process should also be knowledge on living and work conditions and life habits and lifestyles, which would tend to foster patient education focused on self-management, i.e., training individuals for self-control over the determinants of their health [6, 11].
The health professionals' point of view relates to activities that have been implemented within inadequate structures (hasty consultations with symbolic configurations and specific power relations) through individual or group initiatives that have produced little progress. They emphasized that the lack of time, problems with the professionals' motivation, lack of financial incentives and didactic materials, and individual patient passiveness towards treatment limit the effectiveness of patient education and the implementation of an educational program in primary care and daily patient education [5, 10].
The health professionals' discourse suggests that they are blaming the victims, i.e., incriminating the patients for their own disease. The professionals thus tend to reproduce a restricted and normative view and practice in relation to the health/disease process. Meanwhile, their discourse indicates discomfort towards such practices and a perception of their own limited effectiveness.
The study's results indicate that the health professionals are aware and want to modify their behaviour in patient education and complain of a lack of training for such change, specifically in relation to patient education in diabetes. Some authors[2, 14] have emphasized that any intervention to improve health services should train the health team in a constant effort to improve the social relations appearing in the services' daily activity, from a critical and reflexive perspective towards the work process. Thus, in addition to the basic investment in health work conditions and organization, it is clearly necessary to invest in training health professionals in primary care and education, in close collaboration with researchers, leading to innovative products for the services and relevant new challenges for the academic community.
The findings in the literature [5, 15] indicate that the level of knowledge required by people with diabetes is associated with health professionals' ability to listen and their own recall capacity, managed according to formal principles such as "the doctor asks and the patient replies". Patients are rarely in a position to build knowledge by asking about their treatment or their own experiences, comparing, analyzing, or verbalizing their own day-to-day knowledge about health education.
Additionally, several authors [16–18] state that people with diabetes report satisfaction in the interaction of forms of knowledge built through exchange of experiences and knowledge between the health team and themselves. Appreciation of the social issues and setting is crucial for diabetes treatment and patient education [14–17]. It is thus necessary to reinforce a perspective that discusses the social determinants of health. Consistently, it is necessary to expand knowledge and practices to deal with these social determinants in primary care services, through more reflexive health promotion strategies and programs and patient education practices.
The challenge is to expand an attitude of listening to and considering the relevance of patients' experiences and perceptions and asking them what they need in order to improve their self-care. The task of health professionals during patient education for self-care involves evaluating and understanding individual patients, providing them with emotional and clinical support and knowledge and skills to achieve the treatment objectives, helping them discover and develop autonomy to deal better with their illness [14, 15].
This study focused exclusively on health professionals with the aim of implementing a patient education model for diabetes within the primary care setting. The findings are consistent with the literature in relation to difficulties in patient education in diabetes [18–20].
In summary, health professionals need to reflect on educational practices and how they are constructed in the field of education and health. In the health service analyzed here, current patient education strategies in diabetes are not favouring self-care and patients' control of the disease, and there is a lack of progress in these activities. Health professionals should seek to develop health education skills and admit the difficulties, limitations, and slow and gradual nature of the learning process in order to obtain the "results" that allow improving patient education in diabetes.
The suggested improvements for achieving a systematized patient education process include updating the health professionals' knowledge, combining aspects from education and health promotion in order to include professionals that are capable of reflecting on and intervening in their educational actions, with individual patients as their partners in reorienting the educational practice. Such health work organization aims to assign responsibility to primary care managers, who should seek to induce, plan, and encourage the adoption of more comprehensive educational strategies and practices, provide better training for the health team, work with an evaluative perspective toward their practices to make education an important therapeutic tool in health professionals' practice, and help them improve the work methodology and information for patient self-care in type 2 diabetes mellitus .
Participation in the focus group provided the health professionals with the opportunity to reflect on the patient education process and the difficulties in establishing and maintaining the practice due to their lack of specific training in health education, a gap that has persisted from their original undergraduate training to the present in their work as professionals. This gap appears in the patient education program, where the absence of organization and planning in the educational practice jeopardizes the quality of individual patient care.
We observed that the focus group results allowed health professionals to assume their role as educational protagonists, producing emancipative knowledge, encouraging reflection and the capacity for critical analysis, including patient education in diabetes as one of the determinants of successful self-care by patients, in the attempt to provide individual patients with therapeutic education for self-management of the illness.
Minas Gerais State Research Foundation (FAPEMIG).
HCT and RCB initiated this study and conducted the literature review and key informant interviews and tabulated the key findings. HCT and BR and MA drafted most of the paper. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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2019-04-25T02:56:19Z
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https://0-bmcpublichealth-biomedcentral-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-10-583
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This chapter I explain the fundamental nature of all reality, the essential principles of all that exists. This is the domain of Metaphysics, which provides a conceptual framework within which to explain or understand everything.
Known as Process Metaphysics and as Panpsychism, the view I espouse here says that everything has a mental aspect and a physical aspect, a subjective aspect and an objective aspect, and inside and an outside. By “mental,” “subjective” and “inside” I mean that everything has experience, is in some way conscious or aware, and, like all experience, that experience is private.
The difference between what is private and what is public is easily seen or grasped in ordinary human experience. Take a look around you. You see things that others can see, such as tables and chairs, trees, other people, etc. You hear sounds that others can hear, smell odors that others can smell. These are public things. You can describe what you see, hear or smell, and listen to others’ descriptions of what they see, hear or smell, and conclude that you both perceive the same thing. In this sense, much of what you experience is public. However, some of what you experience is private. For instance, think of something – a color or a word or a card, etc. As you think of it, there is no way another person can know what you are thinking of. Your thought is entirely private, subjective. Your thoughts are private, and so are other aspects of your experience, such as your emotions and your physical feelings, the proprioceptive perception of your own body. In addition, the particular appearance of each public thing, the particular way it is presented to you, is private. We each see a slightly different aspect of every public thing.
In fact, all experience is private. We learn to interpret much of what is contained in our experience as public. But the public world is presented to us in our experience; and only each of us, individually, has direct acquaintance with our experience.
In addition to our private experience, each of us has a public aspect, which is viewable, palpable, audible, etc., by other people and animals and perhaps by plants. In addition to the inside, that to which each of us individually has exclusive direct access, each of us has an outside, which is perceptible by others.
It is easy to understand the idea that everything has an outside. Less obvious is the idea that everything , down to the smallest quark or muon, is in some way aware of its surroundings. This is not so much a claim, as it is unverifiable, as a way of thinking about things (events, actually).
It is unverifiable because there is no way to experience the inside, the subjectivity, of anyone or anything else, so there is no way to know for sure that it exists. Certainly some things exhibit external, public, behaviour that suggests they have an inside. There is a range of such behavior, from purposive, like humans, to inert, like a rock. Animals and plants are in between. We infer that other people have intentions, desires, aversions and feelings as we do because we observe them acting in ways similar to the way we act, and we know how it feels to be us. So we conclude that others feel in ways similar to the ways we feel, even though we cannot directly experience their feeling. We extend this inference to animals. Dogs and cats appear to have desires and aversions; they respond to verbal communication from humans (cats less so than dogs, but we interpret that behaviour as being aloof rather than as exhibiting less consciousness); they seem to be happy at times, bored or unhappy at others, and so forth. Some people extend the inference to plants. My wife, a gardener, says plants are happy when they get watered.
Most people in advanced civilizations conclude that non-living things, which exhibit no external sign of having any subjectivity, in fact have none. But there is no way to know that for sure. It’s just a convenient way conceptually to divide up the world, into living and nonliving things. People commonly assume that nonliving things have no awareness of their surroundings, but one can imagine that they do. We cannot directly experience the internality of their world, as we cannot directly experience the internality of any entity’s world but our own, so it might be true that even a rock has some experience of the world. Try imagining being a rock. Your world would be very, very slow, but you can imagine feelings of pressure, of heat and cold, of heaviness.
Even a glass table top has interiority, although probably without enough cognition to distinguish itself from anything else. Its feelings are not of anything else (it lacks the interpretation, Ofness). It is very simple, not a self. It lacks the coherency of pattern – of sensation, perception, emotional feelings, thoughts, physical feelings, etc. – that make a self. So there is no self to perceive anything else.1 There is only feeling. One can imagine the feelings. Fundamentally there would be a sense of attraction downward. Physicists call this gravity. Sufis call it Ishq, love. Also feelings of heat and cold, perhaps pressure from above. A kind of orderliness in the glass. From the outside we know that glass is a frozen liquid, so the interiority might have a feeling of very slow movement. It would not have a sense of being lined up like a crystal.
Imagine that we visited another planet and found that the scientists there had a rather charming theory: Every physical thing has a soul inside it, and every soul loves every other soul. This being so, things tend to move toward each other, impelled by the love of their internal souls for each other. We can suppose, moreover that these scientists had worked out quite accurate systems of soul-placement, so that, having determined the precise location in physical space of an item’s soul, they could answer questions about its stability (“It will fall over because its soul is so high”), about vibration (“If you put a counterbalancing object on the side of the drive wheel, with a rather large soul, it will smooth out the wobble”), and about many much more technical topics.
Dennett thinks it has no value to say that things are attracted by love, that it is an unnecessary hypothesis. But I say that the theory that things are attracted by love does have value. If you live as if it is true, if you live as if everything has an inside, you'll be happier and function better than if you live as if some things don’t.
If everything has an inside as well as an outside, then everything has will, the drive to actualize intention. The fundamental drive in everything, every occasion or event – every actual occasion, to use Whitehead's terminology – is to actualize intentions. One imagines and desires, however dimly, some state of affairs, and one does something to bring about that state of affairs. Plants, for instance, turn toward the sun. They are aware of the current state of affairs, that sunlight is coming from a certain direction to which their leaves are not optimally oriented, and they imagine and desire that their leaves be oriented better, so they act on that desire and turn their leaves. That humans and animals act on intentions is obvious. Even inanimate matter, on this view, actualizes intention, the intention to cohere and persist.
As physical things combine into more organized wholes, their interiority combines as well into more coherency and richness. A plant has more organization than a rock, and its interiority is richer. Animals are more complex and humans more complex yet, viewed from the outside in their physicality. Their experience is more coherent; each has more memory, more ability to anticipate the future and more conceptual understanding than the next order down (humans as compared to animals, animals as compared to plants, plants as compared to non-living things). Each has more self-consciousness as well, in the sense of having an idea of oneself as separate from other things or beings and, through the lens of that idea, paying attention to one’s internal states as well as one’s knowledge of how one acts and appears to others.
If we assume that everything has an inside and an outside, then what appears to be dead is just living at a very slow pace. A dead animal's interiority has decomposed into its constituent elements, the interiority of the elements; only the larger coherent interiority of the whole organism is gone.
This view, incidentally, solves the mind-body problem. The mind-body problem is the question of how the mind, immaterial and without physical extension, can have any influence on the body or on physical reality generally. The usual answers are to say that reality is fundamentally physical and the mind is an epiphenomenon of the body or that reality is fundamentally mental, or ideal, and the physical is in some way an outgrowth or extension or construct of the mental. A more balanced approach is to say that the mental is an emergent property of the physical, that mentality arises when physical reality reaches a certain complexity.
The mind-body problem is only a problem, however, if we assume that the mind is distinct and separate from the body, that mental events are in some fundamental way different from physical events. If we assume that everything is both mental and physical, that everything has an inside and an outside, then the problem disappears. Of course the mental can influence the physical, because it is the same as the physical viewed from a different vantage point. From the outside, everything is physical. From the inside, each of us is clearly mental as well. If we assume that everything has an inside, then from the inside of each thing, or each event, reality is mental as well as physical.
As one looks around the world it is apparent that the world is composed of many things. The Chinese refer to this aspect of reality poetically as the "ten thousand things." The mystics, however, tell us that reality is actually one and that the ten thousand things are, depending the variety of mysticism, illusory or an aspect of the One. How can this be?
1 - This body, Arjuna, is called the field. He who knows this is called the knower of the field.
The God looks out through our eyes, hears through our ears, feels through our fingers and skin, smells through our nose and tastes through our tongue. (By “our” I mean each of us, individually.) The God thinks through our mind, feels through our emotions, and actualizes intentions through our will.
Inherent in nature are two contrasting principles, activity and stasis. Pattern is the key to understanding both.
The two poles of existence are difference and sameness. They both come out of the Nameless. You can't have one without the other.
Sheer difference would be completely chaotic and random, no pattern at all. Sheer sameness would be dead. In each case there would be no pattern.
Sheer difference and sheer sameness thus would be identical, i.e. completely without pattern. They would both be the same. This implies that sameness is fundamental. Difference comes from breaking up sameness into chunks. Eve came out of Adam's rib. Ultimately the question is meaningless, however, as we never experience pure difference or pure sameness.
The fundamental thing that makes reality is pulsation. Sameness gets broken up. Then pulses happen in variations of rhythm, more and more elaborate. The fundamental thing is pattern. Pattern is made up of sameness and difference. Difference keeps adding new variations to the pattern. Metaphorically, each time it gets a groove going, it adds something else.
The whole, of which each of us is a part, is infinitely wise; it's not just a collection of stuff. The God, being the inside of everything, sees all and knows all. The God perceives the outside of each thing and event through the experience of every other thing and event. The mentality of such a huge interior inspires awe.
There are different metaphors for God. One is that God is at a distance, that God sees all from afar. This is a notion of God as one object among many, although in some way a much greater object than any of the others, being their creator. Another metaphor is that God is very close to us, so close as to be our friend and our lover and beloved. Another metaphor is that God is so close to us as to be identical with us, that God is our very self.
None of these metaphors are incorrect. They are ways that limited beings such as ourselves can think of and understand the totality, which is too grand for us to fully comprehend. The metaphor of God as our very self is, I believe, more useful than the metaphor of God as being at a distance. For instance, the notion of God as separate from God’s creation leads to the notion that God can do miracles that violate the laws of physics. This notion pits religious believers against the findings of modern science, which has no place for miracles. But if we understand God as that which is conscious of everything from the inside, we understand that God does not have to intervene from the outside. Does God intervene in the world? Of course, all the time. But from the inside of all the pieces that are interacting, not from the outside. The God can put attention on places of interest and act through the various pieces of reality that are there.
By our prayers and our practices, we attract benevolent interest. By tuning into the One, we (each one of us) get guidance, we feel part of something larger, we become the beneficiary of the divine benevolence and in certain states we feel quite blissful.
When we pay attention to the divine, we pay attention to people's humanity and their connection with the divine, and we overlook the differences between our self and the others. This promotes peace and harmony, to the benefit of all concerned.
Think of each lifetime as a pulse. Imagine a sheet of water pulsing up and down, not necessarily in waves, but in discrete pulses like the surge of water back up after something drops in, such as a raindrop or a pebble. If each lifetime is a pulse, some are higher than others. The higher ones can see out farther, see more of the pattern. The highest ones can see the broadest pattern. The higher the pulse, the more conscious it is. Paying attention to the God is a way of being more conscious, that is, of being able to pay attention to more of reality.
Those of us who are conscious in this way are like the responsible adults of the universe. It is up to us to see that things go well. We are leaders in Re-evaluation Counseling terms, bodhisattvas in Buddhist terms.
“Responsible” in this case means “able to respond,” to respond with understanding and compassion.
Responsibility does not mean duty, nor compulsion. We are not obliged to see that things go well and we are not punished by anyone if we don't. (By "see that things go well” I mean to create a harmonious pattern.) If we don't see that things go well, we suffer the consequences. It's like being punished for not doing our duty, except nobody is doing the punishing. Duty is somebody telling you what to do. What I am talking about is just paying attention to consequences and choosing the consequences you want. The higher the pulse, the more consciousness there is – i.e., the broader the range of things we are conscious of – and the more effective we are at choosing harmonious and interesting patterns.
There is no absolute good. Goodness is always in relation to something else. To be good is to be good for something or good at something. Reality is good for giving us something to push against. By this I mean that reality gives one some stability, some predictability, in one’s experience. Reality provides a good framework within which to act. Reality helps one learn how to actualize intentions.
From the mystical point of view, we are all connected in that we are all manifestations of the One. One need not assume that metaphysical premise, however, to recognize that we are connected. Consider: we all breathe the same air, drink the same water and get our nutrients from and recycle our wastes into the same environment. Thus, all of us – humans, animals, plants and minerals – on the planet earth are connected. We are connected to the rest of universe as well in that we are subject to the gravitational attraction of the planets and can see the light of distant stars.
Certainly we humans are all connected to other humans; if we were not, we would not be able to survive. As babies we are born helpless except for our powers – and very strong powers they are – to influence other humans, powers such as our ability to cry to summon aid and to smile and respond with love and cuteness to the attention of others. The few stories we have of humans raised by animals rather than other humans reveal beings that are more animal-like than human, without language or the ability to relate in a sociable and mutually respectful way to other humans. We learn to express ourselves in language, and there is no such thing as a private language; language is essentially communal. We have the capability or capacity to imagine another's point of view, to experience things as they do, and it is fulfilling to do so. If we were not connected we would not have this capability.
If we assume that all these things are true – that everything has an inside as well as an outside, that all is one, that reality is good and that we are all connected – then there are implications for how to live one’s life. The main one is this: we should work for the good in all things.
To benefit oneself at the expense of others or to the detriment of one’s environment is self-defeating. If you act selfishly in the usual sense of that term, for your own good alone as if you were separate from your environment, you will not thrive as much as if you worked for the larger good. On another hand, if you act altruistically, in the sense of working for others’ benefit or the benefit of your environment without regard to your own benefit, you might burn out and be unable to contribute. Instead act so as to flourish mutually with your environment. If you do good for what is around you, it will nourish you.
Act with a benevolent intent.
Following are works cited or consulted in this chapter.
Dennett, Daniel C., Consciousness Explained. Boston: Little, Brown and Company Back Bay Books, 1991.
Lao Tsu, Tao Te Ching, tr. Feng, Gia-Fu and English, Jane. New York: Random House Vintage Books, 1972.
Mascaro, Juan, tr. The Bhagavad Gita. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books Inc., 1962.
Whitehead, Alfred North, Process and Reality. New York: Harper & Row Harper Torchbook, 1960.
1 I am not referring here to the Transcendental Self, observing and acting on what is presented inn experience. That is not there either, but only because phenomenologically, the Transcendental Self is always absent.
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2019-04-24T09:52:03Z
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https://www.bmeacham.com/whatswhat/Metaphysics.html
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Charles didn’t know it – but his anonymous time was very rapidly drawing to an end… Like it or not, he’d simply meddled in too many things too quickly to remain in the background. The various groups on Yu-Shan and Earth might not know WHAT he was – but they were becoming quite sure that he was something more than a normal god-blood!
Of course, that had been inevitable sooner or later.
While he was getting people well settled aboard Aden, other people were trying to catch up with him about that… Still, whether fortunately or unfortunately, his next layers of smoke screens were almost ready.
They were likely to be quite interesting. “God-blooded” was a LOT less attention-grabbing than “Lesser Exalted” or “Possible Primordial”, or “Avatar of an Incarnae” or “Jotun”or “Akuma of Autochthon and Gaia”, or loads of other things.
Gri Fel and Terapishim had – not unexpectedly – asked about the “manse seed” after the tests. Would it work in creation?
They were very happy about that. Since it worked so well in the simulation, they had been going to ask.
The Dark Temple Incident: Charles escaped a situation that took out five or six Celestial Exalts, and it’s beginning to look like that might not have been mere luck and being unimportant. Their mentors and elders may be wanting to take a long and careful second look at that – and him.
The Cauldron-Born: By fusing their Wyld energies with human souls, these quasi-fey have become some of the most potentially dangerous menaces in Creation – reality-shapers with the raw power of a Celestial Exaltation to back their powers. Perhaps worse, the motivations and desires of a such unprecedented entities are entirely unknown – if they are stable at all. Worse, they have some notion of just how useful Charles could be to them – and know that he has some sympathy for chaos… Still, Charles really must find something he can do about the Seven Whispering Winds Manse that offers them access to Yu-Shan.
Dudael: Putting a god-blooded child in charge of a Factory-Cathedral – regardless of just how good he seems to be at operating it – was a pretty controversial move. Not surprisingly, there are still opponents – and several annoyed deities who feel that THEY should have the job, and are plotting to have it – or at least to eject the boy and have it open again. Of course, Dudeal may well have purposes of it’s own now that it finally has a hearthstone bearer who is capable or awakening it’s full power once again.
The Archivists of Heaven: Handing around minor artifact rings to help them keep the archives sorted out was kind, and obliging, and helped him out with a lot of research projects – but, unlike most of the groups in Yu-Shan, the archivists routinely share information, analyze it, and come to conclusions. Charles was very helpful, and they’re grateful for that, but they still want to know what’s going on.
His Teachers: They want to know a lot of things – like just who his parent is, who’s backing him, and how he obtained whatever-it-was he handed out to the other students. Even for a god-blood, his thaumaturgy and scholarship is pretty impressive – and there’s no real evidence that they’ve seen his full resources yet.
Museum Folk: The Hipparions have now been on Exhibit for several months – long enough to pretty well erase all doubts about their reality and to start inspiring all kinds of questions. They’re harmless enough in themselves of course, but the forces that want to keep magic under wraps are quite upset; it certainly looks to them like the scientists have been handed a thaumaturgic ritual – of quite impressive power – in technological form, and are trying to analyze it. A failure will start them looking elsewhere. A success… will start humans in on using technomagic, and down a path that may lead to the widespread, casual, use of magic. And they’re not going to ignore a blatant miracle.
Gri Fel and Terapishim: While they think that the universe bloody well owes them one after all this time, they’re still wondering exactly who – and WHAT – Charles is. He’s tapping into some extremely primal powers – and doing it awfully casually as well. That’s to their benefit at the moment, but they’re not used to being caught up in something that they don’t understand – and which may involve powers greater than their own.
The Bureau of Humanity: While structures – including manses – are no business of the Bureau of Nature, they are certainly a concern of the Bureau of Humanity, as are the future implications of training and enhancing thaumaturgists, introducing magitech to the modern world, granting humans godlike powers, and causing thousands of people to disappear before they’d normally be killed… While Charles’s usual status Outside of Fate and tendency to place most of his holdings and operations there is keeping the disturbances down for the moment, it’s going to be dramatic when they start taking effect – and the first flashpoint might well be Atlanta. WWW has also taken an interest in the scientific debate over the Hipparions – and he is a major figure these days. The recent test results – and the creation of a manse that grants local humans godlike powers – is going to attract attention as well.
Jacob Anderson: As a thaumaturgic specialist in manses with a sideline in Wards, Jacob has a better idea than most of Charles’s skill – and is well aware of various manse-related problems out there which desperately need fixing.
The Sidereal Exalted: The fact that Charles routinely wanders off outside of Fate could pass unnoticed in a mere god-blood – but now that he’s been entangled in the Dark Temple Incident, seems to have a massive “in” with Lytek, has gotten involved with the Nocturnal Exaltations, shown off some of this thaumaturgic skills, has taken an interest in the affairs of the bronze faction, has provided them with information on Deva Cutter, demonstrated the ability to enhance manses, provided numerous artifacts, is somehow involved with the “Lesser Exaltations”, and is getting entangled with divine politics, has definitely made him of interest. Of course, no single Sidereal Exalt has more than a fraction of that information, but more than one is now trying to look into the situation.
The Nocturnal Exalted: Charles is definitely involved with these (and, to judge by the gear that he seems to have made for them in the future will be involved with them even more) – but, given the current lack of any real information on them, exactly what they’ll be up to is hard to say. Still, he’s already rescued one of them from imprisonment, and provided refuges for others – and thus will likely soon come to the attention of whoever’s chasing THEM.
The “Lesser Exaltations” are attracting attention from the students, the teachers, and the students divine parents at the moment – but will shortly be attracting a good deal more attention than THAT. They blatantly are “lesser” – and may not really have much to do with genuine Exaltations at all – but they are still providing a remarkable amount of power, some of which can be (eventually) traced back to a couple of new “Exaltation Manses” in the Canadian wilderness.
The possibility that he may have uncovered one of the largest “treasure hordes” in history will be drawing attention on it’s own; a mere god-blood cannot possibly hope to hang on to such a find – and even if he’s turned most of it over to the Bureaus, there should still be a massive fortune left!
The Masons and the Terrestrial Exalts: Both of these groups are – quite reasonably – taking an interest in the new factor that’s impacting their plans – and a few of them (even if they are in a rather distant realm at this point) are now aware that Charles is capable of opening gates to places beyond the known cosmos – and is certainly something very VERY strange at the very least. They may well have an agent in Arcosanti; they were interested in the place and in the domain rising there.
The Evasion Club: One of Charles’s few after-school activities outside his work, and one of the best venues for the students to approach him – despite the fact that it’s basically a hide-and-seek and lose-the-pursuers game. After all, they have to meet before they can start.
Amazonian Demon Summoners: Whoever is setting demons to guard manses in the Amazon is presumably up to something – and may be a bit miffed at Charles for blowing so many of them up. At the moment, it looks like this might have something to do with whatever Deathlord was sending his or her Abyssal Exalted to blow up selected manses. That may also tie into Lytek’s attempts to “reset” the captured Abyssal Exaltations (which Charles tried to help analyze, but with no results as of yet).
The Celestial Lions aren’t sure WHAT he is – but they have deduced a great deal about his abilities. The fact that he was willing to provide them ALL with armor (no matter what he said about finding an oh-so-convenient “treasure horde”), and some other useful artifacts, was a plus however; at least it said that his purposes are probably compatible with theirs.
His personal projects currently include that mysterious Moonsilver Choker, repairing several manses (the Spire of Ramsthenes in the Adirondacks (Solar ***), the underground Caves of the Silver Remnant in Alabama (Lunar ***), the Frosted Temple of Nandarkara up in the Canadian Arctic regions (Air ****), the Palace of Verox Ran in the western Amazon (Wood ****), and the fiery Ruby-and-Adamant Redoubt in the depths of Mount Shasta (Fire ****)), finding some way to get rid of Yu-Shans redundant paperwork, arranging some form of “Heaven” for souls (given that the eventual fate of all souls in Creation is to pass into oblivion, to be forged into soulsteel, to be eaten by a primordial, or to be absorbed by the Wyld – all essentially a final death or fate worse than death), and the Stargate and Stardrive Projects (designed to put most of the out-of-work gods of Yu-Shan back into business as well as make it easier for the Sidereals to correct offworld loom errors) – for which he needs the help of a Sidereal or two.
His recent Artifact Deliveries will have stirred up some interest as well. Most of the gods are simply gratified that they were apparently given priority treatment – but when everyone starts to compare notes, and discover that EVERYONE got their stuff way early, they’ll certainly want to know HOW.
The Lunars – or at least one of them – may know exactly what Charles is, but some of them are now keeping an eye on him as well anyway. The information on Deva Cutter, and the artifacts he brought them, may both be quite useful.
Aden Shining Dream, of course, is waiting to be discovered.
Perhaps most drastically of all, with the opening of a link between the refuge of the Dragon Kings and a Creation where humans still survive, any Exaltations there that have escaped some form of destruction, containment, or being lost forever in the infinite reaches of the Wyld may soon be clustering around the gate – ready to slip through, to briefly appear in Lytek’s cabinet (with a cargo of memories of the destruction of creation) and to once more choose hosts. It is even possible that some have already done so with that gateway’s second opening. That may not have happened – it may be that Exaltations are truly bound to their home realities, and may not thus “transfer” to another – but who knows?
In the face of that array of potential pursuers, Charles was… paying for a nice little dinner party! Gri Fel and Terapishim now had decent prospects, but at the moment they were still out of work, so it was Charles’s treat! His effective salary had gone up quite nicely recently!
It was a big enough dinner to feed several unemployed gods and some hangers-on!
Gri Fel and Terapishim’s friends, and the nearby slum, ate well for once. They didn’t taste ambrosia that often, after all!
Charles was pleased that they were having a good time.
Kiko was having a good time, too. After all, if Gri Fel got the job, she’d have a backer with some power! And money too!
Come to think of it… Did Gri Fel and Terapishim have any personal cults at all?
Gri Fel was considered the unofficial patron of the slums of Yu-Shan – and perhaps, by extension of slums elsewhere – but that apparently didn’t really count. Terapishim had a tiny little cult who worshiped him because of his beard.
Well, the “Cult of the Beard” did sound like fun to him! Apparently people didn’t know who those impossibly ancient statues were OF, but the beard WAS quite impressive!
Still… he’d made a manse with an Ambrosial Chalice Hearthstone (***** of course) for Ixiah anyway, and that left two unused attunements! He could share a drink with Gri Fel and Terapishim!
(Charles) “Oh, it focuses spiritual energy! I just got a hold of it recently! It should be helpful!
Well, he’d finished up the manse about two months ago, and the hearthstone had finished up last month!
They both got quite jovial… and were already looking a lot less ragged. Even their clothing and ornamentation was slowly repairing itself.
Well, it did give them both the equivalent of a Cult-3 and Salary-3 to work with. That wasn’t enormous, but it was pretty good by modern standards – and loads better than the Resources-1 they had to work with on the dole! It would even give Kiko some money to work with!
Anyway, this way, even if they didn’t get the job, they’d be OK!
Of course if they didn’t Charles was going to be looking for some serious bribery or something going on. It would have been quite hard to put in a much better performance!
Gri Fel took a hard look at the Chalice… ANOTHER tremendously potent item in the child’s hands… Indicating ownership of at least one additional rank-5 manse.
OH. Of Course. “Programable Manse Seed”. He had more than one… and access to archives full of designs if he actually needed any help with that.
And to think the child hadn’t really asked for anything in return… But then… he already HAD a pile of artifacts, wealth, all the magic he seemed to want or need, protection, a fairly important official position, good connections, access to the libraries of Yu-Shan, free passage across most of Celestial City, and the favor of mysterious powers. What would you offer him? How DID you return a favor?
Gri Fel really wasn’t that worried about it – the kid didn’t really seem to need anything, and the cosmos sure-as-oblivion owed him a few breaks by NOW – but some gods did feel obliged. All he seemed to need… was friends, contacts, and influence. Which he got by being nice and helpful.
Well, that wasn’t hard! Although the boy might run into trouble if he started helping someone that someone more powerful actively wanted to keep down one of these days (he’d heard a few rumors that he’d been spotted visiting the Bronze Faction; still, even they probably got to put in a few orders…). He was pretty much outside the system – and a complete loose cannon!
That Hearthstone is probably going to freak them out, as well as anyone who doesnt know exactly how he did it, once they find out. I mean, being able to just HAND several gods a rank *** salary and cult speaks of rediculous resources.
Fortunately that particular hearthstone isn’t totally unknown – but there are very few examples, even in the records. Most manse builders thought there were far better things to use a Rank-5 Manse and Hearthstone for than to provide a few gods with the equivalent of a Rank-3 Cult. After all, if that was all you wanted, you could just have the manse-construction crew worship them and use the manse for something else.
Charles, of course, has no shortage of Rank-5 manses – and really does have ridiculous resources, even if he’d rather just say “I got a hold of this weird hearthstone!”.
It did set off a near-immediate investigation though.
Another thing that just crossed my mind, what is Aden going to do about the Yozi? He hasn’t done much to atract much attention from them, but he likely has been noticed by some of their minions. If any of the talk about Charles reaches the ears of any demons, then he may get something he wasn’t expecting. And if any of the “primordial” rumors get around, then the reclemation may take an interest in him.
Ultimately, at least at the moment, he intends to try and restore them to sanity – and set them up comfortably in one of present-day creations ten-to-the-hundreth power or so relatively unused galaxies. It’s hard having Primordials living in the same planet-sized area you are. Having them living so far away that it will take a hundred billion years before the light of their activities will arrive in your galaxy is something else altogether.
And if that takes having to figure out how to build the games of divinity Mark II, and sorting out a lot of things… Well, he has time and space enough.
Or at least he thinks so.
You know, for a 3rd circle soul he could use an intelligent manse. It would fit in with his themes, what with a living inorganic structure, and the geomancy. It would likely have quite a bit of essence as well, what with being a structure that concentrates essence. And Aden might not need to have a “full” 3rd circle hiearchy set up, and having only a few could easily be explained by Aden wanting to keep them somewhere safe, as well as the fact that all of them are unique. And if he NEEDS to have a full 3rd circle before it’s made, then he could just pretend to have one work through a 2nd circle via proxy and nobody would know the difference.
Ah, now using some intelligent manses to represent third circle souls is a VERY good idea! Especially since you can give them designer powers driven by geomantic relays on quite impressive scales… Thank you very much there; that will let him fill things in fairly readily.
He’ll have to add an extension to Aden to make room for more manses of course, but that’s relatively cheap.
Besides, more space lets him play host to even more guests.
Speaking of designer powers, the manse should have a degree of control over the use of it’s hearthstone, and in extreme cases to be able to un-attune it. For instance, if a person who means harm to Aden would get a nasty shock if they attempt to attune to it, and suffer detrimental effects if they do manage to force attunement. Likewise, a person who does not mean Aden harm or otherwise has approval can attune without problem. Also, the manse should have the ability to unattune it’s hearthstone and/or recall it, as well as influence it’s holder. Charles would have exemption from these powers when/if he desires, effectively being the Jotun of Aden.
This is just a suggestion, but I really think that the ability to control it’s own hearthstone would be highly necessary, what with it being one of the core souls of his being.
Two more questions: Are you going to make a “fetich” soul, or is that spot going to be left empty so nobody can attempt to use it against him? Also, where is Aden’s physical world-body located, if at all, in creation/realspace?
Sorry about the delay; things have been busy – and the original reply started turning into an article.
Those are generally excellent considerations, and have been implemented over here – ruscumag.wordpress.com/2011/12/31/the-chronicles-of-heavenly-artifice-xxxiv-annotations-of-anonymity/ – for general amusement.
A Fetich soul hasn’t really been designated – but then it would be a bit meaningless I suspect. After all, all his “souls” are manse-guardians, and aren’t really the same as primordial or yozi “souls” – or so Charles thinks. After all, they are expressions of Aden’s geomancy, and the entire place is sculpted out of a portion of his soul. For all he knows, maybe this really IS hour new primordials get started.
Aden is currently located Elsewhere; it pretty much has to be since he’s effectively hauling it around with him. He would like to be able to pull it through into Realspace, but hasn’t quite figured out how to do it yet.
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2019-04-21T06:24:00Z
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https://ruscumag.wordpress.com/2011/12/31/the-chronicles-of-heavenly-artifice-xxxiv-annotations-of-anonymity/
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We love sharing our personal and our guests’ trip reports from canoe trips in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Quetico Provincial Park.
Last June, I was able to sneak out for an afternoon day trip on the Snipe Lake Loop with my brother and sister-in-law when they were up. This short Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness canoe route basically loops through Tuscarora’s backyard. We frequently send cabin guests and a handful of overnight campers on this route because it’s convenient, scenic, and provides an excellent introduction to the BWCA.
It was a glorious sunny day, so we grabbed a three-person Kevlar canoe and off we went . . . .
As the name “loop” implies, this route can be done in two directions, either starting on our beach on Round Lake, or just down the Round Lake Road (County Road 47) at the public put-in for Cross Bay Lake. The three of us opted to start at Tuscarora for a couple reasons. Logistically, it was just easier to start at the beach since our canoes are right there and we didn’t have to monkey around with shuttling ourselves and canoe down the road . . . even if it is only 300 yards away from the outfitting building. I also liked the idea of getting the two longer portages done first thing (the portage from Round to Missing Link is 142 rods and the portage from Missing Link to Snipe is 180 rods), although by doing the route in the counterclockwise direction, we of course had more uphill portaging . . . . Clearly, a compelling argument can be made for doing the loop in either direction.
It was a mid-week afternoon in late June and the woods were still pretty quiet. We ran into a group coming across the Missing Link portage, then passed a large group on the first campsite on Missing Link. From then on, we had the woods to ourselves.
One of the nice things about doing the Snipe Lake Loop with three people in a three-person canoe is that it’s easy to navigate the single biggest challenge on the entire six-mile route. About a quarter of a mile down the portage between Missing Link and Snipe Lake, you come to a large boulder that slopes down into a ravine. It’s only about a seven foot dip, but it can be a bit of a poser on how to tackle it when you come to this “valley” with a canoe on your shoulders. If you’re traveling by yourself or just one other person, the only real option is to set the canoe down, get yourself down the rock face, then collect the canoe and carry on.
My brother Peter was portaging the canoe when we reached this point, so his wife Ashley and I just grabbed the two ends of the canoe and held it up while Peter walk out from under the canoe and down the rock face. Once he was on level footing again, we just set it back down on his shoulders and continued on to beautiful Snipe Lake.
Snipe Lake really is a gem. Even though you’re only a couple miles into the BWCA, it feels like you’re deep in the wilderness. It has dramatic rock features, twisty canyons, and lush forest. It’s not a great lake for fishing (it just has small northerns) but with four campsites and not a lot of traffic, it’s a good option for people who want to feel like they’re in the remote wilderness without actually traveling very far.
That said, there’s some debate about whether the Snipe Lake Loop is “easy.” Because of its convenient location, many Tuscarora guests get their first taste of the Boundary Waters on the Snipe Loop. It’s not the easiest Boundary Waters canoe route in the world, but it has several factors that push it into the “easier” category, namely that you only travel six miles to complete the whole loop meaning it can be done in about three and a half hours of continuous paddling and portaging. It’s also only on small bodies of water so you don’t have to worry too much about wind conditions. While two of the portages are longer, all of the portages are well traveled and well maintained.
But every Boundary Waters trip inherently challenging on some level and even the easiest BWCA trip isn’t a walk in the park. (I actually wrote a whole blog post about the Boundary Waters not being a park a couple years ago.) As you can see in the photo above, the portages can be mucky. On Cross Bay Lake, the person in the bow needs to watch in front of them so the canoe doesn’t get hung up on the bottom or rocks as you paddle the shallow areas near the portages.
When you take off on Cross Bay Lake from the Snipe portage, you meander down a shallow, twisty waterway about creek-width. Be sure to watch for blooming pitcher plants if you’re paddling through in early summer. We literally saw hundreds of these carnivorous flowers in bloom as we paddled by – the most I’ve ever seen in one location. Although we didn’t see one on this trip, Cross Bay Lake is also know to be a bit of a moose viewing hot spot.
As you portage from Cross Bay Lake into Ham Lake, you’ll exit the Boundary Waters. You still have two portages to go to reach the public landing though. Ham Lake is completely outside of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, but still in the Superior National Forest. That means the four campsites on this lake are “dispersed sites” aka first come, first serve campsites that don’t require an overnight permit (or camping fee) to camp here. As a result, this lake can be pretty busy in the Boundary Waters high season (late July – mid August) when Boundary Waters permit quotas are filled, but people are still looking to get a BWCA camping experience. It’s also a lake that people frequently camp on for the last night of their overnight trip down to Long Island Lake or beyond, because Ham Lake has a good population of walleye and bass. Despite these facts, all four campsites were empty when we paddled past.
From Ham Lake, we continued on for the “portage/paddle/portage/paddle” around a couple sets of rapids on the Cross River back to the public landing. From there, we did a quick 1/3 mile walk up the road back to Tuscarora. Although we did the trip as a day trip, I could see why you’d choose this route for an overnight trip. For such a short BWCA route, it really has some great campsite options, especially if the purpose of your trip is to relax and recharge and fishing isn’t much of a priority.
Have you done the Snipe Lake Loop before?
As the world becomes increasingly globalized and technology makes it easier and easier to stay in touch, we’re finding that more Boundary Waters visitors than ever want a way to get in touch with the outside world in case of emergency while in the wilderness or so they can keep up on any news from home. Tuscarora’s been offering satellite phones for a few years to help people with the somewhat incongruous goals of getting away from it all and still being reachable. For most people, having a satellite phone provides a sense of security for both themselves and their loved ones, the same way having a fully stocked first aid kit provides peace of mind on the trail. Like that first aid kit, a satellite phone’s meant to be just another tool in your pack in case the unthinkable happens.
Our satellite phone has a battery life of about 24 hours. This essentially makes the phone a call-out only device because it needs to be turned off for the majority of your trip to make sure it has enough “juice” to call in case of an emergency.
You must be out in the open to get a signal for the phone. Satellite phones are notorious for dropped calls.
Satellite phones are ‘spensive. Replacement costs are around $1300, so you really, really don’t want to accidentally drop it in the lake.
We figured there had to be a better way for people to do their canoe trips and still remain in contact.
Enter the DeLorme Inreach device.
A longtime time Tuscarora guest has been talking up the DeLorme Inreach device for a while and this spring we decided to give it a whirl. It’s a bit of an apples to oranges comparison to compare the Inreach to a satellite phone, since you can’t make calls with the Inreach. Rather, the Inreach is a texting device that allows you to send text messages and emails (160 character limit per message) to people back home and have two-way conversations that way. There’s no monthly limit on messages that can be sent with our plan, so you don’t have to worry about racking up a big bill, no matter how much you use it during your travels.
Post your location on social media, including Facebook and Twitter.
Shoot waypoints on a map.
Uses a whole lot less battery than a satellite phone. You don’t want to leave it on during your entire trip, but you can use it freely without worrying about the battery dying.
Is water resistant and floats. Replacement costs are around $300.
A couple weeks back, Andy and his buddy Quinn decided to take advantage of this summer’s high water and paddle the Greenwood River about 30 miles southeast of Tuscarora. The Greenwood River not technically in the Boundary Waters, but it’s tucked away in some pretty remote reaches of the Superior National Forest. Arguably, you’re more likely to find assistance during an emergency when you’re in the Boundary Waters than in Greenwood country, since, more often than not, you’re on an established travel path while traveling in the BWCA. Down in Greenwood country, if you run into trouble, it’s going to be a long time before someone stumbles upon you.
While no one really thought Andy and Quinn would find peril during their afternoon trip down the Greenwood, Andy threw in the Inreach to see how it would work in a wilderness situation.
When we were testing out the DeLorme around Tuscarora, we found that it can take a little while for the messages to transmit if you’re not out in the open. Also, if you’re moving while the Inreach is transmitting, it can get a little confused and might send duplicate messages. However, when Andy was down at Greenwood, we were able to go back and forth with just a minute or two lag time between messages.
When you open the link in the email or text sent with the Inreach, you’re brought to a map that pinpoints where the message was sent from. You reply to the Inreach sender right in the little message box on the righthand side of the screen.
You can zoom in and out on the map to get a very specific location.
Even if you didn’t want to message anyone during your trip, it would be kind of neat to send yourself your location so at the end of your trip you have several snapshots of your route.
All in all, we’ve found the Delorme Inreach to be a viable alternative to a satellite phone. You might not be able to send or receive very detailed messages with it, but it is a good way to check in at home with a simple, “all’s well,” and with its GPS tracking capability, it’s a useful tool if you have the misfortune of ending up at the center of a search and rescue mission. It’s a device that satisfies the map geek and provides peace of mind.
Currently we have one DeLorme in reach available for rental at Tuscarora and if it proves popular, we’ll make more available. If you try one out, be sure to let us know what you think.
Before Andy and I took over at Tuscarora this June, the tow boat service offered by Tuscarora was one of the most fascinating aspects of the business to mull over in our minds. Food packing; cabin, bunk, and gear cleaning; even French toast cooking didn’t phase us, but motoring people around Saganaga Lake – the biggest lake in our neck of the woods – that sounded a little challenging and really fun. I’ve always meant to get to know Saganaga Lake better, but even though I spent five years working on the shore of Saganaga Lake (as the manager of Chik-Wauk Museum and Nature Center), I’d only been on Sag a handful of times. It’s one of those lakes with its own personality and unique lore and I’ve been looking forward to learning it.
All summer long, Andy, staff members (including Andy’s wonderful Uncle John), and guests traveled across Saganaga Lake, getting tows to and from Hook Island, American Point, or Red Rock portage as they started and ended their Boundary Waters and Quetico canoe trips. But sometimes when you’re the boss lady, it’s hard to get out of the office long enough to check the mail, let alone go on a tow boat ride. But earlier this month, I finally made it.
You couldn’t ask for a more beautiful time to be on Sag as the colors pop along the shoreline and the loons start to raft together in preparation for their migration. As we traveled up the Sag Corridor, Andy pointed out a mama moose and her calf who’d be hanging out right on the water’s edge all morning.
Because the wind was pretty calm during our journey, it took us only about 20 minutes (versus about six hours of paddle time) to reach Hook Island where we were picking up a camper from his weeklong solo trip in Quetico. As we pulled into Hook Island, the sun peeped out from the low, grey clouds.
Our camper was all set to go and in just a few minutes, we had his canoe up on the towboat racks and his gear loaded as we listened to tales from his trip. On the way back, we spotted the moose pair again. They looked pretty cozy and completely unperturbed by the boat passing them by.
Here’s to many more tow boat adventures!
Recently, my parents spent a couple nights in Cabin 2.
They had a great time on the Gunflint Trail, celebrating birthdays, testing out a new Souris River canoe, swinging by the house for evening ice cream, and doing a lot of hiking.
Irises in Flying Lake on their day trip into Bingshick Lake.
The elusive Arethusa bulbosa orchid that prompted the day trip.
A wood lily blooming along Magnetic Rock Trail.
A cluster of pink moccasin flowers near the start of the B.A. Trail just outside Cabin 2.
All those flowers made me smile, not just because I also greatly enjoy wildflowers, but because suddenly it was so obvious why I delight in finding wildflowers tucked among the forest duff. When we were little, my dad often took my brother and I on outdoor adventures, not only to give Mom a little peace and quiet, but so he could look for whatever wildflowers happened to be in season. An early springtime hike in search of Hepatica impressed me so much that when we returned home, I declared to my mother that if I ever had a daughter, I’d name her Hepatica and call her Patty for short. I still have a copy of Peterson First Guide to Wildflowers from that era tucked on my bookshelf.
As we got older, the hikes tapered off and I started to prefer time inside with library books over chilly, mucky springtime hikes in search of teeny wildflowers, but by the time I’d graduated from college and was working at a Gunflint Trail canoe outfitters, I’d once again taken to walking along the side of the gravel roads with a wildflower guide in hand. I find great satisfaction in identifying the habitat where a plant should be growing in, looking, looking, and then, discovering the flower right where it should be. And yes, during the summer, my camera’s memory card has more wildflower photos than anything else.
It’s interesting the things that end up “sticking.” Maybe you’ve brought your own children up to the Boundary Waters or tried to share your love of wildflowers or the night sky and didn’t get the unbridled enthusiasm you expected. (I certainly wasn’t above whining on some of those wildflower hikes decades ago.) It can take time to fully understand experiences. After all, it’s taken years for the significance of my childhood wildflower hikes to soak in. In the big scheme of things, all those little prompts and introductions that were initially met with apathy often add up to something that can enhance entire lives.
Land of True Happiness, Canadian Wilderness!
On August 8, my friends Laura, Tessa, Steph, and I set off on a wonderful, witty, wandering wilderness women’s adventure. All of us had spent summers guiding and traveling through the Boundary Waters on the US-Canada border, but this was the first time any of us had ventured north of that border on a multi-night Quetico trip. We were so excited and so ready to go (especially guide dog Avery!).
A tow from Tuscarora gave us a jumpstart on our 95-mile journey. Thanks Kyle!
After checking in with Janice at the Cache Bay Ranger Station, we paddled north toward the Falls Chain. It was so much fun to put “faces” with the names we’d heard so many times (Silver Falls, Saganagons, Kawnipi), to see the unique characters of the many waterfalls (Bald Rock, Koko, Four Falls, Little Falls, Canyon, Kennebas) around which we portaged. Turns out the sound of rushing water is very encouraging when you’re carrying a heavy pack and/or canoe!
Although we saw several other people along the Falls Chain, by the time we turned south towards Agnes it was beginning to feel like it was just us and the Canadian wilderness. We loved the still mornings and evenings (good for sunset yoga on the rocks!), streams along the Agnes River, pictographs, islands, and cliffs during this part of our journey. And we did a lot of singing of voyageur songs and oldies!
On our 4th day we stopped at Louisa Falls and were glad to be hiking up the steep, rocky, rooty trail without our canoes and gear. There the sun peaked out for the first time in a few days…it felt pretty glorious!
Our campsite on Sunday Lake that night was one of our favorites. We’d fallen into a pattern of good rock time, cooking yummy meals and taking out the map to talk through our plans for the next day. And that night we watched the sky and lake for a long time.
Over the next few days we looped south along the border and then northeast along the man chain. These lakes are very confusing to talk about… “Was that This Man or That Man? Is this This Man or That Man?” …but cliffy and island-y and calm.
In addition to large “Welcome to Canada” signs, we experienced lilypads and knee-deep mud during this part of the journey. It was all very wonderful!
The last few nights of our trip were cold and brought beautiful misty mornings. On our final morning in the Quetico we paddled through Ottertrack Lake in awe as the mist revealed perfectly still water and cliffs brightened by elegant sunburst lichen.
It was hard to leave this beautiful place experienced with beautiful friends. But Quetico, we will be back!!
They did the route in 7 days but be warned, these girls move! Moving 15 to 20 miles a day is not unheard of for them.
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2019-04-19T06:39:35Z
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http://tuscaroracanoe.com/category/bwca-trip-reports/
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Matthew Chalk, Aaron R. Seitz, Peggy Seriès; Rapidly learned stimulus expectations alter perception of motion. Journal of Vision 2010;10(8):2. doi: 10.1167/10.8.2.
Expectations broadly influence our experience of the world. However, the process by which they are acquired and then shape our sensory experiences is not well understood. Here, we examined whether expectations of simple stimulus features can be developed implicitly through a fast statistical learning procedure. We found that participants quickly and automatically developed expectations for the most frequently presented directions of motion and that this altered their perception of new motion directions, inducing attractive biases in the perceived direction as well as visual hallucinations in the absence of a stimulus. Further, the biases in motion direction estimation that we observed were well explained by a model that accounted for participants' behavior using a Bayesian strategy, combining a learned prior of the stimulus statistics (the expectation) with their sensory evidence (the actual stimulus) in a probabilistically optimal manner. Our results demonstrate that stimulus expectations are rapidly learned and can powerfully influence perception of simple visual features.
As well as depending on the sensory input that we receive, our perception of the world is shaped by our expectations. These expectations can be manipulated quickly through sensory cues or experimentalists' instructions (Posner, Snyder, & Davidson, 1980; Sterzer, Frith, & Petrovic, 2008) or, more slowly, based on the statistics of previous sensory inputs. For example, in complex scenes, objects are recognized faster and more accurately when they are contextually appropriate to the visual scene as a whole: when presented with an image of a kitchen, people are better at recognizing a loaf of bread than a drum (Bar, 2004). In other words, we learn from past experience, which objects are expected within the context of a particular visual scene, and our perceptual sensitivity for these objects is increased accordingly.
Indeed, it has been shown extensively that expectations modulate perceptual performance. When visual cues are used to inform participants the location that a stimulus is most likely to appear, their perceptual sensitivity for stimuli presented at this location is increased. This results in decreased reaction times, decreased detection thresholds, and increased sensitivity for discrimination of features such as orientation, form, or brightness for stimuli presented at the expected location (Doherty, Rao, Mesulam, & Nobre, 2005; Downing, 1988; Posner et al., 1980; Yu & Dayan, 2005b). More recently, it has been shown that, in complex tasks, participants implicitly learn which visual signals provide task-relevant information, such as predicting which stimuli are likely to be presented, and that this information can be used to optimize performance in the task (Chun, 2000; Eckstein, Abbey, Pham, & Shimozaki, 2004).
As well as enhancing perceptual performance, expectations can also influence “what” is perceived. Specifically, recent studies have shown that rapidly learned expectations can help determine the perception of bistable stimuli (Haijiang, Saunders, Stone, & Backus, 2006; Sterzer et al., 2008). Perception of such bistable stimuli is unstable, undergoing frequent reversals (van Ee, 2005) whose dynamics can be altered voluntarily by the observer (van Ee, van Dam, & Brouwer, 2005), In contrast, perception of simple stimuli is typically unambiguous and, seemingly, not so easily changed. Therefore, whether expectations can also alter the perception of simple stimuli that are not bistable is unclear.
A growing body of work suggests that perception is akin to Bayesian Inference (Knill & Pouget, 2004; Weiss, Simoncelli, & Adelson, 2002), where the brain represents sensory information probabilistically in the form of probability distributions. Here it is assumed that in situations of uncertainty, sensory information is combined with prior knowledge about the statistics of the world, serving to bias perception toward what is expected. This framework has been used to understand a great number of perceptual phenomena, such as why moving images appear to be moving slower when they are presented at low contrast (Stocker & Simoncelli, 2006), and the illusory “filling-in” of discontinuous contours (Komatsu, 2006; Lee & Mumford, 2003), adding support to the idea that expectations can alter the appearance of simple unambiguous visual stimuli. However, in these studies, participants' expectations (i.e., priors) are usually assumed to be acquired over long periods of time, through development and life experience. On the other hand, in the field of sensorimotor learning, it has been shown that participants can learn priors about novel statistics introduced during a psychophysical task and that they combine this with information about their sensorimotor uncertainty in a manner that is consistent with a Bayes optimal process (Faisal & Wolpert, 2009; Körding & Wolpert, 2004). In the visual domain, how new sensory priors are learned is an open question.
Here we sought to understand whether stimulus expectations can be implicitly acquired through fast statistical learning, and if so, how such expectations are combined with visual signals to modulate perception of simple unambiguous stimuli. We examined this in the context of motion perception in a design where some motion directions were more likely to appear than others. Our hypothesis was that participants would automatically learn which directions were most likely to be presented and that these learned expectations would bias their perception of motion direction. A secondary hypothesis was that participants would solve the task using a Bayesian strategy, combining a learned prior of the stimulus statistics (the expectation) with their sensory evidence (the actual stimulus) in a probabilistic way.
Twenty naive observers with normal or corrected-to-normal vision participated in this experiment. All participants in the study gave informed written consent, received compensation for their participation and were recruited from the Riverside, CA area. The University of California, Riverside Institutional Review Board approved the methods used in the study, which was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Visual stimuli were generated using the Matlab programming language and displayed using Psychophysics Toolbox (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997) on Viewsonic P95f monitor running at 1024 × 768 at 100 Hz. The display luminance of the CRT monitor was made linear by means of an 8-bit lookup table. Participants viewed the display in a darkened room at a viewing distance of 100 cm with their motion constrained by a chin rest. Motion stimuli consisted of a field of dots (density: 2 dots/deg2 at 100 Hz refresh rate) moving coherently at a speed of 9°/sec within a circular annulus, with minimum and maximum diameter of 2.2° and 7°, respectively. The background luminance of the display was set to 5.2 cd/m2.
At the beginning of each trial, a central fixation point (0.5° diameter, 12.2 cd/m2) was presented for 400 ms. With the fixation point still onscreen, the motion stimulus was then presented, along with a red bar which projected out (initial angle of bar randomized for each trial) from the fixation point (Figure 1). The bar was located entirely within the center of the annulus containing the moving dots (length 1.1°, width 0.03°, luminance 3.4 cd/m2). Participants indicated the direction of motion by orienting the red bar with a mouse, clicking the mouse button when they had made their estimate (estimation task). The display cleared when either the participant had clicked on the mouse, or a period of 3000 ms had elapsed. On trials where no motion stimulus was presented, the red bar still appeared and participants were required to estimate the perceived direction of motion as normal. Participants were instructed to fixate on the central point throughout this period. Participants' reaction time in the estimation task determined how long the stimulus was presented for. On average this was equal to 1978 ± 85 ms (standard error on the mean; see Supplementary Figure 7 for a plot of reaction time versus presented motion direction). After the estimation task had finished, there was a 200-ms delay before a vertical white line was presented at the center of the screen, with text to either side (reading “NO DOTS” and “DOTS,” respectively). Participants moved a cursor to the right or left of this line to indicate whether they had or had not seen a motion stimulus (detection) and clicked the mouse button to indicate their choice. The cursor flashed green or red for a correct or incorrect detection response, respectively. The screen was then cleared and there was a 400-ms blank period before the beginning of the next trial.
Sequence of events in a single trial. Each trial began with a fixation point, followed by the appearance of a motion stimulus. A central bar projecting from the fixation point was presented simultaneously with the motion stimulus and allowed participants to estimate the direction of motion. After either participants had made an estimation, or a period of 3000 ms had elapsed, the stimulus disappeared and was replaced by a vertical line, with text to either side. Participants moved a cursor to either side of the line to indicate whether they had perceived the motion stimulus.
Every 20 trials, participants were presented block feedback on the estimation task, with text displayed on screen telling participants what their average estimation error was in the previous 20 trials (e.g., “In the last 20 trials, your average estimation error was: 20°”). Block feedback rather than trial-by-trial feedback was given because we wanted to encourage participants to do their best at the estimation task, without interfering with their estimation behavior (and biases) on each trial.
Participants took part in two experimental sessions lasting around 1 hour each, taken over successive days. Each session was divided into 5 blocks of 170 trials, where all stimulus configurations were presented, making 1700 trials in total (850 trials per session).
Participants were presented stimuli at four different randomly interleaved contrast levels. The highest contrast level was at 1.7 cd/m2 above the 5.2 cd/m2 background. For each session, there were 250 trials at zero contrast and 100 trials at high contrast. Contrasts of other stimuli were determined using 4/1 and 2/1 staircases on detection performance (García-Pérez, 1998). For each session, there were 135 trials with the 2/1 staircase and 365 trials with the 4/1 staircase.
For the two staircased contrast levels, on a given trial the direction of motion could be 0° ± 16°, ±32°, ±48°, or ±64°, with respect to a central reference angle. To reduce potential biases in the population, we averaged results due to reference repulsion from cardinal motion directions (Rauber & Treue, 1998); this central motion direction was randomized across participants. We manipulated participants' expectations about which motion directions were most likely to occur by presenting stimuli moving at ±32° more frequently than the others (Figure 2). Therefore, at the 4/1 staircased contrast level, there were 130 trials per session with motion at −32° and +32° and 15 trials per session for each of the other directions of motion. At the 2/1 staircased contrast level, there were an equal number of stimuli moving in each of the predetermined directions: 15 trials per session for each motion direction. At the highest contrast level, there were 25 trials per session with motion at −32° and +32° and 50 trials per session at completely random directions (among all possible directions, not just the predetermined directions used in the rest of the experiment).
Probability distribution of presented motion directions. Two directions, 64° apart from each other, were presented in a larger number of trials than other directions. Motion direction is plotted relative to a reference direction at 0°, which was different for each subject.
In the analysis of the estimation task, we looked only at trials where participants both reported seeing a stimulus and clicked on the mouse during stimulus presentation to indicate their estimate of motion direction. The first 100 trials from each session (∼25 trials from each contrast staircase) were excluded from the analysis to allow the staircases to converge on stable contrast levels (Supplementary Figure 2a). Data were analyzed for the 12 (of 20) participants who could adequately perform both tasks according to our predetermined performance criteria of detection greater than 80% (quantified as the fraction of trials where participants both detect the stimulus and click on the mouse during stimulus presentation to estimate its direction) and mean absolute estimation error less than 30° with the highest contrast stimuli in both experimental sessions (Supplementary Figure 1; see Supplementary materials for details of different participants' performance). Importantly, our analysis of participants' performance in the estimation task looked only at their responses to staircased contrast levels, and not their responses to the highest contrast stimuli, which we used to determine which participants should be included.
In the estimation task, the variance of participants' motion direction estimates tended to be quite large and varied greatly across different participants and motion directions. We hypothesized that this was due to the fact that in some trials participants made completely random estimates. Thus, data were fitted to the distribution: (1 − a) · V(μ, κ) + a/2π, where a is the proportion of trials where the participant make random estimates, and V(μ, κ) is a von Mises (circular normal) distribution with mean μ and width determined by 1/κ, given by: V(μ, κ) = exp(κ cos(θ − μ)/(2πI 0(κ))). Parameters were chosen by maximizing the likelihood of generating the data from the distribution. Participants' estimation mean and standard deviation were taken as the circular mean and standard deviation of the von Mises distribution, V(μ, κ). The average biases obtained using this method were qualitatively similar to those obtained through calculating the estimated direction by simply averaging over trials, while the variances were significantly smaller and with more consistency across participants and motion directions when the parametric fits were used. Therefore, in all of the following analysis, we used this parametric method to quantify performance in the estimation task.
There was no significant interaction between experimental session and motion direction on the estimation bias or standard deviation (p = 0.11 and p = 0.41, respectively, four-way within-subjects ANOVA). Therefore, we collapsed data across the two experimental sessions.
There was a considerable degree of overlap between the luminance levels achieved using both staircases. After discounting the first 100 trials from each session, the population averaged standard deviation in the luminance of the 2/1 and the 4/1 staircased levels over the course of one experimental session was 0.051 ± 0.001 cd/m2 and 0.054 ± 0.001 cd/m2, respectively; similar to the average luminance difference between the two levels (0.052 ± 0.004 cd/m2). Further, there was no significant difference between the luminance levels achieved for both staircases (p = 0.23, three-way within-subjects ANOVA). This was reflected in the estimation data: there was no significant difference between participants' estimation standard deviations for both staircased contrast levels (p = 0.12, four-way within-subjects ANOVA). Therefore, we collapsed data across these contrast levels for all of the analysis described in the main text. Later, we looked at the effect of contrast level on participants' behavior by separating participants' responses at different luminance levels, depending on their detection performance at different luminance levels. Details of this procedure are described in the Supplementary materials.
To analyze the distribution of estimations when no stimulus was present, we constructed histograms of participants' responses, binned into 16° windows. We converted these response histograms into probability distributions by normalizing them over all motion directions for each participant individually. There was no significant interaction between experimental session and motion direction on the response histograms (p = 0.87, four-way within-subjects ANOVA). There was also no significant three-way interaction between motion direction, experimental session, and detection response (p = 0.81, four-way within-subjects ANOVA). Therefore, we collapsed data across experimental sessions for analysis of the participants' responses when no stimulus was present.
In this study, we were interested in how the uneven distribution of presented motion directions influenced participants' perception of the motion stimuli. By design, the probability distribution of presented motion stimuli was symmetrical around a central motion angle (Figure 2). Therefore, we figured that any asymmetry in participants' estimation and detection behavior for stimuli moving to either side of the central motion direction was likely due to factors other than the distribution of presented stimuli that was used, such as participants' implicit biases, or “reference biases” away from caudal motion directions (Rauber & Treue, 1998). To reduce the effect of such asymmetries from our analysis and to increase the number of data points that were available for each experimental condition, we averaged data from points corresponding to when the presented motion stimuli was moving to either side of the central motion direction. For the estimation task, this also required reversing the sign of the estimation biases for stimuli moving anticlockwise from the central motion direction before averaging (for “unfolded” versions of Figures 3a, 4a, and 5 see Supplementary Figures 4 and 5).
Estimation responses in the absence of a stimulus. (a) Probability distribution of participants' estimates of motion direction when no stimulus was present. Response distributions are plotted for all trials (blue) as well as the subset of trials where participants reported detecting a stimulus (gray) and trials where they did not (red). Data points from either side of the central motion direction have been averaged together in this plot so that the furthest left data point corresponds to the central motion direction, and the vertical dashed line corresponds to the most frequently presented motion directions (±32°). Results are averaged over all participants and error bars represent within-subject standard error. (b) Probability ratio (p rel) that individual participants estimated within 8° from the most frequently presented motion directions (±32°) relative to other 16° bins, plotted for trials where the stimulus was undetected versus trials where the stimulus was detected. p rel was significantly greater than 1 for trials where participants reported detecting stimuli (p = 0.005, signed rank test) but was only marginally so when subjects failed to detect the stimulus (p = 0.13). Participants were also significantly more likely to estimate in the direction of the frequently presented motion directions on trials where they reported detecting stimuli versus trials where they did not (p = 0.012).
Effect of expectations on estimation biases. (a) Participants' mean estimation bias is plotted against presented motion direction. Data points from either side of the central motion direction have been averaged together so that the furthest left point corresponds to the central motion direction, and the vertical dashed line corresponds to data taken from the two most frequently presented motion directions (±32°). Results are averaged over all participants and error bars represent within-subject standard error. (b) The estimation bias for stimuli moving at ±48° (black) and ±16° (red) from the central motion direction, plotted against the estimation bias at ±32°, for each participant. Again, data from stimuli moving to both sides of the central motion direction have been averaged together, with the sign of the bias for stimuli moving anticlockwise from the central motion direction (i.e., −48°, −32°, and −16°) reversed before averaging. The red and black crosses mark the population mean of both distributions, with the length of the lines on the crosses equal to the standard error.
Effect of expectations on the standard deviation of estimations. The standard deviation in participants' estimation distributions is plotted against presented motion direction. Data points from either side of the central motion direction have been averaged together so that the furthest left point corresponds to the central motion direction, and the vertical dashed line corresponds to data taken from the two most frequently presented motion directions (±32°). Results are averaged over all participants and error bars represent within-subject standard error.
First, we investigated whether participants learned to expect the most frequently presented motion directions. To assess this, we examined participants' estimation performance on trials where no stimulus was presented but where they reported seeing a stimulus in the detection task as well as clicking on the mouse to estimate its direction. On average, this occurred on 46 ± 3 trials for each participant (10.8 ± 2% of the total number of trials where no stimulus was presented). For this subset of trials, participants' estimation response probability varied significantly with motion direction, with a clear peak close to the most frequently presented motion directions (±32°; p < 0.001, three-way within-subjects ANOVA; Figure 3a, gray). We quantified the probability ratio that participants made estimates that were close to the most frequently presented motion directions, relative to other directions, by multiplying the probability that they estimated within 8° of these motion directions by the total number of 16° bins (p rel = p(θ est = ±32(8)°)). This probability ratio would be equal to 1 if participants were equally likely to estimate within 8° of ±32° as they were to estimate within other 16° bins. We found that the median value of p rel was significantly greater than 1, indicating that participants were strongly biased to report motion in the most frequently presented directions when no stimulus was presented (median(p rel) = 2.7; p = 0.005, signed rank test, comparing p rel to 1; Figure 3b).
As on a large proportion of trials, the presented motion stimuli were moving in one of two directions, it is possible that participants could have habituated to automatically move the estimation bar toward one of these two directions, irrespective of their response in the detection task (note that the initial bar position was randomized on each trial and thus biases cannot arise from just leaving the mouse in its initial location). In this case, we would also expect their “no-stimulus” estimation distributions to be biased toward the two most frequently presented directions for trials where they did not detect a stimulus. However, on trials where participants did not report seeing a stimulus in the detection task (but where they did click the mouse while the stimulus was present to estimate its motion direction; on average, this occurred on 134 ± 9 trials for each participant; 32 ± 7% of the total number of trials where no stimulus was presented), there was no significant variation in the estimation response probability with motion direction (p = 0.12, three-way within-subjects ANOVA; Figure 3a, red). Further, for these trials, participants were not significantly more likely to estimate close to the most frequently presented motion directions than other motion directions (median(p rel) = 1.28; p = 0.13, signed rank test, comparing p rel to 1; Figure 3b). Indeed they were significantly more likely to report motion in the most frequently presented motion directions when they also reported detecting a stimulus compared to when they did not (p = 0.012, signed rank test, comparing the values of p rel obtained for trials where participants either did or did not report seeing a stimulus in the detection task; Figure 3b).
It could be argued that we would observe similar results if participants' expectations influenced their behavior in the detection task, but not in the estimation task. Thus, in the absence of a presented stimulus, they would be more likely to report detecting a stimulus when they mistakenly perceived motion in one of the two most frequently presented motion directions, although their estimation responses would be unaltered by their expectations. In this case, participants' estimation responses would be distributed uniformly when we looked at data from all trials where no stimulus was presented (regardless of their response in the detection task). This was not what we found: when we looked at data from all zero-stimulus trials, participants estimation response probability varied significantly with motion direction (p < 0.001, three-way within-subjects ANOVA; Figure 3a, blue), and they were biased to report motion in the two most frequently presented directions (median(p rel) = 1.71; p < 0.001, signed rank test comparing p rel to 1). However, the size of this bias was reduced compared to the case when we looked only at trials where participants detected stimuli (p = 0.027, signed rank test comparing the values of p rel obtained for all trials with trials where participants reported seeing a stimulus in the detection task).
Another response strategy that could have produced similar results is if, when participants were uncertain about the stimulus motion direction, they made estimations that were influenced by the stimulus presented immediately beforehand. In this case, we would expect the observed biases in participants' no-stimulus estimation distributions to disappear when we excluded trials that were immediately preceded by stimuli moving in the most frequently presented directions (±32°). However, when we excluded these trials from our analysis, participants' zero-stimulus estimations (for trials where they reported detecting a stimulus) were still strongly biased toward the two most frequently presented directions (median(p rel) = 2.11; p = 0.026, signed rank test, comparing p rel to 1).
Taken together, our results indicate that the zero-stimulus biases we observed were not due to “response strategies” but rather were perceptual in origin: participants “hallucinated” motion in the most frequently presented directions when no stimulus was displayed. Further, these hallucinations developed extremely quickly. On trials where no stimulus was presented but where participants reported detecting a stimulus, they were significantly more likely to estimate within 8° of ±32° than other directions after a period of only 200 trials (p = 0.008, signed rank test, comparing p rel to 1 after 200 trials; see Supplementary Figure 3), indicating rapid learning of motion direction expectations.
We next asked whether these learned expectations would bias participants' perceptions of real motion stimuli. Figure 4a shows the population averaged estimation bias, plotted against motion direction. In this plot, data points corresponding to presented stimuli moving to either side of the central motion direction have been averaged together (making sure to reverse the sign of the estimation bias when the presented stimuli was anticlockwise from the central motion direction before averaging; see Supplementary Figure 4 for an alternative version of this plot without averaging across the central motion direction). In this plot, the curve has a negative slope around +32°, which itself was unbiased. This indicates that estimations were attractively biased toward stimuli moving at +32° (and by symmetry, also to motion at −32°). Estimates of the central motion direction were unbiased, while estimates at +16° were positively biased, away from the center and toward stimuli moving at +32° (again, by symmetry, stimuli moving at −16° were biased away from the center, toward stimuli moving at −32°). Note that the apparent asymmetry in Figure 4a is expected and is due to the fact that the data points at 0° and 64° are not equivalent: 0° lies midway between the two most frequently presented directions, while +64° is on the edge of the distribution of presented motion directions (see Figure 2). Overall, there was a significant effect of motion direction on the estimation bias (p < 0.001, three-way within-subjects ANOVA).
We wanted to quantify the extent to which individual participants' estimates were biased toward the most frequently presented motion directions. For participants whose estimates were attractively biased toward stimuli moving at +32°, we would expect their estimates of stimuli moving at +48° and +16° to be positively and negatively biased, respectively, compared to their estimation bias for stimuli moving at +32° (and by symmetry, we would also expect the converse to hold for stimuli moving anticlockwise from the central direction: for a participant whose estimates were attractively biased toward stimuli moving at −32°, we would expect the bias at −48° and −16° to be negatively biased and positively biased, respectively, compared to their estimation bias for stimuli moving at −32°). Figure 4b plots individual participants' estimation bias for stimuli moving at ±48° and ±16° versus their estimation bias at ±32° (plotted in black and red, respectively). Note that, similarly to Figure 4a, we averaged data from motion directions moving to either side of the central motion directions in this plot, making sure to reverse the sign of the bias for stimuli moving anticlockwise from the central motion direction. After doing this, the computed estimation biases at ±48° and ±16° were significantly smaller and larger, respectively, than the bias at ±32° (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively, signed rank test). This indicates that on average, participants were biased to estimate stimuli as moving in directions that were closer to the most frequently presented motion directions (±32°) than they actually were.
Stimuli in between ±32° were expected to be biased by both frequently presented directions, and thus we expected that these directions should yield larger standard deviations in estimated angles than those outside of this range. Figure 5 plots the population-averaged standard deviation of estimations against motion direction. Again, for this plot, data points from either side of the central motion direction have been averaged together. The estimation standard deviation was greatest for the central motion direction at 0° and smallest for motion directions that were closer to the most frequently presented directions (±16°, ±32°, and ±48°). As with the estimation biases, there was a significant effect of motion direction on the estimation standard deviation (p < 0.001, three-way within-subjects ANOVA).
One of our interests was the extent to which stimulus expectations influenced participants' performance in the detection task. To test this, we measured the fraction of trials where participants both detected stimuli and clicked on the mouse during stimulus presentation as a function of motion direction (Figure 6a). Participants were significantly more likely to detect stimuli moving in the most frequently presented motion directions (71.5 ± 2.5% detected at ± 32° versus 64.2 ± 2.5% detected over all other motion directions; p < 0.001 signed rank test; Figure 6b). Overall, there was a significant effect of motion direction on the fraction detected (p = 0.002, three-way within-subjects ANOVA).
Effect of expectations on detection performance. (a) The fraction of trials where participants correctly detected a motion stimulus is plotted against presented motion direction. Data points from either side of the central motion direction have been averaged together so that the furthest left point corresponds to the central motion direction, and the vertical dashed line corresponds to data taken from the two most frequently presented motion directions (±32°). Results are averaged over all participants and error bars represent within-subject standard error. (b) The fraction of trials where participants correctly detected a stimulus, averaged over all presented motion directions except for ±32°, plotted against the fraction of trials where participants correctly detected a stimulus moving at ±32°, for each participant. The black cross marks the population mean, with the length of the lines on the cross equal to the standard error.
Another measure that could reflect how easily participants detected stimuli was their reaction time in clicking the mouse during stimulus presentation. For trials where they detected a stimulus, participants' reaction time was significantly reduced for the most frequently presented motion directions, relative to other motion directions (1924 ± 86 ms at ±32° versus 1991 ± 85 ms over all other motion directions; p < 0.001, signed rank test; Supplementary Figure 7). Overall, there was a significant effect of motion direction on participants' reaction time (p = 0.003, three-way within-subjects ANOVA).
To understand the nature of the biases in motion direction estimation that we observed, we tested among alternative models of how participants' expectations may be combined with the presented stimulus to produce the observed response distributions. Two classes of models were considered. The first class of model assumed that participants developed response strategies unrelated to perceptual changes. The second class of model assumed that participants solved the task using a Bayesian strategy, combining a learned prior of the stimulus statistics (the expectation) with their sensory evidence (the actual stimulus) in a probabilistic way. These models simulate the estimation distributions in the case where participants judged the stimulus to be present.
The first two models looked at whether participants' behavior could be attributed to a “response bias.” The key assumption in both of these models was that participants followed different strategies on different trials: for example, by making an unbiased estimate of motion direction on a fraction of the trials and by estimating one of the most frequently presented motion directions on other trials.
The first model (“ADD1”) assumed that when participants were unsure about which motion direction they had perceived, they made an estimate that was close to one of the two most frequently presented motion directions.
p l ( θ o b s | θ ) = V ( θ , κ l ) .
p exp ( θ ) = 1 2 [ V ( − θ exp , κ exp ) + V ( θ exp , κ exp ) ] .
p ( θ e s t | θ p e r c ) = ( 1 − α ) · V ( θ p e r c , κ m ) + α .
where the asterisk denotes a convolution and a(θ) determines the proportion of trials that participants sampled from the “expected” distribution, p exp(θ). For this model, free parameters that were fitted to the estimation data for each participant were the center and width of participants' “expected” distributions (determined by θ exp and 1/κ exp, respectively), the width of their sensory likelihood (determined by 1/κ l ), the fraction of trials where they made estimates by sampling from their “expected” distribution (a(θ)), the magnitude of the “motor” noise in their responses (determined by 1/κ m ), and the fraction of trials where they made estimations that were completely random (α).
The second “response bias” model (ADD2) assumed a more complex strategy, such that when participants were unsure of stimulus direction, they made estimates that were preferentially sampled from different proportions of their “expected” distribution. Crucially, the portion of this “expected” distribution that was sampled from depended on the actual stimulus motion direction.
p c l o c k w i s e ( θ ) = V ( θ exp , κ exp ) .
As before, on a single trial, participants made estimates that were either equal to their sensory observation θ obs or sampled from a learned distribution of expected motion directions. However, instead of sampling from a single distribution of expected motion directions, p exp(θ), participants could now make estimates that were sampled either from the distributions p anticlockwise(θ) or p clockwise(θ), with a probability that was dependent on the actual stimulus motion direction. For example, on a single trial, a participant might be aware that the stimulus was moving “anticlockwise from center” and thus would be more likely to make an estimate that was sampled from the distribution, p antilockwise(θ), than from p clockwise(θ).
where a(θ) and b(θ) were additional free parameters that determined the proportion of trials where participants sampled from each distribution.
Finally, we considered variations to the ADD1 and ADD2 models (denoted “ADD1_mode” and “ADD2_mode,” respectively) where, on trials where participants were unsure of the stimulus motion direction, they made perceptual estimates that were equal to the mode of the “expected” distribution. These models are equivalent to the ADD1 and ADD2 models, with “1/κ exp” set to zero.
The second class of models assumed that participants combined a learned prior of the stimulus directions with their sensory evidence in a probabilistic manner. Specifically, unlike the previous models, where on individual trials participants either rely entirely on their sensory observations or on their expectations, in the Bayesian model participants make estimations based on a combination of both their sensory observation and expectations. A schematic of this model class is shown in Figure 7.
Bayesian model. The posterior distribution of possible stimulus motion directions is constructed by combining prior knowledge about likely motion directions (the expectation) with the available sensory evidence (based on a noisy observation, θ obs) probabilistically. A perceptual estimate is made by taking the mean of the posterior distribution. This posterior distribution is used to make a perceptual estimate (θ perc). Additional “motor noise” is added to this perceptual estimate to produce the final estimation response (θ est).
p ( θ | θ o b s ) ∝ p p r i o r ( θ ) · p l ( θ o b s | θ ) .
While participants cannot access the “true” prior, p prior(θ), directly, we hypothesized that they learned an approximation of this distribution, denoted p exp(θ). In our model, this “learned prior” was parameterized similarly to p prior(θ) in ADD1 (see Equation 2).
where Z is a normalization constant. An alternative choice would be for the perceptual estimate to be given by the maximum of the posterior distribution. For our work, both methods gave qualitatively identical results.
We accounted for the “motor noise” associated with making the estimation response in a similar way to the previous models. For this model, the free parameters that were fitted to the estimation data for each participant were the center and width of participants' “expected” distribution (determined by θ exp and 1/κ exp, respectively), the width of their sensory likelihood (determined by 1/κ l), the magnitude of the “motor” noise in their responses (determined by 1/κ m), and the fraction of trials where they made estimations that were completely random (α). We included two variants of the Bayesian model: “BAYES_var,” where the width of the likelihood function was allowed to vary with the stimulus motion direction, and “BAYES,” where it was held constant.
At the highest contrast, the stimulus was clearly visible, so we assumed that the perceptual uncertainty was close to zero (1/κ l ∼ 0). Therefore, for all models, the distribution of estimations should be given by Equation 3, with the substitution, θ exp = θ. We used this equation to fit participants' estimation distributions at high contrast (by maximizing the log probability of getting the observed the data; see later), thus allowing us to approximate the “motor noise” (determined by 1/κ m) for each participant.
As with the rest of our data analysis, we modeled participants' responses to stimuli at both staircased contrast levels (although see Supplementary materials). Also, as all three models looked only at the estimation task, effectively ignoring the detection response, we initially looked only at data where participants detected the motion stimulus (see Supplementary materials for a version of the Bayesian model which incorporates the detection task).
where the summation was taken over all trials, and θ i and θ i,data represent the presented motion direction and the estimation response on the ith trial, respectively. We found the maximum of the likelihood function using a simplex algorithm (the Matlab function “fminsearch”). We were concerned that for some participants our model fits might converge to local rather than local maxima. To reduce this possibility, we ran the model fits with a range of initial values for κ l and κ exp (κ l −1/2 and κ exp −1/2 were varied independently in 2° increments, between 1° and 21°), selecting the model fit that produced the highest value for the log-likelihood. The results obtained were also found to be robust to changes in all of the other initial parameter values.
The models varied greatly with respect to the number of parameters that they required to fit the data. Excluding κ m (as this was obtained from the high contrast responses, not the low contrast responses that were the principle area of investigation), ADD1 and ADD2 required 9 and 14 free parameters, respectively: κ l , θ exp, κ exp, and α, plus 5 values for a(θ), and for ADD2, another 5 values for b(θ) (one for each presented motion direction). ADD1_mode and ADD2_mode required 8 and 13 free parameters, respectively (one less parameter than ADD1 and ADD2 respectively, as κ exp was no longer a free parameter). BAYES required only four free parameters (κ l , θ exp, κ exp, and α). BAYES_var required eight free parameters (including a value for κ l for each presented motion direction).
where L is the likelihood of generating the experimental data from the model, k is the number of parameters in the model, and n is the number of data points available. In general, given two estimated models, the model with the lower value of BIC is the one to be preferred (Schwarz, 1978). The first term of this expression accounts for the error between the data and the model predictions, while the second term represents a penalty for including too much complexity in the model.
Figure 8 plots, for each participant, the BIC obtained with each model, subtracted by the BIC obtained with the BAYES model. From this plot, we can see that the BIC values obtained with the ADD1, ADD2, ADD1_mode, ADD2_mode, and BAYES_var models were significantly greater than the BIC values obtained with the BAYES model (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p = 0.003, p = 0.005, and p < 0.001, respectively; signed rank test). Thus, while a small minority of participants were not best fitted by the BAYES model (two participants exhibited a lower BIC value with the ADD1 model, two participants exhibited a lower BIC value with the ADD1_mode model, and two participants exhibited a lower BIC value with the ADD2_mode model), this model provided the best description of the data for the majority of participants.
Model comparison. The Bayesian information criterion (BIC) evaluated with each model, subtracted by the BIC evaluated with the BAYES model, is plotted separately for each participant. Median values are indicated by horizontal red lines, 25th and 75th percentiles by horizontal blue lines. Values greater than zero indicate that the BAYES model provided the best description of the data. p-values indicate whether the median “BIC-BICBAYES” was significantly different form zero for each model (signed rank test).
Each of the models described attempted to fit the estimation distributions for each participant. To achieve a qualitative understanding of how the estimation distributions predicted by each of the models compared to the experimental data, we analyzed the predicted estimation biases and standard deviations. As the ADD1_mode and the ADD2_mode and the BAYES models provided better fits to the data than the other models, we only analyze here the predicted estimation biases and standard deviations for these three models. In our previous analysis of the experimental data, we parameterized participants' estimation distributions as the sum of a circular normal distribution and a “flat” background probability (to account for the proportion of trials where they made random estimations). Participants' estimation means and standard deviations were then taken as the center and width of the fitted circular normal distribution, respectively. To be consistent with this, we computed biases and standard deviations from the estimation distributions predicted by each model in an identical way.
Figure 9 shows the estimation biases and standard deviations predicted by each of the models, plotted alongside the experimental data. Both the BAYES and ADD2_mode models provided a good fit for the population averaged estimation biases (mean absolute error of 0.75° and 0.62° for the BAYES and ADD2_mode models, respectively). The ADD1_mode model, however, was unable to reproduce the repulsive biases away from the central motion direction (at ±16°) that were observed experimentally (mean absolute error of 2.14°; Figure 9a). This was also reflected in the fits of individual participants' estimation biases (quantified by calculating the mean absolute error for the fits of the estimation biases separately for each participant, averaged over motion directions). The error in the fits of the individual participants' estimation biases was significantly smaller for the BAYES model than for the ADD1_mode model (p < 0.001, signed rank test), while there was no significant difference between the BAYES and ADD2_mode models.
Predicted biases (a) and standard deviations (b) for each model. Predictions for the ADD1_mode model (green), the ADD2_mode model (blue), and the BAYES model (black) are plotted alongside the experimental data (red). In both plots, data points from either side of the central motion direction have been averaged together so that the furthest left point corresponds to the central motion direction, and the vertical dashed line corresponds to the most frequently presented motion directions. In all plots, results are averaged over all participants and error bars represent within-subject standard error.
The fact that the ADD1_mode model was unable to fit the experimentally observed repulsive biases away from the central motion direction can be explained by the fact that for this model we parameterized the “expected” distribution of motion directions, p exp(θ), to be symmetrical around 0°. Thus, even in the extreme case where all responses are sampled from this distribution, there would only be an attractive bias toward the central motion direction.
The BAYES model produced estimation standard deviations that varied with motion direction in a qualitatively similar way to the experimental data (with a maximum at 0°, decreasing for stimuli moving further from the central motion direction), although in general, the model predicted values that were slightly larger than what was observed experimentally (Figure 9b). The fits for the estimation standard deviation produced by the ADD1_mode and ADD2_mode were worse than the BAYES model (mean absolute error of 5.11° and 2.74° for the ADD1_mode and ADD2_mode models , respectively, compared to 2.17° for the BAYES model) and did not vary with motion in a way that was similar to the experimental data. However, the error in the fits of the individual participants estimation standard deviations (quantified by calculating the mean absolute error for the fits of the estimation standard deviation separately for each participant, averaged over motion directions) was not significantly different between the models (p = 0.91 and p = 0.34, respectively, for comparisons of the ADD1_mode and ADD2_mode models with the BAYES model; signed rank test).
While all the free parameters in the BAYES model (κ l , θ exp, κ exp, and α) were held constant across presented motion directions, in order for the “response bias” models (ADD1, ADD2, ADD1_mode, and ADD2_mode) to fit the data, additional free parameters were required (a(θ) and b(θ)), which had to be varied between different presented motion directions. Thus, for the ADD1 and ADD2 models to be valid, participants would have had to alter their response strategy, varying the proportion of trials where they sampled from their “expected” probability distributions, depending on the direction of the presented stimulus. In addition, the ADD1_mode and ADD2_mode models assumed that when participants were unsure about the presented motion direction, they made a perceptual estimate of motion direction that was exactly the same on each trial. This seems unrealistic: in reality there would be some trial-to-trial variation in the expected motion direction.
In summary, BAYES exhibited significantly smaller BIC values than all of the other models, as well as producing fits for the estimation biases and standard deviation that were at least as good as the response bias models, despite the fact that it had fewer free parameters (4 parameters as opposed to 9, 14, 8, and 13 parameters for ADD1 and ADD2, ADD1_mode, and ADD2_mode, respectively), leading us to conclude that it provided the best description of participants' behavior. Overall, our results argue against the hypothesis that the observed estimation biases were produced by “response strategies” unrelated to perceptual changes but rather support the hypothesis that participants performed the task using a Bayesian strategy, where a learned a prior of expected stimulus directions was combined with their sensory evidence in a probabilistic way.
We were interested to see whether the prior and likelihood distribution that we derived to fit participants' response distributions when a stimulus was present were sufficient to explain their estimation performance in the absence of any stimulus.
While the original BAYES model ignored the detection task, in order to analyze participants “no-stimulus” behavior, it was important to incorporate this into our model. The full model, BAYES_dual, which is of the same form as the original Bayesian model, with the exception that it simulates the detection task, is described in the Supplementary materials. The BAYES_dual model required 3 additional parameters: participants' prior expectation that a stimulus would be presented on each trial, the probability that participants made sensory observations of the stimulus as being present, on trials where a stimulus was presented, and on trials where no stimulus was presented (see Supplementary materials). Importantly, these parameters were fitted using only data from trials where the stimulus was presented, and not zero-stimulus trials, which was what we were aiming to predict.
Figure 10 shows the estimation distributions predicted by this model for trials where there was no stimulus present but where participants detected a stimulus (black), plotted alongside the experimentally measured distribution (red). The average “zero-stimulus” estimation distribution predicted by the model provided a good fit for the population averaged estimation distributions, with an R 2 value of 0.71. The behavior of individual participants was also well predicted by the model: the fits for participants' zero stimulus estimation distributions had a positive R 2 value for 8 out of 12 of them. For these participants, the median R 2 value was 0.65 (0.46, 0.83; 25th and 75th percentiles). The fact that the majority of participants' behavior in the absence of a stimulus could be predicted, based solely on their estimation responses in the presence of a stimulus, provides strong evidence in favor of the Bayesian model put forward here.
Predicted estimation response probability distributions for trials where no stimulus is presented but where participants reported detecting a stimulus. Model predictions (gray; BAYES_dual model; see Supplementary materials for details) are plotted alongside the experimental results (red). Data points from either side of the central motion direction have been averaged together in this plot so that the furthest left data point corresponds to the central motion direction, and the vertical dashed line corresponds to the most frequently presented motion directions (±32°). Results are averaged over all participants and shaded error bars represent within-subject standard error.
We found that participants quickly and automatically developed expectations for the most frequently presented directions of motion. On trials where no stimulus was presented, but where participants reported seeing a stimulus, they were strongly biased to report motion in the two most frequently presented motion directions (Figure 3). This bias could not be explained as due to any particular “response-strategy.” Participants' perception of real motion stimuli was also influenced by their learned expectations: they showed increased detection performance for the most frequently presented motion directions and estimated stimuli to be moving in directions that were more similar to the most frequently presented motion directions than they really were (Figures 4–6). Participants' estimation behavior was well described by a model which assumed that they solved the task using a Bayesian strategy, combining a learned prior of the stimulus statistics with their sensory evidence in a probabilistic way (Figures 7–9). Further, our model of participants' behavior in the presence of a stimulus was able to accurately predict their estimation responses when no stimulus was presented (Figure 10).
Participants rapidly learned to expect the likely stimuli; within just a few minutes of task performance. One by-product of such rapid learning was that because participants learned which motion directions were expected within a very few number of trials, it was difficult for us to measure the short-term time course and dynamics of learning (Supplementary Figure 3). Future work could investigate this using a more complicated distribution of presented stimuli or statistical learning paradigm that produces slower learning of stimulus expectations (Eckstein et al., 2004; Orbán, Fiser, Aslin, & Lengyel, 2008).
Recent studies have shown that rapidly learned expectations influence perception of bistable stimuli (Haijiang et al., 2006; Sterzer et al., 2008). In common with our results, these studies found attractive perceptual biases toward participants' expectations. However, while these studies looked at perception of relatively complex visual features, such as whether a stimulus was rotating (Sterzer et al., 2008), our experiment looked at perception of simple unambiguous features, which are likely to be processed at a lower level in the visual hierarchy, such as cortical area MT (Newsome, Britten, & Movshon, 1989). Whether similar neural changes are responsible for the effects of expectations on perception of both simple and more complicated stimulus features is an open question.
Our finding, that participants perceived motion in expected directions when nothing was presented, is similar to what has been found in perceptual learning, where after learning participants report seeing dots moving in the trained direction when no stimulus is displayed (Seitz, Nanez, Holloway, Koyama, & Watanabe, 2005). However, an important difference between our results and what has been reported previously was the time taken for these hallucinations to develop: in the study of Seitz et al., it took around eight 1-hour sessions for participants to perceive motion in the trained direction when there was nothing there, while we observed this effect within the first 250 trials. It is interesting to consider whether these visual hallucinations were caused by the same underlying phenomena in both cases. Indeed, elucidating the similarities and differences between the physiological and the behavioral effects of different types of learning is an important goal for future research (Seitz & Watanabe, 2005).
In our experiment, participants were implicitly asked to learn the statistics of the stimulus directions. In Bayesian terms, this corresponds to learning a prior distribution of the motion stimuli. Bayesian theory (MacKay, 2004) tells us how such knowledge should then be combined with sensory inputs to lead to optimal estimates. Our results can thus be interpreted in the context of two questions: (1) are participants able to learn a prior about motion stimuli in the course of our experiment; (2) is this prior combined optimally with participants' sensory observations to lead to motion estimates?
We constructed a simple model of participants' estimation behavior, which assumed that on each trial they combined their sensory evidence (based on a noisy sensory measurement of motion direction) with a learned prior distribution of “expected” motion directions, in a probabilistically optimal manner (Figure 7). For each participant, we chose the width of the likelihood function and shape of the learned prior to maximize the probability of their estimation data being generated by the model. The model provided a good fit of participants' estimation biases and standard deviations (Figure 9). Interestingly, the quality of the fit to the data did not decrease when the width of the likelihood was held constant with presented motion direction (Figure 8). On average, the shape of participants' learned prior (Supplementary Figure 10) was found to be qualitatively similar to the actual distribution of presented stimuli (Figure 2), indicating that they were able to rapidly learn a multi-modal prior distribution of stimulus directions.
In our experiment, the luminances of the two staircased contrast levels (determined by running staircases on the detection performance) were very similar to each other, with a large degree of overlap between them. Therefore, we combined data from both contrast levels for the majority of our analysis. Later, we looked at how participants' estimation behavior varied with the stimulus contrast by dividing participants' estimation responses into “low” and “high” contrast trials, determined by the contrast level of each individual trial rather than the staircased contrast level that it was a part of (see Supplementary materials for details). We found that the average magnitude of participants' estimation standard deviations increased for lower contrast levels, along with the magnitude of estimation biases toward the central motion direction (Supplementary Figure 6).
This is consistent with what we would expect if participants behaved as Bayesian observers. At lower contrast levels, participants' sensory uncertainty should increase, causing an increase in the standard deviation of estimations. As a result of this, the learned prior would begin to dominate over sensory evidence, causing the magnitude of the estimation biases to increase (Stocker & Simoncelli, 2006). While we were not able fit participants' estimation behavior at varying contrast well using our Bayesian model (as there were too few data points per experimental conditions to well constrain the model), this will be an interesting question for future work.
We reasoned that if our participants were indeed behaving as Bayesian observers, then the prior and likelihood derived from their estimation responses when a stimulus was present should also predict their estimation behavior when no stimulus was present. This is indeed what we found: the majority of participants' zero-stimulus estimation distributions were well fitted by the model (Figure 10). Therefore, while “hallucinating” motion when none is there will clearly be disadvantageous in most everyday situations (Seitz et al., 2005), in the context of our experiment, it is just what we would expect for an ideal Bayesian observer who sought to minimize their estimation error in the face of perceptual uncertainty.
We compared the Bayesian model with various “response bias” models, which assumed that participants responded according to different strategies on different trials: either relying entirely on their sensory observations or on their expectations. These models were worse at describing the estimation data than the Bayesian model (larger BIC values; Figure 8), leading us to rule them out as an explanation for participants' behavior in the estimation task.
We were interested to see whether participants' performance in the detection task was improved for stimuli moving in “expected” directions. We found that there was a significant increase in participants' detection performance as well as a significant decrease in reaction time for clicking the mouse during stimulus presentation for stimuli moving in the most frequently presented motion directions (Figure 6 and Supplementary Figure 7). Although somewhat smaller in magnitude, these effects are similar to what has been reported previously by Sekuler and Ball (1977), who found large improvements in both detection performance and reaction time when participants knew which direction stimuli would be moving in. Such an increase in perceptual sensitivity toward expected stimuli is similar to the effects of selective attention (Downing, 1988; Posner et al., 1980), suggesting that the learned expectations led participants to direct selective attention toward the expected stimuli.
In the experiment of Sekuler and Ball (1977), participants reported that they experienced their eye movements being involuntarily “pulled” in the direction of the stimulus. It was suggested by the authors that mechanisms controlling eye movements might be capable of responding to very low luminance motion stimuli and thus that the resulting eye movements could be used by participants to help them correctly detect stimuli that were otherwise imperceptible.
If this is the case, then it could have also contributed to changes in detection performance and reaction time with motion direction in our experiment. For example, if participants were biased to move their eyes in “expected” motion directions, then this could result in decreased detection thresholds for these motion directions. However, how such eye movements would influence estimation of motion direction is not so clear. Naively, if participants were biased to move their eyes in expected motion directions, then we might expect this to produce estimation biases away from these directions (as the motion component in this direction would be reduced, relative to the motion of the eye), which is not what we observed. A proper understanding of how extra-retinal eye-movement signals are combined with sensory signals to produce perceptual estimates is an important area for future work.
We considered how participants' behavior in one task could have influenced their behavior in the other (Jazayeri & Movshon, 2007). Specifically, we asked whether biases in the estimation task could have come about as a result of participants optimizing their behavior in the detection task. To illustrate how this could happen, consider the case where participants' expectations influenced their detection performance, but not their perception of motion direction. Here, if participants were more likely to detect a stimulus when they perceived it to be moving in “expected” directions, then this would also cause the estimation distributions to be biased toward these directions when we looked just at trials where a stimulus was detected. However, this bias would disappear when we looked at estimation responses from all trials, regardless of participants' detection responses, which is not what we find experimentally (there was no significant difference between the estimation biases calculated from trials where participants detected stimuli, and from all trials; p = 0.71, five-way within-subjects ANOVA).
On the other hand, if, on trials where participants did not detect a stimulus, they treated the estimation task as meaningless and provided random estimation responses, then on average we would still observe a bias toward the expected directions. This could allow participants to respond in a “self-consistent” way in both tasks (Stocker & Simoncelli, 2008): when they have settled on the hypothesis that there is no stimulus present, it makes little sense for them to scrutinize which direction it is moving in. However, as discussed earlier, participants' detection performance varied relatively weakly with motion direction, with a population averaged difference in detection performance of only 5.9 ± 1.0% between the two most frequently presented motion directions and other directions (Figure 6). Thus, it seems unlikely that the highly significant variation in estimation biases observed experimentally (varying by 14.6 ± 2.9° between stimuli moving at ±16° and ±64°; Figure 4a) could be brought about by such small changes in detection performance.
The behavioral effects of sensory expectations have been often linked to those of attention, as both phenomena result in increased perceptual quality for attended or expected stimuli (Doherty et al., 2005; Downing, 1988; Posner et al., 1980; Summerfield & Egner, 2009). In the context of this experiment, it is possible that participants learned to direct feature-based attention toward the most frequently presented motion directions. Therefore, it is worthwhile comparing our results to previous experiments looking at the effects of feature-based attention on motion perception.
Previous studies using transparent motion stimuli have shown that feature-based attention can modulate how different motion components are perceptually combined, thus altering the perceived directions (Chen, Meng, Matthews, & Qian, 2005; Tzvetanov, Womelsdorf, Niebergall, & Treue, 2006). For example, Chen et al. (2005) found that attending toward one of two overlapping motion signals reduced the degree of repulsion between the two motion signals so that the non-attended motion direction was perceived as being closer to the attended motion direction than it would be otherwise. This is consistent with our results, where attending to a particular motion direction resulted in an attractive bias in estimation-responses toward the attended direction. However, in these previous studies, attention acted to select one of two competing motion stimuli and thus modified the interaction between processing of these different motion signals. Here, we find that when participants “expect” stimuli to be moving in a particular motion direction, this alters the perceived direction of motion, even in the absence of any competing stimuli.
It is interesting to consider how the perceptual effects that we observed here could be produced by changes at the neural level in the visual cortex. Much modeling work has looked at how visual neurons could encode information about sensory stimuli in the form of probability distributions, both at the single neuron (Deneve, 2008) and at the population level (Knill & Pouget, 2004; Ma, Beck, Latham, & Pouget, 2006; Pouget, Dayan, & Zemel, 2003). However, at present the evidence for neural encoding of the prior is minimal (Basso & Wurtz, 1997; Platt & Glimcher, 1999; Summerfield & Koechlin, 2008).
On the other hand, recent experiments have shown that expectations of when and where motion stimuli are likely to be presented can result in increased reliability of neurons in visual area MT (Ghose & Bearl, 2009). In the context of visual attention, numerous studies have shown that selective attention increases the sensitivity of neurons that are tuned toward attended spatial (Spitzer, Desimone, & Moran, 1988; Treue & Maunsell, 1996) or feature (McAdams & Maunsell, 2000; Treue & Martínez Trujillo, 1999) dimensions. Looking specifically at visual motion, electrophysiological studies in macaque MT show that the firing rate of neurons that are tuned toward an attended motion direction are increased relative to neurons that are tuned toward other directions (Treue & Martínez Trujillo, 1999). Therefore, if, in our experiment, participants learned to direct feature-based attention toward expected motion directions, then it is likely that the gain of neurons that were tuned toward these directions was increased. When considered together with our results, this leads to the following questions. First, are the learned priors that seem to be involved in our task encoded directly by gain changes of sensory neurons such as are observed with attention (Dayan & Zemel, 1999; Rao, 2005; Yu & Dayan, 2005a)? Secondly, how are these changes interpreted, or “decoded,” by upstream cortical areas to produce the perceptual biases that we observed (Jazayeri, 2007, 2008; Jazayeri & Movshon, 2006, 2007; Seriès, Stocker, & Simoncelli, 2009)? Finally, an interesting goal for future research is to understand how priors that are learned over a short period of time are incorporated with and used to update long-term priors about the statistical structure of the world (Knill & Pouget, 2004; Weiss et al., 2002).
We asked whether the statistics of past motion stimuli can modulate perception of new motion directions. This was indeed what we found: participants quickly developed expectations for the most frequently presented directions of motion, and this strongly influenced their perception of simple, unambiguous, visual stimuli, inducing a shift in the perceived direction of stimuli toward expected motion directions as well as hallucinations to see motion when none was presented.
In our work, expectations can be directly interpreted and modeled as Bayesian priors. In a situation like ours where stimuli are presented to only one sensory modality, without conflict or ambiguity, expectations or Bayesian priors are often thought to develop slowly over a lifetime of sensory inputs. In contrast, we found that they can be learned rapidly, in a period of a few minutes. Moreover, we showed they are combined with sensory inputs in a way that is compatible with optimal Bayesian inference.
In conclusion, our findings support the idea of a very plastic perceptual system in which prior knowledge is rapidly acquired and constantly used to shape our perceptions toward what we expect to see. Though useful for the system in the face of uncertainty, this plasticity comes at the cost of unconscious illusions and hallucinations.
We would like to thank Dr. M. Oram and Prof. A. Thiele for their helpful comments and suggestions. We would also like to acknowledge the helpful and insightful comments provided by two anonymous reviewers on earlier versions of this manuscript. This research was supported by funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the Medical Research Council of Great Britain.
Author contributions: M. Chalk and A. R. Seitz contributed equally to this work.
Address: IANC, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Room 2.49, 10 Crichton Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9QS, UK.
Dayan P. Zemel R. (1999). Statistical models and sensory attention. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (vol. 2, pp. 1017–1022).
MacKay D. J. C. (2004). Information theory, inference, and learning algorithms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stocker A. Simoncelli E. (2008). A Bayesian Model of Conditioned Perception. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 20, 1409–1416.
Yu A. Dayan P. (2005a). Inference, attention, and decision in a Bayesian neural architecture. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 17, 1577–1584.
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2019-04-21T23:00:27Z
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https://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2191633
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Hair extensions have become extremely popular, and women worldwide now make use of these to increase the volume of their own hair. That being said, there are a number of types of hair extensions – and this is not referring to the techniques which are used to attach them to your natural hair – in terms of the quality and type of hair that makes up these extensions. You would expect them, given the look of most hair extensions, to be made definitely out of human hair; however, that is not always the case. There are plenty of examples of synthetic (i.e. artificial) hair being used, but there are also examples of animal hair being used in hair extensions. As such, it often pays to do your research before you invest in a couple of hair extensions at a salon.
Generally, human hair extensions Gold Coast are the recommended choice, and given their high demand (coupled with their relatively short supply), they are naturally expensive. Hair extensions that are impossibly cheap as a result, will almost always involve either synthetic or animal hair. This does not mean that the entire lock of hair is made of synthetic or animal hair (this would make it very obvious), but rather, these hairs are mixed in between human hair to cut down prices of production. To be on the safe side and not find yourself with hair extensions that show their wear within a few weeks, stick to reputable suppliers and salons which abide by ethical sourcing and have earned a reputation for doing so.However, with human hair, you will still find three different types of extensions: virgin, remy and non-remy.
Virgin hair is basically the highest quality of human hair you can find: it can be traced back to a single donor, and the name virgin refers to the fact that the hair has not undergone any sort of chemical treatment (whether by the donor, or later by the company to process it). Since the hair comes from a single donor, the cuticles are all in the same direction, and they will retain their shine and be generally free from tangling.Moving on, remy human hair extensions are generally defined as the best quality of hair extensions, but to be precise, remy hair refers to the fact that the cuticles are intact and aligned in the same direction. Therefore, all virgin hair is remy hair (and hence, the true best quality hair).
Non-virgin remy hair which is somewhat less expensive than virgin hair, has undergone some form of chemical treatment, but is still high-quality and capable of blending well with your own hair.Finally, non-remy hair is basically hair that has been collected from the floors of temples, salons, etc. As a result, you cannot trace a single donor, the hairs may be of different lengths, and the cuticles will not be properly aligned. Non-remy hair likely lasts a few washes at most (therefore, a few weeks at best).
Keeping clean is an essential part of our daily lives. Whether it be ourselves or where we are, we should ensure it is in spick and span state. If not you should work towards it and achieve it somehow. It is that much of an important thing.
Absence of cleanliness can lead to many negative effects and can become so bad that it needs specialized treatments. A home should be kept in such a manner that it attracts people towards it and makes the happy and satisfied with the state it is in. This applies to people who are living in it too. The toilet is an essential part of any house and one of the most important in terms of keeping clean. It is because, this is where all the waste and dirt are being dumped in. Keep it ready with all items in needs to be cleaned, such as mops, brushes, disinfectants, cleaning liquids, good quality commercial paper towels etc.One important thing is that you need to train all people on how to ensure that tip to state of a place, by demonstrating it to them. This way is one of the most effective in terms of practical possibilities. It is then that you can expect a long lasting effect.
Toilet paper Australia has a variety where you can even purchase scented ones and ones with lovely images and 3D effects. This attracts people towards it and makes them use it, which is the ultimate objective. You can get these for great prices at your local store or even search for them online.There are many toiler cleaning liquids which you can sue to keep the floor, walls and tiles clean. Not only the toilet, but it can also be used elsewhere such as the kitchen and rooms, if applicable. There are plenty of things for you to browse through and try, so you should go out and purchase these. Tyr these out and let other know about them by providing reviews online. It is a great method used to tell everybody of what to expect from a product. Independent reviews are ones that are mostly true and not sugarcoated as marketing strategies. So you can check them out to get more of an idea of something you want to know of too. Meanwhile, don’t forget to look for discounts and other great offers which come in time to time. They can really prove to be useful for you and hence will save you a lot, in the long run.
Being a homeowner means that we would one day get the urge to give our house a makeover. When this thought enters your mind you should note this task can be accomplished in two ways. One is that it is possible for the homeowner to demolish the building and rebuild the house. Furthermore, it is also possible for one to remodel the property. As you may understand by now both of the options have its own benefits and drawbacks. Therefore we understand why one would be confused when they are faced with the two options. Furthermore, many individuals would have difficulty in making up their minds. However, the process can be made easier if they take each factor into consideration.
Each individual has their own financial situation. Therefore it is important to take this factor into consideration when making your decision. For instance, we understand that some of you may wish to demolish and rebuild your house. You may have this notion because you think space is not enough for you and your family. In that case, instead of rebuilding, you can think about home additions Central Coast. This is recommended because it would be considerably cheaper than building a house from the ground up. Therefore if you are working within a limited budget you should think about remodelling.
This is another important factor that you should include in the equation. That is because any architectural builder Central Coast would tell you giving a depleting house a coat of paint would be pointless. Such a task would only mean that you are wasting money. That is because within the next couple of years you would have to rebuild the house. However, if it is brand new home then it is a waste of money to demolish it.
When it comes to rebuilding a house one would obviously have to hire professionals. That is because even if you are able to demolish the house you would not be able to rebuild it. However, when it comes to remodelling it involves tasks such as painting the walls. Thus, these are activities that you can easily accomplish by yourself. Furthermore, you can even gather your close friends and family to help you. But you would not be able to do this in the case of a rebuild.Giving your house a makeover is something that we all tend to do. However, you need to understand that this task can be accomplished at different levels. Furthermore, you should follow this article in order to receive some assistance.
Why You Really Need A Fence For The Swimming Area?
If you have young children at home, you will know that no matter how much you try to warn them, they will inevitably make their way to the most dangerous parts of the house as soon as you take your eyes off them. Not to add, there may be times when you simply won’t be home, leaving the kids in charge of a babysitter or another responsible adult. In either scenario, knowing that your young children are unable to make their way to the swimming pool can significantly calm your nerves down – at the very least, they won’t be in the pool if you miss them for a second!
In the event that someone does drown in your pool, or harms themselves in it, the authorities will definitely be inquiring into whether your swimming pool was secured or not. And if they find that it did not have an aluminium fencing Perth or the like securing it, you will be most likely slapped with serious liability issues, as it is your responsibility to secure the swimming pool as a responsible homeowner.
And to conclude, once again, do not forget that fencing for swimming pools is often required by the law. If you do not want to find yourself in trouble, it will do you good to get a fence installed as soon as possible!
If you have family or friends who have experience in moving, make sure that you gain their advice. They will only recommend if the services that they got are good. Once you have collected the names of the recommendations, make sure that you do your research on the certification, the reviews, the experience and whatnot in order to assure that you are making the absolute best decision in choosing the professional help in removals Laverton. Doing your research will assure that you are not going to be a victim of a scam.
Depending on the place that you are moving to, the items that you have to move, the prices that you have to pay will differ. In order to choose services that will fit your budget, one of the best things that you can do is to call up for the companies that you have in mind for a home estimate where you can get to know all the details about the services that you are about to get.
When you have a choice of professionals to hire, you have to make sure that you look into if they can meet up to your wants and needs if the services that they offer. In order to make things a lot clearer and assure that there are no misunderstandings, the best thing that you can do is to talk to the professionals. If you have special requests, make sure that you let them know. Moreover, when they come over for a home estimate, it is important that you let the professionals know every detail about the house and the moving process to avoid any snags.
There’s a common misconception among homeowners regarding remodeling of the outdoor spaces. They see this as a relatively harder and more costly task compared to indoor remodeling projects. But the truth is that outdoor areas are much more flexible to change than internal environment of a house and changes can be made without spending as much. If you enjoy spending time outdoors and want to make a few changes to make the space look even better, these tips will be helpful. Flowerier the better If your garden has always been home to the same set of trees and bushes, then it’s high time to add some colour. Select a range of colourful flowers and plant them in flower beds or pots in selected places of the garden area. This is certainly a DIY project you can undertake all by yourself or with your family members which means there won’t be any labor costs. If you are concerned about providing the flowers with the adequate amounts of water every day, spend a few bucks to set up a water sprinkling system so that you will not have to walk around with the hose to water the plants. View more information here https://www.melbourneframelessglass.com.au/splashbacks. An attractive patio area Convert that patch of grass in the middle of your garden into an interesting patio with all the right stuff. First step would be to determine with what you are going to make the floor of your patio. You can either go with wood, concrete or palisade bricks laid out in an artistic manner. Cover the space with frameless glass doors and walls to infuse a bit of modern architecture to it. Don’t forget the patio furniture which could be metal, wooden or plastic. Choose to add a roof or a fun umbrella so you and your loved ones can enjoy a lemonade on a sunny days with nothing but your glorious garden in front of you. Upgrade your poolThis doesn’t necessarily refer to changing the shape and size of the swimming pool, rather make a few adjustments and additions to prevent it from becoming outdated from an architectural point of view. Spend some dollars to install an automatic vacuum so that you won’t have to spend much time on pool maintenance as this machine does it for you. Fix glass pool fences Melbourne around the pool area which will add an extra sense of privacy while making it a lot more stylish. Illuminated steps, ladders and walkways are great ways of using lighting to add colour to the pool. Wind chimes for a musical sensation Hang a couple of wind chimes in the garden area so that on a breezy day, the sound of the chimes will fill your entire home with a feeling of peace and relaxation. Even on a bad day, when nothing seems to go your way, the sound of wind chimes blowing in the breeze will soothe your mood and make things better.
Fabricating different components of metal or any other material is the key process in every construction project, right? Every industrial construction, despite their size, purpose or materials, will depend on various fabrication methods and that is why engineers spend years learning about the ideal methods that suit different conditions. For example, if you want to fabricate two huge metal components together, you will have to fuse them using a certain weldment and this can be quite complicated. Most people don’t understand the entire process of this type of fabrication but permanent fabrication methods are not as easy or simple as they sound. You will have to focus on dozens of different factors and most importantly, you have to understand the fact that perfecting a fabrication process is not impossible.
First and foremost, you should know about universal or international standards related to these different fabrication methods. If you don’t follow those standards when you are carrying out a certain fabrication process, your final result will be neglected despite how good it is. For instance, you need to carry out a proper welding inspection services after making any weldment to ensure its quality. If they are not according to international standards, it will be impossible to get certifications and also, they might fail after some time due to low quality.
Choosing the right material, resources and conditions play important roles in every fabrication process. For example, if you are going to fuse two steel plates together, you will have to blast them first with grit that has a certain density and size. These factors are specified in standards and they will help you get a good quality. A blasted steel plate will be much easier to weld and these kind of information or data will guide the entire process.
Hence, always focus on choosing the optimum variable when carrying out a fabrication process.
Above two points can help you make your fabrication process decent but hiring the right people will make it happen too. Focus on professionals with a good reputation and a work record. For example, focus on welder certification Brisbane if you are going to hire one and make sure to hire experts with adequate experience. They might have higher fees and service charges, but their services will definitely worth it.You should always find an extra helping hand if you don’t have a good technical knowledge about these processes. A reputed consultant or an engineer will help you find and choose the ideal fabrication method if you are not familiar with your options.
When it comes to creating a high-quality bathroom or installing a kit contemporary bathrooms Sydney, you need to have the needed space for all the fixtures and the functions of the bathroom. Therefore, it is important that you reserve sufficient space for the bathroom in the home place. Moreover, make sure that you place the bathroom in a convenience place of the house. Look into the ease of having the bathroom at the pace that you have decided.
The best kind of lighting that you can provide to the bathroom is natural light. As much as you prioritize the income of natural light into the bathroom, you should be concerned about the privacy of the bathroom. To create the ideal environment and to bring about the finest to the bathroom that you are working on, one of the best things that you can do is to choose designer bathrooms Sydney.
One of the major concerns that you should have when it comes to your bathroom, the way that it is designed will decide on the ease of your lifestyle. When you are designing your bathroom, you should pay attention to the daily routine so that you can be clear if the bathroom should split or not. Depending on the wants and the needs and your lifestyle, you should design the bathroom to make things easier for everyone using it.
When you are designing a bathroom, you should also look into the ease of access to the bathroom. Make sure that you can easily reach the bathroom from the bedroom so that you don’t have to spend much trouble when you want to use the bathroom.
When it comes to setting up the structured cabling system from a scratch or fixing any down comings, the first thing that you have to do is to call for data cabling Sydney services. When the professionals are at work, they will bring about high-quality results and it will avoid all the worries that you have. Moreover, even if there are any down comings, the help of the professionals will get it solved in no time. Even if you are in need of advice on how to gain the best out of a structured cabling system, they will be given without any hassle at all.
When it comes to doing anything that has a hint of electricity in it, you have to consider the electrical safety. Therefore, it is essential that you keep an eye on the electrical system of the office because if not, you cannot be sure of when any hazards will occur. To deal with sudden electrical faults, all that you have to is to gain right electrical services.
With a structured cabling system in your office, you can gain major benefits. One of the major benefits is that is it cost effective and will help running your business without hurdles. Since it offers high flexibility, it will provide a continuous flow of information and help deal with the increased demands. A structured cabling system, in addition, offers a simple and a straightforward system that can be easily handled and frees you from any of the complications. When it comes to the financial benefits, you will get plenty in long term. Another significant benefit that you can gain is the lowered risk of downtime. With this system, you can have zero worries about human errors when setting up the system. This system will offer easier troubleshooting, to help identify any of the issues and fix them easy to get the system running as usual.
Manufacturing comes with a lot of decisions to make. You have to decide to do the right thing at each of those moments as you do not want to make any mistakes with your products and become very unsuccessful in the process. However, there are other decisions which you need to make alongside these manufacturing decisions to fulfil your duty as a company to the world. One such decision is installing the perfect dirt removal device to your factory to release only clean air to the environment.
Here too you have to make the right decision by selecting the ideal dust collector air filter or dirt removal device for your factory. There are signs which can help you discover just that.
The quality of your dirt removal device is never decided upon the price you have to pay for it or the cost you have to bear when maintaining it. Therefore, when you are looking for a dirt removal device, focus more on the low in cost and low in maintenance category. A dirt removal device can only be low in maintenance when it is a device manufactured to have a high quality.
The best dirt removal device that is equipped with the best kind of parts such as wet scrubbing system, works very well from the very beginning. It does not give you trouble from the moment you start using it.
The team behind this whole dirt removal device supplying process is a professional team you can trust as they have years of experience in creating these devices. They are also very well aware about respecting the needs of different customers. You can easily talk with them. They will also be there to help you out whenever there is a need to repair the device or to do some maintenance work on it.
You will see the customization option available with the best device there is in the market. That is there because the team behind the production of the device knows the perfect dirt removal device for any factory can be made by customizing it to fit the needs of the factory rather than using some kind of a generic type of the dirt removal device.
Once you have invested money in this device you will not have to regret it as it is going to last longer. You will find the best dirt removal device if you follow these signs.
So many people get the idea of wanting their own house or own building and they tend to want to go ahead and start the construction for the property as soon as they can. This is usually because the sooner you start the sooner you finish. However construction is just not something that you can dive in to straight away because there are a lot of contradictory factors that might gt in the way and some of these factors could be legal too. There is a way of doing something and when this way of doing it is not followed, there is less chance of your work turning out the way you want it to. The same concept applies to a construction project because if you do not take the necessary steps to start it off then you might face a lot of trouble along the way. It does not much to make sure that you start a construction project off the right way because there are only a few things you have to be concerned with and here are some of them!
Before you start a building project or a construction project on land whether for your house or for a building, it will need a permit that says you are legally allowed to build on that land. This goes hand in hand with a domestic building contract and if you do not have these with you, you might get in to a lot of trouble with the law! Depending on the size of your building project and where it is taking place, the permit might vary along with its fees and the time duration it takes to get the permit will also vary. You can check out more about this here – http://boutiquelawyer.com.au/avoid-disputes-domestic-building-contracts/.
A lot of people who want to start a building project do not really dwell on this certain aspect because they do not tend to think much about the future of their project. During the construction project, you might undergo several issues with the law of the country and there might be certain disputes that break out within your workers as well. In other instances you might go through trouble regarding your contracts as well. SO for all these problems you would need someone who is experienced in construction law Melbourne which is why a construction lawyer should be by your side.
When you want to hire engineers and architects for the project make sure they go through an interview process first so you can really get to know what they are about!
The above will be helpful while buying new properties. Try not to neglect them in order to make your purchase as profitable as you can.
As human beings, it is in our nature to have the need to attain growth and maximize what we possess. Money has become a main part of all our lives and we simply cannot live comfortable lives without having enough of it. We have various necessities in life and some of them are essential for our survival. However, investing in certain assets is a good thing to do. It is important that you make sure to choose something good to invest in. While making such decisions you will have to consider various things. But, profitability will be the key aspect of any investing decision. We can see people investing in various things such as houses, vehicles, businesses and etc. People also commonly choose properties to invest in. It is extremely important that you have good knowledge in the area that you would be investing in. This is important in order to gain the best results out of the investments that you make. When investing in properties is concerned, it can be viewed as a great decision for many reasons.
Properties consist of lands and buildings. Lands do not depreciate in terms of value. Instead, as time passes, they appreciate in value. Therefore, buying properties will always be a great thing. For an instance, properties that were bought buy you about a decade ago may even currently worth as twice as much as what it was then. Therefore, investing is properties can be seen as an extremely value adding decision to make. Make sure to be educated on how to invest property or rent them after buying.
When real estate investment is concerned, some people acquire properties in order to sell them again or even rent them out. Additionally, you may buy an old building for a less price and refurbish and still make profits if you are knowledgeable enough to find your way. Therefore, if necessary you can even obtain coaching services regarding making investing decisions.
These investments you make on properties will lead to having stabilized values. For an instance, if you buy shares of a company instead of spending on properties, you must know that share prices can easily fluctuate. This is the same with other assets such as gold and even fixed deposits since the interest rate may rise and fall from time to time. Hence, investing in good properties will be less risky and more profitable for you.
The above are a few important benefits you will gain through investing on properties. But, it is extremely important that you make sure to take decisions carefully. If you think you need assistance, it is always wise to consult a professional who might be able to help you.
Nowadays, people are becoming busy with their jobs and are not able to find the time to take care of domestic activities. It is also difficult to find appropriately skilled men who can provide efficient services. Particularly in the cities, it’s hard to find such people whenever necessary. People can have different sources like the internet to search for such services today. Some of the innovative ideas have resulted in the availability of such services.
Nowadays, few institutions are available under some recognized universities where they can provide the training for some vocational courses that are helpful for the people in making a survival. Primarily they can provide a certificate for the training like electrical diplomas, carpenting designers, diploma in interior designing, etc. Due to the enormous demand for the talented, skilled men in these cities and towns, they can have good sources to earn huge incomes.
Other than these works, the companies are also providing some commercial services like home cleaning Melbourne and maintenance, corporate office cleaning activities, wall paintings and repairs, pest control and termite control activities, etc. They need to hire the staff that can have skills in performing the tasks that are essential for the clients. Even the corporate companies prefer to hire the services for maintaining their spaces clean and hygienic.
In case they need to make any essential repairs they can also contact these companies through online as they are maintaining the portals with all necessary information. They can also have the customer service desk for communicating with the clients. They use the chat messengers, calls and direct personal contact to reach the customers. The client can register on the site and can launch their request for the essential service. After accomplishment of the service, they can even give the feedback about their service.
Some of the individuals who have been looking forward to the end of lease cleaning Hawthorn can also approach these service providers for efficient services. The service providers can inspect the space meant for the service and provide the estimated fare of duty. If the clients are okay with the price, they can hire them and can get the space cleaning and maintenance so that they can look better. Some companies prefer to upgrade their staff with the latest tools and machinery so that they can finish the task as early as possible.
Milk is milk. However, milk created for little ones is often different from the regular milk we drink as adults. That is because these milk brands for little ones are created following a lot of rules as well as having a more focus on making it possible for these little ones to get the nutrition they need to have. We adults eat food and drink other beverages also making the help milk give us limited. For little ones milk is the only source of food and drink. Some people go for blackmores baby formula. Some people give their children commercial milk from the very beginning. These milk brands for little ones usually have some special qualities.
Most of the time, we have this notion that the milk brands which cost more are better than the cheaper ones. Though that may be true with the regular milk brands, when it comes to the milk created for little ones even the cheapest ones are going to be high in quality. This gives you the chance to buy the one you can afford and still give the right nutrition to your loving son or daughter.
While the milk made for adults may not be closely monitored the milk made for little ones are closely monitored by the government. They have to follow all the government rules imposed for the creation of such a product if they are to get the right to sell those milk brands in the market.
When it comes to toddler milk formulahttps://infantformula.com.au/toddler-formula/ apart from the different brands and the different age groups these milk brand are aiming there are also two major groups as milk for normal children and milk for special conditions. Milk for special conditions targets children with medical conditions such as malabsorption, regurgitation, etc.
You can also find the right help when it comes to selecting the right milk brand for your children. There are a number of reliable websites you can visit. At the same time, you are going to get the chance to get an opinion from your doctor.
Since parents are always in need of this product for their children most of these milk brands are often available everywhere. Therefore, it is easier for you to buy them.
These special qualities can only be seen in milk brands for little ones.
When you have a relationship with somebody you should always try and strengthen it. When you have a strong relationship with somebody else it will last a longer time. If you want to strengthen your relationship with somebody else you must act like yourself. You cannot act like somebody you are not because if you do this you will find it hard to connect with somebody else. When you have a strong relationship you will be able to trust the other person more and you will be comfortable in their company. There are lots of things that you can do to strengthen the relationships that you have with other people.
If you want to strengthen your relationship with somebody you are going out with you should try and get some alone time with that person. It can be hard to strengthen your relationship with somebody you are going out with when there are people around you because there will be so many distractions. Try and go for a romantic weekend getaway Victoria to Saltus Luxury Accommodation. You can enjoy some alone time with the person you are going out with and you will be surrounded by a lovely landscape as well. They offer beautiful accommodation. They have lovely villas that you can stay in which offer a beautiful view as well. They are equipped with fireplaces which will keep you warm and cozy.
When you strengthen your relationship with another person you get to learn more about them and they get to learn more about you so you can trust them more. When you trust somebody it will be very easy to get along with them. You can tell somebody you trust your true feeling without walking on egg shells around them. If you cannot trust somebody you won’t show your true colors and this will make it hard to have a relationship with another person. The more you trust somebody else the more you will get along with that person.
If you have a relationship with another person you are not going to agree on everything and there will be disputes and arguments. If you find a healthy way to solve these disputes and arguments your relationship will get much stronger because you’ll will realize that even though you’ll don’t agree on something you’ll can still get along. If you cannot solve conflicts in a healthy way then you cannot have a relationship with another person.
Any sort of implant will benefit you in the long run. When it comes to the matter of dental implants, it is quite similar to a beauty treatment.
In most of the cases, tooth implants take place in the case of filling the space of missing teeth. But, sometimes, patients suffering for teeth damage and broken teeth also go for the implantation. If your dentist suggests a tooth replacement, then it is better to go for a dental implantation. During the implantation one patient needs to go through a titanium post and dental crown. Here are some other reasons of dental implants.
Teeth implantation is the last option that you may choose. Before you go for an implantation, there are several options to choose from. But, the main problem of not choosing them is the lack of durability. Whereas a replacement of tooth is one of such treatments that help one in a long run. There is no need to panic, because once the implantation is over those tooth will be a part of your jawbone and that is why people preferred it a lot. Although bridgework, dentures are some treatments, but these treatments fail to provide convenience for a long time.
If you are worrying that the neo-teeth will look real or not, then it is better not to think about it. With the help of teeth implantation you will have absolutely natural teeth and one can hardly discriminate it with a natural one. Sometimes, patients come with several typical problems, besides several oral problems. If a patient breaks his teeth by falling, then it is better to replace that broken teeth with a natural looking false teeth. On the other hand, as the false teeth will be plunged deep into the gum that teeth will acquire stability. Besides, the posts are made of strong metal, named titanium.
If there is a gap in between two teeth, then it must be filled. If a tooth has been taken out from its place, then the bones of that vacant space begin to deteriorate. So, the lack of presence can cause bone density and will leave its effect on your daily life. One of the primary hints of bone loss is the inward sinking of cheeks. Thus, you will look much older than your age. So, dental implantation will save you from looking old.
We are living in a world, which is totally modernized and modified. Accordingly, people’s lifestyle also modernized and modified according to the time changes. Especially, because of this changes people’s life expenses also increased. If we compare our lifestyle with our earlier generation people’s lifestyle, we can see so many differences. One of the most important different is that, earlier days’ people lived a very simple and economical lifestyle. Specifically, earlier people’s life expenditures are very less comparing to our current life expenditures.
One of the main reason for this is that our political policy changes and economical fluctuations. Consequently, the value of the money also started to get reduced and this leads us to a situation where our life expenditures also increased. When we are saying life expenditures, it includes all our day to day living costs. For example, our food cost, traveling cost, dressing cost, rental charges, entertainment cost and family maintenance costs etc.
It is important to mention that, though our living expenses increase gradually, but still we can control such expenses by doing some changes in our lifestyle. The first thing which we have to do is that, we have to make aware our family members with regard to this issue and then only we can get their support. Always, when we are planning to live a simple lifestyle, then we have to control our household expenses. We have to be more aware when we use water and electric power. It is because; those are limited resources which can be finished. Therefore, when we’re purchasing household electronic goods, we have to ensure that such devices can save the power.
One of the good examples for this is that, redback inverter, which can save and provide the necessary units of power to electric devices. Moreover, there are so many alternative products in our current market which can provide us best services at a better price. For example, the solar power systems with battery storage, the device can reduce the use of electronically power and provide the similar service at cheaper price. By using these products, we can so much of electronic power and it simply reduces our life expenses.Therefore, by doing small changes as mentioned above, we can get so many benefits, especially these all protect our nature resources and it protects our environment. Accordingly, in order to live a simple and standard life we have to put some effort in our life.
Your family will always be important. They will be the people that will stick by you and they will be there through the good times as well as the bad time. You should make sure that you make time for your spouse and your kids. You do not want to miss spending time with them while you can because when your kids grow up it will be harder to spend time as a family.
You should let your family know how much you love them and you should do something special for them. You should take them to Best Western Torbay Sea View Holiday Apartments. This provides great holiday accommodation for your kids as well as your spouse. You will have spacious rooms and there will be lots of activities that you can do as a family. You can look at the many local attractions and explore. You will also find that it is very clean. This holiday apartments at Albany is also very romantic. You will have a private barbecue where you can make a beautiful dinner. You can have a relaxing day with your wife in the spa. You can also enjoy alone time on your private balcony while looking at a romantic view.
There are two types of things required in any type of business. One that is essential and work could not be done without it. And other that is important, but, its presence of absence does not impact the work of a company much. For a startup business, investing on important things remains in priority and thus they do it. And, when it comes to investing in things of the second type, then they prefer taking it on rent. For crane hire, for a construction company a crane or JCB machine is very important. However, it is not at all mandatory for the company to keep a crane always with them. The company could take it one rent, use it, get the work done and return it to the owner.
And this is just the example of the crane. There are many such machines present that are taken by the companies on rent, and after the work, it is returned to the owner. Computers, laptops, air conditioners, towing machines and many other things are taken on rent. So, renting a machine for different types of work is a great idea. But, here are some important factors that one should never ignore while taking things on rent.
• Easy termsSuppose you want to rent a crane and you went to a company that offers crane hire service. Do not just see the machine, make the payment and bring it at workplace. Instead of that, first check the terms of the company giving the service. If you find it according to your requirement then check the machine. After finding everything satisfactory, you can go for the rental process.
• Performance check of the machineWe all check the machine before taking it, but, when it comes crane hire, then its performance check before renting is important. There are many parameters present for it. Moreover, the help of professionals can also be taken for the purpose, although, it is best to take a new machine for work.
• Check company credibilityChecking the credibility of a service provider is very important. The company should have a positive image in the market and should have a good customer base. Credibility can be checked by checking the testimonials and taking customer’s feedback.
• Fuel consumptionsThe cranes for hire Melbourne provider gives only the machine for work and not the fuel. Thus, it is important for a person taking machine on rent to check how much fuel the machine is consuming. Low fuel consuming machines are always a good option.
Law has always played an important role in humans and their daily lives. Laws have always been different region to region, but throughout history it has kept evolving in all sorts of ways while reflecting the current socio political issues and the current values of society. The ancient Egyptians had a civil code that was stretched into twelve books back in 3000BC. It outlined laws for equality among the social class, tradition and other important issues. Fast forwarding a couple of ages later the Sumerians came up with the first ever law code which had many casuistic conditions. The Babylonians took it a step further and wrote down laws on stone and distributed this all over the country for the public to read and view.
The ancient Greeks were the ones who first started up the practice of lawyers. The Greeks had a rule that any one accused of a crime will have to defend themselves on their case but as time went on, it turned into the particular person asking a friend for help.
After a while noticing the market for this, some people studied the system and offered their services to argue on behalf of the defendant. This is thought to be the beginning. History suggests that the first ever lawyers were the orators in Rome who took the Greek system a step further. The ancient Indians and the Chinese had schools that taught students the legal system and encouraged them to practice. They have many books and texts that gave important legal advice and guidance which were written all the way back in 100BCE. But after the British Empire set its foot in the country and made India a part of the empire, the common law replaced the ancient laws they country had. Japan is considered to be one of the first countries in the East to implement parts of the Western law in their legal system. They are thought to have used the German laws and codes to help them develop themselves. In the exact same fashion the Chinese gave up on their traditional outlook of law to adopt a similar western law and outlook.
In the Europe the French and the Germans are credited with making great strides on the movement for better laws and regulations for solicitors at Sutherland. It was during this era that the English came up with their own type of common law. This same law was followed in the Americas, but certain parts of the continent, especially countries like Mexico instead followed the Spanish law or the French legal system.
How To Groom And Style Facial Hair In Men?
Many might think that having facial hair does not require much effort, but it does take work to maintain a certain style and to make it look well groomed. If you wish to maintain your beard you need to trim it regularly. This can be done at home or at a barber, especially if you wish to shape it in a certain way. It is also necessary to shampoo the beard, as you would shampoo hair on your head. Combing the beard and keeping it clean are some other ways of maintaining facial hair and any style that you might have.
Unless you wish to grow your beard in thickness and length, you need to trim it regularly. This would also depend on the kind of natural hair growth you have. Those who have dense hair need to trim more often than others. There are different beard care kit that can be used for trimming. Usually razors and clippers are used for maintaining a beard. If you are skilled with scissors, you could also use a pair of sharp scissors to trim and maintain your beard or mustache. The time span for trimming usually extends to once a month or once a week, depending on the kind of style or growth that one wishes to keep.
Regular cleaning is necessary. In order to keep the beard hair soft and easy to style, it is best to use a mild shampoo once or twice a week. For those who have long beards, they might need to do it more frequently. Shampoo and proper conditioning are crucial to beard care https://www.infamousgentleman.com.au/. This ensures that the hair stays shiny, manageable and clean. Use of a conditioner after shampooing has the same effect as it does on the hair on your head. It helps to soften the hair and add a shine to it.
In case one wishes to use color on their beard or mustache, they need to refer to an expert barber. Choosing the right brand and shade that complements one’s skin tone would be right in such cases. One can get the advice and assistance of a styling expert instead of trying to do it themselves. Again, if one uses color on their facial hair, it is necessary to condition and maintain it well as the use of chemicals often leads to dryness. Many salon experts offer the grooming products that can be used to keep the color shine as well as have the beard or mustache looking lustrous and shiny.
It is a fact that the human mind that most of us are having now is not functioning in its full capability. The human mind is truly a wonder. All the achievements of the mankind, all the inventions, all the ideas and all that we see today had been the thoughts that had incepted on a logical human mind a considerable time period ago. Therefore, the power of the human mind and how it has the capability to change the world is not to be taken lightly. Even in its simplest form, the power that your own mind has over your body, and the impact that it is able to create is tremendous.
This effect that the human mind has over its own body is used for a variety of purposes. Usage of this for medical purposes can be significantly seen and these medical uses that are achieved through the usage of the human mind are proven to be quite effective. By adapting methodical treatments such as hypnosis that treat the body through the mind, one will be able to treat many conditions in the human body while also letting the patient reach a mental clarity and serenity that will be useful to them in the short term and also in the long term. Many more reasons are behind the increasing demand for treatments such as hypnotherapy, as these methods give so much and have no side effects.
While issues such as anxiety, stress and phobias can be cured through hypnotic treatments, there are other conditions that can be rectified through a proper hypnosis session. Weight loss hypnotherapy acts as a good example of this as many who fail to lose obesity and other weight related problems resolve many matters that are related to it through a proper hypnosis session through a well trained professional in the matter. Hypnosis also helps one come to self-realization, while it also helps one focus more on matters at hand. Therefore, it can be an effective treatment medium for those who seek calmness in mind, whether they are doing something such as preparing for an exam, trying to quit a bad habit or even need to focus on performing in an upcoming sports event.
In conclusion, it can be seen that hypnosis offers so much and could help so many people in various situations. Knowing when to get the treatment and choosing a reliable professional to get the services from should be done keeping the importance of hypnosis and the capability of it to create a positive change in your life in mind.
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2019-04-26T00:13:44Z
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2019-04-26T15:45:20Z
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Most people today feel scholarships are just for seniors, and although the majority are, there are scholarships available for students in 9th through 11th levels too. You will find tons of scholarships offered to students. If you’re a fresh graduate then you will likely be facing your very first job interview. Fresh new graduates are often the very painful about job interviews. They often submit resumes to a number of organizations of these interest in order for them to have options and increase your probability to get hired. In addition, you need to know just why you want to alter careers to athletics marketing, even at the proceedings that you’ve labored in promotion before. There are specific research techniques you use might use on your upcoming livelihood.
Even if you don’t trust the freshman on a specific time, do not oppose. The interviewer will want to know why you feel qualified to produce the shift. Job interview is easily the most important measure in an work recruiting process.
As you browse each manual, subtract parts that offer you thoughts you can use to encourage distinctive components of one’s newspaper. You may possibly follow on the link after it pops , and also you may ordinarily be taken right to the online program. Some superior web site also offer a range of samples on their website that could supply you exact concept of the varieties they can give. You also ought to simply take out the information about your midst school and basic school because this isn’t required to get an employer. The data you receive can support you in your job interview preparation. You may notice advice concerning the psychology of hues in another piece I might soon create.
First, you need to have a minimum of either a couple of questions well prepared. To start out with, a lot of folks consistently inquire one main problem. Other hrs, another big question is your task like. Read online interview questions have to get replied. You also could want to improve your answer based on the professional’s problem, and therefore do not stay glued to an answer.
The optimal/optimally sort of volunteer service for you is to discover a organization which is associated to something you’re thinking about as a career alternative. You shouldn’t utilize employment of a company that’s connected with any senior high college, university or college. Many organizations have different approaches in regards to procuring their potential staff. Most organizations have limited delivery parts also it’s important to locate an organization which brings to your neighborhood also. List the experience and skills that you’re in a position to bring into the advertising company that nobody else can. You wouldn’t feel that there would be several lose-win women and men in business, but there really are still. Get ready to answer concerns, specially if your previous work expertise was not in sports advertisements.
Recreation clubs have been another favorite form of club. The previous sort of club is made of professional clubs. Sports nightclubs are offered for schools and colleges that do not host a specific sport.
Maybe not only are you able to develop several kinds of abilities from such associations, but also furthermore, you are exhibiting potential companies that you’re just one eager to devote themselves to a project. Exploration capabilities are some of the the most important abilities to possess. You are ready to make a resume which highlights your delicate skills and also downplays your lack of technical abilities and experience. You have the mandatory job skills and also the fire to be prosperous. The job interview expertise that you possess will direct you and supply together with the correct quantity of self confidence you just require.
Inside my experience, you will find merely a few people that think win-win. Make certain you review your prior work knowledge before the meeting. Obviously you never want your initial you to finish up unwittingly. You’ll have off days, and for that reason do not think you are working nonstop without no remainder intervals or period to know your loved ones.
One other form of college financial aid is school funding depending on the FAFSA information you have filled out. No increase either and if you denied the surplus job, get prepared to become demoted. If you possess a specific interest, and there is maybe not really a club that however, take a look at the individual accountable of after school clubs and have to start a club. You need to make a bid to guard your prospective, not expose him to the most potential injury on every playwith. The very long diameter of the bladder would be the most commonly used & most convenient radiographic dimension.
The subject of psychology is not only a science but an art form nicely. You will find several athletic areas on and on the campus in which pupils can participate in sports activities. Being on a group and exactly what you’ve achieved on this ateam reflects direction, sportsmanship as well as the ability to handle hardship and obtain next to other folks. Consequently, teams are constructed round younger athletes rather than of their elderly. Prove the company you are focused on your own career target.
Building withitness can be a continuous course of action. Documents tend to be laminated should they have to be put on display like directions or posters. As soon as you file your program you will secure a willpower.
A educational macro commonly contains a sizable quantity of abbreviation along with jargon. Make sure you examine these rules. Use abbreviations and only what’s definitely essential.
The transcript is going to be emailed to you personally at the email you would like. It is going to also provide you with a trustworthy report of one’s operations. A thriving training could be superb tool for your business enterprise.
Because the first charge card organization doesn’t keep this information, they really don’t market it into the group bureau. The first one has to make an account and next process the cost by means of a bank card, bank card or pay pal. It doesn’t contain the signature, plus it is perhaps not the original signed arrangement. It’s true, you signed up an agreement by means of one’s charge card company, but you did not sign one with the companies that purchased your debt by the charge card firm.
About the flip side, in case you have a coasttocoast crowd inch PM looks like a optimal/optimally time for nearly all attendees. With the omnipresent nature of societal networking like face book and Twitter, additionally, it is essential to remain proficient on line. Facebook is really a superb procedure to create a page for your fundraiser.
Though supposed as pleasure, there are still principles to produce the event safe and sound for every one which could differ from city. A household that is certainly insulting and attempting to deal with funeral arrangements may possibly perhaps not be thinking about eating or preparing dishes, so inch way that you’re ready to assist the family is to make meals which may be frozen and Re Heated at a subsequent second. In addition, it is important to consider the time period you’ve surely got in order to complete a endeavor. Carefully highlight essential advice and consider the tone of one’s invitation in order to summit attention about your own event.
Every year before school, your child’s IEP needs to become upgraded. A parent may also understand the Tuition calculator for all college students. It is vital a young child finds early which the entire world does not revolve around him alone, and it assists the kid know that we’re dwelling in a multicultural society full of a lot of diverse types of an individual. The tiny 1 learns routine and expectations and commences to anticipate this upcoming exercise.
Suitable clothing for school are available nearly anywhere in a sensible price tag. The Program which the kid will be enrolled in will also be viewed. The college student ID for each and every youngster goes to be shown. You might have the stipend maybe two times a year.
In case the family problems seem as though they could possibly be ongoing, ask the parents just in the event you can reveal them using a guidance counselor that are in a position to talk to the scholar. Occasionally it’s tough to create matters for your kiddies to really do. If you’re not lots of teacher, you always have the choice to appear child-friendly movies to YouTube on a particular theme your kid is struggling using on Acellus.
Your class syllabi is not something you should throw at the crap in your path from the class room over the very first moment. Four pupils don’t understand where their workbooks are. Maintain a look out to your entire class, even when you’re speaking with a particular pupil or class.
Work quality endured and there was no continuity. Employee privacy is changing to some issue. In previous occasions the Postal assistance was additionally in the convention of selecting appreciable quantities of armed forces veterans.
Odds are there is going to likely be a great deal of eager helpers willing to save daily. Employees who attend education are far very likely to various distinct topics. The Finances display screen offers you the possibility to manage finances.
The company should choose the selection methods before placing the advertising for your own launching. You would think that at the peak of this set of my grievances would be the ruthless insurance carrier company. Possessing the earnings team forecast their current clients, together side prospects. Maybe not exactly that, it’s planning to provide prospective customers the occasion to keep coming back again and more, helping reinforce your authenticity and raise their brand loyalty.
When it’s a greater courtroom, then you have to maintain legal counsel. Evidence must be exhibited, thus the significance of a diary and listing of events since they happened.
A great deal of people lose as they usually do not keep a mindful personal record. Funeral houses often will probably incorporate a very simple obituary as a section of the solutions that they supply, such as drafting and submitting an obituary for you. Your funeral home should have the ability to provide you with the obituary template which could meet the guidelines of the neighborhood paper, that you simply can alter to incorporate your words and respective bits.
Some times folks are dealing with distinctive problems simultaneously without noticing it. If somebody must re-type that which you’ve written, you run the chance of errors currently being introduced into work. Imagine my disappointment to detect there would not be any lumpsum repayment, even though scenario had depended. Good minutes ensure that the choices and activities caused by means of a meeting arenat lost or forgotten.
Allowed there are a range of scholarly interpretations and opinions on the subject, based on that which you hear. In the event you use divination, such as from an astrologer or hands on reader, then usually do not have excessive or fear desire predicated upon the outcome of the diviner. An asset is whatever you have. Specific sources of anxiety might make individuals to discover diverse spiritual beliefs comforting.
No cost templates are very popular, therefore they truly are an outstanding method to engage prospects and produce targeted leads. If people are utilising the templates you’re making, it is likely that they’ll likewise be interested in what your company provides. You could even select layout templates or perform your own custom manufactured design. There are lots of templates of these sheets which are accessible. You have the capability to download attendance sheet template shine, customize and personalize to the needs you have and utilize them accordingly, dependent in your very own individual or formal needs.
The tool tracks the flow of time. The application gets got the ability to formulate the application dependent on certain essentials of the doctor through various package get a handle on possibilities, while it’s the external appearance of the interface or the most important database. What’s more, it’s a worker monitoring software for construction and domain support businesses.
Most likely the best thing about using club management software would be that it creates it feasible for you to keep your existing clients and also search for new consumers in the precise second. In case your clients suffer from issues that require lots of actions that could be simplified in to step-by-step training, it will be rather a good software to always draw prospective clients back into your own new, so they are able to start to repair their problem. If a purchaser feels valued, they may be more inclined to offer you repeat firm and then disperse the word about your organization as well as answers. Marketing your company with postcards is among the very economical methods to create fresh consciousness, boost visitors to your physical or digital storefront, and also boost earnings. Below you’ll locate a set of project management and time tracking software package that may earn a excellent choice for Harvest. Attendance Monitoring and over the web attain supplying your users on-line obtain in your own membership software lets them have a glimpse at and maintain current with all of those products that you create on the internet. Especially, in regards to time monitoring in Excel spreadsheet.
While you may perhaps not be in a posture to raise course attendance for the current class, you’ll discover some invaluable details on everything you might do from the long run to produce course presence a success for everybody. The assembly might be a formal one just like the organization, firm and business meetings plus they may be casual like church and part of faculty conferences. Describe ways you could bring about the seminar.
At the event the category you’re teaching, while it’s Chinese or yoga heritage, suddenly offers an boost in absences, it can be moment to rate the course. For instance, some students could be seeking difficult to fix living on their own for the very first time. You will come across, but that chronically absent students could still possess the ability to undergo prep assignments, together with appropriate instruction and also the help of their mother and father.
You will ask people to fill in the form for a way to work out a possibility of winning some thing, so there is absolutely no prize for everybody, that might diminish the enthusiasm. At times, individuals fill incentivized sorts together with their secondary mails only for the interest of obtaining a freebie. They love examples of the best way to accomplish matters, especially if it helps them out by taking away a number of their guesswork out of their job. It is critical that your sales lead form has its very best shape so as to capitalize the the bulk of one’s internet site visits and bring in leads for your organization. To begin with, you have to create an application sort. After running a business, there isn’t anything more significant than having the capability to specify a great example for the employees. Besides the info you offered above should additionally have an inventory description of one’s endeavors.
Invoices may be produced in multi-currency as well as in various languages. It really is as simple to start using as being a spreadsheet, however, provides you with each the ability of a database-driven business program. Of course, that you won’t need to entirely eliminate Excel spreadsheet when using time tracking application! Excel is amongst the most used applications from the present digital planet.
There are just 3 key days ahead of your broadcast that you wish to really make the substantial drive for attendance. Easier And more Efficient Chat Having subscription applications setup upon your own office environment is truly a very amazing procedure of bettering communication in between your personnel also. Developing an internet project from the scrape leads to keeping up a whole lot of things and trying to keep an watch on all at an instant. The graphical time management and also overviews of all unbilled operate will prevent you around the suitable track in managing your organization.
Most discrimination cases aren’t won by some type of cigarette smoking gun evidence that demonstrates the total event. Your lawyer resume can be your first demonstration of work for a expected employer, so it ought to become a high excellent presentation, the likes they need to expect associated with your work product. If you are creating a specialist resume, such as for example a for legal counsel, you are going to want to take a look at a restart writing sample for a professional resume for a lawyer. Attorneys discover that it’s hopeless to break the law. You need to refer to an attorney for advice regarding your own personal circumstance. Judges evaluation every events’ revenue, and additional facets, to establish the acceptable quantity of child support or alimony requests in every circumstance. Speak with a lawyer to ensure that you’re ready to acquire justice in a court.
You can readily track down a resume writing sample online or at many different books. You may sign up on their site. When doing your own research, you’ll locate lots of sites showcasing broad range of conventional resume formats. It’s potential for you to browse specific sites and obtain information regarding the composing attorney restart. Usually, authorized sites and any other content released online by lawyers can be considered a sort of communicating and an advertising, according to the Comments to Rule 7.2. You might need to create sure you simply include all of the information that you have to have in your resume and also don’t short change yourself as it has to do with speaking of your accomplishments, knowledge and skills. 1 factor you will surely have to be sure that you add on your resume would be your contact info, that ought to be outstanding in the summit of this webpage.
Just about every once in just a little though, the telephone rings, plus it’s a recruiter in the alternative end. The previous interview is to workout whether the offender is the perfect match,” he clarified. On occasion, a work interview can feel to be an examination. A writer who has no cases will probably be in experienced or not qualified in any way, DeLay clarified.
You have to shoot notes throughout a job interview. Of specific note was that $30,000 a year has been imputed to this wife in the right period of the functions’ unique divorce,” in 2006, once the alimony order was made. You may have a tendency to consult with your preceding notes when answering queries. Folks who compose the perfect protect letters have the very best work interviews. The very first set correspondence you make it from a collection agency should possess a investigation note. Quite simply, you are definitely going to be judged on the best way to believe.
In the event you resigned to advance your livelihood or maybe to earn more money, then you are going to want a excellent explanation to spell your decision to come back, said Cohen. Chancing upon a career is actually a personal course of activity. While the job may entail longer income or a increased title, you need to appear and do that occupation daily. There should really be a strategy supporting everything that you just do at a job searchincluding the best way to expect other individuals to consult with you. The best way to find the work that you’re overly blessed. If you have perhaps not before ready a restart, a resume writing sample is an ideal method to know exactly what you have to add on your own resume.
If you’ve got an occupation gap yet another thing on your resume that you simply feel the hiring manager would question, succinctly and with no apology, response the issue at the center component of your cover letter. Assess why you’ll like the positioning. If you are on the lookout to get a expert position, you should select a program that focuses primarily on making professional resumes. If you own a post level, as an example, you should be certain to set the title of this university and college where you got your degree along side the degree that you simply earned. A great deal of some people who have a postgraduate degree to never feel that it is necessary to put high school advice on their own resume.
In instances like this, a party’s income might perhaps not be more limited to their wages at the appropriate period of the lawsuit. Employers want a great fit along with a person who delivers consequences. The worker is so overpowering and distraught which he or she has difficulty remembering the specifics of what was mentioned for the rest of the meeting. The company was called short stop Ltd.. Whenever that the Agency understands the earnings reviews from your employer the amount will differ if you don’t report gross profits profit. The very first thing that you should do if told you will be asked to register a non-compete contract would be to watch a duplicate of the agreement ahead. If you’re being asked to sign a non-compete contract to get a state of hire, you may not need a excellent deal of choice concerning whether you register it.
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2019-04-22T04:25:04Z
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https://www.3irty1.com/spruche-um-manner-fertig-zu-machen/
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This exciting adventure takes us through three countries with divergent histories and strikingly different cultures. Journey from the frenetic streets of Saigon to the tranquillity of rural Cambodia and visit the magnificent shimmering palaces and temples of Bangkok. Pass through a spectacular patchwork of waterways in the Mekong Delta, take a cyclo (rickshaw) tour of Phnom Penh and relax on a tropical island with white sand beaches before arriving at the magnificent temple complex of Angkor, which we explore by bicycle to escape the crowds. We end our adventure in bustling Bangkok, sampling the street food delights and admiring an enormous reclining golden Buddha.
Sample delicious varied cuisine and master chopstick skills!
Arrive in the heat, hustle and bustle of Ho Chi Minh City. Still commonly known as Saigon, it is an exciting and absorbing city where scooters pack the streets and temples stand defiantly alongside modern developments. Devastated by the Vietnam War, it is now a bustling free market city where anything goes. Our hotel is in the heart of this incredible city. A welcome group meeting will be held later this afternoon with you leader followed by an optional group dinner after the meeting.
Depart early to beat the traffic as we head out to visit the Cu Chi tunnels, located 2 hours outside of the city. Used by the Viet Cong during the war the network covers 3 levels and approximately 240km of tunnels. Exploring Cu Chi gives us an indication of the tenacity of the Vietnamese people and the conditions that both Vietnamese and American troops had to endure. Originally the tunnels were very narrow but some areas have been widened to allow visitors to explore the system. We are able to crawl through the tunnels and are introduced to life below ground as we visit make-shift kitchens, bedrooms and even an underground hospital. Claustrophobes may prefer to stay outside in the sunshine!
The afternoon is free for exploration and there are a number of interesting things to do and see - the Saigon River, Ben Thanh Market, Reunification Palace and Notre Dame Cathedral are all within easy walking distance. There is also time to visit the War Remnants Museum with an interesting (if a little gruesome) photographic record of the Vietnam/American War.
This morning we leave the busy city for the rice bowl of Vietnam – the Mekong Delta. We’ll be struck by the fertility of the land and how every piece of land is used for producing food - fruit, vegetables, rice, fish farms, duck farms - there is cottage industry everywhere all fuelled by the amazing network of waterways. We visit the interesting Cai Be floating market and see some of the local industry taking place. Recently, Cai Be floating market is becoming less crowded and smaller as fruit trading is mostly now done by trucks due to the bridge being built. However, this is still a great opportunity to see a local market and the trade being conducted traditionally on a smaller scale.
A short boat ride takes us from Vinh Long to our island homestay. The evening is tranquil as we have dinner at the homestay and enjoy some 'Delta' hospitality. We spend the night sleeping at a simple guesthouse built in the style of a local house. Bedding, a mosquito net and a small towel are provided. We will have the chance to try some local dishes cooked by our hosts for the night.
After breakfast at the homestay we transfer by boat back to Vinh Long then to Cai Rang floating market, one of the biggest in the delta; the colour and fragrance of the market is sure to be remembered! We then continue on to Chau Doc; close to Cambodia, it is an important trading town due to its border position. The town is in the foothills of the picturesque Sam Mountain. An optional trip to the mountain provides wonderful views of the Mekong Delta and Cambodia.
After breakfast we leave Chau Doc for the Xa Xia / Ha Tien border where we see a change of pace as we cross into rural Cambodia. We travel along coastal roads lined with coconut palms until we arrive in the quiet seaside town of Kep in the early afternoon. (Approx. transfer time excluding immigration process is around 3- 3.5 hours.) Kep was a resort town for Cambodia’s elite until the 1960s. The town still bears the scars of civil war with the ghost-like remains of old villas. A steep climb up Kep Mountain into the National Park provides a great location for watching the sunset. After some time to relax you might like to enjoy fresh seafood at the local crab market. Sit down on a mat at one of the sea-front shacks and take your pick of the day’s catch.
Today we jump on a local boat for the short trip to Koh Tonsai (Rabbit Island). Palm tree fringed with a small beach this is the perfect place to enjoy swimming in the warm water or relax on the sand. If the weather is not suitable for the boat trip we will venture out into the countryside surrounding Kep to see local rice fields, pepper plantations and the famous Phnom Chhnork caves. Alternatively, you may wish to spend the day relaxing on Kep beach.
This morning, if we didn’t do it yesterday, we will journey to the countryside surrounding Kep to see rural Cambodia. In the afternoon we travel from our seaside home to the Capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. To get our bearings in this interesting city on the confluence of the Mekong, Tonle Sap and Tonle Bassac Rivers we take a sunset cyclo (bicycle rickshaw) trip. We finish with dinner at a restaurant run by the Friends organisation that provides hospitality training and other programs to support former street children and youths (closed on school and public holidays).
This morning we visit the Royal Palace grounds and Silver Pagoda; named after the 5000 silver tiles weighing more than 1 kg each it is one of the most holy temples in Cambodia and is home to an impressive collection of gold, diamonds and other precious stones along with many traditional musical instruments.
Afterwards the rest of the day is free for your family to explore. Some family friendly options are to visit the local markets or public gardens which your leader can provide details about. Close by is also the National Museum, which is set in a traditional Khmer building and displays a range of ancient artefacts as well as more modern pieces and where kids can feed the fish!
Adults in the group may also want to confront Cambodia’s recent tragic past with a visit to Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, a former school which served as a Khmer Rouge torture centre but may not be suitable for the younger family members to visit. Your group leader will be available to make recommendations and assist you with your bookings and how best to spend your free time in the city.
Travel by private air-conditioned bus (approx. 7 hours) to Siem Reap.
A great opportunity to look at the real Cambodia, we'll make several stops at points of interest along the way. We also see the cottage industry at Santuk Silk Farm, a fair trade organisation, which is a valuable source of employment in a poor rural community (Santuk is closed on some important Khmer holidays). We'll also stop off at Sambor Prei Kuk, Cambodia's most impressive group of pre-Angkorian monuments with some of the oldest structures in the country. Afterwards, we will have a traditional Khmer lunch at a community restaurant before continuing our journey to Siem Reap.
The small town of Siem Reap is the gateway to the World Heritage temples of Angkor. Get a sneak preview with sunset at the temples.
This morning we leave early and take a fun bike ride around the Angkorian ruins. It is an easy ride on flat trails and roads but for non-cyclists there is the option to jump on to a local remork - motor-rickshaw. The ride today is approximately 20 km in total.
On the bicycle, we can avoid some of the crowds and get a unique perspective on this amazing site which is well known more recently from being featured in the Lara Croft: Tomb Raider film. We take the back roads along the river through local villages and into the Angkor park before cycling along the wall of the ancient city of Angkor Thom. With the moat on one side and thick jungle on the other we will rarely see another visitor. We might also like to stop to see the monkeys that gather on the temple ruins along the way.
We finish our day with a visit to Angkor Wat one of the most architecturally and photographically impressive sites in the temple complex.
Tonight we will visit the 'Phare' the Cambodian Circus. Coming from vulnerable households, the performers have gained international recognition through their art practice. Like a Cambodian Cirque Du Soleil, modern Khmer tales mix theatre, music, dance, acrobatics, juggling, aerial acts, and contortion appeal to all ages!
Today is a free day for exploration and your group leader will be able to make suggestions and can organise transport for activities.
If you didn’t manage to fit it in yesterday then you might like to visit the jungle temple of Ta Prohm where some of the filming for Tomb Raider took place (Angkor pass required).
Another option would be to take a journey into the countryside. Around 1 hour out of town is the Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCB) which is housed at the base of Kbal Spien Moutain near the River of a Thousand Lingas. ACCB has a collection of animals that have been saved from trafficking. Creatures include gibbons, monkeys, anteaters, snakes, greater and lesser adjutant (Cambodia’s version of big bird), eagles, prehistoric water monitors and turtles. Pass through rural villages on the way where you can enjoy sampling sugar palm candy as it is made.
On the way back to town you might like to stop to visit the exquisite Banteay Srey (“Citadel of the women”) (Angkor pass required). The small temple displays some of the finest examples of classical Khmer art carved into the pinkish coloured sandstone.
For those who would like a more active day there is the option of trying ziplining in the nearby canopy of Angkor Park. Flying through the jungle after climbing up from one of the canopy platforms is a real adrenaline rush!
There is also the choice of visiting the floating village on nearby Tonle Sap Lake.
It's a long drive from Siem Reap to Bangkok (approx. 10 hours including stops for border crossing and lunch) but we break the journey many times along the way to stop at local points of interest. On the way we stop at the stone carving village where many of the inhabitants carve religious and decorative statues of all sizes from sandstone and marble. Ganesh the elephant-headed God of beginnings and wisdom as well as Buddhist and Angkorian-style statues line the road in this town. After the border crossing we take a break and have our first taste of Thai food at a local restaurant before continuing onto the capital of Bangkok. Famous for its tuk tuks, khlong boats and incredible street food, Bangkok is an assault on the senses and provides a real contrast to sleepy Cambodia.
This morning a short walk from our hotel takes us to the Chao Phraya River where we meet a longtail boat to journey along the khlongs (canals) of old Bangkok. Please be advised there may be a possibility of larger groups being accommodated in a bigger boat. Afterwards we pay a visit to Wat Pho, home to the country's largest reclining Buddha and keeper of the magic behind Thai massage. In the afternoon we have free time to explore. Why not pay a visit to the magnificent Grand Palace and the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, wander down to the tourist mecca of Khao San Road, take in some retail therapy, enjoy delicious street food or explore Bangkok’s colourful Chinatown.
An electronic visa (e-Visa) facility is available via the Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Co-operation website at the cost of $37.
A tourist visa can be obtained on arrival for British nationals at most border crossings. Two passport photos are required. The cost is US$30, although an additional express fee of US$5-6 may be incurred at the border. For further information see the FCO site and check under Cambodia / 'Entry Requirements'.
13 breakfasts, 1 lunch and 2 dinners are included.
The food on this trip is a real highlight for many. Southeast Asian cuisine is known for its abundance of freshly prepared dishes with strong aromatic flavours. There is a focus on herbs and citrus to ensure each dish packs a punch; chilli does feature highly too but is easily avoided if desired.
Food is cheap in all three countries and Western food is readily available almost everywhere, with the exception of the night in the Mekong Delta.
Breakfasts are usually buffet style and there is plenty to choose from; fruit, bread, cereal/yoghurt (sometimes) and cooked breakfasts.
You should allow at least GBP 10 - 20/USD 12-25 per day per person for lunch and dinner. You can eat out very cheaply, but if you go to the more expensive restaurants most of the time, you will spend more than the suggested amount.
Vegetarian food is widely available, however the offering will be fairly similar in most places within each country. Please advise at time of booking if you have any dietary requirements. Please note that the availability of certain products is minimal or non-existent, for example wheat or dairy-free, please be prepared for this and you may need to bring these from home.
The weather in Vietnam will be hot and humid throughout with temperatures during the day between about 28ºC and 34ºC but at times is may reach 40ºC. It is only a little cooler at nights. The region is mostly dry between December to April and then a rainy season from May to November when it tends to come in short heavy bursts with bright sunshine in between.
In Cambodia the weather will be hot and humid all year round. The dry season is late October to May and the monsoon is normally between June and September; though there is an obvious transitional time between those settled periods. The dry season is as it sounds, with hot days and generally clear skies, though you can expect the odd shower. The monsoon is characterised by short, sharp bursts of rain and is generally overcast all day, though this does not detract from the enjoyment of the place; you just need to take an umbrella!
In Thailand the weather patterns are very similar to Cambodia and you should expect year round temperatures from 23-35ºC. The rainy season will normally run from June to September when you should expect short sharp showers but the sun will normally break through.
This holiday is designed so that you can see the best parts of Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand using a mixture of private buses and boats. There is a lot to see in the time you are there, but it is paced so that it doesn't feel too rushed.
Travel time is kept to a minimum and most transfers are no longer than 3-4 hours. There are a few longer drives (7-8 hours) but there is plenty of time for sightseeing and the trip has numerous stops where we spend two or more nights.
Whilst choosing this trip please note that some of the accommodation will be basic but is clean and tidy. The swimming pools may not be up to western standards.
Locals and other Asian tourists may want to take photos of themselves with your children particularly if they are young, blond and have blue eyes, you should be prepared for them to do this without asking permission first. You should also be prepared for lots of traffic in the bigger cities like Saigon and Bangkok, where you will have to relearn crossing the street, as things like zebra crossings are not used as they are in the west.
During the tour you will spend 12 nights in comfortable hotels all with en suite bathrooms and 1 night is also spent at a homestay on an island on the Mekong Delta (shared bathrooms).
Surrounded by small cottage industries and tropical fruit orchards our accommodation for the night in the Mekong Delta is a simple guesthouse built in the style of a traditional local house. We will feast upon sumptuous regional dishes while listening to the tranquil movements of the Delta.
Almost all hotels have swimming pools and there will be the opportunity to swim also at the beach in Kep. We have endeavoured to select hotels for their location as well as character, and in the rural areas use the best available accommodation. These will have en suite facilities, reliable electricity and water supply, good service and some added amenities.
There may be instances when you specifically want a single room. Perhaps a grandparent needs one, or parents of a family of three or five want to ensure they get a bit of space! Single supplements are available upon request (see price details below). Please advise as time of booking. A single room is available on hotel nights only.
We have just returned from a two week adventure with our three sons aged 20,18 and 13. I can honestly say that our holiday exceeded our expectations. Our boys have all said that it’s the best holiday they have had .We experienced three very different countries and learnt so much. Our tour leader In Vietnam, Tam , was calm and organised and fed us infomation as we went along in a knowledgeable and personal way. Chheang in Cambodia was fab too and we were lucky enough to meet her lovely kids whose English was impeccable ! Hugh and Ant were also full of personality and good humour. We were fortunate enough to share our experience with a great group of adults and young people. Personally the homestay on the Mekong Delta was my highlight .The Killing Fields was harrowing . Learning more about the Vietnam War and visiting the tunnels was a humbling experience. We were exhausted but exhilarated . The organisation was seamless throughout .
Homestay at Mekong Delta was an amazing experience.
All the leaders were friendly and knowledgeable . They told the history of their country in a personal and engaging way.
Bring US dollars as needed for Cambodia border . Sports gear/running tops comfortable for humid conditions.
It felt like a month's worth of holiday in 2 weeks! The one other family were lovely- making it a real pleasure to travel together. The children really all got on well and that really made life easy! We would not have managed to see and do so much in 2 weeks if we had traveled independently- our guides (Tam in Vietnam) and Dyka (Cambodia and Thailand) were both knowledgeable and helpful and coped with our noise well!! The whole trip was as expected- apart form the VERY long drive form Siem Reap to Bangkok (much longer than anticipated due to Thai traffic). Apart form this one thing the bus was reliable and comfortable and everything was organised in a family-friendly and timely fashion. It really felt like our Guides did all the hard work and we just got to have the fun. We have some truly amazing memories and I think our children will talk about it for years (hopefully!).
Everything along the Mekong Delta... the different boats, the local guide who knew everything, the Homestay and the food.
They were both patient and amazing.
Pack light- you will repack lots! Use local laundry facilities. Wifi was everywhere so tablets for long journies and cards/uno/ dobble etc are good for the longer bus rides.
We now have a list of places we want to revisit. The only day that felt like it was time wasted was the long journey to Thailand- consider flying that part!!
Have just returned from this adventure, and feel compelled to write...the trip was one of the most fantastic, memorable experiences we have enjoyed as a family. We feel deeply privileged to have visited all 3 countries and meet the people, Cambodia in particular, and Exodus should be congratulated on delivering a hectic but manageable itinerary, with exemplary organisation, and guides who really helped us connect with the people, culture and surroundings. We were also impressed with the ethical choices made for excursions.
Our favourite day was Ankor Wat by mountain bike, but we were particularly struck by the warm, gentle nature of the Cambodian people throughout our time there.
Kim was absolutely fantastic - a wonderful person and great ambassador for his country and culture. Ant in Bangkok and Nuan in Vietnam both deserve mention.
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2019-04-20T12:59:18Z
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https://www.exodustravels.com/cambodia-holidays/family/south-east-asia-adventure-family-holiday/fij?flights=excluded
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"Anna Hazare denied to sign the personal bond and has been sent to seven days judicial custody in Tihar jail," Delhi Police spokesperson Rajan Bhagat said.
Earlier, Hazare's associates Arvind Kejriwal, Kiran Bedi and Shanti Bhushan were also detained along with about 1,000 supporters. As the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) said the move smacked of the excesses during Emergency and parliament was stalled, the outrage spread across the country with reports of protests coming in from virtually every corner.
Hazare and Kejriwal were whisked away as they stepped out of an apartment in east Delhi on their way to the JP Park where police had clamped prohibitory orders and where the activists were planning to set the stage for their strike against the government's version of the bill that keeps the prime minister, judiciary and junior officials out of its ambit. The bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on August 4.
Hazare's supporters, who had gathered in hundreds in the apartment complex, shouted anti-government slogans and lauded the 74-year-old anti-corruption crusader who had gone on a hunger strike in April.
While the many hundreds who had been detained were kept at the Chhatrasal Stadium, lawyer and Team Anna member Prashant Bhushan said they had no news about the whereabouts of the others. They were planning to move the Supreme Court against the detentions but could not.
"It was not possible to move the court as we don't have the signatures of Anna Hazare, Shanti Bhushan, Kiran Bedi and Arvind Kejriwala on the petition," Bhushan had said.
"Their whereabouts are not known," Bhushan, who said the arrest was illegal and unconstitutional.
Just before his arrest, Hazare said in a recorded video message: "Don't let my arrest stop this movement. This is the nation's second struggle for freedom."
The message was flashed on television screens, fuelling protests in many states including Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Mahara-shtra, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa where people trooped out of their homes to voice their anger. Many shopkeepers down-ed shutters.
In India's financial capital Mumbai, thousands gathered at various places. "We are also requesting supporters to strike work and support Annaji," a volunteer for India Against Corruption said.
Celebrities too stepped in to verbalise their distress. Lyricist Javed Akhtar said: "I have had certain reservations about Anna's method but his arrest cannot be condoned. It is undemocratic, unacceptable."
The ripple effect was widespread. "In a democracy like ours, one has the right to protest in a peaceful manner. By detaining Hazare and others supporting him, the government is depriving the country's citizens of their constitutional rights," said P.K. Garg, a retired professor in Lucknow.
As the protests spread, the government attempted to clarify its position and said Delhi Police was not acting under political pressure and had made the detentions because the anti-corruption crusaders had refused to agree to certain conditions.
"If someone says we will defy the orders, I think this is unacceptable in a democracy," said Home Minister P. Chidambaram. "It is a real regret that police have taken this action."
The crisis for the government comes soon after the clampdown on a protest by yoga guru Ramdev on June 5.The opposition was quick to seize the opportunity.
"It is regrettable and condemnable. This government is bent upon crushing anyone who wants to protest against corruption," BJP spokesperson Ravi Shankar Prasad said.
At the other end of the political spectrum, the Communist Party of India-Marxist agreed. It said Hazare's detention and the police ban on his hunger strike showed how "the Congress leadership is intolerant to any anti-corruption movement as their government is itself steeped in high-level corruption".
The volatile situation was set to snowball further with protests and rallies planned through the day. Using SMS messages, twitter and television, the anti-corruption crusaders called for people to gather in protest. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh stepped in and called for an emergency meeting of the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs after Hazare's arrest.
What is Anna Hazare fighting for?
Will Dr Kisan Baburao Hazare's indefinite fast bear results? Or will the 74-year-old activist's campaign fade into the background?
A week before he announced his hunger strike, Hazare, or Anna as he has been called for untold years, made one poignant statement of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh: "It is only because of the 'remote control' that he cannot do anything. Otherwise he is such a good man."
Hazare was speaking at a press conference to gather support for the 'Jan Lokpal Bill' a bill that aims to change the way India tackles corruption.
It is a Bill drafted by Santosh Hegde, former Supreme Court judge and the former Lokayukta of Karnataka; Prashant Bhushan, Supreme Court lawyer; and Magsaysay Award winner and social activist Arvind Kejriwal.
According to 'India Against Corruption', the web site where the Bill has been made public, the Jan Lokpal Bill, once passed, will be an "act to create effective anti-corruption and grievance redressal systems at the centre so that effective deterrent is created against corruption and to provide effective protection to whistleblowers".
1. An institution called 'Lokpal' in the centre and 'Lokayukta' in each state will be set up. These will be independent of the government. No minister can influence their investigations.
2. Investigation in any case must be completed in one year. Trials should be completed in the next one year so that the corrupt officer or politician goes to jail in two years.
3. The loss that a corrupt person caused to the government will be recovered at the time of conviction.
4. If a citizen's request is not completed in the prescribed time in any government office, the Lokpal will impose a financial penalty on the guilty officers, which will be given as compensation to the complainant. So, when the Bill is enforced, you could approach the Lokpal if your passport or voter card is being delayed unnecessarily. The Lokpal will have to get it done in a month's time.
5. What if a Lokpal officer becomes corrupt? The entire functioning of Lokpal/Lokayukta will be completely transparent. Any complaint against any officer of Lokpal shall be investigated and the officer dismissed within two months.
6. All existing anti-corruption agencies -- CVC, departmental vigilance and anti-corruption branch of CBI -- will be merged into the Lokpal, which will have complete powers and machinery to independently investigate and prosecute any officer, judge or politician.
7. The punishment would be minimum 5 years and maximum of life imprisonment.
The Jan Lokpal Bill is meant to counter a similar Bill drafted by the government of India. Criticising the government's Bill, Hazare and Kejriwal say the intention was to protect the corrupt politicians and bureaucrats, rather than prosecute them. He said the Jan Lokpal Bill would instead give wider powers to the Lokpal to initiate action and prosecute corrupt public servants.
"The nine members of the Group of Ministers appointed for drafting the anti-corruption Bill are some of the most corrupt Ministers," Hazare alleged, while criticising the government's casual approach towards treating corruption.
"Today no government official or politician is afraid of law, because they know they will not be prosecuted," he said.
Incidentally, Sharad Pawar is heading the draft of the Government of India's Anti-Corruption Bill.
Hear it from Hazare himself: "We approached the Prime Minister for talking about our draft Jan Lokpal Bill. But he says he does not have time to take action against corruption till May 13.
It was after this statement from the PMO that Hazare decided to go on a fast till the Bill was tabled.
"I will observe fast-unto-death till the government agrees to form a joint committee comprising 50% officials and the remaining citizens and intellectuals to draft the Jan Lokpal Bill," Hazare said at Rajghat.
And slowly, support gathered for the veteran Gandhian crusader.
Hazare went ahead with his agitation despite the Prime Minister's Office expressing disappointment over his decision to go on a fast unto death. The PMO release said that the Prime Minister has enormous respect for Hazare and his mission.
"The Prime Minister says we trust you [Hazare], we respect you. But, then why did the PM not sit with us even once after the meeting last month," Hazare said.
Hazare's supporters at Jantar Mantar included people from all walks of life, from students to activists and professionals.
"I am here because Anna is risking his life for making the country corruption free," said Ramesh Rajpal, who came to Jantar Mantar from Gurgaon to support the hunger strike.
Most of the people who joined the rally are also observing a fast.
"If we can come on the streets to celebrate the World Cup victory, why can't we come out to support Anna? It is a struggle to make the country clean," Delhi University student Srikant Jaiswal said.
Janata Dal (United) chief Sharad Yadav, who was present to show solidarity with Hazare, said he was convinced that the Jan Lokpal Bill was the need of the hour to tackle corruption in the country.
"Just as Election Commission and Supreme Court are effective bodies, similarly an institution which is to fight corruption has to be equally powerful," Yadav said.
"I approve of the draft prepared by Hazareji and others. I am willing to back it in Parliament," Yadav said.
The BJP was not far behind in extending support to Hazare's indefinite hunger strike and said there was need to enact the Jan Lokpal Bill in parliament.
Former BJP president Rajnath Singh said in a statement that the government lacked strong will to tackle corruption and people wanted decisive action. He said the reaction of people like Anna Hazare reflects the deep pain and anguish of the common man in the existing situation.
Calling for enactment of Jan Lokpal Bill in parliament, Singh said a powerful institution like Lokpal can provide a mechanism for effective and credible deterrence against corruption.
The Congress admitted that there were differences of opinion on the anti-corruption Lokpal Bill but said 'harmonising opinion' was part of the democratic process. Spokesman Manish Tiwari said the party has always stood for transparency and accountability and has enacted Right to Information legislation.
When asked about Hazare's fast, Tiwari said: "India is a free country and if anybody wants to fast, he cannot be stopped."
Citizen-of-India says: It is a shame that the citizens have come to this point. Shouldn't anti-corruption laws and enforcement just be there? Why does one have to fight for it?
Abrahma says: Do we have courage to come out in streets and favour this movement against corruption? Let's organise our youth to march against corruption and favour this movement to make it historical and enormous. We need to be in action.
Perhaps, it was Saptaswara99 who summed it up: At last, something seems to be happening. Please spread the news through Facebook/Twitter, etc. If it can happen in Egypt, then why not in India?
It is now time for the 'Indian people' to stand up for what is right. Join Anna Hazare's fight against corruption.
Who is it for, if not for us?
His diminutive stature hides his steely resolve. Like Mahatma Gandhi, he uses hunger strike as a weapon to hit out at the mighty. Now, Anna Hazare, a crusader against corruption, is making waves in a country where hunger for easy money has become a way of life.
The modern day Mahatma, as his supporters fondly describe him, is on a fast in the heart of the capital, drawing tens of thousands from all walks of life who are sick and tired of India's cancerous corruption.
It is a remarkable achievement for a 74-year-old man who dropped out of school at Class 7 due to poverty, sold flowers for a while and then became a driver in the army to feed his family in a rural part of Maharashtra.
Much like Mahatma Gandhi, Anna Hazare -- born Kisan Baburao Hazare -- began his activist life in a humble way.
His first target was his own village, Ralegan-Siddhi in Ahmednagar district. It was a miserable and barren place with insufficient rainfall and lacking any economy. It also suffered from frequent droughts.
The year was 1975. Launching watershed development programmes, he persuaded people to change their ways and managed to transform the barely breathing village to one Mahatma Gandhi would have been proud of.
India recognised his work by awarding him a Padma Vibhushan and a Padma Bhushan. But, unlike many, he would not rest on his laurels. He unleashed a war on corruption, launching the Bhrashtachar Virodhi Jan Aandolan.
His first victims in politics were three ministers in the Shiv Sena-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government of Maharashtra: Shashikant Sutar, Maha-deo Shivankar and Baban Gholap. This was in 1995.
In 2003, when Maharashtra had a Congress-Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) government, he went on fast against four ministers, Sureshdada Jain, Nawab Malik, Vijay Kumar Gavit and Padamsinh Patil, who he said were corrupt.
Anna Hazare's reputation as a man of integrity gave him clout that the corrupt found difficult to battle.
He is a self-made man with no air whose father was an unskilled labourer. Out of school, Anna Hazare sold flowers and set up a floral shop in Mumbai before the Chinese attack of 1962 led him into the army.
It was while in the army that he was exposed to the works of Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi and Acharya Vinoba Bhave, leaders who captured his imagination.
As an activist, Anna Hazare battled many corrupt officials. He also fought for the rights of tribals, the lowliest of the lowliest.
But he realised that nothing could be achieved until people were empowered. And so he campaigned extensively for right to information, travelling for more than 12,000 km in Mahara-shtra, creating awareness about the legislation.
Now, Anna Hazare has again embraced the weapon of hunger strike to create a mass movement that he hopes will force politicians to enact a stringent anti-corruption law.
There is no confusion on where the Indian citizen's loyalty lies. The drafting of the Jan Lok Pal Bill to fight corruption has triggered a revolution; one that has been branded a 'second freedom struggle' by civil society members on the Lok Pal panel.
And in this tussle, the people of India seem to have placed their trust unanimously on one man alone -- Anna Hazare.
When a question was asked to a number of people whether they had greater faith in Anna Hazare, Baba Ramdev or the Indian government, 61 percentage of voters placed their faith in Anna. Out of 31,192 respondents, a majority of 18,986 readers believe that under his leadership alone, the Jan Lok Pal bill would see the light of day.
When Anna sat for his first fast in April, yoga guru Baba Ramdev also declared his support to the movement. Ramdev then took it a step further by announcing his own fast against black money at the capital's Ramlila Maidan. That fast began as promised on 4th June but did not last for more than one day. The Delhi police cracked down on those gathered in the dead of night. They targeted women, men and children ruthlessly.
The midnight crackdown has gone down in history as one of UPA 2's most infamous moments. Anna Hazare did not hesitate to liken it to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. "The attack on sleeping innocents is an attack on democracy", he remarked during his one-day fast at Rajghat.
But it is interesting to note that despite the dramatic and forceful eviction, only 7,283, i.e 23 percent of voters, believe in Ramdev's fight.
Perhaps the backing of political forces (BJP, RSS) weakened the credibility of the movement. Ramdev's initial discussions with the Centre's emissaries Kapil Sibal and S K Sahay also generated talk that he had signed a deal with them.
What is a certainty though is that the Sibals and Sahays of the UPA should be a worried lot. The poll received only 4,923 voters who had faith in the government; a mere 16 percentage of respondents.
"This government must be taught a lesson…Beating innocent women and children with lathis and tear gas at 1 a.m is the most autocratic act one can do..", posts Sahil from New Delhi on the 'Support Anna' page.
"Shame on Delhi police and Delhi and Manmohan Government..Angrez chale gaye...kale angrez aa gaye. Congress has shown it's true colours.", adds Deepak.
The anger is only growing, and every action/reaction from the government's side has so far swung from catastrophic to complacent.
"The people of India voted for you. They are your masters, not the other way round", raged Lok Pal panel member Arvind Kejriwal at Rajghat. Fasting along with Anna Hazare, Kejriwal's each word was cheered by the crowd proving that the Indian public is no longer willing to stay mum.
Let there be no doubt. A whopping 84 percentage of voters declared they trust the members of civil society in the fight against corruption than the government they themselves chose.
India has truly spoken and it backs Anna Hazare all the way.
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2019-04-25T10:12:32Z
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http://beyondthenews.biz/Anna-the-real-revolutionary.html
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As the Ottoman Empire entered the mid-19th Century, the world around it had changed much from what it used to be in the classic Muslim era of the last several centuries when Muslims had been nurturing the seedlings of all sorts of new sciences and advancing the old ones to new levels. All this had been possible within the reliefs of a strong Empire having access to all sorts of resources and protected by armies advanced in chivalry. But to their demise the cards of sciences, resources and chivalry were being shifted to some European nations for the last few centuries.
When Selim 1 ‘the grim’ proclaimed Caliphate over the Arab world, in 1512, this was about the same time that Spain, Portugal and a little later Britain had discovered the Americas and established colonies there. When Europe was inventing the steam engine (1769), the railway (1804), the telephone (1876), the bulb (1879) and the electric motor (1888), it seems that the latter Ottoman Kings had forsaken their patronage for learning and invention unlike their predecessors. This does not mean to ignore the immense slavery humanity was subjected to in Europe’s trade and colonialism nor does it say that science and technology in Europe brought only good to humanity and no harm. Yet this overall laydown in the Empire had rendered the Ottomans and the whole Arab World, under their rule, backwards in regards to economy, standard of living, education and military strength compared to some European progressive states. So much so, that finding themselves less developed and poorer many resourceful families in the Empire looked towards the west for a better education for their children, for trade and for answers to some of their unresolvable issues.
With the Ottoman’s gradual declined from being able to portray their show of power in many fronts, gradually its subjects started turning against it. Algeria had been lost to the French in 1830, Greece had broken away in 1832 and Romania in 1862 and the Russian defeated them in Bulgaria in 1878. In reaction the Arab majority started feeling that the Turks were responsible for all their misery and several movements of Arab identity and Arab nationalism started rising underground from time to time. These movements were led by several intellectuals who had been educated in the west and were impressed by the liberal and progressive way of life and the parliamentary form of government that would decentralize the power from the Ottomans, redistributing it among the Arab majority.
At the same time the Ottomans faced another internal scuffle; many west-influenced Turks were also of the idea that throwing down the age-ridden caliphate that had failed to compete with modern progressiveness was the only way to bring the Turks back to strength in the global arena. The Young Turks Movement did exactly that, it forced the Ottomans to form the parliament in 1908 and as the Arab populace entwined with the nationalistic spirit eventuating in the Arab Revolt, worked to break the Turk hegemony over the Arabs, the Young Turks made sure to break the Ottomans away from power from the inside.
Palestine, with its mixed communities of Muslims, Christians, Jews and the Druze, was also an Arab entity. The people of Palestine like those of the other Arab lands under the caliphate were equally inspired by the Arab Nationalist Movement; they too wanted more autonomy and progress for their region. But the Palestinians were to face two struggles instead of one – the struggle against Zionism was to run parallel to the struggle for Arab identity for them.
From 1882 to 1903, the First Aliyah brought 25,000 to 35,000 Jews into the land of Palestine. These immigrations were made possible by many factors. It is reported that in 1840, British cabinet member Palmerstone, under the leadership of Lord Shaftsbury, attempted to convince the Ottoman Sultan to open the door to Palestine for the return and settlement of Jews. The rationale behind his stand lay in the fact that both the Ottoman Empire and Palestine would benefit from the wealth that the Jewish capitalists would bring with them, and also in the fact that a Jewish presence in Palestine would block any attempt by Mohammed Ali of Egypt to threaten the Ottoman Empire once again.
Nevertheless only the presence of Palmerstone in the Ottoman courts is an attestation of how deep was the influence of the British machinery in the Empire. Similarly the facts that Emmanuel Carasso of the prominent Jewish Carasso family of Ottoman Salonica (Greece) was the founder of the Young Turks Movement’s secret society in Salonica – and that the editor of the newspaper ‘The Young Turks’ was Russian Zionist leader Vladimir Jabotinsky – Henry Morgenthau, a Jew, was the American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War – and that Alexander Helphand, a Marxist theoretician, revolutionary, and a controversial activist in the Social Democratic Party of Germany, in his five year stay in Istanbul was financial and political advisor of the Young Turks and editor of Turk Yurdu, their daily newspaper – are all questions upon Jewish conspiracies and foreign influences inside the Empire.
On the other hand the Syrian Scientific Society, which upheld Arab Nationalism, penetrated its bases from Iraq to Egypt - it was also patronized by the British offices in Egypt. One pioneer of the Syrian Scientific Society was Butrus al-Bustani, an employee and later close affiliate of the American Protestant Mission in Beirut. Among others was also Abdul Rahim Al-Kawakibi, editor of Ash-Shabba. Al- Kawakibi’s popularized the thought of instating an Arab Caliphate in Mecca. Likewise Christian Arab Najib Azuri founded the Ligue de la Patrie Arabe in Paris, he published a book in French called ‘The Awakening of the Arab Nation’ and supported the French occupation of Algeria and called upon the French to increase their influence and role in Syria and Palestine. So! Did Europe conspire against the Empire? – Maybe yes – but the responsibility of the well-being, progress and security of their people was upon the Ottomans not on Europe. Likewise being unable to recognize the dissatisfied sections of their society or providing solutions was a grave weakness of the Ottomans that opened their people to all sorts of alternatives.
The Palestinians faced double jeopardy with their Arab-identity and the Zionist-initiated Jewish immigrations to the Holy Land. And in spite their issues with the Ottoman central power, they knew that the Jews entering their land were too powerful and well-linked inside and outside their land, and that they would not be able to resist them or prevent their coming and occupying their land, on their own. So from the beginning the resistance of the Palestinian people comprised of writing to the Ottomans office and pressurizing them to halt the immigrations, ban the selling of land to the Jews and make law preventing them from becoming Palestine nationals. The Ottomans did make such a law as to prevent Jews from gaining permanent residence of Palestine, however such laws proved to be short-lived. The Aliyah kept coming from 1882 onwards right up to 1948, in smaller and larger groups, legally and illegally.
The Palestinians showed high political awareness and the awareness of their identity; besides pleading to the center for help the Palestinians kept resisting the Jews physically too, with demonstrations, riots and attacks. The Jews were not just settlers in their land, they were better trained farmers and artisans, they were wealthy traders and had defense mechanism far superior to what the poor farmers had, whom they had come to displace from their homes and lands. But instead of coming to the rescue of the Palestinians, in 1908, the Sultan gave permission to the Jews to form their own security forces –strengthening them further against the poor peasants whom they had ousted from their farmlands.
When several Arab nationalist leaders arranged to meet in Paris under the First Arab Congress in 1913 – the agenda was to demand better conditions for the Arabs and to make Arabic an official language. In spite of many reminders and letters from Palestine to this meeting, their issue was marginalized and ignored.
These and similar events led the Palestinian Arabs to eventually believe that they were to fight the struggle for their rights and survival alone. Though they were rightly a part of the larger Arab community and hitherto willful subjects of the Ottomans but it seemed that they were being played as the expendable card every now and then on the negotiation tables. For this fact, it is imperative to understand the deeper Arab political background to be able to assimilate how the Arabs surrounding Palestine shaped the Palestinian conscience and the circumstances of their political and social fields.
With WW1, what was once identified as a single unit under the Ottoman, was soon to be disintegrated into un-unifiable distinct centers of interests. Both internal and external factors laid the basis of this irreversible disunity. But as soon as the Ottoman Empire was broken away and dished out between the British and the French as mandates legitimizes through the League of Nations, movements for freedom started sprouting everywhere. One reason for this was that all these people who took part in the Arab Revolt had harbored the dream of Arab independence from the yoke of Turk hegemony and a greater autonomy, not a further downfall into the pit of subjugation to their longstanding imperial rivals – the Christian nations.
Likewise the Hashemite king of Mecca had not bargained the Arab Revolt with the Allied Powers for just a small strip of land to the west of the Arabian Peninsula, rather what was in his mind was the whole of the Ottoman land minus the Ottomans themselves – though it proved rather naïve of him to trust the Allied Powers on this. Lebanon and Syria were mandated to the French by the League of Nations, whereas Iraq, Transjordan and Palestine were put in the British pocket. A short case-study of Syria is useful to understand the time.
At one end, the Arab troops led by Emir Feisal, in understanding with and support of the British forces, capture Damascus, in Oct. 1918, the Syrian majority Sunni population welcomes him and he is proclaimed the King of Syria in June 1919, by the Syrian National Congress that had been politically created by the people of Syria. This Syria of Emir Feisal extended from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey to the Sinai desert in Egypt. On the other end the French having their mandate approved in June 1920 – attacked Syria afresh and drove the Emir out of his empire. The French in their bid to divide-and-rule Syria further, divided it into five sections which practically made an Alawi state in the north, a Sunni state at the center, and a Druze state in the south. The three were eventually to be incorporated into a federal Syria, while Lebanon was mapped to make a Christian state around the area of Mount Lebanon. Hence Syria and Lebanon that were previously part of one harmonious state had now been subdivided on religio-ethnic lines. The minorities were now placed in new socio-economic parameters that encouraged them to stand behind the new masters for advantages they could never gain in a unified Syria – advantages that could possibly make the minorities masters over the majority.
Yet the divided people of Syria kept revolting against French control all the same. Shaykh Salih ibn Ali led revolt by the Alawis, Shaykh Ismail Harir rebelled in Hawran, Sultan Pasha al Atrash in the Jabal Druze and Mulhim Qasim in the mountains around Baalbek – eventuating in the Great Arab Revolt of 1925. Arab Nationalism in the Sunni majority was reignited by these revolts. They followed the path of political struggle and pressed the French not to obstruct the framing of a constitution for Syria that was to provide for the eventual sovereignty that the League of Nations mandate had ordered. To subside the revolts the French permitted the formation of a National Bloc. Ibrahim Hannanu wrote a constitution that provided for the reunification of Syria and a long and arduous struggle of the Syrian people for regaining independence from the French went on till 1946.
Meanwhile Emir Feisal had not been forsaken, he was too valuable to be wasted, for he was one among Arabs capable of signing the likes of the Faisal -Weizmann Agreement, in which Faisal conditionally accepted the Balfour Declaration that promised a Jewish homeland in Palestine. So the Emir was made king of Iraq in August 1921, over a people who hardly knew him before that time. Perhaps this was the reason for an earlier independence of Iraq, in 1932. And perhaps Feisal signed that treaty to gain cheap advantages that might help in the pursuit of his greater agenda of Pan-Arabism – he wanted to join Syria and Iraq as one state.
All the same, the Palestinians were being betrayed again, at least on the face of it.
Between 1882 and 1948 from the Jewish population in the territory that was to be occupied grew from 24,000 to 716,000 – in approximately 66 years or in about three generations. Whereas, the creation of the state of Israel has resulted in 6,600,000 Palestinians have being thrown out of their homeland, living as refugees in neighboring states and 427,000 are internally displaced.
Did Palestine have no farms or farmers, when the first ones to resist the Jew settlers were the farmers that had been expelled by the Jews who had bought their lands, the lands they had tilled for generations; was there no man to be seen in a land that had been the pivot of trade between the East, the West and Africa since the time of the first Pharaohs; were there no olives in the land that had beheld the holy shrines of Judaism, Christianity and Islam for millennia?
After their experience in the First Arab Congress in 1913, perhaps the Palestinians felt that their voice has been deliberately ignored. The Muslim-Christian Association, a nationwide platform of the Palestinians decided to create a Palestine Arab Congress that would gather writers, traders and religious representative from around Palestine to put forward the consensual will of the Palestinian people and present it not only to those in power but to the larger world as well. The Congress held 7 consecutive meetings from 1919 to 1928 in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Nablus. The agenda of all these congresses turned out to be – rejection of foreign influences and occupation; rejection of the Belfour Declaration, rejection of the Zionist ideal and Jewish immigrations; rejection of any foreign occupation of Syria; and demand that the Palestinian Territory be joined with the aspired United Arab Syria. Later when Syria had been assigned as mandate to France the Congress shifted its demand to annexation of Palestine with any other independent Muslim state, as Jordan was expected to be.
The British simply did not officially recognize the Arab Palestine Congress, claiming that they were unrepresentative. In March 1921, Musa Kazem, leader of the Congress led a delegation to meet the British Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill, at the Cairo Conference, where the British policy for the Middle East was being discussed. Churchill refused to discuss any issues with Musa Kazem until after the conference. On his way back, Churchill met the delegates in Jerusalem, where he told them that them they had to accept the Balfour Declaration as an immutable part of British policy. Stonewalled from all sides, sidestepped by the Arabs and compromised upon by the Ottomans – the Palestinian people were being shaken into political awareness.
Placed at the heart of the civilized world, being the well wherefrom sprung belief and godliness and being the crossroad of several civilizations –was there to come this day when Palestine could not be recognized as a state, or part of a state but just as a territory! The Iraqis, the Syrians and the Turks were all entities but the Palestinians were not! The Druze, the Armenians and the Kurds all needed recognitions but the Palestinians did not! Everybody could fight their wars of independence, voice their rights, force occupiers out of their lands but the Palestinians could not! Why did the French carve out Lebanon as an independent state but Palestine was to be treated as a no-man’s land?
Apart from the Arab Palestine Congress several political, educational, social and charitable clubs and societies worked throughout the Arab communities in Palestine. Political organizations and their branches such as the Muslim-Christian Society (al-Jam’iyah al-Islamiyah al-Masihiya), the Arab Club (al-Nadi al-Arabi), the Literary Society (al-Muntada al-Adabi) and the literary publication, al-Nafa’is al-Asriyah, edited by Khalil Baydas voiced the aspirations of the people. But all these civilized voices and democratic methods to gain their legitimate right of self-determination were continuously given to deaf ears – so much so that the patience of the resolute people of Palestine was checked again and again forcing them to come out to the streets and express their anger and frustration in the arms way.
In June 1919 in accordance with President Wilson’s self-determination concept a commission known as the King-Crane Commission, under the leadership of Dr. Henry Churchill King, reached Jerusalem after its tour of Turkey. Its purpose was to inquire about the desires of the local population on the future of the country. It conducted several conferences and interviews with individuals and groups and received petitions submitted to the commissioners. On June 17, the commission tentatively described the results as “in that old biblical city all the delegations showed very careful organization. They were in general agreement concerning the unity of Syria and Palestine, wanted complete independence, and were opposed to Zionism and Jewish immigration”. But the American government did not officially publish the result until 1947. The report also disclosed that the Jews planned a “practically complete dispossession of the present non-Jewish inhabitants… by various forms of purchase”.
Along with this democratic struggle, riots against the Jewish settlers were recorded during 1920, 1921, 1929, 1933, eventuating in the open revolt against the British in 1935 to 1939.
By 1935, several political parties had come up in Palestine, like the Istiqlal (1932), National Defence Party (1934), Arab Reform Party (1935), National Bloc Party (1935), the Palestine Arab Party (1935) and the Palestine Youth Party (1932). Haj Amin al-Husseini, who was like many Arabs pro-British until the Balfour Declaration, rose as a national leader when violent riots against the British and the Jews broke out on the annual Nabi Musa procession. He was elected Mufti of Jerusalem in 1921, this gave al-Husseini total control over the secret society of Al-Fida’iyya (The Self-Sacrificers) and al-Ikha’ wal-‘Afaf (Brotherhood and Purity) that performed clandestine anti-British and anti-Zionist activities. In 1931, al-Husseini founded the World Islamic Congress. In 1930 Izz ad-Din al-Qassam created the Black Hand Group (al kaff al-aswad), al-Qassam was known to cooperate with al- Husseni. By 1935 al-Husseini controlled the group 'Holy Struggle' (al-jihad al-muqaddas) created by Musa Kazem’s son. In 1936 al-Husseni made the Arab Higher Committee, for a civil disobedience movement. All this power made al-Husseini the leading figure of the 1936-39 Arab Revolt of Palestine. The Revolt left an estimate of 5,032 Palestinians dead and 14,760 wounded – while the Jews death count was between a hundred to several hundreds. The British violently suppressed the revolt forcing most political figures to flee the country; al-Husseini fled to Lebanon. Al- Husseini’s struggle for the cause of Palestine continued as he shifted from country to country, Iraq, Iran, Italy, France and lastly Egypt where he tried to encourage Egypt into entering the Arab-Israel war (1948-49) and tried to organize Palestinian Field Commands and commanders.
Fearing that King Abdullah of Transjordan was reopening the bilateral negotiations with Israel, the Arab League – led by Egypt – made the ‘All-Palestine Government’ in Gaza on 8 September 1948, under the leadership of al-Husseini. In retaliation King Abdullah organized a Palestinian congress as his show of power in the West Bank. This was a divide within Palestine, a divide that would cause Gaza and the West Bank to be occupied or annexed by two different countries at the end of the war – Gaza by Egypt and the West Bank by Jordan – while the middle of Palestine was to become Israel!
In 1956 Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew the monarchy of the Muhammad Ali dynasty in Egypt. Gamal wanted to form a United Arab Republic comprising of Syria, Egypt and Palestine, for this reason he abolished the All-Palestine Government in 1959. Al-Husseini moved to Lebanon. After the Suez Canal Crisis of 1956, Gamal allowed the United Nations Emergency Force to establish itself in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, this led to the expulsion of all "fedayeen" forces from the Sinai. Al-Husseini died in Beirut in 1974, he had refused to join the emerging PLO.
Yaser Arafat was one of the Fedayeens who fled from the Sinai in 1956, immigrating to Kuwait where he laid the foundations of Fatah.
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2019-04-26T14:25:04Z
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http://globaltab.net/Articles/ArticleDetail/10122
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１つまたは複数のデータイメージのそれぞれのための、別々のライフサイクルポリシを定めるためのシステムおよび方法。 System and method for determining for each of the one or more data images, separate lifecycle policy. バックアップサーバが、第１のデータ記憶媒体から第２のデータ記憶媒体にデータイメージを移し始める時点を示す、第１の時点値を選択するように構成される。 Backup server, the first data storage medium indicates when to start transferring the data image to a second data storage medium, configured to select a first time value. この時点値は、暦日付および１日のうちの時間（複数可）に相当する。 The time value corresponds to the time (s) of the calendar with and 1 day. ライフサイクルポリシを定めるために、バックアップサーバは、層状の記憶階層の中の各データ記憶媒体についてそれぞれの時点値を選択し続けるように構成される。 To determine the life cycle policy, the backup server is configured to continue to select each time point values for each data storage medium in a layered storage hierarchy. バックアップサーバは、コピー先データ記憶媒体へのデータイメージの移動完了検出時に、コピー元データ記憶媒体上のデータイメージのコピーを削除するようにさらに構成することができる。 Backup server can during movement completion detection data image to the copy destination data storage medium is further configured to delete the copy of the data image on the copy source data storage medium. さらに、バックアップサーバは、２つ以上のライフサイクルポリシ間のスケジューリングの競合を検出することができる。 Further, the backup server can detect a scheduling conflict between two or more life cycle policy.
本発明は、コンピュータ処理の分野に関し、より詳細には、データイメージのための時間ベースのライフサイクルポリシを定めることに関する。 The present invention relates to the field of computer processing, and more particularly to determine the time-based life cycle policy for the data image.
コンピュータメモリの記憶域およびデータ帯域幅が増加するにつれ、企業や産業界が日々管理するデータの量および複雑さも増す。 As storage and data bandwidth of the computer memory is increased, also increases the amount and complexity of data that companies and industry manage every day. 社内で管理され得るデータの大部分は、会社や作業グループのために管理されるコンテンツを含む。 Most of the data that can be managed in-house, including the content to be managed for the company or work group. そのような情報には、電子的な文書、発表、タスク、ディスカッショントピック等が含まれ得る。 Such information, electronic documents, presentations, tasks, may include discussion topics, and the like. この情報の業務上の価値にもよるが、特定の情報へのアクセスは安全かつ非公開であり得るのに対し、他の情報はより広範な、または一般からのアクセスさえ有する場合がある。 Depending on the value of the business of this information, there is a case whereas access to specific information can be a safe and private, other information may have broader, or even public access.
記憶されるデータの様々な例は、極めて重要な情報をしばしば含み得るので、データの喪失を防ぐために、情報サーバおよびエンドユーザシステムのコンテンツをバックアップ記憶域にバックアップすることができる。 Various examples of stored the data, so may include vital information often in order to prevent loss of data, it is possible to back up the contents of the information server and the end user system to a backup storage. そのような場合、専用サーバおよび記憶サブシステムが、バックアップシステムを含むことができる。 In such a case, a dedicated server and a storage subsystem can comprise a backup system. バックアップシステムは、データをバックアップするためのデータ量および時間を減らしてマシンを保護しようとする。 Backup systems attempt to protect the machine by reducing the amount of data and the time for backing up data. 一部の方法は、重複排除を使用してバックアップするデータの量を減らすが、そのような方法は、実施するのに時間およびネットワーク帯域幅を依然として消費する場合がある。 Some methods, although reducing the amount of data to be backed up using deduplication, such methods may still time consuming and network bandwidth to implement. 例えば、ネットワークを介し、スケジュールされたバックアップをエンドユーザのラップトップ上で実行するには、増分バックアップでさえ、ファイルを走査し、変更されたファイルを検出するのに時間がかかる。 For example, via a network, to execute a scheduled backup on a laptop end users, even incremental backup, scan the file, it takes time to detect the changed files. このように走査し、ファイルを検出するには、重複排除または他の方法を使用する前に大量の時間がかかる。 Thus scan, to find the file, such a large amount of time before using deduplication or other methods.
バックアップを行う際に大量の時間がかかることに加え、多数のエンドユーザシステムに基づく情報技術（ＩＴ）インフラを管理し、サポートすることは大きな課題を示す。 In addition it takes a lot of time when performing backup, managing a large number of end-user system based on information technology (IT) infrastructure, supporting indicates a major challenge. ＩＴ管理者は、データバックアップおよびデータ保護、データ復旧、復元および再始動、アーカイビングおよび長期保持、ならびに記憶アーキテクチャを管理するのに必要な日々の処理および手続きのための管理システムを開発することができる。 IT administrators, data backup and data protection, data recovery, recovery and restart, to develop a management system for day-to-day processing and procedures needed to manage archiving and long-term retention, and storage architecture it can. 情報ライフサイクル管理（ＩＬＭ）と呼ぶことができるこの管理システムは、コンピューティング装置上の記憶システムを管理するための１組の戦略を指す。 The management system may be referred to as information lifecycle management and (ILM) refers to a set of strategies for managing the storage system on the computing device. ＩＬＭの動作面での態様には、情報をその実用寿命の間中、効果的に管理するために特定のポリシを適用することが含まれる。 The aspects of the operating surface of the ILM, during its service life information includes applying a specific policy to effectively manage.
ＩＬＭを利用することは、ある記憶階層から別の記憶階層へ、ユーザがバックアップイメージを自動的に移動させることを可能にする。 Utilizing the ILM, to a certain memory hierarchy from another storage hierarchy, it allows a user to move the backup images automatically. 現在の方法は、バックアップイメージの複製をいつ行うのかを決定するために、可能な限り早い（ＡＳＡＰ）手法、使用可能容量法、またはデータ分類法を利用する。 Current methods, in order to determine whether and when performing a copy of the backup image, fast (ASAP) approach as much as possible, to use the available capacity method, or a data classification method. しかし、対応する記憶リソースが別のバックアップ操作または他の操作によって利用されている場合があるので、ＡＳＡＰ手法を利用することは問題をはらむ。 However, because it may corresponding storage resource is being utilized by another backup operation or other operations, utilizing ASAP approach problematic. 使用可能容量法に関してもやはり、別の操作がその記憶リソースにアクセスしている可能性がある。 Again with respect to available capacity method, there is a possibility that another operation is accessing the storage resources. さらに、一貫性のある結果をもたらす、使用可能なディスク空き容量を求めることは困難な場合がある。 Furthermore, results in consistent, it may be difficult to determine the available disk space. 最高水準値などの所定の限度を高く設定しすぎる場合、使用可能な記憶空間が不十分であることが原因で、１回または複数回のバックアップ操作が失敗する可能性がある。 If set too high a predetermined limit, such as the highest level value, because it storage space available is insufficient, there is a possibility that one or multiple backup operation fails. 最低水準値などの所定の限度を低く設定しすぎる場合、使用可能な一部の記憶空間を十分活用できない場合がある。 If set too low a predetermined limit, such as lowest value, may not be sufficiently utilize the storage space of some available. データ分類に基づく解決策では、データが別の記憶階層にあまりに早く移動される場合があり、そのデータは他の記憶階層の中にあるので復元操作が長引く。 In the solution based on the data classification, there are cases where data is moved too early to another storage hierarchy, the data restore operation is prolonged because in other storage hierarchy. またあるときは、データが別の記憶階層にあまりに遅く移動される場合があり、現在の記憶階層をほぼ一杯にする。 There is also a case, there is a case where data is moved too slowly to another storage hierarchy, is nearly full the current storage hierarchy. 今度は、バックアップ操作が持続時間の点で長くなり、キャパシティコストが高くなる。 This time, the longer the point backup operation of duration, capacity cost increases.
上記の内容に鑑みて、データイメージのための時間ベースのライフサイクルポリシを定めるための改善されたシステムおよび方法が求められる。 In view of the foregoing, an improved system and method for determining a time-based life cycle policy for the data image are determined.
データイメージのための時間ベースのライフサイクルポリシを定めるためのシステムおよび方法を考える。 Consider a system and method for determining the time-based life cycle policy for the data image.
一実施形態では、コンピュータシステムが、複数のデータ記憶媒体に結合されるバックアップサーバと、その複数のデータ記憶媒体に含まれるデータ記憶媒体に結合される少なくとも１台のクライアントコンピュータとを含む。 In one embodiment, includes a computer system, a backup server coupled to the plurality of data storage medium, and at least one client computer coupled to a data storage medium contained in the plurality of data storage media. このデータ記憶媒体は、クライアントコンピュータに対応するデータイメージのバックアップコピーを記憶する。 The data storage medium stores a backup copy of the data image corresponding to the client computer. バックアップサーバは、複数のデータ記憶媒体のうちの第２の記憶媒体にデータイメージを移し始める時点を示す、第１の時点値を選択するように構成される。 Backup server, indicating when the second storage medium of the plurality of data storage media starts transferring a data image, configured to select a first time value. この時点値は、暦日付および１日のうちの時間（複数可）に相当してもよい。 The time value may correspond to the time (s) of the calendar with and 1 day. 一実施形態では、この第２のデータ記憶媒体は、層状の記憶階層の中で、第１のデータ記憶媒体よりも低い階層に関連する。 In one embodiment, the second data storage medium, in a layered storage hierarchy, related to the lower hierarchy than the first data storage medium. 例えば、第２のデータ記憶媒体は、第１のデータ記憶媒体よりもアクセス頻度が低くてもよい。 For example, a second data storage medium may access frequency lower than the first data storage medium. 第２のデータ記憶媒体は、勤務時間中の日々のアクセスではなく、データ復旧操作用に使用することができる。 Second data storage medium is not a daily access during office hours, it can be used for data recovery operations.
第２の記憶媒体は、層状の記憶階層の中の最終記憶媒体に相当しなくてもよい。 The second storage medium may not correspond to the final storage medium in a layered storage hierarchy. ライフサイクルポリシを定めるために、バックアップサーバは、層状の記憶階層の中の各データ記憶媒体についてそれぞれの時点値を選択し続けるように構成することができる。 To determine the life cycle policy, the backup server can be configured to continue to select each time point values for each data storage medium in a layered storage hierarchy. バックアップサーバは、コピー先データ記憶媒体へのデータイメージの移動完了検出時に、コピー元データ記憶媒体上のデータイメージのコピーを削除するようにさらに構成することができる。 Backup server can during movement completion detection data image to the copy destination data storage medium is further configured to delete the copy of the data image on the copy source data storage medium. さらに、バックアップサーバは、スケジューリングの競合を検出することができる。 Further, the backup server can detect the scheduling conflict. スケジューリングの競合を定める基準には、他のライフサイクルポリシに関連する暦情報および１日のうちの時間または他の時間増分、データイメージおよび個々のバックアップイメージそれぞれのデータクラスまたは業務上の価値、記憶媒体それぞれの現在の使用可能容量、スケジュールされた各ライフサイクルのバックアップ／複製操作ごとの、スケジュールされた移動を完了した時点での記憶媒体それぞれの予測（推定）使用可能容量、各記憶媒体内のデータ形式のそれぞれをなす各データイメージの大きさ、ならびに記憶媒体のそれぞれに対するバックアップ／複製操作のデータ転送速度のうちの少なくとも１つが含まれ得る。 The criteria defining the scheduling conflicts, time or other time increment, the data image and value of the individual backup image each data class or business of the calendar information and day associated with other life cycle policy storage media their current available capacity of each backup / replication operation for each life cycle scheduled, each storage medium upon completion of the movement scheduled predicted (estimated) usable capacity, within each storage medium the size of each data image constituting the respective data formats, as well as at least one of the data transfer speed of the backup / replication operations on respective storage media may be included.
以下の説明および添付図面を参照することにより、これらのおよび他の実施形態が理解される。 By reference to the following description and accompanying drawings, these and other embodiments are understood.
情報ライフサイクルの一実施形態を例示する、全体的なブロック図を示す。 It illustrates one embodiment of an information life-cycle, showing an overall block diagram. 時間ベースのライフサイクルスケジューリングの一実施形態を例示する、全体的なブロック図を示す。 It illustrates one embodiment of a time-based lifecycle scheduling shows an overall block diagram. データイメージのための時間ベースのライフサイクルポリシを定める方法の、別の実施形態を例示する流れ図を示す。 The method of determining the time-based life cycle policy for the data image, indicating a flow diagram illustrating another embodiment. ネットワークアーキテクチャの一実施形態を例示する、全体的なブロック図を示す。 It illustrates one embodiment of a network architecture, showing a general block diagram.
本発明は様々な修正および代替形態を許すが、特定の実施形態を例として図示し、本明細書で詳しく説明する。 The present invention allows various modifications and alternative forms, illustrate specific embodiments as examples, it will be described in detail herein. ただし、図面および図面に対する詳細な説明は、本発明を開示する特定の形態に限定することは意図せず、逆に本発明は、特許請求の範囲によって定める本発明の趣旨および範囲に含まれるあらゆる修正形態、等価物、および代替形態を範囲に含むことを理解すべきである。 However, a detailed description of the drawings and it is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed the present invention and the present invention conversely, fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims all modifications, equivalents, and should be understood to include a range of alternatives.
本発明を完全に理解できるようにするために、以下の説明では多数の具体的詳細を記載する。 In order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention, the following description describes numerous specific details. ただし、本発明はこれらの具体的詳細なしに実施できることを当業者なら理解されよう。 However, the present invention will be understood by those skilled in the art may be practiced without these specific details. 場合によっては、本発明を不明瞭にすることを回避するために、よく知られている回路、構造、信号、コンピュータプログラム命令、および技法は詳しく示していない。 Sometimes, in order to avoid obscuring the present invention, well-known circuits, structures, signals, computer program instructions, and techniques are not shown in detail.
図１を参照して、情報ライフサイクル１００の一実施形態の全体的なブロック図を示す。 Referring to FIG. 1 shows a general block diagram of one embodiment of an information life-cycle 100. 情報ライフサイクル１００、または単純にライフサイクル１００は、作成および最初に記憶してから、データが使われなくなり、削除される時点までの情報システムのデータおよび関連メタデータの流れの管理を示す。 Information Lifecycle 100 or simply lifecycle 100, it involves creating and initially stored, the data is no longer used, showing the management of the flow of data and associated metadata information systems to the point to be deleted. データイメージは、少なくとも１つまたは複数の情報ファイル、関連メタデータ、およびディレクトリ、フォルダ、サブフォルダなどの関連記憶構成情報を含むことができる。 Data image may include at least one or more information files, related metadata and directory, folder, the associated memory configuration information, such as a subfolder. データイメージ１５０は、データ記憶媒体１１０上に記憶することができる。 Data image 150 can be stored on the data storage medium 110. 一実施形態では、時点ｔ１において、データイメージ１５０をデータ記憶媒体１１０上に最初に記憶する。 In one embodiment, at time t1, initially store data image 150 on the data storage medium 110. 別の実施形態では、時点ｔ１より前の期間にわたりデータイメージ１５０をデータ記憶媒体１１０上に記憶していても、時点ｔ１をライフサイクル１００の最初の時点として選択することができる。 In another embodiment, also store a data image 150 on the data storage medium 110 over the period before time t1, it is possible to select a time point t1 as the first point in the life cycle 100.
一実施形態では、データ記憶媒体１１０は、１台または複数台のクライアントコンピュータのデータを記憶するために使用する、ファイルシステムに関連するディスクドライブとすることができる。 In one embodiment, the data storage medium 110 can be used to store the data of one or a plurality of client computers, the disk drives associated with the file system. スケジュールされたバックアップ操作は、データ記憶媒体１２０などの別の記憶媒体上に記憶される、データイメージ１５０のコピーを作成することができる。 Scheduled backup operation is stored on another storage medium, such as a data storage medium 120, it is possible to create a copy of the data image 150. スナップショットイメージ１５２が、データイメージ１５０のコピーに相当することができる。 Snapshot image 152 may correspond to a copy of the data image 150. スナップショットイメージ１５２内の１つまたは複数のファイルは、データイメージ１５０を記憶するために使用される形式とは異なるファイル形式を含むことができる。 One or more files in the snapshot image 152 can include a different file format than the format used to store data image 150. バックアップ操作は、情報技術（ＩＴ）管理者による、所定のスケジュールイベントとすることができる。 Backup operation, by the information technology (IT) administrators, can be a predetermined schedule events. スナップショットイメージ１５２を作成するバックアップ操作は、利用できる特定の時間窓の間にスケジュールすることができ、その利用できる特定の時間窓の間、データ記憶媒体１２０の同時アクセスが生じないように決定が下される。 Backup operation to create a snapshot image 152 can be scheduled during a specific time window available, during a particular time window which can be its use, determined as simultaneous access of the data storage medium 120 is not generated It is made. 例えば、バックアップ操作が行われているときに、不図示の別のライフサイクルポリシがデータ記憶媒体１２０に同時にアクセスしていないと判定することができる。 For example, it can be determined that time, another life cycle policy (not shown) is not simultaneously access the data storage medium 120 which backup operation is being performed. 一実施形態では、スナップショットイメージ１５２を作成した後、データ記憶媒体１１０からデータイメージ１５０を削除し、または失効させることができる。 In one embodiment, after creating a snapshot image 152, and deletes the data image 150 from data storage medium 110, or may be revoked. この削除は、ＩＴ管理者によるスケジュールに応じて、スナップショットを作成した直後に、またはその所定時間後に行うことができる。 This deletion, depending on the schedule by the IT administrator, immediately after creating the snapshot, or can be performed after the predetermined time.
上記に記載したプロセスは、データイメージ１５０のその後の移動についても繰り返すことができる。 Process described above can be repeated for subsequent movement of the data image 150. ライフサイクル１００内に示すデータの流れについて続けると、図１内に複製１として示す、その後の所定の複製操作が、スナップショットイメージ１５２をデータ記憶媒体１２０からデータ記憶媒体１３０に移すことができる。 Continuing with the flow of the data shown in the life cycle 100, shown as one copy in FIG. 1, subsequent predetermined replication operation, can transfer snapshot image 152 from the data storage medium 120 in the data storage medium 130. その後のこの複製操作は、最初のバックアップ操作を完了した、図１内に遅延１として示す所定の遅延後に行うことができる。 Subsequent The replication operation was completed the first backup operation can be performed after a predetermined delay, shown as a delay 1 in Figure 1. スナップショットイメージ１５２内に記憶されたデータのコピーを作成し、複製イメージ１５４によって図１内に示す。 Make a copy of the data stored in the snapshot image 152, shown in FIG. 1 by the duplicate image 154. 本明細書で使用するとき、用語「複製」は、データイメージの最初のバックアップ操作後に行うコピー操作を指し、複製操作はスナップショットイメージに対して、またはスナップショットイメージの他の後続のコピーに対して行われる。 As used herein, the term "replication" refers to the copy operation performed after the first backup operation data image, duplication operation for snapshot image, or to a snapshot other subsequent copies of the image It is performed Te.
複製イメージ１５４を作成する複製操作は、利用できる特定の時間窓の間にスケジュールすることができる。 Duplication operation to create a duplicate image 154, can be scheduled during a specific time window available. 例えば、時点ｔ３と時点ｔ４との間に生じる時間窓は、第１の複製操作について利用できる時間窓である。 For example, the time window occurring between the time t3 and the time t4 is the time window available for the first replication operation. 一実施形態では、特定した時点値ｔ３およびｔ４は、グラフィカルユーザインターフェイス（ＧＵＩ）を備えるバックアップアプリケーションを利用するシステム管理者が選択することができる。 In one embodiment, the time value t3 and t4 when identified, may be a system administrator to use the backup application with a graphical user interface (GUI) to select. 特定した所与の時点値は、１つまたは複数の条件によって適格と認めることができる。 Given time value specified may be deemed qualified by one or more conditions. さもなければ競合が生じる可能性があり、ＧＵＩ内のメッセージをシステム管理者に提示して、既存のライフサイクルポリシに対応する１つまたは複数の記憶された値を修正することにより、競合を解消する機会を与えることができる。 Otherwise there may be a conflict by presenting the message in the GUI system administrator, to modify one or more stored values that correspond to existing life cycle policy, eliminating conflicts it is possible to give a chance to. 例えば、第１の複製操作（図１内に複製１として示す）のための時間窓用の１つの条件は、その時間窓が、バックアップ操作のための時間窓と所定の閾値を超えて重複しないことであり得る。 For example, one condition for the time window for the first replication operation (shown as duplicated in FIG. 1 1), the time window does not overlap beyond the time window with a predetermined threshold for backup operations can be that. 一実施形態では、この条件は、重複を一切認めなくてもよい。 In one embodiment, this condition, duplicate may not be recognized at all. 別の実施形態では、この条件は、３０分または他の選択された持続時間の重複を認めることができる。 In another embodiment, this condition can be observed duplication of 30 minutes or other selected duration. 閾値は、バックアップ操作および第１の複製操作によるデータ記憶媒体１３０の同時アクセスについての許容範囲を、もしあれば示すことができる。 Threshold, the allowable range for simultaneous access of the data storage medium 130 by the backup operation and the first replication operation, it is possible to indicate if any. さらに、不図示の他のデータイメージについて、他のバックアップ操作および複製操作が行われていてもよい。 Furthermore, another data image (not shown), other backup operations and duplication operations may be performed. 所与のデータ記憶媒体の同時アクセスは、バックアップ操作および複製操作の両方を十分遅くして、許容できる所定の持続時間内にこれらの操作を終えることを妨げる場合がある。 Simultaneous access of a given data storage medium is sufficiently slow both backup operation and replication operation, which may prevent the finish these operations allowable within a predetermined duration.
上述の重複条件に加え、スケジューリングの競合が発生したかどうかを判定するために、他の条件も使用することができる。 In addition to the overlap condition described above, to determine whether the scheduling conflict occurs, other conditions may be used. 例えば、２つ以上のデータイメージに対応する、第１の複製操作のための２つ以上の時間窓は重複しても構わないと決定することができる。 For example, corresponding to two or more data images, two or more time windows for the first replication operation can be determined as may be duplicated. スナップショットイメージ１５２および不図示の別のスナップショットイメージのために、時点ｔ３と時点ｔ４との間の時間窓を使用することができる。 For another snapshot image snapshot image 152 and not shown, can be used a time window between the time t3 and the time point t4. 時点値ｔ３は、スナップショットイメージをデータ記憶媒体１２０からデータ記憶媒体１３０に最初に移動可能にする時点を示すことができる。 Time value t3 may indicate the time of initially movable in the data storage medium 130 of the snapshot image from the data storage medium 120. 複製するためにどのスナップショットイメージを第１に優先させるのかについての選択は、特定した時点値ｔ３に加えて他の条件に基づくことができる。 Selection of whether to prioritize which snapshot images on the first to replicate may be based on other conditions in addition to the time value t3 that specified. これらの他の条件には、コピー元データ記憶媒体またはコピー先データ記憶媒体の現在の使用可能容量、対応するデータイメージの業務上の価値、データイメージの古さ、およびデータイメージの大きさのうちの少なくとも１つが含まれ得る。 These other conditions, the current available capacity of the copy source data storage medium or destination data storage medium, the value of business of the corresponding data image, the age of the data image, and of the size of the data image At least one, but it may be included. 他の条件も可能であり、考えられる。 Other conditions are also possible and conceivable. データイメージ１５０の削除と同様に、複製イメージ１５４を作成した後、データ記憶媒体１２０からスナップショットイメージ１５２を削除し、または失効させることができる。 Like the deletion of data image 150, after creating a duplicate image 154, delete a snapshot image 152 from the data storage medium 120, or may be revoked. この削除は、複製イメージ１５４を作成した直後に、またはその所定時間後に行うことができる。 This deletion can be performed immediately after creating a duplicate image 154, or after the predetermined time.
上記に記載した移動プロセスは、システム管理によって定められるように、あと数回繰り返すことができる。 Transfer process described above, as defined by the system management, it can be repeated several more times. 例えば、図１内に複製２として示す、もう１つの複製操作が、複製イメージ１５４をデータ記憶媒体１３０からデータ記憶媒体１４０に移すことができる。 For example, it is shown in FIG. 1 as a replica 2, another replication operations, can be transferred duplicate image 154 from the data storage medium 130 in the data storage medium 140. その後のこの複製操作は、前の複製操作を完了した、図１内に遅延２として示す所定の遅延後に行うことができる。 Subsequent The replication operation was completed the previous replication operation can be performed after a predetermined delay, shown as second delay in FIG. 複製イメージ１５４内に記憶されたデータのコピーを作成し、複製イメージ１５６によって示す。 Creates a copy of the data stored in the duplicate image 154 is indicated by duplicate image 156. スナップショットイメージ１５２の削除と同様に、複製イメージ１５６を作成した後、データ記憶媒体１３０から複製イメージ１５４を削除し、または失効させることができる。 Like the deletion of the snapshot image 152, after creating a duplicate image 156, remove the duplicate image 154 from the data storage medium 130, or may be revoked. この削除は、複製イメージ１５６を作成した直後に、またはその所定時間後に行うことができる。 This deletion can be performed immediately after creating a duplicate image 156, or after the predetermined time. 一実施形態では、データ記憶媒体１４０は、データイメージ１５０をオフサイトの記憶位置、オンサイトのテープ記憶媒体、または他の場所に送る前の、データイメージ１５０のライフサイクル内の最終データ記憶媒体であり得る。 In one embodiment, the data storage medium 140, the storage position of the off data image 150 site, on-site tape storage media or before being sent to another location, the final data storage medium in the life cycle of the data image 150, possible.
データ記憶媒体１１０−１４０は、層状の記憶域を表すことができる。 Data storage medium 110-140 may represent the storage layer. 層状の記憶域は、合計の記憶コストを減らすために、様々な種類の記憶媒体に様々なデータクラスを割り当てることを含むことができる。 Storage layered in order to reduce the storage cost of the total, may comprise assigning a different data classes in a variety of storage media. データクラスは、所定のデータ保護レベル、システム性能目標、所定の業務上の価値、およびデータの利用頻度のうちの少なくとも１つに基づくことができる。 Data class, a predetermined level of data protection, system performance target may be based on at least one of the predetermined value of business, and the data frequency of use. データを特定の媒体に自動で割り当てるために、１つまたは複数の所定のポリシをソフトウェア内で利用することができる。 To automatically allocate data to a particular medium, it is possible to utilize one or more predetermined policy within the software.
層状の記憶域の一例は、極めて重要なまたは最近アクセスしたファイルを記憶するための第１の層を含むことができる。 An example of a storage layer can include a first layer for storing critical or recently accessed files. 第１の層の記憶域は、ダブルパリティＲＡＩＤ（安価／独立したディスクの冗長アレイ）など、高価かつ高品質の媒体上にデータを記憶することができる。 Storage of the first layer, such as a double-parity RAID (inexpensive / independent disks redundant array), data can be stored on expensive, high-quality media. この層状の記憶域は、財務ファイルおよび分類されたファイルを記憶するための第２の層を含むことができる。 Storage of this layered may include a second layer for storing financial files and classification files. 第２の層は、従来のストレージエリアネットワーク（ＳＡＮ）内のより安価な媒体上にデータを記憶することができる。 The second layer is capable of storing data on a less expensive medium in a conventional storage area network (SAN). 層状記憶システム内の層の数が増えるにつれ、データの業務上の価値および対応する記憶域のコストは両方とも低下し得る。 As the number of layers in a layered storage system increases, the cost of storage value and corresponding on the data of the business may be reduced both. 例えば、この層状の記憶域は、イベント駆動型ファイル、滅多に使用しないファイル、または未分類のファイルを記憶するための第３の層を含むことができる。 For example, storage of this layered may include a third layer for storing event-driven file, rarely used file, or unclassified file. 第３の層は、記録可能なコンパクトディスク（ＣＤ−Ｒ）またはテープ上にデータを記憶することができる。 The third layer is capable of storing data on a recordable compact disk (CD-R) or on the tape. データ記憶媒体１１０−１４０に使用するための記憶域の種類の選択は、所与のデータイメージ１５０のデータクラスに基づくことができる。 Selection of the type of storage to be used for data storage medium 110-140 can be based on data class of a given data image 150.
次に図２を参照して、時間ベースのライフサイクルスケジューリング２００の一実施形態の全体的なブロック図を示す。 Referring now to FIG. 2 shows a general block diagram of an embodiment of a time-based lifecycle scheduling 200. ４つのデータイメージのそれぞれについてのライフサイクルの一部を図示する。 It illustrates a part of the life cycle for each of the four data image. イメージ２などのデータイメージを例にとり、バックアップ操作が時点ｔ３０において始まり、時点ｔ３０から時点ｔ３２までの持続時間の間続くようにスケジュールされていることが見て取れる。 Taking the data image, such as an image 2 as an example, beginning at time t30 backup operation, it can be seen that is the duration until the time t32 continues as scheduled from time t30. このバックアップ操作は、媒体１と呼ぶデータ記憶媒体へのメモリ書込みアクセスを含む。 The backup operation includes a memory write access to the data storage medium called a medium 1. 時点ｔ３３においてその後のバックアップ操作が始まる前に、時点ｔ３２から時点ｔ３３までに示す所定の遅延が発生する。 Before subsequent backup operation begins at time t33, predetermined delay indicated from the time t32 to the time t33 is generated. 一実施形態では、本明細書で使用するとき、用語「バックアップ」は、データセットをコピーし、別の形式に変換し、（例えば起こり得る将来の復元のために）記憶するプロセスを指す。 In one embodiment, as used herein, the term "backup" copies the data set, converted into a different format, refers to the process of (for the future restoration may occur for example) stored. 一実施形態では、用語「複製」は、形式を変更することなしに、データセットのコピーを作成し、記憶するプロセスを指す。 In one embodiment, the term "replication", without changing the format refers to the process of creating a copy of the data set is stored. あるいは複製は、コピー元の位置にコピーを残すことなしに、データセットをある位置から別の位置に移すことを伴い得る。 Alternatively replication, without leaving a copy to the original position, may involve transferring from a location in the data set to another position. 他の実施形態では、バックアップは形式の変更を伴わなくてもよく、または複製は、何らかの形式変更を伴ってもよい。 In other embodiments, the backup may not involve changes in form, or replication may involve some form changes. そのような数多くの代替的実施形態が可能であり、考えられる。 Such many alternative embodiments are possible contemplated. 第１の複製は、時点ｔ３３から時点ｔ３６までの持続時間の間続くことができる。 The first replication may continue for the duration from time point t33 to time point t36. この第１の複製操作は、媒体１からのメモリ読取アクセス、および媒体４へのメモリ書込みアクセスを含む。 The first replication operation, memory read access from the medium 1, and a memory write access to the medium 4. データ記憶媒体、媒体１および媒体４は、層状記憶システムの異なる層の中に含まれてもよい。 Data storage medium, medium 1 and medium 4 may be included in different layers of a layered storage system.
図２に示すように、データイメージ、イメージ２に関する例について続けると、時点ｔ３６と時点ｔ３８との間に第２の所定の遅延が発生し得る。 As shown in FIG. 2, the data image, continuing the example about the image 2, the second predetermined delay may occur between the time t36 and the time t38. 第２の複製は、時点ｔ３８から時点ｔ４１までの持続時間の間続くことができる。 Second replication may continue for the duration from time point t38 to time point t41. この第２の複製操作は、媒体４からのメモリ読取アクセス、および媒体８へのメモリ書込みアクセスを含む。 This second replication operation comprises a memory write access to the memory read access, and the medium 8 from the medium 4. データ記憶媒体、媒体４および媒体８は、層状記憶システムの異なる層の中に含まれてもよい。 Data storage medium, medium 4 and medium 8 may be included in different layers of a layered storage system. その後、不図示の１つまたは複数の遅延および複製操作が生じてもよい。 Thereafter, one or more delay and duplication operations not shown may occur. さもなければ、所定の遅延の後、層状の記憶域からデータイメージ、イメージ２を削除することができる。 Otherwise, after a predetermined delay, it is possible to delete data image, the image 2 from the storage layer. 図２に示すように異なる時点において発生するが、データイメージ、イメージ１、イメージ３、およびイメージ４についても同様の操作および遅延を示す。 Although occurring at different points in time as shown in FIG. 2, it shows data images, Image 1, Image 3, and the same operations and delays the image 4.
印を付けた時点間の持続時間として、スケジュールされた時間窓を示す。 As the duration between time points marked, indicating the scheduled time window. 例えば、イメージ１の複製操作のための時間窓は、時点ｔ３１と時点ｔ３４との間である。 For example, the time window for duplication operations of the image 1 is between time t31 and time t34. イメージ２のバックアップ操作のためのスケジュールされた時間窓は、時点ｔ３０と時点ｔ３２との間である。 Scheduled time window for backup operations of the image 2 is between time t30 and time t32. あるいは、時間窓は、暦日付および１日のうちの時間（複数可）に相当する所与の開始時間に始まる、持続時間によって指定することができる。 Alternatively, the time window begins at a given start time corresponding to the time (s) of the calendar with and 1 day, it may be specified by the duration. 例えば、時点ｔ３１と時点ｔ３４との間の持続時間を２時間とすることができる。 For example, the duration between the time t31 and the time t34 can be set to 2 hours. 時点ｔ３１は、３月１４日の５：００ＡＭの時間に相当することができる。 Point in time t31, it is possible to correspond to 5:00 AM in the time of March 14. したがって、イメージ１の複製操作は、３月１４日の５：００ＡＭに始まり、３月１４日の７：００ＡＭに終わるように指定することができる。 Therefore, the replication operation of the image 1, beginning with the 5:00 AM of March 14, it is possible to specify that end up in the 7:00 AM of March 14. その結果、２時間の時間窓が特定の暦日付上で生じるように指定される。 As a result, a two-hour time window is specified to occur on a particular calendar date.
図２に示すスケジューリング情報は、グラフィカルユーザインターフェイス（ＧＵＩ）上でＩＴ管理者に提示することができる。 Scheduling information shown in FIG. 2, it can be presented to the IT administrator on a graphical user interface (GUI). 暦情報、１日のうちの時間または他の時間増分、データイメージおよび個々のバックアップイメージそれぞれのデータクラスまたは業務上の価値、記憶媒体それぞれの現在の使用可能容量、スケジュールされた各ライフサイクルのバックアップ／複製操作ごとの、スケジュールされた移動を完了した時点での記憶媒体それぞれの予測（推定）使用可能容量、各記憶媒体内のデータ形式のそれぞれをなす各データイメージの大きさ、記憶媒体のそれぞれに対するバックアップ／複製操作のデータ転送速度、データ記憶媒体の相対的または絶対的な財務コスト、ならびにバックアップ／複製操作がスケジュールされた時間窓よりも早く終了すると推定される推定加速窓（例えばイメージ２では、複製は、時点ｔ３３と時点ｔ３６との間のスケジュ Calendar information, time or other time increment of the day, the data image and value of the individual backup image each data class or business, the current available capacity of each storage medium, a backup of each life cycle scheduled / per replication operations, scheduled recording medium each of the prediction of the movement at the time of completion of the (estimated) usable capacity, the size of each data image constituting the respective data format within each storage medium, each of the storage medium data transfer rate of the backup / replication operations on, the data storage medium relative or absolute financial cost, and backup / estimated acceleration windows duplication operation is estimated and end earlier than the scheduled time window (e.g., image 2 , schedule between replication time t33 and the time point t36 ルされた窓ではなく、時点ｔ３３と時点ｔ３５との間の加速窓内で終了すると推定することができる）のうちの少なくとも１つなど、説明図を簡略化するために不図示の追加情報をＧＵＩ内でユーザに提示してもよい。 Rather than Le is a window, at least such as one of it can be estimated that the ends in the acceleration window between time t33 and time t35), the additional information not shown in order to simplify the illustration it may be presented to the user in the GUI. 上記の基準をユーザに提示することに加え、上記の基準を使用してスケジューリングの競合を検出することができる。 In addition to presenting the above criteria to the user, it is possible to detect the scheduling conflict by using the above criteria. スケジューリングの競合の検出について次に説明する。 Next will be described the detection of the scheduling conflict.
スケジューリングの競合を検出することは、所与の記憶媒体が２つの異なるライフサイクルポリシによってアクセスされる期間を少なくとも特定することを含む。 Detecting a scheduling conflict involves at least certain periods of a given storage medium is accessed by two different life cycle policy. 例えば、図２に示すスケジューリング２００を参照して、時点ｔ３１と時点ｔ３２との間に、媒体１として示す記憶媒体は、イメージ１の複製操作に由来するメモリ読取アクセスと、イメージ２のバックアップ操作に由来するメモリ書込みアクセスとを有する。 For example, with reference to the scheduling 200 shown in FIG. 2, between the time t31 and the time t32, the storage medium shown as medium 1, a memory read access from the duplication operation of the image 1, the backup operation of the image 2 origin and a memory write access to. この同時アクセスは、個々のアクセスのそれぞれの開始時間を遅らせ、さらに各アクセスについてのそれぞれの持続時間を長引かせる可能性がある。 The simultaneous access is delayed respective start times of the individual access, has the potential to further prolong the respective duration of each access. その結果、これらの操作は十分遅くなり、ことによるとスケジュールされた時間窓のうちで終わらない可能性がある。 As a result, these operations are sufficient slower, and due to that there is a possibility that does not end in one of the scheduled time window. ここでは、イメージ１の複製操作のためのスケジュールされた時間窓は、時点ｔ３１と時点ｔ３４との間である。 Here, the scheduled time window for duplication operations of the image 1 is between time t31 and time t34. イメージ２のバックアップ操作のためのスケジュールされた時間窓は、時点ｔ３０と時点ｔ３２との間である。 Scheduled time window for backup operations of the image 2 is between time t30 and time t32.
競合を検出することは、所与の記憶媒体が、日々の業務活動のためにアクセスされる期間を特定することも含むことができる。 Detecting a conflict, given the storage medium may also include identifying the time period to be accessed for daily business activities. 例えば、バックアップ操作を平日の８：００ＡＭから６：００ＰＭの間にスケジュールしてはいけない場合がある。 For example, there is a case that should not be scheduled during the backup operation weekdays from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM. ユーザは、バックアップ操作に由来するメモリ読取アクセスを有することになる、それぞれのデータ記憶媒体にアクセスする。 The user will have a memory read access from the backup operation to access the respective data storage medium. 同様に、第１の複製操作をこれらの業務時間中にスケジュールしてはいけない場合がある。 Similarly, the first replication operation was scheduled during these business hours in some cases do not. ユーザは、複製操作に由来するメモリ読取アクセスを有することになる、復元操作用のそれぞれのデータ記憶媒体にアクセスし得る。 The user will have a memory read access from the duplicate operation may access the respective data storage medium for the restore operation. これらの時間中は操作をスケジュールしてはならないことをＩＴ管理者に示すために、これらの時間窓をＧＵＩ内のウィンドウペインの中でブロック状態として示すことができる。 During these times to indicate that should not schedule operations IT administrator can indicate these time windows as a block state in the window panes in the GUI.
所与のデータイメージのための所与のライフサイクルポリシのバックアップ／複製操作をスケジュールするとき、提案した時間窓についてスケジューリングの競合を検出することは、先に説明した提示基準をさらに含むことができる。 When scheduling a backup / replication operations given life cycle policy for the given data image, detecting a scheduling conflict for the proposed time window may further include a presentation criteria described previously . 例えば所与のデータ記憶媒体について、提案した時間窓は、以前にスケジュールされたライフサイクルの時間窓と重複しない可能性があるが、その所与のデータ記憶媒体が容量最高水準値に達していることがある。 For example, for a given data storage medium, the proposed time window, there is a possibility that does not overlap with previously scheduled time window of the life cycle, the given data storage medium has reached the capacitance highest level value Sometimes. 上記に記載した基準を使用する他の検査の組合せも可能であり、考えられる。 The combination of other tests using the criteria described above are possible and contemplated. 競合が自動で検出され、ＧＵＩのウィンドウペインなどによりＩＴ管理者に提示される場合、データイメージのライフサイクルに関するバックアップ／複製操作をスケジューリングする負担はより少なくなる可能性がある。 Conflict is detected automatically, if it is presented to the IT administrator by such as a window pane of the GUI, there is a possibility that the burden is less to schedule a backup / duplication operation on the life cycle of the data image.
所与のデータイメージのためのライフサイクルポリシを定義する段階の間、ＧＵＩによる時間ベースの手法は、競合を検出するための可能な解決策をさらに提供することができる。 Life during the step of defining a cycle policy, time by GUI based approach for a given data image, may further provide a possible solution for detecting conflicts. 例えば、前にスケジュールされた操作の時間窓またはデータ記憶媒体に関する新たな値を、ソフトウェアアプリケーションが決定することができる。 For example, a new value for the time window or a data storage medium operations scheduled earlier, can be a software application to determine. この先行バックアップ／複製操作は、提案したバックアップ／複製操作と同じデータ記憶媒体にアクセスし、それにより競合を引き起こしている場合がある。 This prior backup / replication operations, access the same data storage medium with the proposed backup / replication operation, which may thereby causing the conflict. 新たな値は、先行操作が依然として成功裏に完了することを可能にし、次に、提案した操作をスケジュール可能にすることができる。 New value allows the predecessor is still successfully completed, then the proposed operation may enable scheduling. 例えば、ユーザは、先行操作を４時間続くようにスケジュールしている場合がある。 For example, a user may have scheduled predecessor the to last 4 hours. ソフトウェアアプリケーションは、バックアップイメージの大きさおよびデータ記憶媒体のデータ転送速度から、先行操作が３時間続き得ると判断することができる。 Software application, it can be determined that the data rate of the size and the data storage medium of the backup image, the preceding operation is obtained 3 hours continued. したがって、どちらの方向が競合を解決するのかに応じて、先行操作を１時間早めてまたは１時間後方へスケジュールすることができる。 Thus, depending on which direction is either to resolve the conflict, the predecessor can be scheduled to 1 hour earlier or in 1 hour backwards. 先行操作に関するどんな新たな値も、ＧＵＩによりユーザに提示することができる。 Any new values for predecessors may also be presented to the user by the GUI.
競合の解決策を見つけることについて続けると、上記に記載した解決策と同様に、ソフトウェアアプリケーションは、提案したバックアップ／複製操作の時間窓またはデータ記憶媒体に関する新たな値を決定することができる。 Continuing about finding conflict solutions, like the solution described above, the software application may determine a new value for the time window or data storage medium of the proposed backup / replication operations. ユーザによる選択を利用し、このアプリケーションは、１つまたは複数の新たな値が可能かどうかを判定するために計算を実行し、可能な場合、その新たな値をＧＵＩによりユーザに提示することができる。 Using selection by the user, the application, that one or more new values to perform calculations to determine whether it is possible, if possible, be presented to the user the new value by the GUI it can. この計算は、競合を検出するための先に列挙した基準を入力として含んでもよい。 This calculation may include the criteria listed above for detecting conflicts as input.
ＧＵＩによりＩＴ管理者に情報を提示することに関して上記に記載したように、データイメージの時間ベースのライフサイクルポリシの定義は時間窓を含むことができる。 As described above for presenting information to the IT administrator by GUI, the definition of the time-based lifecycle policy data image may include a time window. 情報ライフサイクルを決定するとき、この時間窓は、データクラス、使用可能容量、データ転送速度、および他の手法と組み合わせることができる。 When determining the information lifecycle, this time window, data classes can be combined available capacity, data transfer rate, and other techniques. ソフトウェアアプリケーションによって提供され、ＧＵＩまたはコマンドラインインターフェイスによって提示される時間窓は、所与のデータイメージについてバックアップ／複製操作をいつ、どのデータ記憶媒体上で行うのかをユーザが厳密に指定できるようにする。 Provided by the software application, a time window that is presented by the GUI or command line interface, so that the backup / replication operations for a given data image when, whether carried out in which data storage medium on the user can specify exactly .
ユーザは、暦に基づく手法を利用し、Ｓｙｍａｎｔｅｃ ＮｅｔＢａｃｋｕｐ（登録商標）などのバックアップアプリケーション内で、それぞれのバックアップ／複製操作のための日付および時間窓を指定することができる。 The user can use a technique based on calendar, in the backup applications, such as Symantec NetBackup (TM), specifying the date and time window for each backup / replication operations. バックアップアプリケーションは、各コピー先またはデータ記憶媒体に時間ベースのスケジュールを関連させ、もしくは結び付けることができる。 Backup application is related to time-based schedule to each destination or a data storage medium, or can be associated. このようにして、ユーザが、少なくともスナップショットのコピー先およびバックアップ／複製のコピー先を含むデータ記憶ライフサイクルポリシを作成すると、それぞれのバックアップ／複製操作にスケジュールが結び付けられる。 In this way, when the user creates a data storage lifecycle policy including at least a snapshot destination and the backup / replication destination, the schedule is tied to each backup / replication operations. スケジュールは、操作のそれぞれをいつ行うのかを規定する。 Schedule, to define whether and when to carry out the respective operation. 例えば、スナップショットイメージを作成した後、複製操作を２週間後に行って、そのスナップショットイメージをディスク記憶域に移すことができる。 For example, after creating a snapshot image, by performing a copy operation after 2 weeks, it is possible to transfer the snapshot image to disk storage. この２週間の間、スナップショットイメージを使用してデータ復旧を行うことができる。 During this two weeks, it is possible to perform data recovery using the snapshot image. ２週間後、そのスナップショットイメージは失効し、削除されることが見込まれ得る。 After two weeks, the snapshot image is revoked, can be expected to be deleted. したがって、それぞれのデータイメージの複数のコピーが保たれることはない。 Therefore, there is no possibility that multiple copies of each data image is maintained. ディスク上のそれぞれのバックアップイメージを長期保存のためにテープに移すために、複製操作において定めた第２のスケジュールを使用することができる。 Each backup image on disk for transfer to tape for long-term storage, can be used a second schedule set in the replication operation. この第２のスケジュールは一ヶ月後の予定でもよい。 The second schedule may be scheduled after the first month.
図３を参照して、データイメージのための時間ベースのライフサイクルポリシを定める方法３００の一実施形態の概要を示す。 Referring to FIG. 3 shows an outline of an embodiment of a method 300 for determining a time-based life cycle policy for the data image. 解説目的で、データはウェブサイトに対応するものとして記載する。 In illustrative purposes, the data is described as corresponding to the web site. ただし、本明細書に記載の方法および機構は、他のウェブサイトでないデータにも適用することができる。 However, the methods and mechanisms described herein can be applied to data that is not other web sites. 上記に記載したコンピュータシステム１００内に具体化されるコンポーネントは、概して方法２００に従って動作することができる。 Components that are embodied in the computer system 100 described above may operate in accordance with generally the method 200. 解説目的で、この実施形態における各ステップは順番に示す。 In illustrative purposes, each step in this embodiment is shown in sequence. ただし、別の実施形態では、一部のステップは図示するのと異なる順序で行うことができ、一部のステップは同時に実行することができ、一部のステップは他のステップと組み合わせることができ、一部のステップはなくてもよい。 However, in another embodiment, some of the steps can be performed in a different order as shown, some of the steps may be performed concurrently, some steps may be combined with other steps , it may not be part of the step.
ブロック３０２で、ライフサイクル内のバックアップおよび複製操作用のポリシをデータイメージのために決定する。 At block 302, determines a backup and policies for duplication operations in the life cycle for the data image. 例えば、このポリシは、層状の記憶域の中の層の数、記憶媒体の種類および数、イメージを所与の記憶媒体上に記憶すべき持続時間、特定の操作をブロックする１日のうちの時間等を決定することを含むことができる。 For example, this policy, the number of layers in the storage layer, the type and number of the storage medium, the duration to be stored on a given storage medium an image, of the day to block certain operations It may include determining the time and the like. ブロック３０４で、ユーザは、所与の記憶層上の所与のデータイメージのバックアップ／複製操作に関する時間ベースのスケジュールを提案することができる。 At block 304, the user can propose a time-based schedule for backup / replication operations given data image on a given storage layer. このスケジュールは、暦日付、１日のうちの時間、対応するデータイメージの対応する先行の移動後の所定の持続時間など、ある時点の指示を含むことができる。 This schedule, calendar date, time of day, such as a predetermined duration after the corresponding preceding movement of the corresponding data images may include an indication of a certain point in time. 提案したスケジュールを指定するために、ユーザは、ＧＵＩ内のウィンドウを選択し、ＧＵＩ内のウィンドウを選択／ドラッグし、コマンドライン上に値を入力し、またはそれ以外の方法を行うことができる。 To specify the proposed schedule, the user selects a window in GUI, and window selection / drag in the GUI, can be performed by entering a value on the command line or otherwise. スケジューリングの競合を検出するには、先に記載した基準を利用することができる。 To detect scheduling conflicts may utilize the criteria described above.
提案した時間ベースのスケジュールについて競合が検出されず（条件ブロック３０６）、情報ライフサイクルに関する記憶層の終わりに達していない場合（条件ブロック３０８）、ブロック３１０で、ライフサイクル内の次の記憶層を選択することができる。 Proposed not detected contention for time-based schedule if (conditional block 306), does not reach the end of the storage layer related information lifecycle (conditional block 308), at block 310, the next storage layer within the lifecycle it can be selected. 現在スケジュールしているデータイメージの情報ライフサイクルは、対応するデータ記憶媒体に関連する、提案された時間ベースのスケジュールを有し得る。 Information Lifecycle data image that is currently scheduled is associated with a corresponding data storage medium may have a proposed time-based scheduling. 次いで、方法３００の制御流れは、ブロックＡを経由してブロック３０４に戻る。 Then, the control flow of the method 300 returns to block 304 via block A. ブロック３０４で、次に提案する時間ベースのスケジュールを入力することができる。 At block 304, it is possible to enter a time-based schedule next proposed. 情報ライフサイクルに関する記憶層の終わりに達する場合（条件ブロック３０８）、かつスケジュールするデータイメージがさらにある場合（条件ブロック３１２）、ブロック３１４で次のデータイメージを選択する。 Information when reaching the end of the life cycle regarding memory layer (conditional block 308), and if the data image is further to schedule (conditional block 312), selects the next data image in block 314. 現在スケジュールしているデータイメージの情報ライフサイクルは、対応するデータ記憶媒体に関連する、提案された時間ベースのスケジュールを有し得る。 Information Lifecycle data image that is currently scheduled is associated with a corresponding data storage medium may have a proposed time-based scheduling. 次いで、方法３００の制御流れは、ブロックＡを経由してブロック３０４に戻る。 Then, the control flow of the method 300 returns to block 304 via block A. ブロック３０４で、次に提案する時間ベースのスケジュールを入力することができる。 At block 304, it is possible to enter a time-based schedule next proposed. ライフサイクルをスケジュールするために、それ以上データイメージがない場合（条件ブロック３１２）、ブロック３１６で、ライフサイクルの時間ベースのスケジューリングが完了する。 To schedule a life cycle, if more data image is not (conditional block 312), in block 316, time-based scheduling of life cycle is complete. あるいは、方法３００の制御流れは、条件ブロック３０６に戻ることができる。 Alternatively, the control flow of the method 300 may return to the condition block 306. 例えば、ＩＴ管理者は、競合しない複数のライフサイクルポリシをスケジュールすることができる。 For example, IT administrators, it is possible to schedule multiple life cycle policy that does not conflict. しかし、バックアップサーバ上で実行されるアプリケーションによって検査されない競合が、後で起こり得る。 However, unchecked by the application running on the backup server conflicts may occur later. 新たなスケジューリングは行われていないが、ことによると競合は依然として起こる可能性があり、競合を解消するために１つまたは複数の既存のライフサイクルポリシを修正することができる。 New scheduling is not performed, there is a possibility that due to conflict still occurs, it is possible to modify one or more existing life cycle policy for resolving the conflict.
提案した時間ベースのスケジュールについて競合が検出され（条件ブロック３０６）、競合する先行バックアップ／複製操作のスケジュールを、他の競合を引き起こすことなしに成功裏に変更できると判定される場合（条件ブロック３１８）、ブロック３２２で、決定した変更を行うことができる。 Proposed for time-based scheduling conflict is detected (conditional block 306), the preceding backup / replication operation schedule of competing, if it is determined that can be changed successfully without causing other competitive (conditional block 318 ), at block 322, it is possible to perform the determined changes. 変更の決定は、先に記載したように行うことができる。 The determination of changes can be made as previously described. 先行バックアップ／複製操作の情報ライフサイクルを修正し、または加速して、対応するデータ記憶媒体に関連する新たな定義を定めることができる。 Fixed leading backup / copy information lifecycle operation, or acceleration, it is possible to define a new definition associated with corresponding data storage medium. さらに、現在スケジュールしているデータイメージの情報ライフサイクルは、対応するデータ記憶媒体に関連する、提案された時間ベースのスケジュールを有し得る。 Furthermore, information life cycle of the data image that is currently scheduled is associated with a corresponding data storage medium may have a proposed time-based scheduling. 次いで、方法３００の制御流れは、ブロックＡを経由してブロック３０４に戻る。 Then, the control flow of the method 300 returns to block 304 via block A. ブロック３０４で、次に提案する時間ベースのスケジュールを入力することができる。 At block 304, it is possible to enter a time-based schedule next proposed.
提案した時間ベースのスケジュールについて競合が検出され（条件ブロック３０６）、競合する先行バックアップ／複製操作のスケジュールを、他の競合を引き起こすことなしに成功裏に変更できないと判定される場合（条件ブロック３１８）、ブロック３２０で、現在のデータイメージおよび現在のデータ記憶媒体について提案したスケジュールを変更する。 Proposed time-based schedule for conflict is detected (conditional block 306), the preceding backup / replication operation schedule of competing, if it is determined that can not be changed successfully without causing other competitive (conditional block 318 ), at block 320, reschedule proposed for the current data image and the current data storage media. 提案される変更は、先に記載した計算を使用して提供することができる。 The proposed changes are may be provided using the calculations described above. さもなければ、提案される時間ベースのスケジュールをユーザが調節するために、システムの基準をＧＵＩなどによりユーザに提示することができる。 Otherwise, in order to the proposed time-based scheduling user to adjust, it can be presented to the user by the reference system GUI like. 次いで、方法３００の制御流れは、ブロックＡを経由してブロック３０４に戻る。 Then, the control flow of the method 300 returns to block 304 via block A. ブロック３０４で、次に提案する時間ベースのスケジュールを入力することができる。 At block 304, it is possible to enter a time-based schedule next proposed.
次に図４を参照して、ネットワークアーキテクチャ４００の一実施形態を示す。 Referring now to FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a network architecture 400. ネットワークアーキテクチャ４００は、ネットワーク４８０を介して互いに、ファイルサーバ４９０に、およびバックアップサーバ４５０に相互接続される、アプリケーションコンピュータシステム４２２およびクライアントコンピュータシステム４２０を含む。 Network architecture 400, to each other via a network 480, the file server 490, and the backup server 450 are interconnected to comprise the application computer system 422 and client computer system 420. バックアップサーバ４５０には、ディスク記憶域４６０およびディスク記憶域４６２が結合される。 The backup server 450, a disk storage 460 and disk storage 462 is coupled. ネットワーク４８０は、無線接続、ダイレクトローカルエリアネットワーク（ＬＡＮ）接続、インターネットなどの広域ネットワーク（ＷＡＮ）接続、ルータ等を含む様々な技法を含むことができる。 Network 480, a wireless connection, direct local area network (LAN) connection, a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet connection, may include various techniques including routers and the like. ネットワーク４８０は、同じく無線とすることができる１つまたは複数のＬＡＮを含んでもよい。 Network 480 may also include one or more LAN which can be wireless. ネットワーク４８０は、リモートダイレクトメモリアクセス（ＲＤＭＡ）ハードウェアおよび／またはソフトウェア、伝送制御プロトコル／インターネットプロトコル（ＴＣＰ／ＩＰ）ハードウェアおよび／またはソフトウェア、ルータ、中継器、スイッチ、グリッド、ならびに／または他のものをさらに含むことができる。 Network 480, remote direct memory access (RDMA) hardware and / or software, Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) hardware and / or software, routers, repeaters, switches, grid, and / or other It may further include a thing.
ネットワークアーキテクチャ４００の様々な実施形態において、アプリケーションコンピュータシステム４２２は、ビジネスに不可欠なアプリケーションをホストする任意の数のサーバおよびデータベースサーバを表す。 In various embodiments of the network architecture 400, application computer system 422 represents any number of servers and database servers that host business critical applications. クライアントコンピュータシステム４２０は、サーバ、デスクトップＰＣ、ラップトップ、ハンドヘルドコンピュータなど、任意の数の据置き型コンピュータまたはモバイルコンピュータを表す。 The client computer system 420 represents a server, a desktop PC, a laptop, a handheld computer, any number of stationary computers or mobile computer. クライアント４２０は、少なくとも単一のプロセッサ４０２およびメモリ媒体４３０を含むことができる。 The client 420 may include at least a single processor 402 and a memory medium 430. クライアント４２０は、ソフトウェアアプリケーションの命令を実行するためにプロセッサ４０２を使用することができる。 The client 420 may use the processor 402 to execute instructions of a software application. クライアント４２０は、そのメモリ媒体４３０上に１つまたは複数のソフトウェアアプリケーションを含むことができる。 The client 420 may include one or more software applications on its memory medium 430. 例えば、クライアント４２０は、バックアップエージェント４１４を含むことができる。 For example, client 420 may include a backup agent 414. 同様に、クライアント４２０は、クライアント内で仮想環境を作り出し、維持する際に使用するための仮想化エージェント４１２を含むことができる。 Similarly, client 420 may include a virtualization agent 412 for use in creating the virtual environment in the client, maintain.
一部の実施形態では、システム４２２および４２０は、動作環境、例えばベースＯＳ４１６および／または仮想ＯＳレイヤ４３６などのオペレーティングシステムを含むことができる。 In some embodiments, the system 422 and 420 may operate to include environment, for example, operating systems such as base OS416 and / or virtual OS layer 436. 様々な実施形態において、提供されるベースＯＳ４１６は、ＭＳ−ＤＯＳ（登録商標）、ＭＳ−ＷＩＮＤＯＷＳ（登録商標）、ＯＳ／２（登録商標）、ＵＮＩＸ（登録商標）、Ｌｉｎｕｘ（登録商標）、Ｓｏｌａｒｉｓ（登録商標）、または他の知られているオペレーティングシステムが含まれる、様々なオペレーティングシステムのどれでもよい。 In various embodiments, the base OS416 provided is, MS-DOS (registered trademark), MS-WINDOWS (registered trademark), OS / 2 (registered trademark), UNIX (registered trademark), Linux (registered trademark), Solaris (registered trademark), or other known operating system include, be any of a variety of operating systems. 一部の実施形態では、システム４２２および４２０は、ＩＴ管理者によって提供される、レイヤの共通のイメージを使用する仮想ＯＳレイヤ４３６しか有さない。 In some embodiments, the system 422 and 420 is provided by the IT administrator, has only virtual OS layer 436 using a common image layer. 他の実施形態では、システム４２２および４２０は、ベースＯＳ４１６および仮想ＯＳレイヤ４３６の両方を有する。 In other embodiments, the system 422 and 420 have both base OS416 and virtual OS layer 436. オペレーティングシステムは、システムのハードウェアとソフトウェアアプリケーションとの間でインターフェイスすることができる。 The operating system may be an interface between the system hardware and software applications.
システム４２２および４２０のコンポーネントについて続けると、ファイルシステム４３０が含まれてもよい。 Continuing with the components of system 422 and 420 may include a file system 430. ファイルサーバ４９０、バックアップサーバ４５０、または他の任意のコンピュータシステムもしくはサーバ上のファイルシステムと同様に、ファイルシステム４４０は、データを記憶し、組織化し、操作し、取り出すための専用データベースとして動作することができる。 The file server 490, similar to the backup server 450 or other file system on any computer system or server, file system 440 may be storing data, organize, manipulate, operate as a dedicated database to retrieve can. ユーザは、ファイルシステム４４０を介して、対応するデータ記憶媒体上に記憶されたディレクトリを閲覧することができる。 The user, via the file system 440, it is possible to browse stored on the corresponding data storage medium directory.
ネットワークアーキテクチャ４００内のファイルサーバ４９０は、データを記憶するように構成される任意の種類のサーバとすることができる。 The file server 490 in network architecture 400 may be any type of server configured to store data. 一実施形態では、ファイルサーバ４９０は、ネットワーク接続ストレージ（ＮＡＳ）装置とすることができる。 In one embodiment, the file server 490 may be a network attached storage (NAS) device. ファイルサーバ４９０は、コンピュータシステム４２２および４２０、ならびに他の情報サーバ（不図示）にファイル記憶サービスを提供することに特化したコンピュータとすることができる。 The file server 490 may be a computer system 422 and 420, as well as other information server computers that specialize in providing file storage service (not shown). ファイルサーバ４９０上のオペレーティングシステムおよび他のソフトウェアは、ファイルシステムの機能、ファイルへのアクセス、およびこれらの機能の管理を提供する。 Operating system and other software on the file server 490, the function of the file system, access to files, and provides the management of these functions. ファイルサーバ４９０は、論理的で冗長な記憶コンテナまたはＲＡＩＤアレイ（安価／独立したディスクの冗長アレイ）へとしばしば構成される、１つまたは複数のハードディスクを含むことができる。 The file server 490 is often configured to logically redundant storage containers or RAID arrays (inexpensive / independent disks redundant array) can include one or more hard disks. データ４９２は、ファイルサーバ４９０のハードディスクの１つまたは複数に記憶することができる。 Data 492 may be one or more in the storage of the hard disk of the file server 490.
ファイルサーバ４９０は、ファイルシステムレベルでデータの記憶を行うことができる。 The file server 490 may perform storage of data at the file system level. ファイルサーバ４９０は、（ＵＮＩＸシステム上で普及している）ネットワークファイルシステム（ＮＦＳ）、（ＭＳ Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓシステムで使用される）ＳＭＢ／ＣＩＦＳ（サーバメッセージブロック／共通インターネットファイルシステム）、（Ａｐｐｌｅ Ｍａｃｉｎｔｏｓｈ Ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓで使用される）ＡＦＰなどのファイルベースのプロトコルを使用することができる。 File server 490, (popular are on a UNIX system) network file system (NFS), (MS is used in Windows systems) SMB / CIFS (Server Message Block / Common Internet File System), in (Apple Macintosh Computers You can use the file-based protocols such as used by the) AFP. 図４の例では、ファイルサーバ４９０上のファイルは、ネットワーク４８０内に含まれるネットワークファイルシステム（ＮＦＳ）インターフェイスを介してアクセスすることができる。 In the example of FIG. 4, a file on the file server 490 can be accessed via a network file system (NFS) interfaces included in the network 480.
次にバックアップ記憶装置４６０を参照して、装置４６０は、ネットワークアーキテクチャ４００内のデータのバックアップコピーを記憶するために使用することができる。 Referring now to the backup storage device 460, device 460 may be used to store a backup copy of the data in network architecture 400. バックアップデータ４９４は、データ４９２のコピー、コンピュータシステム４２２および４２０内に含まれるデータのコピー、ならびに他の情報サーバ（不図示）内に含まれるデータのコピーを記憶することができる。 Backup data 494 may be stored copy of the data 492, a copy of the data contained in the copy of the data contained in the computer system 422 and 420 as well as other information server, (not shown). バックアップ記憶装置４６０は、１つまたは複数のハードディスク、テープ駆動機構、サーバブレード、または専用装置からなる数種類の記憶域を含むことができ、またはそのような記憶域にさらに結合されてもよく、ＲＡＭ、フラッシュＲＡＭ、ＭＥＭＳ（微小電子機械システム）記憶域、バッテリバックアップ付きＲＡＭ、および／または不揮発性ＲＡＭ（ＮＶＲＡＭ）など、様々なメモリ装置を含むことができる。 Backup storage device 460, one or more hard disks, tape drives, the server blade or a dedicated device consists can include several types of storage, or may be further coupled to such storage,, RAM It may include a flash RAM, MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) storage, battery-backed RAM, and / or such nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM), a variety of memory devices. バックアップ記憶装置４６２は、装置４６０上に記憶されたデータのバックアップコピーを記憶するために使用することができる。 Backup storage device 462 can be used to store a backup copy of the data stored on device 460. バックアップ記憶装置４６２は、バックアップ記憶装置４６０について上記に列挙したメモリ装置のうちの１つまたは複数を含むことができる。 Backup storage device 462, the backup storage device 460 can include one or more of the memory devices listed above. 一実施形態では、バックアップ記憶装置４６０上にイメージをコピーすると、ファイルサーバ４９０上に記憶された対応するデータを削除することができる。 In one embodiment, it is possible when copying an image on a backup storage device 460, deletes the corresponding data stored on the file server 490. 同様に、バックアップ記憶装置４６２上にイメージをコピーすると、バックアップ記憶装置４６０上に記憶された対応するデータを削除することができる。 Similarly, copying the images on to a backup storage device 462 may delete the corresponding data stored on the backup storage device 460. 先に説明した、所与のデータイメージの情報ライフサイクルを定めるために使用する時間ベースのスケジュールは、バックアップ記憶装置４６０および４６２のそれぞれに関連することができる。 Described above, time-based schedules used to define the information lifecycle of a given data image can be associated with each backup storage device 460 and 462.
一実施形態では、ネットワークアーキテクチャ４００内のバックアップサーバ４５０は、バックアップアプリケーション４５８を含むことができる。 In one embodiment, the backup server 450 in network architecture 400 may include a backup application 458. このバックアップアプリケーション４５８、または「バックアップマネージャ」は、メモリ媒体４７０上に記憶され、１回または複数回のバックアップ操作を行うためにプロセッサ４５２によって実行可能なプログラム命令を含むことができる。 The backup application 458 or "Backup Manager", is stored in the memory medium 470 may include program instructions executable by the processor 452 to perform the backup operation one or more times. バックアップ操作は、部分的バックアップまたは完全バックアップを、例えばあるコンピュータシステム上に、またはあるコンピュータシステムから別のシステムに作成すること、あるコンピュータシステム上で、またはあるコンピュータシステムから別のコンピュータシステムに復元機能（例えば部分的もしくは粒度の細かい復元機能、または完全な復元機能）を実行することを含むことができ、他の操作も含むことができる。 Backup operation, a partial or full backup, for example, on one computer system, or be made from one computer system to another, restoration functions on one computer system, or from one computer system to another computer system (such as partially or fine restore granularity, or perfect reconstruction function) can involve the execution, but may also include other operations. バックアップマネージャ４５８は、先に説明した、所与のデータイメージの情報ライフサイクルを定めるための時間ベースのスケジューリングをユーザが実行できるようにし得る。 Backup manager 458, described above, may be to perform a user time-based scheduling for determining the information lifecycle of a given data image.
バックアップサーバ４５０上のバックアップマネージャ４５８は、データ４９２の様々な種類のバックアップを作成するように構成することができる。 Backup Manager 458 on the backup server 450 can be configured to create a different type of backup data 492. 例えば、イメージベースの、ファイルベースの、または他の種類のバックアップを作成することができる。 For example, it is possible to create image-based, file-based, or other types of backup. 一部の実施形態では、バックアップマネージャ４５８は、ファイルサーバ４９０などの特定のシステムのバックアップを作成するようにバックアップマネージャ４５８に指図する、ユーザ入力を受け取ることができる。 In some embodiments, the backup manager 458 directs the Backup Manager 458 to create a backup of a particular system, such as file server 490 can receive user input. 一部の実施形態では、バックアップマネージャ４５８は、特定のシステムのバックアップを自動で作成することができ、例えば、バックアップマネージャは、特定のシステムの定期的バックアップを実行するようにスケジュールすることができる。 In some embodiments, the backup manager 458 may create automatic backup of a particular system, for example, the backup manager may be scheduled to run periodically backup of a particular system. バックアップマネージャ４５８は、バックアップまたはファイルサーバイメージ４７４を、仮想ハードディスク（ＶＨＤ）形式、Ｖ２Ｉ形式、仮想マシンディスク形式（ＶＭＤＫ）形式などの一般に知られているファイル形式で作成し、記憶することができる。 Backup Manager 458, a backup or file server image 474 may be a virtual hard disk (VHD) format, V2I format, created in a file format that is commonly known, such as virtual machine disk format (VMDK) format, and stores.
データバックアップ操作の説明を続けると、一実施形態では、バックアップサーバ４５０上のバックアップマネージャ４５８が、ファイルサーバイメージ４７４など、データ４９２のバックアップを作成し、それをバックアップ記憶装置４６０上に記憶することができる。 Continuing with data backup operation, in one embodiment, the backup manager 458 on the backup server 450, such as file server image 474, that a backup of data 492, and stores it on the backup storage device 460 it can. 別の実施形態では、バックアップマネージャ４５８が、バックアップをバックアップサーバ４５０上に、例えば図示のようにバックアップサーバ４５０のメモリ媒体４７０上に記憶することができる。 In another embodiment, it is possible to back up manager 458 stores on the backup server 450 to backup, for example, as shown in the memory medium 470 of the backup server 450. さらに他の実施形態では、バックアップマネージャ４５８が、バックアップを代わりに別の装置上に、例えばネットワーク４８０を介して接続される別のコンピュータシステム（別のサーバなど）上に記憶することができる。 In yet another embodiment, it is possible to back up manager 458, on the other device instead backup and stores, for example, on another computer system connected via a network 480 (such as another server).
一実施形態では、バックアップマネージャ４５８は、ファイルサーバ４９０を使用することなしに、コンピュータシステム４２２および４２０のバックアップを直接作成することができる。 In one embodiment, the backup manager 458, without the use of a file server 490, it is possible to create a backup of computer system 422 and 420 directly. そのようなバックアップは、ファイルサーバ４９０上でまだ更新されていない可能性がある、コンピュータシステム４２２および４２０上のデータを保護するために実行することができる。 Such backup may not yet been updated on the file server 490, it can be performed in order to protect the data on the computer system 422 and 420. 一部の実施形態では、コンピュータシステム４２２および４２０がネットワーク４８０に接続されている場合、バックアップマネージャ４５８が、コンピュータシステム４２２および４２０のファイルごとのバックアップを自動で作成することができる。 In some embodiments, if the computer system 422 and 420 are connected to the network 480 can be the backup manager 458 to create a backup of each file in the computer system 422 and 420 automatically. この場合、コンピュータシステム４２２および４２０の毎日または週に１回スケジュールされたバックアップなど、スケジュールされた定期的バックアップを実施することができる。 In this case, such as computer system 422 and 420 of backups scheduled once daily or weekly can be performed regularly scheduled backups.
バックアップを作成する一環として、バックアップマネージャ４５８は、対応するファイルまたはデータイメージに関連するカタログメタデータ４５６も作成することができる。 As part of creating a backup, the backup manager 458, catalog metadata 456 associated with the corresponding file or data image can also be created. クライアント４２０上のデータのバックアップなどのバックアップ操作中にバックアップマネージャ４５８が作成するカタログメタデータ４５６は、ファイルのためのメタデータを含むことができる。 Catalog metadata 456 Backup Manager 458 during a backup operation, such as backup of data on the client 420 is created, it may include metadata for the file. メタデータには、データ名、データの大きさ、データのフィンガープリント、バッチ番号、ならびにデータの種類、バージョン番号、所有権、許可、最終更新日時、誤りコード等のうちの少なくとも１つまたは複数が含まれ得る。 Metadata, data name, the size of the data, the data of the fingerprint, batch number and the type of data, version number, ownership, permissions, last update date and time, at least one or more of such error code It may be included. バッチ番号は、関連するバックアップエントリを作成した特定のバックアップ操作を識別するために使用することができる。 Batch number may be used to identify the particular backup operation that created the backup entries associated. 他の形式のメタデータおよび／または識別情報が当業者には明らかになるであろう。 Metadata and / or identification information of other formats will be apparent to those skilled in the art. カタログメタデータ４５６は、例えば後でブラウジングを復元するために使用可能であり得る。 Catalog metadata 456, for example, may be used later to restore the browsing.
代替的実施形態では、クライアント、サーバ、および記憶域の数および種類は、図４に示す数および種類に限定されないことを指摘しておく。 In an alternative embodiment, the client, server, and the number and type of storage is should be pointed out that the invention is not limited to the number and type shown in Figure 4. サーバ、デスクトップ、ラップトップ、およびモバイルクライアントのほぼ任意の数および組合せを、モデムバンク、ダイレクトＬＡＮ接続、無線接続、ＷＡＮリンク等の様々な組合せを介して、ネットワークアーキテクチャ４００内で相互接続することができる。 Servers, desktops, laptops, and nearly any number and combination of mobile clients, modem banks, direct LAN connections, wireless connections, through various combinations of such WAN link, be interconnected in a network architecture within 400 it can. また、様々な時点において、１台または複数台のクライアントがオフラインで動作することができる。 Also, at various times, may be one or a plurality of clients to work offline. さらに、モバイルユーザがあちこち移動して、ネットワークアーキテクチャ４００に接続し、ネットワークアーキテクチャ４００への接続を断ち、ネットワークアーキテクチャ４００に再接続するとき、個々のクライアントの接続の種類は動作中に変わり得る。 Furthermore, the mobile user to move around, connected to the network architecture 400, cut off the connection to the network architecture 400, when reconnecting to the network architecture 400, the type of connection of the individual client may change during operation.
様々な実施形態において、本明細書に記載した方法および機構の一部または複数の部分が、クラウドコンピューティング環境の一部を形成することができる。 In various embodiments, a portion or portions of the methods and mechanisms described herein may form part of a cloud computing environment. そのような実施形態では、１つまたは複数の様々なモデルに従い、リソースをサービスとしてインターネットを介して提供することができる。 In such embodiments, in accordance with one or more of various models can be provided over the Internet resource as a service. そうしたモデルには、サービスとしてのインフラストラクチャ（ＩａａＳ）、サービスとしてのプラットフォーム（ＰａａＳ）、およびサービスとしてのソフトウェア（ＳａａＳ）が含まれ得る。 The such models, infrastructure as a service (IaaS), may include platform (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS) as a service. ＩａａＳでは、コンピュータインフラストラクチャがサービスとして送られる。 In IaaS, computer infrastructure is delivered as a service. そのような場合、コンピューティング装置は概してサービスプロバイダが所有し、運営する。 In such a case, the computing device generally service provider owns and operates. ＰａａＳモデルでは、ソフトウェアソリューションを開発するために開発者が使用するソフトウェアツールおよび基礎をなす装置がサービスとして提供され、サービスプロバイダによってホストされ得る。 The PaaS model, device constituting the software tools and basic developers used to develop a software solution is provided as a service may be hosted by a service provider. ＳａａＳは、典型的にはサービスプロバイダがソフトウェアをサービスとしてオンデマンドでライセンス供与することを含む。 SaaS is typically involves the service provider license on demand software as a service. サービスプロバイダは、ソフトウェアをホストすることができ、またはソフトウェアを所与の期間にわたり顧客に展開することができる。 Service provider can deploy can host the software, or the software to the customer over a given period of time. 上記のモデルの多数の組合せが可能であり、考えられる。 Numerous combinations of the above models are possible, conceivable.
上記の実施形態をかなり詳細に説明してきたが、上記の開示を完全に理解すれば、数多くの変形および修正が当業者に明らかになる。 Having described the above embodiments in considerable detail, if the above disclosure is fully appreciated, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. 特許請求の範囲は、そのようなすべての変形および修正を包含するように解釈されることを意図する。 The claims are intended to be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.
前記第１のライフサイクルに対応するデータを記憶するステップであって、前記データは、前記データイメージ、前記第１の時点値、前記第２の時点値、前記第１のデータ記憶媒体、および前記第２のデータ記憶媒体を識別するデータを含む、データを記憶するステップと を含む、方法。 A step of storing data corresponding to the first life-cycle, the data, the data image, the first time value, the second time value, said first data storage medium, and the including data identifying a second data storage medium, and storing the data, method.
前記第１のデータ記憶媒体から前記第２のデータ記憶媒体への前記データイメージの移動がバックアップ操作を含み、前記第２のデータ記憶媒体から前記第３のデータ記憶媒体への前記データイメージの移動が複製操作を含む、請求項１に記載の方法。 It comprises moving the backup operation of the data image from the first data storage medium into the second data storage medium, moving from the second data storage medium of the data image to the third data storage medium There containing replication operation method of claim 1.
前記複製操作中に前記データイメージを移すために、利用できる１つまたは複数の時間窓をユーザに提示するステップであって、前記利用できる１つまたは複数の時間窓は、前記バックアップ操作のための時間窓と所定の閾値を超えて重複しない、提示するステップをさらに含む、請求項２に記載の方法。 To transfer the data image during the copy operation, a step of presenting the one or more time windows that are available to the user, the one or more time windows available, for the backup operation not overlap in time beyond the window with a predetermined threshold value, further comprising the step of presenting, method of claim 2.
前記特定した第２の時点値に加え、前記複製操作中の前記データイメージの前記最初の移動の許可が、前記第２のデータ記憶媒体または前記第３の記憶媒体の現在の使用可能容量、前記データイメージの業務上の価値、前記データイメージの古さ、および前記データイメージの大きさのうちの少なくとも１つによってさらに適格と認められる、請求項３に記載の方法。 The identified added to the second point value, the permission of the first movement of the data image in the copy operation, the current available capacity of the second data storage medium or the third storage medium, wherein value business data image, the age of the data image, and deemed more qualified by at least one of the size of the data image, the method according to claim 3.
競合を検出するステップをさらに含み、前記競合は、２つ以上のライフサイクルポリシが、所与のデータ記憶媒体のスケジュールされた同時アクセスを含むこと、所与のデータ記憶媒体の使用可能容量が、所定の閾値に達したこと、スケジュールされた移動を完了した時点での所与のデータ記憶媒体の予測使用可能容量が、所定の閾値に一致すること、および所与のデータイメージを移動するための予測持続時間が、使用可能な時間窓を超えることのうちの少なくとも１つを含む、請求項２に記載の方法。 Further comprising detecting conflicts, the conflict, two or more life cycle policy is to include concurrent access scheduled for a given data storage medium, the usable capacity of a given data storage medium, it reaches a predetermined threshold value, the predicted available capacity of a given data storage medium upon completion of the movement which has been scheduled, it coincides with a predetermined threshold value, and for moving a given data image predicted duration, including at least one of exceed the available time window method of claim 2.
前記競合を検出することに応答して、前記競合に対応するメッセージを提示し、既存のライフサイクルに対応する１つまたは複数の記憶された値を修正する機会をユーザに与えるステップをさらに含む、請求項５に記載の方法。 In response to detecting the conflict, presenting a message corresponding to the conflict, further comprising the step of providing an opportunity to the user to modify one or more stored values that correspond to existing life cycle, the method of claim 5.
それぞれの時点値に到達したこと、および特定した他の任意の適格値に到達したことを検出することに応答して、前記データイメージを複製操作中に移動するステップをさらに含む、請求項４に記載の方法。 It has reached each time point value, and in response to detecting that it has reached the specified any other qualifying value, further comprising the step of moving the data image during replication operation to claim 4 the method described.
それぞれのコピー元データ記憶媒体からの前記データイメージの移動が完了したことを検出することに応答して、前記それぞれのコピー元データ記憶媒体上の前記データイメージのコピーを削除するステップをさらに含む、請求項７に記載の方法。 In response to detecting the movement of the data image from each of the copy source data storage medium has been completed, further comprising the step of deleting the copy of the data images on the respective copy source data storage medium, the method of claim 7.
前記第１のデータ記憶媒体から前記第２のデータ記憶媒体への前記データイメージの移動がバックアップ操作を含み、前記第２のデータ記憶媒体から前記第３のデータ記憶媒体への前記データイメージの移動が複製操作を含む、請求項９に記載のコンピュータシステム。 It comprises moving the backup operation of the data image from the first data storage medium into the second data storage medium, moving from the second data storage medium of the data image to the third data storage medium There containing replication operation, the computer system according to claim 9.
前記バックアップサーバが、前記複製操作中に前記データイメージを移すために、利用できる１つまたは複数の時間窓をユーザに提示するようにさらに構成され、前記利用できる１つまたは複数の時間窓は、前記バックアップ操作のための時間窓と所定の閾値を超えて重複しない、請求項１０に記載のコンピュータシステム。 Said backup server, to transfer the data image during the copy operation, further configured to present one or more time windows that are available to the user, the one or more time windows available, do not overlap by more than a time window with a predetermined threshold for the backup operation, computer system of claim 10.
前記特定した第２の時点値に加え、前記複製操作中の前記データイメージの前記最初の移動の許可が、前記第２のデータ記憶媒体または前記第３の記憶媒体の現在の使用可能容量、前記データイメージの業務上の価値、前記データイメージの古さ、および前記データイメージの大きさのうちの少なくとも１つによってさらに適格と認められる、請求項１１に記載のコンピュータシステム。 The identified added to the second point value, the permission of the first movement of the data image in the copy operation, the current available capacity of the second data storage medium or the third storage medium, wherein value business data image, the age of the data image, and deemed more qualified by at least one of the size of the data image, the computer system according to claim 11.
前記バックアップサーバが、競合を検出するようにさらに構成され、前記競合は、２つ以上のライフサイクルポリシが、所与のデータ記憶媒体のスケジュールされた同時アクセスを含むこと、所与のデータ記憶媒体の使用可能容量が、所定の閾値に達したこと、スケジュールされた移動を完了した時点での所与のデータ記憶媒体の予測使用可能容量が、所定の閾値に一致すること、および所与のデータイメージを移動するための予測持続時間が、使用可能な時間窓を超えることのうちの少なくとも１つを含む、請求項１０に記載のコンピュータシステム。 Said backup server is further configured to detect conflicts, the conflict, two or more life cycle policy is to include concurrent access scheduled for a given data storage medium, a given data storage medium available capacity of, it reaches a predetermined threshold, the predicted available capacity of a given data storage medium at the time of completing the movement scheduled matches a predetermined threshold, and a given data predicted duration for moving the image, including at least one of exceed the available time windows, computer system of claim 10.
前記競合を検出することに応答して、前記バックアップサーバが、前記競合に対応するメッセージを提示し、既存のライフサイクルに対応する１つまたは複数の記憶された値を修正する機会をユーザに与えるように構成される、請求項１３に記載のコンピュータシステム。 In response to detecting the conflict, the backup server, presents the message corresponding to the conflict, give the user the opportunity to modify one or more stored values that correspond to existing lifecycle configured, computer system of claim 13.
それぞれの時点値に到達したこと、および特定した他の任意の適格値に到達したことを検出することに応答して、前記データイメージを複製操作中に移動することをさらに含む、請求項１２に記載のコンピュータシステム。 It has reached each time point value, and in response to detecting that it has reached the specified any other qualifying value, further comprising moving the data image during replication operation to claim 12 the computer system according.
前記バックアップサーバが、それぞれのコピー元データ記憶媒体からの前記データイメージの移動が完了したことを検出することに応答して、前記それぞれのコピー元データ記憶媒体上の前記データイメージのコピーを削除するようにさらに構成される、請求項１５に記載のコンピュータシステム。 Said backup server, in response to detecting that the movement of the data image from each of the copy source data storage medium has been completed, deleting the copy of the data images on the respective copy source data storage medium further configured to, computer system of claim 15.
前記第１のライフサイクルに対応するデータを記憶することであって、前記データは、前記データイメージ、前記第１の時点値、前記第２の時点値、前記第１のデータ記憶媒体、および前記第２のデータ記憶媒体を識別するデータを含む、データを記憶する ために前記プロセッサによって実行可能である、コンピュータ可読記憶媒体。 The method comprising storing the data corresponding to the first life-cycle, the data, the data image, the first time value, the second time value, said first data storage medium, and the including data identifying a second data storage medium, executable by the processor for storing data, a computer readable storage medium.
前記第１のデータ記憶媒体から前記第２のデータ記憶媒体への前記データイメージの移動がバックアップ操作を含み、前記第２のデータ記憶媒体から前記第３のデータ記憶媒体への前記データイメージの移動が複製操作を含む、請求項１７に記載のコンピュータ可読記憶媒体。 It comprises moving the backup operation of the data image from the first data storage medium into the second data storage medium, moving from the second data storage medium of the data image to the third data storage medium There containing replication operation, computer-readable storage medium of claim 17.
前記プログラム命令が、前記複製操作中に前記データイメージを移すために、利用できる１つまたは複数の時間窓をユーザに提示するためにさらに実行可能であり、前記利用できる１つまたは複数の時間窓は、前記バックアップ操作のための時間窓と所定の閾値を超えて重複しない、請求項１８に記載のコンピュータ可読記憶媒体。 It said program instructions, to transfer the data image during the copy operation is further executable to present one or more time windows that are available to the user, the one or more time windows that are available It does not overlap beyond the time window with a predetermined threshold for the backup operation, computer-readable storage medium of claim 18.
前記特定した第２の時点値に加え、前記複製操作中の前記データイメージの前記最初の移動の許可が、前記第２のデータ記憶媒体または前記第３の記憶媒体の現在の使用可能容量、前記データイメージの業務上の価値、前記データイメージの古さ、および前記データイメージの大きさのうちの少なくとも１つによってさらに適格と認められる、請求項１９に記載のコンピュータ可読記憶媒体。 The identified added to the second point value, the permission of the first movement of the data image in the copy operation, the current available capacity of the second data storage medium or the third storage medium, wherein value business data image, the age of the data image, and the data image is recognized that further qualified by at least one of size, computer-readable storage medium of claim 19.
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2019-04-26T08:34:24Z
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https://patents.google.com/patent/JP2013525932A/en
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Diagnosing a life-threatening illness such as cancer is a stressful event that affects all aspects of a person's life. Cancer is a major health concern in many parts of the world and the third main cause of mortality in Iran.,, Every year, 30,000 deaths occur in Iran due to cancer, and 80,000 new cases are diagnosed annually. The diagnosis of cancer can lead to the disruption of relationships, uncertainty about the future, difficulty in adaptation and coping, increased loneliness and doubts about spiritual beliefs and values, and spiritual distress., Because of this, many cancer patients welcome spiritual assessment and spiritual care offered by health-care providers.
However, the spiritual needs of patients with cancer are high, as reported by Forouzi et al. Despite the fact that nurses are familiar with the importance of providing spiritual care, they are not able to comprehensively meet the spiritual needs of patients; similarly, 96% of physicians believe in the important impact of spirituality on health, but these needs are not met due to specific barriers, including nurse and physician perspectives and beliefs and values regarding spiritual care. Determining health-care providers' perspectives on spiritual care is the first step to facilitating the provision of such care. It may also be helpful in the assessment of the patients' spiritual care needs and in designing spiritual care education and programs for health-care providers.
Previous studies in different countries have identified obstacles to the provision of spiritual care; it is also necessary to study these barriers in specific religious settings,, such as Iran, where spirituality and religion are linked together. In addition, it seems necessary to conduct such researches on nurses working in different wards as well. In Iran, the spiritual needs of patients may be neglected for various organizational reasons; these barriers for nurses include a lack of knowledge and skills, a lack of executive instructions for spiritual care, a willingness to perform routine work due to the large number of patients, lack of time, and their inadequate training in this type of care. However, according to the author's experiences and literature review, studies on individual barriers to spiritual care from the perspective of the nurses working in wards where cancer patients receive care have rarely been conducted in Iran. However, spirituality, as an internal and individual force, is an essential element in the lives of its people, which is rooted in the culture and history of this land. Today, with the formation of palliative care along with the outlook of the strategic “Iran by 2025” health plan, which emphasizes the improvement of the mental–spiritual health of Iranians, religious and spiritual approaches are necessary as a personal concept to improve the health of patients and their families. Considering the importance of improving the quality of life of cancer patients and their health-care providers as a palliative care goal and to develop effective programs to help health-care givers provide cancer patients with quality care, the existing challenges need to be addressed. The first step in facilitating the provision of spiritual care is to identify the health-care providers' perspectives; as the organizational obstacles to the implementation of spiritual care in Iran have been studied, leaving the challenges of individual barriers, the purpose of the present study was to determine health-care providers' perception of spiritual care and to examine the individual barriers to its implementation in cancer patients.
The present research is a descriptive study. The research environment included all governmental hospitals affiliated with the medical universities nationwide and included surgical, internal medicine, pediatric, oncology, bone marrow transplantation, radiotherapy, and palliative care wards.
The research population included all health-care providers to cancer patients including physicians and nurses working in the abovementioned centers. The nurses and physicians were chosen using convenience sampling. To this end, Iran was first divided into the five regions of north, south, east, west, and center. Considering the research environment, a quota for each region was determined. The questionnaires were sent to 15 students pursuing master's and doctorate degrees. The participants comprised students of nursing at a large nursing and midwifery medical center in Iran who had received the necessary training in the field of spiritual care. These students distributed the questionnaires among nurses who were available and had at least 6 months of experience in the field of oncology nursing. The physicians taking this survey included all fellowship students and the residents of oncology, radiotherapy, pediatric, and internal medicine working at one of the abovementioned hospitals of the medical universities of the country. The purpose of this type of sampling was the widespread distribution of the questionnaires in different parts of the country among physicians and the nurses working in internal medicine, pediatric, palliative care, oncology, bone marrow transplantation, and radiotherapy wards who were more frequently in contact with cancer patients.
In this descriptive study, 111 nurses and 25 physicians completed the Spiritual Care Survey in a 4-month period (from September to December 2017).
The approximate time required to complete each questionnaire was 20 min. The nurses and the physicians completed the questionnaire during their breaks or at home. They were supposed to complete the questionnaire in <2 work shifts.
The tool, which was based on the Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness and Spirituality, was derived from the Religion and Spirituality in the Cancer Care Study. In order to use this tool in the present research, some minor changes were applied into it by the research team. The introduction of this tool includes the definitions of spiritual care and some examples of it. The participants in the study were asked to express their views on the various aspects of spiritual care based on a Likert scale.
Based on the research objectives, three parts of this tool were completed in the present study.
The first part included demographic data of the health-care providers as well as general questions regarding their general views of spiritual care based on variables such as age, gender, religion, work experience, ward, the percentage of patients with advanced cancer, whether they considered themselves religious or spiritual, the influence of religious and spiritual beliefs on clinical performance, the effect of providing spiritual care on patients' quality of life, training in spiritual care, and their willingness to take spiritual care training courses.
The second part of the questionnaire included eight items to assess health-care providers' perspectives on providing different types of spiritual care using a 6-point Likert scale. The lowest and the highest scores were 8 and 48, respectively.
The third part of the questionnaire included 13 items in a 4-point Likert scale, to examine the obstacles to providing spiritual care. The lowest score was 13, and the highest score was 52.
In order to use this tool, it was translated from English into Persian and retranslated into English in order to ensure that the English and Persian versions were identical. Then, the psychometric evaluation of this scale was performed. To evaluate the validity of the scale after its translation and back translation, the content and face validities were evaluated. After studying the scale, 15 faculty members, experts in the field of spirituality, and professionals in the field of psychology and instrumentation were asked for their comments and suggestions in terms of grammatical correctness and appropriate vocabulary to match the culture of the community. In addition, the perspectives of five research subjects were used to determine the level of difficulty of the phrases, the degree of mismatch, and the existence of any ambiguity. To evaluate the internal consistency and reliability, Cronbach's alpha was calculated. Cronbach's alpha of the health-care providers' perspective and that of the phrases related to the barriers to care provision was α −0.84 and α +0.79, respectively. In order to evaluate consistency, the questionnaire was completed twice within a 2-week interval by 25 health-care providers and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was measured using the one-way random effect model between two sets of test results (ICC = 0.86, with a 95% confidence interval).
The descriptive statistics were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) in order to answer the research questions.
In this study, the researchers obtained informed consent from the participants while explaining the goals of the study. For ethical compliance, the researchers assured the participants about the anonymity of the questionnaires and the confidentiality of the collected information. The present study is the result of a research project with the ethics code of IR.SBMU.PHNM.1395.5.
The majority of the research participants were women, including 82 (71.3%) nurses and 15 (60%) physicians. Many were Muslim (106 nurses [95.5%] and 23 physicians [92%]). Their demographic information is summarized in [Table 1].
Overall, 66.2% of the participants (63.1% of the nurses and 52% of the physicians) regarded themselves as relatively religious and spiritual and 52.2% (54.1% of the nurses and 44% of the physicians) stated that their spiritual and religious beliefs affected their clinical performance. Moreover, 70.6% of all participants believed spiritual care as an impact on patients' quality of life. However, 64.7% (74 nurses and 14 physicians) of the participants had received no training on spiritual care, although 82.4% (83.8% of the nurses and 76% of the physicians) were willing to attend spiritual care training courses.
Health-care providers' perspectives on spiritual care are summarized in [Table 2]. The highest mean scores belonged to “asking patients about their spiritual or religious beliefs” (3.85 ± 1.25) and “asking questions that persuade them to talk about spiritual issues” (3.71 ± 1.38) and the lowest mean scores belonged to “asking patients about their willingness to speak with a clergyman” (2.94 ± 1.06).
Assessment of the barriers to providing spiritual care revealed the highest mean scores for “the lack of sufficient time” (3.18 ± 0.97) and “being concerned about the patient's discomfort” (3.17 ± 0.74), while the lowest mean scores were for “personal reluctance to talk about spiritual issues with the patient” (2 ± 0.95) and “concern about disturbing the family's comfort” (2.22 ± 0.89) [Table 3].
Although providing spiritual care as a part of cancer care and palliative care instruction has benefits such as increased patient satisfaction; improved quality of life; and reduced costs of providing care, especially in the late stages of life,, studies show that this kind of care has been neglected and that not only patients but also their care providers receive this kind of care less often than they desire. This gap between the willingness of care providers to provide spiritual care and the lack of provision of these services necessitates action.
As one of the requirements for providing spiritual care is an awareness of the care providers' perspectives on providing this care and the barriers to its implementation, the present study was conducted to address these issues.
In this study, the majority of participants evaluated themselves as relatively religious and spiritual and acknowledged that their spiritual perspectives influenced their clinical practice. When one sees his/her profession as a spiritual one, the ability to provide spiritual care also improves accordingly. In one study, 89.4% of nurses considered nursing to be part of their spiritual lives. Individual spirituality seeks to provide one with meaning and purpose in life through relationships and interactions with the environment and others. Therefore, spirituality will manifest itself in the workplace through relationships with others and with the environment.
In the present study, care providers believed that spiritual care has positive effects and influences patients' quality of life, a finding that aligns with those of previous studies in Iran.,, In this research too, care providers believed that spiritual care has positive effects and influences patients' quality of life. Religion and spirituality can affect one's ability to adapt to life tensions and spiritual care improves the quality of life.
A lack of spiritual care training was reported by most of the participants of the current study, although more than 75% indicated a willingness to attend training courses on spiritual care. In a study of care providers in 15 Middle Eastern countries regarding the need for palliative care, 68% of the participants expressed an interest in receiving palliative care training. As the mortality rate due to cancer in these countries is 66.4%, it seems natural that training to provide palliative care is a necessity for care providers. Although spirituality and religion are merged in people's lives to a great extent in Iran,, they are neglected in practice, and there is no trace of spiritual care training courses in the medical education curriculum. Meanwhile, education can be considered from two perspectives: first, it helps to promote the care providers' self-awareness of their spiritual life and second, because of the direct correlation between spiritual training and the ability to provide spiritual care, spiritual training courses may lead to the improvement of this kind of care.
As shown in [Table 2], the findings of this study show that care providers' perspective regarding the field of spiritual care is diverse and mostly expressed in the form of actions such as asking patients about their spiritual or religious beliefs and if welcomed by patients and asking those questions that would persuade them to talk about spiritual issues. The review of texts suggests that spiritual care is provided in various forms, such as praying for patients, reading religious books,, inviting religious advisers,, participating in the religious rituals of patients, encouraging the patient to pray,, and speaking about the spiritual concerns of patients.,, Diversity in the provision of spiritual care stems from individual perspectives on spiritual care and the care providers' self-consciousness regarding their spiritual beliefs. The participants in the study preferred to provide spiritual care mostly by speaking with the patient about his/her religious beliefs and encouraging discussions on spiritual issues, a finding similar to that in the qualitative study by Rassouli et al. They concluded that in the interaction between the nurse and the patient, the topic of communication is a factor that has positive effects on the spiritual aspects of both the patient and the nurse, and that nurses who have effective relationships with their patient have a better opportunity to provide spiritual care. Furthermore, Bailey et al. reported that more than half of the nurses stated that establishing a personal relationship with their patients is important in providing spiritual care and almost all of them believed that nurses could provide spiritual care by listening to patients and encouraging them to express their fears and anxieties.
In the present study, the analysis of health-care providers' perceptions about different types of spiritual care revealed that patients are not usually asked about their willingness to interact with a clergyman. In the qualitative study by Zamanzadeh et al., one perceived challenge described by nurses was the absence of clergyman in the hospital for the spiritual support of both patients and nurses. Providing spiritual care to hospitalized patients is offered by clerics in some countries, which requires certification, although their role is not defined in the health structure.
As shown in [Table 3], evaluation of the barriers to providing spiritual care revealed that the study participants felt that a lack of time and a fear of patient discomfort were the major obstacles to effective spiritual care.
However, in a study conducted by Bar-Sela et al. of 770 physicians and nurses from 14 countries in the Middle East, a lack of adequate training was the most important predictor of the lack of spiritual care, while it was one of the least important factors in the current study. The reason for this difference may be explained by the blending of religious and spiritual issues with the everyday lives of Iranians, the traces of which are evident in the politics, custom, law, and universities of the country. Therefore, care providers do not feel the need of receiving such specific training.
The barrier of inadequate time has been identified and confirmed in numerous studies.,,, The lack of sufficient time results in the spiritual needs of patients remaining unidentified and insufficient time to provide spiritual care for patients. In Iran, the shortage of nurses is one of the factors affecting the quality of care. The number of nurses is not appropriate to the number of patients, leading to nursing work overload and a lack of time to provide the different types of care required by patients. In such situations, nurses provide essential care, such as physical care, prior to providing other types of care.
A concern about patient discomfort was identified as the second barrier. Similar to this finding, other reported concerns which were identified as deterrents to the provision of spiritual care were lack of feeling of comfort in patients while providing spiritual care, the fact that the spiritual needs of patients are considered private, and the way in which care team members enter this zone and deal with the spiritual needs of patients can lead to spiritual distress in patients.
The unwillingness of health-care providers to discuss patients' spiritual issues and worry about bothering the patient's family dynamic by providing spiritual care to the patient were the barriers with the lowest scores.
Individuals' willingness to provide spiritual care is influenced by their self-knowledge; in other words, nurses with spiritual self-knowledge who pay attention to their own spiritual aspects deliver better care to others. Therefore, the fact that the majority of the care providers completing this survey evaluated themselves as religious and spiritual people possessing some degree of spiritual self-scrutiny indicates a tendency to provide spiritual care; therefore, they do not consider these obstacles to be significant.
The concern about bothering the patient's family dynamic by providing spiritual care was another obstacle considered insignificant by the study participants. Nemati et al. reported spiritual distress due to losing hope in God's mercy and the feeling of being neglected by God to be a spiritual challenge faced by the family care providers of cancer patients. However, the other side of the coin is the feeling of spiritual coherence from providing care to cancer patients. Therefore, considering the general belief of health-care providers regarding the positive effects of spirituality, the concern about bothering the patient's family dynamic by providing spiritual care may be rarely considered an obstacle.
The limitations of this study included the lack of palliative care departments, which specifically provide spiritual care in these wards; women's predominance as research samples; and the Muslim population with data collection from one site, which limit the generalizability of the findings.
The results of the present study indicate that health-care providers regard themselves as spiritual and that spiritual care would improve the patients' quality of life. The lack of time and high workloads, however, are barriers to providing this care.
Moreover, health-care providers felt the need to receive specialized training in providing spiritual care, which rarely happens. Because spiritual care is effective in improving patients' quality of life, and as spiritual care provision is considered to be the responsibility of health-care providers, organizational and managerial support are essential in this regard. Providing adequate workforce, revising the strategies of governing care settings regarding the allocation of health-care providers' services, and designing and implementing theoretical and practical training courses in the form of in-service training programs can help to overcome the existing problems and may be effective in promoting the provision of spiritual care.
The perspectives of spiritual care providers who follow other religions should also be examined and compared with the results of the present study. As cancer care includes teamwork, spiritual care provided by team members other than physicians and nurses might also have an impact on patient outcomes and meeting of patients' spiritual needs. Further study is also necessary to evaluate the perspective regarding palliative care in team members other than physicians and nurses who have direct contact with cancer patients. This knowledge might help to promote administrative support for spiritual care in the oncology setting.
The authors would like to appreciate the deputy of research of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science for their support.
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2019-04-21T06:20:34Z
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http://www.apjon.org/article.asp?issn=2347-5625;year=2019;volume=6;issue=2;spage=122;epage=129;aulast=Farahani;type=3
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Now I was a little banged up over winter break, but I would be foolish to think my last collegiate season would come without some adversity. Every time I go out on the track PRs aren???t going to happen just because I???m convinced I???m a better runner now than I was a few years ago. The work needs to be put in and I need to be ready for battle every race. If I do that I know I will be competing at Hayward Field at the end of May, satisfied.
Here???s to making the next four months count.
“Adversity” — what an understatement.
In all honesty, I haven’t seen all that much of it in my 24 years. I have lived a fortunate life with little worry, surrounded by the best family and friends. Perhaps this is why my life is so involved in athletics — I have had the opportunity. I never had to work late nights to pay for my college education and could always afford to travel to the very best competitions. But from my sheltered perspective, the last 14 months have been quite trying.
In March of last year I had knee surgery, forcing me to forfeit an indoor and outdoor track season. In May, I split with my girlfriend of 4.5 years, who was my biggest supporter and best friend. Running helped me get through it, focusing on the outstanding cross country season NAU was sure to have. A couple injuries to key members of the team and an unfortunate day for our captain David McNeill at NCAAs turned our national championship dream into just another top-10 team. I, however, had a pretty successful season, improving on my NCAA finish from the year before. But it was no All-American performance.
This post is not meant to be me complaining about how unfortunate I am or how “rough of a year I have had.” Weeks, months and years from now I am going to read this post, and I want to capture exactly what I was thinking and feeling the day I found out I had one more, and this was all a part of it. Yes, that painful 5k at Sacramento State last weekend was not my last track race in NAU blue and yellow.
At practice this morning, I nervously checked my iPhone to see if the declarations for the NCAA West Prelim were posted. Once they were, I slowly scrolled through the results. When I got to the men’s 10k, I went one name at a time.
I paused at number 47. This is my track season. The next name determined whether or not I am a collegiate athlete anymore. This is my 18 year long running career we are talking about!
48th. The final qualifier to race the 10,000m at the University of Oregon’s Hayward Field is. . . JASON PEDERSEN.
I lit up. I was sure I had no chance of qualifying. Someone pinch me. Surely I was dreaming. Nope, this is for real. I have one more race. One more time to pull that NAU singlet over my shoulders. One more time to line up against the nation’s best college athletes. One more time to say thanks to all my supporters over the years by simply doing what I love, running hard.
David McNeill??? Bernard “The F’n G” Lagat??? Yep, right now they are training in the running meca of the world, Flagstaff, Arizona. And I have shared a few meals with them.
Let me bring you up to speed on all PD-related running things (or is it running-related PD things?). About a week after the Stanford Invitational 5000, I went to University of New Mexico in Albuquerque to get a steeplechase in since I hadn???t raced the event in over two years. That race was mediocre at best, 9:27.02 converted, but I knew it was going to be rough: first steeple in a couple years AT altitude??? oh, and I did my first steeple workout the week prior. The steeple is one of those races with a learning curve, so I wanted to get a crash course before I really go for it.
After that meet, it was back to Flag to focus on 10k training. This weekend???s Mt. Sac Invitational was to be my first 10k on the track (speaking of learning curves). During those couple weeks of mental preparation for 25 laps, I was fortunate enough to share several meals with David McNeill & friends. As if sharing a meal of kale and Brussels sprouts with a two-time NCAA 5k champion wasn???t enough, the ???& friends??? made it extra special. On the first occasion ???& friends??? included a few NAU teammates, which was a lot of fun. The second time was with Ryan Fenton of Flotrack and Ben True from the Oregon Track Club, whom we had some great discussion with about the different levels of ???professional??? athletes in the sport.
Since then I have come off cloud 9 and back to the reality of my own mortal efforts that include cruel truths like lactic acid. As I said, this weekend was my first 10k on the track, which should never be confused with a 10k in cross country. I know now that those are two completely different beasts.
Unfortunately for Coach Heins, NAU had 7 different people competing in the 10k???s on Thursday night, spaced out amongst 6 different heats. The first beginning at 8:10 and the final one concluding at about 11:50. Those of you that pay attention to the details will notice that those 150 laps almost spanned across two days. Coach handled it no problem, and was still spry and full of character by the end of the night ??? no doubt the marathon training for the 2008 Trials paid off that night.
My race was one of the last ones, scheduled for 10:40 pm. I would have liked to be in Tim Freriks heat, for so many reasons, but mostly because 10:40 is usually after my bed time, 8:50 is not. I was able to have a very low-key day and arrive at the starting line without a yawn. There was a little confusion about hip numbers, so the 40 or so of us athletes were held in purgatory a few more minutes while they cleared it up, awaiting our 25 laps of hell.
The gun sounded and off we went. As we rounded the first of fifty turns, I found myself in the lead and thought, ???Tim and Coach Mo are going to kill me for taking the lead, again.??? We came through in about 72 and about half a lap later someone else took over and I rode the train hitting 71???s. At about 3k I had a bit of a smirk because I felt great and I thought I could keep hitting those splits all night. I came through halfway in 14:52, which was exactly where I wanted to be. Then a few laps later, it started to get rough. 71???s turned into 73-74 and I was hurting bad. From 8 laps to go until about 2 was really rough. I had come unhitched and couldn???t see the light at the end of the tunnel. I was well on my way to running a 30:15 10k or so, but was able to rally the last couple laps. I came to 200m to go in 29:30 and kicked with all I had: 31 seconds. 30:01.31 was my final time. Hurts just to write it.
30:01 is a solid debut, but it is currently only 50th in the West region and only 48 qualify (if I were in the East region I would be sitting pretty in 30th??? confirming what everyone already knows), which means it won???t get me into the Regional meet. So what now? The only other 10k I might run would be at Conference, and those are usually slow and tactical. So my next chance to qualify is in the steeplechase in a couple more weeks at the Double Duel meet down in Tempe. For at least the next two weeks, I will be a steeplechaser.
I have made it no secret that this season I wanted to be an All-American, to finish within the top 40 in the nation. Based on what I have accomplished in the last few years it was a very lofty goal. However, when I came to NAU as a recruit in 2005, Coach Hayes, the cross country and distance coach at the time, said something that stuck with me. He said, “I don’t want you to come here if you don’t want to be an All-American.” I knew at that moment that NAU was where I wanted to spend my next few years. Before my final cross country race, these words rung in my head. Could I do it? Maybe not. But I was going to give myself a chance.
I think I will always remember the few minutes just before that gun went off. Obviously I did the normal strides and we clapped it up as a team one last time. But what is really going to stick with me is the exchange I had with my dad about 100m out from the line. He was out taking pictures of us, which is where this one to the right came from. He gave me a hug and told me to have fun, one last time and that he was proud of me. It was quite emotional for me and I fought back tears. He knows this, but I love you Dad.
I got off the line well and quickly tried to find a body to get behind as there was a strong headwind, probably close to 20 mph. Like I had for most of the season, I got out well and was able to comfortably tuck in. These races are tough to judge where exactly you are, but I was probably around 50s or 60s in that first kilometer — exactly where I wanted to be to give myself a chance to potentially move up to that top 40 position.
Because this race is over two weeks ago now, I don’t remember most of my splits, but I think they were fairly similar to Pre Nationals. I tried to focus on staying inside a pack so I wouldn’t have to fight that strong wind. I know for sure that I came through 5k in 15:12 and saw a very large pack just ahead. I knew that was where All-American was. Unfortunately, it was too much and I was not able to make up much ground in the second half of the race.
Still, I was having a good race. As far as I knew, our team was running well too. More important than my individual goal was that I was expected to be our 4th man. But then, suddenly at around 6k, my positive outlook for the team’s finish took a turn for the worse. I came by David McNeill, our top runner and one of the contenders for the National Championship. I instantly knew what the problem was: a side stitch. I had seen it before; last year at Pre Nationals. Dave was a fighter that time and I knew he would be a fighter again today. He is a humble, graceful champion and knew we were counting on him to do everything he could for the team. That is exactly what he did and we love him for it.
Everything I had, one last time.
The last few kilometers was a dog fight. Battling the wind, constantly surging to bridge the next gap ahead. It was a rough day for a lot of people. The final uphill finish was simply ridiculous. One by one a runner would try to kick away from our pack, but would get swallowed back up because it was just too much to handle. I got to a point where I thought I could last to the finish. Nope. My fate was the same as theirs.?? I ended up in 87th place, just breaking 31 minutes. Slower than last year, but 8 spots better. “I couldn’t do what I thought I could,” but no worries. As I said in the opening paragraph, no regrets. Ever.
As a team we finished 9th. Had Dave not held on like he did, we would have been well outside the top 10. After last year’s 4th place finish, this was a bit disappointing. A year ago, however, I could not have imagined how much would change. Considering all the adversity we faced, collectively as a team as well as individually, I am proud to say I was a part of another top 10 team for the Lumberjacks.
Yesterday was a great day. It started off waking up from a 10+ hour snooze shortly after 9 am in the bed next two two-time national champion, and fellow teammate, David McNeill. We each had some breakfast while enjoying European Vacation on the television (“What does the Queen do Dad?” “Queens, and vacuums.”). Dave had never seen it. How un-American.
Around 10:30 we left for the course for our pre race routine. Upon arrival we were greeted by my family! My mom and dad have been so supportive of everything I do since I was a little kid. I have no doubts that I wouldn’t be where I am with their encouragement and sacrifices. They were nice enough to bring along my big sister Jaclyn as well! She was the one that got the family into running to begin with, so it is fitting that she is here to see my last cross country race.
Course run-through was fine. On some of our past races this season I think we have been a little too relaxed and joking too much. These make for great memories and help bring the team together, but on the eve of the national championships, I think there will be plenty of opportunities to make memories just around the corner. The course looks fast, much like prenats. Perhaps a little less brown, dead grass. It was rather windy, especially on the stretch that spans the start, 5k, and finish. We took note of the wind and commented on where we should tuck in the pack and when to make our moves. Temperature was nice in the 50s and looks to be a little warmer tomorrow.
After getting our traditional Terre Haute lunch at Penn Station, we just laid around at the hotel until dinner time. Coach Mo picked up Olive Garden for us so we good relax in a hotel conference room together. Over dinner we finished reading Bo Reed’s A Magical Season that we had started on our trip down to Phoenix on Friday. The story tells of the 1988 NAU Cross Country team, one of only two NAU teams to finish within the top-2 at a national championship, and the only team to score a perfect 15 points at the Big Sky Championships. After hearing the story, it was truly magical what that scrappy group of runners from a “little school nestled in the pines.” I hope we can continue the NAU tradition and do something magical today.
We ended the evening with some kind words from Coach Heins and sharing a few words of encouragement from each other, and then a few of us ventured outside for a short walk. We enjoyed some fresh air together and really took it all in. Last race.
Yesterday was a great day. Today, in the words of a wise man, “is the greatest day to be a Lumberjack.” I can’t wait.
But this week had a few extras in it. It was so busy because it is NCAA CHAMPIONSHIP WEEK! At NAU the week leading up to the NCAA Championships is full of festivities, such as our last two ???workouts,??? keeping the media happy with endless interviews (see the video below), and making arrangements with professors for the classes and exams that will be missed on Monday.
So now that I have spoiled any suspense you may have had if you did not know that we had qualified for nationals, here is my race report from Saturday.
Our morning in Salt Lake City began just like any other race morning, with a 10 minute shake-out around town. Unlike our last one in Spokane, WA, the sun was up and the team had a more stoic feel. Conference is about winning a title and making memories; Regionals is strictly business. All that matters is that we qualify and prolong our season by nine more days. With this in mind, we decided that as long as we finish within the top-4 we should have no troubles (the first two teams are automatic qualifiers so any other teams to qualify are at-large selections).
Coach???s instructions were for Dave and Diego to get out towards the front and finish comfortably amongst the top-5, for Ahmed to run smart and hopefully place in the top-20, and the rest of us to be somewhere close to the All-Regional distinction of top-25.
As the race got underway, I found myself in an unusual position: in the front. I was running in about 3rd position after 400m and came through 1k and the mile mark with the leaders. I would normally not be so aggressive, but I really felt that the pace was extremely relaxed. We came through 1k in 2:56 and the mile in 4:48 ??? most of these bigger races I go out faster than that and find myself jockeying for position back in the trenches. So, while it was an unfamiliar position for me, I was not worried that I had gone out too hard.
Just as we approached the mile mark, Diego told me he was going to make a move, and I said, ???Go for it buddy.??? I tucked in and awaited the pack of runners that was surely going to come around me and close any gap Diego would form. That???s just what happened and I moved back in the race to a place closer to where I belong. Unfortunately I let too many runners by me and probably dropped back to the mid 30???s by the time I reached half-way. Worse than all the positions I had just given up, I really wasn???t feeling all that good. Maybe I had gone out too hard?
At 7k I was joined by Andrew and reassured with a pat on the back. We know each other incredibly well and I am sure Andrew could sense that I wasn???t feeling my best. Andrew???s gesture woke me up and I hopped on his train. That is what teammates are for.
We went by Coach Heins and he told us our position was fine, that there was no one around us, and to run the next couple kilometers controlled. Andrew and I did just that and ended up finishing the race strong, passing four or five runners in the last kilometer.
I ended up finishing 31st in 30:47, which is a 5 second PR from NCAAs last year. It would have been nice to stand on the stage as an All-Region runner, but the truth is we did good enough without it. We finished 4th behind New Mexico, Colorado and BYU. Later that afternoon we would find out that we were the 28th selection to the NCAA meet (out of 31). I couldn???t believe how late in the selection process we finished, but again, another detail that just doesn???t matter.
Now we are on our way to Terre Haute, Indiana for the big dance. As I noted in my Tears of Joy post, ???it will be my final race wearing an NAU cross country singlet, racing alongside six of my closest comrades whom I have shared victory and defeat with, racing in quite possibly my last cross country race, ever.??? Sigh. More of that emotional stuff to come before and after Monday???s race.
So I have been a little lacking on updates a bit. Since my last post, the team has started our newest of many traditions, “Thankful Thursdays.” Every Thursday, we go out as a team to a different restaurant. We started with sushi, Mexican last week, and Greek last night. These make for great opportunities to do more interviews.
Last week, at Caf?? Ol??, I interviewed Eric Lynch. Lynch, as he is commonly known as, is one of the few people remaining at NAU that started with me in the Fall of 2006. He has always been a great friend and I’m glad he is still around to laugh, run and share “old” times with.
The other piece of news is that the mens NAU Cross Country won its 4th straight Big Sky title over the weekend. As a whole, the team ran very well. David McNeill and Diego Estrada continue to impress every time they toe the line. Tim Freriks and Eric Lynch had exceptional days, both earning their first All Conference awards. Congratulations to them.
I did not have my best day, in fact it was definitely my worst performance of the season. I was our 7th man, finishing in 12th place. I didn’t feel all that bad in the race, which is good. I just didn’t seem to have that extra motivation that is needed to really make you hurt on a cross country course. When I realized this, it was rather alarming. “This was your last Big Sky Cross Country Championship, and you couldn’t get ‘up’ for it?” As I mentioned in my Stanford race report, I have been unusually calm about racing this year. This is my fifth year competing collegiately, could it be catching up with me?
Sunday, after finishing my long run with Tim and Andrew Belus, I thought about this and I just came to the conclusion that I need to put myself in the right frame of mind just before and during the race. Being relaxed is a good thing, but a little nervousness goes a long way. So during our workouts this week, which were some of our two hardest, signature workouts — mile repeats and “The Lumberjack” — I practiced putting myself in the right mindset. I don’t want every workout to feel like a race, because that will quickly lead to burnout, but when it got tough I told myself, “You want it; you just have to believe.” This will be my mantra over the last 16 days.
Before I get into the race report, I want to say congratulations to David McNeill for his 8th place finish in the 5k at the Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India. Obviously Dave is a huge talent, but he is an even better person. I am so fortunate to have had the opportunity to train and race alongside him the last few years (even though I am often trailing way behind him).
We left for Flagstaff last Thursday at 2pm and arrived at our hotel in Indianapolis on Friday at about 1:45 am. A solid 9 hour journey. It wouldn’t be so bad, but whenever we travel we have to drive several hours down the mountain to Phoenix and fly from there. That always adds a good 3 hours to our travel. I guess it is just the price you pay to live in the beautiful mountains. Definitely worth it.
After sleeping in a bit on Friday we made our way to Terre Haute to check out the course. First impression was how brown everything was. I had heard that the area had been in a drought, but I did not expect this. The course was bone dry and quite hard. The consensus was that the races would be very fast.
The rest of our afternoon and evening were nice a relaxing. We made our usual pilgrimage to Penn Station for some delicious subs and Olive Garden for dinner. Thanks to Coach Mo “Co Mo” for picking up our dinner so we didn’t have to sit at the restaurant for several hours. We had a meeting with Coach Heins about the race and he told us to take some risks and go for it.
Before my last two races I have felt surprisingly relaxed. In high school I had a really difficult time with nerves before races. At times it got to the point where not racing sounded a lot better than toeing the line. “Why didn’t I pick a different sport?,” I would ask myself while warming up. It was definitely not conducive to racing well and I think some of my improvement can be attributed to a simple attitude adjustment before races. But before these last two I have been much calmer than I had expected. While training, I often think about, for better or for worse, how little time I have left — how few races remain — and I would anticipate this to make me really nervous before each competition. Perhaps this is a result of maturity and hopefully a new mindset will once again translate into big improvements.
Sophomore Tim "Rube" Freriks and junior Ahmed Osman with me on the opening stretch.
Taking coach’s advice, I decided to get out hard off the line and really stick my nose in it. I wanted to feel like the race was right there, instead of being another guy in the middle of the pack. I hit 1k in 2:46, about 4 seconds or so off the leaders. After a blazing fast opening kilometer, the course winds its way gradually up some hills to the 5k mark. From 1k to about 4k, I was being passed by lots of runners. I didn’t stick with my original plan of competing with the top guys and should have been more aggressive during this part of the race. After the race I spoke with Eric Lynch about it, and we agreed that at that point I should have committed to my fast start and held my own up near the front. Lesson learned.
I came through the mile in 4:38 and hit the two mile in 9:32 (just 7 seconds off my high school PR). Once I fell back to around 50th or so, I began to move back up and came through the 5k in 15:07. The final kilometers I told myself I am strong, I have put in just as much work as these other guys. This was enough to keep me moving up through the field until I was in about 40th coming onto the finishing stretch.
The finishing stretch is about 500m long with a gradual incline. On Saturday it also had a bit of a headwind to make it a little more difficult for the fading to hold on. For some reason, I have a knack of getting to this finishing stretch with a nice gap in front of me to the next group. I always spend a good chunk of this stretch just trying to catch up to the pack ahead of me. Luckily there are always a few stragglers, so even if I don’t bridge the gap, I am able to kick down the less fortunate.
This time I ended up passing a few people and finished in 38th with an 18-second course PR of 24:20. I really wanted to finish in the top 30, but I was only 6 seconds back. I am right there!
The team finished 4th without Dave (still recovering from Commonwealth), thanks to a MONSTER effort by junior Diego Estrada, leading the team with a 5th place finish in 23:30. Diego has had to miss some training this season, but it is amazing how well he races despite it. He is a very tough racer and Saturday’s performance was very inspiring. Ahmed finished 13th in 23:58, junior Andrew Belus continued his great season by finishing 61st in 24:33, and sophomore Tim Freriks rounded out our top 5 in 75th at 24:42.
It looks like we finished well enough that our spot at nationals is almost guaranteed. Assuming we finish in the top-4 at our regional meet in a few weeks, we should have no problem being an at-large selection. As NCAAs come closer, I will take a good look at where I think our team stacks up with the rest of the field, as well as my chances of finishing top-40, and share my thoughts with you.
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2019-04-25T23:41:47Z
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http://runpd.com/tag/david-mcneill/
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King, 2 Queens and a Double in the den.
Assigned parking under the building near elevator.
95% of our reviewers would recommend this vacation rental.
Condo great, Florida Lifestyle not so great.
A guest from Pendleton, IN recommends this vacation rental.
Our condo in Sandcastle 1 was nice. It had everything we needed. However, the towels were old and left fuzz balls on everything. But otherwise, it was great. Any dealings we had with Florida Lifestyle and one particular rep, we were treated rudely in person and over the phone.
A guest from Lafayette, IN recommends this vacation rental.
Loved our stay!!! Always a good time in Indian Shores!
Barbara H. from Beavercreek, OH recommends this vacation rental.
Thank you for your review. I wanted to update you that the slider has be repaired and a new mattress is being delivered this week. We apologize for any inconvenience and hope to see you for your next visit to our area. Thanks again for your review.
Lori and Jim B. from Marne, MI recommends this vacation rental.
Wonderful vacation spot. Everyone was very friendly and helpful. Nice condo with washer and dryer which was helpful. Great pool with hot tub.
A guest from Mount Horeb, WI recommends this vacation rental.
The unit we stayed in was nice and as expected. The room was clean and inviting. Recommend some small fixes, front door needs work, deadbolt not working correctly, and lock could be changed to a number pad. If we had a large group you would need to know who has the key, and the key can get lost. The lighting was good, but the switches are not the best as it would not always send the signal when pressed so you never knew if pressing the button was doing anything.<br/>Getting the tv's to work took sometime from my husband as there was no instructions for getting the cable on. On arrival we had must be pile of remotes. Basically everything went great, but a welcome letter with information regarding tv, lights, laundry and WiFi would have helped alot. These things are not major but should be available to your guests.
A guest from Oshawa, ON recommends this vacation rental.
Beautiful renovated unit. Comfortable furniture, lots of amenities. Well maintained as all Sandcastle units are. Everything you could need for an excellent vacation rental.
Michele H. from Franklin, NC recommends this vacation rental.
Six ladies, all cousins, had a great Girl's Beach Week! All of us have come to Indian Shores area for years... with our parents, with our own families, and now for a great beach escape! Having the third bedroom was just what we needed and everything was provided. We also liked that the balcony actually had enough chairs for all of us at once! (many place have only 2-4) Having a washer and dryer was crucial as well. All the rooms were lovely, and tastefully designed. We would stay here again!
Craig M. from Oakland Township, MI recommends this vacation rental.
Larry W. from Aurora, IL recommends this vacation rental.
Great condo, great beach location, and a very friendly & professional property management team. Have already booked a return (twice) for next year.
A guest from St. Louis, MO recommends this vacation rental.
If you are looking to get away and avoid the touristy, crowded locations, this condo is for you. I't's located on a beautiful, clean quiet beach, you have the intercoastal/sunrise out the front door and the gulf side sunset from the deck. Covered parking included. Roomy enough for 7-8, updated and good location. We also utilized the pool, hot tub and grilling area - very nice. The only recommendation I would make is that they include beach towels for 8 and a hair dryer for each bathroom. Other than that we had no issues.
A guest from Belleville, Wisconsin recommends this vacation rental.
It was just great. Love the location. Kathy Gable is just outstanding as the management professional. The owners are the very best. We love the sound of the waves and the wonderful sunsets. A great place to stay.
Jean B. from Scarborough, ON recommends this vacation rental.
Staying at the Sand Castle is such a positive experience. The condo itself was bright, clean, and fully stocked. The Pub Restaurant is right across the street and other restaurants in walking distance. Definitely will stay again.
A guest from Lapel, IN recommends this vacation rental.
GREAT condo! Loved the space, amenities, beach access, etc! Would definitely recommend and would stay there again!
We decided to upgrade from hotel stays to Condominium Vacation 2 years ago and fell in love with the Condo that we rented so much that we came back the next year and just reserved for 2018!! All of the imenities of home are provided the locals are super nice too..
A guest from Sterling Heights, MI recommends this vacation rental.
We had a wonderful time in Indian Shores! Sandcastle 1 803 was very nice. Well stocked kitchen, nice furniture. Beautiful view from balcony! We would come back again!
Sand Castle 1 is in a beautiful location. Cathy Gable was wonderful to work with. It was great meeting the condo owner too. The condo is great! We loved the space and the updates. We would recommend this condo to anyone. We really enjoyed our stay.
Beautiful Beach and Clean Condo!
Paula T. from Woodbridge, ON recommends this vacation rental.
Beautiful relaxing vacation! Enjoyed the view of the ocean!
Sand Castle I is a great place to stay. Close to various dining places. Beach is clean. Property is kept well. Units are spacious and clean.
John M. from Perkinsfield, ON recommends this vacation rental.
very clean , all new furniture and appliances worked perfectly. Freshly painted. Lots of room.
A guest from Round Rock, TX recommends this vacation rental.
condo was in a great location to area and view of Gulf to observe sunsets was perfect. Amenities were right for our needs. our stay very satisfied.
Diane J. from Barto, PA recommends this vacation rental.
We found the area perfect. The big problem we had was the damage caused to our van and the inconvenience and time wasted in renting cars and dealing with insurance companies especially as the problem was caused by the management of the appartment.
Heather L. from Westfield, IN recommends this vacation rental.
This was a last minute booking as our condo with another rental company fell through at the last minute.<br/><br/>The rental company could be more knowledgable about what the owners have in the condo (beach toys, chairs, etc). It would make planning much easier. It seems it would be simple to check when the condos are being cleaned.
Nice condo, beautiful grounds and beach.
A guest from Somerset, KY recommends this vacation rental.
On the whole this was a very nice condo. It was updated for the most part and clean. We love Sand Castle 1 and have stayed in several units over the years. There is a BIG problem with guest parking that the condo association doesn't seem to be able to solve or really even care about. This condo needed some general maintenance and upkeep. When we left we gave Florida Lifestyles a list of 5 or 6 general items that needed attention. There is one major-and dangerous- problem with wall electric plugs. All plugs in both bedrooms were almost falling out of the wall and completely useless as nothing plugged into them would hold. They simply fell out of the socket. This has also been a problem in several other units we have rented. For the most part our family loves this area and all the wonderful restaurants. The beach is beautiful as are the grounds at Sand Castle 1. Our large extended family has been visiting for 7 or 8 years. We usually have 4 or 5 condos rented, with 25 or sofamily members.
Thank you for your review and the info you left about the general items needing attention. We will take care of them. See you next year.
Barbara N. from Naperville, IL recommends this vacation rental.
The condo at Sand Castle I was clean and well cared for. It had all the items like coffee maker, flat screen TV, cookware, dishes to have a comfortable stay. The pool was clean and refreshing in the hot sun and there were plenty of places to sit and relax. I would definitely stay here again.
Tina B. from Cedar Hill, MO recommends this vacation rental.
This was our 2nd year back to rent this condo! Everything was perfect and it was nice to see the condo has been remodeled. This is the perfect family vacation spot if you want to relax and enjoy the beach!
A guest from North Hampton, OH recommends this vacation rental.
Loved the view. Good location midway between St. Pete and Clearwater. Only downfall with location was there wasn't a lot within walking distance. The condo was nicely equipped. There were 3 chairs, boogie boards and some sand toys in the closet on balcony. We also left another chair & umbrella for future renters. The kitchen had everything we needed. A small t.v. In with the 3rd bed would have been nice.
The condo was perfect, even parking for this unit was undercover. Everybody was so friendly and pretty quiet. I would stay again.
The condo was perfect for our family of 4. The view of the ocean from the balcony was beautiful. We were able to relax with all the comforts of home. There are beach chairs and an umbrella that you can use which comes in handy when you are flying vs. driving. The only concern was all the construction that was going on during our stay. There was a construction crew installing scaffolding all week. The banging started at 7am and lasted into the evening. Bring your own hair dryer and be prepared to fully stock the condo. There weren't any paper towels, dish soap or a coffee filter in the unit. I left behind Kleenex, paper towels, TP, laundry detergent, dryer sheets and other items to help the next guest. Lots of great restaurants close to the condo to enjoy! I will definitely book again next year!
A guest from Gibsonton, FL recommends this vacation rental.
Let me start by saying that our vacation was wonderful, the things that were, in our eyes, in need of improvement, did not effect our ability to have a great family vacation by any means. I also must say that when we were looking at the pictures online, we were disappointed to see the outdated TV in the master bedroom. I read some previous reviews and noticed someone else stayed only a few weeks before us and mentioned it. The property management company said they would pass that info on to the owner, and they kept their word. We were thrilled to see a new flat screen TV in the living room and the other flat screen rotated to the master. For my family, we felt like the unit could use a deep cleaning to get the areas that may just be overlooked. It was not real dirty, just not cleaned with attention to detail (walls, baseboards, under furniture, carpets). The carpets should be replaced with something more suitable and fitting for high traffic; they were pretty gross. Also, the balcony is in need of a deep clean. The area surrounding the table is black. We couldn't go out there without the bottoms of our feet being covered. (Not good for the carpet) The master bed is very uncomfortable and the pull-out couch was gross. My son attempted it, but then decided to push it back in. The unit itself could use some updating with décor to make it feel more welcoming and cozier. Those are just things that we pay attention to when we spend money to stay somewhere and make memories. Despite these things, it was still an amazing time! I love this area on the 4th of July! Great view of the fireworks, the elevators were working great, and the people are so friendly. This is our 4th year staying at the Sand Castle 1 and I definitely would recommend it to a friend, but not this specific unit.
Thank you very much for your review. We are happy to report that this condo just sold and the new Owner is planning to do a makeover. In a few months it will be updated so feel free to book this condo next year without worry of outdated décor. Thanks again for staying with us and for your review.
Robert S. from Murfreesboro, TN recommends this vacation rental.
We arrived early for a wedding in Tampa and the staff was very helpful getting us in the rental early to get ready. The property and the rental were well maintained and clean. Four adults and a three year old stayed very comfortably with more than enough space. The area is very nice and a great location, half way between Clearwater and St. Pete. Love this rental and this area. Florida Lifestyles was great. There were Zero problems with our stay, booking was easy and efficient and everyone we dealt with at Florida Lifestyles was very nice.
Leslie S. from Gloversville, NY does not recommend this vacation rental.
The property was clean. But the actual building was not. Arrived to garbage when exited elevator on our floor. Not a good first impression.
Thank you for your review. We have passed your comments on the property management company since we do not manage the common areas. During changeovers, some people put their garbage out in front of their door instead of properly disposing of it. They stated that it was removed in a timely manner and unfortunately, you may have arrived shortly after a guest placed it there. Thanks again for your review.
Brandon M. from Powell, OH recommends this vacation rental.
Great location, condo was good for family.
A guest from Liberty, MO recommends this vacation rental.
I have stayed in condos along the gulf coast before, but this unit was the best to date. I had no idea that it had a washer and dryer in the unit. Also, the view is unreal. I will definitely try to book this condo again in the future!
Craig B. from Smithfield, IL recommends this vacation rental.
Wasn't as clean as our previous condo at Sandcastle and not furnished to the standards as the other one. Still can't beat the view and location. Management pleasure to work with.
Thank you for your review. We will check the furnishings and update as needed. See you next year.
Don W. from St. Petersburg, FL recommends this vacation rental.
So glad you enjoyed your visit! Hope to see you again next year!
A guest from Overland Park, KS does not recommend this vacation rental.
The rental unit we rented was suppose to be clean and safe. Also renting a unit we hoped to use all the space but the guest room had very sharp pieces of glass on the floor and on the bedding according to management was due to previous guest braking the window. When I called the rental the office there was no apologies on their behalf only rudeness and no thanks that I informed them before other clients rented condo without knowing.
A guest from Blue Springs, MO recommends this vacation rental.
We have been going to the Sandcastle properties for the last 10 years. Either with family or friends. So depending on the group usually tells us which of the two condos buildings to rent from. This is the first time with your company and the first in this condo. The condo was clean but very stark. No decor. Looks like a sunset in there all the time. The shades over the sliding doors don't do much to keep out the sun light or the moonlight. It was like having a light in the room all night long. The condo managment turned off the water on Wed for new plumbing. We got one day notice plus we had to move our car with the managemnt group not informing us where we could park with out a violation. That was stressful. Their response was: thank you for your coorporation and sorry for the inconvience. Not much choice. Plus one other thing the washer and dryer in this unit is too small. It is apartment size and not good for beach towels or any kind of towels. The way they have the dryer is hooked up it is a fire hazard. Beds were good but the pillows on all beds were terrible. We will not rent this unit again. We have others we will try again.
Linda F. from Espanola, ON recommends this vacation rental.
Eric N. from Belleville, Wisconsin recommends this vacation rental.
We were very happy with the our whole stay at Sand Castle I-803. We loved the location and the wonderful sunsets. We were a little surprise to find the kitchen, dishes and coffee maker not clean. The rest of the unit was great. Once we got things clean, we really enjoyed our stay.
Thank you for your comments. We are sorry that you found some uncleaned items. We will try to to better. Once again, thank you for your comments.
Juan and Lizette P. from Mason, Oh recommends this vacation rental.
I wish we were told ahead of time that we needed to bring toilet paper, dishwasher soap, or kitchen soap. I feel for the price the basic essentials should be included. A reminder from out of towners to bring beach towels. Also inform about visitors parking.
Thank you for your feedback. Condo rentals are 'Self Catering' to keep costs down. For the same price you pay for motel room, on the beach, your stay was in a 2 bedroom (plus den) fully equipped condominium with kitchen and washer/dryer. Again, thank you for your feedback.
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2019-04-18T23:00:09Z
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https://www.ourcondo.com/GetClubPropertyScreen.event?cc=accomm&fac=27779&fut_record_id=13416
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THE MODERATOR: We'll go ahead and take questions for the student-athletes of Wisconsin.
Q. This is for anyone who wants to answer the question. Talk about last night, the game got over about 10:15, obviously a very exciting deal. What did you guys do last night? How easy was it to get to bed and how rested are you guys going to be going into tomorrow?
MARCUS LANDRY: It wasn't easy getting to bed, I tell you that. But it was a great game. Guys really came out there to play. Just a great feeling. We are going to ride on that. We're going to go and practice today and really work on what we need to work on for this next game.
Q. Marcus, Joe, I'm not sure what at this stage what you know of Xavier, but can you talk a little bit about their front court and some of the challenges that they present.
JOE KRABBENHOFT: We don't know a whole lot. Seen them play on TV quite a bit. They have had a great year. They're very talented. Very athletic and strong.
It was interesting to see them in person yesterday, to see how big they really are. And they really attack the glass like comparable to like a Michigan State, I would say. But it's hard to compare teams, but we'll learn a lot more here in the next less than 24 hours even, in the next few hours, I guess, and be as prepared as we can be in a short time. Our coaches always do a great job, so we'll have wide open ears and ready to learn.
MARCUS LANDRY: Same thing. We don't know too much about them, but it was good that we got a chance to watch them play yesterday before our game kind of to see what they were. They're a very big team. So like he said, you kind of compare them to Michigan State. I know they're going to be all over the glass, just like those guys.
So we have to be prepared and ready. We'll learn more about the team within less than 24 hours here in the next hour or so and even tomorrow morning.
Q. For Marcus and Trevon Hughes, Marcus, you grew up in Wisconsin. Can you just talk about the state of basketball in Wisconsin given that you and Marquette are both here. And then Trevon Hughes, I guess growing up so far away, did you have any idea Wisconsin basketball throughout the state was such a big deal?
MARCUS LANDRY: Well, Wisconsin basketball has really been on the rise. Growing up I didn't know too much about Marquette or Wisconsin. I really didn't get into it until I saw myself developing as a player. But it's really been on the rise. Only thing I know about it was the bugs.
So it's just been a great experience to watch the teams grow over the years. And some of the guys that came out of Marquette and Wisconsin, to watch those guys play on beyond college basketball has been great.
TREVON HUGHES: Coming from New York, I had never heard of Wisconsin or Milwaukee. So therefore, Wisconsin, Marquette didn't exist in my head. I was just all about the Big East schools. But I went to military school in Wisconsin, I started getting recruited by Marquette and Wisconsin. And just the talent level that's in Wisconsin is just -- it's great. Like people don't like take it for granted any more that Wisconsin basketball is just for big guys that's slow.
But we can play. We shown people that we can play with any team out there and it's good basketball. We are out here and Marquette is out here and they're playing great without their point guard.
Q. Trevon Hughes, the two programs, Marquette and Wisconsin, seem to play a very different style of basketball. One is a smaller private school, other is a bigger public school. As somebody that's recruited by both of them, do they kind of really present a nice contrast for you in terms of what you want?
TREVON HUGHES: I would say so. Marquette tried to recruit me, talking about they going to be in the Big East and I'm going to be close to home, but that didn't matter because Bo Ryan is from the East Coast, he made it out here. He done a good job in the D-III level, in the Division I level. So he recruited me.
I liked the coaching staff, the team, the team that was here before me and my teammates that's here prior. And that's like what drew me here because it's such a nice group of guys and I wanted to be here. They made me feel like family, so that's why I came.
Q. Being from New York there's a stereotype of how the game is played there. And it seems like it's the antithesis of how it is at Wisconsin. Was there any trepidation of going to a system like that where it's a slower pace?
TREVON HUGHES: No. But Coach always beat it in my head that don't try to make the great play, make the good play. Coming out of high school I was pretty flashy, always wanted to make the crowd say, Ooh and ah. But with kind of a steady pace, it's more of a team game and when we need to, he let us play.
Q. Joe, I know seeding kind of goes out the window at this point, but when you guys found out that you were a 12 seed, did it give you a little more incentive or did you come into the tournament with a little more chip on your shoulder getting that seed?
JOE KRABBENHOFT: I don't know if necessarily due to the fact that they gave us a 12 seed. I think we were just pleased to be in the tournament given only 19 wins.
But like I said, we thought we built up a good enough resume to be in. But I think that you just need to find a chip on your shoulder other than being a 12 seed.
There's 65 great teams in the tournament. You got to find other ways to have a chip on your shoulder and we just were upset with a few -- the way a few games went this year and that was enough motivation there itself. So the 12 seed didn't really have a whole lot to do with it, but we just go out and play the same way we do any night.
Q. You guys are here so often, this is the 11th straight year and once you get to the tournament, you have a habit of staying and making it a few rounds. How much of that comes from the experience?
JOE KRABBENHOFT: I think a lot -- it helps a lot. But this team, you saw a guy in Jordan Taylor who made his first appearance in a NCAA game. Jon Leuer, I don't know how much they played last year, but the first real significant playing time in a NCAA tournament. So there's these guys next to me are experienced along with a couple others, but just the kind of the way the system goes.
And this team is just doing a great job, as have other teams in the past here at Wisconsin, it's just the way the system works and it's working its course right now and doing a good job.
Q. John or Marcus, can you talk about the length of the timeouts and what you guys do as players? Does it disrupt your rhythm at all? Does Coach Ryan have enough to say during those timeouts?
JOE KRABBENHOFT: Is it longer?
JOE KRABBENHOFT: Okay. It seemed a lot longer. Yeah.
MARCUS LANDRY: Go ahead, John, I mean Joe.
JOE KRABBENHOFT: Well, yeah. I mean our -- he has so many rules, I mean, he just had to pour his water into a cup. And so we can't have our managers on the bench much, so we have some of our red shirt players who aren't going to be able to play in these games, they sit our chairs down, so that they're not used to that. So maybe that takes up the extra 30 seconds because it really didn't seem any different. But maybe because they're not so used to doing that, they're a little slow with that.
We were joking today at breakfast about I almost fell down because the chair wasn't behind me. Right where it usually is because of the managers. So maybe that took up the time. Because it really didn't seem any different. I didn't feel any different.
MARCUS LANDRY: Well, I guess we just get more rest. I guess that's a good thing. I don't know, it gives you longer time to recover and just go out there and be ready. I mean, it's great for guys that play a lot of minutes to have the extra minute or so or whatever how much time it is.
Q. I know you guys don't know a lot about Xavier, but do you think the Mid Major label is appropriate for them?
JOE KRABBENHOFT: No. They're good. I don't know, I don't think the players are -- I don't even know who is the judge of judging Mid Majors. I think when you see Gonzaga, when you see Xavier, those type of teams and those teams come to mind, I don't see them as Mid Major. They may use that title as a chip on their shoulder and that's great for them, but they have earned the respect of the nation as far as the players and coaches, media.
They're a great team and I don't know if Mid Major is being disrespectful even, I don't even know where to go with this, but they're such a great team, they can play with anybody. I think that's the best way to put it.
Q. Trevon Hughes, you talked about trying to make the flashy play. How long did it take you to get over that and how often were you in Coach Ryan's doghouse for that?
TREVON HUGHES: It took me a whole year, my freshman year, you know. I spent a lot of time sitting next to him. So it took me, I want to say just a year. But my second year I kind of got the ropes as coming in as a guard and had to make the good play. If I didn't make the good play, guess where I was at? Right next to him again.
THE MODERATOR: All right. Thanks, gentlemen. We'll take questions for Coach Ryan.
Q. Coach, Trevon Hughes was just up there and talked about coming from New York he tried to make a lot of flashy plays and you told him just to make the good play. How long did it take for your message to sink in with him and how difficult was that process?
COACH RYAN: Well, here's my reasoning, and it's not a theory, it's obviously based on a lot of facts and observation: If you try to make good plays as compared to trying to make great plays. Great plays work about one out of every four or five times. Good plays will work three out of four, four out of five times. So on passes, make the good pass, doesn't have to be the great pass. And I learned that from my high school coach, because that was one of the reasons he kept me on the team was because I could deliver the ball to the scorers and that was after being the leading scorer in bitty league, by the way.
So he took the scoring away from me and said, Okay, you're the guy that's going to play D and pass the ball and distribute the ball. So I made a behind the back pass one game as a sophomore and he pulled me aside and he said, You know, it's a good thing that pass got through. And I said, Well, you know, that was the best way I could get the ball to him, Coach. Coach, he says, No, no, I know, I know, but for your sake you're lucky it got through or you're fortunate that it got through.
So he would let me do some things through the legs or because Bob Cousy was the guy that I always tried to copy, and it's kind of nice being on the Bob Cousy Award Committee right now because I just always pictured him playing. And every day I would go to the playground and try to do what he did.
But I can see as a coach if a person's out there trying to be flashy and it's not getting done, then you say, Don't be flashy. The key is, if you can make it happen, then results are still what it's all about.
So I've been after Trevon on things like that for a long time and he's improved. There's no question about it. And I think he understands, especially when at practice we chart points per possession and if you're turning the ball over, you can't get a point on that possession, the statistics tend to go against you. But he's learning. Not quite there yet.
Q. When you see or read or hear that your team isn't as, quote, "athletic" as some of the other teams you play, how do you interpret that? What does that mean to you?
COACH RYAN: I've been asked that a lot over the years and not just in Division I, Division III also. Athleticism, a race car driver, good eye-hand coordination, that's athleticism. Being able to jump high is athleticism. Being able to hit a 98 mile an hour fast ball is athleticism. So it all depends on how you want to describe the individual function of being an athlete. There's a lot of different things that make people an athlete.
So if people are looking -- if I have a bunch of guys who have good eye-hand coordination, who anticipate well, who have good court awareness, all those things are athletic traits. I think some people get very limited in their scope when they think of athleticism as only speed in a sprint or high jumping or long jumping as far as events or skills are concerned.
So I really don't buy that we're not athletic, because I think in order to play college basketball, period, to be on the floor, especially in an environment like this, the NCAA tournament, you have to have athletes. It's just people measure athletes a little differently.
Q. Can you give your thoughts on Sean Miller and what he's been able to do with the Xavier program?
COACH RYAN: Yeah, I was waiting for somebody to ask me about Sean. Did he tell you about nine years old being in Madison? We dressed him up in a Superman contest at what I call -- I got a chance, the coach that I worked with, Bill Cofield, we were talking about ways of getting kids to the field house in Madison, stimulate interest in basketball. And you know, being an East Coast guy myself and thinking that the basketball program needed a little promoting and selling tickets and trying to be -- since marketing and economics was my major, so we had this Roundball For Youth night.
And I got a chance to get some people, we had Crazy George come in, anybody remember Crazy George? Did all the ball handling, could spin 47 balls at the same time. I'm exaggerating. And we had Tanya Crevier, who was the best woman's ball handler, because I was very sensitive to making sure we covered everything in the Roundball For Youth night. And we invited kids, we had an inter-squad scrimmage, but I felt we needed one more ingredient. We needed a kid, we needed somebody a little more entertainment.
And I called up John Miller, and knew about Sean and these different things that he had done as a nine year old. We bring Sean Miller into the field house in Madison -- I still have people that come up to me and say, Oh, I remember that night in the field house when you had this person and that person and we had Stretch Gregory and Claude Gregory, Wes Matthews, Larry Petty, Joe Chrnelich, Danny Hastings, a bunch of those guys at Wisconsin at that time and had a good scrimmage, but afterwards all the kids got a chance to bring their basketball down on the court after Crazy George, Tanya, and Sean Miller did their thing.
And I sent Sean a copy of this. And it was the most fun I think I've -- just see the smile on the kids, the kids had a great time. And Sean and his dad were there and he did some ball handling and some shooting and did some things. And it was very well received. And that's how I first met Sean Miller.
And then, of course, he coached at Madison with Stu a little bit and I followed him as a guard. And you know, being from Pennsylvania, when you're at Chester all the teams in the western part of the state they all think that they're the best and the teams on the east think they're the best Lower Merion, Coachfield, Chester, and then Beaver Falls and Shendley and the rest of them on the other side of the state. So I had a chance to follow his teams. Coach Miller's a very, very good coach. Both of them. So that's how I know Sean and it's, he's just, he's a basketball junkie like I am. I mean just, that's what we, that's in our blood. My dad didn't coach high school, but he coached kids. So I kind of knew where he was always coming from.
And we kind of played the same position and so probably more than what you expected. But there it is. And if you ever, if anybody needs a $29.99 for a copy of the video from me. Roundball for Youth night.
Q. How would you define a Wisconsin player? And if you had a guy out there say who was a McDonald's All-American, a great talent who wanted to come play for you, but didn't meet whatever criteria you have for bringing guys in, would you say ever say, son, you're a great player, but we just, you wouldn't fit what we try to do here?
COACH RYAN: Well, we check players out first. And there's and it just because we don't happen to get a lot of those types of players, I think that, you know, in our society there are things that nobody ever wants to talk about but are facts. The national attention that are given to X number of programs in this country automatically, whether it's a commercial for a soft beverage and they got one team's fans jumping up-and-down in the stands; or they got a commercial about rivalries and dropping suitcases and picking it up for the other one; or there are things that you fight at a Wisconsin in recruiting where we don't get the national freebies. That's what I call them. In marketing and exposure and everything else.
But we're still a part of the game and we still think we can get players that can play and we still think we can compete. And I've never turned away somebody who said, hey, I really want to be at your school, but I only want to stay one year. I mean, I don't know of too many people that have done that.
But the guys that we, we have to have a connection. Academically, it is very, very difficult at Wisconsin. Every coach tells you that, but I'll tell you right now talk to a lot of coaches, and when I tell them the things that are required they go, really? Yeah, there aren't any shortcuts at Wisconsin.
So sometimes in the recruiting maybe your field that you get to select from isn't the same, but when you say what type of person? Do they play hard? Are they passionate about the game? Are they coachable? Are they respectful? Are they studious? Do they have a direction, do they have a vision of trying to be a better person and to make things better for others. I know that sound idealistic, but all those things tend to make for some pretty good players in what we do.
And we have had obviously very good players. Players drafted in the first round and players that have played overseas and players that are very successful in business and other areas.
But to say -- it kills me inside -- not kills me, because it just, I think it's hilarious, oh, he gets the guys that fit his system. And I always say, well if taking good shots, taking care of the ball, playing solid defense is a system, well why doesn't everybody else have the same system? They do. It's just, we are who we are, just like Xavier is who they are and Florida State's who they are. And, but I always find that amusing when people say, he gets the players to fit his system. And I have never been in a clinic and heard somebody ever talk about a different system than what we have been preaching.
Q. You talked about growing basketball in the state of Wisconsin, with that story, can you talk about the state of basketball in your state? I know four teams had winning record, you and Marquette are both in the second round of the tournament, for people outside of the state, can you just talk about the state of basketball within Wisconsin?
COACH RYAN: It's very good. When I first got to Wisconsin in the '70s, a lot of the high school coaches were coaching 2003, three sports. And we were starting basketball camps and the Roundball For Youth nights and things like that and it just seemed -- I'm not saying it wasn't good, I'm not saying it was bad, I'm not saying or anything other than I know that it, with McGuire in Milwaukee, that Marquette had that certain flare and, but let's face it, in the '70s how many teams were making the NCAA tournament, how much exposure was there on TV compared to now.
And the other thing was, you know, the most notoriety other than in the '70s than Marquette was the Eau Claire teams that were going to Kansas City. And playing in the NAIA -- Ken Anderson was the coach -- and then other Division III NAIA level teams were developing in the state of Wisconsin, which brought national championships to the state, one school won four down in the southwest corner of Wisconsin. Platteville.
And, let's see, a few years ago, I don't know if you are aware of that, and then Stevens Point won a couple and Whitewater won a couple and some other teams got to the finals and things like that. And that got a little bit of exposure, but as far as the Division I teams, all of a sudden -- the AAU programs in Wisconsin for the most part they are run very well, they have given opportunities to kids that did not have opportunities before. So the development of the AAU programs in Wisconsin, 90 some percent very up front, very you can deal with them, you can talk to people, can you say this is how, this is what I expect, this -- don't call me about this, don't call me about that. I don't want to hear this.
And they listen because I don't deal with that stuff. And nobody tries to sell me a player. And I'm sure it's the same way with the other programs.
But high school basketball got better, because coaches were becoming, going to more clinic, when I first started going to a clinic was in the early '70s BS, and it was at Valley Forge, Bob Knight was one of the clinicians and I remember the impact that had on me. And more and more coaches started doing more and more things with a lot of factors, but one, there were very good college programs in the state and not just on the scholarship level, and you were having teams Green Bay, UWM, getting into the tournament besides Marquette and Wisconsin.
And all those things were good for basketball. So it's a combination of a lot of things, but it's really been a lot of fun to come from the Philly area and go into Wisconsin in the '70s and to, for 30 some years be around what's happened in Wisconsin and be a small part of that. That's a lot of fun. It's, basketball in Wisconsin's pretty good. I know a lot of people don't know that much about it, but it's pretty good.
Q. Players from what they have seen of Xavier so far compared it to Michigan State in the way that they attack the glass. Do you agree with that and what's your assessment of Xavier from what you've seen so far?
COACH RYAN: Our players said they were like Michigan State? I think because one of the assistants said that. And our guys listen. So, yeah I mean they are, they're out rebounding teams by what? Eight, nine, ten, somewhere in there. And they're long and bouncy and aggressive. And they have numbers.
So that tends to be like a Michigan State, because you try to look at certain things and say, okay, what does this team have, this team has depth. What does this team have, this team has size. This team has quickness, this team has great outside shooters.
So one of the things that's been mentioned, obviously, is that Xavier's very, very tough on the glass. And that would be a great comparison to say they're like Michigan State.
Q. I apologize if you've been asked about this before, but with Wisconsin and Marquette at the same regional, did, do you ever recruit the same players?
COACH RYAN: Sure, it happens. Recruit the same players at a lot of schools in the Big-10 that they recruit. Marquette, DePaul, Iowa State, there's other leagues also that recruit Wisconsin, we recruit other states, other schools recruit our state. We recruit against Green Bay and Milwaukee too because sometimes there's a player that can play right away or maybe feels they can play right away, that may be at one of those schools that, which Green Bay and Milwaukee are pretty good at, maybe not every year, but Marquette's not the only school that you recruit against in Wisconsin.
Q. With the two schools seem to play in pretty distinctly different styles of basketball. Does either, do you feel like that that gives kids an, I guess, a good, a clear choice in what they're looking for?
COACH RYAN: Well, I think that kids are smart. The kids we want are the kids that are looking for the best education, the best environment, the best -- there's so many more things other than styles of basketball that a young man -- what did you choose a college for? Well I would hope that it was an intelligent decision about the environment and what's offered and what majors and everything else.
So it isn't just about a style of basketball that a young man or a young woman chooses a college. That insults their intelligence. So we are who we are, they are who they are, and Green Bay does what they do and Milwaukee does what they do and people choose a school.
I don't know if style of play is going to be the thing that is the most important thing in a young man's mind. Because if you can get a layup and you play at Wisconsin, you're going to get a layup. If you can get a layup at Green Bay, you get the layup. You get a good shot. I haven't seen any of the four programs not try to take good shots. And hopefully they're there to get a Wisconsin degree. The ones that are playing for me. That's all I care about.
THE MODERATOR: All right, thank you, coach.
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2019-04-21T02:28:22Z
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http://www.asapsports.com/show_interview.php?id=55432
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“My Mortal Enemy” was first published in 1926, and if I’m honest at 122 pages of biggish type it really should be classed as a novella. The book is narrated by the wonderfully named Nellie Birdseye, and she tells us the story of Myra Driscoll, later Henshawe, whom she meets at pivotal points in her life.
Their first encounter is when Myra makes a return visit to the (fictional) small town of Parthia. Myra grew up here, friends with Nellie’s aunt Lydia, and has become something of a scandalous figure since her elopement with Oswald Henshawe. Brought up by her great-uncle, Myra always has a wild streak and unfortunately her uncle disapproved violently of her beau. So Myra marries for love and by doing so loses the chance of a decent inheritance from her relative.
We (and Nellie) finally encounter Myra and Oswald some years later on the Californian coast. Nellie, now grown up (and possibly married?) is teaching and Myra is now a bedridden invalid. Tormented by noisy upstairs neighbours and looking for comfort in a return to her religion, Myra nevertheless still exerts a fascination on those around her. Oswald cares for her faithfully, despite still managing to attract the friendship of younger women, but Myra is a woman wracked with regrets – for having given in to love, cursing herself is a shallow person who should have instead stayed with the money she loved and needed. As her life comes to an end, she looks for fulfilment elsewhere and seems to find a kind of inner peace.
So I may have chosen my shortest Cather but it certainly isn’t a thin read! There are big themes here – whether love or money is most important; whether complete honesty is crucial to a marriage; whether what we receive in this world or the next is most important. I understand that Cather returned to her own religion too, and the comfort Myra draws from this at the end of her life is perhaps taken from her own life.
As to the mortal enemy of the title and to whom this refers, I actually felt that was rather nebulous. Some have taken it to mean her husband; some Myra herself; and some the whole process of love, what we’ll do for it and the havoc it can cause in our lives. Certainly, Myra has suffered for the decision she made, regretting the fact that she left behind a comfortable life with plenty of money; but she has always been victim to her passions and in many ways paid the price.
I sat down beside her, and we watched the sun dropping toward his final plunge into the Pacific. “I’d love to see this place at dawn,” Myra said suddenly. “That is always such a forgiving time. When that first cold, bright streak comes over the water, it’s as if all our sins were pardoned; as if the sky leaned over the earth and gave it absolution.
Cather’s writing is lovely throughout, and in such a short book she manages to paint nuanced portraits of all the characters. In particular, the relationship between the Henshawes is subtly rendered, and Cather captures brilliantly the delicate balancing act they go through to keep the marriage on track.
Well, after all that fretting and trying to decide, I guess that it’s no surprise that I actually ended up choosing Elizabeth von Arnim’s “The Enchanted April” for my Virago Author of the Month read. The weather has been so cold and I was so fed up returning to work after the Easter break that something sunny and lovely was just what I felt like – and I certainly got that here!
Published in 1922, TEA is perhaps the best-known and most read of Arnim’s works and it’s often been adapted for stage, screen and other media. It’s not hard to see why as it’s a delight from start to finish, though I do wonder if the atmosphere and wonderful narrative voice would carry over from the book.
The story begins in a grey February London, where Lotty Wilkins is contemplating escape. Her marriage is a disappointment, her husband Mellersh being stiff and unresponsive, and she dreams of Italy. By chance she spots an advertisement offering a month’s rental of a castle in the country of her dreams; and it seems the ideal time to spend the nest-egg she’s been saving. And a chance encounter with a fellow member of her club, Rose Arbuthnot, sets things in motion.
Rose is also unhappy in her marriage; a pious vicar’s daughter, she has become estranged from her husband Frederick who spends most of his time away from home. Rose is unhappy that he earns a living writing biographies of famous courtesans, and throws herself into good works to compensate for this. However, she too is seduced by the advert and when Lotty realises this she sees a chance for them both to take the castle and have their month of freedom.
The cost, however, is an issue; and so the ladies recruit two others to help pay the bills, in the form of Lady Caroline Dester, a society woman famed for her beauty, and Mrs. Fisher, a grim old widow stuck in the past when she associated with such famous men as Ruskin and Carlyle. The four disparate characters finally manage to arrive in San Salvatore and it is here that the fun begins.
The place and its intense beauty have an immediate effect on Lotty, who perhaps wanted the holiday more than anyone. She positively blossoms, and her reaction to the place affects the others. Rose, too, is enchanted although troubled by the state of her marriage to Frederick. Lady Caroline (reverting to her nickname of Scrap) simply wants to be left alone – her beauty and position are a constant burden to her and she lives in terror of being ‘grabbed’ by everyone who wants her attention. As for Mrs. Fisher, it’s hard to see at first what motivates her although even she will be changed by the location.
Complexities occur in the form of husbands: Lotty invites hers to join them as she cannot bear to enjoy all this beauty without her partner to share it with. Rose wants to do the same but is tormented by the realisation that he finds her a bore. Scrap wants nothing to do with love, being sick of being fawned upon by every man she meets. And Mrs. Fisher thinks all this talk of husbands improper. However, thrown into the mix are the solitary Mr. Briggs, owner of San Salvatore, who turns up in pursuit of one woman only to be thrown off-balance. And who is this mysterious old friend of Scrap’s that suddenly appears?
Needless to say, the conclusion of the book is lovely and occasionally unexpected. I’m not going to reveal anything (although I have to say that I raced through the book, desperate to find out how things would be resolved), but I will say that each woman comes to Italy to escape from her current life, and each finds what she needs there.
“The Enchanted April” really lives up to its name – it *is* utterly enchanting. I loved each of the characters – from Lotty’s visionary dreaming through Rose’s moral crises, Scrap’s inability to appear anything but lovely and pleasant, and Mrs. Fisher’s testy reliance on the past, each is individual and wonderfully defined. Even the supporting characters are lovely, and the setting is of course glorious – Arnim’s descriptions of the scenery were delicious and wafted me away from cold every day England to a beautiful setting, dripping with my favourite wisteria. They were so vivid that I was filled with an urge to set of for Italy immediately myself.
It would be easy for a book like this to slip into romance territory, but fortunately it’s saved from becoming too saccharine by a number of elements. Firstly, there is Arnim’s trademark humour; the other books of hers I’ve read have been full of wonderful dry wit, and this is no exception. The description of Mellersh’s first encounter with Italian plumbing, for example, is just priceless.
Secondly, there is of course a more serious undercurrent to the book; the theme of loneliness is never far away from the surface. Lotty and Rose are both lonely within their marriage; Scrap has kept herself whirling around in a frantic haze of society simply to hide up the hollowness of her life; and Mrs. Fisher hides from the coldness and lack of love by burying herself in the past.
Arnim is particularly good on the reasons why a marriage can go wrong: from the grinding repetitiveness and the petty disagreements that flare up from living close to someone, to the growing apart and the becoming bored with the same person, it’s clear that she feels the women need something to revitalise their relationships. It turns out to be the change of scene and the break from the everyday that allows them to become themselves again, thereby jump starting their marriages. And in the case of Scrap, she’s allowed the space to think, to look at her life and to see what’s missing and what she really wants from it.
It’s also clear that Arnim believes that our surroundings are vitally important to the people we are; and I suppose that was part of the charm of her “Elizabeth…” books, as the main character spent much time in her beautiful garden, so crucial to her peace of mind. Certainly, the book cleverly exposes the difference location makes to Lotty and Rose; initially they seem like two ordinary, dull married women, but once they are in San Salvatore and we see them through the eyes of the Italian servants, we have to adjust our perspectives as it’s clear that they are in fact beautiful young women.
There are no doubt criticisms that could be levelled at “The Enchanted April”: for a start, it’s not exactly feminist and Arnim seems to think that the love of a good man is the solution to everything. There’s never any idea that they can live a fulfilled life without that relationship, and in fact Rose’s constant attempt to make her own way by doing good work is rather mocked in the book. Also, the class element is unavoidable; even though Lotty and Rose are not rich, they certainly can afford servants and the distinction between the guests and those serving at the castle is clear.
Nevertheless, this was a joyous and uplifting read; Jacqui compared it to “Miss Pettigrew Lives For A Day” in her excellent review here, and it certainly has a similar fairy-tale quality to it. If I’m honest, and I had to choose, I think “Miss Pettigrew” might just pip “The Enchanted April” to the post (although the former has no wisteria, which is a disadvantage…) We don’t all have the luxury of a month away in the sun to discover or rediscover our real selves – but oh, wouldn’t it be wonderful!
Following on from the LibraryThing Virago group’s choice of Vita Sackville-West for January, our author of the month for February was the great Rebecca West. I struggled to get onto reading one of her books last month, finally picking it up right near the end; so a little belatedly, here is my review of her first (and probably most well-known) work of fiction, “The Return of the Soldier”. Billed as a novel, at 160 pages with big type it’s a book you can read quickly; however, it gives much food for thought and I can see why it’s so highly regarded.
West is an author I’ve only read a little of (my review of her “The Harsh Voice” is here) but I have a large number of her books on the shelves. Had time been on my side I would have liked to spend time with one of her more substantial works – but then, this book has more substance to it than you might expect. “The Return of the Soldier” was written while the Great War was still taking place and published in 1918; narrated by a woman called Jenny, it tells the story of the return of her cousin Chris Baldry from the Front, back to his beautiful home on ‘the crest of Harrow-weald’ and the welcoming arms of his beautiful wife Kitty and of course Jenny (who appears to live with them).
As the book opens, the women are living in their gilded cage, relatively untouched by the War but surrounded by absence. As well as the fact that Chris is away fighting, they are also haunted by the loss of Chris and Kitty’s young son; the nursery has been left untouched and Kitty is often to be found in the room as if seeking comfort. The women have prepared an immaculate nest for their man and themselves, one that he was apparently sad to leave; it seems perfect, idyllic and slightly unreal, given what is happening in other parts of the world.
Strangeness had come into the house and everything was appalled by it, even time.
Crashing into this glittering facade comes a woman from the nearby town of Wealdstone; the place is described in stark terms as something of a blot on the picturesque local landscape, and Mrs. Grey is set forth in a cruel and patronising way. In fact, the reaction of Jenny and Kitty quite shocked me until I realised I was seeing her through the filter of their eyes; the descriptions of a working woman are harsh, representing her as a stereotype with cheap clothes and accessories, and worn face and hands, and I found their reaction hard to take.
Mrs. Grey has, somewhat surprisingly, come with news that Chris is ill. Why she should know and not his wife and cousin is not revealed at first, but as we read on we find that Margaret Grey, when she was a young innkeeper’s daughter, knew Chris Baldry very well. In fact, unlikely as it seems to Kitty and Jenny now, she was his first love and as he’s suffering from shell-shock and has blotted out the past 15 years, he’s pining to return to Margaret and the affection of his youth.
So Chris is brought home and despite the evidence before his eyes is unable to accept the reality of where and who he is. He cannot remember Kitty; Jenny is a childhood playmate; and to the astonishment of these sophisticated women, he has an instant bond with Margaret despite the coarsening effects upon her of age and a hard life. Chris is happy with Margaret and his life in the past; but can he be allowed to stay there or will the doctors brought in to treat him be able to bring him back to the present and the prospect of the return to battle?
For that her serenity, which a moment before had seemed as steady as the earth and as all-enveloping as the sky, should be so utterly dispelled made me aware that I had of late been underestimating the cruelty of the order of things. Lovers are frustrated; children are not begotten that should have had the loveliest life, the pale usurpers of their birth die young. Such a world will not suffer magic circles to endure.
“The Return of the Soldier” is a powerful first novel, and surprisingly complex for such a short work. West brilliantly builds up the initial setting, painting a picture of the lovely world created (mainly by Kitty) for Chris and initially as I read I accepted (with Jenny) that the house and location was wonderful and that all three were happy there. However, as I read on, the appalling snobbery of the women made it clear that this was a shallow, stale and worthless environment to live in, and the contrast of the superficial falsity of the controlled life Kitty had created, cold and barren, was made with the real, deep emotional life of Margaret. Jenny finds out the back-story from Margaret, and the relationship between her and Chris is touchingly revealed. The latter only seems to come properly alive when he’s with his first love, his attitude to Kitty (and all other beautiful women) seeming more as that of a man being very careful with a piece of fragile china. Little details, such as the fact that Chris had not even given his home address to the authorities when he enlisted, reveal how little attachment he had to his wife and home, and it’s clear that his life with them was meaningless.
Kitty herself is a clever and unpleasant creation; self-absorbed, controlling and ultimately selfish, she would rather Chris was made well to return to the battlefield and possible death, than stay in his happy world of 15 years ago with Margaret. As for the latter, she’s a fascinating creation; Jenny manages to recognise her worth, despite her prejudices, and she’s obviously a person of much more substance than the rich women. Her lot in life shows the difference that circumstances can make to a person because had she had the money and comforts Kitty and Jenny had, they would not have been able to make such harsh and hideous judgements about her.
The title of the book obviously has a double meaning; initially there is the physical return of Chris to his home, but there is also the eventual mental return from his place of safety to normality so he can tragically return to the fighting. Although the women are somewhat cut off from the War, they have their own kind of battle for Chris and it’s painful to watch. All of this is conveyed in beautiful, evocative prose and West’s writing is magnificent. To get so much into such a short book is a remarkable achievement, and reading “The Return of the Soldier” has really convinced me that I need to pick up more of those West books languishing on Mount TBR.
“Dipping” is a word I’m trying to introduce into my reading vocabulary at the moment, as I seem to have got myself into a mindset of having to finish a book at a time, regardless of what it is. And when it comes to poetry and short stories, this isn’t necessarily the best way to read, so I’m going to attempt to be a little more flexible, picking up volumes of poems and shorter works when the mood takes me and not fretting about when I finish them. And I was gifted with some lovely volumes at Christmas, so this would be the ideal way to start exploring them.
A book I’ve been keen on getting for a long time is Sylvia Townsend Warner’s Selected Stories in a lovely Virago volume, and my Secret Santa Trish kindly came up trumps with this one. The stories are chosen by Susanna Pinney and William Maxwell, STW’s literary executors, and having only read one of her books before (“Mr. Fortune’s Maggot”) I was interested to see what her other work was like.
So far, I’ve read a few stories and they really are good. In particular, “The Love Match”, the first story in the collection, is a real gem and a wonderful way to open the book. Telling the story of Celia and Justin Tizard, a brother and sister who come to live in the little town of Hallowby, it initially seems that Mr Pilkington, who brings them there, might be the focus of the story or heavily involved. In fact, he plays a minor part, and STW twists and subverts your expectations with a dark little tale about a very strange relationship between the wars and how it plays out. I was left with a *lot* of questions about Celia and Justin, about what really *had* been going on in the town, and also thinking about what happens behind closed doors and beneath the surface.
What was I saying about being a trivial reader? That’s perhaps the wrong word – fickle might be a better word; for example, there are many, many books I’ve had on my shelves for 30 years and *never read*! I’m trying to rectify that at the moment (Proust being the main example); but Martha Gellhorn is another case in point. However, paradoxically, the book of hers I chose to pick up was this one, “A Stricken Field”, one of my more recent Virago acquisitions. I thought the subject matter (Prague in 1938) might fit better with my current mindset, and Gellhorn was on my mind from reading about her in Sybille Bedford’s “Pleasures and Landscapes”. So there you are – I’m following my random reading muse as usual!
So Gellhorn was obviously no ordinary woman and had no ordinary life – in fact, I imagine that a biography would be a really good read! However, apart from her reporting she also wrote fiction, and this book is her first full-length novel, published in 1940 when war was beginning to tear Europe apart; and also after years of conflicts on that continent, in Spain, and also in Germany, where the Nazi regime had been gradually developing an iron grip. The novel opens with Mary Douglas, an American journalist, flying into Prague in 1938. Munich pact etc. Mary is young, but she’s not naive, having seen the Spanish Civil War, and she knows that the creeping menace of the Nazis threatens the countries and people she loves. She’s hoping to find her friend Rita, a left-wing German who’s fled to Prague in search of safety, and they do indeed meet up early in the story. Rita lost her brother to the enemy’s brutality, and works for the resistance in Prague, trying to help fellow refugees survive. She has also found a fragile kind of happiness with a fellow worker, Peter; but they are living on a knife-edge, like every other enemy of Fascism at large in a country now being dominated by the jackboot. All the refugees are being forcibly repatriated to places where they will be tortured, put in concentration camps, and most probably die horribly. Can Mary and her journalist friends do anything to help – or is the impending cataclysm too much for any humanitarian efforts?
It’s a stark story of a stark time; Mary tries at one point to involve some politicians in her attempts to help the refugees, but even they are powerless to make any difference. There are many shocks in this book, not the least the contrast between the privileges Mary enjoys because she holds an American passport, and the lack of everything – food, money, security, a chance at life – that the expelled refugees have. But what shocked me most of all was when this book was written and published. Gellhorn wrote the book in 1939, based on her real visits to Prague, and published it in 1940. In the 1938 of this book, the concentration camps and the treatment of Jews and Socialists is common knowledge – the reporters have become almost indifferent to it. I somehow had the impression that the revelations about Nazi camps after the war came as a shock to the world, but it seems that the facts were already well-known. Which leaves me thinking about man’s inhumanity to man, and how this vicious cruelty was allowed to carry on by all the so-called civilised nations. And thus it ever was and thus it ever will be – the bigwigs make their strategies and move little models around on a plan (or nowadays a digital simulation) but these represent real people, and it’s the latter who always pay the price for conflict – a look at the news reports nowadays proves that nothing’s changed.
It was a painful experience, but I *am* glad I read this book. As Gellhorn says in her afterword “Novels don’t decide the course of history or change it but they can show what history is like for people who have no choice except to live through it or die from it. I remembered for them.” She certainly did that, and this book should continue to be read so that we never forget.
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2019-04-21T01:10:42Z
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https://kaggsysbookishramblings.wordpress.com/tag/virago-modern-classic/
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Received 2018 March 3; Revised 2018 July 9; Accepted 2018 July 12.
The infection status of Centrocestus armatus metacercariae (CaMc) was broadly surveyed in freshwater fishes from major river systems in the Republic of Korea (Korea) during 2008–2017. A total of 14,977 fishes was caught and examined by the artificial digestion method. CaMc were detected in 3,818 (97.1%) (2,114 Z. platypus: 96.1% and 1,704 Z. temminckii: 98.4%) out of 3,932 Zacco spp. examined and their density was 1,867 (2,109 in Z. platypus and 1,567 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The prevalences with CaMc were high, 93.7–100%, in Zacco spp. from all surveyed areas. However, their densities were more or less different by the surveyed areas and fish species. They were most high in Nakdong-gang in Gyeongsangnam-do (4,201 in average), and followed by Geum-gang (2,343), Nakdong-gang in Gyeongsangbuk-do (1,623), Han-gang (1,564), Tamjin-gang and Yeongsan-gang (1,540), streams in the east coast (1,028), Seomjin-gang (488) and Mangyeong-gang (170). In another species of rasborinid fish, Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis, CaMc were detected in 222 (74.8%) out of 297 ones examined and their density was 278 (1–4,480) per fish infected. CaMc were also detected in total 41 fish species except for the rasborinid fish, Z. platypus, Z. temminckii and O. uncirostris amurensis. Conclusively, it was confirmed that among the 3 species of rasborinid fish, Z. platypus and Z. temminckii are highly prevalent and O. uncirostris amurensis is moderately prevalent with CaMc. Additionally, we could know that variety of fish species act as the second intermediate hosts of C. armatus in Korea.
Centrocestus armatus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) is a small intestinal fluke bearing 42–48 circumoral spines, which mainly inhabits in the small intestines of birds and mammals. This fluke was first recovered from dogs, cats, rabbits, rats and mice experimentally fed with cyprinoid fish with C. armatus metacercariae (CaMc) in Japan . Human infections were experimentally proven in Japan, and a natural human case was reported in the Republic of Korea (Korea) [1,2]. The freshwater snails, Semisulcospira spp., are known to be the first intermediate hosts in Japan and Korea [3,4]. Various species of freshwater fish, including Zacco platypus and Z. temminckii, were reported as the second intermediate hosts in Japan and Korea [5–13]. As the natural definitive hosts of this fluke, the large egret, Egretta alba modesta, and stray cat, Felis catus, were recorded in Korea [14–17].
This species of heterophyid fluke is not clinically important unlike Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus spp. as fishborne zoonotic trematodes. And so the epidemiological study on the metacercarial infections in fish hosts has been rarely done in Korea [6–8,10,11]. In Korea, Chun described more than 11 species of digenetic trematode metacercariae (DTM) together with CaMc detected in 16 fish species from streams and ponds in adjacent areas of Nakdong-gang. Rhee et al. detected CaMc in 7 out of 32 fish species from Mangyeong-gang and they also found them in 5 out of 33 fish species from Dongjin-gang . In 1988, Hong et al. investigated the infection status of CaMc in 2 species of chub, Z. platypus and Z. temminckii, collected from 19 sites in 6 major rivers of Korea. Recently, Cho et al. reported the infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae including CaMc in fishes from the water systems in Gangwon-do. Sohn et al. surveyed the infection status of DTM in fishes from the water systems of Hantan-gang and Imjin-gang. However, most of previous studies were performed in limited areas except for Hong et al. . Even in Hong et al. , only 2 species of chub, Z. platypus and Z. temminckii, collected from 19 sites were examined. Therefore, the present study was performed to estimate the endemisities of CaMc in the freshwater fishes nationwidely and moreover, to expand the fauna on the fish hosts of C. armatus in Korea.
Fishes from Hantan-gang in Cheorwon-gun (2010: 177 fishes in 15 spp.; 2012: 255 fishes in 18 spp.; 2013: 200 fishes in 23 spp.; 2014: 400 fishes in 15 spp.), Suipcheon in Yanggugun (2009: 196 fishes in 14 spp.), Hongcheon-gang in Hongcheon-gun (2010: 186 fishes in 14 spp.), Pyeongchang-gang in Pyeongchang-gun (2013: 230 fishes in 15 spp.), Dong-gang in Yeongwol-gun (2009: 251 fishes in 19 spp.), Seom-gang in Hoengseong-gun (2011: 184 fishes in 20 spp.) and Choyang-gang in Jeongseon-gun (2012: 196 fishes in 15 spp.), Gangwon-do, and Dalcheon in Goesan-gun (2011: 99 fishes in 12 spp.), Chungcheongbuk-do were examined.
Fishes from Chogangcheon in Yeongdong-gun (2011: 132 fishes in 15 spp.), Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheonnae-gang in Geumsan-gun (2011: 140 fishes in 20 spp.; 2013: 146 fishes in 13 spp.; 2014: 161 fishes in 17 spp.; 2015: 79 fishes in 14 spp.), Yugucheon in Gongju-si (2013: 146 fishes in 11 spp.; 2015: 165 fishes in 11 spp.) and Jicheon in Cheongyang-gun (2014: 89 fishes in 13 spp.), Chungcheongnam-do, Jujacheon in Jinangun (2012: 208 fishes in 19 spp.) and Namdaecheon in Mujugun (2012: 123 fishes in 14 spp.), Jeollabuk-do were examined.
Fishes from Soyangcheon in Wanju-gun (2012: 82 fishes in 8 spp.; 2013: 97 fishes in 12 spp.; 2014: 165 fishes in 9 spp.; 2015: 200 fishes in 12 spp.) and Jungeupcheon in Jungeup-si (2013: 88 fishes in 11 spp.), Jeollabuk-do were examined.
Fishes from Hwangryong-gang in Jangseong-gun (2011: 107 fishes in 14 spp.), Jiseokcheon in Hwasun-gun (2011: 54 fishes in 8 spp.) and Naju-si (2013: 86 fishes in 9 spp.), Yeongamcheon in Yeongam-gun (2013: 45 fishes in 8 spp.;), Tamjingang in Jangheung-gun (2014: 167 fishes in 13 spp.; 2015: 243 fishes in 15 spp.; 2016: 302 fishes in 16 spp.; 2017: 420 fishes in 19 spp.) and Gangjin-gum (2014: 110 fishes in 12 spp.; 2017: 407 fishes in 15 spp.), Jeollanam-do were examined.
Fishes from Osucheon in Imsil-gun (2011: 105 fishes in 10 spp.; 2012: 190 fishes in 10 spp.; 2013: 46 fishes in 5 spp.), Seomjin-gang in Sunchang-gun (2014: 69 fishes in 22 spp.; 2015: 241 fishes in 23 spp.) and Songdaecheon in Namwon-si (2012: 139 fishes in 12 spp.; 2013: 57 fishes in 7 spp.), Jeollabuk-do, Seomjin-gang in Gokseong-gun (2015: 146 fishes in 11 spp.) and in Gurye-gun (2014: 183 fishes in 21 spp.), Jeollanam-do, Hoengcheon (2014: 156 fishes in 13 spp.), Namsancheon (2015 and 2016: 234 fishes in 12 spp.) and Jugyocheon (2011: 54 fishes in 14 spp.) in Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do were examined.
Fishes from Yangcheon in Sancheong-gun (2010: 350 fishes in 15 spp.; 2011: 201 fishes in 14 spp.; 2012: 221 fishes in 11 spp.; 2013: 644 fishes in 20 spp.; 2014: 291 fishes in 14 spp.; 2015: 183 fishes in 15 spp.; 2016: 253 fishes in 16 spp.; 2017: 408 fishes in 22 spp.), Jisucheon in Jinju-si (2014: 94 fishes in 11 spp.) and Hamancheon in Haman-gun (2014: 73 fishes in 9 spp.) were examined.
Fishes from Naeseongcheon in Bonghwa-gun (2008: 97 fishes in 12 spp.) and Yecheon-gun (2008: 131 fishes in 18 spp.; 2014: 103 fishes in 15 spp.), Nakdong-gang in Andong-si (2008: 118 fishes in 12 spp.; 2009: 56 fishes in 11 spp.), Yeong-gang in Mungyeong-si (2009: 108 fishes in 15 spp.), Banbyeoncheon in Yeongyang-gun (2008: 86 fishes in 12 spp.; 2015: 161 fishes in 12 spp.), Namdaecheon in Uiseong-gun (2009: 83 fishes in 9 spp.), Wicheon in Gunwi-gun (2008: 136 fishes in 16 spp.; 2011: 105 fishes in 13 spp.; 2013: 107 fishes in 12 spp.; 2014: 338 fishes in 24 spp.; 2015: 245 fishes in 19 spp.; 2016: 279 fishes in 24 spp.; 2017: 199 fishes in 17 spp.), Bukcheon in Sangju-si (2008: 45 fishes in 11 spp.), Hoecheon in Goryeonggun (2013: 165 fishes in 13 spp.), Nakdong-gang in Dalseonggun (2009: 63 fishes in 5 spp.) and Baekcheon in Seongju-gun (2009: 71 fishes in 12 spp.) were examined.
Fishes from Namdaecheon in Yangyang-gun (2009: 174 fishes in 11 spp.; 2015: 140 fishes in 13 spp.), Osipcheon (2009: 155 fishes in 11 spp.; 2015: 143 fishes in 15 spp.) and Gagokcheon (2009: 109 fishes in 8 spp.) in Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do, Osipcheon in Yeongdeok-gun (2008: 104 fishes in 9 spp.; 2015: 122 fishes in 11 spp.), Wangpicheon in Uljin-gun (2015: 239 fishes in 13 spp.) and Hyeongsan-gang in Gyeongju-si (2015: 111 fishes in 12 spp.), Gyeongsangbuk-do, Cheokgwacheon (2015: 221 fishes in 10 spp.) and Taehwa-gang (2015: 89 fishes in 14 spp.) in Ulju-gun, Ulsan Metropolitan City were examined.
All collected fishes with ice were transferred to the laboratory of the Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea. After the identification of fish species, they were individually ground with a mortar or grinder. Each ground fish meat was mixed with artificial gastric juice and the mixture was incubated at 36°C for 2 hr. The digested material was filtered through 1×1 mm of mesh, and washed with 0.85% saline untill the supernatant is clear. The sediment was carefully examined under a stereomicroscope. CaMc were separately collected by the general feature (Fig. 1), counted and calculated for infection rates (%) and densities (No. of CaMc per fish infected) by fish species.
Metacercariae of Centrocestus armatus encysted in the viscera of a pale chub, Zacco platypus (A) and an isolated one (B). They are characterized by long elliptical shape, 0.20–0.25×0.10–0.12 mm in size, providing 42 circumoral spines around oral sucker (OS) arranged 2 rows, a ventral sucker (VS) in the median and X-shaped excretory bladder (EB). Scale bar is 0.1 mm.
The metacercariae of C. armatus (CaMc) were detected in 553 (99.3%) Zacco spp. (253 Z. platypus: 99.6% and 300 Z. temminckii: 99.0%) and their average density was 1,564 (1,904 in Z. platypus and 1,278 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailed in Table 1.
CaMc were detected in 260 (94.2%) Zacco spp. (133 Z. platypus: 89.3% and 127 Z. temminckii: 100%) and their average density was 2,343 (4,253 in Z. platypus and 343 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailedly revealed in Table 1.
CaMc were detected in 136 (98.6%) Zacco spp. (56 Z. platypus: 96.6% and 80 Z. temminckii: 100%) and their average density was 170 (137 in Z. platypus and 193 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailed in Table 2.
CaMc were detected in 84 (100%) Zacco spp. (80 Z. platypus and 4 Z. temminckii) and their average density was 1,493 (1,403 in Z. platypus and 3,290 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailedly revealed in Table 2.
CaMc were detected in 391 (100%) Zacco spp. (213 Z. platypus and 178 Z. temminckii) and their average density was 1,550 (1,970 in Z. platypus and 1,048 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailed in Table 2.
CaMc were detected in 531 (99.4%) Zacco spp. (311 Z. platypus: 99.7% and 220 Z. temminckii: 99.1%) and their average density was 488 (596 in Z. platypus and 336 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailedly shown in Table 2.
CaMc were detected in 713 (100%) Zacco spp. (323 Z. platypus and 390 Z. temminckii) and their average density was 4,201 (4,383 in Z. platypus and 4,050 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailed in Table 3.
CaMc were detected in 778 (92.4%) Zacco spp. (542 Z. platypus: 91.1% and 236 Z. temminckii: 95.6%) and their average density was 1,623 (2,026 in Z. platypus and 699 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailedly revealed in Table 3.
CaMc were detected in 372 (93.7%) Zacco spp. (203 Z. platypus: 94.0% and 169 Z. temminckii: 93.4%) and their average density was 1,028 (851 in Z. platypus and 1,240 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailed in Table 4.
CaMc were detected in 3,818 (97.1%) (2,114 Z. platypus: 96.1% and 1,704 Z. temminckii: 98.4%) out of 3,932 Zacco spp. examined and their density was 1,867 (2,109 in Z. platypus and 1,567 in Z. temminckii) per fish infected. The prevalences with CaMc were high, 93.7–100%, in Zacco spp. from all surveyed areas. Their densities were more or less different by the surveyed areas and fish species. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailedly revealed in Table 5.
CaMc were detected in 222 (74.8%) out of 297 O. uncirostris amurensis examined and their density was 1–4,480 (278 in average) per fish infected. The infection status with CaMc by the surveyed areas was detailedly shown in Supplementary Table S1.
CaMc were also detected in total 41 fish species except for the rasborinid fish, Z. platypus, Z. temminckii and O. uncirostris amurensis. Fish species with CaMc by the surveyed areas (year examined) were detailedly designated in Supplementary Table S2.
In the present study, we investigated the infection status with CaMc nationwidely in the freshwater fishes from the water systems of major rivers in Korea. Total 89 times in 50 sites (Han-gang: 11 times in 8 sites; Geum-gang: 10 times in 6 sites; Mangyeong-gang and Dongjin-gang: 5 times in 2 sites; Yeongsan-gang and Tamjin-gang: 10 times in 5 sites; Seomjin-gang: 13 times in 8 sites; Nakdong-gang: 29 times in 13 sites; streams in the east coast: 11 times in 8 sites) were surveyed. However, the data from the 12 times surveys performed in 10 sites (Hangang: 9 times in 7 sites; streams in the east coast: 3 times in 3 sites) were already reported in Cho et al. . At any rate, total 14,977 fish including 2,200 Z. platypus, 1,732 Z. temminckii and 297 O. uncirostris amurensis were examined in this study. The proportion of Zacco spp. is more or less different by the surveyed sites (19.8–33.0%: 26.3% in average) and fish species (Z. platypus: 9.2–22.1%; Z. temminckii: 9.1–14.4%). These differences are due to the fish ecology in surveyed rivers.
The prevalences with CaMc were very high, 93.7–100% (97.1% in average), in Zacco spp. from all surveyed sites. However, their densities were more or less different by the surveyed areas, and slightly higher in Z. platypus (2,109 in average) than in Z. temminckii (1,567). They were most high in Nakdong-gang in Gyeongsangnam-do, (4,201 in average), and followed by Geum-gang (2,343), Nakdong-gang in Gyeongsangbuk-do (1,623), Han-gang (1,564), Tamjin-gang (1,550), Yeongsan-gang (1,493), streams in the east coast (1,028), Seomjin-gang (488) and Mangyeong-gang and Dongjin-gang (170) (Table 5). The prevalence in another species of rasborinid fish, O. uncirostris amurensis, was 74.8% (222 out of 297 fish examined) and their density was 278 per fish infected. On the other hand, Hong et al. reported 86.8% and 78.5% prevalences in Z. platypus (164 out of 189 fish examined) and Z. temminckii (142 out of 181 fish examined), from 19 sites in the 6 major rivers of Korea. They also reported that densities with CaMc were more higher in Z. platypus (224 in average) than in Z. temminckii (131) . In Hong et al. , the prevalences with CaMc in Zacco spp. were more or less different by the surveyed rivers, 60.6–100% (82.7% in average), and their densities were most high in Nakdong-gang (347 in average) and followed by Seomjin-gang (120), Tamjin-gang (59), Yeongsan-gang (44), Han-gang (29) and Geum-gang (27). The endemicities of CaMc in Zacco spp. in our study is much higher when we compared with those of Hong et al. . However, the infection trend by fish species, more higher endemicity in Z. platypus than in Z. temminckii, is the same in Hong et al. . Therefore, it appears that the endemicity of CaMc is currently much higher than in the past. It’s reason why is obscure, but we can only suppose with general knowledges in the Parasitology textbook. Recently, the ecological conditions for this heterophyid fluke will be much better than in the past in Korea.
Chun detected CaMc in 9 fish species, i.e., Z. platypus, Z. temminckii, P. altivelis, P. esocinus, P. parva, P. herzi, T. hakonensis, S. gracilis maejimae, S. japonicus coreanus, from the water systems of Nakdong-gang in Gyeongsangnam-do. Rhee et al. found CaMc in 7 fish species, i.e., Aphyocypris chinensis, C. auratus, C. splendidus, Microphysogobio yaluensis, Rhodeus uyekii, P. parva and Z. platypus, from Mangyeong-gang and they also detected them in 5 fish species, i.e., Gnathopogon similis (=Squalidus intermedius), Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, P. parva, Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus and Z. platypus, from Dongjin-gang . Cho et al. reported 15 fish species, i.e., A. rhombeus, A. signifier, C. herzi, G. brevibarba, H. longirostris, H. mylodon, K. rotundicaudata, L. andersoni, M. longidorsalis, O. uncirostris amurensis, Orthrias toni, P. esocinus, P. herzi, R. oxycephalus, and T. hakonensis, from the water systems of Gangwon-do as the new second intermediate hosts of C. armatus. Recently, Sohn et al. detected CaMc in 5 fish species, Z. platypus, Z. temminckii, A. rhombeus, A. yamatsutae, and A. macropterus from the water systems of Hantan-gang and Imjin-gang. In this study, we found CaMc in total 44 fish species including 3 rasborinid fish, Z. platypus, Z. temminckii and O. uncirostris amurensis. Among them, 25 species were already reported in the previous studies [6–13]. Remain 19 species, i.e., A. springeri, A. gracilis, A. koreensis, A. majusculus, C. urotaenia, C. lutheri, C. kawamebari, G. strigatus, H. labeo, H. eigenmanni, M. salmoides, O. platycephala, O. masou masou, P. phoxinus, S. nigripinis morii, S. variegatus wakiyae and S. asotus, are to be the new second intermediate hosts of C. armatus in Korea. Accordingly, total 50 fish species (33 genera) are listed as the second intermediate hosts of C. armatus in Korea.
In the genus Centrocestus, the number of circumoral spines is considered to be the most reliable character in the species identification. C. armatus, having 42–48 circumoral spines, was first described by Tanabe in Japan. Kobayashi classified members in the genus Centrocestus into 4 groups on the basis of the number of circumoral spines. The group of C. yokogawai has less than 30 circumoral spines (26–30), C. formosanus has 32–40 ones, C. armatus has 42–48 ones, and C. polyspinosus has more than 50 ones (50–60) respectively. Among Centrocestus species with 42–48 circumoral spines, C. armatus is differentiated by characteristic morphological features include a small number of intrauterine eggs, the median location of the ovary, and the side by side location of the 2 testes [2,20]. On the other hand, Chai et al. proposed to consider 6 species, i.e., C. cuspidatus, C. armatus, C. formosanus, C. kurokawai, C. polyspinosus, and C. asadai, in the genus Centrocestus as the valid ones.
In Korea, 3 species of Centrocestus fluke, i.e., C. armatus, C. asadai and C. formosanus, were reported in the literatures [2,4, 6,22,23]. Choi et al. described C. asadai adults, which were recovered in the small intestines of mouse experimentally infected with the metacercariae from Tribolodon taczanowskii. Cho et al. reported only the presence of C. formosanus cercariae in Korea. They found these cercariae from Semisulcospira libertina snails collected around the Jinyang-ho (ho means lake) in Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. In regard to C. armatus, a lot of findings on the intermediate and definitive hosts were revealed by many Korean workers [2,4,6–17]. Adult worms were recovered from a human, the large egret (Egretta alba modesta) and stray cats (Felis catus) naturally infected [2,14–17]. Cercariae of this fluke were detected from Semisulcospira snails collected in Judongcheon in Dalseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do . Metacercarial infections were verified in the surveys of freshwater fish including Z. platypus and Z. temminckii [5–13]. Accordingly, we can know that C. armatus is predominant species in Korea and the presence of another 2 species, C. asadai and C. formosanus, is obscure, so there are no reports about those flukes since the first records [22,23].
Conclusively, it is confirmed that rasborinid fish, Z. platypus, Z. temminckii, and O. uncirostris amurensis, are highly and heavily infected with CaMc and the densities with CaMc are more or less different by the surveyed areas and fish species. Additionally, 19 fish species are to be the new second intermediate hosts of C. armatus in Korea.
This study was supported by an anti-communicable diseases control program, 2013-0171 (Studies on the biological resources of human infecting trematodes and their larval infections in intermediate hosts), 2014-E54002-00 (Investigation of fishborne parasites and acquisition of their biological resources in the southern regions of Korea) and 2015-E54001-00 (Investigation of fish-borne parasites and acquisition of their biological resources in the easthern regions of Korea) of National Institute of Health (NIH), Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDCP). This study was partly supported by a grant of Korea Association of Health Promotion (2017). We thank Jung-A Kim and Hee-Joo Kim (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea), for their help in the examination of fish.
1. Tanabe H. Studien uber die Trematoden mit Susswasser-fischen als Zwischenwirt. I. Stamnosoma armatum n. g., n. sp. Kyoto Igaku Zasshi 1922;19:239–252.
2. Hong SJ, Seo BS, Lee SH, Chai JY. A human case of Centrocestus armatus infection in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1988;26:55–60.
3. Takahashi S. A contribution to the life-history of Stamnosoma armatum Tanabe. Okayama Igakkai Zasshi 1929;41:1759–1771.
4. Choi DW, Ahn DH, Kim HS. Larval trematodes from Semisulcospira snails in Kyungpook Province, Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1982;20:147–159.
5. Komiya Y. Metacercariae in Japan and adjacent territories. In : Morishita K, Komiya Y, Matsubayashi H, eds. Progress of Medical Parasitology in Japan IITokyo, Japan: Meguro Parasitological Museum; 1965. p. 1–328.
6. Chun SK. Studies on some trematodes whose intermediate hosts are fishes in the Naktong river. Bull Fish Coll 1962;4:21–38. (in Korean).
7. Lee JT. Studies on the metacercariae from freshwater fishes in the Kum-Ho river. Korean J Parasitol 1968;6:77–99. (in Korean).
8. Rhee JK, Lee HI, Baek BK, Kim PG. Survey on encysted cercariae of trematodes from freshwater fishes in Mangyeong riverside area. Korean J Parasitol 1983;21:187–192. (in Korean).
9. Rhee JK, Rim MH, Baek BK, Lee HI. Survey on encysted cercaria of trematodes from freshwater fishes in Tongjin riverside areas in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1984;22:190–202. (in Korean).
10. Hong SJ, Woo HC, Kim IT. Study on Centrocestus armatus in Korea I. Infection status of Zacco platypus and Z. temminckii with the metacercariae of C. armatus. Korean J Parasitol 1989;27:41–46. (in Korean).
11. Sohn WM. Fish-borne zoonotic trematode metacercariae in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(suppl):103–113.
12. Cho SH, Lee WJ, Kim TS, Seok WS, Lee T, Jeong K, Na BK, Sohn WM. Prevalence of zoonotic trematode metacercariae in freshwater fish from Gangwon-do, Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2014;52:399–412.
13. Sohn WM, Na BK, Cho SH, Lee SW, Choi SB, Seok WS. Trematode metacercariae in freshwater fish from water systems of Han-tangang and Imjingang in Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2015;53:289–298.
14. Ryang YS, Ahn YK, Yoon MB. Trematode infections in the small intestine of Egretta alba medesta in Kangwon-do. Korean J Parasitol 1991;29:227–233. (in Korean).
15. Sohn WM, Chai JY. Infection status with helminthes in feral cats purchased from a market in Busan, Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2005;43:93–100.
16. Chai JY, Bahk YY, Sohn WM. Trematodes recovered in the small intestine of stray cats in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2013;51:99–106.
17. Shin SS, Oh DS, Ahn KS, Cho SH, Lee WJ, Na BK, Sohn WM. Zoonotic intestinal trematodes in stray cats (Felis catus) from riverside areas of the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2015;53:209–213.
18. Kobayashi H. Reports of Scientifical works by H. Kobayashi. 1968. Studies on trematoda in Hainan Island, South China and Vietnam (French Indo China) p. 155–251.
19. SohnWM. Trematodes. 1. 6Incheon, Korea: The National Institute of Biological Resources; 2013. Invertebrate Founa of Korea p. 1–125.
20. Hong SJ, Woo HC, Chai JY, Chung SW, Lee SH, Seo BS. Study on Centrocestus armatus in Korea. II. Recovery rate, growth and development of worms in albino rats. Korean J Parasitol 1989;27:47–56.
21. Chai JY, Sohn WM, Yong TS, Eom KS, Min DY, Lee MY, Lim H, Insisiengmay B, Phommasack B, Rim HJ. Centrocestus formosanus (Heterophyidae): human infections and the infection source in Lao PDR. J Parasitol 2013;99:531–536.
22. Choi DW, Shin DS, Lee SW. Studies on the larval trematodes from brackish water fishes: I. Observation of Centrocestus asadai Mishima, 1959. Korean J Parasitol 1964;2:14–19. (in Korean).
23. Cho HC, Chung PR, Lee KT. Distribution of medically important freshwater snails and larval trematodes from Parafossarulus manchouricus and Semisulcospira libertina around the Jinyang Lake in Kyongsang-Nam-Do, Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1983;21:193–204. (in Korean).
No. of CaMc per fish infected.
Already reported in Cho et al. (2014) .
Total 2,200 Z. platypus and 1,732 Z. temminckii were examined.
Soyangcheon and Jungeupcheon (a stream of Dongjingang).
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On some levels, it would seem relatively easy for individual cities and towns to calculate the overall economic impact for specific sports events that come into their communities. However, our industry has yet to develop a definitive, overall and comprehensive national survey to determine the “total sports travel market economy”—one that takes into account, and breaks down, sports tourism from all sources—youth and amateur events, regular season college and professional events, and other special tournaments.
But, based on data that is available, including anecdotal evidence from CVBs and sports commissions around the country, along with industry experts, we have reason to be positive about continued growth in the sports travel industry at all levels.
A big reason for our optimism is that the sports event industry continues to show its resilience despite overall U.S. economic downturns in recent years. Because of this, our industry has often been described as “recession-resistant,” if not “recession-proof,” and with good reason.
Often cited is that families will travel to attend tournaments and events to support their young athletes, frequently turning the trip into a mini-vacation. Finding quality “family time” continues to be more and more important in American life, and we should expect this factor to increase in the future.
Total 'Value’ of the Sports Travel Market?
So, what is the “value” of the sports travel market? Well, an overall number for both amateur and professional events is hard to come by. But for the amateur sports travel market, a research team from The George Washington University Sports Management program surveyed NASC members, which included CVBs and sports commissions in markets of under 100,000 population to more than a million, and calculated that nationally in 2014, “visitor spending” for the sports travel industry was $8.96 billion, up three percent from 2013.
In the GWU study, attracting visitors and their dollars to the community was, of course, the top priority for respondents, followed by: marketing their region, supporting their local sports venues and franchises, representing the sports industry in the community, creating community activities, sports advocacy, sports philanthropy and health & fitness.
Another study by the University of Florida indicated that overall spending on travel expenses (food, accommodations, fuel, airline tickets, etc.) for just youth sports, which includes families traveling with their child, totaled $7 billion a year. The U of Florida study also found that nearly 60% of parents wind up returning to the city for a vacation, and 74% recommend the location to others. The same study looked at spending at a recent Traverse City, Michigan, event and concluded that each non-local family spent $985 on accommodations, restaurants, concessions, etc.
A study by Sports Marketing Surveys USA (SMS) shows that in 2014, there were 34.9 million people who traveled with an overnight stay to participate in or watch an amateur sports event, a figure that has remained fairly consistent going back to 2008. While 18 percent of these sports travelers were ages six to 17, about 51 percent were ages 25 to 54, more evidence that families are accompanying their young players to events. On average, according to the SMS study, sports travelers in 2014 spent $256 per person per year—which might seem low on the face of it, but that number is consistent with the GWU study for visitor spending, when you consider spending a night or two at an event, sharing rooms, etc.
Of concern, however, is that while the George Washington University study determined there were 25.65 million “visitors entertained” in 2014 sports travel across the U.S., that number is down 10 percent from a year earlier, indicating that the increase in visitor spending was most likely due to rising travel costs and associated expenses.
This decrease in the number of visitors may track with another study, by the Sports & Fitness Industry Association (SFIA), that shows over the last five years, there has been a slightly shrinking market for team sports in the U.S. overall in terms of raw participation. For 2014, there were nearly 63 million participants of all ages in team sports (taking into account all participants, not just travel team players), which is a 1.2 percent decline from 2009.
But what is significant for the amateur sports travel market is the rise in “specialization” in youth sports, particularly for so-called ‘niche sports,’ such as gymnastics, cheerleading, swimming, ice hockey, field hockey, lacrosse and rugby.
So the bad news/good news here is that while specialization appears to be a contributor to declines in overall sports participation, it also is a prime driver in the sports travel industry, as families invest more in the development, training and competition for their young athlete. In fact, many households consider it an investment in their children’s future as they look to use sports participation to help gain athletic scholarships for college.
Also, participation in team sports by girls ages 10 to 12 appears to be a bright spot, up nearly three percent since 2009, according to the SFIA. In fact, the five-year trend in gender mix for team sports shows women overall moving strongly into sports like ice and roller hockey, along with increased opportunities in traditionally male-dominated team sports like baseball and football. Males are also having a larger presence today in sports like gymnastics, swimming and competitive cheer.
Despite SFIA data showing declines in team sports participation, several high-profile initiatives continue to gain traction in helping to address the “inactivity epidemic” and drive more sports-related activities for both youth and adults. Among those campaigns are the “Let’s Move” initiative and PHIT America. Using health and fitness to increase the pool of overall athletes, especially for children, simply makes sense.
For many cities, sports tourism has gained serious momentum over the past decade and has even become an economic engine. Major college and professional seasons and events rake in millions for their host locations while providing spectators with one-of-a-kind entertainment. On the amateur/recreational side, hundreds of communities around the country are providing athletes and their families with solid, high-quality tournament experiences that have the ability to change and influence young lives.
Take, for instance, the National Sports Center in Blaine, Minnesota, billed as the largest amateur sports and meeting facility in the world, and a model when it comes to youth sports facilities. In 2000, the annual economic impact from out-of-state visitors was $30.2 million; in 2011, that figure topped $50 million. For the same time period, attendance at the National Sports Center went from 2.5 million to 4 million.
And smaller markets are also seeing big gains, too. According to the University of Florida study, Greenville, South Carolina, is earning up to $10 million a year in sports-related tourism revenue. The sports facilities that communities like Greenville build and maintain for hosting events continue to have incalculable benefit for local residents of all ages.
Sports can strengthen not just athletes, but also communities. With SDM’s “Champions of Economic Impact for Sports Tourism” awards, we’re pleased to be able to celebrate all that sports travel brings not just to the venues themselves, but also to athletes, families and spectators.
Born from a media company focusing on markets significantly impacting economic growth, SDM appreciates the cause for celebration in the achievements of event organizers and host cities coming together to execute successful events.
This recognition of the economic impact from our industry continues to build on the Sports Destination Management mission: dedication to the advancement in understanding the distinctions of planning, implementing and managing sports events and travel, particularly the event-destination relationship.
As the cornerstone for successful events, the relationship between the event organizer and host city is a frequent topic throughout the pages of SDM. Here, we are pleased to share quantifiable success stories resulting from the event-destination relationships. So successful, in fact, the following event-destination relationships are responsible for contributing over $100 million to our nation’s economy last year.
We were overwhelmed with the number of nominations we received, as well as the enormous variety of sports they showcased. From team sports to individual pursuits and from traditional activities to the offbeat, entries ran the gamut. The one common thread was that they all played a vital role in the economy of sports tourism.
It is our pleasure to honor the most outstanding of those nominated, and recognize each of the partnering organizations involved.
For the Forrest Wood Cup, Capital City/Lake Murray Country RTB brought FLW (Fishing League Worldwide) and the state together on a marketing campaign to have both a major four-day fishing outdoor show & tournament and a barbecue competition with 40 of the best barbecue chefs in the state. Comprised of fishing enthusiasts and the general public alike, over 43,000 tourists enjoyed the barbeque and live music presented throughout the event. A truly collaborative effort (over 12 organizations contributed time and service), the event is expected to return to the area, thanks to the success it enjoyed.
The event has played a vital role in lifting the economy of a section of Maryland that was hit very hard by the recession. Three jurisdictions (Wicomico County, Worcester County and the Town of Ocean City) on Maryland’s lower Eastern Shore work to host the event together. The event has grown tremendously since its inception in 2007, when it had between 30 and 50 teams. These days, it has nearly 400 teams and every ball field is pressed into service. Hotels, restaurants and other businesses benefit greatly from the stream of visitors, who return year after year.
The Bassmaster Classic is considered the Super Bowl of professional fishing, with more than 50 top professionals competing. More than 300 media reps covered the Classic and the event generated tens of millions of page views on Bassmaster.com, received 12 hours of TV coverage on ESPN2 and 12 hours of coverage on ESPN Classic. Hosting this tournament for the second time gave Greenville the chance to shine on a national stage. The event showcased the region's remarkable outdoor beauty and natural assets. Fans enjoyed events at our convention center, arena and the fishing action at Lake Hartwell.
The US Youth Soccer Region III Soccer Championships have been held previously at the MeSA Soccer Complex, a 16-field facility in Greenville. The event is the country's oldest and most prestigious national youth soccer tournament, and the 2016 event, also booked for Greenville, is expected to draw more than 3,600 players and an estimated 12,000 spectators. The tournament typically attracts more than 200 boys and girls teams, ages Under-13 through Under-19, from the 12 Southern US Youth Soccer State Associations that make up Region III. Over 400 volunteers were involved in the 2015 event, and support from local businesses was also a key factor in making the event a success.
It might have been Spartanburg’s first time hosting the ASA USA Girl's 18U Class A Fastpitch National Championship, but if Spartanburg has its way, it won’t be the last. A total of 104 teams from 24 states came to Tyger River Park in Reidville to play in the ASA/USA Class A 18U Girls Fast Pitch National Championship. Spartanburg CVB worked with the Spartanburg County Parks Department and City of Spartanburg Special Events in order to manage the event. There were record numbers for hotel occupancy and revenue, as well as hospitality spending during the time of the tournament.
Elite Tournaments brought this event back to the area, continuing to positively affect Maryland's economy, as it had for the past six years. The event literally played out across the state, spread over four counties with over 1,000 games played in 16 different locations on 54 fields. Approximately 60% of the teams came from outside the state of Maryland, with teams from states including Connecticut, Florida, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts. As the event has expanded, it has gained state and national sponsorship.
USA BMX Grand Nationals is the culminating event of a season long 40+ racing series. This event has been held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, for the past 18 years and each year, it is the largest BMX Race held in the world. With its large attendance and being held over Thanksgiving dates, the Grand Nationals are a valuable part of the sports tourism fabric in Tulsa each year. In 2014, nearly half of the 48 BMX competitors from the London 2012 Olympics were competing, along with more than 3,500 amateur competitors from 34-plus states.
This event originally was awarded to Milwaukee for only two years (2013 and 2014). USA Triathlon is the national governing body for this event, which was such a success for the city and organization that Milwaukee was awarded it for a third and final year in 2015. That event had the most economic impact, with more than 5,000 athletes alone participating. In addition to attracting some of the nation’s top multisport athletes, the event was live-streamed by USA Triathlon, which generated further exposure for the sport as well as for Milwaukee.
This was the first year Snohomish hosted the Presidents Cup. The event was granted to the area following Snohomish Youth Soccer Club's success in presenting other competitions, including Snohomish Bigfoot Soccer Tournament. Also playing in Snohomish’s favor were the abundant facilities at Stocker Soccer Fields. The Presidents Cup allowed Snohomish to host 120 boys and girls (U13-17) soccer teams from across 14 states. As a result of hosting, the area is able to cement its status as a soccer community and can demonstrate its capabilities to host future national championships.
The Grand Nationals have grown five to 10 percent year over year for the past decade. The 2015 event hosted a total of 263 teams, with players ranging in age from nine to 18, including 4,000 athletes and 7,600 spectators. There was tremendous support from Hamilton County itself, including the local softball community, whose volunteers helped run the tournament. One factor in the excellent economic impact of the event was its participant demographic: Girls’ sports events tend to attract more friends and family members who travel with players, contributing significantly to local tourism.
The martial arts competition, a new and highly successful event for Lynwood, Illinois, brought in a total of 947 competitors (representing a total of 24 different states) competing in more than 3,000 total events. The event, whose national governing body was the American Taekwondo Association, drew upwards of 3,000 tourists to the area. The CVB worked with the Southland Center Ho-Chunk Nation on preparations for and implementation of the event. The tournament will be returning to Chicago Southland in 2016.
Queen of the Mountain was a new event for Rocky Top which worked with Signature Volleyball to create the tournament, bringing in 1,285 tourists. While there are larger events held at Rocky Top, what made this event significant in terms of impact was the influence of an ice/sleet and snow event that landed upon the Smoky Mountains that weekend. Below-zero temperatures and treacherous road conditions deterred many tourists from visiting the Smoky Mountains, but not the volleyball players. A total of 54 teams attended (only one team actually cancelled), and the Rocky Top Food and Beverage Department set a two-day record.
This event was new for the Washington County Tourist Development Council (TDC) and attracted a total of 665 tourists. It was the first event of this magnitude for the small community and it took three years of planning to implement. Overwhelming support from the local business community drove the success of the event, which including sponsorships and providing meals for the banquet and during the games at the fields. Approximately 100 volunteers worked the entire six-day event. Feedback was overwhelmingly positive, and the TDC plans to apply for hosting duties in 2018.
The U.S Lawn Mower Racing Association (USLMRA) brought its STA-BIL Series event to the Foley Sports Tourism Complex for the first time in August of 2015. From the onset event organizers were impressed by the marketing and community outreach provided by Foley Sports Tourism. Despite inclement weather challenges, the event attracted over 2,800 spectators. USLMRA attributes the success of this event to Foley Sports Tourism, touting the service was “far above any our organization has seen in quite a while.” The outstanding management on the part of Foley Sports Tourism and support for the racers and others resulted in “one incredible event” with significant promise for the future.
The Wildwood Games, a premier event for Columbia County, has doubled in economic impact since it was first offered in 2014. In addition, it has grown in participation, as well as in complexity and sophistication with multiple sports now being offered, including the showcase event, the USA Cycling Marathon Mountain National Championships as well as a trail run, open water swim and disc golf tournament. Organizers have created a strong brand recognition for the event, using the motto of ‘Own the woods.’ One direct result of this successful event is the fact that mountain bike tourism is on the rise in Columbia County.
The event drives approximately 23,000 total visitors into all markets for all 2015 events in the series.
The series has the unique ability to match an event to the available facilities in order to provide all communities an opportunity to be part of this sports tourism event. A number of tournaments allow nearby communities to work together to bring an event to their destination (Roanoke Valley, for example, organized two cities and two counties to host the ISF Senior World Cup.) The ISSA events bring to town the senior players (defined as those age 50 and up), the demographic with the most disposable income. The result is positive impact for the community.
Sanctioned by USA Hockey, LEGACY Global Sports owns and operates the event that started in 2004. This high-profile boys’ ice hockey tournament has grown from 32 teams to 350 teams in 2015, despite the lack of CVB or sports commission support.
In the face of the recent economic climate of Detroit, this tournament has grown over the last 11 years to be the second-largest tournament in North America and the largest in Michigan. It uses multiple facilities, all within 75 minutes of one another. On the weekend the tournament was played this past October, between Friday and Sunday, there were 770 games on 43 sheets of ice in 21 different arenas. Hotels in the Detroit area were used to accommodate the athletes, their families, friends, officials and others. The city is able to benefit significantly from the event, and athletes give uniformly positive reviews, adding to the buzz.
Due to lack of local governmental support for the event, as well as our own unreturned phone calls from the city, no hard data is available to report. If available, we imagine it would be impressive.
The quote is attributed to Randy Pausch of The Last Lecture, and perhaps no one agrees with it more than the Bryan College Station Convention & Visitors Bureau. The CVB recently gained quite a bit of experience in explaining economic impact when local officials challenged the CVB not just to justify its budget request but its work as a whole. The experiences shared by Bryan College Station include an important lesson for everyone in the industry.
The budget request to the College Station City Council included more than $2 million, some earmarked for operations and maintenance, some for its grant program, some for a new advertising campaign. The funding was to come out of the income that resulted annually from hotel occupancy taxes, also known as HOT taxes, paid at hotels and motels in Bryan and College Station.
The CVB's funding should be based on how many tourists it brings to town and how many are spending the night.
Those were strong words, and might have sent any number of tourism officials into a tailspin. But it wasn’t that the questions raised were unreasonable, said Bryan College Station CVB’s Shannon Overby, CEO, and Kindra Fry, vice president of sales. It was simply that they were unexpected – particularly in light of the fact that no such objections had been raised in response to previous budget requests. But instead of going on the defensive, the CVB took an introspective approach.
At the time of its budget request, the CVB had partnered with the City of College Station Parks and Recreation staff in order to craft successful bids to host, among others, the 2018-19 Texas Amateur Athletic Federation state games, a 2016 American Softball Association National Championship and the 2016 U.S. Youth Soccer Region III Presidents Cup.
As it turned out, though, that information was not being relayed. To those who were not familiar with the business relationship between the CVB and the parks and rec department, for example, it might have seemed the CVB was not involved with the recruitment and bid process at all. And therefore, clarification was needed to illustrate how the organizations worked together in order to attract rights holders and event owners, and convince them to choose Bryan College Station for their events.
“I’ve always said we’ve done a good job of doing our job, but not of telling the community and our local partners what it is we’re doing and why – that was the part we needed to pull together,” said Overby.
The CVB called upon a liaison it had used previously. The liaison sat down with the city council to discuss its objections, and then came back to the CVB to discuss specific materials Bryan College Station needed to provide in order to validate its request.
Unfortunately, the local press had picked up on the story, compounding the problem by reporting on the amount requested and what it perceived as an inability to justify that request.
“It was a media storm,” said Overby, who noted that she refused to make comments to reporters on the developing issue.
Instead, the CVB was gathering all its materials and preparing to present its case. Fry and Overby are both strong proponents of using all the measurable professional instruments available in order to demonstrate the positive economic impact tourism has on the community, and they employed this data to help answer the College Station City Council’s questions.
Ultimately, funding was approved – although the council still had plenty of questions before it gave its final word. But that, say both Overby and Fry, is the responsibility of the council – to make sure the money it invests is well-used. And now, looking at the whole event in the rear-view mirror, Bryan College Station’s Overby and Fry can say it was a valuable learning experience.
And, said Fry, she has discovered that objections to budget requests are not a unique situation in the industry.
Stay calm. “Don’t have the knee-jerk reaction,” says Kindra Fry.
Try looking at the situation through different eyes; Bryan College Station used a contact who could talk to the city council and find out what information was needed.
Be proactive rather than reactive: Work toward a solution rather than being defensive.
Keep media contact positive and upbeat; don’t engage in arguments in the press.
Have measurable data; economic impact calculators and other materials used by the industry have credence that is lacking in simple estimates and participation figures.
Keep the lines of communication open: Bryan College Station CVB is making itself readily available to the city councils throughout the year, and is providing information on an ongoing basis.
Don’t lose the lesson: Share it with others.
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2019-04-19T12:30:55Z
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https://www.sportsdestinations.com/management/economics/2015-champions-economic-impact-sports-tourism-10249
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The monitoring of the pH of liquid media in high-end hygienic processes - in biotechnology and pharmaceutical processing - ensures not only that legal requirements are met, but also that quality standards are maintained, reducing cost and ensuring optimum levels of yield.
In these high-end processes, the life of the pH sensor is a tough one. Typically it has to withstand cleaning with acids and caustic solutions under high temperatures, and also steam purification. This would not be a problem but for the fact that most pH measurement is carried out using glass electrode pairs.
Ghent University, the University of Antwerp and BioTools Europe Ltd have created the European Centre for Chirality (EC2). EC2 is a blend of expertise and resources that brings together leading authorities dedicated to advancing the understanding the role chirality plays in biological processes.
The EC2 mission is to help academic and industrial scientists develop a broad range of chirality related applications through offering services ranging from the determination of absolute chiral configurations, vibrational optical activity (VOA) measurements, computational modelling including expert consultancy, and education workshops to open access VOA instrumentation.
BioFocus, a provider of integrated gene-to-clinical candidate drug discovery services, today announced the launch of two new compound libraries, targeting Family C GPCR’s and protein-protein interactions.
A portable MicroKit system developed by the Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN), the world's first bioengineering and nanotechnology research institute, enables mass health screenings to be conducted at strategic locations such as airports, immigration checkpoints and train stations.
By facilitating rapid and accurate disease detection at these decentralized places, IBN's MicroKit can help to curb the spread of infectious diseases and prevent pandemics. This study was published recently in the leading microfluidic and nanofluidic journal, Lab on a Chip1.
The outbreak of infectious diseases such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) in 2003 and the new strain of influenza A H1N1 virus in 2009, and their rapid proliferation within the community triggered a global fear and underscored the need for a fully automated system that can quickly identify infected patients.
The medical plastics industry is set to expand rapidly over the next decade taking up increasing proportions of GDP, as countries provide healthcare to an ageing population, access to medicine expands in developing regions and new technology is developed, writes Dr Sally Humphreys.
Some of the issues in using polymers in medicine were debated at the latest AMI conference on Medical Grade Polymers, which took place September 14-15, 2010 in Philadelphia, USA.
Cardialysis and Sticares InterACT, both contract research organizations (CROs) headquartered in The Netherlands, announced today that they have entered into a strategic collaboration to provide drug development consulting services in the field of cardiovascular and metabolic medicine. Both organizations have substantial experience and success in the execution of clinical research projects for pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device companies.
The companies have been independently active for more than 25 years conducting high-quality cardiovascular and metabolic focused clinical research.
Events organiser UBM Live today announced that exhibitor space for its annual flagship pharmaceutical contract services event, ICSE Europe, has grown by 24% over 2009, making the event the largest ever in its 10 year history, and featuring 363 exhibitors from 30 countries.
UBM also revealed details of new features for the 2010 event which will be held at Paris, Villepinte, from 5th to 7th October, including the introduction of an expanded packaging focus, visitor-friendly zoning and the inaugural Pharma Outsourcing Roundtable.
The Clinical Pharmacology Department in the Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand, has chosen Tecan’s Freedom EVO platform to automate research into the pharmacology of anti-malarial and anti-influenza drugs.
Professor Niklas Lindegardh, Head of Department, explained: “Our studies focus on malaria and influenza, and the main thrust of our research is the development of new methods and assays to quantify these drugs in biological fluids."
BMG LABTECH's FLUOstar Omega multimode microplate reader has received the award for Drug Discovery Product of the Year 2010. This was an independent user's choice award voted by the international scientific community via Select Science.
Using BMG LABTECH's Tandem Technology, it has been acknowledged as a microplate reader for a wide range of applications in basic research, life science studies, and assay development. Fluorescence Intensity, UV/Vis full spectrum absorbance, luminescence, AlphaTechnology, and TRF (TR-FRET) detection technologies, can all be read by the FLUOstar Omega with ease and superior performance.
Porvair Filtration Group will be exhibiting at the Medica/CompaMed 2010 trade show in Düsseldorf, Germany.
Porvair will showcase regulatory approved materials, based upon its proprietary BioVyon sintered porous plastic technology, for in vitro filtration, separation, venting and wicking applications for the medical industry.
Dutch biotechnology company Mucosis BV announced today that John Lambert was elected as member and chair of its Supervisory Board. Having held various key positions at pharmaceutical and biotech companies in both the United States and Europe, Mr Lambert brings exceptional vaccine industry experience to Mucosis.
Agilent Technologies Inc today announced that its collaboration with the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) for the mapping of the complete human proteome by mass spectrometry is entering its second phase.
On September 20, the ISB and ETH Zurich announced completion of the first phase of this two-year project, including generating gold-standard reference mass spectra for each of 20,300 genes currently annotated as protein-encoding in the human genome. The project is expected to fuel research gains in biomarker discovery and validation, the search for protein-based diagnostic tests, personalized medicine and human health monitoring.
Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc and Proteome Sciences plc today announced the companies will collaborate to deliver innovative products for protein biomarker research.
The collaboration unites the talent and resources of the proteomics reagent team at the Thermo Fisher Scientific Biomarker Research Initiatives in Mass Spectrometry (BRIMS) Center with Proteome Sciences (PS) to further develop quantitative proteomic workflows that are based on best-in-class reagents and hardware and software for biomarker discovery and validation.
Hapman has recently introduced its Helix Hi/Lo mobile flexible screw conveyor with integrated bag compactor and bag dump station/dust collection hood to offer maximum dust containment. These conveyors will suit pharmaceutical applications.
The all-in-one unit is specifically designed to ensure plant and worker safety when processing small bags of powders or bulk solids.
Labtronics Inc's new interface connector between Agilent ChemStation CDS and Labtronics' Nexxis ELN has been released.
This new interface connector links ChemStation CDS and Nexxis ELN transparently, so that information is automatically exchanged between the two systems. Nexxis ELN can collect sample weights and all of the metadata for the sample prep process.
The new RAININ LiteTouch 1.7ml micro-centrifuge tube, available from Anachem, opens in a completely different way to conventional tubes. It’s rear hinge and tab mechanism shifts the point where force is applied to open the tube from the front of the cap to the rear. By placing the tab over the hinge, a light downward pressure is all it takes to “pop” the secure seal and lift the cap, significantly reducing sore thumbs and hand fatigue.
Pfizer has chosen Tecan’s Freedom EVO for DNA extraction workflows at its BioBank facility in Connecticut, USA, increasing throughput while reducing waste generation and costs.
GATC Biotech announced today that it has agreed to purchase the PacBio RS platform, a single molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology. The new PacBio RS will be the fifth sequencing technology for GATC Biotech. The system is planned for installation in early 2011.
GATC Biotech plans to use the new platform for resolving structural variations, for example in human cancer genomes, and for the detection and confirmation of rare SNPs.
BioCision’s modular CryoPrep System offers a complete solution for all cell freezing procedures – from ice-free cooling to convenient portability of cell samples and a controlled rate of freezing without alcohol.
The CryoPrep system comprises three precision designed and manufactured products – CoolBox, CoolRack CFT and CoolCell – based on BioCision’s novel patent-pending thermo-adaptive alloy.
Every day practices in the scientific community such as verbal abuse, demeaning reports, demotion or dismissal are working to shame scientists and discredit their reputations, often with dire personal, professional and social consequences - even as extreme as suicide!
In a paper soon to appear in the Taylor & Francis journal Prometheus, Professor Brian Martin, from the School of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong and Dr Sandrine Thérèse, Honorary Research Fellow in Anthropology, University of Queensland, investigate a sample of well documented cases to identify key features and impacts of scientific degradation rituals.
Cisbio Bioassays, a member of IBA group and global developer of HTRF (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) technology and services used in assay development and drug screening, announced today that Promega Corporation’s HaloTag technology is available for use on its Tag-Lite platform.
Tag-lite, which combines HTRF and cell protein labelling technologies, now provides drug discovery researchers with an additional tool for cell surface receptor heterodimerization.
GE Healthcare HiScale pressure-stable columns are optimized for process development and preparative chromatography. The empty columns are available in inner diameters of 16, 26 and 50 mm and in lengths of 20 and 40 cm. The columns offer an easy-to-use design, providing reproducibility, robustness and process control.
If you are planning a laboratory automation project, from the very small to the very large, automate.it safecel provides a cost effective solution. automate.it safecel is a system of fully automated workcells comprising robotics, enclosures, safety systems and an array of integrated instruments.
The University of Maryland Dental School is utilizing Thermo Scientific EDS detectors to further investigate the long-debated nature of "worm-like" cylindrical structures observed in the dentinal tubules of extracted human teeth.
challenging structures, shedding new light on their chemical nature.
The findings of this breakthrough research will be unveiled in a presentation titled "Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Cylindrical Structures Observed in Dentinal Tubules: The Controversy Continues", at the 17th International Microscopy Congress (IMC17), September 19-24 2010, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Scientists prefer glass because it is transparent, inert to most chemicals and heat resistant as compared to plastics. Now, they can enjoy a new feature – improved safety.
Kimble Chase, the manufacturer of laboratory glassware products, introduces KimCote plastic coated glassware. KimCote is an ultra-clear coating that is applied to the exterior of laboratory glassware in order to resist breakage and contain leakage.
Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc today introduced the new Thermo Scientific TS586e -86°C freezer. As an environmentally friendly model, this CE-certified and WEEE directive-compliant freezer employs CFC-free and HRC-free hydrocarbon refrigerants.
In addition, low energy consumption of 10.7 KWH/day (at the -80°C setpoint) makes the TS586e an extremely energy-efficient option. Furthermore, with a sound level of less than 49 dB(A), convenient and quiet operation within the lab is achievable.
Featuring a powerful refrigeration system with water-blown foam insulation, rapid cooling is provided, and fast response to door openings provides long-term performance.
Labels: laboratory, drug discovery Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, TS586e -86°C freezer.
Eppendorf’s refrigerated 18 and 24-place microcentrifuges have a small footprint, quiet operation and a FastTemp function for quick pre-cooling, Centrifuges 5418 R and 5424 R set new standards for refrigerated microcentrifuges.
The overall design and operating concept for these products are based on in-depth ergonomic studies, making everyday routines faster and easier. The iconic Eppendorf blue rotary knobs enable quick, intuitive setting of parameters, and the low access height allows easy loading and unloading of rotor and samples.
One of the human body's protective mechanisms initiated by the TRAIL protein is massively altered in prostate cancer cells - yet the same protein seems to improve the survival prospects of patients.
These results of a co-operative venture between the Clinical Program on Urological Tumours at the Medical University of Vienna and Harvard Medical School, USA, have just been published. They show that the TRAIL protein opens up the prospect to a more accurate prediction of the disease's course, as well as the opportunity to identify a new intervention point for innovative therapies in advanced prostate cancer.
Cytheris SA today announced that it has begun enrolling patients in INSPIRE 3, a Phase II clinical programme evaluating the effect of repeated cycles of the company’s investigative immune-modulator, recombinant human interleukin-7 (CYT107), in the treatment of chronically HIV-1 infected patients classified as Immunological Non-Responders (INR) after at least 24 months of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The study will enroll a total of 80 patients at investigative sites in Italy, Switzerland and South Africa.
The Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility (CRF) in Birmingham, UK, has implemented a Brady IP Printing System, saving time and creating clear, durable labels which withstand low-temperature sample storage.
Based at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, the Wellcome Trust CRF offers an unrivalled environment for high quality patient-oriented research, carrying out Phase 1 up to Phase 4 clinical trials as well as experimental medicine.
RTS Life Science, the supplier of automated sample management and pharmaceutical testing systems, has announced the formation of a new Pharmaceutical Testing Group.
Following the acquisition of a Massachusetts based life science company earlier this year, the new Pharmaceutical Testing group integrates UK developed products for inhaler and tablet testing with new US developed products for dissolution and content uniformity testing.
The University of Virginia has become the first organisation in North America to install the Xstrahl SARRP research platform, the most advanced and flexible system commercially available for radiation biology and preclinical research.
The platform was installed at the University’s School of Medicine in June after receiving a highly competitive Shared Instrumentation Grant (S10) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
AnaSpec has released the SensoLyte 520 Cathepsin B Activity Assay Kit , the industry’s first FRET-based kit for Cathepsin B. This homogeneous assay can be used for measuring Cathepsin B activity and for screening Cathepsin B inhibitors. The substrate employs in this kit is a peptide sequence containing the QXL 520/HiLyte Fluor 488 FRET pair.
In the intact sequence, the fluorescence of HiLyte Fluor 488 is quenched by QXL 520. Upon recognition and cleavage by Cathepsin B, the peptide is cleaved into two separate fragments, resulting in the release of HiLyte Fluor 488 fluorescence. Fluorescence can be continuously monitored at the green emission range of 520 nm (Ex= 488 nm).
The Bio-Cool from SP Scientific is the only controlled rate freezer that does not require expendable liquid nitrogen and the associated pumping, re-filling, and storage challenges posed by a cryogenic liquid.
The Bio-Cool, simply plugs into a standard electrical outlet and quietly provides low temperature cooling to either -40ºC or -80ºC.
Unlike liquid nitrogen systems which surround samples with a cold vapour phase, the Bio-Cool immerses samples into a well-circulated, cold liquid bath.
Warwick Analytical Services has announced an ICP Analytical Service that will enable pharmaceutical manufacturers to analyse and report metal impurities under new standards proposed by the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP).
The current USP standard method <231> for determining "heavy metals" in pharmaceutical ingredients and products involves precipitating metal sulphides out of an aqueous solution, then visually comparing the colour of the test sample with that of a standard lead solution.
Hybrigenics today announced the positive outcomes of clinical tolerance Phase IIa study of daily oral inecalcitol in combination with gold standard Taxotere chemotherapy in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients.
The maximal tolerated dose of inecalcitol is 4 milligrams (mg) per day and the response rate to combination treatment reached 85 per cent based on Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) decline within 3 months.
Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc announced today at the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) 2010 Congress, a suite of five complementary software solutions and enhancements designed to effect breakthrough progress in qualitative and quantitative proteomics.
Working in concert with Thermo Scientific mass spectrometers, the software solutions provide researchers with fast and simple, yet powerful, workflows for many persistent proteomics research challenges. These solutions promise to drive progress in key industry initiatives such as the Human Proteome Project launched at the HUPO 2010 conference.
Data presented at the European Respiratory Society (ERS) congress demonstrate that a new fixed-dose combination therapy of fluticasone propionate (FP), an inhaled corticosteroid, and formoterol fumarate (FORM), a long-acting β2-agonist, is as effective in treating asthma as one of the current market leaders in Europe, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate (FP/SAL), but has a more rapid onset of action1. The FP/FORM combination has also been shown to be more effective in controlling asthma symptoms than FP alone2.
Despite a range of available therapies, many asthma patients still require unscheduled urgent care or emergency hospital admissions3,4, which suggests that there is a need for alternative treatment approaches which may deliver more effective asthma management5.
A study has confirmed that the granulocyte count of the recently launched ABX Micros ES60 3-part differential haematology analyser from HORIBA Medical correlates well when compared to the neutrophil count of a 5-part differential analyser, in the absence of specific flagging.
The neutrophil count is a key parameter in determining the treatment outcomes, with regards to chemotherapy, for both oncology and haematology patients, as well as for some other drug therapies, such as Clozapine.
B.I.G. Talents, the first national event combining biotechnology, information technology and green technology, will be held in Rouen, France, on 17-18 November 2010 and will feature both an exhibition centre and business conference. This trade event in the field of applications and innovative technologies takes place in the Haute-Normandie region, an area that is well known for its expertise in the sector.
Frédéric Sanchez, President of the Agence de Développement Economique de l’Agglomération Rouennaise (ADEAR), the Economic Development Agency for the Rouen Region, says: "More than 6,200 people are now working in R&D in Haute-Normandie across fields as varied as aerospace, the medical and pharmaceutical sectors, the automotive industry and the chemicals sector. The Rouen region offers an excellent wealth of resources. When it comes to innovation, it is the perfect place to host and organise a national event like B.I.G. Talents."
Domainex Ltd announces the appointment of Dr Joanne McCudden as Head of Business Development. Joanne joins the company with a wealth of experience in the biotech sector having held business development positions at Cobra Biomanufacturing PLC and, more recently, with SynCo Bio Partners where she was the Director of Sales and Marketing.
Dr Eddy Littler CEO of Domainex said: “Domainex is entering a new phase in its development. Our service division is undergoing a significant expansion with a number of new contracts, and our drug discovery division has advanced its first project - on the kinase targets IKKe and TBK1 - to a point where we will seek to outlicense the project during 2011. We are delighted that Joanne is joining Domainex in order to spearhead our future Business Development activities”.
Epistem plc , the UK biotechnology and contract research company, will present preclinical results from its recently completed colitis study at the Inflammation Research Association (IRA) conference in Chantilly, Virginia, USA between 26-29th September 2010.
In a contracted study, Epistem successfully completed the testing of a number of neutralizing antibodies.
Data will be presented by Epistem Dr James Wilson, demonstrating that the therapeutic antibodies significantly reduced the symptoms of disease using a preclinical chronic "adoptive T cell transfer" model of human colitis. Many features of Epistem's colitis model are characteristic of human Crohn's disease, which is a serious and chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
bioMérieux, has been chosen by National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) for bacterial screening of platelets in England and North Wales. During an extensive tender process, a number of technologies for screening platelet products were evaluated and bioMérieux’ s BacT/ALERT 3D for bacterial screening has been chosen.
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http://labnewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2010_09_19_archive.html
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Retrotransposons have been suggested to provide a substrate for non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) and thereby promote gene family expansion. Their precise role, however, is controversial. Here we ask whether retrotransposons contributed to the recent expansions of the Androgen-binding protein (Abp) gene families that occurred independently in the mouse and rat genomes.
Using dot plot analysis, we found that the most recent duplication in the Abp region of the mouse genome is flanked by L1Md_T elements. Analysis of the sequence of these elements revealed breakpoints that are the relicts of the recombination that caused the duplication, confirming that the duplication arose as a result of NAHR using L1 elements as substrates. L1 and ERVII retrotransposons are considerably denser in the Abp regions than in one Mb flanking regions, while other repeat types are depleted in the Abp regions compared to flanking regions. L1 retrotransposons preferentially accumulated in the Abp gene regions after lineage separation and roughly followed the pattern of Abp gene expansion. By contrast, the proportion of shared vs. lineage-specific ERVII repeats in the Abp region resembles the rest of the genome.
We confirmed the role of L1 repeats in Abp gene duplication with the identification of recombinant L1Md_T elements at the edges of the most recent mouse Abp gene duplication. High densities of L1 and ERVII repeats were found in the Abp gene region with abrupt transitions at the region boundaries, suggesting that their higher densities are tightly associated with Abp gene duplication. We observed that the major accumulation of L1 elements occurred after the split of the mouse and rat lineages and that there is a striking overlap between the timing of L1 accumulation and expansion of the Abp gene family in the mouse genome. Establishing a link between the accumulation of L1 elements and the expansion of the Abp gene family and identification of an NAHR-related breakpoint in the most recent duplication are the main contributions of our study.
The origin of gene diversity has attracted great interest since Ohno’s proposal that gene duplications create new genetic material [1, 2]. Subsequently, numerous gene families arising as a result of expansions from a single gene have been identified . Sequencing of mammalian genomes, including primates, rodents and others shows that ~90% of genes have been preserved, usually as single copies without duplication, disruption or deletion, since their last common ancestors. The remaining ~10% of genes are subject to frequent duplication, deletion and pseudogene formation [4–6]. These represent the volatile portion of the mammalian gene complement and generally possess functions that differ from those of the conserved gene set. Gene families, such as those involved in chemosensation, reproduction, host defense and immunity, and toxin metabolism that are expanded, usually as tandem duplications, in one lineage are often expanded in another. This is very likely because they confer similar evolutionary responses to similar environmental challenges. As expected in a scenario in which selection pressures favor an increase in copy number, these expanded gene families often show the footprints of positive selection in elevated ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions (dN/dS; sometimes reported as the rate Ka/Ks; ) in their coding regions [8–12]. Moreover, gene deletion and pseudogene formation events are rare, except among genes that have also been subject to duplication [4–6].
There are, however, important exceptions to the idea that gene families that are expanded in one lineage are similarly expanded in other lineages. In a study of the problem of separating derived from ancestral features of mouse and human genomes, Ponting and Goodstadt reviewed the sequence properties of those mammal genomes and presented the following conclusions: 1) large numbers of rodent- or primate-specific genes lie within these greatly expanded groups of genes; 2) loss of ancient single-copy genes appears to have been rare, as were gains of new functional genes. Instead, most changes to the gene repertoire have occurred in large multicopy families; 3) the numbers and the sequences of such ‘environmental genes’ change, as adaptive responses to infection and other environmental pressures, including conspecific competition; and 4) the larger number of rodent-specific gene duplicates found in the mouse genome is almost entirely due to genes with roles in chemosensation, such as olfactory and vomeronasal receptors and pheromone genes.
Although one may infer the ultimate causes of the expansions of gene families from the functions of the genes themselves, the mechanisms underlying these expansions often are elusive. More than 50% of mammalian genomes are composed of retrotransposons, a heterogeneous group of transposable elements that can be divided into several families according to their origins [4–6, 14]. Different families have been active during rodent evolution and the timing of their activity varies between lineages. Seven families have been active during the evolution of mice and rats: L1 (LINE), B2 (SINE), ERVI, ERVII, ERVIII and MaLR (LTR) . The B1 (SINE) activity is mouse lineage-specific whereas ID elements (a family of SINEs) predominate in the rat lineage . Because the elements of each family are numerous and have highly homologous sequences, they may cause misalignment and serve as homology breakpoints for non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). As a result, a gene between the homologous repeat sequences could be duplicated, deleted or inverted.
Interestingly, certain families of retrotransposons were found to be enriched at the junctions of segmental duplications in the human, bovine, mouse, rat and grapevine genomes [15–22]. Alu (SINE) elements appear to be the predominant repeat sequences at junctions in primates where they contribute to the interspersed pattern of gene duplication characterizing the human genome [15, 17]. In the cattle and rodent genomes where tandem duplication predominates, junctions are enriched for L1 and LTR elements [16–18, 20–22]. Moreover, L1 elements were found to mediate globin duplication in the ancestor of simian primates . However, only ~12% of all human duplications resulted from misalignment of two repeat elements , refuting the importance of repeat sequences in the production of duplications. Alu repeats are preferentially associated with actively duplicating clusters on human chromosome 22 , suggesting that repeats accelerate evolution by gene duplication and thereby cause expansion and/or contraction of gene families . Alu repeats have also been found associated with gene clusters on human chromosome 7 and Mirs, a type of SINE repeat, are associated with an OR gene cluster on human chromosome 17 . In mice and other non-human organisms, L1 elements are enriched throughout the regions surrounding the olfactory and vomeronasal receptors (ORs, V1Rs and V2Rs; ). Those authors could not, however, confirm the hypothesis that high densities of these L1 elements contributed to the expansions themselves. Nevertheless, the exceptional L1 densities in regions of considerably expanded gene families along with the knowledge that repetitive sequences are associated with an elevated recombination rate [29–33] and ectopic recombination [34–39] suggest that further investigation of this relationship is warranted.
For our study we chose the Androgen-binding protein (Abp) gene family because it expanded recently enough that some paralogs have identical sequences and there is copy number variation between strains . This gene region expanded independently in the mouse and rat genomes and to a much greater extent in the mouse genome than in the rat genome . ABPs mediate assortative mate selection, based on subspecies recognition that potentially limits gene exchange between subspecies where they meet ([42, 43] reviewed in ) and there is evidence that ABP constitutes a system of incipient reinforcement along the European hybrid zone where house mouse subspecies make secondary contact .
In this study, we examined the role of repeat element sequences in the expansions of the mouse and rat Abp gene families. We searched the Abp region for evidence that retrotransposons contributed to the gene family expansions, possibly serving as the substrates for NAHR. We further characterised the pattern of accumulation of repeats in the Abp region, forging a putative link between accumulation of retrotransposons and Abp gene family expansion.
In order to capture recent duplication events, a dot plot analysis was produced for the Abp gene family regions of the mouse and rat. The UCSC genome browser (http://genome.ucsc.edu/; ) was used to obtain the sequence of the Abp region for the mouse from the NCBIM37 (mm9) genome assembly and the sequence of the Abp region for the rat from the Baylor 3.4 (rn4) assembly. Coordinates of Abp genes for the two rodents (Additional files 1 & 2 in ) were used to define the boundaries of the whole gene family region using the UCSC genome browser. The span of the whole region was selected in order to subsequently split the region into 50 kb non-overlapping bins (Table 1). We produced the dot plot matrix for the region in both genomes using the BLASTZ program and plotted the results using R project code (http://www.R-project.org/; ). We used these dot plots to search for patterns of recent duplication events. Repeat content viewed on the dot plot was retrieved from the “rmsk” table downloaded from the UCSC genome browser. This table represents an output of the RepeatMasker program (http://www.repeatmasker.org/; ).
1(NCBIM37) and rat genomes (Baylor 3.4). Start and end coordinates identified to enable splitting of the regions into 50 kb bins.
We assessed the densities of eight repeat families active in rodent lineages: L1, B1, ID, B2, ERV1 (ERVI), ERVK (ERVII), ERVL (ERVIII), MaLR [4, 6] in the Abp gene family region. Although, we are aware that the contribution by size may not implicitly correlate with the actual counts, we assumed that the total sequence contribution of each repeat family matters more than the actual counts of repeats in the region under consideration. Therefore, we characterized the density, defined as coverage by repeats of a particular repeat family in base pairs (bp). Density, rather than counts, was also assessed in many previous studies (e.g. [5, 6]). All the information on the distribution of repeats and their positions in the mouse genome was retrieved from the rmsk table (see above).
We divided the Abp gene family region into 50 kilobase (kb) non-overlapping bins to capture the mean and median repeat densities and their variability within the Abp regions. For the density of repeats in the gene family region, we assumed that the densities before the expansion of the gene family corresponded to the densities in the flanking regions. Thus, as a reference, we compared the densities in the Abp gene family regions with 50 kb non-overlapping bins in one megabase (Mb) segments proximal and distal to them. We excluded regions containing assembly gaps according the UCSC genome browser from the analysis if they covered more than 20% of the bin. Otherwise, we normalized the repeat density within the 50 kb bin according to the following formula: (coverage in bp) × (50,000 / (50,000 – gaps in bp)). We used the Mann–Whitney U-test to contrast bins from within the Abp region against bins of downstream and upstream sequences on either side of these regions and we applied the Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons. All analyses were performed in the statistical environment R.
We retrieved intronic sequences of Abp genes from mouse and rat genome sequences for use in dating the expansion of their Abp gene families (Additional file 3). We used intron b for all mouse and rat sequences. Sequences were aligned using the MUSCLE multiple alignment tool [50, 51] and pairwise differences were calculated using the APE package for the R-project . We used the Kimura 2-parameter model with Gamma correction as a substitution model.
To assess whether the accumulation of repeats in the Abp gene family regions is species specific (i.e. the repeats accumulated after the split of the lineages leading to mouse and rat), we divided repeat subfamilies (as defined by RepeatMasker) in the mouse and rat genomes according to whether they are shared between these two genomes or are unique for each of them. The subfamily was considered as specific to one lineage if no copy of that subfamily was found in the other genome. Repeats that belong to species-specific subfamilies thus likely accumulated after the split of the mouse and rat lineages, whereas those belonging to shared subfamilies resided within the gene family regions before the split of the two species. The proportions of density contributed by lineage-specific and lineage-shared repeats in the Abp gene family regions were compared to the autosomal-wide proportion of these repeats.
Repeat sequences in the Abp gene family region in both genomes were divided into bins by 1% of their divergence from consensus obtained from the rmsk table (to get a percentage divergence, the millidiv numbers in the table were divided by 10). Fold change in density of repeats contributed by specific and shared repeat subfamilies (see above) was subsequently plotted by divergence bin. The fold change represents how many times the density of repeats in a given divergence bin is higher or lower than the average autosomal-wide density (the same density equals 1) in non-overlapping windows of the same size as the size of the Abp region (e.g. for the Abp region in the mouse genome, the autosomal genome was split into 3 Mb windows). Windows containing assembly gaps involving more than 10% of the sequence were excluded from this analysis. The distributions were subsequently compared to pairwise half distances between intronic sequences of each gene family (see above).
Because of the tandem structure of the duplications in the Abp gene regions, we used dot plots to identify duplication blocks and breakpoints (Additional files 1 and 2). Two large duplications occurred recently in the mouse Abp region, increasing the number of < Abpbg-Abpa > modules several times (Figure 1). The most recent event occurred <200,000 years ago . In this event, one block of genes duplicated to produce the genes < Abpbg14p-Abpa14p > Abpbg31p < Abpbg15p-Abpa15 > (hereinafter abbreviated 14-31-15) and < Abpbg16p-Abpa16p > Abpbg32p < Abpbg17p-Abpa17 > (abbreviated 16-32-17). Figure 2 shows a dot plot of the 14-31-15 and 16-32-17 gene duplication blocks diagramed in Figure 1. The green lines flanking the diagonal Abp gene blocks contain the dots representing L1 elements belonging to a very young L1 subfamily (L1Md_T) that apparently misaligned to cause the duplication. The specific breakpoints are shown in Figure 3 and are described in detail below. Tandem duplications preceding the two large duplications were older and their structures were considerably eroded by deletions and insertions of younger elements.
A model for recent Abp gene duplication events. (A) Partial map of Abp genes with arrows depicting genes (Abpa in blue, Abpbg in red); solid filled arrows are complete (potentially expressed) genes, while open arrows are putative pseudogenes (modified from ). <Abpbg-Abpa > modules are numbered 7–19 above the linkage map. Two duplications are depicted: 1) a large block of genes that duplicated to create the products underlined in green and orange; 2) those paralogs/modules designated X, Y and Z in the block on the right created products that are underlined in orange (14-31-15) and blue (16-32-17). The center portion of the Abp gene region created by these two duplications is shown as “Final Product” at the bottom of (A). (B) A phylogeny of the genes in the two duplications shown in A (modified from ). The partial Abp phylogeny (panel B) was modified from Laukaitis et al. , who produced an NJ phylogeny of intron 2 from rodent Abpa genes (their Figure 3, yellow clade at the top of the figure). The Abp branches derived from the mouse genome (labeled B6) were retained and the other branches removed. Paralog products are in a typeface color matching the bars that designate their places in the duplications and age estimates in Panel A. The age estimates of the duplications calculated by Laukaitis et al. were also retained and are shown in red typeface.
Dot plot of the most recent duplication in the mouse Abp gene family region. L1 (light blue, dark blue) and ERVII (red, orange) repeat content and orientation is diagrammed on the sides with different colours (L1 plus strand, light blue; L1 minus strand, dark blue; ERVII plus strand, red; ERVII minus strand, orange). For the recent Abp gene family duplication of 14-31-15 and 16-32-17, genes are depicted with coloured lines (Abpbg, red; Abpa, blue). L1Md_T repeat elements on the edges of the duplicated blocks are marked with green lines.
Breakpoints for the most recent Abp gene duplication. A) The region of alignment in all three sequences between ~30 kb and ~36 kb includes the nearly full-length L1Md_T sequence. The aligned sequences are shown as bars with the L1Md_T element set off by a bracket above the bars. Bar 1: the 33 kb region immediately to the left of Abpbg14p; bar 2: the L1Md_T repeat on the right flank of Abpa15; and bar 3: the region containing the L1Md_T repeat to the right of Abpa17. Bars in the upper part of the figure show the alignment of the three sequences over slightly more than 20 kb. Regions that align in all three sequences are tinted yellow; regions that align in two of three are tinted green and regions that do not align in any of the three are untinted. B) An alignment of 360 bp of the three sequences that surround the gap shown by black arrows in panel A. Two duplications that occur within the gap are depicted with red bars. We bracketed in green a GGTT preceding the rest of the duplication, which is marked with a red bar/bracket. We note that there are also shorter indels, e.g., TGTGTTTTCCTGTTTTTC, within the gap. Proximal to and at four nucleotides in the gap (GGTT), sequences 2 and 3 are identical (i.e. seven of eleven divergent sites shown in the figure). However, distal to the gap, 2 is identical to 1, while 3 differs at four divergent sites. C) Bars representing the entire L1Md_T sequences 1, 2 and 3 show that, for 384 divergent sites proximal to the breakpoint, 2 is identical to 3; for 127 divergent sites following the breakpoint 2 is identical to 1.
We identified the L1Md_T sequences on the left flank of bg14p, between a15 and bg16p, and on the right flank of a17. These are shown within the sets of green lines in Figure 2. We aligned 20–30 kb surrounding these L1Md_T sequences and examined the alignment for putative breakpoints. The best candidate region is shown in Figure 3 where Panel A shows a complete alignment of the three L1MD_T sequences with a putative breakpoint identified. This candidate breakpoint is shown in detail in Figure 3B wherein a 50 bp sequence is repeated on the left flank of bg14p, but appears in only one copy in the L1Md_T sequences on the right of a15 and a17. Thus, in the a15 and a17 sequences in this region, the missing repeated sequence plus 42 bp preceding it constitute an 84 bp “gap” in sequences 2 and 3 (Figure 3B). We suggest that this unequal distribution of the duplicated 50 bp sequence is consistent with the notion of a misalignment that created the breaks that resulted in the duplication of the ancestral segment to produce the 14-31-15 and 16-32-17 segments (Figure 1). This is supported by eleven divergent sites shown in Figure 3B. Sequences 2 and 3 are identical at four divergent sites proximal to, and three divergent sites within the gap just described. Beyond (distal to) the gap, sequences 1 and 2 are identical at four divergent sites. These patterns are consistent at 384 divergent sites upstream and 127 divergent sites downstream of the mis-paired AGCA/GGTT shown in the gap, and they support the idea that this is the breakpoint for the duplication (Figure 3C). Returning to Figure 3B, we propose that the misalignment that created the break probably occurred during replication at the point where synthesis of a new strand had proceeded just to the end of the GGTT (in the first green bracket). If a hairpin loop formed in strand 1 at that moment, the newly synthesized GGTT end might have slipped ahead to line up with the AGCA further downstream. This mismatch could have been stabilized by the TTT ahead of both tetra-nucleotides and the continuing synthesis of the duplicated 51 bp of sequence beyond them. In fact, slippage would be expected in the gap sequence because it is rich in a core unit of G followed by three or more Ts. In any event, destabilization at the mis-paired AGCA/GGTT (second green bracket) would then set the stage for the impending break by which NAHR produced the duplication of the Abp genes in this region. There may be alternative explanations but the important point is that the result was to switch strands at the AGCA/GGTT breakpoint as shown by the pattern of divergent sites we described above.
A more detailed exploration of the entire Abp gene region clarified the proposal of Karn and Laukaitis for the majority of genes in the center of the 3 Mb region. It is apparent from our dot plot analyses that the 14-31-15 and 16-32-17 duplication was preceded by a duplication of a much larger gene block containing the progenitors of what are now < Abpbg-Abpa > modules 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, as well as the single Abpbg pseudogenes 29 and 31. This large block duplicated to create all the genes identified in the region shown in Final Product (bottom of Figure 1A) except the < AbpbgX-AbpaX > AbpbgY < AbpbgZ-AbpaZ > progenitor of 14-31-15 and 16-32-17. Thus, this original product accounted for all the other genes from the < Abpbg7-Abpa7 > to the < Abpbg19-Abpa19 > modules. In this process, the Abpbg29 gene in the original < Abpbg29-Abpa29 > module in the center of the duplication product was eliminated. Figure 1B shows the portion of the center Abp clade with genes not described in this duplication removed. All the Abpa gene pairs arising from the duplication are directly related as predicted by this model.
We contrasted the repeat density in 50 kb non-overlapping bins in the Abp gene family regions and in flanking regions one Mb proximal and distal to the gene regions (Figure 4; Additional file 3). ERVII and L1 repeat families were found to be in high densities in the Abp regions, whereas the other families (B1, B2, ID and MaLR) are depleted in these regions. The densities for the L1 repeats were more than ten times higher in the Abp regions than in the flanking regions and this family covered on average more than 30% of the 50 kb non-overlapping bins from the Abp region in both genomes. This pattern was statistically significant, for all elements in the mouse genome and for L1, ERVII and ID in the rat genome (Additional file 3).
Densities of repeat families on chromosome 7 in mouse (A) and chromosome 1 in rat (B) genomes within 50 kb windows plotted along the physical position of the chromosome in the Abp gene family regions and their one Mb flanking regions. Densities are based on the RepeatMasker output provided at the UCSC Genome Browser website for mouse (NCBI M37/mm9) and rat (Baylor 3.4/rn4) genomes.
The L1 and ERVII subfamilies were divided according to whether they were shared between mouse and rat, or whether they were specific to one of the lineages. We compared the proportions of repeat density in the Abp region contributed by either the shared or lineage-specific groups (Table 2; Additional file 4). A considerable portion of the L1 repeat density in the Abp region (>90% in mouse, >80% in rat) is composed of young lineage-specific repeats, which contrasts with the genome-wide pattern for the L1 family where only about 50% of repeats are lineage-specific. The difference is statistically significant in both genomes (Table 2). The density of ERVII family repeats is almost equally distributed between lineage-specific and lineage-shared elements. Despite the significant difference between the ratios in the Apb region and flanking regions, ERVII density does not differ substantially from the genome-wide pattern (51% genome-wide vs. 57% in the Abp region; Table 2).
1Data resampling with Bonferroni correction (n = 4) used to obtain p-values.
The accumulation of L1 and ERVII repeats in the Abp region was also analyzed in the context of their age (i.e. the approximate time that the repeats were inserted in the Abp region). We compared the distributions of fold-change in repeat density of lineage-specific and lineage-shared repeats given the divergence from consensus (Figure 5A, B – middle, bottom) with the actual distributions of pairwise distances for the Abp genes (Figure 5A, B – top). The fold-change in density of L1 and ERVII repeats unique for mouse and rat was the focus of our evaluation. We found that the rapid accumulation of L1 elements occurred after the split of the two lineages. The increased rate of accumulation (i.e. insertion) of L1 repeats in the mouse genome is characterized by two peaks that correspond to the distribution of the pairwise distances between Abp genes (Figure 5A, B – top, middle). The increased rate of accumulation in the rat genome was also lineage-specific, however, the correspondence between the L1 accumulation and the gene family expansion was not so clear. The pattern of ERVII retrotransposon accumulation differs from the L1 pattern in that it exhibits, on average, an increased rate of accumulation along almost its entire evolutionary history, with considerable accumulation even before the split of the lineages (Figure 5A, B – top, bottom).
Change in repeat density over time compared with the timing of Abp gene duplications. The mouse genome is shown in (A) and the rat is in (B). Top panels show the approximate timing of Abp gene duplications. Fold-change in density of L1 (center) and ERVII (bottom) repeats are colored depending on whether they are contributed by unique (orange/violet) or shared (grey for both) repeat subfamilies. All are plotted along 1% divergence bins. Divergence for the two repeat families represents divergence from genome-wide consensus (i.e. approximate time when the element was inserted in the Abp region). Dating of the Abp gene duplications was based on the distribution of pairwise half distances between Abp genes using the Kimura 2-parameter mutation model. Given the pattern of unique and shared repeat subfamilies on the genome-wide scale for all repeat families, the mouse-rat split occurred around 20% of divergence from consensus (red line).
The evolution of gene families is still poorly understood, despite the appearance of an ever-increasing number of sequenced genomes. Many gene families have expanded much faster than expected based on random gene gain and loss, and transposable elements (i.e. retrotransposons) and selection have been cited as main causes of gene family expansion and contraction . Retrotransposons are associated with local recombination [29–33], perpetuate ectopic recombination [34–39] and are enriched at the breakpoints of segmental duplications in various organisms [16, 17, 21, 22]. Because repeat elements also represent highly homologous sequences, high local densities may have caused instability and consequently an increase in the rate of NAHR, as proposed for Alu elements in the human genome . While repeat enrichment at the junctions of segmental duplications is associated with only ~12% of all duplications , this subgroup may represent the tandem duplications responsible for active expansion of gene families, such as the Alu repeats on human chromosome 22 .
We focused on Abp genes because their expansions in the mouse and rat genomes occurred after the divergence of the two species. We searched the Abp regions for evidence that retrotransposons contributed to their gene expansions, perhaps acting as substrates for NAHR. Further, we investigated the patterns of retrotransposon accumulation in the Abp region and establish a link between their accumulation and the Abp gene family expansion.
Dot plot analyses suggest that retrotransposons served as substrates for NAHR in the most recent mouse Abp gene family region duplication. We identified L1Md_T elements at the edges of the most recently duplicated gene block of the Abp gene region, proposed to have occurred by NAHR . Recombination after misalignment of the L1Md_T sequences flanking the 14-31-15 and 16-32-17 segments could have caused this duplication. Analysis of the three L1Md_T repeats implicated in this event reveals evidence of recombination between the two outer elements to create a hybrid middle repeat (Figure 3).
We sought additional breakpoints at the edges of older duplication blocks. Unfortunately these erode quickly as elements are being inserted and deleted. We suppose that the duplication we identified must have been very recent and it is even possible that they are not yet fixed in the population, consistent with findings of copy number variation in this region .
Karn and Laukaitis suggested that there were two mechanisms involved in the duplications leading to the 64 Abp paralogs in the mouse genome: a slower one that produced paralogs in an inverse adjacent order as predicted by Katju and Lynch , and a faster one that proceeded by NAHR and produced paralogs in direct, not inverse, order. In this report, we identify L1Md_T elements on the flanks of the most recent Abp duplication block with breakpoints produced by NAHR. Thereby, we provide the details of the second mechanism and an example of NAHR causing duplication resulting in daughter gene blocks in direct, not inverse order.
Identification of L1Md_T elements at the edges of the most recent Abp gene duplication in the mouse genome motivated us to further explore retrotransposons in the Abp gene family regions of mouse and rat. L1 and ERVII repeats are denser in the Abp regions than in the regions flanking them, with L1 repeat densities 10 times higher in the rodent Abp regions than in one Mb flanking regions. There are also sharp transitions between the high density of L1 and ERVII repeats within the Abp gene family region and the less dense flanking regions. The abruptness of these transitions shows that the high densities of L1 and ERVII are specific to the Abp regions and are not a general property of the genomic regions in which the Abp families reside. It is interesting that our observations of high L1 density in the Abp regions are similar to reports of high densities of L1 retrotransposons in the regions harboring V1R, V2R and OR receptor gene families of rodents and several other non-human organisms . Similarly, others have found enrichment of retrotransposons (Alu and Mir elements) around human gene clusters [26, 27]. All this supports the view that the association between higher retrotransposon densities and the duplicated nature of the Abp region is not coincidental.
Since L1 and LTR (including ERVII) repeat families are enriched at junctions of segmental duplications in the mouse and rat genome [16, 18, 21, 22], one may speculate on the role of the increased density of repeat elements in gene family expansion. We want to know what drove the accumulation of retroelement repeats in the Abp gene regions. One possibility is that selection for increased gene copy number resulting from densely packed repeat elements is a cause of the association. However, there are alternative explanations wherein the higher densities of these repeats might have resulted indirectly from the duplicated nature of the Abp region. Among these are: 1) the repeats accumulated in the region passively along with newly-duplicated Abp genes; 2) as redundancy of gene function increased with continued Abp gene duplication, the region more readily accepted insertion of additional repeats; and 3) accumulation of repeat elements occurred because they contributed to the allelic regulation of particular genes . In fact it is likely that multiple mechanisms led to the observed pattern of repeats.
The approximate ages of retrotransposon accumulations were assessed by comparing ratios of the densities of lineage-specific vs. lineage-shared subfamilies in the Abp region with the genome-wide ratios (Table 2; Additional file 4). We found striking differences between L1 and ERVII repeat families in both the mouse and rat genomes. ERVII subfamilies were distributed approximately equally between lineage-specific and lineage-shared subfamilies in both genomes. This was not true for the L1 family where the majority of repeats (>90% in the mouse and >80% in the rat genome) were lineage-specific. Thus, >50% of ERVII repeat content originated from insertions that occurred near the ancestor of the Abp gene family, while almost no L1s were present in the Abp region before its expansion. Because we were concerned about the effect of gene conversion on our ability to time L1 accumulation, we also analyzed L1 repeats for gene conversion events which could obscure that timing and found evidence only of intra-, not inter-subfamily gene conversion events (data not shown). Intra-family gene conversion events may have occurred as part of the misalignment and recombination characterizing NAHR. In any event, these would not influence our ability to differentiate between unique and shared L1 repeats or to discern the overall pattern of repeat accumulation.
We dated the change in L1 and ERVII retrotransposon densities along evolutionary time and compared it with the time frame of Abp gene expansion inferred from pairwise distances (Figure 5). The change in L1 density over evolutionary time in the mouse genome occurs in two clear peaks composed of exclusively mouse lineage-specific repeats, which correspond to the distribution of pairwise distances of Abp genes. The correspondence between the pattern of gene duplication events and the date of repeat insertions in the mouse genome suggests that the two processes are related. This finding may be explained by three scenarios: 1) repeats are intrinsically involved in the gene family expansion process, 2) repeats accumulated immediately after the duplication to promote allelic regulation and 3) repeats accumulated as a result of an increase in tolerance due to an increase in redundancy. However, the third scenario is not likely because it predicts that the accumulation of repeats would not closely follow gene pairwise distances and would continue even after the burst of duplication. The first and second explanations cannot be sufficiently resolved with our data. However, the idea that Abp gene duplication results from accumulation of L1 elements seems most likely in light of the findings we report here.
The situation is quite different for the ERVII family. The rate of ERVII accumulation (fold change) in the Abp gene region along almost its entire evolutionary history is several times higher than expected from the genome-wide distribution, with considerable repeat insertion before the mouse and rat split. The high density of mouse and rat shared ERVII repeats (i.e. repeats inserted long before the Abp gene family expansion) leaves little doubt that their high densities resulted from passive duplication and/or an unconditionally higher tolerance of accumulation by the Abp gene region. The fact that these repeats were present at high density long before the Abp gene family expansion occurred makes the link between their higher densities and the expansion less clear.
We have presented direct evidence for the contribution of a repeat element, L1Md_T, to the Abp gene region expansion. Our evidence includes identification of the breakpoint of a very recent duplication within a hybrid L1Md_T element, which strongly supports the supposition that this duplication occurred by NAHR . We have explored the literature for an observation similar to the breakpoints in the L1Md_T elements that we describe here for the most recent duplication of Abp genes. The reports we found involved breakpoints producing duplications of genes or parts of genes in cancer and other diseases in somatic cells. These instances of NAHR are examples of mitotic recombinations producing clinically significant aberrations but not stable increases in gene copy number in the genome. To the best of our knowledge, the breakpoints we describe in repeat elements that have produced duplicated paralogs by meiotic NAHR in the germ line constitute a unique observation in studies of gene duplication.
We also found higher densities of L1 and ERVII retrotransposons along with depletion of other retrotransposon types occurring with abrupt transitions at the gene region boundaries, suggesting that the occurrence of these repeats is tightly associated with Abp gene duplication. We observed that the major contribution to the total L1 density occurred after the split of the two lineages in both genomes, with clear overlap between the accumulation pattern of L1 elements and the Abp gene family expansion, at least in the mouse genome. Regardless of whether the higher densities of L1 repeats are a cause or a consequence of the gene family expansion, this demonstrates the putative link between the accumulation of these elements and the gene family expansion. By contrast, the accumulation pattern of ERVII repeats is complex with a considerable portion of the total ERVII density predating the mouse-rat lineage split, similar to genome-wide patterns.
Data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article and its Additional files.
VJ received support from the Institutional Research Support grant No. SVV-2013-267 201 and from the Grant Agency of Charles University in Prague grant No. 6421/2012. The authors thank Pavel Munclinger for support of VJ in PM’s laboratory at Charles University. CML was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50 CA095060, 2P30 CA023074 and U54 CA143924. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
VJ, CML and RCK conceived of the project, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. VJ performed bioinformatic analyses. RCK and CML performed detailed sequence analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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2019-04-20T12:20:46Z
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https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-13-107
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IEEE IVMSP TC activity report at Inside Signal Processing Newsletter, March 2019 issue.
IEEE ICIP 2018 took place in Athens in October 2018.
IEEE ICME 2018 Special Session on "Deep metric learning for multimedia computing".
Nikolaos V. Boulgouris is a Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) with the Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering of Brunel University London. From 2004 to 2010 he was an academic member of staff with King's College London, and prior to that he was a researcher with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Toronto, Canada. He has published more than 100 papers in international journals and conferences (Google scholar search) and he has participated in numerous national and international research consortia.
Dr. Boulgouris served as Technical Program Chair for the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). He currently serves as Senior Area Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. He also serves as Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, from which he received the 2017 Best Associate Editor Award. In the past he served as Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing and for the IEEE Signal Processing Letters. He was co-editor of the book Biometrics: Theory, Methods, and Applications, which was published by Wiley - IEEE Press, and guest co-editor for two journal special issues. From 2014 to 2019 he served as an elected member of the IEEE Image, Video, and Multidimensional Signal Processing Technical Committee (IVMSP - TC). Dr. Boulgouris is a Senior Member of the IEEE and a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.
Senior Area Editor IEEE Trans. Image Processing, February 2016 - present.
Associate Editor IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2016 - present.
Associate Editor IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, July 2015 - February 2016.
Associate Editor IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, June 2010 - June 2014.
Associate Editor IEEE Signal Processing Letters, March 2007- March 2011.
Book Editor Biometrics: Theory, Methods, and Applications, Wiley - IEEE, 2009.
Guest Editor EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing 2009.
Guest Editor EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 2008.
Elected member IEEE IVMSP Technical Committee (IVMSP - TC), 2014 - 2019.
Member Full College, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).
Tutorial Speaker Visual Image Search and Visual Analytics (VISVA) Summer School, Singapore, 2016.
Panel member Associate Editor Orientation Session, IEEE ICASSP 2009.
PhD Examiner More than 30 PhD examinations in the UK and abroad.
IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2018.
Digital Media Industry & Academic Forum DMIAF 2016.
International Conference on Systems, Signals, and Image Processing, IWSSIP 2015.
IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2021.
IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), 2020.
IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2017.
Human Identification in Multimedia, HIM'17 (in conjunction with IEEE ICME2017).
3D True Vision Conference, 3DTV-CON 2017.
IEEE Visual Communications and Image Processing 2015.
Digital Signal Processing conference, 2009.
IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019.
IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2011, 2014-2017, 2019.
European Signal Processing Conference, EUSIPCO 2011, 2008.
IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2014, 2016.
IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (2001-2019).
IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (2011, 2013-2017, 2019).
N. V. Boulgouris, K. N. Plataniotis, E. Micheli-Tzanakou, editors, Biometrics: theory, methods, and applications, Wiley-IEEE Press, October 2009.
X. Huang and N. V. Boulgouris, "Unobtrusive biometric identification based on gait", in Biometrics: theory, methods, and applications, Wiley /IEEE Press, 2009.
V. Mezaris, N. Thomos, N. V. Boulgouris, I. Kompatsiaris, "Knowledge-Assisted Analysis of Video for Content-Adaptive Coding and Transmission", Advances in Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization, Studies in Computational Intelligence series, vol. 93, pp. 221-240, Springer-Verlag, 2008.
S. Argyropoulos, N. V. Boulgouris, N. Thomos, Y. Kompatsiaris, and M. G. Strintzis, "Coding of 2D and 3D color image sequences", in Color Image processing: Methods and Applications, CRC Press, R. Lukac and K. N. Plataniotis editors, 2006.
N. V. Boulgouris, N. Thomos, and M. G. Strintzis,"Error-resilient coding for multimedia communications," in Intelligent Integrated Media Communication Techniques, J. F. Tasic, M. Ansorge, M. Najim eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, October 2003.
D. Simitopoulos, S. A. Tsaftaris, N. V. Boulgouris, G. A. Triantafyllidis, and M.G.Strintzis, "Digital Watermarking for the Copyright Protection of Compressed Video", in Intelligent Integrated Media Communication Techniques, J. F. Tasic, M. Ansorge, M. Najim eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, October 2003.
A. Kitsikidis, N. V. Boulgouris, K. Dimitropoulos, and N. Grammalidis, “Unsupervised Dance Motion Patterns Classification from Fused Skeletal Data using Exemplar-based HMMs”, International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, vol. 4, no 2, pp 209-220, 2015.
J. Hu and N. V. Boulgouris, "Visual recognition of event and activities based on momentum of motion energy mass", Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol. 26, pp. 81–96, Feb. 2012.
S. Memon, N. Manivannan, A. Noor, W. Balachadran, and N. V. Boulgouris, "Fingerprint Sensors: Liveness Detection Issue and Hardware based Solutions", Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 1, pp. 35-49, January 2012.
X. Huang and N. V. Boulgouris, “Gait recognition based on multiple views”, EURASIP Journal on Advances on Signal Processing, 2008.
N. Thomos, S. Argyropoulos, N. V. Boulgouris, and M. G. Strintzis, "Robust transmission of H.264 streams using adaptive group slicing and unequal error protection", EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, 2006.
N. V. Boulgouris, K. E. Zachariadis, A. Kanlis, and M. G. Strintzis, "Multiple Description Wavelet Coding of Layered Video Using Optimal Redundancy Allocation", EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, Vol. 2006, pp. 1-19.
D. Tzovaras, N. V. Boulgouris, K. Argyraki, and M. G. Strintzis, "Rate-distortion Optimal Fast Thresholding for MPEG-2 Image Sequence Coding", European Transactions on Telecommunications, Vol. 12, No 3, pp 189-195, May/June 2001.
L. Hou, X. Du, N. V. Boulgouris, "A Novel Sensing System for Robotic Cochlear Implants Electrode Array Placement", 2018 IEEE International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics, August 2018.
H. Ozen, N. V. Boulgouris, and R. Swash, "Gait Recognition Based on 3D Holoscopic Gait Energy Image", International Conference on 3D Immersion, IC3D2017, Brussels, December 2017.
J. Broulim, V. Georgiev, N. V. Boulgouris, "On fast exhaustive search of the minimum distance of linear block codes" IEEE International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT), 2016.
T. Kounalakis, N. V. Boulgouris, and G. A. Triantafyllidis, "Content-adaptive pyramid representation for 3D object classification", IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Phoenix, September 2016.
A. Kitsikidis, N. V. Boulgouris, K. Dimitropoulos, and N. Grammalidis, “Unsupervised dance motion patterns classification from fused skeletal data using exemplar-based HMMs”, EuroMed, Lemessos, Cyprus, November, 2014.
E. Kafetzakis, E. Panaousis, N. V. Boulgouris, and A. Kourtis, “Secure Communications for Mobile Verification Platforms”, International Symposium on Wireless Communication System, Aug. 2013.
T. Kounalakis and N. V. Boulgouris, “Sparsity-based classification using texture and depth”, Intl. Conference on Digital Signal Processing, DSP 2013, Santorini, Greece, July 2013.
X. Huang, N. V. Boulgouris, and A. Georgakis, “Gait recognition based on time-frequency analysis”, International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, Santorini, Greece, July 2009.
X. Huang and N. V. Boulgouris, “Robust object segmentation using adaptive thresholding”, IEEE Intl. Conference on Image Processing, San Antonio, September 2007.
V. Mezaris, N. V. Boulgouris, and Y. Kompatsiaris, “Knowledge-Assisted Video Analysis for Content-Adaptive Coding and Transmission”, SAMT 2006, Athens, Greece, December 2006.
N. V. Boulgouris and Z. X. Chi, “Gait representation and recognition based on Radon transform”, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Atlanta, October 2006.
N. Thomos, N. V. Boulgouris, and M. G. Strintzis, "Robust Image Transmission Based on Product-Code Optimization for Determinate State LDPC Decoding", IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Atlanta, October 2006.
N. Thomos, S. Argyropoulos, N. V. Boulgouris, and M. G. Strintzis, "Robust transmission of H.264/AVC video using adaptive slice grouping and unequal error protection", IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Toronto, Canada, July 2006.
N. Thomos, S. Argyropoulos, N. V. Boulgouris, and M. G. Strintzis, "Error-resilient transmission of H.264/AVC streams using Flexible Macrblock Ordering," proc. of European Workshop on the Integration of Knowledge, Semantics and Digital Media Technology (EWIMT 2005), London, UK, November 2005.
A. Giannoula, N. V. Boulgouris, and D. Hatzinakos, "Optimal watermark detection on interpolated images under noise ", IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Singapore, Oct. 2004.
N. V. Boulgouris, K. N. Plataniotis, and D. Hatzinakos, "Gait Recognition Using Dynamic Time Warping", IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Sienna, Italy, September 2004.
N. V. Boulgouris, K. N. Plataniotis, and D. Hatzinakos, "Gait analysis and recognition using image transforms", IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Niagara Falls, May 2004.
A. Giannoula, N. V. Boulgouris, and D. Hatzinakos, "Fused watermark detection on noisy interpolated images", IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Niagara Falls, May 2004.
N. Thomos, N. V. Boulgouris, and M. G. Strintzis,"Wireless Image Transmission using Turbo Codes and Optimal Unequal Error Protection", IEEE Intl. Conference on Image Processing, Barcelona, Spain, 2003.
V. Mezaris, N. V. Boulgouris, I. Kompatsiaris, D. Simitopoulos, and M. G. Strintzis, "Segmentation and content-based watermarking for image indexing", Information and Knowledge Management for Integrated Media Communication Workshop, Bordeaux, France, Apr. 2003.
N. Thomos, N. V. Boulgouris, D. Simitopoulos, M. G. Strintzis, "List Viterbi decoding of convolutional codes for efficient data hiding", IEEE Intl. Conference on Image Processing, Rochester, New York, September 2002.
N. V. Boulgouris, E. Kokkinou and M. G. Strintzis, "Fast Compressed-domain Segmentation For Video Indexing and Retrieval", 2002 Tyrrhenian International Workshop on Digital Communications, Capri, Italy, September 2002.
N. V. Boulgouris, N. Thomos, M. G. Strintzis, "Error-Resilient Coding and Forward Error Correction for Image Transmission over Unreliable Channels", EUSIPCO-2002, Toulouse, France, September 2002.
D. Simitopoulos, S. Tsaftaris, N. V. Boulgouris, and M. G. Strintzis, "Compressed-domain Video Watermarking of MPEG Streams", IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Lausanne, Switzerland, August 2002.
D. Simitopoulos, S. A. Tsaftaris, N. V. Boulgouris, and M. G. Strintzis, "Fast MPEG watermarking for copyright protection", IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Dubrovnik, Croatia, September 2002.
N. Thomos, N. V. Boulgouris, E. Kokkinou, and M. G. Strintzis, "Efficient Data Hiding in JPEG2000 Images Using Sequential Decoding of Convolutional Codes", International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP-2002), Santorini, Greece, July, 2002.
C. Kolida, S. Kyratzi, G. A. Triantafyllidis, N. V. Boulgouris, and M. G. Strintzis, ?The Graphical User Interface for the OTELO Tele-Echography System?, SCI 2002, Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, Orlando, Florida, USA, July 2002.
K. E Zachariadis, N. V. Boulgouris, N. Thomos, G. A Triantafyllidis, and M. G. Strintzis, ?Wavelet-based Communication of Medical Image Sequences?, Intl. Workshop on Enterprise Networking and Computing in Health Care Industry, Nancy, France, June 2002.
N. V. Boulgouris, F. D. Koravos, M. G. Strintzis, "Self-synchronizing Watermark Detection for MPEG-4 Objects", IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, ICECS 2001, Malta, Sep. 2001.
P. Bas, N. V. Boulgouris, F. D. Koravos, J.-M. Chassery, M. G. Strintzis, and B. Macq, "Robust Watermarking of Video Objects for MPEG-4 Applications", invited paper, Proc. SPIE, 2001.
M. G. Strintzis, N. V. Boulgouris, and S. Malassiotis: "Box Splines for the Hierarchical Coding of 3-D Surfaces", OFEA 2001, St. Petersburg, Russia, June 2001.
N. V. Boulgouris, I. Kompatsiaris, V. Mezaris, and M. G. Strintzis, "Content-based Watermarking for Indexing Using Robust Segmentation", Workshop on Image Analysis For Multimedia Interactive Services, Tampere, Finland, May 2001.
N. V. Boulgouris and M. G. Strintzis, "Disparity-Compensated Wavelet Coding of Stereo Images Using Feedback", International Conference on Augmented, Virtual Environments and Three-Dimensional Imaging, Mykonos, Greece, May 2001.
D. Simitopoulos, N. V. Boulgouris, A. Leontaris, and M. G. Strintzis, "Scalable Detection of Perceptual Watermarks in JPEG2000", Conference on Communications and Multimedia Security, Darmstadt, Germany, May 2001.
N. V. Boulgouris, A. Leontaris, N. Thomos, and M. G. Strintzis, "Robust layered coding of video for transmission over noisy channels", IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Sydney, Australia, May 2001.
D. Simitopoulos, S. A. Tsaftaris, N. V. Boulgouris, and M. G. Strintzis, "Digital Watermarking of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Multiplexed Streams for Copyright Protection", International Workshop on Digital and Computational Video, Tampa, Florida, Feb. 2001.
N. V. Boulgouris and M. G. Strintzis, "Embedded Coding of Stereo Images", IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP-2000, Vancouver, Canada, Sep. 2000.
M. G. Strintzis, S. Malassiotis, and N. V. Boulgouris, "Hierarchical Coding of 3-D Surfaces Using Box Splines", EUSIPCO 2000 , Tampere, Finland, Sep. 2000.
N. V. Boulgouris, S. Zaharos, and M. G. Strintzis, "Adaptive Decorrelation and Entropy Coding for Context-based Lossless Image Compression", First Balkan Conference on Signal Processing, Communications, Circuits, and Systems, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2000.
N. V. Boulgouris, D. Vyzovitis and M. G. Strintzis, "Wavelet Image Coding using Intercontext Arithmetic Adaptation", In Proc. SPIE conf. on Image and Video Communications and Processing, San Jose, CA, Jan. 2000.
N. V. Boulgouris and M. G. Strintzis, "Stereo Image Coding Using Filter Bank Decompositions" International Workshop on Synthetic - Natural Hybrid Coding and Three Dimensional Imaging, IWSNHC3DI 99 , Santorini, Greece, Sep. 99.
N. V. Boulgouris and M. G. Strintzis, "Image Coding Using Optimal Interpolative Pyramids With Variable Sampling Ratios", International Workshop on Intelligent Communication Techologies and Applications, Neuchatel, Switzerland, May 1999.
N. V. Boulgouris and M. G. Strintzis, "Directional Interpolation Pyramids for Still Image Compression", International Symposium on Computer Graphics , Image Processing and Vision , Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, Oct. 1998.
N. V. Boulgouris and M. G. Strintzis, "Lossless and Progressive Image Coding using Generalized Reduced Pyramids", 32th Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, CISS 98, Princeton, NJ.
M. G. Strintzis, T. Sevintikidis, N. Boulgouris, "Lossless and Progressive Image Coding Using Optimal Pyramidal Analysis", Proc. SPIE Vol. 3169, p. 563-574, Wavelet Applications in Signal and Image Processing V (1997).
Copyright © 2018 Nikolaos V. Boulgouris. Last modified: Thursday, December 20, 2018.
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2019-04-25T08:31:16Z
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http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~eestnnb/
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The American Judicature Society will hold its 23rd National College on Judicial Conduct and Ethics in Chicago on October 23-25, 2013. The College will explore ethics and social media, disqualification, the role of public members on judicial conduct commissions, and other interesting topics. For more information, click here.
In this paper, Roiphe & Green argue that the myth of the detached, rational judge, free from emotion runs the risk of undermining the quality of judging, obscuring the transparency of judicial decisions, and deterring the development of diverse judicial styles. The authors explore the history of the myth of the detached judge and how it made its way into rules of judicial conduct. By contextualizing this image of the judiciary, the article concludes that the rules of judicial conduct have come to embody an antiquated understanding of judicial independence and ought to be revised to reflect a more modern concept of the role of judges the American democratic system.
Bruce A. Green & Rebecca Roiphe, Regulating Discourtesy on the Bench: A Study in the Evolution of Judicial Independence, 64 Ann. Surv. Am. L. 497 (2009).
“Virtue jurisprudence” is a normative and explanatory theory of law that utilizes the resources of virtue ethics to answer the central questions of legal theory. The main focus of this essay is the development of a virtue-centered theory of judging. The exposition of the theory begins with exploration of defects in judicial character, such as corruption and incompetence. Next, an account of judicial virtue is introduced. This includes judicial wisdom, a form of phronesis, or sound practical judgment. A virtue-centered account of justice is defended against the argument that theories of fairness are prior to theories of justice. The centrality of virtue as a character trait can be drawn out by analyzing the virtue of justice into constituent elements. These include judicial impartiality (even-handed sympathy for those affected by adjudication) and judicial integrity (respect for the law and concern for its coherence). The essay argues that a virtue-centered theory accounts for the role that virtuous practical judgment plays in the application of rules to particular fact situations. Moreover, it contends that a virtue-centered theory of judging can best account for the phenomenon of lawful judicial disagreement. Finally, a virtue-centered approach best accounts for the practice of equity, departure from the rules based on the judge’s appreciation of the particular characteristics of individual fact situations.
The fundamental value in judicial ethics is impartiality. This means that a judge is duty-bound to decide cases on their merits, be open to persuasion, and not influenced by improper considerations. The paradigm case of unethical behavior by a judge is taking a bribe to decide a case in favor of one of the parties. This kind of corruption, which is fortunately rare in many developed countries, is also relatively uninteresting from an intellectual point of view. A more difficult case of failure of impartiality, conceptually speaking, involves a judge who relies on extra-legal factors as the basis for a judicial decision. Making sense of judicial ethics therefore requires a distinction between factors a judge may take into account when rendering a decision, and those which are excluded from consideration. In American legal discourse, this distinction is often stated in terms of law vs. politics, where politics is used to mean any normative view that is not incorporated into the law. In contrast with legal decisions made by actors within the executive branch of government, in which policy and ideological factors may play a role, judicial decisions are supposed to be justified solely on the basis of legal reasons. . . .
More specifically, the paper will discuss two aspects of the law-politics distinction. First, principles of judicial impartiality must take a position on the existence of judicial discretion and the problem of legal interpretation. The second area of discussion is the justification for certain restrictions imposed on judges by positive law (rules of judicial conduct, statutes, and court rules) often misleadingly referred to as rules of judicial ethics. At least in the United States, many of these restrictions purport to regulate bias and the risk that judges will not be impartial. Courts applying the rules governing judicial conduct often regulate prophylactically, by disqualifying judges from presiding over certain types of cases, based on conduct that is taken to be evidence of bias. However, the discussion of the Hart/Dworkin debate shows that the political viewpoints of judges may necessarily influence the outcomes of cases. In Dworkin’s view, judging is inherently a political practice, because ascertaining the content of law is impossible without resort to normative political argument. In Hart’s view, by contrast, it is possible to ascertain the content of law empirically, but there may be a further normative question about the best way to prioritize or balance competing legal considerations.
I believe the right approach to judicial ethics is to focus on the application side of the distinction between the content of law (which may or may not be susceptible of determination on the basis of social facts) and standards for its application. Where there are multiple plausible interpretations of existing cases, statutes, and other applicable legal norms, all we can reasonably expect is that a judge deliberate in good faith and reach the conclusion she believes represents the best reading of the governing law. The subject of judicial ethics is essentially an attempt to flesh out the idea of judging in good faith. That, I suggest, is fundamentally about being prepared to give reasons in justification of a judicial decision.
Adjudication often stems from painful origins. Yet the process of interpreting pain has inspired virtually no commentary. By omitting pain-regard from their accounts of the “right-remedy gap”, scholars have been unable to account for cases that, (1) originate from an acute instance of suffering, and (2) involve a tension between competing legal principles, one militating in favor of redress, the other in favor of dismissal. The Article examines three such cases in detail: Snyder versus Phelps, Brown versus Plata, and Connick versus Thompson.
The cases are experientially upsetting. They force the Court to contend with the limitations of its remedial capacity at the very moment when redress seems, because of the severity of pain, most urgent. The Article profiles the way different Justices respond to this condition and, from there, develops an account of judicial pain-regard. It concludes by arguing that in our legal order, defined as it is by irreconcilable but independently virtuous commitments, pain-regard is not only wise; it is necessary.
This paper presents a questionnaire that is a work in progress. The questionnaire is designed primarily to assess lawyers’ perceptions of the procedural justice offered by judicialsettlement sessions in individual civil, non-family cases. The questionnaire may be used by: judges seeking confidential feedback on their management of settlement sessions; individual courts or court systems seeking systematic information regarding their judges’ settlement efforts; and larger empirical research projects. To explain the need for the questionnaire, the paper provides a brief contextual history of judicial settlement in the U.S., including the evolution of relevant rules of civil procedure and judicial ethics provisions and the current state of judicial performance evaluation. Because the logic of the questionnaire is grounded in procedural justice, the paper also examines the procedural elements that most reliably lead to perceptions of procedural fairness: the opportunity for voice; respectful treatment from the decision-maker; even-handed treatment by the decision-maker and neutrality of the forum; and trustworthy consideration from the decision-maker.
The questionnaire is designed to expand upon the current state of knowledge regarding the procedural justice provided by judicial settlement by asking questions designed to identify: 1) the concrete judicial actions that occur during settlement sessions; 2) the relationship between these concrete actions and lawyers’ (and clients’) perceptions of procedural and substantive justice; and 3) the influence of certain contextual factors upon such perceptions (e.g., whether the settlement judge is the presiding judge, whether thejudicial action occurred in joint session or caucus, and whether the parties suggested or requested the settlement session). The lawyer questionnaire is the first of a planned set of questionnaires on judicial settlement that will also include questionnaires for clients and judges.
Nancy Welsh et al., The Application of Procedural Justice Research to Judicial Actions and Techniques in Settlement Sessions.
The “reasonable apprehension of bias” test for judicial disqualification has been a fixture of Canadian law for many years, despite a considerable amount of litigation concerning judicial impartiality. The test itself has remained fundamentally unaltered and is well accepted in the jurisprudence. Unfortunately, the application of the test continues to generate difficulties for judges who need to use it to make decisions in marginal cases. Based on previously published doctrinal and empirical research, our goal in the present paper is to suggest modifications to the test that will better explain the existing jurisprudence and make it easier for judges to understand when recusal is or is not necessary in marginal cases. We begin considering the advantages of and suggest that in order to be useful, any refinement to the test must to the greatest extent possible preserve those advantages. In the second part of the paper we consider why inconsistent application of the test in marginal cases is a concern. This is followed by a more detailed consideration of the ways in which the existing test, and the jurisprudence explaining and applying it, are problematic. The fourth part of the paper proposes a modification to the “reasonable apprehension of bias” test that is designed to address these shortcomings while preserving the key advantages of the existing test.
Jula Hughes & Philip Bryden, Refining the Reasonable Apprehension of Bias Test: Providing Judges Better Tools for Addressing Judicial Disqualification, 36 Dalhousie L.J. (forthcoming 2013) (including references to an interesting survey of Canadian judges’ recusal preferences and practices).
This article considers how Japanese judges have articulated the meaning of fairness in judicial decisions. The provisions in Japan’s Code of Civil Procedure, which provide for disqualification of judges and for direct party challenges to judges’ involvement in cases, explicitly require judges to weigh the fairness of the justice process in the particular circumstances of the cases before them. These cases provide a unique window for understanding the meaning of fairness, or what U.S. scholars might call due process, in Japanese jurisprudence.
In fact, the meaning of fairness has earned little explanation from Japan’s judges in their formal jurisprudential voice. Research uncovered only ten published case decisions under the current Constitution and Code of Civil Procedure that address the standards here. In all but one, the results were denials of the petitions and refusals to remove the judge. Early decisions, in particular, demonstrated a narrow acknowledgement of the potential for bias and were resolved via a formalistic reasoning that paid little regard for public perceptions.
While the record of judicial disqualification and challenge cases shows a history of harsh determinations in the early post-war years in Japan, more recent decisions emerging in the context of the massive changes to Japan’s justice system since 2001 suggest that judicial system reform has had a modest, but positive impact with regards to the quality of procedural justice available to civil litigants in Japan. In particular, an April 2011 decision by the Japanese Supreme Court’s Second Petty Bench, which clearly acknowledges a requirement of due process in civil procedure, offers optimism for further improvement in years ahead.
Mark Levin, Circumstances that Would Prejudice Impartiality: The Meaning of Fairness in Japanese Jurisprudence, Hastings International & Comparative L. Rev. (forthcoming 2013).
The ABA Model Code of Judicial Conduct and the judicial codes of conduct in nearly every jurisdiction admonish judges to avoid the appearance of impropriety. The North Carolina Code of Judicial Conduct likewise contained a similar prohibition until 2003, when the North Carolina Supreme Court removed the language and made related amendments to the Code. Although North Carolina is clearly an outlier in this regard, two questions remain: first, whether North Carolina judges are still required to consider appearances in performing their duties; and second, whether judicial codes of conduct should proscribe such a standard at all.
To answer this latter question, this Article draws upon the social psychology theories of cognitive bias and procedural justice. These two theories work together to impact how judges arrive at decisions and how litigants will perceive and respond to those decisions. Both theories militate in favor of including a robust appearance standard in a judicial code of conduct. Moreover, the changes to the North Carolina Code in 2003 simultaneously exacerbated the negative effects of cognitive bias and decreased litigants’ perceptions of procedural justice in state courts.
But reinstating the appearance of impropriety language to the North Carolina Code alone will not fully ensure judicial propriety, or even the appearance of propriety. Thus, this Article illustrates how an understanding of cognitive bias and procedural justice can inform the introduction of other reforms, using the issue of judicial involvement in plea bargaining and sentencing as an example of how these theories may be applied.
Jon P. McClanahan, Restoring the Appearance of Propriety to the Judiciary, N.C. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2013).
For Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, controversies pitting personal conflicts — whether actual or merely alleged — against the constitutional commitment to the rule of law increasingly form the basis of a caustic and circular national dialogue that generates substantially more heat than light. While the profile of these controversies is undoubtedly waxing, the underlying tensions stretch back at least to Marbury v. Madison. . . .
The exploration serves as a navigational guide to the difficult but necessary task of separating the shrill cries from the serious constitutional concern of genuine Supreme Court conflict. The Article situates the analysis of Supreme Court disqualification practice, and particularly the circumstances involving Justices Thomas and Kagan vis-a`-vis the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, within the broader, enduring legal dichotomy of rules as opposed to standards. Pointing to Chief Justice Roberts’s recent, relatively bare assertion that when it comes to disqualification, the Supreme Court is simply constitution- ally and pragmatically different, the Article asserts that while the Chief Justice’s argument is neither emotionally nor intellectually satisfying, in an imperfect world, his argument is also entirely correct. . . .
James Sample, Supreme Court Recusal from Marbury to the Modern Day, 26 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 95 (2013).
Social media use is fraught with peril for all users, but more so for judges as it complicates both their personal lives and judicial roles. A judge cannot be a casual user of social media and must be willing to take whatever steps are necessary to comply with the code of judicial conduct. Each judge will have to decide for himself or herself if the benefits of online social media outweigh the inevitable risks and constant vigilance.
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2019-04-23T22:51:25Z
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https://judicialethicsforum.com/category/judicial-ethics-generally/page/2/
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2019-04-20T05:04:55Z
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http://www.raybanpolarized.us/Ray-Ban-2132-New-Wayfarer-Classic-902-sunglasses-n-51.html
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In 2013 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Francois Englert and Peter Higgs for their development in 1964 of the mass generation mechanism (the Higgs mechanism) in local gauge theories.
This mechanism requires the existence of a massive scalar particle, the Higgs boson, and in 2012 the Higgs boson was finally observed at the Large Hadron Collider after an almost half a century search. In this talk we review the work of these Nobel recipients and discuss its implications.
The awarded mechanism is a central part of the Standard Model of particle physics that describes how the world is constructed. According to the Standard Model, everything, from flowers and people to stars and planets, consists of just a few building blocks: matter particles. These particles are governed by forces mediated by force particles that make sure everything works as it should.
The entire Standard Model also rests on the existence of a special kind of particle: the Higgs particle. It is connected to an invisible field that fills up all space. Even when our universe seems empty, this field is there. Had it not been there, electrons and quarks would be massless just like photons, the light particles. And like photons they would, just as Einstein’s theory predicts, rush through space at the speed of light, without any possibility to get caught in atoms or molecules.
Nothing of what we know, not even we, would exist.
The Higgs particle, H, completes the Standard Model of particle physics that describes building blocks of the universe.
Both François Englert and Peter Higgs were young scientists when they, in 1964, independently of each other put forward a theory that rescued the Standard Model from collapse. Almost half a century later, on Wednesday 4 July 2012, they were both in the audience at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, CERN, outside Geneva, when the discovery of a Higgs particle that finally confirmed the theory was announced to the world.
The idea that the world can be explained in terms of just a few building blocks is old. Already in 400 BC, the philosopher Democritus postulated that everything consists of atoms —átomos is Greek for indivisible.
nucleus made up of neutrons and protons. And neutrons and protons, in turn, consist of smaller particles called quarks. Actually, only electrons and quarks are indivisible according to the Standard Model.
The atomic nucleus consists of two kinds of quarks, up quarks and down quarks. So in fact, three elementary particles are needed for all matter to exist: electrons, up quarks and down quarks. But during the 1950s and 1960s, new particles were unexpectedly observed in both cosmic radiation and at newly constructed accelerators, so the Standard Model had to include these new siblings of electrons and quarks.
Besides matter particles, there are also force particles for each of nature’s four forces — gravitation, electro magnetism, the weak force and the strong force. Gravitation and electromagnetism are the most well-known, they attract or repel, and we can see their effects with our own eyes. The strong force acts upon quarks and holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus, whereas the weak force is responsible for radioactive decay, which is necessary, for instance, for nuclear processes inside the Sun.
The Standard Model of particle physics unites the fundamental building blocks of nature and three of the four forces known to us (the fourth, gravitation, remains outside the model). For long, it was an enigma how these forces actually work. For instance, how does the piece of metal that is attracted to the magnet know that the magnet is lying there, a bit further away? And how does the Moon feel the gravity of Earth?
The explanation offered by physics is that space is filled with many invisible fields. The gravitational field, the electromagnetic field, the quark field and all the other fields fill space, or rather, the four dimensional space-time, an abstract space where the theory plays out. The Standard Model is a quantum field theory in which fields and particles are the essential building blocks of the universe.
In quantum physics, everything is seen as a collection of vibrations in quantum fields. These vibrations are carried through the field in small packages, quanta, which appear to us as particles. Two kinds of fields exist: matter fields with matter particles, and force fields with force particles — the mediators of forces. The Higgs particle, too, is a vibration of its field — often referred to as the Higgs field.
Without this field the Standard Model would collapse like a house of cards, because quantum field theory brings infinities that have to be reined in and symmetries that cannot be seen. It was not until François Englert with Robert Brout, and Peter Higgs, and later on several others, showed that the Higgs field can break the symmetry of the Standard Model without destroying the theory that the model got accepted.
This is because the Standard Model would only work if particles did not have mass. As for the electromagnetic force, with its massless photons as mediators, there was no problem. The weak force, however, is mediated by three massive particles; two electrically charged W particles and one Z particle. They did not sit well with the light-footed photon. How could the electroweak force, which unifies electromagnetic and weak forces, come about? The Standard Model was threatened. This is where Englert, Brout and Higgs entered the stage with the ingenious mechanism for particles to acquire mass that managed to rescue the Standard Model.
The Higgs field is not like other fields in physics. All other fields vary in strength and become zero at their lowest energy level. Not the Higgs field. Even if space were to be emptied completely, it would still be filled by a ghost-like field that refuses to shut down: the Higgs field. We do not notice it; the Higgs field is like air to us, like water to fish. But without it we would not exist, because particles acquire mass only in contact with the Higgs field. Particles that do not pay attention to the Higgs field do not acquire mass, those that interact weakly become light, and those that interact intensely become heavy. For example, electrons, which acquire mass from the field, play a crucial role in the creation and holding together of atoms and molecules. If the Higgs field suddenly disappeared, all matter would collapse as the suddenly massless electrons dispersed at the speed of light.
So what makes the Higgs field so special? It breaks the intrinsic symmetry of the world. In nature, symmetry abounds; faces are regularly shaped, flowers and snowflakes exhibit various kinds of geometric symmetries. Physics unveils other kinds of symmetries that describe our world, albeit on a deeper level. One such, relatively simple, symmetry stipulates that it does not matter for the results if a laboratory experiment is carried out in Stockholm or in Paris. Neither does it matter at what time the experiment is carried out. Einstein’s special theory of relativity deals with symmetries in space and time, and has become a model for many other theories, such as the Standard Model of particle physics. The equations of the Standard Model are symmetric; in the same way that a ball looks the same from whatever angle you look at it, the equations of the Standard Model remain unchanged even if the perspective that defines them is changed.
German mathematician Emmy Noether could show that the conservation laws of physics, such as the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of electrical charge, also originate in symmetry.
Symmetry, however, dictates certain requirements to be fulfilled. A ball has to be perfectly round; the tiniest hump will break the symmetry. For equations other criteria apply. And one of the symmetries of the Standard Model prohibits particles from having mass. Now, this is apparently not the case in our world, so the particles must have acquired their mass from somewhere. This is where the now-awarded mechanism provided a way for symmetry to both exist and simultaneously be hidden from view.
Our universe was probably born symmetrical. At the time of the Big Bang, all particles were massless and all forces were united in a single primordial force. This original order does not exist anymore — its symmetry has been hidden from us. Something happened just 10–11 seconds after the Big Bang. The Higgs field lost its original equilibrium. How did that happen?
It all began symmetrically. This state can be described as the position of a ball in the middle of a round bowl, in its lowest energy state. With a push the ball starts rolling, but after a while it returns down to the lowest point.
However, if a hump arises at the centre of the bowl, which now looks more like a Mexican hat, the position at the middle will still be symmetrical but has also become unstable. The ball rolls downhill in any direction. The hat is still symmetrical, but once the ball has rolled down, its position away from the centre hides the symmetry. In a similar manner the Higgs field broke its symmetry and found a stable energy level in vacuum away from the symmetrical zero posi tion. This spontaneous symmetry breaking is also referred to as the Higgs field’s phase transition; it is like when water freezes to ice.
The universe was probably created symmetric, and the invisible Higgs field had a symmetry that corresponds to the stable position of a ball in the middle of a round bowl. But already 10–11 seconds after the Big Bang, the Higgs field broke the symmetry when it moved its lowest level of energy away from the symmetrical centre-point.
In order for the phase transition to occur, four particles were required but only one, the Higgs particle, survived. The other three were consumed by the weak force mediators, two electrically charged W particles and one Z particle, which thereby got their mass. In that way the symmetry of the electroweak force in the Standard Model was saved — the symmetry between the three heavy particles of the weak force and the massless photon of the electromagnetic force remains, only hidden from view.
The Nobel Laureates probably did not imagine that they would get to see the theory confirmed in their lifetime. It took an enormous effort by physicists from all over the world. For a long time two laboratories, Fermilab outside Chicago, USA, and CERN on the Franco-Swiss border, competed in trying to discover the Higgs particle. But when Fermilab’s Tevatron accelerator was closed down a couple of years ago, CERN became the only place in the world where the hunt for the Higgs particle would continue.
CERN was established in 1954, in an attempt to reconstruct European research, as well as relations between European countries, after the Second World War. Its membership currently comprises twenty states, and about a hundred nations from all over the world collaborate on the projects.
CERN’s grandest achievement, the particle collider LHC (Large Hadron Collider) is probably the largest and the most complex machine ever constructed by humans. Two research groups of some 3,000 scientists chase particles with huge detectors — ATLAS and CMS. The detectors are located 100 metres below ground and can observe 40 million particle collisions per second. This is how often the particles can collide when injected in opposite directions into the circular LHC tunnel, 27 kilometres long.
Protons are injected into the LHC every ten hours, one ray in each direction. A hundred thousand billion protons are lumped together and compressed into an ultra-thin ray — not entirely an easy endeavour since protons with their positive electrical charge rather aim to repel one another. They move at 99.99999 per cent of the speed of light and collide with an energy of approximately 4 TeV each and 8 TeV combined (one teraelectronvolt = a thousand billion electronvolts). One TeV may not be that much energy, it more or less equals that of a flying mosquito, but when the energy is packed into a single proton, and you get 500 trillion such protons rushing around the accelerator, the energy of the ray equals that of a train at full speed. In 2015 the energy will be almost the double in the LHC.
A possible discovery in the ATLAS detector shows tracks of four muons (red) that have been created by the decay of the short-lived Higgs particle.
Particle experiments are sometimes compared to the act of smashing two Swiss watches together in order to examine how they are constructed. But it is actually much more difficult than so, because the particles scientists look for are entirely new — they are created from the energy released in the collision.
According to Einstein’s well-known formula E = mc2, mass is a kind of energy. And it is the magic of this equation that makes it possible, even for massless particles, to create something new when they collide; like when two photons collide and create an electron and its antiparticle, the positron, or when a Higgs particle is created in the collision of two gluons, if the energy is high enough.
The protons are like small bags filled with particles — quarks, antiquarks and gluons. The majority of them pass one another without much ado; on average, each time two particle swarms collide only twenty full frontal collisions occur. Less than one collision in a billion might be worth following through. This may not sound much, but each such collision results in a sparkling explosion of about a thousand particles. At 125 GeV, the Higgs particle turned out to be over a hundred times heavier than a proton and this is one of the reasons why it was so difficult to produce.
However, the experiment is far from finished. The scientists at CERN hope to bring further ground breaking discoveries in the years to come. Even though it is a great achievement to have found the Higgs particle — the missing piece in the Standard Model puzzle — the Standard Model is not the final piece in the cosmic puzzle.
One of the reasons for this is that the Standard Model treats certain particles, neutrinos, as being vir tually massless, whereas recent studies show that they actually do have mass. Another reason is that the model only describes visible matter, which only accounts for one fifth of all matter in the universe.
The rest is dark matter of an unknown kind. It is not immediately apparent to us, but can be observed by its gravitational pull that keeps galaxies together and prevents them from being torn apart.
particle is special; maybe it could manage to establish contact with the enigmatic darkness. Scientists hope to be able to catch, if only a glimpse, of dark matter, as they continue the chase of unknown particles in the LHC in the coming decades.
Le physicien Peter Higgs reconnaît lui-même devoir partager la paternité de « sa » particule avec plusieurs collègues, aux premiers rangs desquels deux Belges, Richard Brout et François Englert.
Preuve que l’idée était dans l’air du temps, trois autres chercheurs, Gerald Guralnik, Carl Hagen et Tom Kibble, ont eux aussi publié un papier très similaire avant la fin de l’année 1964, toujours dans le même journal. Certains manuels de physique appellent d’ailleurs le mécanisme décortiqué indépendamment par les six chercheurs, mécanisme de Brout-Englert-Higgs-Hagen-Guralnik-Kibble (ou BEHHGK).
Un prix Nobel pour François Englert et Peter Higgs?
«Il faut attendre 1972 pour qu’un autre physicien, Gerard ‘t Hooft, Prix Nobel en 1999, formalise l’existence d’une particule associée au champ scalaire», explique Étienne Klein. C’est d’ailleurs à cette époque que l’idée commence à s’installer dans la communauté scientifique. «Alors qu’on dénombre moins de dix citations par an du papier de Higgs jusque-là, le nombre décolle à 20 puis à 50 pendant les années 1970», rapporte le chercheur. Peu à peu, la nouvelle particule prend alors une place de plus en plus essentielle dans le modèle standard de la physique, dont elle vient combler les lacunes.
Il serait tentant de penser que Peter Higgs a cherché à tirer la couverture à lui en tentant d’imposer son nom au boson éponyme, mais il n’en est rien. L’homme, aujourd’hui âgé de 82 ans, n’a eu de cesse de répéter aux médias qui ont bien voulu l’interroger à ce sujet que cette «découverte» théorique ne lui appartenait pas et qu’il y associait bien volontiers ses collègues. François Englert répète quant à lui à l’envi qu’il ne souhaite pas que son nom soit accolé à celui de Higgs. Il aimerait en revanche qu’on retienne l’appellation de «boson scalaire», qui, selon lui, décrit mieux ce qu’il représente.
Les deux hommes pourraient obtenir un prix Nobel conjoint pour leurs travaux dès cette année. Leur collègue Richard Brout, décédé en mai 2011, n’aura malheureusement pas cette chance, la prestigieuse récompense ne pouvant être décernée à titre posthume.
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2019-04-25T17:49:46Z
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https://physicsforme.com/tag/englert/
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The White County Board of Zoning Appeals met on Thursday, August 21, 2008 at 7:30 p.m. in the Commissioners’ Meeting Room, Second Floor, County Building, Monticello, Indiana.
Members attending were: Gerald Cartmell, David Scott, Charles Mellon, Jerry Thompson, and Carl (Shaker) Hites. Also attending were Attorney Robert Little and Director Diann Weaver.
Visitors attending were: James Hashu, Walter Sparks, Kay & Glenn Jennings, Terry Pickens, Steve Parrish, Bonnie Parrish, Gina & Rod Gaddis, Perry McWilliams, Lynn Anderson Joe Hickman, and Bob Wrede.
The meeting was called to order by Vice President Jerry Thompson and roll call was taken. Dave Scott made a motion to dispense with reading and approve the minutes of the July 17, 2008 meeting. Motion was seconded by and carried unanimously. Attorney Little swore in all Board members and audience members.
Director Weaver stated, and 14.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, oops I’m sorry, 14 yes, I didn’t turn the page. We will treat them the evidence as one but we will vote on them individually. Correct? Make sure I have that right.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay just so everyone understands that so.
#2711 Terrence M. Pickens; The property is located on Part of Lots 13 and 14 in Hinshaw’s White Point Addition, located just North of C.R. 225 N at 2406 N. West Shafer Drive. Continued from July 17, 2008.
Request: He is requesting an 8’ front setback variance and a 5’ rear setback variance to bring the existing cottage and attached garage into compliance and to separate the lots and change the lot lines.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, now do you want me to read all of those or stop there? Stop?
Gerald Cartmell asked, they’ve all ready been in haven’t they? There’s no point in reading them.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, basically we have.
Director Weaver stated, we have, yea.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, so just the fact announcing the number of the variance and leave it at that, yea we’ve been down this before.
Gerald Cartmell stated, that’s the man that has that slip of paper down there.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, yep.
Attorney Little asked, yea you did that last time right?
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, yes. I’ll leave it right there if that’s fine with the Board and everyone. Okay and sir you are?
Terry Pickens stated, Terry Pickens.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, yes, do you have anything?
Terry Pickens stated, I’ve gone before the Board previously on this matter, it was actually voted in my favor at one point but then it was suggested that if, to keep the lots separate which is a way I purchased them originally that I redraw some lot lines in order to bring the property into closer compliance which I did and I submitted to the, at the last hearing that was affected by the road widening project.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, okay, Diann do you have anything on this?
Director Weaver stated, I do not have anything additional, no.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay. Questions from the Board? Gerald do you want to start? Nothing? Charlie?
Dave Scott stated, the only question I have uh, I realize the county’s created a hardship here for you when they put the road through there.
Terry Pickens stated, yes sir.
Terry Pickens stated, well Dave what I did was I bought these separately at different times so the problem being the way the lot lines fell, there were several encroachments when I bought them and it was the Boards suggestion that if I had the lines redrawn that I could actually have property that’s in better compliance. It’s a lot easier to, if I ever sold one piece to still, to find a buyer for one piece then to sell the whole um, um, package. I bought them separately, I’d like to stay in the community and on the lake and if I were to sell a piece to a relative or somebody I could legally do that so, you know.
Dave Scott stated, when we do this it creates a situation where anytime anybody wants to make an improvement or do anything to any of these lots they’re going to be in here for a variance by making these lots so small.
Terry Pickens stated, yes, right, and they got smaller even when the frontage was taken.
Dave Scott stated, I realize that.
Terry Pickens stated, they took like half of the property.
Dave Scott stated, um, and I guess what I’m thinking is that somebody unknowingly is going to buy one of these thinking that he can do something on it and whoever’s up here may not grant him those variances.
Terry Pickens stated, yea, no I would have to make the buyer aware that you know it’s less than the square footage needed, no, I don’t see that you could build anything more on here there’s to many pieces on here as it is and that’s the way it was, you know I didn’t, I bought them separately and I would just try to make them into better compliance by redrawing the lines. I’ve had them for 17 years.
Terry Pickens stated, I’ll probably have them for another 17 years.
Terry Pickens stated, I actually had to buy that lot 13 from a different owner you know. You know there’s no more adjacent property for sale. I did approach my neighbor but they’re not willing to sell at this time.
Director Weaver stated, I might refresh the Boards memory that this was granted a variance I think like last December to bring these structures into compliance and it did as part of that request did join them all together as one and the reason that Mr. Pickens is here is to separate them back so each lot has it’s own variance and can be kept separate.
Terry Pickens stated, and Diann will say to file the paperwork to combine them at that point.
Director Weaver stated, the application was for all of the lots on one application.
Terry Pickens stated, for the purpose of this hearing, right.
Director Weaver stated, on this one you did a separate application for each lot.
Terry Pickens stated, right just keep them the way they were when I purchased them.
Terry Pickens stated, so that the, wouldn’t be demised by, you know assemblage is good in one way but then you know, if you assemble it, it’s not big enough to run it as a ongoing business because it’s you know just a few buildings there so separately is the only thing that makes sense to me and it’s not that I would sell one off you know, I wanted to keep them the way they were when I purchased them that’s all. Thank you.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, Dave do you have anything else?
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay. Shaker I’ll just call on you. Your kind of being thrown into fire here right away but.
Carl Hites stated, I don’t have any questions, thank you.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, thank you. Anyone here care to speak either in favor or against the variance? If not is the Board ready to vote? Let’s vote.
1. That the property is currently zoned B-2, General Business.
6. That the request is for an 8’ front setback variance and a 5’ rear setback variance to bring the existing cottage and attached garage into compliance and to separate the lots and change the lot lines on Lot Number Thirteen (13) in White Point Hinshaw Addition, in Union Township, White County, Indiana.
COMMON DESCRIPTION: The property is located just North of C.R. 225 N at 2406 N. West Shafer Drive.
The variance was granted based on the findings of fact by a vote of 4 affirmative and 1 negative.
Attorney Little stated, Mr. Chairman I report that the Board has approved Petition #2711 by a 4 to 1 vote.
#2712 Terrence M. Pickens; The property is located on Part of Lots 14 and 15 in Hinshaw’s White Point Addition, located just North of C.R. 225 N at 2408 N. West Shafer Drive. Continued from July 17, 2008.
Request: He is requesting a 13’ front setback variance and a 6’ rear setback variance and a 20’ lot width variance and a 63 square foot space variance to bring the existing cottage and attached garage into compliance and to separate the lots and to change the lot lines.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, and again Mr. Pickens do you have anything?
Terry Pickens stated, um once again Mr. Milligan made every effort to draw the lines in such a way where there would only be 2 cars per, aloud per cottage.
Terry Pickens stated, that’s about it.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay. Diann anything?
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, Gerald, nothing. Charlie?
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, no, Dave Scott and Shaker? Anyone here care to speak for or against? If not ready to vote? Okay.
6. That the request is for a 13’ front setback variance and a 6’ rear setback variance and a 20’ lot width variance and a 63 square foot space variance to bring the existing cottage and attached garage into compliance and to separate the lots and to change the lot lines on pt lot 14 and pt lot 15 in White Point Hinshaw Addition, in Union Township, White County, Indiana.
COMMON DESCRIPTION: The property is located just North of C.R. 225 N at 2408 N. West Shafer Drive.
Attorney Little stated, once again Mr. Chairman I’ll report that the Board is approved this petition #2712 by a vote of 4 to 1.
#2713 Terrence M. Pickens; The property is located on Part of Lot 15 and part of Lot 14 in Hinshaw’s White Point Addition, located just North of C.R. 225 N at 2410 N. West Shafer Drive. Continued from July 17, 2008.
Request: He is requesting an 18’ front setback variance and a 5’ rear setback variance and a 15’ lot width variance and a 1,088 square foot space variance to bring the existing cottage into compliance and to separate the lots and change lot lines.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, and again Mr. Pickens?
Terry Pickens stated, nothing else.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, nothing else. Diann?
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, nothing else? Gerald, once again? No, Charlie?
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, Shaker? Nothing. To the audience, yea, nay. Let’s vote.
6. That the request is for an 18’ front setback variance and a 5’ rear setback variance and a 15’ lot width variance and a 1,088 square foot space variance to bring the existing cottage into compliance and to separate the lots and change lot lines on pt lot 15 and pt lot 14 in White Point Hinshaw Addition, in Union Township, White County, Indiana.
COMMON DESCRIPTION: The property is located just North of C.R. 225 N at 2410 N. West Shafer Drive.
Attorney Little stated, just for the record every Board member is supposed to answer every question and try to make sure that all the questions get answered so we don’t have any ballots that don’t count. Mr. President I can report that the Board has again voted 4 to 1 to approve this petition #2713.
#2714 Terrence M. Pickens; The property is located on Part of Lots 15 and 16 in Hinshaw’s White Point Addition, located just North of C.R. 225 N at 2410 N. West Shafer Drive. Continued from July 17, 2008.
Request: He is requesting a 24’ front setback variance and a 4’ rear setback variance to bring the cottage into compliance and to allow for a proposed detached carport to separate lots and change lot lines.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, Mr. Pickens?
Terry Pickens stated, yes on this particular lot I also have to replace the well house that’s badly deteriorated along with the uh, there was a garage there but we had to remove it because we had to lower the topography of the land in order to get vehicles in and to be able to park and I’m asking to put up a carport with open on all sides just to put the boat in the winter time.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, Diann?
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay. Gerald, nothing. Charlie?
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, nothing, Dave Scott? Shaker?
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, nothing. Anyone here care to address? Let’s vote.
Director Weaver asked, Mr. Pickens did you bring your sign back?
Terry Pickens stated, I did.
6. That the request is for a 24’ front setback variance and a 4’ rear setback variance to bring the cottage into compliance and to allow for a proposed detached carport to separate lots and change lot lines on pt Lot 15 and Lot 16 in White Point Hinshaw Addition, in Union Township, White County, Indiana.
COMMON DESCRIPTION: The property is located just North of C.R. 225 N at 2412 N. West Shafer Drive.
Attorney Little stated, and again Mr. President petition #2714 has been approved by this Board by a vote of 4 to 1.
Terry Pickens stated, thank you for your understanding on this matter, appreciate it.
#2738 W. Dean & Marcia Cook; The property is located on 1.164 A, on Part NE NE 22-27-03, located East of State Road 39 on C.R. 175 North before C.R. 725 East. Tabled from July 17, 2008.
Request: They are requesting a 54’ front setback variance to build a new pole building.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, anyone here representing the Cook’s? Yes?
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, all right, thank you. Yes sir?
Gary Cosgray stated, my name’s Gary Cosgray alias Dean Cook.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, all righty. Do you have anything to present to the Board other than I read for the record?
Gary Cosgray stated, no Dean’s got them everything that I’ve got with me.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, all right. Diann do you have anything?
Director Weaver stated, we did receive some additional information that you do have in your packet.
Director Weaver stated, we have a letter from Mr. Little and copies of some documents that were supplied by his office.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, why don’t you go ahead and enter those for the record if you would please.
Director Weaver stated, the letter from Mr. Little’s office is dated August 5, 2008 addressed to the White County Board of Zoning Appeals, it says Dear Sir’s I represent Steve and Bonnie Parrish, adjoining property owners to the Cook property. Pursuant to my earlier conversations with our office, and Jerry Altman, I am submitting on their behalf copies of the following documents: 1. Grant of Right of Way (Easement), 2. Deed to Cooks. At this point, I still am trying to determine ownership of the real estate underlying the right of way. I also note, however, that the legal description contained in the Deed to the Cooks as repeated in the surveys in your file, do not appear to have a correct description of the property drawn. I have attempted to highlight the questioned portion of the legal description for you. I will get you a copy of anything further I find that might be helpful. Very Truly yours, Robert H. Little. And there is a personal representative’s deed from the Lingenfelter and Parrish to Thelma Lucille Parrish for the estate of Thelma Lucille Parrish conveying to W. Dean Cook and Marcia E. Cook, a warranty deed from the same. There is a document that’s labeled, headed as an easement and there is another warranty deed from the Parrish’s to the Cook’s and a personal representatives deed from Thelma Lucille Parrish Estate deeding to the Cooks. And that’s all I have.
Dave Scott asked, uh, Mr. Little can you testify or no?
Gary Cosgray asked, I don’t think he’s supposed to, is he?
Gary Cosgray asked, is he really supposed to or not?
Attorney Little stated, I would prefer not to, the Parrish’s are here and I would prefer to have them answer. The time I submitted what I did, I didn’t know I was going to be here tonight.
Dave Scott stated, okay I just wondered if you say the language in the legal description uh, isn’t such that you can describe the easement?
Attorney Little stated, what my letter said, I think I can explain what my letter says since I wrote it, what the letter said was there was what appears to be an error in the legal description the deed to the Cooks and that it was a dimension or a direction of north 8 degrees west, I think it was supposed to read north 89 degrees west which means the line around the farm goes in the wrong direction. That’s the point of that submission on the deed there would be an error then on the legal description on the deed.
Dave Scott asked, so does that work in favor or against the petitioner of the, of the variance?
Attorney Little stated, the, if the legal description is accurate then the petitioner seeking the variance doesn’t own where he would be putting the proposed barn.
Dave Scott stated, I think I’m going to make a motion that we table this until both sides have an opportunity to, I’m a little uncomfortable voting on this not knowing.
Gerald Cartmell stated, either way, either way, if that’s the case.
Gerald Cartmell asked, it’s either 8 or 89, right?
Attorney Little stated, I believe it’s supposed to be 89 degrees that would make sense for the right angle of the property turns on the drawing you have but the deed says, and both deeds, 2 deeds that I have in prestige it says 8 degrees.
Dave Scott stated, the only thing we do have a, a survey here from a registered surveyor that describes it also.
Attorney Little stated, that survey describes it as 89 degrees that’s correct. That’s why I think it is supposed to say 89 degrees.
Charlie Mellon stated, I’ll second it.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay it’s been moved to table this and is there a second?
Gerald Cartmell stated, Charlie seconded it.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, 18th.
Gerald Cartmell stated, and guess who was the idiot who did it to start out with.
Dave Scott stated, but well that’s the thing, I mean Mr. Milligan stamped this thing saying that the way he’s read it then its accurate, his drawings accurate and does that fit the setbacks that they’re asking for?
Director Weaver stated, as it’s drawn, well the request came from that drawing.
Gerald Cartmell stated, from Milligan’s drawing.
Director Weaver stated, I mean, we, we figure out what the request is by what’s submitted to us by that survey. So yes it would coincide.
Dave Scott asked, and you think the drawing may be correct?
Attorney Little stated, I think the drawing is correct for what it’s supposed to be but I don’t think it’s correct as to what was actually deeded or what was described in the deed.
Gerald Cartmell stated, I see.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, we do have a motion and a second, want to continue that, to table this? All in favor say aye.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, all opposed? Okay, probably be best. Be tabled to, you said September 18th Diann?
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, heard you right, okay.
Director Weaver stated, I can provide the information to our attorney, actually he’s already got this information and we can see what he has to say.
Gerald Cartmell asked, do you go back to the original deed from Parrish and Lingenfelter, is that what you do?
Director Weaver stated, I think what our attorney would need to decide is if you guys can actually vote on this the way it’s presented or if the legal description needs to be taken care of prior to any action by you guys. That’s what I would assume.
Dave Scott asked, when they bought that wouldn’t they have had a title search?
Director Weaver stated, I don’t know.
Dave Scott stated, he may want to go back to the title company and make sure.
Gerald Cartmell stated, White County Abstract or whatever he is.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, um hum. Yep, okay it’s been tabled let’s move along.
#2741 Pride Property, LLC; The property is located on Pt Lot 1 in Wayside Lodge Subdivision, located North of Norway Dam off of CR 350 North to Shore Acres Court. Tabled from July 29, 2008.
Request: They are requesting a 939 Sq. Ft. space variance and a 24’ width variance to separate lots.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, and sir I know who you are but who, you are?
Joe Hickman stated, I’m Joe Hickman and I’m representing Pride Properties.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, yes, thank you.
Joe Hickman stated, basically what we request being done, we own 3 parcels out there. We own lot number 1 of Wayside Lodge, lot number 2, and also a triangular shape parcel out by the road that includes a recently vacated road. We want to increase the size of both of the lots by incorporating the parcel into them to make 2 residential lots. Um, it’s only going to affect the center property line of the 2 lots and that would extend through the parcel. It wouldn’t have any impact on either one of our neighbors on either side of us. And that’s basically my case for now.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, all right. Uh, Mr. Little we have a letter here probably ought to be entered correct?
Director Weaver stated, well the one, one of them you had at the last meeting. I don’t know that it was read though because we tabled this right a way.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, do we have a copy of that?
Director Weaver stated, you have a new one as well so you actually have 2.
Attorney Little stated, I don’t see that one in mine.
Joe Hickman asked, is this a letter of support?
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, uh, I haven’t read clear through it. We’ll find out here in a second, Hashu, the name Hashu.
Joe Hickman stated, that’s my neighbor to the west.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, all right. Just go ahead and read them for the record please.
Attorney Little stated, all right, it’s a letter dated July 21, 2008 from Lawrence Hashu, and it bears the signature with an address in Chesterton Indiana addressed to the White Area Plan Commission, Sirs: I am writing in reference to the proposed variance request by Pride properties, LLC for space and width on property located at 3546 N. Shore Acres Ct., Wayside Lodge Addition, Liberty Township, White County Indiana. I own the property adjacent to the above mentioned property. I opposed the granting of this variance. It would make both lots too small to support the existing dwellings and any new proposed building erected there. The parking in this area is very limited. The rest of the subdivision and surrounding buildings are one bedroom vacation/weekend cottages and lack of parking is already a problem for these small dwellings. People park along the roadside and it creates a dangerous situation with traffic and causes many near misses for pedestrians and cars. This proposal is for a larger dwelling and there will not be adequate room for parking and the building available. By granting the variance, it will also cause unsightly crowding of the structures, possible water runoff problems, a devaluation of property values, and stress and hardships among current and future residents. I also believe that all residents with adjoining property have not been properly notified on this variance request by mail. I believe the commission should adhere to the standards set forth in the buildings codes to provide for uniformity and order in this neighborhood. These standards were established for this reason and a variance from them should not be granted. Thank you signed Lawrence Hashu and it’s notarized showing you received it July 22, 2008.
Director Weaver stated, as a result of this letter we did table this at the last meeting, we re-notified and picked up the owner that was missed so all the owners to my knowledge have been notified at this time.
Joe Hickman asked, which owner was that that was missed, Mr. Sparks or Hunt.
Director Weaver stated, across the, I can’t tell you a name, across the road is all I can tell you.
Joe Hickman stated, oh okay, because, well yea. I’d like to address a couple of the oppositions if I may.
Director Weaver stated, that’s the information he sent us.
Attorney Little stated, there is an additional letter from Joe Hickman who is basically offering to be here to answer questions. I don’t see any point to read this letter in here you can say anything that they have for questions.
Joe Hickman stated, no, no.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, so he read this as well?
Director Weaver stated, it hasn’t been read either.
Attorney Little stated, all right, we have another letter. This one is dated August 14, 2008 to White County Area Plan Commission, In reference to real estate: Lot 2 and pt Lot 1 in Wayside Lodge Subdivision in Liberty Township, White, County, IL 3546 N. Shore Acres Ct. I am the property owner of Lot 3, east of above mentioned lot and have been so for plus forty years. I feel by dividing this property you will have two houses on small lots and the house on Lot 1 will by built practically on top of the house to the west. In fact they would be building a house on a lot that is over 1/3 smaller then the code allows. I have viewed the lines staked out for the division and clearly there will be issues regarding congestion and the lack of parking. Also, the existing house will loose access to part of its boat lift as it is over the division line. A member of your board came out on August 2nd and spoke to some of the neighbors, myself included, and he could not figure out where a house could be built. I also understand that there is a person interested in buying the parcel in its entirety. I think that dividing this land and building a house on a small lot on top of the adjoining houses would congest the area and bring down property values. I would hope maybe another member of your board could view this land because of it’s off shape, it is hard to visualize the concerns of the neighbors. Thank you for your attention on this matter. Sincerely, Thomas Anderson & Lynn Anderson, showing you folks received it on August 15, 2008.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, all right, thank you.
Joe Hickman stated, I think Mrs. Anderson has changed her mind because I spoke to her previously and she said she didn’t have a problem with this, obviously her mind has changed and I appreciate that. As far as lot size I’ve listed 11 lots in Wayside Court, their square footage and acreage and also lots to the west, 6 lots to the west the 2 lots that I am proposing are considerably larger then any of the existing lots out there and the way that the lots are constructed they’re on a bend so we’re going to have 8 almost 89’ of frontage on lot number 1, 113’ of frontage on lot number 2. There’s ample area for parking on lot number 2, we’re going to build up a retaining wall with a 20 x 40’ area that would accommodate 3 to 4 cars easily. The other lot there’s absolutely no problem for parking there. There’s a building footprint with all the setback requirements of 1900 square feet. You could build 2 levels, realistically you’re going to have maybe a 1200 square foot, one level building with a walkout basement, it’d be new construction. It’s going to do nothing but add to the value of the property in the area, it’s not going to be a detriment at all. I understand Mr. or my neighbors concerns to the west of me. He is a 37’ wide lot and he has a building or his home is 5’ away from the property line. What I would do, I would guarantee that we would move at least 15’ in from our property line to insure that he would have 20’ setback there and we would adhere to all the other setbacks that are in the variance. We’re not going to affect his view at all if anything we’ve improved his view, there was a garage up about a foot off of the property line on the water side. We took that down, gave him 90% more view of Kean’s Bay. We cut the brush up on the hillside, that’s improved it, um and if anyone says putting in a 300, 400 thousand dollar home in a neighborhood is going to detract from the value of it, I just strongly disagree with that.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, thank you.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, um, anyone here care to address the variance either for or against? Okay. Yes sir, yes, come forward.
Jim Hashu stated, I’m Jim Hashu, I’m on the adjacent property west of there at 3542 N. Shore Acres Court and I’m here to oppose the variance, my brother Lawrence was the letter that was written, um, I can just reiterate the same things that he has in there about parking, this property is being shown now. The lot, 2 property’s for sale, people are parking along that curve on the roadside, there’s not even enough room to park a car in there now. The previous owner was there. The previous owner was there for 12 years. He didn’t throw large parties, he had occasional people over, most of the time the area that they’re proposing to build a house on was used as parking lot for the lot 2 where the house is now and 3 or 4 cars in there pretty much filled that lot, of course there was that small building on there too but we’re opposed to the granting of the variance because of that. The other lots may be smaller in that subdivision but they’re all single bedroom, slab type cottages, vacation cottages and that’s what’s in that area in that subdivision. Thank you.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, just a minute, just a minute please. I’ll give you another opportunity here in a second. Anyone else care to address for or against? Yes sir, come forward, then I’ll come back to you, okay.
Walter Sparks stated, my name is Walter Sparks, I own the property across the road from the property that they’re working on here and I’ve lived there since 1973, there’s been a constant battle and people coming up there at the cottages, looking for a place to park, they come across the road on my property without permission, without contacting me and I’m getting damn sick and tired of it and adding more to it would only increase the problem so I ask you to not grant this variance, it’s not good for the neighborhood. Thank you.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, thank you. Yes ma’am come forward.
Lynn Anderson stated, Lynn Anderson, Lynn Anderson.
Lynn Anderson stated, yes, um, I originally did say, well I asked him about it because I didn’t understand the scanning and that and then when they laid out the lines of where they were actually going to cut the property up, it’s, it just looks like your taking all the property from the one house that’s originally there, they own, I mean they only have a little bit and then they’ve got like a narrow part where there going to have to build a house and it would be more like a long skinny house and they’re really would be no parking to speak of and I just think it would make the are way to congested. It’s open, it’s beautiful right now and I really think by putting another house there it would take away from the property values, I don’t care how much the house cost if it doesn’t look right in the neighborhood. If it’s not built, if they built one on top of the other, I just don’t think it’s going to bring up your property values. Thank you.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay thank you. Anyone else?
Joe Hickman stated, no I’m done, that’s fine.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, okay. Diann do you have anything else?
Director Weaver stated, no I just was going to clarify that and I don’t know how this got missed but your survey does not show the current house, there is a current house on lot 2. The pictures do show that home and I just wanted to make sure you realize that.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, okay. Dave Scott do you have any questions or comments?
Dave Scott asked, now this survey back here that shows the building area is that back on the plan?
Director Weaver stated, well the one I was looking at didn’t have it yea, okay. As far as I’m aware it’s accurate, yes. I might add also the road has been vacated and you do have information from the secretary of the county commissioners stating that they did vacate that.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, they did vacate that?
Director Weaver stated, they did vacate the road.
Gerald Cartmell stated, I think that road originally probably years ago went around the lake before all the stuff was ever built.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, hum.
Director Weaver stated, that’s what it kind of looks like on the plat, yea. I provided you a copy of the original plat of this area also.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, I’ll go back, Shaker do you have any comments or anything to add?
Shaker Hites stated, I don’t.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, back to you Dave do you have anything else?
Dave Scott stated, I don’t.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, Charlie Mellon?
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, Gerald Cartmell? Nothing. No other discussion is the Board ready to vote? Let’s vote.
Director Weaver stated, they have 2 variances before the Board one for each lot so they can be separated.
Attorney Little stated, all right, and it looks like you’ve got them as 2 separate petitions so we’ll make it clear, we’re voting on 1 petition first.
Director Weaver stated, they are 2 separate petitions.
Attorney Little stated, number 2741.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, do you have something before we vote?
Joe Hickman stated, well I don’t know why you don’t vote on both together because if one, if it’s approved and fine if it’s not then you know that’s fine also.
Director Weaver stated, they can incorporate the evidence but they have to vote on each one separately.
Director Weaver asked, did you bring your signs back?
Joe Hickman stated, no, I did not, I’ll bring them tomorrow.
That proper notice was given by mail to adjoining property owners.
Beginning at the Southeast corner of said Lot Number One; thence South 89 degrees 42 minutes 00 seconds West along the South lot line of said Lot Number One 77.32 feet; thence North 56 degrees 30 minutes 00 seconds West 25.71 feet; thence along the S.F.L.E.C.C. property line North 48 degrees 42 minutes 00 seconds East 48.34 feet and North 60 degrees 42 minutes 00 seconds East 40.46 feet; thence South 38 degrees 05 minutes 31 seconds East 43.74 feet; thence South 00 degrees 18 minutes 00 seconds East along the East lot line of said Lot 1 31.06 feet to the point of beginning.
Beginning at the Southeast corner of Lot Number One in Wayside Lodge Subdivision; thence South 41 degrees 42 minutes 55 seconds East 28.16 feet; thence South 43 degrees 30 minutes 00 seconds West along a public road right-of-way 36.38 feet; thence North 56 degrees 30 minutes 00 seconds West 85.16 feet; thence South 89 degrees 42 minutes 00 seconds West along the South lot line of said Lot Number One 77.32 feet to the point of beginning, containing 0.054 of an Acre, more or less.
COMMON DESCRIPTION: Property is located North of Norway Dam off of CR 350 North to Shore Acres Court.
(1) The variance request (is) (is not) a variance from a use district or classifications under are plan law. Vote: 3 is not, 2 is.
(2) The granting of this variance (will) (will not) be injurious to the public health, safety, morals and welfare of the community. Vote: 3 will not, 2 will.
(3) The use and value of the area adjacent to the property included in the variance request (will) (will not) be affected in a substantially adverse manner. Vote 3 will, 2 will not.
(4) The strict application of the terms of the zoning ordinance is being applied to a situation that (is) (is not) common to other properties in the same zoning district. Vote: 2 is, 3 is not.
(5) The strict application of the terms of the zoning ordinance (will) (will not) result in unusual and unnecessary hardship. Vote: 2 will, 3 will not.
(6a) This situation (is) (is not) such that there are exceptional or extraordinary circumstances or conditions applying to the property in question or to the intended use of the property that does not apply generally to other properties or class of uses in the same zoning district. Vote: 2 will, 3 will not.
(6b) this situation (is) (is not) such that such variance is necessary for the preservation and enjoyment of a substantial property right possessed by other property in the same zoning district and in the vicinity. Vote: 2 will, 3 will not.
(6c) This situation (is) (is not) such that the authorizing of such variance will be of substantial detriment to adjacent property and will materially impair the purposes of the ordinance of the public interest. Vote: 2 will, 3 will not.
(6d) This situation (is) (is not) such that the Board specifically fins the condition or situation of the specific piece of property for which the variance is sought is of so typical or recurrent a nature as to make reasonably practicable the formulation of a general regulation, under an amendment of the ordinance, for such conditions or situations. Vote: 2 will, 3 will not.
The variance was denied based on the findings of fact by a vote of 2 for and 3 against. A vote of 3 “for” is necessary to grant a variance.
Attorney Little stated, Mr. President I would report that the Board has denied the petition #2741 by a 3-2 vote.
Joe Hickman stated, I’ll withdraw the request on the second.
#2742 Pride Property, LLC; The property is located on Pt Lot 1 and Lot 2 in Wayside Lodge Subdivision, located North of Norway Dam off of CR 350 North to Shore Acres Court. Tabled from July 29, 2008.
Request: They are requesting an 850 Sq. Ft. space variance and a 10’ width variance to separate lots.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, variance #2742 has been withdrawn.
#2743 Rodney W. & Gina M. Gaddis; The property is located on Tract 54, S S 28-28-03 .151 acres, located North of Lowes Bridge off of Lake Road 64 East at 5483 Albertson Court.
Request: They are requesting an 18’ rear setback variance and a 5’ west side setback variance to build a new home and attached garage.
Rodney Gaddis stated, Rodney W. Gaddis.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, you are Mr. Gaddis, okay.
Rodney Gaddis stated, um hum.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, do you have anything you’d like to add other than what I presented to the Board sir?
Rodney Gaddis stated, uh thank you Mr. President, I’d just like to say that what I’m proposing is to as you said to remove all the existing aged structures replacing with complete new, redeveloping the land a little more efficiently and still support the theme of the existing part and the structures around it which will give us, it’s going to be our principle residence, we will living there 100%. I’m open for any kind of questions.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, okay, sounds good. Okay just a second to get caught here. Diann do you have anything?
Director Weaver stated, no, I do not.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, this variance, do we have anything here that needs to be mentioned? Okay that’s from him, okay what about this here from Patterson’s should that be entered?
Director Weaver stated, I think that’s a neighbor is what that is.
Rodney Gaddis stated, yes Terry Patterson.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, why don’t we? Is he present?
Rodney Gaddis stated, no he’s not.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay Bob do you have that one.
Attorney Little, yes I do, there do appear to be a couple of letters. This one is a letter, a brief letter addressed attention Members of the White County Area Plan Commission, Please be advised that I have reviewed the variance request for the proposed construction at 5483 Albertson Court. The structure will allow more distance between my unit than there is with the existing structure. The rear set back will be in line with my existing unit and will not interfere with the road usage at all. Therefore I am giving my formal approval for the variance to be granted. It’s signed by Terry Patterson indicating address of 5491 Albertson Court, dated July 12th. There’s a second letter in here from Joyce McConkey. Is she a neighbor as well?
Rodney Gaddis stated, yes sir on the other side.
Attorney Little stated, and it’s also addressed to the members of the White County Area Plan Commission, after reviewing the variance request for the proposed construction at 5483 Albertson Court, I give my approval for the variance to be granted. The structure will be farther from my property line than the existing structure is now. The rear of the proposed structure will not cause any loss of use to the drive behind. Also the rear of the unit will be in line with other units, and she gives her address as 5475 Albertson Court, Monticello, with a mailing address in Sycamore IL. And here name was Joyce McConkey also dated July 12, 2008.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, I have another one here from a Mark Klaczak.
Attorney Little stated, let me borrow yours I don’t see that in my file. This one’s addressed to the Members of the White County Area Plan Commission, dated July 27, 2008. I have reviewed the variance request for 5483 Albertson Court and as the President of Golden Beach Club, Inc. I give my formal approval for the variance. The setback on both sides of the proposed new structure will allow more distance between neighboring units than there exists at this time. The rear setback will not interfere with the road use at all and will be in line with adjacent units. Mark Klaczak signed it and gives his address at 5443 E. 600 N. in Monticello and then gives a mailing address in Beecher, IL. Then there’s one last letter from Rod Gaddis, is that who’s here?
Rod Gaddis stated, that’s me.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, yes that’s him. I’m sorry.
Attorney Little asked, do we need to read that?
Attorney Little stated, all right.
Gerald Cartmell stated, I’m looking at everything, go ahead on come back to me.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, Charlie?
Charlie Mellon stated, I was out there and there’s not much room on the west side I guess 5’, you building a new house on the same footprint?
Rodney Gaddis stated, yes sir, the difference being if you were out there you see the tip out that was on the kitchen on the existing unit?
Rodney Gaddis stated, the wall of the new unit will be, will be the same spot of long wall it will not be over where the tip out’s at.
Charlie Mellon asked, how about the hang over?
Rodney Gaddis stated, the hang over will still won’t be out as far as that is, it’s only 10”, 8” hang over.
Charlie Mellon stated, okay. I noticed the hang over on the other one.
Charlie Mellon stated, okay that’s all I had.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay Dave Scott?
Dave Scott stated, I got a little problem with the garage being to close off the road, it appears this road's a dead end.
Rodney Gaddis stated, all it is it just goes to 2 units on the west side and the east side it goes 2 more units that way, yes it’s just a, basically a private drive to 3 other houses.
Director Weaver stated, it’s a T, Dave.
Director Weaver stated, it T’s and he’s right at the T.
Rodney Gaddis stated, right at the T.
Dave Scott stated, oh okay.
Rodney Gaddis stated, yea. It’s actually 2’ in off the pin which the road is probably another 2’ farther back then that but we’ve got to go technically with the pin.
Rodney Gaddis stated, yes sir. The garage will be carpenter built off the back of it.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, anything else Dave? Shaker do you have any comments?
Shaker Hites stated, no, I don’t.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, Gerald back to you.
Gerald Cartmell asked, you can’t center that anymore on the lot other than you are?
Rodney Gaddis asked, as far as which direction sir?
Gerald Cartmell stated, well to the right, to the east I guess.
Rodney Gaddis stated, if I do my proposal to do this uh, I have a 16’ gravel area there which is where the parking carport is now and with the parking a lot of these places as a premium that would give me availability to park 2 cars there with out interfering with any roads or anything what so ever.
Gerald Cartmell asked, if you did move it over?
Rodney Gaddis stated, if I moved it over it would take away all the extra parking I would have yes sir.
Gerald Cartmell stated, you’re definitely not going to park out front.
Rodney Gaddis stated, no sir or behind it.
Gerald Cartmell stated, okay that’s all I have.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, any other discussion? Is the Board ready to vote? Let’s vote.
Director Weaver asked, did you bring your sign back.
Rodney Gaddis stated, yes ma’am but I have it out in my vehicle so I’ll have to bring it to you.
Commencing at the Southeast Corner of the Southeast Quarter of the Southwest Quarter of said Section 28; Thence North 01 Degree 45 Minutes 40 Seconds West a distance of 298.06 feet; Thence South 62 Degrees 00 Minutes 00 Seconds West a distance of 181.60 feet; Thence North 44 Degrees 27 Minutes 25 Seconds West a distance of 66.10 feet; Thence North 28 Degrees 00 Minutes 00 Seconds West a distance of 20.00 feet; Thence North 62 Degrees 00 Minutes 00 Seconds East a distance of 200.00 feet to the Point of Beginning; Thence North 28 Degrees 00 Minutes 00 Seconds West a distance of 132.63 feet; Thence North 63 Degrees 20 Minutes 32 Seconds East along the Northern Indiana Public Service Company Property Line a distance of 50.01 feet; Thence South 28 Degrees 00 Minutes 00 Seconds East a distance of 131.46 feet; Thence South 62 Degrees 00 Minutes 00 Seconds West a distance of 50.00 feet to the point of Beginning, containing 0.151 of an acre.
COMMON DESCRIPTION: Property is located North of Lowes Bridge off of Lake Road 64 East at 5483 E. Albertson Court.
Attorney Little stated, the Board approved it by a vote of 4 to 1 petition #2743.
Rodney Gaddis stated, thank you very much.
#2744 Joseph J. & Karen M. Samas; The property is located on Lot 42 in the Isle of Homes, located North of Norway Dam off of Lake Road 10 E, in the Isle of Homes at 3159 Cardinal Drive.
Request: They are requesting an 8’ South side setback variance and an 8’ North side setback variance to add a second story onto the existing home.
Perry McWilliams stated, I’m Perry McWilliams.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, and are you the contractor?
Perry McWilliams stated, yes, yea.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, I thought so but yet, do we have something that says that he can speak for them?
Director Weaver stated, yes and you have a copy of it attached to your staff report.
Perry McWilliams stated, guys all we’re going to do here is from the footprint that you see, the original house that’s there we’re going straight up with a second story. The house currently has 2’ overhangs on it so we’re actually going to be narrowing the second story because we’re not going to have these wide overhangs on there. We’ll end up reducing that so, by a foot and so at least we’re going to be coming in a little bit as far as the vertically and the side setbacks will be improving what’s there right now. The carport that remains where it’s at more or less, we’ll probably rebuild that roof system on that but the house itself is going straight up.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay, okay.
Charlie Mellon stated, nice looking so now, I about got lost finding it.
Perry McWilliams stated, it’s a very nice house, these people bought it I think 4 years ago I’d say and totally, it’s a real nice house but not enough bedrooms.
Gerald Cartmell asked, do you have a monopoly back there?
Perry McWilliams stated, no, no.
Gerald Cartmell stated, I’m looking for this sign and all I see is McWilliams Construction, what’s going on here.
Perry McWilliams stated, yea, I know, I know.
Director Weaver stated, I noticed that to.
Perry McWilliams stated, I know.
Charlie Mellon asked, Keesling’s house?
Gerald Cartmell stated, nobody’s going to build Keesling’s right now.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, Diann do you have anything?
Director Weaver stated, no, I don’t.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, anyone here care to speak for or against? Mr. Hites, you have anything?
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, okay, Dave Scott?
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, Charlie?
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, and Gerald?
Gerald Cartmell asked, you say it’s going to be less overhang, right?
Perry McWilliams stated, it really is because it’s on 2’ right now and we’re only going to have a foot up above there.
Dave Scott asked, the house that’s on the survey shows the overhangs?
Perry McWilliams stated, yes, yes.
Perry McWilliams stated, no, I didn’t, I never remember to do that. I’ll bring it in tomorrow.
6. That the request is for an 8’ south side setback variance and an 8’ north side setback variance to add a second story onto the existing home on Lot Number Forty-Two (42) in the Isle of Homes, a subdivision situated in Sections 8, 9, and 16, Township 27 North, Range 3 West in Union Township and Liberty Township, White County, Indiana.
COMMON DESCRIPTION: Property is located North of Norway Dam off of Lake Road 10 E, in the Isle of Homes at 3159 N. Cardinal Drive.
Attorney Little stated, let me correct myself here, Mr. Vice President I’m happy to report that the Board has approved petition #2744 unanimously.
Perry McWilliams stated, thanks guys I sure appreciate it.
#2746 Donna J. Dallinger; The property is located on 1 Acre Out NW cor NE NE 30-27-03, located West of Monticello off of County Road 100 N. at 3804 E. 100 N.
Request: She is requesting an 11’ front setback variance and an 83’ rear setback variance to build a room addition onto the existing home.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, is anyone here representing the Dallinger’s?
Gerald Cartmell asked, Perry you want to take that one over.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, and there isn’t.
Gerald Cartmell stated, it’s supposed to be Criswell.
Perry McWilliams stated, oh Vernie is, oh.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, I knew most of that was the Parrish’s back there but I thought I’ve made assumptions before and was wrong so.
Perry McWilliams asked, was Vernie supposed to represent them?
A member from the audience stated, I guess I can do it.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, anyway with no representation this will be tabled.
Director Weaver stated, tabled until September 18th.
Director Weaver stated, wow that was easy.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, okay, any other business Diann to be brought before the Board?
Director Weaver stated, no I was just going to mention that for those of you that didn’t all ready have your new ordinance, you’ve got your new ordinance laying there.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, that is our personal copy?
Director Weaver stated, that is your personal copy.
Director Weaver stated, Shaker we have provide you in the blue, the blue hard copy, nope the other one. The binder is the new zoning ordinance.
Director Weaver stated, we have provided you a copy of the old zoning ordinance and subdivision ordinance. The blue book that you raised up is the Indiana Codes.
Dave Scott asked, what’s going to be the problem? What’s wrong with it?
Director Weaver stated, we changed the front setback in the ag zoning from 60’ to 75, I don’t really remember the reasoning for that but we did it.
Gerald Cartmell stated, I remember talking about it but I don’t remember why now.
Director Weaver stated, I don’t either and then on decks previously they had um, if they were unroofed it could go as close as 4’ to any of the property lines um but now they are specifically addressed so they have to either meet the setback for an accessory structure or primary structure.
Dave Scott stated, and if they’re hooked to the house they then have to meet the setback to the primary structure?
Director Weaver stated, right, but that’s not the way they were handled in the old ordinance so I think we might have to look at those. Those might become a problem so.
Charlie Mellon stated, the City Monday night went ahead and approved it.
Director Weaver stated, right, it’s only effective right now in the county and in the City of Monticello. As far as I know nobody else has approved it.
Dave Scott stated, our guys signed ours Tuesday night.
Director Weaver stated, they did.
Dave Scott stated, I don’t think, maybe I was supposed to bring it and I didn’t, like the other letter I didn’t bring.
Director Weaver asked, was it effective immediately?
Dave Scott stated, yes, well whatever, they just signed whatever you sent them.
Director Weaver stated, well there was an effective date on it.
Director Weaver asked, can you have Michelle give me a call in the morning?
Dave Scott stated, if you don’t hear from her call her.
Director Weaver stated, I’ll call her. That’s really all I have.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, okay now I got the letter, September 3rd.
Director Weaver stated, September 4th.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, 4th is our next meeting.
Director Weaver stated, the meeting that we were supposed to have next week has been postponed to September 4th, the Herald Journal did not, they over looked our ads.
Director Weaver stated, they didn’t get the ads in the paper in time so we could not have it next week.
Director Weaver stated, Shaker we will still need you at that next meeting.
Director Weaver stated, I’ve talked to Dave Stimmel yesterday and he will not be back until our regular September meeting.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, what about Bob is he going to be needed? Don’t know yet?
Director Weaver stated, not as far as I’m aware but I don’t always know this far in advance.
Shaker Hites asked, so when Dave’s coming I don’t need to come, is that correct?
Director Weaver stated, not unless you choose to, you know you don’t have to, you cannot, we can’t have you both voting. We can only have one or the other.
Charlie Mellon stated, next summer we’ll need you.
Shaker Hites stated, might learn a lot.
Charlie Mellon stated, about 6 or 8 meetings.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, but he can’t fill in for me can he?
Director Weaver stated, he can only fill in for Dave Stimmel.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, or anybody else, I guess is what I’m saying.
Gerald Cartmell stated, to bad he can’t be at large.
Director Weaver stated, I know.
Gerald Cartmell stated, maybe we need to talk to the Commissioners about that.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, probably tired of seeing us.
Director Weaver stated, I think it’s state law, we will go ahead and provide you a copy of the packet each time that way if Dave can’t make it at last minute then you will have the information.
Shaker Hites asked, either Dave?
Director Weaver stated, no, just Dave Stimmel.
Gerald Cartmell stated, I tried.
Director Weaver stated, just Dave Stimmel.
Gerald Cartmell stated, I tried to get you some work here.
Director Weaver stated, but we will keep you informed so.
Vice President Jerry Thompson asked, do you have anything? You’re welcome to speak if you do have something.
A member from the audience stated, we just want to speak with Bob when he’s done.
Gerald Cartmell stated, oh there is.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, there is.
Gerald Cartmell stated, we need to talk about our attorney.
Gerald Cartmell asked, will it be on the record or not.
Charlie Mellon stated, shut it off.
Vice President Jerry Thompson stated, I don’t think we need to, myself do we?
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2019-04-20T15:03:51Z
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http://minutes.whitecountyindiana.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=800&Itemid=857
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Leaves leave me peeved sometimes.
On the last day of this four-day holiday weekend, I was outside scooping up wet and slimy leaves and pruning rosebushes. I mumbled my apologies to the rosebushes about my tardiness in attending to them, blaming not myself, but Mother Nature.
But first, I savored my walk at Council Point Park this morning as we are getting some type of slushy mess in the overnight hours that likely will stop me in my tracks tomorrow morning. I still have 18 more miles to go, and, had the weather been more cooperative yesterday (hint-hint Mother Nature), I had been hoping to get to my goal before the end of November.
Yup, that would be one month early!
But then, what do I do? Keep going like the Energizer Bunny, just racking up more miles? That’s what I did last year – 295 more miles in fact. Or, do I call it “done” and the rest is just gravy? I have a few days to dwell on this, plus 36 more days left in 2018 – it doesn’t mean all 36 of them will be conducive for walking though.
So, I lingered as long as I could at my favorite nature nook since I had to come home and get crackin’ on the long-overdue yard work and outside chores.
First to cut down those rose bushes and then to tackle those leaves … and, oh those leaves.
The fact that my ornamental tree has yet to shed its leaves, but once again I had multiple yard waste bags filled with leaves, always leaves me peeved quite frankly. Oh, it is stupid to be peeved about petty things such as other folk’s errant leaves, but it still irks me.
There are the behemoth trees that rise way about the houses behind me. They are likely well over half a century old, if not older. You see how large they are. Large trees means lots of leaves.
So, just imagine all those leaves fluttering down gracefully. In animated pictures of falling leaves, they twist and twirl through the air, landing at the base of the tree, right? Nope, that is not always true. They collect in the gutters and a big rainstorm comes along, the gutters overflow sending muddy droplets down, streaking your windows before you get the gutters cleaned out. Thanks a lot trees!
My neighbor has a beautiful maple tree. Just like clockwork, that tree turns yellow, then red, then it drops its leaves in the space of about 10 days. It is beautiful to watch that foliage turn, and this year we had a couple of blustery days so the leaves were whisked from the tree more quickly than usual.
I was going to write a post about that tree back in October, so I took some photos of it and the carpet of leaves on my lawn.
… and a couple of days later, the leaves had all dropped.
Guess whose lawn those leaves dropped onto? Hmmm.
Actually I despise that tree and have for a long time, but its time on Earth may be waning as the leaves have huge spots and some kind of disease as you see in this picture.
My neighbor and I joke about that tree and what a pain it is every Fall. I have told her that I watched that tree from its humble beginnings. Newlyweds moved next door – their starter home. One day they saw a Maple seedling that sprouted up in the grass on the City property. I was outside doing yard work, and, out of the corner of my eye, I watched them looking at that little seedling lovingly and then taking a spade to the grass.
They spaded out a circle around the seedling, got some potting soil and patted it down, then staked that seedling and even put a tiny fence around it. And, oh yes … they fertilized it. I witnessed the ritual and told my mother over dinner that evening. We each rolled our eyes and scoffed at the idea that the seedling would survive that Winter, let alone amount to anything resembling a tree. But, it not only survived the Winter, but with lots of TLC and Miracle Gro that seedling thrived. I began to rue the day that a helicopter seed drifted down and took root, and asked myself why I didn’t pull it out before they began nurturing it?
But alas, there will always exist the woulda/shoulda/coulda events in your life.
Like when I was a preteen and raked leaves in the neighborhood for pocket change. Yes, I got an allowance and had to help with our own family’s leaves, but then there were Bobby Sherman 45s or Tiger Beat magazines to buy, or whatever other little treats that a pre-adolescent girl covets and allowance doesn’t always cover. So, I had a reasonable fee and went around the neighborhood on weekends raking leaves.
I spent the better part of a Sunday afternoon raking leaves on a corner house for a rather crotchety older woman. It was a sizable yard and I quoted her $0.50 to do the leaves. There was a whole lot of rakin’ goin’ on and I finished up, lining up at least a dozen plastic bags crammed with leaves along the bottom of her City property for garbage pickup. In those days the garbage men picked up everything – no yard waste pickup existed.
Well he rectified the situation the next morning before he left for work by taking a pair of garden shears and snipping off the knotted tops of each of the plastic bags and dumping them back where they came from, leaving a lovely carpet of colorful foliage on Old Biddy Burgess’s property. He came home and told Mom to tell me he took care of “the situation” and going forward to get paid in advance, or let that be the end of my leaf-raking career!
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Fall, Leaves, nature, walk, walking. Bookmark the permalink.
49 Responses to Leaves leave me peeved sometimes.
This week ends yard waste pickup and so I had to do it today and we are getting snow tonight to boot. The houses across from me did not rake their leaves at all, so I am like you and hope they don’t blow back! Are you getting slammed with snow Tom? I heard parts of Chicago are going to have a heavy snowfall tonight. We actually had a nice weather day today – I was happy for the 45 degrees, and the sun popped out for a minute and a half, but it was welcome after the freezing cold on Thanksgiving.
Love your dad! That was a non-violent protest that worked!
Justice was served! There were a lot of leaves too … I would have loved to see her face when she looked out the window!
Your red leaf pictures are simply stunning. I only have one maple tree now, and it sometimes has black spots on the leaves in the fall, but it doesn’t seem to affect it’s growth any. I wonder if it’s a fungus because we’ve had so much rain this fall? I remember Tiger Beat magazine and Bobby Sherman (although not what he sang?), and the going rate for babysiting was 50cents per hour, so you undercharged that old lady! I hope that Chicago blizzard doesn’t reach you or me because it’s way too early for that much snow…..
I understand that tree next door has had black spots for a long time, however, I never noticed when picking the leaves up – I usually rake and use those leaf picker-uppers that look like a pair of cymbals. But this year as I was taking pictures I noticed right away – when she said the tree had issues in the past, I thought just like you “it looks so healthy looking!” My tree still has not lost any leaves. Bobby Sherman was in “Here Come the Brides” too – remember that show about three brothers in a logging camp? David Soul was one of the brothers. Bobby Sherman’s big songs were “Julie, Julie, Julie – Do you love me?” and “Easy Come – Easy Go” … I think he is a police officer somewhere now. I used to get “People” magazine and it would report on stars from other decades but I cancelled it as it was too expensive and I didn’t know who anyone was anymore. I have never babysat in my life amazingly – I never had any siblings and all the kids in the neighborhood when we moved here were the same age as me. I did undercharge her didn’t I and it was a corner house and took all afternoon! I am hearing horrible stories about Nebraska and Kansas and the northern part of Chicago getting slammed … it is way too early for that and I hope we both miss it – fingers crossed Joan.
Yes he did – I bet she never did that trick again Ann Marie. Isn’t that a beautiful tree – it is so vibrant when it is turning colors and the red leaves are so vibrant!
This year, the trees dropped their leaves early here, it was a record heat and it did not rain for months.
I remember that – that makes sense that happened as we had a drought here one time and same thing happened, but our drought was not as severe as yours this Summer.
I love your story about how your father “rectified the situation.” Action rather than words apparently. The neighbor must have been shocked! Like you, I am sad about the sudden transition from summer to winter. Fall was way too brief for my taste. On another topic, I truly admire your walking regimen. You are inspirational.
Yes it was funny Carolyn. My father had a bad temper and I was a little afraid to tell my parents what happened, so I hoped he would not go over there with a full head of steam. He handled this perfectly and very early in the morning when it was dark before he went to work. The Fall was such a disappointment this year – I feel like we are grateful for little “crumbs” of a nice day here or there, a nice day being one without precipitation. We rarely see the sun anymore. This morning, in the space of a half hour, we had rain and it turned to snowflakes the size of a quarter. It melted this afternoon as it was mild, but did ruin my morning walk as I work from home and need to be here to start at 11:00. Thank you – I really enjoy the walking and since I started the blog two years after the walking, it has made walking even more fun. I was not taking photos when I first began the blog, so capturing the walk through photos to share here makes it even more enjoyable. I do think I’ll get to my goal and will probably just keep on going as I did last year – last year was beautiful weather until mid-December.
We have a maple tree too, with lots of helicopters. I wind up pulling so many maple seedlings every year. I must have pulled thousands from my flower beds this year.
18 miles to go! You’ll have that done in no time if the weather cooperates.
The two trees that DTE (my energy provider) said were touching the wires unbelievably are mulberry trees that were seeds that grew behind my shed. There was a shed there for almost 50 years and then a few years ago a strong wind (39 mph) blew it over and it tumbled across the yard and then I could see the width of what had been just seedlings that grew up! I used to prune behind the shed by going into the neighbor’s yard behind me, then she passed away and the new owners had two Rottweilers left outside 24/7, so no more pruning for me. The trees are amazingly sturdy for having never been tended to. Even more apt to start a tree are elm seeds. They grow right in my mulch by the hundreds (if not thousands)!
I read this post yesterday but didn’t comment. Today I read it again and thought to write in. You have had a lot of life experiences to write about- very interesting anecdotes. I wish my life had been so interesting too.:) Daddy’s are the best aren’t they ?Mine used to fight for us with our school teachers when they were more than strict with us, if he thought so.
The red maple leaves are one of nature’s delights aren’t they- like the cherry on the cake- like tulips etc.., I am sorry you will have to rake all those leaves but would the exercise count towards your miles ?
It is a compliment- I would take it as such. Life is too short to think of why he might have said that- its easier to just think he complimented me and move forward.
He said it right- you have life experiences or songs to fit the occasion. In my childhood, I can only remember my father loved me, my mother loved me- they protected me- we didn’t have much money but we were happy. End of story!
I like your thinking Susie … sometimes I “overthink” things … it is my nature. You have a good day. Freezing here … 28 degrees temperature and 14 degrees windchill.
That’s what I did in the backyard Sunday as most of the leaves were wet and I had picked up loads of leaves before in the backyard. Those red leaves are very beautiful. Glad you enjoyed that story Sabine – my father got a lot of satisfaction out of dumping all those leaves onto her back and front lawns – I would have liked to see her face when she saw the leaves had magically appeared again!
Lol your father was a wise man! What a grouchy woman!
She was and she was strange and the kids were afraid of her but I thought “how strange can she be?” She used to feed the birds popcorn in the middle of the street – the poor birds would go there to eat it – who feeds birds in the middle of a busy street?
Well she was a little strange but when you’re a kid anyone who acts a little out of the ordinary or is eccentric, you label strange and are afraid of them, so I figured she was no stranger than anyone else. So much for giving her the benefit of the doubt!
At least you tried which is more than most people would do!
Usually I count to ten, but I blurted it out … it was so obvious that I could not help it! I agree with you about eccentricity … my boss has said to me many times “well, I’m not for everyone …” … perhaps that’s why we have worked together 18 years as we’re both a tad quirky.
I like your thinking AJ!
Your maple tree has Rhytisma acerinum (tar spots) and will not kill the tree….sorry! My maples had them last year and this year again.
Well bummer for that Diane – I wondered because except for the spotted leaves, it looks healthy otherwise … I’ll keep this our secret because my neighbor said “it’s diseased I might need to cut it down” but a reputable tree cutter would merely suggest an arborist and avoid cutting it – hmmmm.
WOW! I cannot believe how quickly those leaves dropped!!! These pictures are beautiful nonetheless!!
Yes, we had a few blustery days and I should have taken pics a day apart. but with that blustery weather came rain, just sheets of it and I stood at the front door and the water droplets made it difficult to take a good picture and didn’t want to take pictures in the rain and damage the camera. What I wanted to do was a slideshow to look like timelapse photography. There is always next year (believe me)! It is beautiful as it turns a golden/reddish color, then totally red.
Oohhh the slideshow would have been cool! But the way you did this still gave off the same idea ! And yesss always next year! I didn’t get around to a lot I was hoping to this fall, so I’m excited to knock it all out next year!
Your schoolwork sounds overwhelming … I think it is difficult to get back into school after working and having free time to yourself. All of sudden, there is no free time and you feel guilty, like there is something to be read or written or just absorbed by your brain!
It is, but I treat it like a job and always allow myself at least a bit of time to blog and relax every evening if possible 🙂 I like what I’m studying so it makes alll the difference too!! I do have moments where it feels like “ahhh I could be studying right now”.. I think that’s the hard part- there is always something you could be doing!!
In the end it is worth it, but slogging through some days is trying … it is good you are giving yourself “breaks in the action” and the weekend is almost here as well! Enjoy your day and weekend Mackenzie!
LOL – what a great dad! I would’ve loved to have been there the moment the lady saw what happened! I adore the beautiful colors of maple trees – we have one in our yard that only turns yellow. We live by a field so the wind takes care of all the raking for us.
Yes, it would have been priceless wouldn’t it? I hope she understood why he did that! This tree is beautiful with its gold that merges into a golden red, then solid red and one of my followers said her maple tree had the black spots and it did not kill the tree. You’re lucky that the winds take those leaves to parts unknown.
I usually don’t mind raking leaves on a nice fall day. It reminds me of when we were kids and would rake up big piles then jump in them and spread them all over again. LOL. This year we just haven’t had those nice fall days.
Yes, and I’ll bet she never did that trick again!
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2019-04-23T16:08:56Z
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https://lindaschaubblog.net/2018/11/25/leaves-leave-me-peeved-sometimes/
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The popular pick for National Player of the Year in the preseason was Duke’s Grayson Allen.
Allen is on this list, but well below what anyone would have anticipated after his up-and-down junior season. He’s also an example of how difficult it is to rank the top 25 players in the NCAA tournament since the tourney is kind of a reset.
This is not a list of who had the 25 best seasons this year, although that was strongly taken into consideration. The top two, for instance, are the two favorites for National Player of the Year, Villanova’s Josh Hart and Kansas' Frank Mason.
Also taken into consideration was overall talent and ability to dominate the college game. This is not an NBA mock draft.
The top freshmen, who will make up most of the NBA draft lottery, are represented, but only because those included have been dominant on the college level.
There were a lot of candidates left off the list who had legitimate cases for inclusion.
It's not fair when the best shooter on the floor is 7'0". That's the luxury Arizona has in Finnish freshman Lauri Markkanen.
Markkanen is one of the most skilled 7-footers to come through college basketball in a long time. In addition to draining threes, he can put the ball on the floor and occasionally score from the post as well.
Markkanen doesn't take a lot of shots, but he makes the most of his opportunities. He averages 15.8 points per game and has the best offensive rating (129.8) in the country among players who use at least 20 percent of their team's possessions, per KenPom.com.
Sindarius Thornwell has been the key piece in Frank Martin's rebuild at South Carolina, and Thornwell is the epitome of a Martin player. Hard-nosed. Tough. Doesn't back down from anyone.
Thornwell has always been able to get buckets, but he's way more efficient this season. He upped his three-point accuracy from 33.3 percent to 39.1 percent and his free throws from 76.4 percent to 83.2 percent.
The Gamecocks struggle to score at times, but Thornwell can at least keep them in games almost all by himself. He put up 34 points at Kentucky this season and 44 points in a four-overtime loss to Alabama. He's averaging 21.0 points and 7.2 rebounds on the season.
Ethan Happ is the most unique star player in the country. He plays in a system that has always allowed its skilled big men to stretch the floor and shoot jumpers, but Happ is allergic to jump shots—he's attempted seven all season, according to Synergy Sports.
Happ, at 6'10", plays defense like a guard, using his quickness and anticipation to go for steals. He ranks 13thxx in steals rate, per KenPom.com, and he's the only player in the country taller than 6'6" to rank in the top 50 of the category.
Happ averages close to a double-double (13.9 points and 9.0 rebounds), and even without a jumper, he's a tough cover because of his quickness, footwork and the ability to change arm angles and use different hook shots around the basket. He's truly one of a kind.
Grayson Allen hasn't had the year everyone expected, but he still has his moments that remind everyone why the expectations were so grand.
Allen has been slowed by injuries and has had his mental battles because of the attention he received from the tripping incidents.
But the NCAA tournament is sort of a reset, and the Blue Devils have a chance to go deep if they get the good Allen. That version of Allen is a slashing daredevil who can also burn defenses from deep.
The Blue Devils have only one other guy on this list, but arguments could be made for Amile Jefferson and Jayson Tatum appearing as well. Jefferson is Duke's defensive MVP and rock, and Tatum is the most gifted talent on the roster. It's just hard to justify more than two top-25 guys on a team that lost seven ACC games.
SMU has quietly been one of the most dominant teams in college basketball the last few months, and Semi Ojeleye is a big reason why.
The former Duke forward found an ideal landing spot at SMU, where Tim Jankovich wisely utilizes him as a small-ball power forward.
Ojeleye is a matchup nightmare because he's too quick for big men, who have to guard him on the perimeter because he shoots 43.1 percent from deep, and too powerful for smaller defenders. Ojeleye is averaging 18.5 points per game, and he ranked first nationally in offensive rating among players who use at least 24 percent of their team's possessions, per KenPom.com.
An argument could be made for Jalen Brunson as Villanova's most valuable player, and that's quite the compliment considering he's teammates with National Player of the Year candidate Josh Hart.
Brunson averages decent numbers (14.7 points and 4.2 assists), but more important than the numbers is the poise with which he runs the Wildcats. He rarely makes a mistake and does a great job of putting his teammates in position to succeed.
Brunson doesn't have elite quickness, but he's effective changing speeds, and he's one of those smooth lefties defenders always seem to struggle checking. He's also a shot-maker, especially inside the arc, where he shooting 61.4 percent. That's second-best nationally among starting point guards.
Donovan Mitchell arrived at Louisville as a sick athlete who was a highlight waiting to happen.
As a sophomore, he's evolved into a star with some skill. He's improved his jumper (36.3 percent from deep) and his ability to create off the bounce. Combine that with his athleticism, and he's difficult for defenses to handle.
Mitchell also is one of the best perimeter defenders in the country because of his quickness, strength and length, measured at a 7'4" wingspan. He averages 15.7 points and 2.1 steals, making him one of the top two-way guards in the country.
No one is more difficult to check off the dribble in college basketball than the lightning-quick De’Aaron Fox.
Fox is a blur with the basketball in his hands and has a soft lefty touch when he gets into the paint. His mid-range jumper is inconsistent, but when he’s on, he can take over a game.
Fox is also a nuisance on the defensive end. His combination of quickness, length and endless energy makes him one of the top defensive point guards in the country.
I'm not sure there's been a more fun three-point bombing big man in college basketball since West Virginia's Kevin Pittsnogle.
Mike Daum is must-see TV because every game there's a good chance he's going to go off. He's averaged 30.8 points in his last 13 games, and he's gone for 51, 30, 33, 18 and 37 in his last five, carrying the Jackrabbits back to the NCAA tournament after going just .500 in Summit League play this season.
The sophomore shoots 41.6 percent from deep, and defenses have to be aware of him at all times because he can score from just about anywhere.
Bonzie Colson has a mid-major body with a high-major game. Colson is 6'5", and 6'5" post players should not be able to dominate in the ACC. Heck, most 6'5" posts aren't even playing at the D-1 level.
Colson kills it because he's super skilled and knows how to use angles and his body to get his shots. He averages 17.1 points and 10.2 rebounds, and he's expanded his offensive repertoire this season by adding some range to his jumper. He made a total of five threes his first two seasons at Notre Dame, and he's already made 20 this year, shooting a solid 39.2 percent from deep.
Joel Berry was North Carolina's most valuable player during the run to the title game last year. He hit a ton of big shots and provided a steady calm for the Tar Heels.
It's been more of the same this year for Berry. He's UNC's most consistent shooter (41.8 percent from deep), and he's averaging a career-best 14.8 points per game.
Berry also deserves credit for the efficiency the Heels have operated with the last two seasons. They ranked first in adjusted offensive efficiency last season, per KenPom.com, and they rank fourth this year.
Justin Jackson has evolved into North Carolina's star this season, and the main difference in his game is the addition of a reliable three-point shot.
Jackson has made more threes this year (90) than he made his first two seasons combined (63).
The ACC Player of the Year averages 18.1 points per game, and he's cerebral in how he goes about his business on the offensive end. Jackson is one of the best in the country at moving without the ball, and he has an in-between game in addition to the ability to pour it in from deep.
Wake Forest's John Collins was Bleacher Report's pick for most improved player in college hoops this season. The sophomore has gone from a decent bench big to a potential lottery pick.
He's one of the most efficient bigs in the country operating out of post-ups (1.025 points per possession) and the pick-and-roll (1.636 points per possession), per Synergy Sports.
Collins averages 18.9 points and 9.8 rebounds per game.
Malik Monk could shoot Kentucky to a Final Four or an early loss in the tournament. The freshman is reckless at times with his shot selection, but when he's on, he's unstoppable and a blast to watch.
Monk can fly and has the ability to make difficult shots that most players wouldn't dream of taking. That's why he can go off when he's on. He's had four games this season when he's scored more than 30 points, including a career-high 47 in a win against North Carolina.
Nigel Williams-Goss is the rock for Gonzaga and a big reason why the Zags have lost just one game all season.
Williams-Goss fills up the stat sheet (16.9 points, 5.7 rebounds and 4.8 assists per game), but he's even more valuable than the numbers suggest because he just simply does whatever his team needs to win. There are games where he'll sacrifice his scoring just to keep feeding whoever is on that day.
Gonzaga's front line has arguably been the best in college hoops this season, and some of that success and consistent production is thanks to Williams-Goss. He made a wise move transferring to Gonzaga two years ago.
A lot of folks have probably cooled on the Bears since they were ranked No. 1. They stumbled down the stretch and lost in the Big 12 tourney to Kansas State. But Baylor is still a difficult team to match up against in an NCAA tournament setting because of its zone and because of Johnathan Motley.
Motley is close to impossible to cover one-on-one—most teams send a double-team when he catches on the blocks immediately—and he can also step away from the basket and is effective in the pick-and-pop. Baylor coach Scott Drew does a good job moving him around to make sure he gets his shots.
Baylor's guards are schooled to lob the ball to Motley from the wing when he's on the opposite block, and Drew will often have someone set what's essentially a flare screen in the paint to free Motley.
That's helped the big fella put up consistent numbers. He averages 17.3 points and 9.9 rebounds per game.
Jawun Evans often gets compared to Chris Paul. While comparisons like that are typically extremely unfair, Evans is at the very least the college version of Paul.
The Oklahoma State sophomore, like Paul, is a magician off the dribble and has an advanced understanding of how to operate once he gets into the teeth of the defense.
Evans averages 19.0 points and 6.2 assists, but more impressive than his per-game averages is the fact that he runs an offense that ranks first nationally in adjusted offensive efficiency, per KenPom.com.
No one expected Duke's Luke Kennard to be the team's best player this season, but here he is, appearing as one of the 10 best players in the NCAA tournament.
Kennard has consistently gotten buckets all season. Most casual fans probably assume he's a clone of deadeye shooter J.J. Redick. Kennard is a deadeye shooter, but he's got a lot more to his game.
He's one of the cleverest scorers off the bounce in the country. He finds a way to get into the lane and then once there, even if he's well covered, he uses pivots and fakes to get himself a clean look at the basket. The ball always comes off his hand soft every time, and that in-between game is why he's been so consistent scoring the ball, averaging 20.2 points per game.
Dillon Brooks got off to a slow start this season because of a foot injury that held him out of the first three games. The version that was tearing up the court last March has returned to form recently.
Brooks enters the tournament averaging 21.1 points per game over his last 10 games. He's shooting better than he ever has from long range—42.5 percent—and that makes him an ideal fit as the small-ball stretch 4 in Oregon's offense.
Brooks, at 6'7", is a bulldozer who attacks the rim with rage. He looks like he plays angry, and he loves the big stage. He also enters the tourney looking for some redemption after scoring only seven points in last year's Elite Eight loss to Oklahoma.
Monte Morris will finish his career as the NCAA all-time leader in assist-to-turnover ratio. In fact, for former Pittsburgh guard James Robinson, the current record holder, to finish tied with Morris, the Iowa State point guard would have to turn the ball over 60 straight times without an assist during that stretch.
Morris is underappreciated for how awesome he has been at the position, as evidenced by his omission as a Cousy Award finalist. This season has been his finest in terms of taking care of the basketball—an NCAA-best 5.88 assist-to-turnover ratio—and he's also evolved into more of a scorer, averaging a career-best 16.3 points per game.
The Cyclones play a space-and-pace game, and Morris makes things really easy for the shooters who surround him. That makes the Cyclones a tough draw in this bracket.
Josh Jackson's value to Kansas was apparent last week when his team lost to TCU in the Big 12 tournament without him.
Jackson has been KU's best one-and-done player, easily fitting in on both ends of the floor. That's impressive considering he plays most of his minutes as a small-ball 4, which was not expected coming into the season or when he signed with Kansas.
The fit has been perfect, as Jackson easily beats opposing 4s off the bounce. He's become impossible to cover lately with his jump shot becoming more consistent. Jackson shot 43.5 percent from deep in Big 12 play. Defensively, he's also KU's most important piece because of his versatility and ability to block shots.
Caleb Swanigan is a double-double machine (18.5 points and 12.6 boards per game), and his consistency has earned him the title of best big man in college basketball.
Swanigan is an old-school big who understands how to seal his man in the post and score with his back to the basket. But this season he improved his face-up game as well and has become a dangerous pick-and-pop option. He shoots 43.1 percent from deep.
Most opponents double-team Swanigan once he catches it, but that's not a great option because Purdue surrounds him with shooters, and he's a really good passer. The only way to really slow Swanigan is to somehow limit his touches.
Lonzo Ball completely transformed UCLA this year, bringing a fun-and-gun style to Los Angeles. Ball has terrific vision, and his unselfishness is contagious.
The Bruins move the ball beautifully and spread the floor with shooters. Ball can also get buckets as well and has unlimited range on his jumper, often pulling up well beyond the three-point line.
Most great point guards these days dominate the ball, but Ball gets rid of it quickly and that's why UCLA is so hard to guard. The second a defender loses his man, Ball finds him. When the Bruins are going right, they're the best offensive team in the country.
Villanova's Josh Hart has already proven he can be the star player on a national title team. He's the only college player you can currently say that about.
Hart has elevated his game to another level this season, improving as a three-point shooter and becoming a more dynamic playmaker off the bounce. He's averaging career highs in points (18.6) and assists (3.2). Hart, a senior, takes smart shots and knows when to attack, which makes him one of the most efficient scorers in the country.
He's also a terrific defender. Basically, Jay Wright never has to worry about Hart not figuring out a way to contribute every night out.
If it's the last possession of the national championship and your team is down by a point, who do you want taking the shot?
The correct answer: Frank Mason III.
Mason has been clutch all season for the Jayhawks, playing his best basketball down the stretch of close games. He started the year off with a game-winner against Duke and was pivotal in pulling off one of the most remarkable comebacks of the season against West Virginia.
Mason can get just about wherever he wants on the floor now that he's become a knockdown perimeter shooter. He spent most of the season burying better than 50 percent of his treys.
That forces defenders to play him tight on the perimeter, and that's a tough chore because he's one of the best in the country at shaking dudes off the dribble.
Mason plays so many minutes that he has to pick and choose his times to be aggressive on the defensive end, but when he gets after it, he can be a bully as an on-the-ball defender as well. He was Bleacher Report's pick to win National Player of the Year, and it's hard to envision him not playing his best ball to finish his career.
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2019-04-21T22:03:22Z
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https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2696440-ranking-the-25-best-players-of-the-2017-ncaa-tournament
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– You’re looking for a pocketable digicam with a wide range of user-adjustable controls.
– You need good performance in low light levels.
– You want Full HD movie recording.
– You want effective image stabilisation for movies and still pictures.
– You’d like fast autofocusing.
– You want the ability to zoom in and out rapidly.
– You require in-camera red-eye reduction processing.
Announced two years after its predecessor, the LX5, Panasonic’s Lumix DMC-LX7 fits into the same market slot but now comes in a white body as well as traditional black. Its 10.1-megapixel sensor has the same resolution as the LX5’s but it’s a new CMOS chip, instead of CCD, which was used in the LX5. The Venus Engine processor has also been updated, promising better imaging performance. The 3.8x optical zoom lens is a new and faster model.
Panasonic has also increased the internal memory in the LX7 to 70MB, which is almost double the internal memory of the LX5. It’s enough for a couple of raw files or roughly 14 high-resolution JPEGs but won’t support movie recording.
The LX7 is Panasonic’s flagship compact camera and reflects this position in its build quality and features. However, it’s competing in an increasingly crowded market sector where manufacturers are introducing larger sensors to provide better image quality and add-ons like touch screens and Wi-Fi interfaces.
Currently, the LX7’s main competitors in the ‘pocketable’ sector of the enthusiast digicam market include Canon’s PowerShot S110, Fujifilm’s XF1, the Olympus Stylus XZ-2 and the Sony Cyber-shot RX100. These cameras all support raw file capture and provide P/A/S/M shooting modes. The table below compares basic features of each model.
As you can see from the graph above, the LX7 is one of the largest in size but has the smallest sensor in the group and the shortest zoom range (by a whisker). It’s a bit big for a shirt pocket, but a couple of rivals have the same problem.
The classic LX design is retained and the LX7 is only a few grams heavier than its predecessor and marginally larger. Build quality is similar to the earlier model, with a solid metal casing and semi-recessed lens. The cover to the battery/card compartment is flimsy, reducing the impression of superior quality.
A new knurled aperture ring has been added to the aspect ratio selector on the lens barrel. It’s used to change aperture settings in the A and M shooting modes.
The new Leica DC Vario-Summilux 4.7-17.7 mm f/1.4-2.3 zoom lens is a full f-stop faster than the LX5’s lens at the wide position and 1.3 stops faster at the tele end of the zoom range. The f/1.4 maximum aperture allows 4x more light to reach the sensor than the f/2.8 lens on the LX5, supporting faster shutter speeds and improving low light performance.
With 11 elements in 10 groups, this lens includes nine aspherical surfaces, one of them a dual-sided aspherical surface ED (Extra-low Dispersion) lens, which appears for the first time in a Lumix camera. Nano Surface Coatings are applied to minimise flare and ghosting.
Little has changed on the top panel, save for a re-positioning of the microphone grilles, which are now located in front of the hot-shoe. They’re noticeably larger than the microphones on the LX5’s top panel and allow the new camera to record stereo soundtracks with movies, a big improvement over the LX5.
A slide-in cover protects the hot-shoe and also the accessory port just below it, which can be used for fitting the optional DMW-VF1 Optical View Finder or DMW-LVF2 EVF. Panasonic’s FL220 (GN22), DMW-FL360 (GN36) and DMW-FL500 (GN50) can be used with the LX7. Unfortunately, there’s still no support for external microphones.
The mode dial carries the same settings as the LX5’s and includes the ‘Creative Motion Picture Mode’ for recording video clips using the camera’s manual settings (P, A, S and M shooting modes). Focal lengths are adjusted with a zoom lever around the shutter button, which has a very short throw but supports slow zooming in movie mode.
Panasonic has doubled the resolution of the 3-inch monitor on the rear panel from 460,000 to 920,000 dots. A new ND/Focus lever on the rear panel just below the mode dial lets users switch in a 3EV neutral density filter or slip into manual focusing. When MF Assist is on, an enlarged view is displayed to make focusing easier.
There’s been a minor re-shuffling of some buttons to the right of the monitor. Going clockwise around the arrow pad from the top, you’ll find the ISO, White Balance, Drive/self-timer and Function buttons. Below. the Display and Q.Menu/Delete buttons are interchanged.
A small port cover on the right hand side panel lifts up to reveal the combined USB and A/V out and HDMI ports. AUSB cable is supplied but not an HDMI cable for connecting the camera to a TV set.
A compartment below the grip is shared by the battery and memory card. As noted above, its plastic cover is flimsy and contains a slot to provide cable access to the optional AC adaptor and DC coupler, which replaces the battery and allows use of mains power. A small, lift-up rubber cover protects the slot.
The tripod socket is offset towards the left hand side of the camera where it doesn’t block the battery/card compartment when the camera is tripod mounted. The battery is unchanged since the LX5 but its capacity is reduced from around 400 shots/charge to 330 shots, which is probably due to the higher screen resolution.
Nothing much has changed since the LX5. The standard P, A, S and M settings are prominent on the mode dial, which also provides easy access to the Scene pre-sets and Creative Control modes. Two Custom memory banks and available for storing frequently-used combinations of settings.
The aperture ring on the lens make it easier to use the A and M modes. With the LX5, if you wanted to adjust aperture settings you had to press the thumbwheel to toggle between aperture and shutter speed selection and then use the arrow pad for aperture adjustments. Now you can control aperture settings with your left hand and shutter speeds by turning the thumbwheel with your right.
The iAuto mode makes use of algorithms that cover Scene Detection, Intelligent ISO, Face Detection, Quick AF, Backlight Compensation, I.Resolution, Intelligent Zoom and stabilisation and sets shooting parameters on the basis of the type of scene detected. Users can adjust image resolution and access special modes such as Motion Deblur, iHandheld Nite Shot and iHDR.
Motion Deblur recognises subject movement and selects a fast shutter speed to prevent the subject from being blurred. iHandheld Nite Shot captures a short burst of images and combines them to optimise resolution and minimise image noise in shots taken with the camera hand-held after dark. The iHDR is also a multi-shot mode that records images with different exposures and combines them to provide a wider tonal range.
Time lapse shooting is available in iAuto mode, with the ability to set the start time within a 12-hour period, select shooting intervals in one- to 30-minute steps and fix the number of shots between 10 and 60 frames. Bracketing options include exposure, white balance and aspect ratios.
Sixteen filter effects are available in the Creative Control mode: Expressive, Retro, High Key, Low Key, Sepia, Dynamic Monochrome, Impressive Art, High Dynamic, Cross Process, Toy Effect, Miniature Effect, Soft Focus, Star Filter, One Point Colour, Smooth Defocus and Radial Defocus. Some are available in Movie mode and all can be applied to still photos post capture. You can also apply multiple effects to a single image in playback mode and save it as a new JPEG.
The Scene presets include a 3D Photo Mode that captures a sequence of frames as the camera is panned across the scene and then selects the two frames that work best as a stereo pair. These frames are recorded in MPO format using a 16:9 aspect ratio and with an image size of 2M (1920 x 1080 pixels). They can be played back on compatible 3D TV sets using an HDMI (Viera Link) cable.
Like most camera manufacturers, Panasonic collects the most frequently-used adjustments into a Q.menu. Pressing this button displays a strip along the top of the monitor screen covering Photo Style, Flash, Movie settings, Resolution, Image quality, AF area, Metering mode and Exposure compensation. The last two only appear when you toggle past the AF Area mode.
The Fn button on the arrow pad can be set to access one of 14 functions, including the new Level Gauge, which displays lateral tilting to help you keep horizons horizontal. Other options include AF mode, focus area selection, grid overlay, metering mode and quality settings.
The 1/1.7 inch (7.6 x 5.7 mm) CMOS sensor in the LX7 is marginally smaller than the 1/1.63-inch (8.07 x 5.56 mm) CCD chip in the LX5 (43.32 mm2 vs 44.87 mm2). But it’s not enough to make a big difference.
The chip has a total of 12.8 million photosites but supports an output resolution of 10.1 megapixels. As in the LX5, the remaining 2.7 million photosites are used to provide flexibility for different aspect ratios so that each retains maximum resolution. The table below shows the different image sizes for the aspect rations the camera supports.
Like its predecessor, the LX7 supports both JPEG and raw file capture. It also lets users record raw and JPEG images simultaneously and you can choose the image size and compression ratio for the JPEG shot. Two compression ratios are supported for each JPEG image size.
The sensitivity range in the new camera has been expanded to cover from ISO 80 to ISO 6400 at full resolution. ISO 8000, 10000 and 12800 are available via the Extended ISO setting but resolution is reduced to between 2.5 and 3.0 megapixels. Raw capture is blocked when Extended ISO is selected.
Continuous shooting is supported at up to 11 frames/second (fps) for full-resolution images or 60 fps with resolution reduced to between 2.5 and 3.0 megapixels. The table below shows the options available with the LX7.
The self-timer provides delays of 2 seconds and 10 seconds. There’s also a multi-shot setting that triggers the shutter after 10 seconds and captures three frames about two seconds apart.
Movie resolution has stepped up to Full HD 1920 x 1080 with a choice of two recording formats: AVCHD and MP4. For the AVCHD format, ‘quality’ options are based on bit rate (the faster the bit rate, the higher the quality) and whether interlaced or progressive scanning is used. In PAL format, Full HD movies can be recorded with 50i or 50p scanning;60i and 60p are available for NTSC moveis.
In Motion JPEG mode, the frame rate is 30 frames/second and the ‘quality’ settings relate to the image size. The table below shows the approximate recording times for an 16GB memory card.
Movies must be recorded to a memory card with all settings, save for the lowest resolution (MP4/VGA). ISO is set automatically at the beginning of each clip but you can use the zoom and re-focus quickly while recording by pressing the Focus button on the lens.
You can record movies in almost any shooting mode by simply pressing the movie button. The P, A,S and M shooting modes can be accessed in the Creative Video Mode. Some Scene pre-sets are also available.
If you half-press the shutter button, the camera will refocus and pressing the button all the way down causes a still shot to be recorded. (The refocusing movement will be recorded in the movie clip.) The maximum image size available is 3.5M with a 16:9 aspect ratio and you can record up to 20 shots per clip.
Shooting in burst mode is possible during a movie recording with a top burst speed of 10 frames/second. Up to 40 still frames can be recorded with each movie clip.
The High Speed Video setting in the Creative Video Mode lets you record a silent video clip at 100 frames/second at 1280 x 720 pixels. These settings enable users to capture movement too fast to discern with the eye. Photos taken with the burst modes are automatically organised and can be played back either in the camera or on a computer using the bundled PHOTOfunSTUDIO software.
Playback modes are similar to other Panasonic cameras that support raw file capture and include single, multi-image (12 or 30 thumbnails), zoom magnification (2x, 4, 8x or 16x) and slideshows (with or without ‘canned’ music soundtracks from the camera’s memory). Calendar and category views are also provided and you can zoom in to the focus point when viewing single shots. All the standard rotation, protection and deletion modes are available, along with basic retouching and application of Creative Control filter effects. Movie playback is also available and you can ‘grab’ frames from a video clip for saving as still pictures.
The supplied software bundle contains Silkypix Developer Studio 3.1 SE (for raw file ‘development’) plus PHOTOfunSTUDIO 5.0 HD Edition for organising and editing video clips. Both are limited in their capabilities so serious enthusiasts will be likely to favour third-party applications.
Shots taken with the test camera were as detailed and colourful as we found with the LX5. Warm hues showed boosted saturation in our Imatest tests, a factor reflected in many test shots. The reduction in saturation in raw files brought skin tones closer to desired colours but suppressed greens.
The wide dynamic range in outdoor shots was retained in the new model with slight improvements seen in JPEG images. In bright sunlight, blues and greens in JPEGs appeared natural straight out of the camera with the Standard and Natural Picture Styles. The Vivid and Scenery settings tended to over-saturate colours.
As with the LX5, we found no real difference in resolution between JPEGs and RW2.RAW raw files converted with supplied Silkypix converter. Both were below the resolutions we obtained when RW2.RAW raw files were converted with Adobe Camera Raw, so we’ve used the latter as the basis of raw file evaluation in this review.
Imatest showed resolution to be slightly above expectations for a 10-megapixel camera for JPEG files and a little higher when raw files were measured. Resolution remained relatively high between ISO 80 and ISO 200 (inclusive) then tailed off gradually from ISO 400 onwards. The graph below shows the results of our Imatest tests.
Lens performance was improved, particularly in the middle of the zoom range, where the highest resolutions were recorded at around f/2.8. Some edge softening was revealed at wider apertures, although it was less at the shortest focal length than other positions in the zoom range. The graph below plots the results of our Imatest tests across the camera’s aperture range at different focal length settings.
Lateral chromatic aberration was mostly negligible, dipping into the low range at the extremes of the aperture ranges for a couple of focal lengths. In the graph below the red line marks the border between ‘negligible’ and ‘low’ CA while the green line separates ‘low’ from ‘moderate’.
Long exposures at night were slightly better than the LX5’s. Resolution remained relatively high between ISO 80 and ISO 400 (inclusive) then tailed off gradually. Noise became visible by ISO 1600 and shots taken at ISO 3200 were visibly noise-affected. By ISO 6400, sharpness was compromised and images were becoming blotchy, both defects being emphasised at ISO 12800.
As usual, flash exposures fared slightly better than long exposures, although some softening of image details had set in by ISO 800. Shots taken at ISO 80 at the 17.7mm focal lengths were about half a stop under-exposed, while by ISO 6400 the camera was struggling to keep exposures in control. At ISO 12800 over-exposure was evident and softening and blotching were clear to see.
Strong backlighting was handled very well, even without dynamic range compensation. But the lens could be forced to flare by including a bright light source in the frame. Digital zoom shots were slightly soft and lacking in contrast.
Auto white balance performance was similar to the LX5’s. Test shots taken under incandescent light retained the characteristic orange cast but shots taken under fluorescent lighting were close to natural colours. Like the LX5, the new camera provides a Kelvin temperature option for matching light source colours plus adjustments to colour balance across the amber/blue and magenta/green colour axes.
Video quality was, as expected, noticeably better than the LX5’s, partly because of the camera’s Full HD capability but also because soundtracks are recorded in stereo. Unfortunately, you can’t plug in an external microphone to improve stereo ‘presence’ which isn’t great due to the close spacing of the camera’s mics.
Movie clips were smooth with slightly elevated contrast and colour saturation but pictures were sharp-looking and snappy. AF Tracking kept subjects sharp when taking still shots of moving subjects and also during pans and zooms in movie mode. But it was less successful with subjects that move erratically so sports photographers won’t find it as successful as snapshooters.
The autofocusing system in the LX7 uses the same 23-point multi-segment metering system as the LX5 and focusing modes were also unchanged. We found the camera quick to lock onto subjects in most lighting conditions. The AF-Assist light was helpful for subjects within about two metres of the camera in dim lighting.
Spot AF mode was reasonably easy to use, although not as easy as with a touch screen. You can change the size of the AF area with the rear dial or move it with the directional buttons on the arrow pad.
It took just over a second to power-up the test camera and shot-to-shot times averaged 0.7 seconds without flash and 1.8seconds with. We measured an average capture lag of 0.2 seconds, which changed to instantaneous capture with pre-focusing. It took 2.3 seconds to process each JPEG image and 2.6 seconds to process each raw file. A RAW+JPEG pair was processed in 2.8 seconds, on average.
continuous recording speeds and buffer capacities have increased markedly since the LX5. The review camera recorded a burst of 12 Large/Fine JPEGs in 1.1 seconds and another burst of 13 RAW+JPEG pairs in 1.2 seconds. It took 6.7 seconds to process the JPEGs and just over 30 seconds to process the burst of RAW+JPEG pairs.
RW2.RAW files processed with Adobe Camera Raw.
4:3 aspect ratio: 6mm focal length, ISO 100, 1/1000 second at f/4.5.
3:2 aspect ratio: 6mm focal length, ISO 100, 1/1000 second at f/4.5.
16:9 aspect ratio: 6mm focal length, ISO 100, 1/1000 second at f/4.5.
1:1 aspect ratio: 6mm focal length, ISO 100, 1/1000 second at f/4.5.
4.7mm focal length, ISO 100, 1/1600 second at f/4.
17.7mm focal length, ISO 100, 1/160 second at f/3.5.
4.5x digital zoom; 17.7mm focal length, ISO 100, 1/1300 second at f/2.8.
Panorama mode; 4.7mm focal length, ISO 100, 1/160 second at f/8.
Close-up; 5mm focal length, ISO 80, 1/200 second at f/1.4.
8 second exposure at ISO 80; f/3.5; 7mm focal length.
5 second exposure at ISO 400; f/5.6; 7mm focal length.
3.2 second exposure at ISO 1600; f/8; 7mm focal length.
1.6 second exposure at ISO 6400; f/8; 7mm focal length.
One second exposure at ISO 12800; f/8; 7mm focal length.
Flash exposure at ISO 80; 17.7mm focal length, 1/40 second at f/2.3.
Flash exposure at ISO 400; 17.7mm focal length, 1/60 second at f/2.3.
Flash exposure at ISO 1600; 17.7mm focal length, 1/60 second at f/2.3.
Flash exposure at ISO 6400; 17.7mm focal length, 1/125 second at f/2.8.
Flash exposure at ISO 12800; 17.7mm focal length, 1/250 second at f/2.8.
Backlighting; 4.7mm focal length, ISO 80, 1/1600 second at f/5.
Close-up at 5mm focal length, ISO 100, 1/100 second at f/1.6.
4.7mm focal length, ISO 400, 1/40 second at f/4.5.
4.7mm focal length, ISO 6400, 1/400 second at f/5.6.
17.1mm focal length, ISO 80, 1/250 second at f/8.
Still frame from AVCHD video clip shot in the PSH mode.
Still frame from AVCHD video clip shot in the FSH mode.
Still frame from AVCHD video clip shot in the SH mode.
Still frame from MP4 video clip shot in the FHD mode.
Still frame from MP4 video clip shot in the HD mode.
Still frame from MP4 video clip shot in the VGA mode.
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2019-04-20T02:26:23Z
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http://www.photoreview.com.au/reviews/advanced-compact-cameras/fixed-lens/panasonic-lumix-dmc-lx7/
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After a .188/.345/.217 junior season, I was ready to stick 1B Jared Walsh back on the mound and embrace him as a potential lefthanded middle reliever prospect. Maybe I should have paid closer attention to the 15 BB/8 K ratio as a sign of a potential senior season breakout instead. Walsh did just that and then kept hitting upon entering pro ball. It’s a tough profile to get behind as Walsh doesn’t have the usual strength and power associated with first base, but he deserves credit for at least getting a mention here as a 39th round pick. Hitting .325 in your debut season will do that. 1B Nick Lynch didn’t hit .325 in his debut and is older than you’d like in a recent draftee (24 next February), but he flashed enough power as a college slugger to earn himself at least another season of trying to see if he can make it.
2B Tim Arakawa is a nice addition to the franchise in round 23. He’s not the biggest nor the fastest nor the most powerful, but he grinds out professional at bats and puts himself in good situations in the field and on the base paths. It’s a nearly impossible profile to make it as a second base only prospect, but you never know. 2B Hutton Moyer is toolsier than most college second base prospects and it shows. Those tools — above-average speed, average power, average or better glove — got him selected earlier than I would have guessed (7th round) and should continue to give him chances over the next few seasons. Like Arakawa, it’s very likely second base or bust for Moyer, so getting to the highest level will be a challenge.
3B Michael Pierson, another older than you’d like prospect (24 next May), hit like the man among boys in short-season ball that he was. It was the kind of performance that gets your name on the map within an organization, perhaps even leading to a double-jump promotion (right to A+?) heading into next season. The former Appalachian State star has the early edge on some of the previously mentioned 2015 MLB Draft infielders not only for what he did with the bat (.395/.467/.528 with 22 BB/30 K) but also for his slightly more versatile defensive utility (second and third).
Speaking of defensive versatility, I’d love to see 3B Kenny Towns make the long rumored switch to catcher in instructional league this fall. Having watched him play a fair amount of third base over the years, I think it’s fair to say he’s got the hands, arm, and athleticism to potentially pull it off. More to the point, catching is probably his one and only true shot at ever advancing past a certain level in pro ball. If that switch is made then there will be a good bit of competition behind the plate to come out of this draft class. C Izaak Silva is decent organizational depth, but C Dalton Blumenfeld and C Tanner Lubach each have a chance to be more. Blumenfeld, the overslot twelfth round pick, fits the big-bodied, plus arm strength, plus raw power archetype that has recently fallen out of favor some among most teams; their loss could very well be the Angels gain. Lubach is more of a modern catcher — big enough but not huge, hit over power, reliant more on athleticism and smarts defensively — so Los Angeles gets a little bit of variety out of two second-tier backstops. I’ve anticipated a breakout season for Lubach for way too long now, so it might be time to accept the fact it’s not going to happen and readjust expectations. If LA gets a backup catcher out of this group, they’ve done well for themselves.
Sometimes I get so wrapped up into doing things for the site that I forget that there is a great big baseball world outside my tiny corner of the internet. As such, I’m way behind on checking in on a lot of the mainstream draft coverage that has been put out since the college season in February. Help me out here: Fresno State JR C Taylor Ward is a first round pick, right? People have caught on to that? He’s pretty much Max Pentecost without the Twitter approved cool guy name. If Pentecost could go eleventh overall, then surely Ward can find a fit in the first day, right? He’s a really good athlete who moves exceptionally well behind the plate. His arm is an absolute howitzer with easy to spot plus to plus-plus raw strength. Offensively he does enough of everything – average or a tick below speed underway, about the same raw power, and a disciplined approach that consistently puts him in good hitter’s counts – to profile as a well above-average regular when both sides of his game are considered.
Sub out Pentecost’s name for Ward’s and you’re all set. His closest competitors for top college catcher in this class (pre-season) for me have all slipped enough that I think there’s real separation between Ward and everybody else. Shaun Chase (Oregon) still has the prodigious raw power that will keep him employed for years to come, but the approach has shown little to no signs of improving. My former top guy, Ian Rice (Houston), has been up and down (to put it kindly) in his first season of D1 baseball. Austin Rei (Washington) seemed poised to have a breakout season and challenge Ward for the top spot, but a torn thumb ligament stalled his season after only 17 at bats. There’s still a question as to whether or not he’ll be back before the end of the season. I could see a scenario where a team would prefer Rei, who I still think goes higher than anybody thinks because of his pitch-framing abilities alone, but the injury obviously makes him one of the draft’s greatest unknowns heading into June.
I don’t actually know where Ward will go in the draft and without having my entire board lined up just yet it is premature to say he’s a no-doubt first round pick for me personally. I do find it hard to imagine that a player with his upside will fall past the first forty picks or so into the second round. This kind of logic doesn’t always hold because it takes but one team to select a player, but if Pentecost, who, I liked more than loved as a prospect, went off the board at eleven last year then I don’t see why Ward would fall multiple rounds past that in what many (not me, but still) consider to be a weaker draft.
At least the last part came to pass after the Angels popped Ward with pick 26 in the first round. The most important takeaway here is that Ward is a really good player, both offensively and defensively. I think we all knew about his upside as a catcher, present plus to plus-plus arm strength, and well above-average athleticism for the position. The bat, however, was a revelation as a pro: .348/.457/.438 with 39 BB/23 K. He’s hardly coming out of nowhere with a performance like that: those numbers are fairly consistent with what he did in his last two seasons at Fresno State. He was called a future “well above-average regular when both sides of his game are considered” on this site during the season and his play since then has only helped sway some of the last remaining doubters. Nothing against any of the other catchers taken at the top of the draft, but Ward is clearly the best blend of upside and polish…and it’s not even close. Tyler Stephenson is still an excellent prospect, but he’s the only other catcher you’d consider taking over Ward out of this class. This is a great pick made even better by all the insta-hatred it caused on Twitter back on draft night.
Loyola Marymount SO SS David Fletcher would be the top shortstop in many conferences across the country. He does a lot of the same things that Holder does well, especially on the defensive side. I’m a tiny less sure about his bat going forward, so consider that my admittedly thin rationale for having him behind both Holder and Sullivan. Being the third best shortstop behind those two guys is still a really, really good thing. He’s stung the ball so far this season, and I’ve heard from those who have seen him often that the improvements are real. Slowly but surely his ceiling has risen with some now willing to make the move from glove-first utility player to potential big league regular. I’m not quite there yet, but I get it. All the shortstops are great.
All The Shortstops are Great! That would be the name of my video yearbook for this year’s draft. Swanson, Bregman, Rodgers, Newman, Martin, Holder, Trahan, Miller, Jackson, Fletcher all selected within the draft’s first two hundred picks…what a group. I talked a lot throughout the spring about how the depth of this year’s shortstop class could help some teams with front offices split on taking a shortstop early pass on the top-tier talents and wait it out. There’s obviously no way of knowing if the Angels FO had those internal discussions — maybe they were hoping either Newman or Martin fell to them, maybe they considered taking Holder but opted to wait — but it’s something to think about. The fun hindsight game gives you two options: Ward (first round C) and Fletcher (sixth round SS) or Holder (first round SS) and Francis Christy (catcher taken one pick after Fletcher in the seventh). Early pro returns there make the Angels look like geniuses!
In more seriousness, Los Angeles found themselves a real keeper in Fletcher. Like Ward, we knew he could do it all defensively, so the strides he’s made as a hitter over the last calendar year are almost icing on the cake. The lack of power is something to be monitored, but if he can just do enough to keep opposing pitchers on their toes, he’s a potential regular at short. Even if that doesn’t happen, he’s got a high-floor as a rather valuable potential utility guy.
I love the pick of Ti’Quan Forbes to Texas in the second round last year. The Angels selection of OF Jahmai Jones (37) in the second round this year gives me a very similar warm and fuzzy feeling. Jones has electric bat speed and plenty of natural raw power. Few, if any, high school players smoked the ball as consistently as he did in my admittedly limited views of the cream of the crop of this year’s class. Maybe my appreciation for him as a prospect is too heavily influenced on my “not a scout” personal observations — it’s human nature to do so and I’ve been guilty of it in the past — but the overall offensive tool set that includes a potential plus hit (could see him hitting .300 one day), above-average or better raw power, and above-average or better speed is exciting even if you haven’t seen him up close. I threw out a tentative Cameron Maybin comp on him before the draft that I think works from a raw ability standpoint but is hard to draw much meaning on beyond that considering Maybin’s generally underwhelming — though, in the real world, projecting a second round pick to ever have a 4.0 WAR season like Maybin once did is generous — career to date.
OF Brendon Sanger (63) was on my short-list of FAVORITES going into the draft, so seeing him go above where many of the expert sites had him ranked makes me very happy for him.
JR OF/2B Brandon Sanger (Florida Atlantic) is a lot of fun to watch as a hitter. He’s a high-contact bat with above-average raw power and average or better speed. Beyond that, Sanger is the kind of player that is tough for me to write about because he’s just so darn well-rounded that his game borders on boring at times. He gets on base so often that you begin to take for granted his outstanding plate discipline. He wears out the gaps as well as almost any other hitter in the country. If he could be counted on playing average or better defense at second base professionally – and I’m not ruling this out, but hedging my bets with the corner outfield projection because that’s what people who have seen him more than I have recommended – then he’d be at or near the top of my list of “Why are we not including this guy among the nation’s best position player prospects?” players. As a corner outfielder he’s a little less exciting, but still one of my favorite bats to watch this spring.
I still don’t think it’s crazy to want to see him get an honest shot at playing second base this fall. It’s a bit of a played-out comp, but I think there’s enough Jason Kipnis to Sanger’s game to make attempting the conversion worth a shot. If it doesn’t work, you move on. I still think the bat is big league regular quality in an outfielder corner. Jones, Sanger, Ward, and Fletcher give the Angels a really impressive quartet of hitting prospects to be excited about from this draft.
Boehm flashes all five tools and enough at the plate to potentially profile as a regular in right field. The Kentucky transfer’s arm strength is his best current attribute while his other four tools all have a shot to play average or better as he continues to develop as a position player.
Perhaps one day Boehm will share a big league bench with OF Sam Koenig (281). Koenig’s swing has a lot of moving parts, so inconsistent contact figures to always be an issue to some degree. Thankfully, he has more than enough raw power packed into his 6-4, 220 pound frame to remain an intriguing potential bench bat or platoon option. The fact that he has experience at all of the four-corner spots (1B-3B-LF-RF) makes him appealing in that way. As a fifth-year senior (24 this March) and 27th round pick who didn’t exactly light the world on fire with his pro debut, he’ll have to get hitting quickly to keep getting chances.
rSR OF/3B Sam Koenig (Wisconsin-Milwaukee) is an old favorite who has plenty of raw power, but inconsistent contact skills. He’s even bigger than Timm and Mahoney – listed at 6-5, 220 pounds compared to their measly 6-5, 200 frames – but not nearly the defender at the hot corner as the two more natural infielders. That’s why he’s now listed as an outfielder first. It feels like he’s been on the verge of bursting out since mid-way through his sophomore season and just last year he was off to a blistering start (.424/.500/.667 with 5 BB and 6 K in 33 AB) before going down with an injury. It would be silly to suggest that such a small sample is the smoking gun that will lead to a breakout senior season; no sillier, however, then prematurely dismissing the progress any young, still developing player makes. There’s no need to overreact to Koenig’s aborted 2014 season, so the best (and most obvious) course of action is to keep a close eye on him in 2015 to see if he can finally put it all together.
Pretty similar production, right? Those raw lines are super and both were key bats at upper-echelon college programs, but the underlying plate discipline numbers are less than ideal. Those rough BB/K ratios carried over to the pro game as one might expect. Still, there are many ways to wind up a successful pro ballplayer. I like my guys to exhibit the kind of strike zone awareness that has the ballpark questioning an umpire’s call when a 50/50 pitch goes against the batter — blame watching 162 games a year of Bobby Abreu (and later Jayson Werth) during my formative baseball watching years for that — but hitters like that who can also do other things at a high-level are rare. You’ve got to embrace imperfect players at a certain point. Foster’s pre-draft blurb sums him up pretty well, I think: “raw, but as much upside for a senior sign as you’ll find.” If the light bulb ever comes on for Foster, he’s an above-average regular. That “if” is pretty gigantic considering we’re talking about a soon-to-be 23-year old prospect and not a teenager out of high school, but you never know. Allen is about a half-step down from Foster in certain physical areas (arm, speed), but if you tried to sell me that he’s better prepared for the pro game than Foster based on the idea that Allen actually started all four years at Arizona State while Foster, when not serving as the reserve QB on the football team, was consistently crowded out of a stacked LSU outfield then I wouldn’t argue.
In the end, I think both players have that one fatal flaw that will make advancing to the big leagues very difficult. Foster will get more chances as a fourth rounder (Allen went in the 25th), so he’ll get the leg up when the politics of promotions comes into play. He’d be my bet to go higher up the chain, but I think toolsy up-and-down reserve outfielder is the most realistic best case scenario. I can’t blame the Angels for going big on tools, though.
JR OF Kyle Survance is the best of the trio. His power is limited, but his speed and defense should keep him employed for at least a few years. If it clicks for him, it’s a big league skill set.
I saw OF Jordan Serena up close a lot this spring for Columbia. Besides sporting an impressive beard, he ran well, showed good athleticism, and could drive a mistake to the gaps. I like the Angels taking the approach of moving him around the diamond (2B, 3B, SS) while also keeping the knowledge that he can play a mean CF in their back pocket. He’s a solid org player.
He kept it up as a pro by hitting .313/.441/.354 with 8 BB/8 K. Come on, that’s weird. I really think he was created in a lab somewhere by Mike Martin in an attempt to create the Platonic ideal of a Florida State hitter. Or maybe Delph was drafted because he’s almost this year’s draft exact counterpoint to Jared Foster. Either way, for as much as I value plate discipline, Delph will have a tough time moving up relying on that one awesome skill. I’ll be rooting for him all the same.
My pre-draft rankings cease to mean a whole lot the second the draft ends, if they ever meant anything to anybody else at all. I can admit that. Prospect rankings are merely snapshots in time as real life living breathing players improve, stagnate, and generally evolve in ways that no one person could ever hope to accurately predict with real precision. Still, rankings serve an organizational purpose. Less so on straight prospect rankings, but draft rankings can literally be used to determine who gets picked and when. Every team makes some kind of list before the draft and sticks to it for as long as feasible (in some cases, you’d be stunned how quickly the list is abandoned…though it’s often replaced by smaller positional lists, so I guess it’s all the same thing in a different wrapper), so there is at least some utility in a pre-draft ranking. This is all a long way of saying that the Angels somehow managed to draft only one pitcher off my personal pre-draft list of 500 names. They grabbed seven of my position players, but only one pitcher. More of a weird quirk than an attempt to denigrate the work done by the Los Angeles front office, but an interesting note all the same.
Long hasn’t progressed quite as much as I was expecting back then, but that’s not to say he hasn’t progressed at all. It’s been a slow and steady climb for him, and the results so far this year indicate that real honest improvements have been made. Long lives 88-92, but can climb up to 94-95 when needed, though those mid-90s figures are an admittedly rare occurrence. The fact that the long and lean high school version of Long, thought for all the world to be full of projection and potentially of capable of eventually lighting up radar guns once he filled out, hasn’t added much to his fastball can be taken either as a negative (for obvious reasons) or a positive (he’s pitched damn well even without the big fastball and there could yet be some more in the tank coming) depending on your world view. All of those other extras that made me fall for his heater in the first place remain, and I’d call his fastball a plus pitch still even without the knockout velocity. There still isn’t one consistent offspeed pitch that he can lean on from start to start, but there are enough flashes of his change and slider that you can understand what the finished product could look like.
I really believe in Long; he’s one of those players I’d go out on a limb for and really push my team to draft if ever put in such a position of power. I think he’s as good a bet as almost any college pitcher in this class to have a long career in a big league rotation (high-floor!) while still retaining some of that upside we’ve seen over the years to be something even more (high-ceiling!).
Even though I only ranked Long, I did reference a good number of pitchers selected by the Angels this past year. RHP Nathan Bates out of Georgia State had a solid junior year. He’s big (6-8, 200) and throws hard enough (low-90s) to deserve a long look. I saw LHP Ronnie Glenn start as many games at Penn than just about any human not affiliated with the team, school, or his family. He’s a good one. Glenn throws three pitches with a chance to be around average (88-92 FB, 76-78 breaking ball, 78-80 change) with a nice amount of deception in his delivery that figures to give lefthanded hitters fits in the pros. RHP Aaron Rhodes was a stalwart performer in the Florida bullpen over the past few seasons. He’s a tough player to figure out going forward because he plays with his delivery so much that you don’t know which pitcher the real Aaron Rhodes is. The more traditional delivery can give you low-90s sinking velocity (up to 96) with the occasional above-average slider. The sidearm action is more low- to mid-80s, but no less effective. RHP Jacob McDavid out of Oral Roberts has some projection left and a good low-90s heater.
I won’t pretend to know any more about RHP Adam Hofacket than you do, but I’ve heard he throws bowling balls and his pro debut (63.3 GB%) seems to back it up so far. He’s got my attention. I like what little I know about LHP Nathaniel Bertness, a long and lean lefty out of junior college. The 6-5, 185 pound pitcher was a standout basketball player in high school who has only really focused on baseball full-time within the last year or two. Needless to say, I’m intrigued. RHP Samuel Pastrone is an intriguing overslot HS arm out of Nevada who can throw four pitches for strikes who has reportedly made a big leap forward with his velocity over the past calendar year (from 88-92, 94 peak to 90-94, 96 peak).
By Rob Ozga in 2015 MLB Draft, 2015 MLB Draft Reviews on 25 Sep 2015 .
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2019-04-26T00:47:36Z
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https://baseballdraftreport.com/2015/09/25/2015-mlb-draft-reviews-los-angeles-angels/
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In the post below, Derek shows how the team’s playoff odds dropped 20% during the five game debacle of a losing streak, making the M’s now a 1 in 20 shot to win either the division or the wild card. They’re now 7 games behind a good Angels team for first place in the A.L. West. They’re only 3 games out of the wild card, but the other teams in contention for that single playoff spot are the loser of the Detroit/Cleveland battle, the Yankees, and the A’s. You’re not going to find anyone with any kind of rational thinking that believes the M’s are better than all those teams.
In reality, the pecking order of the American League has essentially been established. The Red Sox are the best team in baseball, and the Yankees, Indians, Tigers, and Angels are all a step or so behind them in the second tier in the A.L. The third tier features the A’s at the top, followed by the Mariners, Twins, and Blue Jays.
No matter how you want to look at it, the best this team could realistically argue for is being the 6th or 7th best team in the American League, depending on how you feel about Oakland’s ability to win with the back of a rotation of Chad Gaudin, Lenny DiNardo, and Joe Kennedy and a team that still can’t hit.
As noted, mathmatically, it’s not very likely that the 6th or 7th best team in the league can overcome the a significant deficit to pass a better team in front of them in the standings. The M’s playoff chances are, officially, a longshot. A 10% chance of making the playoffs isn’t a death knell, but it’s not exactly reason for optimism either. The M’s are, again, at a crossroads. The last time they faced a win-or-fold-your-tents series of games, they went on a tear and closed the gap in the division.
The M’s are now back where they started, however. Tomorrow, they begin a homestand that brings a bad Pirates team and a bad Reds team in for back-to-back series before Boston rolls into town. Essentially, the Mariners have 3 weeks to salvage their season. In the final 19 games before the all-star break, they have a lot of winning to do in order to make up enough ground to really consider themselves contenders in the second half.
If the Mariners are serious about getting back in this thing, there are some things they can do to put a better team on the field for the next three weeks and give themselves a better chance. We’ve talked about most of these, but consider this an official request.
1. Promote Adam Jones from Tacoma and stick him in the line-up everyday.
He’s a better player today than half the guys in the line-up, a kid who can hit for average and power while playing terrific defense on a team that badly needs another quality defensive outfielder. Raul Ibanez simply can’t cover enough ground to be a credible option in Safeco Field anymore, and the Mariners would gain a huge competitive advantage by sticking Jones in left field and splitting RF/DH duties between Raul Ibanez, Jose Guillen, Jose Vidro, and Ben Broussard. Mike Hargrove is systematically opposed to platoons, but in the interest of winning ballgames, he should simply get over his preconceived biases and do what’s best for the team. By installing Jones as the everyday left fielder and using the worn down veterans to give each other frequent offdays, the team would instantly improve it’s offense, defense, and bench. It’s a no-brainer of a move, the kind of talent addition that most teams only dream about getting from a mid-season acquisition. And the M’s don’t even have to make a trade to pull this one off. Show some cajones and make the move. Give us Adam Jones in the majors tomorrow night.
2. Stick Ryan Feierabend in the rotation.
In an ideal world, Feierabend could still be in Tacoma, but as sad as it is to say, right now, he’s one of the five best starting pitchers in the organization. To create a spot for him, shift Jeff Weaver to the bullpen to pitch mop-up work. At this point, things like contract and veteranness just can’t matter in the decision making process – today, Feierabend is a better pitcher than Jeff Weaver, and the M’s can’t afford to have a better pitcher sitting in the bullpen while the M’s lose another game where Weaver takes the mound.
Brandon Morrow’s command problems have finally caught up with him, and his velocity was down at the end of the road trip as well. He walked a high wire act through the first two months of the season, but let’s be honest, a guy who walks more than a batter per inning simply can’t be counted on in high leverage situations. With Sherrill and Putz, the M’s have a lights out pair of relievers who can handle the 8th and 9th innings. Hand the 7th inning over to Eric O’Flaherty and Sean Green, and let Morrow hang out in the low leverage situations with Jason Davis and Jeff Weaver. If his velocity doesn’t come back soon, stick him on the DL and give his arm a rest.
Three simple moves that allow the team to re-align their assets as an organization and put the team in the best possible situation to win ballgames. If it still isn’t enough to make up ground in these last 19 games before the all-star break, then you have your answer on whether you’re a contender or not, and you can commence trading off of the veterans.
In the next three weeks, the M’s have one final chance to show us they’re serious about winning, and they’re willing to step on some players toes in order to do so. Here’s to the organization sacking up and making some calls that might not be popular with some highly paid veterans, but put a better team on the field while they try to salvage the rest of the 2007 season.
Uggh, in LF not CF.
As for Sexson, if he doesn’t start hitting soon, he’s going to fall behind even his 2006 pace. His OPS for June 2006 was .858.
I think all our problems would be solved by bringing back Ken Griffey Jr.
53: or trading Randy Winn for Ryan Howard.
Love it JL. If only life was that simple. Gave me a nice chuckle.
I am curious how much stock you put in the concept of momentum for a pitching staff. When the back-end guys see Felix getting hit hard, do you think it has any negative impact on the pitchers who follow in the rotation?
I’d be careful what you wish for. I could see the situation where we’re like 10 games back at the break and that’s when the M’s freak out and pull the trigger on Griffey or Dunn, sending Feierabend and Jones to Cincinnati. I’d hope not, but if they think it’ll make the fans happy, god knows.
I realize (hope) the Griffey thing was a joke.
None. Momentum is tomorrow’s starting pitcher, and in the M’s case, their pitchers just aren’t any good.
Barely. The Yanks and perhaps the Twins will pass them up any day now, which would put the Mariners in the middle of the pack/mediocre.
Besides Feierabend is there any pther pitcher not named Jake Woods in the minors who could help out this year in the event of an injury or extreme suckitude?
Also, how long are they going to keep Ho-Ram on the DL (i.e. would they transfer him to 60 day dl) and if they bring him off are they going to “rehab” him in the minors or bring him straight back to the rotation?
I think Justin Lehr is also someone you could stick in at 5. The peripherals aren’t as good as they look at AAA, but he’s a GB pitcher at least.
He’s talking about the wrong team, but Gammons is right. There’s a sizable contingent of Red Sox fans that want Theo Epstein fired because of deals he didn’t make or the inability of the Sox to win another title since 2004. White Sox fans want Kenny Williams and Ozzie Guillen gone, and we’re not even two years removed from their World Series.
And you hear some of that, indirectly, on here. Team wins, optimism. Team loses, hang them all from the highest tree. But I think, on the whole, at least since the Soriano and Snelling trades, everyone here has been behind canning Hargrove and Bavasi.
#62, I agree, I don’t really know w/ Lehr (but based on his stats, I do agree) particularly, but the whole concept that it’s hard to find starting pitchers, especially #5 quality pitchers is getting annoying fast. It’s not just the M’s, everyone is saying it, and it’s not true. Replacement level starters are as easy to find as any replacement level players. The concept of replacement level has been so exhaustedly researched that any GM that doesn’t understand it shouldn’t have a job.
How about 4) give Broussard more than 30 ABs a month.
Until Ibanez shows he’s really back, Broussard’s the team’s best left-handed power bat, and Hargrove can’t find a way to give him more ABs than Bloomquist? Not to mention he’s sabotaging Broussard’s ability to net us a compensation draft pick as a potential Type B FA this offseason.
Giving Broussard 300-400 ABs this year would help the team win now and in the future. His lack of ABs is one of the most frustrating things about the season for me.
Not to mention he’s sabotaging Broussard’s ability to net us a compensation draft pick as a potential Type B FA this offseason.
I don’t think Broussard is eligible for free agency this coming offseason.
I wouldn’t totally rule out Justin Thomas being useful in September. He got rocked in his last start, but before that, he’d strung together a bunch of good performances, and his arm looks to be mostly recovered from the early season soreness. He’s a moderate ceiling 23-year-old LHP, and since he’s had less of a workload this year than those who started pitching in April, he could still have something left in the tank at the end of the year.
But, honestly, that’s a bit of a stretch. The real answer is probably no.
Broussard’s only arb-eligible this winter. At the end of this year, he’ll have just over 5 years of service time, leaving him one year short of qualifying for free agency.
By the way, an interesting note about Wlad…his walkoff HR in the 12th inning Friday night was hit off Donnie Sadler, the journeyman utility infielder, who came in when Tucson ran out of pitchers.
Yes, unlike the Mark McLemore pitching for Houston who is a different guy from the utility man who played for the Mariners, this is the very same Spiezio we know and loathe.
Things got so grim that Scott Spiezio pitched the eighth inning, becoming the first Cardinals position player to toe the rubber since Cody McKay on April 8, 2004. In an even worse sign, Spiezio pitched one of the best innings of the night.
Spiezio tossed a scoreless inning with only a walk allowed. When he retired Bobby Crosby on a ground ball, it was the first time since the second inning that the A’s leadoff hitter didn’t reach base.
Rookie reliever Andy Cavazos did yeoman work for 1 2/3 innings in relief of Looper, but a tiring Cavazos walked the first two batters of the seventh before allowing a three-run Dan Johnson homer. Kelvin Jimenez finished the seventh before handing over to Spiezio.
Spiezio was the only St. Louis pitcher not to allow a run.
He played Friday night so I assumed he was back. Did he reinjure himself? I see he didn’t play Saturday and Sunday.
It’s so frustrating to see posts like this, know that these are perfectly reasonable and intelligent moves for the M’s to make, and yet we already pretty much know that they won’t make them.
This management team has completely lost my faith as a fan, and they need to go. But the team won’t do /that/, either.
I don’t, honestly, know what the fix to the entire problem is.
What kind of line would we be looking at for Jones for the rest of the year?
I’m assuming he’d struggle a little compared to what he is doing in the minors, but I’m curious as to how much of an improvement he would project to be.
I’m guessing something like .280/.330/.450, which doesn’t sound impressive until you adjust for Safeco and throw in the defensive contributions. A guy who can flag down flyballs in the gap while running a near .800 OPS in Safeco is a darn good player.
Bummer for Morse. He was having a good year.
With Beltre and Morse hurt, and with Burroughs fat and released, Bloomquist might actually be the M’s best available option at 3B (at least until the M’s call the Giants and ask for Justin Leone back).
Just how badly is Beltre hurt?
Justin Leone for Third! Oh, wait.
Putting Vidro at 2B and Lopez at 3B seems like such a desperate move that it suggests (along with his limited usage earlier in the year) that Hargrove has realized Bloomquist can’t hit.
HARGROVE: You know Mac, I’ve been watching that Bloomquist kid and I’m wondering if I’ve been wrong about him. I’m not sure if he really is the hitter I thought he was.
I wonder if there’s any chance, with the return to AL rules, that he’ll leave Vidro in the field and put Ibanez at DH. It makes for a horrible infield but it might provide an opening for Jones.
A guy who can flag down flyballs in the gap while running a near .800 OPS in Safeco is a darn good player.
Of course, people will likely whine unduly about the K’s… also like Cammy.
The disconnect that I see is that Vidro is considered by Hargrove (see his comments about playing him at 2nd) to be one of his best hitters. Vidro is also hitting exactly like Bavasi hoped he would. Good batting average but no expected power. So, like Dave says, Ibanez is not going to DH and there is no room for another right handed player.
This site depresses me. Not because of rampant negatism but because it makes me an informed fan. Informed fan + Mariner fan + Mariner FO + Mike Hargrove = depressed fan.
Putting Vidro at 2nd and Lopez at 3rd makes the infield defense incredibly weak. Lopez is fine at 2nd, but has no real experience at 3rd. Beyond that, the right side of the infield, between Turbo and Sexson, has absolutely no range. Guillen will be picking up a lot of groundball singles if that is the defensive alignment.
1. Leave Lopez at 2b and keep his good defense in place.
2. Play Bloomquist and Vidro at 3b. If you’re going to insist on playing Vidro in the field, why weaken two positions by moving Lopez to 3b and putting Vidro at 2b? Just put him in at 3b. You also don’t need to be as mobile at 3b so it would seem to suit him better.
3. Trade Guillen for young pitching…or old pitching…Anyone that can go 6-7 innings. Maybe just a pitcher headed to free agency or with a large contract.
4. Bring in Jones to play RF.
With Morse reinjuried I have to agree playing Vidro at 2nd only weakens the middle INF and may invite reinjury of his hamstrings/knee.
Vidro value to the M’s is as DH/PH not in the field at none of the positions.
If Hargrove feels the need to put Lopez at 3rd then put Bloomquist at 2nd tho he does have an option for 3rd in Broussard and Ibanez thus adding another or keeping a LHB to the order.
Demote Morrow to AA Diamond Jax to work his way into the rotation and work on his pitches expecially his off speed stuff.
Demote Weaver to long relief and mop up duty in blow outs to save the pen along with middle relief with Davis.
Give innings 5 to 7 to Eric O’Flaherty and Sean Green theen leave 8th and 9th go to Sherrill and Putz til Lowe can be returned to the pen to share set up with Sherrill.
Another option if demoting Weaver isn’t enough with Davis trade Mateo and say Ellison for a middle reliever from one of clubs out of contention in their division.
As to the rotation I fully agree put Feierabend in BOR for the remainer of the season cause this young LHP is light years bettter than Jeff”demote me or DFA me”Weaver.With Feierabend the M’s bats have a chance to maintain a lead or reclaim opne before things get too out of reach.
I won’t say never but Ramirez as questionable as Weaver along with the fall off from Washburn etc….Now may be the time maybe shop around Mateo,Reed maybe even Sexson for SP help. I’m sure a solid #2 maybe available from a club or two who are in the hunt but need alittle more bat to get areal shot at it.
The M’s do have options in the second half in AAA who can fill any position on field either as a starter or as a platoon partner.
RF/LF could be Jones ticket to the MLB this season and Broussard can more than handle 1stB in place of Sexson with good offense from the LH side of the plate.
LaHair or Bloomquist can back up Broussard at 1stB should he need a day off etc…..
However if the M’s decide to calup Adam Jones I agree with that must be for a everday starter job or leave him in AAA to hone his skills.
Either RF or LF then platoon with frequent off days in the OF spot Jones isn’t playing with Ibanez,Broussard,maybe Bloomquistwith Ibanez getting the nod when Jones needs a day off.
I can’t believe I’m writing this, but I’d rather Feierabend replace Washburn for one start than Weaver. Let Weaver have one more start, and skip Washburn once, letting him sort out his addled mind. If Weaver bombs in his next start, then stick him in the bullpen and let Feierabend take his spot. But for godssake give Washburn a rest–the guy’s been stricken with Weaveritis. Also, let’s avoid using Morrow for at least 2-3 days. Or, send him to AAA so that he can work on his stuff without detriment to the M’s.
Totally agree with calling up Jones from AAA. Put him in LF and let Ibanez DH 50% of the time.
90-I think you meant to say “When Weaver bombs in his next start”, because Grover’s given Weaver third and fourth chances to showcase his major-league skills and the results have been disappointing, to say the least. Weaver should not start and only see low-leverage action (unless there’s such a thing as a no-leverage situation, then sign him up).
But for godssake give Washburn a rest–the guy’s been stricken with Weaveritis.
You misspelled regression to the mean.
91 – “If”, as in Weaver goes fewer than 5 IP and/or gives up 6+ ER. A line like 6 IP, 7 H, 5 ER would be considered darn tootin’ compared to his normal stat set (and compared to the other starters recent lines as well).
92 – Misdiagnosis. Based on the symptoms (his last four starts), it seems more a case of acute Ayala disease or Charltonitis–similar ailments that cause the pitcher to either toss batting practice-like cheeseballs that get hammered or totally avoid home plate as though a mine were hovering above it.
I really hope I’m wrong, but I don’t think so.
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2019-04-22T18:49:02Z
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http://www.ussmariner.com/2007/06/18/now-what/
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Australia ', ' something ': ' Austria ', ' BE ': ' Belgium ', ' BR ': ' Brazil ', ' CL ': ' Chile ', ' CN ': ' China ', ' CO ': ' Colombia ', ' HR ': ' Croatia ', ' DK ': ' Denmark ', ' DO ': ' Dominican Republic ', ' immigration ': ' Egypt ', ' FI ': ' Finland ', ' FR ': ' France ', ' DE ': ' Germany ', ' GR ': ' Greece ', ' HK ': ' Hong Kong ', ' IN ': ' India ', ' generation ': ' Indonesia ', ' IE ': ' Ireland ', ' applause ': ' Israel ', ' IT ': ' Italy ', ' JP ': ' Japan ', ' JO ': ' Jordan ', ' KW ': ' Kuwait ', ' LB ': ' Lebanon ', ' will ': ' Malaysia ', ' MX ': ' Mexico ', ' NL ': ' Netherlands ', ' NZ ': ' New Zealand ', ' j ': ' Nigeria ', ' NO ': ' Norway ', ' PK ': ' Pakistan ', ' PA ': ' Panama ', ' price ': ' Peru ', ' stream ': ' Philippines ', ' PL ': ' Poland ', ' RU ': ' Russia ', ' SA ': ' Saudi Arabia ', ' RS ': ' Serbia ', ' SG ': ' Singapore ', ' ZA ': ' South Africa ', ' KR ': ' South Korea ', ' ES ': ' Spain ', ' SE ': ' Sweden ', ' CH ': ' Switzerland ', ' TW ': ' Taiwan ', ' ofthe ': ' Thailand ', ' TR ': ' Turkey ', ' AE ': ' United Arab Emirates ', ' VE ': ' Venezuela ', ' PT ': ' Portugal ', ' LU ': ' Luxembourg ', ' BG ': ' Bulgaria ', ' CZ ': ' Czech Republic ', ' SI ': ' Slovenia ', ' is ': ' Iceland ', ' SK ': ' Slovakia ', ' LT ': ' Lithuania ', ' TT ': ' Trinidad and Tobago ', ' BD ': ' Bangladesh ', ' LK ': ' Sri Lanka ', ' KE ': ' Kenya ', ' HU ': ' Hungary ', ' analysis ': ' Morocco ', ' CY ': ' Cyprus ', ' JM ': ' Jamaica ', ' EC ': ' Ecuador ', ' RO ': ' Romania ', ' BO ': ' Bolivia ', ' GT ': ' Guatemala ', ' depth ': ' Costa Rica ', ' QA ': ' Qatar ', ' SV ': ' El Salvador ', ' HN ': ' Honduras ', ' NI ': ' Nicaragua ', ' seller ': ' Paraguay ', ' journey ': ' Uruguay ', ' PR ': ' Puerto Rico ', ' BA ': ' Bosnia and Herzegovina ', ' PS ': ' Palestine ', ' TN ': ' Tunisia ', ' BH ': ' Bahrain ', ' VN ': ' Vietnam ', ' GH ': ' Ghana ', ' MU ': ' Mauritius ', ' UA ': ' Ukraine ', ' MT ': ' Malta ', ' BS ': ' The Bahamas ', ' MV ': ' Maldives ', ' number ': ' Oman ', ' MK ': ' Macedonia ', ' LV ': ' Latvia ', ' EE ': ' Estonia ', ' IQ ': ' Iraq ', ' DZ ': ' Algeria ', ' page ': ' Albania ', ' NP ': ' Nepal ', ' MO ': ' Macau ', ' person ': ' Montenegro ', ' SN ': ' Senegal ', ' GE ': ' Georgia ', ' BN ': ' Brunei ', ' UG ': ' Uganda ', ' industry ': ' Guadeloupe ', ' BB ': ' Barbados ', ' AZ ': ' Azerbaijan ', ' TZ ': ' Tanzania ', ' LY ': ' Libya ', ' MQ ': ' Martinique ', ' CM ': ' Cameroon ', ' BW ': ' Botswana ', ' cloud ': ' Ethiopia ', ' KZ ': ' Kazakhstan ', ' NA ': ' Namibia ', ' MG ': ' Madagascar ', ' NC ': ' New Caledonia ', ' exception ': ' Moldova ', ' FJ ': ' Fiji ', ' BY ': ' Belarus ', ' JE ': ' Jersey ', ' GU ': ' Guam ', ' YE ': ' Yemen ', ' ZM ': ' Zambia ', ' source ': ' Isle Of Man ', ' HT ': ' Haiti ', ' KH ': ' Cambodia ', ' bit ': ' Aruba ', ' PF ': ' French Polynesia ', ' processor ': ' Afghanistan ', ' BM ': ' Bermuda ', ' GY ': ' Guyana ', ' AM ': ' Armenia ', ' home ': ' Malawi ', ' AG ': ' Antigua ', ' RW ': ' Rwanda ', ' GG ': ' Guernsey ', ' GM ': ' The Gambia ', ' FO ': ' Faroe Islands ', ' LC ': ' St. Spark AR StudioBe one of the Qualitative to browse rich dwells on Instagram. 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SMART PACKAGE - WAL-MART STORES, INC.
Provided is a smart package. The smart package may include a body portion having an inner volume. A door may be coupled to the body portion, wherein the door is moveable between a closed and an open position. In the closed position the door restricts access to the inner volume of the body portion. In the open position, an opening to the inner volume is exposed for access to the inner volume. The smart package may also include a monitoring device, wherein the monitoring device controls and monitors operation of the smart package, such as monitoring the status of the contents and the environment of the inner volume of the smart package. The smart package may also include a modular adapter coupled to an outer surface of the body portion, wherein the modular adapter is configured to releasably connect to an output of a delivery vehicle system.
adapter is configured to releasably connect to an output of a delivery vehicle system.
2. The smart package of claim 1, wherein the modular adapter is coupled to one of an air conditioning unit output, a temperature regulator output, a humidity regulator output, a power source output and a security panel output of the delivery vehicle system.
3. The smart package of claim 1, wherein the modular adapter is at least two modular adapters. 4. The smart package of claim 3, wherein the at least two modular adapters are each coupled to one of an air conditioning unit output, a temperature regulator output, a humidity regulator output, a power source output and a security panel output of the autonomous vehicle system, wherein each modular adapter is coupled to a different output of the delivery vehicle system.
5. The smart package of claim 1, wherein the monitoring device monitors environmental conditions and status of contents within the body portion.
6. The smart package of claim 5, wherein the monitoring device monitors and controls a power source of the smart package.
7. The smart package of claim 6, wherein the monitoring device monitors a location of the smart package.
8. The smart package of claim 7, wherein the monitoring device controls access to the inner volume of the body portion.
insertion and content removal into and out of the inner volume of the body portion.
10. The smart package of claim 9, wherein the monitoring device monitors connection and disconnection of the smart package modular adapter with an output of the delivery vehicle system.
11. The smart package of claim 10, wherein the monitoring device is communicatively coupled to the delivery vehicle system and a central computing system and communicates information determined from the monitoring device regarding the smart package and the contents therein.
12. The smart package of claim 11, wherein the delivery vehicle system adjusts outputs in response to processing the information communicated from the monitoring device.
automatically adjusting the output of the delivery vehicle system in response to the delivery vehicle system processing the communicated information.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising controlling access to the inner volume of the body portion of the smart package.
authentication. 19. The smart package of claim 18, wherein the block chain is ongoing chain hashed with key addresses along the chain of custody, including hashing with a seller private key address, a courier private key address and a buyer private key address.
20. The smart package of claim 18, wherein the block chain registers a product placed within the inner volume of the smart package.
21. The smart package of claim 20, wherein the block chain registers the product within the inner volume as the smart package moves through a supply chain. 22. The smart package of claim 18, wherein the block chain authenticates a product placed within the smart package as the smart package moves through a supply chain.
within the inner volume of the smart package, wherein the chain block of the delivery encryption system tracks and authenticates each of the plurality of products within the smart package.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application entitled "SMART PACKAGE," serial number 62/381,235, filed August 30, 2016, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated entirely herein by reference.
Managing a packages environment when it goes from distribution or fulfillment center to the customer's home has been a challenge. Various solutions have been proposed and each of those solutions is lacking. With the emergence of autonomous vehicles serving as couriers for packages, a possible solution for cold chain management and the environment of a package exists. Additionally, the Internet of things is being incorporated into many packaging solutions. However, the existing solutions sill lack the ability to track our packages at all times, including knowing who has custody of the package, what is in the package, why the package is in the state that it is in, where the package is located, and when the package will be delivered, companies would be able to more intelligently eliminate shrink with packages in the delivery cycle.
In one aspect, provided is a smart package comprising: a body portion having an inner volume; a door coupled to the body portion, wherein the door is moveable between a closed and an open position, wherein in the closed position the door restricts access to the inner volume of the body portion and in the open position, an opening to the inner volume is exposed for access to the inner volume; and a modular adapter coupled to an outer surface of the body portion, wherein the modular adapter is configured to releasably connect to an output of a delivery vehicle system.
In another aspect, provided is a smart package comprising: a body portion having an inner volume; a door coupled to the body portion, wherein the door is moveable between a closed and an open position, wherein in the closed position the door restricts access to the inner volume of the body portion and in the open position, an opening to the inner volume is exposed for access to the inner volume; a monitoring device, wherein the monitoring device controls and monitors operation of the smart package; and a modular adapter coupled to an outer surface of the body portion, wherein the modular adapter is configured to releasably connect to an output of a delivery vehicle system.
In another aspect, provided is a method of using a smart package, the method comprising: placing a payload within an inner volume of a body portion of the smart package; coupling a modular adapter to an output of a delivery vehicle system; monitoring operation of the smart package; communicating information regarding operation of the smart package with the delivery vehicle system; and automatically adjusting the output of the delivery vehicle system in response to the delivery vehicle system processing the communicated information.
In another aspect, provided is a smart package comprising: a body portion having an inner volume; a door coupled to the body portion, wherein the door is moveable between a closed and an open position, wherein in the closed position the door restricts access to the inner volume of the body portion and in the open position, an opening to the inner volume is exposed for access to the inner volume; a modular adapter coupled to an outer surface of the body portion, wherein the modular adapter is configured to releasably connect to an output of a delivery vehicle system; and a delivery encryption system comprising a block chain for package tracking and authentication.
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a smart package in accordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a rear perspective view of a smart package in accordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing smart package with contents within an inner volume in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a smart package coupled within a vehicle for delivery in accordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for using a smart package, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a delivery encryption system using a block chain, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a block chain for use with a smart package, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 8 is another flow diagram of forming a block chain for use with a smart package, in accordance with some embodiments.
The present inventive concepts include a smart package that has the ability to control the environment of an inner volume of the smart package, to monitor the status of the contents and item within the smart package, and provide secured access to the contents of the smart package. For example, and without limitation, the smart package may allow the package to provide environment control for the contents therein; may for tracking of the products inside; may require user-authentication to engage with the contents of the smart package; and may have modular adapters on its surfaces to allow for battery replenishment and environment control inputs through delivery vehicle systems. The smart package may include an onboard computer system contained that is programmed to communicate the status of the contents inside the smart package as well as its contents with the delivery vehicle. Further, the delivery vehicle will deploy environment control agents and power to the smart package in an effort to protect the contents inside. The onboard computer system of the smart package may also track packages as they are removed or inserted into smart package's payload or inner volume. This information may be transmitted to the retailer's delivery ecosystem. FIGs. 1-4 depict a smart package 10 according to embodiments of the present invention. The smart package 10 may include a body portion 12 having an inner volume 40. The smart package 10 further includes a door 14 coupled to the body portion 12. The door is moveable between a closed and an open position. In the closed position, the door restricts access to the inner volume 40 of the body portion 12. In the open position, an opening to the inner volume 40 is exposed for access to the inner volume 40. The smart package 10 further includes a modular adapter 20, 22 coupled to an outer surface of the body portion 12. The modular adapter 20, 22 is configured to releasably connect to an output 62 or 64 of a delivery vehicle 60 system. In embodiments, the modular adapter 20, 22 may be multiple types of adapters, such as, but not limited to power input and secure package adapter 20, environmental adapter 22, and the like. The following examples are provided for the exemplary purposes of this disclosure and not as a limitation: the modular adapter 22 that is an environmental adapter may be coupled to an air conditioning unit output of the delivery vehicle system; the modular adapter 22 that is an environmental adapter may be coupled to a temperature regulator output of the delivery vehicle system; the modular adapter 22 that is an environmental adapter may be a humidity regulator output of the delivery vehicle system; the modular adapter 20 that is a power input may be coupled to a power source output of the delivery vehicle system; the modular adapter 20 that is a secure package adapter may be coupled to a security panel output of the delivery vehicle system; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the modular adapter 20, 22 includes at least two modular adapters 20, 22. When at least two modular adapters are included with the smart package 10, it may include one of the adapters 20 or 22 as described above wherein each adapter is coupled to one of an air conditioning unit output, a temperature regulator output, a humidity regulator output, a power source output and a security panel output of the delivery vehicle system, wherein each modular adapter is coupled to a different output of the delivery vehicle system.
The smart package 10 may include a monitoring device 18. The monitoring device 18 controls and monitors operation of the smart package 10. The monitoring devicel8 monitors environmental conditions and status of contents 50 within the body portion 12 of the smart package 10. The monitoring device 18 may monitor and control a power source of the smart package 10. The monitoring device 18 may monitor a location of the smart package 10. The monitoring device 18 may control access to the inner volume 40 of the body portion 12 and operate as a security panel. The monitoring device 18 monitors content 50 insertion and content removal into and out of the inner volume 40 of the body portion 12 through use and connection to a package reader 16.
Further, the monitoring device 18 monitors connection and disconnection of the smart package 10 modular adapter 20, 22 with an output of the delivery vehicle system. In these embodiments, the monitoring device 18 is communicatively coupled to the delivery vehicle system and a central computing system and communicates information determined from the monitoring device 18 regarding the smart package 10 and the contents 50 therein. The delivery vehicle system may adjust outputs in response to processing the information communicated from the monitoring device 18. During use, when an item 50 is placed into the smart package 10, the smart package 10 will monitor, track, and control item(s) 20, as well as the environment of the inner volume. The tracking can be accomplished by use of the monitoring device 18 that may include an onboard computer that receives input from RFID, video analytics, barcode scanning, and the like. Further, the smart package may monitor the status of the contents or items 50. For example and without limitation, the smart package 10 will track information regarding the presence or removal of an item when the item is placed in the inner volume 40 or payload of the smart package 10. The smart package 10 may monitor the environmental conditions of the inner volume 40. The smart package 10 may monitor the environmental conditions of contents 50 placed in the inner volume 40. The smart package 10 may be able to monitor items 50 that may include perishable goods, such as cold chain products, and be able to deploy environmental agents for sustainability of the product 50.
Further, in use, the smart package 10 may communicate the status of contents 50 as well as the environment of the inner volume 40 by use of the monitoring device 18. For example and without limitation, this communication may send information from the smart package 10 to a Central Computer System, which may communicate messages regarding location, temperature, humidity, package status, delivery status, security panel access, removal or insertion of products, and the like; or this communication may send information from the smart package 10 to an Autonomous Vehicle System or a Traditional Delivery System of the status of the smart package 10, and when necessary, the smart package 10 may communicate information on the necessity of environmental control agents that the vehicle system, whether autonomous or traditional, may deploy necessary environmental control agents, such as air conditioning in response to such communication.
connections to autonomous vehicle systems or other delivery vehicle systems including but are not limited to air conditioner units, temperature regulators, humidity regulators, power transference, security panels, and the like; and connections to allow for autonomous vehicle systems to securely move the smart package 10 (such as smart package adapter 20), which may eliminate the risk of a smart package 10 being lost during flight or ground transportation. This smart package adapter 20 may allow for seamless connection and disconnection from vehicle systems, wherein the connection between the vehicle system and the smart package 10 may be tracked; and the connection between the delivery vehicle system may be monitored for connective security.
authentication systems: i) fingerprint; ii) voice prints/voice signatures; iii) IRIS scans; iv) Personal Physical Signals, such as: Unique Heart rate information, DNA; v) Natural Body Identification - RFID implants, brain implants, silicon chips, digestible chips, ingestible chips powered by stomach acids; vi) Video analytics; vii) Unique code sent to a smart device; and viii) Multifactor authentication: a combination of multiple security access mediums, such as any of the above in combination. Referring further to the drawings, FIGs. 6-8 depict an embodiment of a block chain that may be incorporated with the smart package 10. The smart package 10, in addition to the component discussed above, may also include a delivery encryption system 80 comprising a block chain for package tracking and authentication as shown in FIG. 6. The block chain is ongoing chain hashed with key addresses along the chain of custody, including hashing with a seller private key address, a courier private key address and a buyer private key address as depicted in FIG. 7.
As depicted in FIGs. 7 and 8, the block chain registers a product 50 placed within the inner volume 40 of the smart package 10; registers the product 50 within the inner volume 40 as the smart package 10 moves through a supply chain; and authenticates a product 50 placed within the smart package 10 as the smart package 10 moves through a supply chain.
In embodiments, the block chain associated with a product 50 placed in the smart package 10 dynamically adjusts to account for the cold chain status of the product 50 as the smart package 10 moves through a supply chain. Further, in embodiments, the smart package 10 may include a plurality of products 50 placed within the inner volume 40 of the smart package 10, wherein the chain block of the delivery encryption system 80 tracks and authenticates each of the plurality of products 50 within the smart package 10.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 70 for using a smart package, in accordance with some embodiments. While shopping online, a customer may select products for purchase and the items or products 50. At that point method 70 may be deployed, wherein the method 70 includes placing an item within an inner volume of a body portion of the smart package (Step 71); coupling a modular adapter to an output of a delivery vehicle system (Step 72); monitoring operation of the smart package (Step 73); communicating information regarding operation of the smart package with the delivery vehicle system (Step 74); and automatically adjusting the output of the delivery vehicle system in response to the delivery vehicle system processing the communicated information (Step 75).
The method 70 may include controlling access to the inner volume of the body portion of the smart package. Additionally, automatically adjusting the output of the delivery vehicle system may include deploying environmental control agents to maintain predetermined environment conditions.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects or components of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method, or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a "circuit," "module" or "system." Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wire-line, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the "C" programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, cloud-based infrastructure architecture, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
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2019-04-23T00:41:06Z
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http://www.sumobrain.com/patents/wipo/Smart-package/WO2018044660A1.html
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It sits at the foot of Mount Agung in the tiny village of Tulamben in the northeastern coast of Bali, right on the black lava-rock beach and some of Bali's most accessible coral reefs. The resort retains traditional ambience of a Balinese fishing compound with 13 terraced patio rooms, 12 thatched-roof cottages and 4 ocean view cottages. It is ideally set for a relaxing holiday whilst exploring some of Indonesia's most recognized underwater world.
Mimpi Resort Tulamben is located in the small village of Tulamben, on the north-side foot of Bali’s sacred Mount Agung. The region belongs to Northeast Bali locally called Karangasem which covers most of Bali’s east coast with its capital city Amlapura.
The ride from Bali’s international airport will approximately take 2 hours through Bali’s newest highway of Tohpati – Kusamba. There are several famous shopping spots on the way. As soon as leaving the highway, the ride will get to Bali’s historic city of Semarapura. Considered as former capital city of Bali’s old kingdom, it is home to the famous historic site of Kertagosa, an old justice court with uniquely-painted ceiling from old time.
After Semarapura, the ride will also pass Candidasa, a tourist beach-side village which houses accommodation hotels and restaurants. Bali’s ancient village of Tenganan is located on short turn from Candidasa.
The next important spot after Candidasa is Amlapura, the capital city of East Bali locally called Karangasem. As soon as leaving the city, the ride will pass Tirtagangga, an old royal water palace built in 1940’s by East Bali’s last reigning king. The palace represents European influence to Bali’s architecture.
The village of Tulamben is located approximately 20 minutes after Tirtagangga. The resort is located right on the village bay next to a local temple called Pura Batu Kelebit. A resort sign is set by the main road to guide you to its entrance.
There is certainly another option available through the region of Kintamani heading to Tejakula but the above rout is most recommended as it is the shortest and most convenient.
4 cottages are set in the front row to view blue of Tulamben bay offering mood of ocean waves whilst enjoying relaxing hours from the private gazebo. Bedroom is cool with marble floor and wooden furniture. Entrance to each cottage is uniquely designed through a wooden door gate.
The 12 Balinese-style cottages with peaked thatched roofs, each has its own private garden compound and detached bale bengong veranda surrounded by a lava-rock moat full of carp. Bathrooms feature an open-air shower accessible through a door from the garden, built specifically so divers do not have to drip salt water and algae through their bedroom. Shower corner is uniquely fenced with black lava-rock.
Sheltered under big trees, 13 patio Rooms are set to landscape with lush tropical garden. A veranda is ideally set with cuisine in front of each room to provide gathering space whilst enjoying hours of chatting. The bedroom is spacious with simple natural details, cool marble floor and high wooden ceiling. The bathroom has an open-air shower with small garden inside.
The Tunjung Resto is set open-air facing the pool and the blue of Tulamben bay. It is uniquely constructed by wood to nestle under swaying tropical trees and sea breeze. The best of it is certainly sound of the ocean drum crashing sleepless to shore the pebble beach. Atmosphere is casually relaxing and menu represents selections from around the globe to suit every taste. A small bar is uniquely added in the corner to serve variety of beverages whilst enjoying blue of the ocean.
The pool is perched above blue of the ocean sheltered by swaying coconut and tropical trees. Lounging and reading in the companion of ocean drum crashing ashore the pebble beach is simply relaxing. A view of the sun rising out of the oceanic horizon early in the morning gestures a painted backdrop before you start your breakfast.
Geological terrain of Northeast Bali where Tulamben is located is relatively dry due to low average rainfall. The north-side dry valley of majestic mount Agung stands tall in the back of the village. However as you step inside the resort, this dry impression will gradually lift away. Utilizing originally dry ground through long work and effort, the garden is well planned to simulate compound of a traditional Balinese fishing village.
Fish ponds with water lily is intimate in each accommodation corner. Limestone pathways wind between grass-roof cottages with swaying coconuts and other tropical trees. The existing big trees have grown in the ground prior to the resort’s development. The main energy is to keep all of them by incorporating the design in such. The result is a tropical garden which gently blend with ocean drum and sea breeze.
The resort’s spa offers several treatments ranging from 60 to 120 minutes. Staffed by well-trained therapists, each treatment is developed and practiced using natural ingredients produced through bio-energy process. The result is gentle and relaxing to recharge body and mind after an active day. Pre-booking is well recommended.
Owned and managed by mimpi group, the Mimpi Dive Center in Tulamben is operated under affiliation with PADI S-17793. Like any dive operation of Mimpi, it is site-based with expertise to cover all sites in Tulamben area and other nearby Bali’s northeast sites. Dedicated team, well-maintained equipment and passion to quality is combined to put safety on top. It takes great advantage of its location which is a walk-away from Tulamben house reef, the drop-off and the fame Liberty Wreck. Staying at the resort gives an advantage of enabling to make early morning dive before all other day-trip divers from the south arrive to crowd.
Daily arrangement is mostly shore dive with entry along the pebble beach of Tulamben. For some other sites located a bit outside of the bay like Batu Kelebit, Alamanda, Emerald, Seraya Secret and Kubu, traditional boat is used to transport divers to the entry point. One thing about diving in Tulamben is that woman villagers will carry your tank on head to the dive entry. A tradition which has started as early as diving in Tulamben itself is concerned. To dive all further eastern sites around Amed, a day trip by car is arranged.
The dive center is open from 07:00 am to 09:00 pm. To facilitate arrangement, newly-arrived divers are firmly advised to visit the dive center to make pre-arrangement of the following day trip.
PADI scuba courses up to rescue level are offered at several different languages to ensure quality of comprehension. Class and pool sessions are conducted right in the resort facility and all open water dives are done just on short-walk away from the resort. Pre-booking is well-recommended.
The USAT Liberty rests on its starboard side, just 40 meters from the pebble beach of Tulamben Bay. The ship lies with the bow pointing north on the edge of a very steep sloping sand bottom. It is far from intact, yet much of it very recognizable. The stern is shallowest at around 5 meters and easily recognized with its intact rudder. Forward of stern some of the cargo holds have deck beams still supporting the hull and a little further forward the boilers are easily located. The bow itself is intact along with the forward gun, but the cargo hold just back from the bow is twisted mass of metal plates. Maximum depth on the wreck itself is around 30 meters, though the bottom drops well beyond this depth.
The Entire wreck is covered in marine growth. The bow gun is coated in sponges and corals, the boiler valve is thick with coraline algae. While the deck beams are dripping with colorful soft corals. The Liberty wreck is inhabited by fish both big and small from tiny yellow Boxfish to the huge Bumphead Parrotfish. From the miniscule Three Fin and Anemonefish to the giant Scribbled Puffer.
The USAT Liberty was torpedoed by Japanese submarine just south west of Bali in January 1942. She was taken in tow by an allied destroyer and towed towards Buleleng Port on the north coast of Bali (today known as Singaraja). But the situation was worse than thought and crippled ship only made it shore where most of her fittings and propeller were salvaged. The hulk of the Liberty sat against the shore of Tulamben from 1942 until 1963, when the huge volcanic eruption of mount Agung took place. Violent earthquakes and tremors shook the area and the Liberty quietly slid below the surface to rest where she does today, a ship transformed from a wartime machine to a living reef inhabited by plethora of marine life.
Each Part of the wreck has something special to discover .The stern has some fallen superstructure where the stern gun is located. The shallows just before the wreck have Harlequin shrimps hiding among the pebbles. The deeper sections have fantastic soft Corals covering all surfaces. Raccoon Butterfly fish are normally found in pairs around the forward part of wreck. Frogfish are often seen around the wreck they sometimes stay the same sponge for weeks. The bow is one of the best places to look for them.
Lying between the Liberty wreck and the Drop-Off is long stretch of shallow reef that follows the shoreline for around 150 meters. Often called as Coral Garden, it is a rich reef, popular among underwater photographers. It is renown for almost guaranteed sightings of critters that are rare elsewhere: Harlequin Ghost Pipefish, Ribbon Eels, Leaf Scorpion Fish and at night, Spanish Dancer Nudibranchs.
It is also a great place to see school of Trevally, Snapper and Sweetlip or perhaps a cruising Black-Tip Shark. All this is literally on the doorsteps from Mimpi. Depths range from 3 -15 meters. Pairs of Bannerfish are seen along the reef, often they shelter inside the big barrel sponges that are dotted around the reef edge.
Angelfish are some of the most colorful fish on a coral reef. The Emperor Angelfish begins life as a dark fish with narrow white and blue rings. Along this reef have resident Anemone fish. There are at least six varieties of the fish to see. Harlequin ghost pipefish are masters of disquise, they hide among the arms of crinoids or black corals, where they are almost invisible.
The village temple sits high on headland at the south east end of Tulamben Bay. The headland is composed of volcanic rock from an old eruption of mount Agung. The ‘Drop-Off’ is series of underwater lava flows that fan-outs from this headland. The reef descends to over 70 meters in very short distance from the shore. This area is often used as an alternative to diving the Liberty wreck, yet it is far from a second rate dive.
Its diversity marine life is staggering, from miniscule frogfish to monstrous sunfish. From translucent shrimps to giant trevally. The drop-off is very rich reef with an easy beach entry for divers. It offers macro delights and wide angle vistas. Nudibranchs abound, hermit crab hide in crevices, while Porcelain Crabs tip-toe over anemones. Pink Anemone Fish are found in the shallows.
Blue sea stars can be seen dotted around the shallows, most have a starfish shrimp living on their underside. The sea whips at the drop-off have many Gobies darting up down their long branches. Long Nose hawk fish hide among the branches of gorgonian fans. A school of Big Eye Trevally are often cruising the entry point very close to shore. Lionfish can be seen in the small cave and overhangs at edge of the drop-off. Octopus hunt for food around the shallows, surrounding the headland.
In the next bay south east of Tulamben is a dive site that from the surface gives little hints of the richness that lies below. Seraya Secrets is what becomes known as muck dive that is a dive site without major coral formations, but lots of sand and small structure. A site where unusual animals are abundant and easily located.
Seraya Secrets has two distinct habitats. Just in from of the black-sand beach, the bottom drops steadily to depth of around 3 - 9 meters. ‘Top Secrets’ is this shallower reef–top. Comprised of smaller rocks with patches of black sand, occasional sponges and tiny hard corals. This is the place to find Frogfish, Eels, Scorpionfish, Lionfish, Sea Moth’s and Harlequin Shrimps.
Deep Secrets’ is on the sloping bottom from 10 meters down to 35 meters. Small outcrops support micro-habitats where Seahorse, Cuttlefish, Mimic Octopus, Striped Catfish, Nudibranchs, multi colored Crinoids and larger Frogfish are found. All this in visibility around 10 - 15 meters.
Is group of rocks that protrude from surface, just a few hundred meters along the rocky coast from Alamanda. This site has a mooring buoy and like Alamanda, is accessed by Jukung from Tulamben Bay. Just to seaward of these rocks are beautiful ridges of reef that drop steeply to depths of 30 - 50 meters, where Sharks, Barracuda and larger pelagics are often sighted.
Unlike the darker volcanic sand inside Tulamben Bay, Batu Kelebit has white sand between the coral outcrops. So this is more of a traditional coral reef, the shallows are dominated by hard coral outcrops surrounded by swarming Damsel Fish and Anthias. Large Sea Cucumbers in fascinating colors meander around the sand patches, Mantis Shrimps dart around in search of meals, and large Bump Head Parrotfish feed among the hard corals.
Redfin Anthias swarm Around a Gorgonia Fan in the shallows at Batu Kelebit, these fish are most active when a current is running. Emperor shrimps are often found on large sea cucumber, they hitch a free ride, picking up food as the sea cucumber moves along the seafloor.
Mantis Shrimps have a front pair of claws similar to a preying mantis. These claws have razor sharp serrations and are used to catch unwary creature on the reef – don’t poke your finger at one. They can inflict a deep wound.
Lies outside of Tulamben Bay, just around the headland from the Drop-Off. This dive site is accessed by boat from Tulamben Bay, but this is no ordinary boat dive.
Fishermen from the village take divers out in a Jukung - a traditional Balinese outrigger canoe. Leaving from the beach adjacent to the Drop-Off, the journey is a pleasant 5 minutes with views back to Mount Agung and the surrounding coast. The real experience is at the dive site, putting on equipment in the confines of a narrow canoe.
The boatmen are great helpers and very quickly you are descending to edge of a steep rocky reef. Gorgonia fans and soft corals sprout from large ridges and rocks that are spread along the reef face. Pelagic fish parade past and many reef fish meander around the corals. Depths start at six meters and continue way beyond scuba diving limits -watch your depth gauge. At the end of your dive be prepared to remove your dive equipment and climb back into the Jukung.
Large gorgonia fans are a feature of Alamanda, they are mostly found beyond 15 meters. Nudibranch are most prevalent in the shallows at 6 - 10 meters. Soft Corals cover some patches of reef at Alamanda, particularly the larger boulder around depth of 15 - 30 meters.
Pygmy Seahorses were first discovered in the Tulamben area in the year 2000, it seemed that everyone had a secret gorgonian fan with a group of these tiny seahorses living on it. But news soon got out and everyone knew where to find them. By 2005 the best known gorgonian fans were showing signs of distress from the constant prodding by dive guide and sadly the pygmy seahorses had move on. But the seahorses are still there for those with patience and a keen eye .Alamanda is one site where they can still be found.
Is located near Kubu village, few kilometers west of Tulamben. A sealed road leads from the center of the village down to the shore. At its end is a basic dive preparation area and directly offshore are two dive sites, both accessible from the shore.
Looking straight off-shore, one is off to the left, the other slightly to the right. Both sites required a 50-meters swim out to deeper water though the swim is over picturesque shallow reefs.
The ‘left’ reef has a large area of delicate branching corals starting at the edge of deeper water. Beyond depths of 15 meters are large barrel sponges and one huge gorgonia fan.
The ‘right’ reef has large coral covered rocks and bommies in the shallows and deeper is a ridge with very rich soft coral growth. Both areas have fantastic fish and invertebrate life, with regular Shark, Barracuda and larger fish sightings.
For non-divers, Tulamben bay offers some great snorkeling. The house reef which lies right in front of the resort’s pool covering an area of approximately 150 meter long is rich in color. And as it lies at a reachable depth, the fame Liberty Wreck is certainly another great option.
Tulamben, on the northeast coast of Bali, is a tiny village far from Bali's more tourist-oriented southern coast. The are no pretty rice-fields and only one quite insignificant Hindu temple is perched on a rocky headland above the sea.
Men from the village fish the deep offshore waters in pursuit of tuna and bonito. The women collect dry wood from the nearby barren scrub and tend cattle. It is doubtful that Tulamben would ever have become a tourist destination if it was not for one fateful day during World War II. On January 11, 1942 the USAT Liberty was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine. The wreck now rests just 50 meters from the pebble beach at Tulamben and since the late 70s it has become one of Indonesia's most recognized wreck-dive site.
Tirta Gangga Sourrounding places of interest include the charming seaside town of Candi Dasa that boasts a mixed selection of different restaurants.
There is also the royal water palace of Tirta Gangga, created in 1940 's by one of Bali's last reigning King's. It is reminiscent of a noble era and exludes a tranguil beauty. A series of pools are fed by a secred spring where visitors can bathe in the refreshing waters and appreciate the calming surroundings.
Alternatively, avid divers will benefit from a trip the relatively isolated area of Amed that claims a number of dive sites of its black sandy beach front. A drop of about 35 meters in depth is home to abundant marine life including tropical fish and coral.
For Those who enjoy a challenge, guided hiking tours are available with several routes that lead up the slopes of the spectacular holy mountain Gunung Agung.
Trips are scheduled for early morning to take advantage of the dramatic views at sunrise.
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2019-04-22T09:13:25Z
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http://come2indonesia.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=122:mimpi-resort-tulamben&Itemid=9&lang=es
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Dominance of various scattering mechanisms in determination of the carrier mobility is examined for silicon (Si) nanowires of sub-10-nm cross-sections. With a focus on p-type channels, the steady-state hole mobility is studied with multi-subband Monte Carlo simulations to consider quantum effects in nanoscale channels. Electronic structures of gate-all-around nanowires are described with a 6-band k · p model. Channel bandstructures and electrostatics under gate biases are determined self-consistently with Schrödinger-Poisson simulations. Modeling results not only indicate that the hole mobility is severely degraded as channels have smaller cross-sections and are inverted more strongly but also confirm that the surface roughness scattering degrades the mobility more severely than the phonon scattering does. The surface roughness scattering affects carrier transport more strongly in narrower channels, showing ∼90 % dominance in determination of the mobility. At the same channel population, channels suffer from the surface roughness scattering more severely than channels do, due to the stronger corner effect and larger population of carriers residing near channel surfaces. With a sound theoretical framework coupled to the spatial distribution of channel carriers, this work may present a useful guideline for understanding hole transport in ultra-narrow Si nanowires.
Semiconductor devices have been continuously downscaled ever since the invention of the first transistor , leading the size of a single building block of modern devices to a few nanometers (nm). Silicon (Si) nanowires have gained attention as advanced field effect transistors (FETs) due to their enhanced control over channel electrostatics [2, 3] and as one of strong candidates for ultra-narrow interconnects [4, 5]. Solid understanding of such nanoscale devices is critical as it can accelerate potential device designs and should be always based on quantum physics since their material and electrical properties are strongly dependent on channel dispersions and quantization of subband energies [2–6].
Scattering-induced suppression of channel conductance in ultra-narrow nanowire FETs has been a particular interest to researchers, invoking theoretical studies based on Non-Equilibrium Green’s Function (NEGF) approach [7–10]. They however only focused on the scattering induced by either phonons or surface roughness due to extremely large computing loads [7–10]. Scattering-involved carrier transport in nanostructures has been also explored with multi-subband Monte Carlo (MSMC) simulations coupled to Boltzmann transport theory [11–19], which can include multiple scattering mechanisms with reasonable computing loads. Most of previous works however focused on studying electron transport [11–16]. While hole transport in nanostructures has been studied [17–19], results were limited by only including the phonon scattering under no external biases and only focused on the mobility in 1D-confined inversion layers or double-gated structures rather than free-standing gate-all-around nanowires [18, 19].
This work presents a comprehensive theoretical study on suppression of carrier transport in extremely narrow, gate-all-around (GAA) p-type Si nanowires of sub-10-nm cross-sections. Scattering-induced degradation of the low-field hole mobility under channel modulation has been rigorously investigated with Schrödinger-Poisson and MSMC simulations. Dependency of the hole mobility on carrier densities, transport directions, and cross-section sizes of nanowire channels has been understood. Dominance of scattering mechanisms in determination of the carrier mobility has been analyzed to find the major scattering mechanism that suppresses the mobility in sub-10-nm channels. Presenting a sound theoretical framework for studying the effect of individual scattering mechanism on the mobility that has been rarely discussed based on the spatial distribution of channel carriers, this work may serve as a useful guideline for understanding hole transport in sub-10-nm ultra-narrow Si nanowires.
Figure 1 a gives a conceptual illustration of how Si nanowires are described in this work. Channels are assumed to be long and have rectangular cross-sections, thus being represented by supercells with a periodic boundary condition along transport directions. Free-standing nanowire channels are assumed to be intrinsic, trap-free, and perfectly surrounded by gate electrodes (GAA structure). Electronic structures of nanowire channels are described using a 6-band k · p model , with a focus on valence bandstructures to study hole transport. All the channels simulated in this work are assumed to have 1.0-nm-thick oxide layer regardless of transport directions and cross-section sizes.
Channel bandstructures and electrostatics (charge and potential profiles) under gate biases are determined self-consistently with Schrödinger-Poisson simulations. Figure 1 b shows the process of our Schrödinger-Poisson loop, where a k · p Schrödinger solver runs coupled to a Poisson solver that discretizes simulation domains with finite difference method, until the potential profile converges within a criterion defined by users. Hole wavefunctions are not allowed to penetrate into the oxide layer, and therefore the charge density is assumed to be always zero inside the gate insulator for calculation of the channel potential. We note that all the simulations in this work are performed with in-house solvers, using a mean square error of 10−5 eV as a convergence criterion.
Once channel electrostatics and bandstructures are obtained from Schrödinger-Poisson simulations, the velocity of a single hole carrier is determined by solving the 1D Boltzmann transport equation with MSMC approach, where we assume that carrier transport happens under an electric field of 105 V/m, and is affected by scatterings induced by acoustic phonons, non-polar optical phonons, and channel surface roughness. The phonon and surface roughness scattering rate are calculated with the numerical model and parameters used by Ramayya et al. and Michielis et al. , respectively, where we extracted effective masses and nonparabolicity factors of the highest 45 subbands from k · p dispersions that are obtained self-consistently, and only considered wavefunctions at Γ-point (k=0) to compute hole-scattering form factors as previous studies did [17–19]. While carrier transport can be significantly affected by the impurity coulomb scattering if nanowires have a non-negligible density of channel impurities or traps, this work ignores the effect of the impurity scattering assuming all the channels are intrinsic and free from traps, as done by previous studies [12, 13, 15]. The carrier mobility is then evaluated by taking the (time) ensemble average of velocity profiles of 3 × 105 carriers. Figure 1 c shows the overall process of simulations in detail, including the process of MSMC simulations for evaluation of the velocity of a single carrier. We note that the numerical model for the surface scattering rate employed in this work only considers surface roughness along transport directions, ignoring correlation among channel surfaces for evaluation of the scattering rate. Our results therefore may be further improved with more sophisticated models [21, 22], which consider surface roughness along both transport and confinement directions without necessarily assuming decoupled surface planes.
and transport-oriented GAA nanowire channels are considered assuming a room temperature and a zero flat band voltage. For each transport direction, six cross-section sizes (3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 nm) are simulated under gate voltages ranging from 0 to −1 V with a step of −0.1 V. Our in-house Schrödinger-Poisson and MSMC solver run in parallel and complete the simulations in about 1 ∼4 h with 128 Intel Xeon x5570 CPUs depending on gate biases and channel sizes.
where P (PH,SRS) is the probability of scattering induced by phonons and surface roughness, respectively; μ (PH,SRS) is the mobility driven by the corresponding scattering.
Low-field characteristics of the hole mobility in sub-10-nm nanowires are summarized in Fig. 2 a, where we plotted the steady-state carrier mobility as a function of line densities of inversion carriers (λ(ρ)) instead of gate voltages for convenience in discussion. Here, we observe that variation of the mobility strongly depends on both channel cross-section sizes and carrier densities. In general, the mobility suffers from severe degradation as nanowires become narrower, although the degradation is not remarkable for some cases—for example, in nanowires, the mobility in a 6 nm × 6 nm channel does not show a clear reduction compared to the 8 nm × 8 nm case. The mobility is also degraded as channels are inverted more strongly, and the degradation becomes rapid if the inversion is strong enough to fill hole carriers with λ(ρ)>∼106 cm−1. We note that the pattern observed in Fig. 2 a are generally reasonable since stronger structural confinement stemming from narrower channels increases the hole-phonon scattering rate [17, 25], and the chance for scattering induced by surface roughness would also increase in more populated and narrower channels. As channels become broader, the mobility eventually reaches ∼500 cm2/V ·s, the value in low-doped bulk Si , regardless of transport directions.
Simulation results also indicate that behaviors of the mobility depend on transport directions. To describe this dependency more clearly, we depicted the mobility in and channels in Fig. 2 b with a set of subplots, where each subplot shows the result at a specific cross-section size. When channels have cross-sections ≥ 8 nm × 8 nm, the mobility experiences severer degradation in channels than ones only if channels are inverted strongly (λ(ρ)>∼106 cm−1). In narrower channels, however, the mobility always becomes lower in channels than ones regardless of inversion carrier densities, where the gap between and mobility becomes particularly large in a 6 nm × 6 nm channel.
To investigate the abovementioned behaviors more rigorously, we computed the hole mobility including PH only and extracted the SRS-driven mobility using the method presented in . Figure 3 summarizes the results, showing behaviors of the PH- and SRS-driven mobility in and nanowires. The first remarkable point we observe is that the PH-driven mobility generally becomes higher in than nanowires, where the reason can be found from the higher injection velocity of hole carriers in Si channels . The SRS-driven mobility, however, shows an opposite pattern and therefore generally becomes lower in channels than ones. While the PH-driven mobility does not show a clear sensitivity to carrier densities, the SRS-driven mobility clearly decreases with increasing channel population, exhibiting a pattern similar to what is observed from behaviors of the total mobility (Fig. 2 a). The SRS-driven mobility also generally decreases as channels become narrower. This pattern becomes more remarkable in than channels and explains the lager reduction of the total mobility in channels, particularly when the cross-section is reduced from 8 nm × 8 nm to 6 nm × 6 nm. While the PH-driven mobility does not exhibit a clear discrepancy in both and channels when the channel size is reduced from 8 nm × 8 nm to 6 nm × 6 nm (Fig. 3), the degradation of the SRS-driven mobility is much severer in channels, causing more remarkable reduction of the total mobility than in channels. We note that the SRS-driven eventually drops below the PH-driven mobility regardless of transport directions and carrier densities when channels have cross-sections ≤ 5 nm × 5 nm.
So far, we have discussed low-field behaviors of the hole mobility in sub-10-nm GAA Si nanowires with particular interest in their dependency on cross-section sizes, transport directions, and inversion carrier densities. However, results shown in Figs. 2 and 3 raise a question that has yet to be clearly answered in a theoretical perspective: why hole carriers generally experience severer degradation of the total and SRS-driven mobility in channels than ones? Reasons of this question will be pursued in further detail in the next subsection by understanding the dominance of scattering mechanisms in determination of the hole mobility.
To find major scattering mechanisms for degradation of the hole mobility in sub-10-nm Si nanowires, we quantified the dominance of PH and SRS in determination of the total hole mobility using Eqs. (2) and (3) and the PH-/SRS-driven mobility shown in Fig. 3. Results are summarized in Fig. 4, where we observe a general pattern that SRS affects the total hole mobility more strongly than PH does. When nanowires have a 10 nm × 10 nm cross-section, the dominance of SRS starts to exceed that of PH, becoming larger than 50 % in the regime of strong inversion (λ(ρ)>∼106 cm−1). The dominance of SRS increases in general as channels become narrower, and the increase becomes more rapid in channels. In channels, therefore, SRS dominates PH in determination of the total mobility regardless of carrier densities at cross-sections ≤ 8 nm × 8 nm, while the same pattern is observed in channels at cross-sections ≤ 5 nm × 5 nm. At a 3 nm × 3 nm cross-section, the average dominance of SRS becomes ∼94 % in channels and ∼84 % in ones.
Figure 5 a shows the line density of inversion carriers in and channels as a function of gate voltages. A negatively increasing gate voltage fills more carriers and creates stronger band bending in channels. Generally, stronger band bending would not only fill more carriers near channel surfaces but also cause the stronger corner effect in rectangular channels , increasing the probability that a single hole carrier experiences SRS. The corner effect may not be remarkable in narrower channels, where cross-sections would not be large enough to have clear band bending. But the chance for SRS would still become higher with increasing population of carriers residing near channel surfaces. Figure 5 b shows the ratio of surface carrier population to total one, as a function of line densities of carriers, where surface carriers are defined as the ones staying within 1.0 nm from channel surfaces. Here, we observe that the ratio increases as channels are inverted more strongly, and narrower channels have more surface carriers at the same channel population. Since channels show larger population of carriers at the same gate voltage and place more carriers near surfaces at the same channel population, we expect that a single hole carrier in channels would have higher possibility to experience SRS than in channels.
To understand the correlation between the corner effect and transport directions more clearly, we plotted the carrier distribution on a 3 nm × 3 nm and a 8 nm × 8 nm cross-section in Fig. 6, as a function of channel population. Here, we observe that the distribution generally becomes broader in than channels at the same population, confirming again that channels have more surface carriers than channels as shown in Fig. 5 b. As indicated by the 8 nm × 8 nm case in Fig. 6, the corner effect would also become stronger in than channels if channels are under strong inversion and broad enough to have clear band bending. The two factors discussed in Figs. 5 b and 6, i.e., the larger population of surface carriers and stronger corner effect, explain well why channels suffer from SRS more severely and thus have a larger dominance of SRS than channels do, presenting the answer to the question raised in the previous subsection. While the latest models for SRS [21, 22] may cause quantitative changes in dominance of individual scattering mechanism (Fig. 4), the main message of this subsection would not lose its validity, being supported by the abovementioned two factors that are driven by the spatial distribution of channel carriers.
It should be noted that previous theory works have also studied the hole mobility in ultra-narrow Si nanowires by solving the linearized Boltzmann transport equation coupled to the atomistic tight-binding approach [29, 30]. In particular, Neophytou et al. have simulated free-standing GAA Si nanowires and have demonstrated that the mobility becomes higher in than nanowires and increases in nanowires as channels become narrower, establishing a qualitative connection to the similar experimental study . While presents good theoretical background for understanding behaviors of the hole mobility in GAA Si nanowires with results contradictory to ours, we claim that it may have underestimated the effect of SRS in nanowires, since the increase of the hole mobility predicted by modeling is much larger than what has been observed experimentally . Moreover, another recent experimental study done by Nomura et al. has even shown that the hole mobility generally suffers from severe degradation in narrower channels, presenting a qualitative connection to our results and a sound evidence for underestimation of the effect of SRS in .
We have presented a comprehensive theoretical study on the degradation of the hole mobility in ultra-narrow sub-10-nm silicon (Si) nanowires. Gate-all-round (GAA) long channels are represented by supercells with a periodic boundary condition along transport directions. Bias-dependent channel bandstructures and electrostatics are determined self-consistently by solving a 6-band k · p Schrödinger equation with a Poisson equation. The low-field hole mobility is evaluated by solving a 1D Boltzmann transport equation with Monte Carlo simulations. Dominance of the phonon scattering (PH) and the surface roughness scattering (SRS) in determination of the total hole mobility is quantified with Matthiessen’s rule, where the PH-driven mobility is used as a reference to extract the SRS-driven mobility.
Here, we observe a general pattern that the mobility is severely degraded as channels become narrower and more populated and confirm SRS as the major scattering mechanism for the mobility degradation by examining its dominance in sub-10-nm narrow channels. Although channels show higher PH-driven mobility than channels do, the total mobility becomes lower in channels due to the SRS-driven mobility. The reason why SRS has larger dominance in channels than ones is also understood by investigating the spatial distribution of channel carriers and the population of carriers residing near channel surfaces. With solid discussion for the effect of individual scattering mechanism on the hole mobility, this work expands the scope of understanding hole transport to free-standing sub-10-nm GAA Si nanowires, which has been rarely covered experimentally.
This work has been carried out with the extensive use of the TACHYON-II supercomputing cluster supported by National Institute of Supercomputing and Networking, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Republic of Korea. This work has been partially supported by Intel Parallel Computing Center (IPCC) project funded by Intel Corporation, USA. Fruitful discussion with Mr. J. Jung and Prof. M. Shin in Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) is gratefully appreciated. The author would also like to express particular appreciation to J. H. Sohn for invaluable support and consistent encouragement for research.
HR developed the solvers for Schrödinger-Poisson and Monte Carlo simulations, performed the simulations, analyzed the modeling results, and prepared for the manuscript.
Sampedro C, Donetti L, Gamiz F, Godoy A, Garcia-Ruiz FJ, Georgiev VP, Amoroso SM, Riddet C, Towie EA, Asenov A (2014) 3D multi-subband ensemble Monte Carlo simulator of FINFETs and nanowire transistors In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices (SISPAD). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6931553&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org\%2Fiel7\%2F6917163\%2F6931540\%2F06931553.pdf\%3Farnumber\%3D6931553.
Jin S, Hong SM, Choi W, Lee KH, Park Y (2013) Coupled drift-diffusion (dd) and multi-subband Boltzmann transport equation (MSBTE) solver for 3D multi-gate transistors In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices (SISPAD). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6650646&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org\%2Fiel7\%2F6637582\%2F6650550\%2F06650646.pdf\%3Farnumber\%3D6650646.
Luisier M, Klimeck G (2010) Phonon-limited mobility and injection velocity in n- and p-doped ultrascaled nanowire field-effect transistors with different crystal orientations In: Proceedings of IEEE Electon Device Meeting (IEDM). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/abstractAuthors.jsp?arnumber=5703324.
Nomura H, Suzuki R, Kutsuki T, Saraya T, Hiramoto T (2012) Mechanisms of high hole mobility in (100) nanowire pmosfets with width of less than 10 nm In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Ultimate Integration on Silicon (ULIS). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6193352&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org\%2Fxpls\%2Fabs\_all.jsp\%3Farnumber\%3D6193352.
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2019-04-24T01:56:03Z
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https://nanoscalereslett.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s11671-016-1249-4
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December « 2018 « Ableton Denver!
If you have never made use of a cleansing conditioner before, you may be wondering how it works and what to expect. According to wiktionary.org, one of the most popular cleansing conditioners out there right now is known as WEN by Chaz. Wen has been around for well over an entire decade and has been used by millions of men and women worldwide. The way that this particular product works is by replacing your shampoo and conditioner routine that you have every night. The total beauty sold product uses a cleansing conditioner that thoroughly cleans the hair of dirt and product buildup while conditioning it so that it looks its absolute best.
In order to get the best results from WEN by Chaz, you will want to use it every single time you shower. You put the cleansing conditioner in the hair and work it through with your fingertips. This loosens any dirt and excess oils that are present to clean the hair. Next, you will rinse the hair thoroughly and repeat the process. The main reason WEN by Chaz is as popular as it is is due to the amount of nutrients and vitamins found in the hair. This is important for those who want to be able to get the gorgeous and lush hair that they have always dreamed of having.
Now that you are aware of how well WEN by Chaz works, it is just a matter of figuring out what scent you are going to want for yourself and which option you would like to utilize when showering. There is absolutely no reason for you to go back to shampoo when there is a product like WEN by Chaz around. The QVC available product is going to get your hair looking great no matter what type you have and how often you style it. Follow Wen – @wenhaircare.
Boraie Development has brought so many developments in New Brunswick since the first day it started its operations. The real estate company had a vision to transform the city from the first day, and it has made this vision a reality. Real estate companies are facing so many challenges, especially in the recent years. The competition in the market is exceedingly high, not forgetting the amount of money investors needed to make just a single investment successful. Boraie Development has endured all the challenges that have been coming over the years, and this is why it has withstood the test of time. The organization recently completed the construction of a grand project that is known as The Aspire.
The Aspire has opened its doors to residents, and it meets all the standards laid by the modern consumers. The project is one of a kind, and it has left many people singing praises. There are many features that are making this building stand out from all the others in the region. First of all, it was constructed by experienced professionals who went out of their way to make sure that the residents will enjoy the best finishing in the houses. The location was also chosen in the perfect spot, with access to the most essential features for any family or a professional.
Residents who dream of living close to a residential building that is very close to recreational facilities have chosen to live in the Aspire because they will be close to everything they desire. The house is very close to the railway station, giving the residents the best transport option. Regardless of their place of work, the residents can be assured of transport any time of the day without fail. Those who prefer to have their private vehicles will also have their place in The Aspire. The management of this project made sure that all residents will have adequate parking that is safe at all times.
Residents in The Aspire do not have to worry about their health. The modern gym that has been established in this area is well equipped, and it has all of the features needed by a person who wants to remain fit. The trainers in the gym are well qualified, and they do not compromise the services they are offering their customers. The food joint and playgrounds are out of this world too. These institutions have been set up to make the residents content.
Nexbank Capital Inc. is a major banking institution based out of Dallas, Texas. The financial firm is known for providing decades of commercial as well as mortgage banking services to institutional clients. They specialize in formulating unique financial strategies for companies and even provide top-of-the-class financial advisory services to big organizations. Currently, the bank has over $8.1 billion assets under management. The leadership comprises of experienced and highly talented individuals bringing in expertise from diverse domains. The employees go through rigorous training and background checks before they are inducted in the firm. They work in alignment with the vision and the principles of the company to meet the required targets at all times. Nexbank has gained loyal clients and made long-lasting relationships due to its top-quality customer service that provides quick remedies to any issue while being very professional and maintaining high standards of excellence every time.
In the year 2015, the subsidiary of Nexbank Capital Inc. that goes by the name Nexbank SSB made a public statement regarding the purchase of the College Saving Bank of Princeton in New Jersey. The statement also included the fact that the bank in New Jersey offered a whopping 529 college saving plans for students who required financial support to pursue higher education. It was also mentioned that the bank will resume its activities without any hindrance from the Nexbank SSB and they also get to keep the name. The cost of acquisition and stakeholder details were not disclosed by Nexbank Capital Inc. Chairman John Holt. The college savings bank has helped countless students achieve their dreams since its inception in 1987.
In 2016, Nexbank Capital Inc. raised capital of $24 million that was channeled to corporate requirements and demands. This was a crucial time for the company as the acquired funding helped them increase their growth rate over the years and also expand their network across the globe. The first quarter of the year went on extremely well with an average return on equity stood at 37.6% equivalent to a net income of $38.1 million, a record-breaking achievement for the banking firm.
Nexbank SSB is based out of Dallas and announced gross loans of $2.5 billion from the bank which is a major chunk of the $8.1 billion-valued company. Nexbank maintained an impressive status of a 9.44% leverage ratio. The high income and exponential growth of the banking firm in a short span of time earned them an upgrade on the ratings as disclosed by the reliable Kroll Bond Rating Agency. The new rating jumped to BBB from BBB- for Nexbank Capital Inc. and BBB+ from BBB for the Dallas based regional bank, Nexbank.
Last year, Nexbank took part in the 32nd Annual Luncheon of the Dallas Women’s Foundation as a sponsor. The event is dedicated to women empowerment and their financial independence in this patriarchal society. Nexbank gifted $100,000 to the event as a sign of good gesture and complete faith in the cause. The invitees consist of over 1,000 civic leaders from different businesses, organizations, and communities.
Interview.net recently interviewed Ara Chackerian about one of his new projects called TMS Health Solutions.
According to this interview, Ara Chackerian started this project came from dealing with out-patient diagnostic radiology centers. He had almost spent a decade on this project and they learned how to do outpatient psychiatric spaces during that time as well. Within this space, they were informed about a device called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Ara Chackerian did research into this TMS treatment and found that it would be a good pillar of psychiatric care. It is particularly good at dealing with patients that have depressive disorder. He wonders why there is not more focus on using TMS as a way to treat depression.
The rest of the interview how he will use TMS as a way to start a new business.
In his spare time, Ara Chackerian writes articles for a website called Medium.
One article for Medium states that about 100 lives a day are claimed by suicide. The problem is that people is that people don’t talk about it and the obituaries on the Internet and in newspapers don’t talk it about it, either. The point of the article is tht people should start talking about suicide and get rid of the taboo that surrounds the subject suicide.
Another article is that one of the months in America has been designated as Mental Health Awareness Month. This month was conceived by Mental Health America America Organization in 1949. This should give people a chance to remember the people that treat people with mental illness on a regular basis.
Another article talks about a group of agencies in the United States that work to preserve forest land. The Conservation Fund works with these agencies to conserve forest land and they have so far saved 8 million acres of land in the United States.
Who is Ara Chackerian? He is known as an investor, entrepreneur and a philanthropist of various pursuits. He got a B.S. In Marketing from Florida State. He partnered to start many companies and they went on to great success. He is known for his work in the healthcare world and in the environmental industry.
One of the products of Hollywood’s finest training grounds is Rebel Wilson – who we might recall as “Fat Amy” in the groundbreaking movie series of Pitch Perfect who also starred Anna Kendrick, Ester Dean, Anna Camp, Brittany Snow, Elizabeth Ganks, and Anna Mae Lee.
Rebel Wilson’s characterization of Fat Amy was a huge hit to the audiences – her quick wit, her Australian humor, her charming personality and her lovable physique was a perfect mixture for selling the part. Rebel Wilson was also able to showcase not only her skills in acting but also her spontaneous humor prowess and of course, her amazing singing skills.
She was also known for her supporting role in How To Be Single where she played as the best friend of Dakota Johnson. Her character here was kind of similar to how she played Fat Amy – but no one has complaints about it because she pulled another rabbit out of the hat with her amazing and stellar performance.
Rebel Wilson did not start out as we know her today – Rebel Wilson was actually one of the shy kids in her family. Now in her family, most of them had really strong personalities and a lot of them really had great sense of humor and public presence. Needless to say, Rebel Wilson actually started out as a black sheep in her family who tends to keep quiet and tends to just sit in the back and watch he family members in the spotlight.
Not until her early teenage years that she had an epiphany that she needed to have a better personality, before it was too late for her to have one.
So that’s why she has exerted a lot of effort and time into actually discovering who she is and knowing her strengths in order for her to temper her own steel to be able to have a solid and unshakable persona. Which has played to her favor in her career, her true personality has been loved by her audience ever since.
Now, there is no stopping for Rebel Wilson and there is only pushing onward, forward and upwards. She was recently casted in another bigtime romantic comedy movie production entitled “Isn’t it romantic” where she will play the lead role along with co-stars: Liam Hemsworth, Adam Devine, and Priyanka Chopra. Rebel Wilson will again play to her strengths as she will play another girl who is humorous and easily loved by the audience.
There is nothing but a brighter future for the Australian bombshell, Rebel Wilson. She is still set to approach her full bloom and shine brighter like the sunspot she is.
Recently, Madison Street Capital, an international investment banking firm, was instrumental in organizing a take private transaction between RMG Networks and Sachs Capital Group. As of September 28, 2018 the transaction was completed. RMG stockholders who were invested in the company when it was traded publically on the NASDAQ stock exchange were paid a reported $1.29 in cash per share according to the details of the transaction.
The role that Madison Street Capital played in the transaction was exclusive advisor to Sachs Capital Group. CEO of Sachs Capital Group, Gregory H. Sachs, gives accolades to Madison Street Capital for the expert utilization of their business relationships and the professionalism shown in following along diligently in the transaction from start to closing. According to Sachs, Madison Street Capital truly went above and beyond in their unification of the transaction and exclusive advisory role to Sachs Capital Group.
CEO of Madison Street Capital, Charles Botchway, swiftly and professionally gave credit where due and announced that Senior Managing Director Barry Petersen had headed the transaction. Petersen RMG Networks sits quite well in terms of positioning to capitalize on growth opportunities with its new communication platform, Korbyt. Overall, Petersen, Botchway, and Sachs all seemed quite pleased with the joint interactions and the outcome of the transaction.
The Madison Street Capital reputation is built on years on creating relationships and proving why they stand as a leader in their field through the consistent display of integrity, exemplary service and the pursuit of excellence in business as an international investment banking firm. Headquartered in Chicago, Illinois and founded in 2005, Madison Street Capital offers an array of services to clients which include investment services, buy and sell side equity services, detail-oriented exit strategies, and finely formatted valuations for a variety of purposes, in addition to a selection of specialized corporate advisory services.
Madison Street Capital is doing its part through investments in philanthropic efforts with an eye on the future. One of the organizations with which they are heavily involved is the United Way. As many are aware, the United Way is a community based organization which works in partnership with local businesses, schools, organizations of faith, and government agencies to make a positive impact on communities. Madison Street Capital selected their association with the United Way in an effort to make a difference on both a local and global scale as they support the organization’s worldwide efforts.
Premier Gazette defines an open-end asset fund as a mutual fund that is restriction free on its shares issued for bonds or stocks. Its structure provides investors a way to invest conveniently and to pool their money in diverse portfolios. Most investors prefer the fund because it doesn’t require a large investment amount of cash to enter. Another great benefit is that it helps investors reach their desired goals of growth and income thresholds. Sources are saying Randal Nardone and Fortress Investment Group will close the fund by the end of the year at $5.5 billion.
Open-end asset funds involve risks, such as non-regulation and questionable interest rates. Randal Nardone, Edens, and Briger are extending Fortress Investment Group’s credit opportunities to new buyers, besides their current investors to balance risks. A risk of interest is open-end investments don’t allow trading on an exchange and priced at a day end value because it’s not a liquid.
Since Randal Nardone and the co-founders of Fortress Investment Group established the investment managing firm, they have partnered with other investment firms. With all their partnerships with other companies, they remain in control of management and operations. When Masayoshi Son purchased the firm, its funds, and subsidiaries last year, he agreed to Nardone, Edens, and Briger keeping their management team and running the business as when the company organized 20 years ago.
Equities First Holdings has accumulated transactions over $1.4 billion, the company will continue to grow because of the increasing number of individuals and businesses who need its services, to grant dreams of their businesses. In 2013, Equities First Holdings opened their London offices, and ever since, the more white collar investors with a value worth billions have also received shareholder loans from EFH. Equities First Limited company in London approves individual loans for borrowers who may be in need of backing.
Equities First Limited’s whole entire concern is equity-based lending. They have partnerships with several different institutions, offices including leading law firms, the largest banks, and some of the most noteable investment banks. Having these relationships on their side, Equities First Holdings provides capital for businesses small and large also individual clients with high value that they may need for any reason. These clients receive money in a fashion that is entirely straightforward and transparent as possible.
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2019-04-25T06:13:18Z
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http://abletondenver.com/2018/12/
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For investors who don’t rely much on historical research, evidence, or memory, the exuberance of the market here is undoubtedly enticing, while a strongly defensive position might seem unbearably at odds with prevailing conditions. For investors who do rely on historical research, evidence, and memory, prevailing conditions offer little choice but to maintain a strongly defensive position. Moreover, the evidence is so strong and familiar from a historical perspective that a defensive position should be fairly comfortable despite the near-term enthusiasm of investors.
There are few times in history when the S&P 500 has been within 1% or less of its upper Bollinger band (two standard deviations above the 20-period moving average) on daily, weekly and monthly resolutions; coupled with a Shiller P/E in excess of 18 – the present multiple is actually 22.3; coupled with advisory bullishness above 47% and bearishness below 27% - the actual figures are 51% and 24.5% respectively; with the S&P 500 at a 4-year high and more than 8% above its 52-week moving average; and coupled, for good measure, with decelerating market internals, so that the advance-decline line at least deteriorated relative to its 13-week moving average compared with 6-months prior, or actually broke that average during the preceding month. This set of conditions is observationally equivalent to a variety of other extreme syndromes of overvalued, overbought, overbullish conditions that we've reported over time. Once that syndrome becomes extreme - as it has here - and you get any sort of meaningful "divergence" (rising interest rates, deteriorating internals, etc), the result is a virtual Who's Who of awful times to invest.
Consider the chronicle of these instances in recent decades: August and December 1972, shortly before a bull market peak that would see the S&P 500 lose half of its value over the next two years; August 1987, just before the market lost a third of its value over the next 20 weeks; April and July 1998, which would see the market lose 20% within a few months; a minor instance in July 1999 which would see the market lose just over 10% over the next 12 weeks, and following a recovery, another instance in March 2000 that would be followed by a collapse of more than 50% into 2002; April and July 2007, which would be followed by a collapse of more than 50% in the S&P 500, and today.
The prior instances were sometimes followed by immediate market losses, and were sometimes characterized by extended top formations - which produce a sort of complacency as investors say “see, the market may be elevated and investors may be over-bullish, but the market is so resilient that it’s ignoring all that, so there’s no reason to worry.” Ultimately, however, the subsequent plunges wiped out far more return than investors achieved by remaining invested once conditions became so extreme. We are in familiar territory, but that territory generally marks the mouth of a vortex.
Based on ensemble methods that capture a century of evidence – from Depression-era data, through the New Deal, World War, the Great Society, the electronics boom, the energy crisis, stagflation, the great moderation, the dot-com bubble, the tech crash, the housing bubble, the credit crisis, and even the more recent period of massive central bank interventions – our estimates of prospective market return/risk have been negative since April 2010 and have remained negative even as new data has arrived. Since early March, those estimates have plunged into the most negative 0.5% of historical instances.
It’s worth noting that the S&P 500 posted a negative total return between April 2010 and November of last year. Of course, the market has also enjoyed a risk-on mode since then. Through Friday, the S&P 500 has achieved a total return of nearly 25% since our return/risk estimates turned negative in early 2010. Defensiveness has clearly been taxing in that respect. But this doesn’t remove the question of whether the market’s recent gains are durable, much less whether they will be extended. Corporate insiders certainly don’t seem to think so – their sales have tripled since July, to a rate of six shares sold for each share purchased.
Far from being some novel “new era” environment, present conditions – rich valuations, overbought trends, lopsided bullishness, heavy insider sales, and lagging market internals – are part of a historical syndrome that is very familiar in the sense that we’ve repeatedly seen it prior to the worst market declines on record. But as the chronicle above should make clear, this doesn’t make our short-term experience any easier, because these conditions can emerge, go dormant for a few months while the market retreats modestly, and then reappear as the market registers a marginal new high. The ultimate outcome has historically been spectacularly bad, but it still takes patience and discipline to stay on the sidelines during late-stage, high-risk advances. Of course, the present instance may turn out differently than every prior instance has – it’s just that we have no basis to expect that outcome.
The most interesting feature of last week’s “decision” by the European Central Bank was the continued eagerness of investors to hear what they want to hear, rather than what is actually said. With little doubt, what investors think they heard was that the ECB has finally decided to launch a new program by which it will begin purchasing Italian and Spanish debt in unlimited – unlimited – amounts, putting an emphatic end to European debt strains, and decisively ensuring the future unity of the Euro.
If you wondered why Angela Merkel and the whole of Germany was not immediately up in arms, it is because prior to transactions by the ECB, the receiving country would have to submit to an adjustment program, ideally involving the IMF. This is nothing like what Spain has been asking for, which is for the ECB to make unconditional purchases. To benefit from the proposed OMT program, these countries have to subordinate their fiscal policy to outside conditionality.
But assuming these countries accept the adjustment programs, at least they can be assured that the ECB will buy their debt in unlimited amounts, can’t they?
Read carefully – the ECB did not promise “unlimited” financing. Rather, it refused to specify an amount in advance (ex-ante), because it doesn’t want the markets to look at some inadequately small and fixed number and begin to speculate against the ECB as soon as that particular number is approached. By refusing to set a specific amount in advance, Draghi said in his press conference that he wanted the policy to be perceived as fully effective. But perception substitutes for reality only for so long. If Merkel, Monti and Rajoy were stranded on a mountaintop and Merkel was the only one with a bag of muesli, she might offer some to the other two without specifying an amount in advance, but there’s no doubt she’d be slapping it out of their hands if things got out of control.
This last provision is likely to both calm Germans and inflame them. Sterilization means that for every euro of Spanish or Italian bonds the ECB buys (creating new euros in the process), it will drain euros by selling some other security – most likely bonds of Germany, Holland, Finland, or other stronger European nations. This will help to calm Germans because it indicates that the overall supply of euros will not expand. It will also inflame them, however, because the existing stock of euros will now have been created to provide fiscal support to Spain, Italy and other troubled countries, while Germany, Holland, Finland and stronger countries will not have benefited at all from the money creation.
It will be interesting how this plays on September 12, when the German Constitutional Court is set to decide on the legality of the European bailout funds, the EFSF and the ESM (technically, the Court will rule on an injunction against even passing it into law, but will not formally rule on constitutionality until possibly next year). My expectation is that they will rule that these mechanisms are in fact allowable and consistent with the German Constitution. Where it gets interesting is whether they will rule that it is allowable to leverage these mechanisms or operate with a banking license (which would make Germany’s existing contribution “capital” that could be wiped out, leaving Germany on the hook for much, much larger amounts - which essentially cedes fiscal authority from the German people to the ESM). I suspect that there is a fair chance that the Court will add language in their ruling to reject that possibility, which may force the idea of a “big bazooka” back to square one. We’ll see.
Here in the U.S., Friday’s August employment report was surprisingly weak relative to Wall Street’s expectations, though hundreds of thousands of workers abandoned the labor force, which allowed the unemployment rate to decline. Relative to our own expectations, the figure was elevated, as I expect that the August employment figure will ultimately be revised to a negative reading. This would be consistent with revisions that we’ve seen around prior recession starting points.
For example, if you look at the originally reported data for May through August 1990, you’ll see 480,000 total jobs created (see the October 1990 vintage in Archival Federal Reserve Economic Data). But if you look at the revised data as it stands today, you’ll see a loss of 81,000 jobs for the same period. Look at January through April 2001, at the start of that recession. The vintage data shows a total gain of 105,000 jobs during those months, while the revised data now shows a loss of 262,000 jobs. Fast forward to February through May 2008, and though you’ll actually see an originally-reported job loss during that period of 248,000 jobs, the revised figures are still dismal in comparison, now reported at a loss of 577,000 jobs for the same period. As other good economic analysts have recognized, economic time series tend to be revised after-the-fact, with upward revisions in periods just before the recession begins, and downward revisions in periods just after the recession begins. I continue to believe that the U.S. joined an unfolding global recession, most probably in June of this year.
There is strong evidence to suggest that this is little but false comfort. While we don’t expect material inflationary pressures until the back-half of this decade, the Federal Reserve has increasingly placed itself into a position that will be nearly impossible to disgorge without enormous disruption. Specifically, the U.S. economy could not achieve a non-inflationary increase in Treasury bill yields to even 2% without requiring a nearly 50% reduction in the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet.
This point is easily demonstrated in data from 1947 to the present. The relationship between short-term interest rates and the amount of monetary base per dollar of nominal GDP is very robust, and is widely recognized as the “liquidity preference” curve. We are already way out on the flat part of this curve. Note that Treasury bill yields have never been at even 2% except when there was less than 10 cents of base money per dollar of nominal GDP. There are only 3 ways to get there from the current 18 cents – dramatically cut the balance sheet, keep interest rates near zero for the next decade (assuming nominal GDP growth of 5% annually), or accept much higher rates of inflation than most would consider acceptable.
Moreover, with a portfolio duration that we now estimate at about 8 years, historically low yields on Treasury securities, and a Fed balance sheet currently leveraged about 53-to-1 against the Fed’s own capital, an increase in long-term yields of anything more than 20 basis points a year would produce capital losses sufficient to wipe out interest income, making the Fed effectively insolvent, and turning monetary policy into fiscal policy.
On the subject of Fed leverage, it is one thing to purchase long-dated bonds when yields are high. It is another to purchase them when yields are at record lows and very small yield changes are capable of wiping out all interest income and leaving the Fed in a loss position when it is already levered 53-to-1 (2.9 trillion of assets on 54.6 billion of capital, according to the Fed’s consolidated balance sheet). At a 10-year Treasury yield of just 1.6% and a portfolio duration of about 8 years (meaning that a 100 basis point move causes a change of about 8% in the value of the securities held by the Fed), it takes an interest rate increase of only about 20 basis points (1.6/8) to wipe out a year of interest on the portfolio held by the Fed and push it into capital losses. It would then take another 24 basis points to wipe out all of the capital on the Fed’s balance sheet. Of course, they don’t mark the balance sheet to market. So the public might not be aware of those losses, but that would only mean that we would have an insolvent Fed printing money on an extra-Constitutional basis to fund its own balance sheet losses instead of public spending.
Based on a report from UBS (h/t ZeroHedge), the Federal Reserve now holds all but $650 billion of outstanding 10-30 year Treasury securities, with UBS warning “a large, fixed size QE program could cause liquidity to tank”, with a similar outcome in the event that the Fed pursues mortgage-backed securities instead. A couple of years ago, Bernanke asserted in a 60 minutes interview that “We could raise interest rates in 15 minutes if we have to. So there is really no problem in raising interest rates, tightening monetary policy, slowing the economy, reducing inflation, at the appropriate time.” Really? Tell that to Paul Volcker, who had to deal with enormous inflation at unemployment rates even higher and a monetary base dramatically smaller than we observe at present.
The Fed now holds virtually no Treasury debt of maturity of less than 3 years, as Operation Twist and other efforts have been designed to force investors to choke on short-dated paper yielding next to nothing, in hopes of forcing them into riskier securities. The chart below shows the distribution of Fed holdings (dark bars) versus private sector holdings of Treasury debt, at various maturities. Of course, in equilibrium, someone still has to hold the short-dated Treasury securities, in addition to about $2.7 trillion in zero-interest cash and bank reserves, until those securities, currency, and reserves are retired. To believe that an unwinding of the Fed’s present balance sheet would not be disruptive is full-metal make-believe.
Good economic policy acts to relieve some binding constraint on the economy. How does the Fed argue that base money is a binding constraint? At present, there are trillions of dollars held as idle reserves on bank balance sheets. While a “portfolio balance” perspective may well suggest that additional zero-interest reserves will force more investors into risky assets at the margin (which has been most effective after significant market declines over the prior 6-month period), so what? There is no historical evidence that changes in stock market value have a significant effect on GDP. Indeed, a 1% change in stock market value is associated with a change of only 0.03-0.05% in GDP, largely because individuals consume off of their expectation of “permanent income”, not off of transitory changes in volatile securities.
If the decline in velocity exactly offsets the increase in base money, inflation is not going to explode overnight. But this happy outcome is brought to you by the passive response of short-term interest rates and the willingness of the public to accumulate zero-interest assets, which is in turn the result of strong and legitimate concerns about credit risk, default risk, and economic weakness. But remove any of those factors, or allow any other exogenous upward pressure on short-term interest rates, and the result will be upward pressure on velocity. Barring enormous rates of real GDP growth, the only way to counter that, as the first chart suggests, will be through either massive (and potentially disruptive) contraction of the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet, or acceptance of undesirable rates of inflation.
As hedge funds often discover, and JP Morgan recently learned, it is very easy to get into a position that later turns out to be nearly impossible to exit smoothly. A significant reduction in the Fed’s balance sheet is unlikely to be achieved at long-term interest rates nearly where they are now, which implies capital losses on the Fed account, which implies that in contemplating a further round of quantitative easing, the Federal Reserve is effectively contemplating a fiscal policy action.
Unfortunately, they’re likely to do it anyway.
From an investment perspective, it’s important to consider the potential effect of additional quantitative easing. As I noted several weeks ago (see What if the Fed Throws a QE3 and Nobody Comes?), the effect of prior rounds of quantitative easing both in the U.S. and abroad has generally been limited to little more than a recovery of the loss that the stock market sustained over the prior 6-month period. Presently, the S&P 500 is at a 4-year high, valuations are rich on the basis of normalized earnings, and advisory sentiment exceeds 50% bulls – over twice the number of bearish advisors according to Investors Intelligence. In recent years, each round of QE emerged closely on the heels of a significant market loss that produced a spike in risk premiums. In that environment, expanding the stock of zero-interest rate assets had the effect of bringing those risk premiums back down to those observed over the prior 6-months or so, and more recent interventions have shown diminishing returns. At present, risk-premiums are already depressed and there is no 6-month loss to recover.
In short, even the evidence of the past several years does not support the automatic assumption that stock prices will advance in the event of another round of QE at present levels. With little doubt, the market is likely to enjoy some immediate cheer from that sort of move, particularly if the Fed refrains from providing a specific ex-ante limit on its purchases - allowing investors to rejoice in the perception that the Fed had launched “unlimited” QE. Still, that cheer may be short-lived. If we examine the way that QE actually operates, and how and why risk premiums have responded to prior rounds, it is entirely unclear that a further round will have much effect beyond an initial spike of enthusiasm. That is, unless one adopts a superstitious faith that stocks will rise in response to QE, since QE makes stocks rise, because QE equals stocks rising, with no further analysis needed.
As of Friday, our estimates of prospective return/risk in the stock market remain in the most negative 0.5% of historical instances. Notably, the S&P 500 is within 1% of its upper Bollinger band (two standard deviations above its 20-period moving average) on daily, weekly and monthly resolutions. According to Investors Intelligence, bullish advisors outnumber bearish advisors by more than two-to-one (51% vs. 24.5% respectively), and corporate insiders are selling stock at a pace of six shares sold for every share purchased.
On the valuation front, profit margins remain elevated and the ratio of corporate profits to GDP is nearly 70% above its historical norm, and as a result, price/earnings multiples that are based on near-term earnings estimates are elevated, but do not seem extreme. But stocks are not a claim on one year of earnings – they are a claim on a very long-term stream of cash flows that will actually be delivered to investors over time. On the basis of normalized earnings and following our standard valuation methodology (see below), we estimate a 10-year prospective total return for the S&P 500 of less than 4.5% nominal. The Shiller P/E (S&P 500 divided by the 10-year average of inflation-adjusted earnings) is presently 22.3, which is in the richest 5% of all historical data prior to the late-1990’s bubble. While this multiple may not seem extreme relative to the data of the past 13 years or so, it should be remembered that stocks have lagged Treasury bill yields during this period, and the market has experienced two separate plunges in excess of 50% each, precisely because valuations have been so rich.
The market conditions we observe at present are very familiar from the standpoint of historical data, matching those that have appeared prior to the most violent market declines on record (e.g. 1973-74, 1987, 2000-2002, 2007-2009). That is no assurance that market losses will be swift, as some of those instances included extended tops characterized by some amount of “churn” and exhaustion before failing. Indeed, even the historical record of these instances is not an assurance that stocks will decline at all in the present case. It’s just that we have no other basis to form expectations about prospective return and risk except to understand how valuations, market action, sentiment and other factors have converged to drive market returns over history.
In any event, we are creatures of discipline, and I strongly believe that our discipline is well-suited to achieve our investment objectives over the complete bull-bear market cycle, despite what will inevitably include shorter-term frustrations. Meanwhile, long-time readers of these weekly comments may be somewhat relieved that going forward, I’ll simply refer to our 2012 Annual Report to elaborate on why the recent cycle has been an outlier, compared with the full-cycle performance that we achieved prior to 2009, and that I expect in future cycles.
There will be periods where a few of our large holdings get hit (as we saw on Friday) despite the fact that our stock selection has strongly outperformed the S&P 500 over time. There will be periods where we are defensive in an advancing market because we face familiar sets of market conditions that have been devastating for investors, as we do now. But what matters to our strategy, and what produces strong risk-adjusted returns over the complete market cycle, is the habit of accepting greater risk in conditions where risk has generally been well-rewarded, and avoiding risk in conditions where risk has generally been punished. We are now in a very familiar environment that has regularly punished risk-taking severely, if not immediately.
Strategic Growth remains fully hedged, with just over 1% of assets invested in additional option time premium to raise the strike prices of the put option side of our hedge, looking out to the end of the year. Strategic International remains fully hedged. Strategic Dividend Value remains hedged at 50% of the value of its stock holdings – its most defensive position. In Strategic Total Return, we used recent bond market strength to cut our portfolio duration to 1.4 years (meaning that a 100 basis point change in interest rates would be expected to affect the portfolio by about 1.4% on the basis of bond price changes), and we cut our exposure in precious metals shares to about 6% of assets, as the prospect for open monetary spigots is likely to be far more limited than investors seem to expect, and global economic activity is slowing rapidly, now including China and other presumed economic bulwarks. Our return/risk estimates remain positive in that sector, but have become much more muted in response to the recent price advance and other factors. The Fund continues to hold small allocations in utility shares and foreign currencies.
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2019-04-19T14:30:19Z
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http://www.hussmanfunds.com/wmc/wmc120910.htm
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One of Iron Reign's greatest weaknesses is the organization of our physical space. It is rare that our workspace is free of clutter, and it is always difficult to find tools or parts that we need. We often joke that when we put an item down it goes in a "black hole," and you won't be able to find it again. This summer, however, we have made a system to tackle this problem and this season we hope to maintain it. We cleared out the front room and set up some shelves and got to organizing. For anyone looking for certain tools or who doesn't know where to put a tool they just found or used, use the article for reference.
On the very top, you can find miscellaneous electronics.
We have a long way to go, and we need to put organize these drawers even more and maybe soon label them. If anyone has any questions ask Evan or me (or Tycho if he's home), and make sure you put things back after you use them!
Until we receive the field elements, we will have to plan and strategize using the resources listed above.
Because we also had new possible team members over, we set expectations for this year. Actively recording our progress and blogging for the engineering journal was heavily stressed. We recognize the importance of having a good engineering journal and how it can help us advance. Our coach's house, the place where we have our meetings, is also cleaner than it has been in a long time after an intense cleaning session. Having an organized space maximizes efficiency, especially with the a larger team. Therefore, we expect for all team members to clean up after themselves and maintain the organization.
Before we could discuss robot build ideas, we talked strategy. Parking in the crater and the landing zones will undoubtedly be easy to do. Since we know that designing a way for our robot to be able to lift itself onto the lander will be a more interesting challenge and will score us the most points, we will prioritize working on prototypes mechanisms for this task. Finding a way to gently lower down form the lander may be difficult. We will have to consider ways to not damage the robot, wiring, etc. We also agreed that it would make the most sense to have one mechanism that latches onto the hook on the lander, grabs gold and silver elements from the crater, and places these elements into the columns.
Other topics we talked about include drive trains, problems with trying to create a mechanism that grab both the silver balls and gold blocks, as well as how we would be able to grab them out of the crater without going over the edge of the crater and getting stuck.
Also, in previous seasons, we have had strong autonomous game, and so we decided to make the tasks in autonomous another top priority. We had our coders start discussing the field path for autonomous. Unfortunately, we will not be able to launch our team marker into the team depot.
After the end of last season, a storm passed through and turned over shelves, trashing the robo-dojo. Some of our team members cleaned up the tent this afternoon. While it may not seem very important at the moment, this will be very helpful later in the season once we get our field elements for this year's challenge and want to set the field up. While cleaning, they also uncovered old, rusted metal tools and and pieces, which we will now be able to repair and save for future use.
Besides helping with cleaning the tent, the new members showed a lot of interest in the game as well. They were eager to start building, and actually started creating prototype mechanisms for picking up the silver and gold elements.
As our brainstorming and discussion continues, we are putting our ideas into action and making various prototypes and designs. We will continue to work with our new recruits and let them participate in a meaningful way with our building and in getting ready for competition.
Taking some inspiration from 30 hr robot reveal videos, we have continued the brainstorming for this year's robot. Our main subjects of discussion are our intake and lift, and some ideas that were thrown around were a conveyor belt-like intake and a lift that utilizes a linear slide which lifts the robot chassis. The details of our brainstorming session can be found at (E-19, Brainstorming Two - Enter the Void).
Many of our new recruits returned today and have continued to be active. During the week, we received the field parts, so we had them help us put it together so that they can be familiar with the field design and with certain power tools. They also helped with various devices we worked on, like the linear slides, etc. Field assembly progress from our new recruits.
We plan to use the chassis we built this summer for preliminary autonomous testing. Janavi and Kenna got Garchomp up and running today and added a better and more secure phone holder so we can run autonomous.
We started a project in a program called Team Gantt. We learned how to use this program from watching the many tutorials in the program and by trial and error. In our project, we have made task groups that represent our subteams, such as build, code, etc. You can see this in the image above, but I did not include the whole chart to not expose any team secrets. A project manager will be in charge of keeping these subteams on track with the chart, and will update it accordingly along with periodic meetings regarding the chart and our progress. Hopefully, this will really help us in our team organization so that we don't fall behind this season.
Continue the use of our Gantt chart in order to improve our organization and give us a big-picture view of our progress for the rest of the season.
We scrapped the chassis we worked on last meeting because of it lack of mounting points and poor assembly. Janavi started with just some extrusion rails and mounted some motors and wheels for a new new chassis. Hopefully we will have a working chassis by the time of the scrimmage.
Besides working on the chassis and a CNN, most of us taught and shared our passion for STEM at the event. The event was 10 hours long, so it was a long haul, but we had a really great time and the girls did too.
Finally, we have a chassis. We used small mechanum wheels and a small rectangular frame which is very unusual for Iron Reign with our history of 18 in x 18 in robots. The chassis that Janavi build last weekend during the outreach event was a square, but we needed to make it rectangular to make room for motors. See more on mini-mech at (E-42, Mini Mechanum Chassis).
Janavi and Justin worked on the linear slides that Janavi has been working on for a few weeks. Before, we had tested and mounted the slide to an existing chassis, but there were some improvements to be made. They changed the length of the linear slide from using 18 in rails to 12 in rails and added stops so that the slide don't slide out of each other. They also strung the slides so that they can extend and retract depending on the direction of rotation of the wheels.
Arjun worked with a few members from Iron Star and Iron Core so that they could start programs for the robots they have been working on. A few weeks ago, Abhi gave them an introduction to coding, but Arjun helped them from the very beginning of making a new project and writing their first lines of code. Iron Reign has been utilizing GitHub for many years and we have found it very helpful, so we helped the other teams set up their own GitHub repositories and taught them how to use it.
Ethan and Abhi worked on our intake system. We are using silicone mats for kitchen counters to launch field elements into our intake system. The minerals then are filtered through 3 bars, each space by 68 mm so that balls roll over and cubes fall in. They completed the intake mechanism, but their greatest challenge is fine tuning the sorting bars and finding a way to mount it onto the chassis. Eventually, we wish to make the system pivotable, but for now we mounted it to the chassis so that it is stationary. Details about this intake system can be found at (E-44, Intake Update).
We've had a linear slide that we've been meaning to hook up to the robot for awhile, and we finally did it Saturday. We mounted it to the front of the robot, as it was the easiest access point, then mounted a motor and pulley on the side to extend it. It worked - and then it didn't - as it tangled itself inside the motor, necessitating a redesign.
Then we realized a more pressing issue. Since torque is equal to force * arm length (T=FR), and the force on our robot is only the force due to gravity (F=mg), we had a torque on the lift equal to T=mgR. Then, as the lift was mounted at the very end, the torque on the arm was at its absolute maximum. And, while we're confident in our building ability, we're not that confident. So, we realized that we'd have to move the lift closer to the middle to minimize torque.
On Saturday, we worked on the red-silicone intake system, but there were still issues. We used too-long screws to mount the motor that cut into the sprocket, we mounted the fins a little to far out so that the silicone was running into them and losing energy, and we didn't have a way to mount it. First, we replaced the 15mm M3 screws with 8mm ones, ensuring that there would be no further collision. Then, we removed the beams the fins were mounted on and replaced them with a simple crossbar the we directly mounted the fins to. That way, we could adjust all of the fins at once instead of individually cutting each beam.
Our robot is a little on the small side for Iron Reign. To mitigate that, we planned to add a second stage to the robot for support and to hold components like the second REV hub. So, we started on that, cutting the standoffs, and attaching one side completely so that we could use it as a proto-phone-mount.
To minimize torque, we moved the lift to the center of the robot. Now, this won't eliminate the torque - one side of the robot is much heavier than the other, but it makes it much more manageable.
To have a functional robot, we have to have an intake *on the robot*. We had an intake, but it certainly wasn't anywhere close to being on the robot. So, we mounted a Core Hex Motor to the inside of our robot, attached a gear to our robot then bolted a second gear to our intake. Then, we attached the gear to a churro rail mounted on the robot and moved the motor to where the gears coincided. Originally, we planned to use a 30->90 gear system for a 1:3 gear ratio for a calculated 9.6 Newton-meters of torque, but this systed wouldn't fit within the size constraints, so we had to settle for a 1:1 ratio at 3.2 N*m.
On our other robot, Bigwheel, we mounted the 2nd arm for a future beater bar. Unlike most of our robots, this one is mostly off-the-shelf, with some additional Textrix parts and a REV hub.
To be able to support our additional motors, we had to add a second REV hub. And, to do that, we had to finish the 2nd stage. This wasn't that difficult, all we had to do was attach a standard piece of REV extrusion to the remaining standoffs, then add a REV hub mount, then mount the actual hub.
Our lift is a little bit wobbly laterally, so we took steps to fix this. We attached a small piece of REV rail to the second stage from the lift to minimize wobbling. This still needs to be worked on, as the rail isn't mounted well, but we'll burn that bridge when we get to it.
Since our lift needs to extend and retract reliably, we have to use a double-pulley system. So, we strung upwards normally, but then attached another string to a higher up pulley that could pull the whole system back down.
Our old pulley-motor was an AndyMark Neverrest 60. Now, we have nothing against these motors, but we wanted something that would be easier to connect to the REV hub. So, we replaced it with a HD Hex Motor with a 40:1 gearbox. This actually increased the torque by a negligible amount (from 4.186 N*m to 4.2 N*m), and was a more convenient change.
Originally, we cut a box template out of polycarb that was the exact size of two silver particles. Unfortunately, we couldn't find a heat gun, so we had to go back to cardboard.
We added the corn-cob intake from a few weeks ago onto this robot so that it can get both blocks and balls from over the crater wall.
Now, in theory, we have a competition-ready robot.
We still need to program our robot and fix any gremlins that pop up; this will happen at the Friday meet.
First and foremost, we have to work on our presentation. So, we did an hour-long presentation runthrough to ensure all team members had the content down.
Also necessary for a good tournament is the journal. We've had a consistent 10-20 post backlog since the season started, and we've finally started cutting into it. At my current count, we're down to 7 posts left. So, we're making considerable progress on this front. Ethan already finished our strategic plan earlier this week, so all we have left is to write the blurbs and retag our posts, something we'll do on Monday.
Finally, in order to compete, we have to have a robot. Now, we have a robot, but it isn't really working. So, Evan and Karina worked on mounting an intake system, as well as reinforcing the center lever. This will ensure that the robot can actually score by the tournament.
On the code side, Abhi found the coefficients for PID so that he can start autonomous. As well, he started merging SDK 4.2 with our 15k-line base of legacy code so that we can take advantage of TensorFlow. On that note, we discovered that SDK 4.2 comes with mineral detection out of the box with TensorFlow - something that we've been working on since kickoff.
Finally, we have some good news. Iron Reign has official adopted its first new member of the season: Bhanaviya Venkat. Stay tuned for her first blog post later this week.
A long time ago, in a land far, far away, Iron Reign once had a battery box. This was a fabled land, where all batteries remained charged and phones roamed the land, happy and content with their engorged batteries. But, this land was neglected, with the meadows of electricity growing dim, the plastic of the land cracking and scattering to the four corners of the Earth, and those who found their home there lost to the void.
We have a problem keeping our phones charged at tournaments and in practice. So, we made a simple battery box to fix it. We used an old REV container and cut some spare wood to create dividers, cut a hole for a surge protector, and we were a go.
Iron Reign really needs to work on its organization in general, and this was just one way to stem the tide of entropy. We need to revitalize our tournament kits of tools next.
On the robot, we are resizing the intake system as a whole so that it folds in completely and fits within the 18 by 18 sizing requirement. Our biggest focus today was on our intake system, notably building a system that deposits the minerals. We plan to create the system out of polycarb, but first we are prototyping with cardboard. There are two versions we have prototyped so far, as you can see below.
Ethan made a battery box out of an orange REV starter kit and sawed some wood to fit snuggly in order to have some dividers. Finally we drilled a hole in the side for the power strip cord.
Arjun is working on our neural network for which we need to capture more training data. He is creating a program that will have the robot take pictures & capture the data we need as it drives. We had a bare-bones autonomous for the qualifier, so over the break we want to revamp our autonomous so that we can incorporate the neural network we are training more effectively. To see more about our vision training, see (E-28, CNN Training Program).
It's a new year! And, with this new year comes new tournaments, new experiences, new projects, and more. But, to grow, one must reflect. Iron Reign's had a pretty big year, from going to Worlds to the prospect of a new MXP. And, while we can't analyze every possible aspect of the team, we can look at our stats page and differences from last year to this year.
We aren't amazing at keeping an archive of our team hours and such, so I had to pull these statistics from archive.org. The first archived version of the page in 2018 was from Feb. 14.
As of today, our stats page displays this.
Finally, the statistics page at the beginning of the season looked like this.
And, the differences between each are below.
Iron Reign wishes y'all a Happy New Year! We wish to see progress among us all in these coming months.
This version uses two of the above gears to form the latch. Then, as the robot shifts, the latch becomes undone, allowing the robot to gently fall upon the ground.
So, just having a design isn't enough, it actually has to be implemented. So, Evan cut some attachment points that also function as linear slide stoppers as detailed in our last post.
Then, we attached the latching system to the attachment posts on each side, mounting the latching system as seen here.
While Karina was testing our robot, BigWheel suddenly began to lose friction, stranding itself in the middle of the field. It would only operate if more weight was put upon it. We haven't determined the reason yet; it could be that the temperature caused some strange material effect, but the new linear slides could also have shifted the weight distribution of the robot away from the main wheels. In addition, the Superman arm failed to work. We've narrowed it down to a code issue, but beyond that, we're scratching our heads.
Iron Reign has a tradition of reviewing the performance of the past year; this year I chose to begin it using numbers. I went back in the archives and used the stats page to count contributions from team members. This post can be found here.
We still need to fully implement gold/silver particle detection, as well as the rest of our autonomous. To begin on this long, arduous process, Abhi and Arjun worked from home to begin vision integration. At the current point, the program detects gold most of the time. We are experiencing a bug in that the telemetry isn't detected.
On the robot, Evan lowered the latch system so that the system would be compatible for the hanging task. After the latch system was lowered, bolts on both sides of the lift system had to be moved so that they would align with one another. See more latch updates at (E-82, Latch Model).
In terms of code, Arjun is working on using internal Tensorflow Object Detection code to grab frames for the autonomous to avoid any bugs in the custom code he has written so far. Additionally, he is working on ensuring accuracy in the output of the OpenCV pipeline so that it will consistently sample correctly.
With the alums as our judges, we did a thorough presentation run-through. A critique that persisted from our "judges" was that we weren't as enthusiastic as we could have been. So, we decided that a better way to convey our energy was by finding out a way in which we stood out from other competing teams. One way for us to stand out was the back-and-forth debate between Karina and Evan on Mini Mech vs Big Wheel. Since that interaction effectively conveyed both the iterative nature of Iron Reign's engineering process as well as our team's quirks as a whole. In the future we are going to do many run-throughs to make the presentation informative and crisp.
And last but not least, we took a suitable team picture for our journal - this one encompassing both current and old members of the team.
Early on in the season, we began experimenting with using a Convolutional Neural Network to detect the location of the gold mineral. A Convolutional Neural Network, or CNN, is a machine learning algorithm that uses multiple layers which "vote" on what the output should be based on the output of previous layers. We developed a tool to label training images for use in training a CNN, publicly available at https://github.com/arjvik/MineralLabler. We then began training a CNN with the training data we labeled. However, our CNN was unable to reach a high accuracy level, despite us spending lots of time tuning it. A large part of this came to our lack of training data. We haven't given up on it, though, and we hope to improve this approach in the coming weeks.
We then turned to other alternatives. At this time, the built-in TensorFlow Object Detection code was released in the FTC SDK. We tried out TensorFlow, but we were unable to use it reliably. Our testing revealed that the detection provided by TensorFlow was not always able to detect the location of the gold mineral. We attempted to modify some of the parameters, however, since only the trained model was provided to us by FIRST, we were unable to increase its accuracy. We are currently looking to see if we can detect the sampling order even if we only detect some of the sampling minerals. We still have code to use TensorFlow on our robot, but it is only one of a few different vision backends available for selection during runtime.
Another alternative vision framework we tried was OpenCV. OpenCV is a collection of vision processing algorithms which can be combined to form powerful pipelines. OpenCV pipelines perform sequential transformations on their input image, until it ends up in a desired form, such as a set of contours or boundaries of all minerals detected in the image. We developed an OpenCV pipeline to find the center of the gold mineral given an image of the sampling order. To create our pipeline, we used a tool called GRIP, which allows us to visualize and tune our pipeline. However, since we have found that bad lighting conditions greatly influence the quality of detection, we hope to add LED lights to the top of our phone mount so we can get consistent lighting on the field, hopefully further increasing our performance in dark field conditions.
Since we wanted to be able to switch easily between these vision backends, we decided to write a modular framework which allows us to swap out vision implementations with ease. As such, we are now able to choose which vision backend we would like to use during the match, with just a single button press. Because of this, we can also work in parallel on all of the vision backends.
Another abstraction we made was the ability to switch between different viewpoints, or cameras. This allows us to decide at runtime which viewpoint we wish to use, either the front/back camera of the phone, or external webcam. Of course, while there is no good reason to change this during competition (hopefully by then the placement of the phone and webcam on the robot will be finalized), it is extremely useful during the development of the robot, because we don't have everything about our robot finalized.
Designed a convolutional neural network to perform sampling.
Tested out the provided TensorFlow model for sampling.
Developed an OpenCV pipeline to perform sampling.
Created a framework to switch between different Vision Providers at runtime.
Created a framework to switch between different camera viewpoints at runtime.
We would like to continue improving on and testing our vision software so that we can reliably sample during our autonomous.
With the competition a week away, we are practicing our presentation frequently. Last time we presented, we were a bit all over the place; we talked over each other and stuttered quite a bit. This practice is to minimize these mistakes and finish our presentation in an appropriate amount of time, so we can answer questions.
We finished up the design and print for version 2 of the latch system, and Janavi assembled it. The 2nd version changes the stopping mechanism; the bearings are now in the mount rather than in the actual sprockets. More details on this version of the latch can be found at (E-93, Latch Updates).
Evan and Karina worked on reattaching/realigning the belt drive for the lift. It would go off in unintended angles, the process went smoothly except for the fact that we are going to need to tighen the zip ties by replacing them frequently. See more on the belt drive at (E-87, Belt Drive).
The REV rails for our intake system are quite heavy, so we are building a new intake with its old components and carbon fiber tubing instead of REV rails. Justin designed and started a print for a perpendicular mounting bracket for the carbon fiber tubes.
To add to the new intake system, Evan is making a new box to store minerals out of polycarb.
Arjun tested and fine-tuned our computer vision. This vision uses Open CV, taking inspiration from the published pipeline and Doge CV. The vision is working well, so he is integrating it into the autonomous program that Abhi created. Karina and Arjun have been working diligently to test this autonomous so that it is in working condition for the next competition.
Ethan began the design for side shields, which we are planning to cut out using a laser cutter that is stored in our school's engineering classroom. To see more on the design process of the side shields, see (E-87, Designing Side Shields).
Since we have made a few changes to the robot, such as adding a servo to our previously mechanical output mechanism, we evaluated how well they worked. We wired the servo and fixed the wiring from the arm that got tangled in the motor using a wire router to take control of this issue. As well, we began auto tuning for the new hook.
When we weren't making changes on the robot, we were practicing driving. Some difficulties we faced included getting stuck in the crater because of our arm and the disconnection of our hook from the servo horn due to our attachment with zipties. When we got back to the house, we began changes to fix these issues by creating a replacement for the zipties out of polycarb and working on presets to improve the balance of the robot.
Since we qualified for worlds, we are using today as an opportunity to start our Road to Worlds, as the discussions we have today will shape our progress for the next 8 weeks. We plan to start today with a post-mortem discussion regarding our previous competition, and then we will proceed to evaluate our strengths and shortcomings throughout the post-mortem. These lessons will shape our Road to Worlds document, a guide that outlines our major objectives within every subteam of Iron Reign.
We discussed (on a Skype call) our presentation with one of our alumni, Jayesh, who gave us guidance and feedback based on a video we took of our presentation at regionals so that we can improve our presentation in the coming weeks.
Following our post-mortem discussion, we booted up our road to worlds doc and began our discussion as to how we will accomplish everything we need to in 8 weeks. Our Road to Worlds document will help increase focus and productivity so we don't lag behind in our progess. See our Road to Worlds at (E-119, Road to Worlds 2019).
If we are going to accomplish what we set out to, it is going to require immense commitment and higher-level planning. We need to decide how we are going to spend spring break, and with a Doodle poll that indicates participation for the next two weeks, we can plan accordingly. We may not have many builders, so hopefully we can do drive practice.
Here is a brief graph of our commit history over the past season. As you can see, there was a spike during this code refactor.
Here is a graph of additions and deletions over the course of the season. There was also another spike during this time as we made changes.
Hopefully this cleanup will help us on our journey to worlds.
Our main objectives for today are to gather and assemble the parts and subsystems needed to construct our new robot as well as continue the improvement of our robot's balance programmatically.
Aaron and Justin began working on our new competition robot. Justin designed and cut a polycarb base and Aaron assembled the elbow piece and both wheels. The polycarb base will be the structure of the robot, connecting all of the subsystems together.
Bhanaviya and Karina continued to work on a bill of materials, which can be found at (E-131, Bill of Materials). This is a continuation of progress made during spring break, and such a record will make it easier to build our second robot, as builders will have easy access to each part we need and where to aquire such an item.
Karina took some videos of our intake system to analyze its efficiency. Notably, we want to measure the time it takes a mineral to travel through our corn-on-the-cob intake and thus determine the lag that occurs in this process. This will guide our redesign of our intake mechanism. In the next week we will perform this analysis, which can be found at (E-132, Intake Speed).
Over the course of today’s meet, we plan to create new axle pieces for the big wheels of the new robot, calculate torque for Superman, improve articulations, and create a reveal video for Mini Mech.
Cooper and Ben B worked on creating new axle for the big wheels of the new chassis. Since we replaced gear keepers last meet, we will need to have axle pieces that can support the weight of the new gear keepers and the wheel. Ben worked on soldering the pieces while Cooper helped ensure that the pieces had enough room to be mounted on the chassis.
Abhi, Arjun and Ben O worked on merging all of the Pull Requests that they have made over the past few weeks, ensuring that they work together with each other and the existing code base. They also refactored our Articulation code to make it easier to use and understand. Additionally, they added support for State Space Controllers. State Space Controllers are advanced control loops which perform complex linear algebra over input matrices to find outputs. These can be used to make our articulations more efficient, as well as help with balancing on two wheels.
Janavi worked on calculating torque for the different subsystems of the new robot. Since Superman has had some balancing issues in the past, calculating torque and understanding its degrees of freedom will enable us to ensure that its center of gravity is stable. She also calculated the torque for the lift to ensure that the linear slides don’t extend too far out and cause the robot to tip over.
Paul created a reveal video for Mini-Mech. Since Mini-Mech played an essential role in us choosing our wheels and chassis design, it was only ideal to acknowledge its existence with a reveal video of its own. This video will also come in handy when attempting to see just how out iterative our design process has been.
Compete at the REV Scrimmage and do final changes on our robot in build and code before Worlds.
The code team worked on changing the presets for the hook-servo and the Superman arm to ensure that the hook was low enough to latch and so that superman is low enough to deposit minerals in the lander accurately. They also lowered the range of the intake so that our intake system can pick up more minerals without causing the robot to collapse from the pressure caused by the intake.
The build team lowered the elbow shaft so that it was at the right level to latch and so that it was parallel to the mounting bar. They also used the servo tester to get the range of servos on the hook to ensure that the hook was able to latch on accurately. They also lowered the elbow shaft so that it was at the right level to latch and so that it was parallel to the mounting bar. They also used the servo tester to get the range of servos on the hook to ensure that the hook was able to latch on accurately. Subsequently, they attached the control hub in the place of the REV expansion hub and the phones.
Finally, we created a template for a new business card. It will be unvealed at Worlds.
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2019-04-24T17:02:53Z
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https://www.ironreignrobotics.com/tags/organization/indexPrintable/
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Chase Sapphire Preferred is one of the best credit card deals for anyone with excellent credit who likes to travel, doesn’t mind booking at least one trip through Chase, and spends more than $1,333 per month. That’s because you need to spend at least $4,000 within three months of account opening to qualify for Sapphire Preferred’s monster initial bonus: 60,000 points. That’s the centerpiece of the offer, and using Chase’s travel portal is required to get top dollar when you redeem. You’ll get $750 in travel booked through Chase or a $600 statement credit. Either way, that alone will pay for 6+ years’ of annual fees, considering Chase Sapphire Preferred’s standard annual fee is $95.
And we haven’t even gotten to the ongoing rewards. Needless to say, there’s little reason to pass on this deal if you’re a frequent traveler with top-tier credit. Instead, you may want to start packing!
But in case you want to learn a bit more before submitting an application, let’s take a closer look at what Sapphire Preferred brings to the table, where it can take you and whether it’s worth the cost.
Initial bonus worth up to $750. Spending $4,000 within three months of opening the Chase Sapphire Preferred Card will score you 60,000 bonus points, which you can redeem for $750 in travel booked through Chase Ultimate Rewards or a $600 statement credit. That’s one of the biggest initial bonuses on the market. Need we say more?
2 points per $1 spent on travel and dining. This earning rate translates to 2.5% cash back when you redeem for Ultimate Rewards travel or 2% cash back when used for a statement credit. That’s about double the average earning rate for a rewards card.
$95 annual fee. This pricey fee limits Sapphire Preferred’s ongoing value, and is roughly six times higher than the average annual fee.
$1,450+ in 2-year rewards value. The average person would earn roughly $1,475 in net rewards value (with fees included) in two years with the Sapphire Preferred Card, according to WalletHub’s calculations. That’s a nice chunk of change. And it’s why Chase’s Preferred Sapphire Card is the preference of so many rewards-seekers.
To recap, Chase Sapphire Preferred is one of 2019’s best rewards cards for a reason. Its big initial bonus is the star of the show, saving you enough on travel that you’ll definitely need some suntan lotion. The ongoing rewards aren’t so hot if you don’t redeem your earnings for travel booked through Chase. But all in all, Sapphire Preferred is definitely worth the money if you like to travel.
FEE Either $10 or 5% of the amount of each transaction, whichever is greater.
Don't see what you're looking for? Submit your question about Chase Sapphire Preferred® Card to our community.
Chase Sapphire Preferred benefits include high rewards on travel, plus thousands of dollars in travel insurance and coverage for damaged or stolen purchases. Sapphire Preferred also offers one of the best initial rewards bonuses on the market. That’s a big reason why its among WalletHub’s choices for the year’s best rewards cards as well as the best credit card deals. The average person would earn more Preferred over the first two years of use than any other Chase credit card, according to WalletHub’s latest Credit Card Rewards Report. And Chase Sapphire Preferred’s secondary benefits are impressive as well.
Initial Bonus: Sapphire Preferred offers one of the best bonuses on the market.
Travel Insurance: Chase Sapphire Preferred has the best overall travel insurance among credit cards, according to WalletHub’s editors. Pay for travel with Sapphire Preferred, and you’ll get coverage for delayed, cancelled, or interrupted trips as well as forlost or delayed luggage.
Rental Car Insurance: Paying for your vehicle rental with your Sapphire Preferred card automatically gives you coverage for damage or theft. Chase’s policy ranks second among major issuers.
Extended Warranty: If you buy something that has a manufacturer’s warranty, Chase may add a year to your coverage. Chase Sapphire Preferred and Reserve are tied for 17th in this category.
Purchase Protection: You may be eligible for at least a partial refund if certain items purchased with a Chase Sapphire card are damaged or stolen. WalletHub ranks Chase Sapphire Preferred 12thin this category. The Sapphire Reserve card takes 1st place.
International Travel Perks: WalletHub’s editors analyzed major issuers’ perks and policies for international travelers, including travel rewards, foreign transaction fees, emergency assistance and more. Chase Sapphire Preferred and Reserve tied for 7th best.
Another Chase Sapphire Preferred benefit is worldwide acceptance. Since Chase Sapphire Preferred is a Visa, you can use it pretty much everywhere in the world credit cards are accepted. Using a Visa or a Mastercard is the best way to convert currency when traveling internationally, too, thanks to low exchange rates that could save you as much as 9%. Plus, Chase is one of the few major credit card companies that will send you a free replacement if you lose your card while out of the country.
In short, Chase Sapphire Preferred is an excellent rewards credit card for people with excellent credit. You can learn more about the offer from WalletHub’s complete Chase Sapphire Preferred Card review.
Earning Chase Sapphire Preferred rewards is easy, as you’ll get least one point in return for every dollar you spend. Plus, there are plenty of ways to earn bonus points. There’s no limit on how many points you can accumulate. And your points won’t expire as long as your account is in good standing.
But most people have a pretty good understanding of the process of earning points. How the Chase Sapphire Preferred rewards redemption process works is probably a bit less clear, however.
Fortunately, you have a number of good options. And regardless of which you choose, you’ll be starting in the same place: Chase's Ultimate Rewards portal. You’ll also be able to use your normal chase.com username and password to sign in.
1. Redeem for travel through Chase: Chase Sapphire Prefferred rewards points are worth 25% more (1.25 cents apiece) when used for travel booked through Chase’s online portal. You should be able to find competitive prices and offers from most major travel providers, too.
Just select "Explore & Book Travel" once you’re signed into the Chase Rewards website to get started.
All you have to do is confirm that you have a loyalty rewards account with your chosen transfer partner, then select "Transfer Points to Travel Partners" from the Ultimate Rewards portal.
3. Shop with points on Amazon: You can use your Sapphire Preferred rewards points instead of a credit card or debit card when checking out on Amazon.com. Your points will be worth one cent apiece with this method, the same as when you redeem for a statement credit or gift card.
4. Redeem for cash or gift cards: If you don’t want to redeem for travel or Amazon.com purchases, you can convert them into cash or gift cards for your favorite stores at a rate of one cent per point. This adds a lot of flexibility to the Chase Sapphire Preferred rewards program. Just bear in mind that you won’t get as much value for your points as you would when redeeming for travel. To start, log into the Ultimate Rewards portal and choose either "Get Cash Back" or "Shop Gift Cards."
To learn more about how Chase Sapphire Preferred’s rewards work, check out WalletHub’s breakdown of the Chase Ultimate Rewards Program.
Finally, if you’re curious about other aspects of the offer as well as whether it’s ultimately worth getting, our editors’ comprehensive Chase Sapphire Preferred review has the full scoop.
You can think of the Chase Sapphire Preferred® Card credit score requirement as being 750+. In other words, you generally need excellent credit to qualify. If you’d like to see where your credit stands, and thus get a rough sense for your approval odds, you can always check your latest credit score for free on WalletHub.
1. Income – Credit card companies must verify that you can afford a new line of credit before granting one. And how much you make is an important aspect of that. Income is especially significant with top-tier cards such as Chase Sapphire Preferred, which often have high spending limits.
2. Debt – Creditors need to know how much you owe, as this puts your income into context and clarifies your overall ability to pay. In other words, your existing debt obligations tell prospective lenders how much of your money is already spoken for and how much can be used for a new credit card’s monthly payments.
3. Number of applications - Chase is rumored to have an unofficial policy known as the 5/24 rule, which prevents you from opening more than five Chase credit cards in a 24-month period. This shouldn’t be a problem for most people. But it’s good to be aware of, considering how many great Chase credit cards are out there.
In addition to opening too many Chase cards too quickly, some commonly reported reasons for denial include having a short credit history, not having enough income, and past bankruptcies.
Some members of the community also report being approved for Chase Sapphire Preferredwith credit scores in the mid-to-upper 600s, but you should take those cases with a grain of salt. They’re certainly not the norm. According to all the anecdotal evidence we were able to dig up, around 7 in 10 people who get approved for Chase Sapphire Preferred have a credit score above 700. And 4 in 10 have scores above 750.
If you don’t think you have what it takes to meet the Chase Sapphire Preferred credit score requirement, the good news is there are plenty of great rewards credit cards for people with good, fair, limited and even bad credit. You can check out WalletHub’s review of 2017’s best rewards cards for each credit level to learn more.
But if you’re confident that your approval odds are high, you can go ahead and get started on your Chase Sapphire Preferred application.
The Chase Sapphire Preferred travel insurance is reasonably good. So when you pay in full for your travel tickets with your Sapphire Preferred you will receive, free of charge and in any country in the world, a protection against accidental death or dismemberment that might occur when you are under the responsibility of a registered common carrier.
Also, you will get trip cancellation insurance, which means that you'll be provided reimbursement if a covered loss prevents you from traveling. You can learn more about these benefits here: https://www.chase.com/card-benefits/sapphirepreferred/travel.
There are four ways to use a Chase Sapphire card to purchase airfare. That's true for all three Sapphire cards: Sapphire Preferred, Sapphire Reserve and the original Sapphire Card (no longer available to new applicants).
1.Redeem Points Through Ultimate Rewards. You can book flights on pretty much any major airline directly through the Ultimate Rewards website. This option allows you to charge part of the flight to your card if you don't have enough points to cover the full fare.
2.Transfer Points to a Travel Partner. A majority of Chase's travel rewards partners are airlines. So if you belong to one of their loyalty programs, you can transfer your Ultimate Rewards points to that program and combine them with the miles/points already in that account for redemption. Transfers are done at a 1:1 ratio.
3.Get Cash Back. You can always redeem your Chase Sapphire points for a statement credit and use the savings to pay for your plane ticket, wherever you book it. Bear in mind that you need at least 2,000 points to redeem for cash, and your points are worth 25% more when redeemed for travel through Chase Ultimate Rewards.
4.Simply Pay with Your Sapphire Card. The most obvious of your options doesn't really involve rewards, but it's nevertheless worth noting that both Chase Sapphire cards can be used to purchase airfare directly from airlines, travel-comparison sites, etc. Besides, paying for a plane ticket could help you reach either of the Sapphire cards' initial spending requirements, thereby earning you a lucrative initial bonus.
The Chase Sapphire Preferred referral system allows cardholders to earn 10,000 bonus points for each friend they invite to apply who: A) gets approved; and B) makes at least $4,000 in purchases within three months of account opening.
You’re limited to 50,000 referral bonus points per calendar year. But whether you refer one friend or five, you’re still looking at a lot of value. 10,000 points are worth $125 in travel booked through Chase Ultimate Rewards. That’s easy money. So let’s talk about exactly how to earn it.
Go to the Chase Sapphire Preferred Refer a Friend Page.
Provide the requested information and click “Get Started”.
Share your personalized invitation link with friends via Facebook, Twitter or email.
See, it’s as easy as 1,2,3. And you can go a lot higher than that when counting your bonus dollars, especially if your friends or family members have excellent credit and are travel enthusiasts. You shouldn’t feel like you’re pulling a fast one either. You got / are getting the Sapphire Preferred Card for a reason. And there’s nothing wrong with sharing a product that you enjoy, especially if doing so will save you money.
Keep in mind that it may take a while for bonus points to show up in your account. Chase says 6-8 weeks. And I’ve actually seen a lot of people comment about being frustrated by this. So maybe don’t count on using your referral bonus the next time you travel.
Lastly, you should know that Sapphire Preferred isn’t the only Chase Credit Card with a referral bonus. You can see what other cards are in the mix on Chase’s Refer a Friend Page.
The Chase Sapphire Preferred login page is just Chase’s homepage. All you have to do is input your username and password in the top right-hand corner of the page. If you have not yet signed up to manage your account online, you can get your Chase Sapphire Preferred login information via Chase’s enrollment page.
For more information, check out this breakdown of Chase’s mobile account-management services. And while you’re in the spirit, why not download WalletHub’s free credit score app. Not only will you get free credit scores and reports that are updated daily, but you’ll also receive personalized money-saving advice.
If you have any questions about your Sapphire Preferred Card – or any credit card, for that matter – you can also check out WalletHub’s extensive education center or see if the WalletHub community has the answer.
Finally, if you have any issues accessing the Chase Sapphire Preferred login page, you can reach Sapphire Preferred customer service by calling 1-800-493-3319.
Of course! It’s actually best to decline the rental agency’s supplemental coverage. That would nullify the coverage you already get from your Chase Sapphire Preferred Card. That coverage includes reimbursement for theft and collision damage up to the actual cash value of most rental cars in the U.S. and abroad. In fact, Chase’s coverage is among the best on the market. You can learn more from our study here.
You can reach Chase Sapphire Preferred® Card customer service by calling 1-800-493-3319. This number, which is reserved specifically for Sapphire Preferred cardholders, should also be printed on the back of your credit card. You will be able to reach a real person 24/7. And they’ll be able to answer most questions related to your card or account, after you confirm your identity.
But calling the Chase Sapphire Preferred customer service phone number is not your only option for asking Sapphire Preferred questions.
JD Power and Associates ranked Chase third among major credit card issuers for credit card customer satisfaction in 2016. And WalletHub’s latest customer satisfaction rankings have Chase 7th, with a score of 92.31/100. Hopefully, that means you’ll have a positive experience when you contact Chase Sapphire Preferred customer service. But if they can’t help, you can always see if the WalletHub community has the answer. Just make sure your question doesn’t involve any personal information.
Finally, if you don’t yet have the Chase Sapphire Preferred® Card, you can learn more about it from WalletHub’s full review. In particular, you’ll learn why WalletHub’s editors say it’s one of 2017’s best rewards credit cards.
The Chase Sapphire Preferred bonus is60,000 points for spending $4,000 within 3 months of opening an account. Those Chase Sapphire Preferred bonus points are worth$600 when redeemed for a statement credit or $750 in travel booked through the Chase Ultimate Rewards portal. Either option will easily offset Sapphire Preferred’s $95 annual fee.
In addition to the initial bonus points, Chase Sapphire Preferred offers rewards for everyday spending: 2 points for every $1 spent on travel and dining purchases, along with 1 point per $1 on everything else. Each point is worth 1.25 cents in travel or 1 cent toward a statement credit. Reward points never expire as long as your account is active.
Finally, you’ll have a chance to earn more Chase Sapphire Preferred bonus points through the Chase Refer-A-Friend program. You’ll get 10,000 bonus points (worth $125 in travel) for each friend you invite to apply for Chase Sapphire Preferred who gets approved for an account. You can refer up to five friends per year and earn up to 50,000 points (worth $625 in travel). Visit Chase’s Refer-A-Friend website to get started.
It takes six to eight weeks for a Chase Sapphire Preferred bonus to show up in your account once you meet the spending requirement. So don’t stress if you don’t see it right away. That goes for both the initial bonus and referral bonuses. But you should see your bonus points from dining and travel purchases in your account after your statement closes each month.
Share your insights and review the Chase Sapphire Preferred® Card.
It's not about card's capability, rather super security requirements abroad. In Europe and Asia you'll need a PIN with your chip reader unlike in the US, the combination is for near zero fraud-protection. What's the point having a chip card that can be easily used if someone steals it (this happens quite frequently in the US)?
Any one had good luck when asking for the annual fee to be waived for the 2nd year?
Very good card, easy application process, I love the fact that there's no transaction fees abroad, because I do alot of traveling. The interest rate is really low for me around 15 percent, the chase account management online is really smooth. I think this is one of my favorite cards hands down, especially for traveling.
This card is great. I got 590 dollars cash back after I spent 4k and added an AU to my account. That along with the 1% cash back, yielding me essentially 20% back on my 4k of spending. I love it, I can not complain. I will cancel the card when the AF comes up. Only used the card for the sign on bonus.
This has to be the best credit card I've ever gotten. The customer service is outstanding! I think everytime I call, the wait time is pretty much instant. The point system is awesome and the coverage for usage is well worth the annual fee. No more worrying about fraud, car rental insurance, or foreign transaction fees.
I have had this card for a few years now. The terms and conditions are normal, the rates are right around industry standards. I enjoy the card throughly and often cash in my points for cash. The only negative I have the card is the annual fee after the first year, I do wish this were about half of what it is.
At first I opened my Chase Sapphire Preferred Card because of the bonus they were offering. I got 40,000 points for traveling by simply opening the card which was great for me because I travel a lot. I was able to get my free airplane rides and for every dollar I spend I earn one point which gets me cash back. I am very pleased with my card and plan on keeping it!
Bad company and bad customer service they stole over 800$ from me and my family they transfered my awards with out knowing what was going on .. Customer service wasn't helpful and have to hire a attorney to get my money back from chase . please be ware before getting this card .
I have had other Chase credit cards that just did not compare to the Chase Sapphire Preferred Card. The initial 40,000 bonus points are a great deal, but of course that deal may cost you in interest if you don't get that $4,000 paid off quickly. All things considered, the terms of the card make it attractive to anyone looking to rack up points quickly on everyday items.
The interest rate is higher than hell.
This Chase Sapphire Preferred card has a lot of good things to it (if you can qualify). Customer service is good which leaves a lot to say for other cards that answer in India?. There is no over the limit fee. Which is good for forgetful people. Cash advance is okay. No foreign fee.
Cons: Can not get a response online. The APR cash advance is high. The late fee is $35 but I guess that's normal.
The Chase Sapphire Preferred card is a fantastic credit card. It does have an annual fee of $95 after the first year, so I can only recommend it to people who charge a lot of money to the card. Another bonus is that it doesn't charge fees for transactions in other countries, so if you travel a lot, consider this card. I have had excellent experiences with customer service for this card. I have received calls within the hour of there being questionable transactions and if I approve of them or not. I also have had my wallet stolen and I was able to call to cancel the card with about a 5 minute phone conversation and the new card showed up in the mail in about one week.
Cons: Annual fee. The chase freedom card could be a good suggestion if you don't spend the necessary amount of money every year to consider the annual fee to be negligible.
I love this credit card! By putting most of our expenses on it, we have managed to rack up many travel points. We are definitely planning on using them for a trip overseas! We applied and were approved very quickly. The service is pretty easy and we haven't had any issues.
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2019-04-20T22:51:53Z
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https://wallethub.com/d/chase-sapphire-preferred-382c/?review=779819
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The night was rushing in like the waves of the lake far below, covering everything in deepening twilight. It was a late sunset, for the winter sky was holding on tight to its last breaths. The wind was rushing into Eleonora's eyes, causing droplets of tears to form and be torn away into the open air as she soared hundreds of feet above the thawing ground. The wind pushing its way across her face stained her cheeks and nose red, feeling like tiny shards but not as unpleasant as she first imagined. A fire was rushing out behind her, or so it would appear to anyone chancing to look up into the sky. The flames of her red hair caught the dying sun and shone, blazingly whipping in the currants of the wind. She loosened her grip on Polaris's feathers and breathed in deep, taking in the crisp raw feeling of the air so far above where she normally dwelled.
It was more than exhilarating to be here, untethered to the constraints of the solid world. With the castle and its inhabitants so small and far beneath her Eleonora could forget about all the things that troubled her and kept her worrying mind occupied. Lately she had taken to spending even more time in her own company. After the attack in the forest by the werewolf, Gail, it had taken Eleonora some time to heal from her wounds. The deep gashes in her body were slow to close and faded little, even as time passed. She guessed they would always remain, red streaks across her arms and chest, as a reminder of that tragic night. When she had awoke in the hospital wing it was some time after the attack and she was alone but for the steady sound of rain pattering against the windows. She later learned that is had been Sorrow who had returned her to the castle, had made sure both her and the other girl were safe. Eleonora briefly wished he had stayed, to tell her this himself, to let her thank him...but when the tears began to fall as she remembered Vega's fate she was grateful he was no where to be found.
After that Eleonora began to stay away from most of the members of the school's faculty. She would happily teach her classes, but would take her meals alone in her office, or bring them down to the edge of the forest and spend her time with Polaris, who seemed to be unwilling to let Eleonora out of his sight. He had become very protective of her, seemingly to make sure nothing ever harmed her again. The loss of his brother had hardened him in the same way that it had broken Eleonora down. She had failed in her role as their protector, their foster-parent. The realization of that tore her heart in pieces, but she determined to never let it happen again to anyone she cared for.
It was on one of those evenings spent with Polaris that Eleonora mustered up the courage to sit astride his powerful body and take to the sky. The rhythmic beating of his wings and the warmth emanating from his body felt like nothing else she had experienced, and she was loath to return to the ground. “Down, Polaris,” she said reluctantly, the wind whipping away her words.
Polaris's large talons dug ruts into the soil, tearing up clumps of dirt and squelching worms. The stop was sudden and Eleonora pitched forward, grabbing onto his feathers to stop herself from falling. She would have to work on her landings. A huff was issued by her flying friend and she loosened her grip, changing it into a hug around his neck. His feathers were soft and tickling on her cheek and she smiled into him. “You did brilliantly,” she whispered as she slid herself from his body and planted her feet firmly back on the ground.
In the short while leading from one point, the forest, to the other, the hospital wing, Sorrow was nearly maddened by the thick scent that had clogged in his nose and throat. He remembered an anger consuming him; the nurse rushing forward and up to the beds where Sorrow had laid Gail and Eleonora; his own attempt at leaving and the way the nurse tried to stop him. He must have been quite frightening, torn and bloodied, eyes flashing and fangs barred. The nurse didn’t try to stop him again as he stalked off.
He ended up locking himself away in the bathroom of his office, stepping into a cabin fully clothed and letting cold water shower over him. There was no way to properly wash out all the blood; and he could do little more but drown until some of his anger had passed. He remained there for a long time; trembling fingers pulling out the crystal vial from the inside pocket of his robes; desperation making him shake the vial far more violently that usual; at last the relief as the magic flowed through and it filled up with the fresh blood of his donor. Sorrow drank it in a second, then greedily shook the vial again. The second helping allowed his control to strengthen where it had been breaking.
Now as he gazed at the fire that danced across the sky, Sorrow remembered the series of events all too well. Though not immediately after, he did go back to the hospital wing, both to see how Gail and Eleonora were doing and to apologise to the nurse for his behaviour. The lack of control was frightening for him too. It was an incident that would likely have to be reported to the headmistress. All that led to it, however, remained untold. Sorrow would rather try and prevent something like that from happening ever again, for reporting Gail to the school meant she’d have to be reported to the Ministry too; and such a word was too cruel. They all carried scars now; impossibly, there were scars on his skin as well. His shoulder had been torn apart in the encounter. The pain had not come to him until later but, though he had allowed the nurse to patch him up, it visited his nightmarish sleep in form of high fever. The time it had taken to heal was not enough to fade the thick lines from his skin.
Tearing his eyes away from the falling sun, Sorrow retreated farther into the shadow of the castle. He had looked longer than he thought, for there remained a burn even after he’d closed his eyelids. The wind that poked through the barrier of skin soothed some of the pain and when again Sorrow opened his eyes, there was no more fire in the sky.
Days after she had been dismissed from the hospital wing, Sorrow kept a watchful eye on Eleonora, stayed in during the holidays and paid more attention to her movement outside the castle. He never tried to get close, however. He had no way of knowing whether she wanted him in her presence or not; and then by the end of the year he'd gone away. Somehow there seemed to be danger in staying. He’d gone to the manor, to visit the lord and the lady. His family never celebrated Christmas, but there would have been a ritual to bless the Earth, the new circle it had completed.
Sorrow too was a year older, yet he felt as if he had learned nothing at all in the past year of his life. Leaving Hogwarts, even if it were for just a couple of days, felt a lot like running away. Once more he was afraid that instead of drawing out the sorrow, he'd be the one to bring it in. Perhaps Misery would have talked (or punched) some sense into him, but she made no appearance at the gathering. Away in Norway, she'd thought to him, and that was the only time he'd heard from her. He wondered if she was running away too.
Polaris had landed near the lake, farther away from where Sorrow stood. He could not see them from there, but the wind carried their scents across the distance; both the taste of hippogriff and human. Hers, Eleonora’s, was much more intense; after all Sorrow had felt it’s warmth on his hands. He knew it well, without ever intending to. So whether it was her blood or her being that drew him in, he could not tell. All the same, he started towards her.
A low rumble started in Polaris's throat, vibrating his feathers where Eleonora's hand rested. She swiftly spun away from the lake, in the direction that Polaris was facing. Her guard was up, now, her ears open for any out of place sound or glint of something that did not belong in the serene castle grounds. The beat of her heart increased as she surveyed the area around her, both fearful and alert. Eleonora had once learned to be aware of her surroundings and the possibility of dangerous creatures and the damage they could cause; it had been part of her job, and a part that she had always prided herself on. Now, after experiencing an attack that could easily have ended her time among the living, she was even more on edge. The slightest provocation and she was wary, knowing full well that she had not been as vigilant she she should have been before, and it had cost a friend their life.
Eleonora spotted an approaching figure and relaxed when she recognized the unique way they moved through the darker patches of night, seeming to unconsciously favor the darkness and seclusion they offered. She left out a sigh of release, soothed that nothing of danger was lurking nearby. Her hand went again to Polaris and she leaned into his ears, hushing him. She was somewhat surprised over his reaction at seeing Sorrow; he had saved Eleonora's life after all, and she had assumed Polaris would understand he was no enemy. Though perhaps he instead recognized the inherent threat that Sorrow's very being implied and was only doing his best to keep her away from danger, whether it was imminent or, in this case, improbable.
Looking across the frosted grass to where Sorrow was slowly making his way to her, Eleonora prepared herself to finally speak with him. She had seen not even a ghost of him around the castle since that night, and she assumed it was not only due to her own avoidance of others. Surely he was avoiding her, as well. She could not imagine he would have much to say to her after that night, after she had heard his words of caution and so thoroughly ignored him. She had wanted to explain to him why, to try to make the amends she believed were necessary, but she had no notion of how to tell Sorrow how grateful she was of his heroic actions, of her understanding of how hard it must have been for him to somehow carry her bleeding body back to the hospital wing, or how she would have done the same for him. No words she could put together in her head ever came close to translating her feelings, for they were too complicated for even her to understand fully.
There was a brief moment of panic that showed in her darting eyes as Eleonora watched Sorrow approach. A part of her even considered climbing back onto Polaris to avoid the situation entirely, to fly off in chase of the now extinguished sun and return only when there was no confrontations she would be obligated to attend. The moment passed, however, and she remained where she was, her eye sight waning in the darkness that was quickly devouring the lake, unable to make out Sorrow's progress without straining. Eleonora absently ran her hand through her wind tangled hair while she waited, no hopes that it could be tamed without a strong brush but attempting nonetheless.
When he reached her she gave a weak smile, trying her best to appear confident and far from nervous. “Hi,” she started, her voice quiet against the night. Eleonora hated how unsure she she sounded to her own ears, wishing she knew what exactly to say in this situation. She knew what she wanted to say, of course, but those words never seemed to make it out of her mouth. Now that Sorrow was standing by her again she did not want to speak at all, apprehensive that like the last time they were this close (that she was conscious for) he would wrongly take offense and saunter off. She opened her mouth slightly to say something, then closed it again, biting the corner of her lips instead. He was the one who had approached her, had made the decision to break their unspoken avoidance. She would let him speak his mind, first.
He heard the cautious voice tap its way into his being, the aggressive implication of its colour and tone burning cold in his chest and touching further until shushed. He saw the ruffled feathers though the wind had died at that moment, lying still as seconds dragged as if through mist before it would pick up again. His presence called two minds to attention and he recalled the one look of fear he had before seen in eyes frightened of his immediate actions, his control immediately wounded as his heart flickered in angry response. The sound of heartbeat was a loud, drumming noise inside his head, but it was not his own. It grew and then suddenly quieted as he stepped out from where the shadows did not swallow him entirely. As he approached, so did the fear fade to be replaced by the slightest hope of calm, her reasoning or his own that it was a different danger that drew terror into bone and panic into mind. She recognized him and it was not him she abhorred.
The creature by her side, however, saw more into him than her mortal eyes could. Before the hippogriff was assured that Sorrow bore no ill intention he would, Sorrow suspected, react to his one natural instinct. He would be right in doing so too, regardless of the outcome. Not all dangerous things were evil, just as many good things could pose a threat. Whether either claim could be presented in words, the question remained if they would be rightly understood or truthful; and Sorrow would stop to bow before them both in search of approval before drawing any closer.
There was a silence to the usually fast-moving world that surrounded them; a stillness present not only in the branches weighed down by snow or in the patches of frozen grass; it was in his breath as well and his eyes, the unmoving figure he was watching. Then as if breaking through a spell that had made time stop, fire sparked with one of the last gasps of ever fading light, breathing into earth, throwing this world that had disappeared, if only for a moment, back into motion. Sorrow too flew forward like a moth did towards candlelight, stopping only before the flame would burn him as it did an unthinking insect.
Eleonora was silent and still as she listened to Sorrow speak, the night closing in around them and settling in for its long stay. Above them the stars began to burst into being, taking over the sky with their frigid glow and giving only the scantest of light to the world far below. They gave no warmth and in the winter air the last heat of the sun was long gone, causing a small shiver to course through Eleonora and she instinctively pulled her arms closer to her body, wincing slightly with the pain that still sometimes came from the scars upon them. Sorrow's voice flowed through the chill air and the silver light of the stars, though, making her forget the cold momentarily. While his first words, words proclaiming anger and displeasure with her, were harsh in meaning their tone wound its way through her mind, lulling her into a more relaxed state. How he could speak with such melody Eleonora would never know, but without fail it had a soothing effect on her.
Despite her concentration on what Sorrow was saying, Eleonora soon became slightly perplexed as to his intentions and meanings. One moment he spoke of his fury, the next he proclaimed his concern and fondness. She felt her brow furrow in thought and confusion, wishing that Sorrow would speak in clearer terms. Perhaps it was her fault for not understanding, but certainly there must be another way to tell her how he felt rather than by associations.
“I'm sorry,” she mumbled when he had finished, looking away. The constant gaze of Sorrow's unflinching gray eyes had grown unnerving, not because she feared what was going on behind them but because she could feel the heat of anger that was liable to roll out. There descended a moment of silence, waves of the lake lapping quietly against the sand the only sound beyond their soft breathing. It was now her turn to speak; the things she had been intending to say welling up in her throat until they came haltingly out of her lips, a white puff of warm breath accompanying each pause.
“I didn't intend for you to worry, I didn't know you would. That night, I overestimated my abilities, but even if I had not...I'm sorry, Sorrow, but I wouldn't have left anyway, as you instructed. Not when Polaris and you and, and Gail were there. I know you're angry but even if I had known your reaction, now, I would not change what I did. Maybe I'm just trying to believe I did something to help, to make myself feel better...but, getting that beast away from you for just a moment, and maybe away from Polaris, too, I had to do it.” Eleonora chanced a glance into Sorrow's eyes, to check if he was still as unmoving as when he had spoken. Her eyes did not stay long as she continued her apology. “I've been meaning to thank you, though. I've just been thinking over how to say it. I...I guess thank you is the only way I can put it. You probably saved my life and here I am stumbling over my words trying to tell you how much it means to me, and how I wish I knew a better way to thank you than being afraid to see you since that night just because I can't sort out my own feelings...” A bright crimson was staining her cheeks as she rambled on, unsure why, after so much agonizing over how to organize her thoughts into carefully constructed words, they all just leaped out of her lips into the night air without her consent.
“And I'm not going to forgive you – there's nothing to forgive you for. I don't think you're foolish or, or whatever you think you're not.” Eleonora's voice had softened, now a near whisper as she lost confidence in her words and whether or not it was her place to speak them. “I also hope that, maybe, you'll stop being angry with me.” Finally she met Sorrow's eyes again, this time hers large and wide, full of a warmth waiting to spill out if only she could know for sure it would be welcome.
He felt it at once as her words took root in his heart; an overwhelming wave of pure panic, washing over and through him like a bittersweet drink of ice cold dread, just hinting at excitement. Seeds that grew into trees, bloomed and shed their leaves, and then died out in the cold again. Something he had thought forgotten, a chapter of his life playing on repeat with the exception of flickering colours: yellow, purple, red. Fire, they were all fire. And Sorrow, he was the moth, the stupid moth that kept falling for the same beautiful shine.
Eleonora, she looked at him like there was nothing unusual about being angry, but oh it was; for him it was. “No you don’t-” there it was, the first slip of controlled form of speech. “You do not understand, I do not get angry.” His right arm rose before him, seemingly on its own, as if his body was giving way to the only possible response, raising a shield between him and the danger. The fingers of his left hand tightened into a fist, for the tremor had only grown stronger. “I don’t, I have spent years learning control over my emotions and only once did I let it break; and after that I thought I was done, I should have more than learned my lesson.” He breathed in the air, held it in his lungs where it mixed with her scent; then released his fingers from a fist and made his arm drop back to his side.
“You look at me as if you do not understand, but this is what it is; it is a spill of what emotion I only learned in the moment of experiencing it and it is all I can do.” It was a lot like Vanity, too. Sorrow had been angry with him plenty of times, but was Eleonora really just as reckless as he had been? Perhaps it was a small reminder; the boy had been special in other ways as well, until at last they had avoided each other one too many times. It was terrifyingly normal to find these lines, these incredibly logical comparisons and yet wonder at the new he had discovered within this new flame. It was a pity, however, that only anger was powerful enough an emotion to stir anything else within Sorrow, any other feeling he may have suppressed. He was doing the same thing, over and over again. He just didn’t know any better. “Do not apologise to me,” he said quickly, grey eyes flickering with recognition. Vanity would do that too and it was wrong, it was all wrong. Sorrow was the one who truly did not understand any of it, never had.
Words built up to a noise in his ears. Not something Eleonora voiced or the beating of hearts he had heard before. It was just noise, white noise, blocking out all else. What am I to do? Sorrow thought, searching desperately for any connection to Misery. She had blocked him out. Blocked him out, blocked him out once again— perhaps it was a question he would never stop asking, one that no one ever stopped asking, a part of their growth.
Sparks of emotion were showing in Sorrow's speech now, his words no longer so easily controlled. Eleonora watched as he struggled to keep the composure she was certain he had grown to believe was expected from him. She could not stay quiet, though, and uncharacteristicly interrupted him. “I do understand; you don't want to be angry. But...if you repress all your emotions, how can you be happy? Sometimes-I guess sometimes being angry is a precursor to other things. You can't pick and chose which emotions you allow yourself to feel, right? What if you miss out on something that would have been really wonderful just because you're not letting yourself experience anything emotionally?” She lowered her eyes, uncertain of the effect her words would have. They needed to be said, it was something Eleonora had to rely. She could not fathom her life without the little delights she experienced every day, or the tragic events that peppered her existence. Even anger, when she felt it, she accepted. While she kept most experiences to herself, and knew not how to speak clearly of her deeper emotions, she understood their relevance and place in her life. Now, faced with Sorrow straining before her to ignore such feelings, she struggled to impart to him what she felt was important.
The hand, quivering as it rose, that reached into her hair took Eleonora by surprise, as did the other one, a second later, that rested gently on her flushed cheek. While she had felt the presence of Sorrow's body touching her own twice before, once as they walked arm in arm through the moonlit forest, and once when the snow fell and quiet music serenaded their private moment, this time it was different; his cold hand on her exposed skin felt more intimate than she could have imagined. She was momentarily struck motionless, unable to even draw a breath of the freezing air as she contemplated the implications of such a tender touch. Eleonora thought to look away, once Polaris was mentioned, to check on how he was responding to Sorrow being so near to her; his reaction to the man's appearance was hostile enough that he may well be prepping an attack, yet there were no sounds of displeasure from behind her where he remained. Still her eyes would not move from Sorrow's, and her body seemed rooted to the spot, disabling her from looking back at Polaris even if there were more cause.
“I don't think Polaris is listening...” She managed through the knot that had formed in her throat, constricting the words that attempted to climb their way out of her lips. Just as Sorrow's hand had trembled as he rose it to her hair, her body could have been have deep in the throes of hypothermia for all the effort it took her to stop it from trembling as she took a small step forward, closing the distance between their two bodies. Her head tilted up, hair tumbling farther down her back, slipping its way through the hand entwined within its blaze. She now could see Sorrow clearly in the dim light of the stars, how his gray eyes matched the shimmer of the moon on the lake and how clear they were, studying her upturned face so carefully. It was all she could do not to close her eyes and let her head fall onto his chest, forgetting for a brief moment the pain and grief that she had been through, and the swirling storm of emotions now beating her heart hard against her own chest. “Sorrow,” she whispered then, a question in her voice, unable to fully form her thoughts into coherent phrases when his lips were just a lift to her toes away.
There were, however, missing factors in Eleonora’s equation, the past few years in which she had not known him; out of three stages that Sorrow was aware of, she was perhaps aware of one. First was the emotional control lacking emotional stimulant; second, that Sorrow experienced with Vanity and to some extent Lacetta, was attempted control in opposition to the new-found emotional response; third and current was lack of control in addition to suppressed emotional history. Now that Sorrow gave it some thought, it did not seem sensible to go back to the first stage. “That is not our way,” he said gently and the corners of his mouth tugged his lips into a smile. “Indeed it is not and yet-- I chose to remain among mortal men. In your world all things change and so must I.” What was the fourth stage then? Certainly not control, but stability and-- advancement towards emotional maturity.
The air inside his lungs was at once anise and earthy; calming and so very light. He was a vampire in blood, but anything else he bore in name only once separated from the clan. Sorrow would return to play his part someday. For the moment he would remain in both worlds and learn as much as he could of either. He wondered how long it would take him to get it right.
“And in this process of metamorphose, I should also attempt to voice the workings of my mind,” he paused, and then nodded as if he was content with that precise construction of sentence at this point in time. “To elaborate, I should work on showing I care-- to the people I care for.” Yes, that seemed quite right, no point doing it otherwise, though Sorrow had not the slightest idea how to go about it. Not yet anyway. Words were not always simple and they refused to come clean. There was a way of communicating through mind or touch, specific links, but certainly not all subjects demanded the same technique. People, Sorrow decided, were hard; moreover he had never thought that in comparison, he would look to understanding vampires as undemanding.
It was good that Polaris was not, in fact, listening, although for a short moment Sorrow wondered what had drawn his attention instead. His name on Eleonora's lips, if just a whisper, brought Sorrow's notice back to what was important. He saw her as she was, unmoving beneath his gaze, eyes as fixed on him as his were on her. She had moved closer to him, something he had missed in that short moment and, for all that, it made him smile more, because how silly that he should become distracted now. “Thank you, Eleonora,” finally he said and moved his hands so her head tilted gently; just enough so he could place his lips upon her forehead. “You are perfectly right.” And he, well of course, he was talking entirely too much; and it made him feel quite exhausted all of a sudden.
The night wore on around them, secluding them in what felt to Eleonora like their own private world, where there were only the two of them and the soft words they spoke. Sorrow seemed to be speaking not to her, but more to himself, contemplating and coming to terms, never quite explaining just what he was referring to. Eleonora supposed she could catch on, understand if only in words, but it was so hard to focus. The melody of his voice and the comforting aroma that clung to his cloak, and even the small smile that played on his face; all were like a sweet wine to her in that moment, dulling her mind in increments. While she took in his words of transformations she also listened to the night around them, the sound of waves and night birds, Polaris's even breathing and the distant hum of the castle and its inhabitants settling into their dreams. Peaceful and easy, that was what this was.
Eleonora couldn't help the smile that spread across her face, parting her lips ever so slightly, when she felt Sorrow's lips grace her cold skin. She also felt she had no control over her arms, which were raising from their position at her sides and slipping themselves around Sorrow's middle and resting there, having drawn him into a warm embrace. Letting her head fall forward, she rested against the tight muscle of his chest, just taking a moment to breathe and digest the situation. She supposed if he was being candid, or at least attempting to, in his own way, it was only fair if she was as well. What was the correct way to tell someone how you felt about them, though; was there an easy way that Eleonora had never learned while she had been keeping herself hidden away caring only for beasts instead of others like her? Not for the first time she worried she had spent too long focusing on her work and her responsibilities to the creatures under her care. They held a special place in her heart, a large portion of it, but deep within her was the fear that she had never developed the skills necessary to be close, truly close, to other people. The only way to improve such skills, Eleonora decided, was to put herself in situations where she felt that warmth of emotion, such as how she felt now, with Sorrow's hands in her hair and the chill air running over the damp impression his lips had made on her.
“I...did some thinking, after what happened to Vega.” She started, her voice still a mere hint of a whisper. “Life, it can be ripped away so fast and without warning. I-I wouldn't want to not have the courage to say things that were important, if something were to happen.” Biting her lip, looking down from Sorrow's eyes, “But, maybe...” Still, she struggled to get the words out, silently reprimanding herself. Why had it always been so difficult for her, when it was made to look easy by others? The inbred fear of saying the wrong thing, something that would offend or dismay; Eleonora's heart dreaded such eventualities, never wanting to harm another. The stress it put her in, though, made it so difficult that words almost always faltered before her and she was left attempting to convince herself it was often better not to speak at all. Now, she knew, was not one of those times. If anything were to change in her life, if she were ever to prevail over her deep rooted aversion to speaking openly, she had to start somewhere.
“I...well, I'm sure you know, but- I care about you, too. I might be wrong, I think I usually am about these type of things, but...maybe there's something here. Between us? More than,” she chanced a quick look back into Sorrow's eyes, aware that the rose of her cheeks was spreading as she forced the words to flow from her lips. “More than just co-workers or, or even, friends?” The thought occurred the moment she had finished her question that she was perhaps being too bold and she quickly began talking again, not letting Sorrow have a chance to answer. “Oh, but, maybe that's inappropriate of me to say, or assume. I'm just-it's been. You see...” her tongue seemed to be twisted and the humor of the moment hit her, causing the smile to return as she again lifted her head and tilted it up to take in the best angle of Sorrow's eyes. It was then that she made up her mind to take a chance, something Eleonora rarely allowed herself to do. “I'm sorry; you're very distracting. I can't seem to find the right thing to say to you. Maybe I shouldn't try and just...” Eleonora lifted herself up onto her toes and very softly laid her lips on Sorrow's. It may not have been the right thing to do, in fact it might have been the worst idea she ever had, but it kept her from rambling more and soon she would know for certain where she stood, and whether she needed to jump back on Polaris and ride away from the horrible embarrassment that might follow.
Nighttide settled on his shoulders like a comfortable cloak. Her smile melted away the exhaustion, the confusion he had felt. For a moment, even if just that one short moment, everything felt absolutely right. Nothing in the world clashed or threatened; not one breath could pass through the barrier; and everything that later might come back to argue his reasoning should have been erased under moonlight with her smile. Sorrow breathed like no weight pressed against his lungs, fingers caught on the soft skin, deaf to the sound, blind to colour and all else that was apart from her. Her warmth against his; he stood perfectly still. Only his arms moved, over her shoulders, around her back, until finally they settled in a returned embrace. If they could shatter then, surely they would.
The sound of her voice once more wove a spell, pulling at his heart as it might be ripped out and brought through a broken chest, exposed to such emotion he had thoroughly wished away. What meaning had death to him? What teachings had he known in his life? Her thoughts were no less true than that. Words might have been good to him in death, but not to her. He would not wish them to be enough either. Stop, he wanted to tell her. Do not say more. He remained silent, leaning back and cocking his head to have better view of her features; and he listened. To words, to pause and stutter, he listened and emotion spilled over his skin. He felt it burn inside his eyes. The perfect sense of hopeless joy.
As their lips parted for the first time her nerves must have shown have shown on her face, for she could not comprehend how she was still standing on legs that felt boneless. When Sorrow then took her face in his hands and kissed her a second time Eleonora had her answer, even without the words he was mumbling into her lips, and just like that she could breath again and the fear of rejection vanished. She had no words to speak, nothing that would add meaning or insight to Sorrow's soft confession. Instead she stopped his words with her mouth, this time no longer nervous but calm enough to enjoy the sensation she had only dared to imagine. The exhilaration she had felt in the air with Polaris was back, but in a whole new way. How long it had been since she had been kissed this way Eleonora could not recall, but knew it was never quite like the sensation she was feeling now. Sorrow's touch was cool against her nearly feverish skin, icy pinpoints that seemed to melt into something softer as he pressed his hands into her cheeks and hair. Lips that tasted faintly of something bitter melded to hers and she tried to memorize the feeling but ultimately failed, knowing a memory would no doubt fall short of the experience. Her eyes were shut lightly but she could feel the pressure of Sorrow all around her, keeping her close to him in a way she never wanted to break from.
Never had she thought, not even in the far reaches of her mind where her deepest desires were held, that changing her life to work here at Hogwarts would affect so much. Change was not something Eleonora was not readily equipped to deal with, yet her shift from the lonely life she had lead only very recently was easier than she ever imagined. Much had happened in the months she had been here, the majority of it an improvement on her life. Her job was challenging and rewarding, even though it was one she had never envisioned herself doing well at. She had a friend in Gail, among other faculty members, and was even taking the steps to have something more in Sorrow. Change was slowly losing its bad connotations in her mind and becoming something that was necessary and even welcome. She was changing into someone more confident, and that itself was worth whatever discomfort she felt along the way.
An eternity passed before she slid back down from her toes, her feet, it not her heart, firmly back on the ground. The lingering chill from Sorrow's kiss was still on her lips as she pressed them gently to the hollow of his neck, where her head lay naturally when she stood so close. She took a deep breath, the first since she had spoken so nervously, and felt the stars and moonlight fill her lungs and slow her racing heart. Looking back up to Sorrow she saw the light catch in his eyes and reflect back to her; gray that was no longer cold and distant as the sky but welcoming and right here for her to gaze at as she would. “I don't know what to say, now,” her voice was only a part of the wind that rippled the grass beneath their feet. “I...I didn't actually plan on this.” Her smile parted with a small laugh she could no longer contain, as it was funny to her that now, after finally getting every feeling to pass from her lips that she should not know how to proceed with the outcome she had hoped for.
A soft clicking noise from nearby reminded Eleonora of Polaris's existence in her world, and she regretfully glanced away from Sorrow into the darkness around them. Orange eyes were incrementally closer than when she last had looked, raised up from the ground where they once lay. Polaris had moved closer, watching over her, perhaps in an attempt to make sure the creature that was embracing her meant no harm. “I think Polaris might be jealous,” she teased, turning back to Sorrow.
Nothing short of a shiver ran through his entire body as she settled in so perfectly against him. His hand gently cupped the head that rested in the nook of his neck; and as she breathed, he seemed to breathe in synchrony. When she looked up to him and spoke, his fingers ran through her hair and caressed her face. He smiled to her, saying nothing at first, only looking into the features that held a thousand stars for him. For a moment he wondered when he had fallen so terribly in love. He felt incredibly in comfort with her, though his frantically beating heart might have said otherwise.
He waited a moment to see whether Polaris would allow the hand to slip through his feathers. "Shall the three of us take a walk together?"
Eleonora watched as Sorrow reached out to Polaris and was surprised to find she was holding her breath, worried that Polaris might react unfavorably towards Sorrow. She was relieved, then, when he allowed the hand to slide across the soft of the feathers atop his head. She silently thanked the beast for knowing when to behave. “Worried? No...I don't think so. He remembers you, or else I doubt he would have let you get so close. He's been, well, a little aggressive lately.” She pursed her lips together, a look of concern crossing her delicate features. It passed when Sorrow's soft voice again reached her ears.
“Oh, yes, a walk sounds nice, thank you.” She took a small step away from Sorrow, headed towards the quiet lapping waves of the lake. Hesitantly, she slipped her small hand into Sorrow's, enjoying the way it chilled the warm skin of her palm. They walked to the edge of the water, the grass wet beneath their feet. Polaris trailed behind, keeping his orange eyes locked on the pair and occasionally snapping his beak at the odd owl or two that flew by overhead. Eleonora's mind was at once a mess of rushing emotions and a deep calm, depending on what she focused on. When she looked out over the water and beyond to the rising mountains she felt peaceful, yet the moment she raised her eyes to take in Sorrow, who was walking so close to her she very nearly tripped over his feet, she couldn't contain how happy and excited she felt.
“Sorrow?” She ventured, tilting her head up to look at him. The quiet had been nice, and the serene atmosphere of the lake at night was hard to break, but now that she felt more comfortable she realized there were so many things she wanted to ask the man with whom she was walking hand in hand. Knowing she had the time to, and that he would not simply stalk away from her as she had feared earlier in the evening, gave her more confidence in her voice.
“I noticed you were gone during the holidays...Did you go home? To visit your family? I don't mean to pry, but I was just wondering, because, well, I guess I don't know much about you outside of Hogwarts.” In her request was her wish for him to speak openly to her, though she understood that if he did not it was nothing she could fault him on. It was hard for her to open up to others, and she sensed the same hesitancy in Sorrow that she herself had. Perhaps it was one of the reasons she was so drawn to him; he seemed to value the privacy and intimacy of divulging his secrets and feelings to a rare select few.
“Of course you don't have to answer, and if you'd like to know the same about me, I'd be more than happy to tell you.” Her lips turned up in a mild smile, conveying her willingness to share with him anything he wished to know. It had been a long time since Eleonora had had someone to share with, and she hoped to not waste this opportunity to become closer to Sorrow.
His own relief was evident when Polaris allowed the touch. His fingers traced the soft curve of the hippogriff’s neck, gently brushing the feathers back. “There, Polaris,” Sorrow whispered to the creature. He drew back his hand at Eleonora’s signal and melted away from her to walk half a step behind, letting her lead him towards the lake. His hold on her hand was but a gentle touch, a caress in absence of other physical closeness. The surface of the water rippled in the shy tickle of the wind. Faeries could have been dancing upon it. Sorrow looked ahead, occasionally stealing glances to his companion and in some time edged nearer Eleonora, only subtly aware of Polaris following, perhaps keeping a watchful eye over them, in the nature a chaperone might.
“I left some ten days before the end of the year. My family – rather, my clan, holds a yearly meeting each winter solstice. It is a time for many a celebration; games in which we honour each other; blessings and rituals for those who have gone from this world and those that remain.” He gave a small pause, seemingly considering his next words before continuing. “There is a political side to these events, some of it in announcements for all the clan to hear and some of a more, er, sensitive nature and better discussed in private between family heads. But all of it dreadfully boring, I assure you. Also–” My sister’s birthday and mine, he swallowed the words. Saying as much may lead to an inquiry about his current age and a part of him dreaded her reaction upon revealing that he was barely out of his eighteenth year. He was well aware that Eleonora had a couple of years on him, although how many he was still unsure.
Eleonora was absorbed with Sorrow's account of his holidays; it all sounded so grand and festive that she could nearly imagine it. The idea of a celebration including a whole family of vampires not only captured her attention because it was Sorrow who was speaking of it, but because she was fascinated with the culture she knew so little about. It seemed she would learn now, if she should wish to ask.
She waited patiently when Sorrow cut his story short and seemed to ponder over continuing. There would be no pressing for him to go on from Eleonora, as she was content with any amount of information he wished to give her. When he did continue it was with a more coy and playful expression than she had seen on him before, and the way he laughed was nearly too endearing for Eleonora to handle.
“Oh! I didn't know. Happy birthday!” Already in her mind Eleonora was planning out a way to make up for missing his birthday, even if the reason for her negligence had been due to her not being aware of the occasion. It was curious how some questions were never brought up, or even thought of, until other urges had been fulfilled. Eleonora knew Sorrow was younger than her, though in many of their interactions he appeared wise beyond his years. She had never once thought to ask his age before now, as if it had hardly mattered. In truth, she supposed, it didn't. Already she had felt herself becoming irrevocably drawn towards him, despite her lack of every detail. Perhaps it was better that way. Not knowing left room for discovery, and Eleonora found herself looking forward to any and every discovery she could share with Sorrow.
She almost wanted to laugh at his sheepish grin, as it transformed him into something less serious and much less guarded; it was a look that Eleonora could feel herself start to fall in love with. It showed trust - a trust that she returned and vowed to value. “I”ll be twenty-five in late august. How old did you just turn?” If she had to guess, Eleonora was afraid she would be very off the mark. He was a professor, as she was, and thus he must be old enough for...well, Eleonora wasn't quite ready to delve so far in just yet.
Before she answered his next question she felt a shiver run through her body. The cold of the late winter night was finally boring its way through her and she pulled her sweater closer with her free hand. The coolness of Sorrow's skin on her other hand caused the flesh to prickle up her arm, yet she would not pull away. The pressure, light and reassuring, was not something she would voluntarily let go until she truly must. Instead she merely looked up into his eyes and spoke through lips that begged to be warmed.
After she spoke she could only imagine what her parents would think if she told them she had just flown through the air on the back of a hippogriff and then kissed a vampire. The thought of their reactions was so absurd that she couldn't stop a small laugh from escaping, and she turned back to Sorrow. His eyes were still on her and caused the laugh to turn into another warm smile. She wanted to draw the conversation back to him then, if only to hear his voice glide over the rushing of the lake's waves. “You have a twin? That must be wonderful. Having big family occasions like that; I bet it's nice, too. Do you all get along well?” Eleonora wondered what his twin could be like, and whether it was a brother or a sister. She imagined Sorrow's striking features on a woman and at once knew that if he indeed had a sister she would be nothing less than beautiful.
“Thank you,” Sorrow laughed at her wishing him a happy birthday. In truth he felt happier at that moment, with her, then at any day of his birthday in the past nineteen winters. He did not say as much out loud, but he gave her hand a small squeeze. He never thought about it much, but hearing the words from her meant to him more than the traditional congratulations that formed upon lips of hundreds of vampires. To them, the celebration was a part of a ritual. Eleonora looked like she honestly wished him a happy birthday. And it was so simple; so human, like a precious gift that he could accept with open arms. He felt his fingers prickle as if charged with electricity and wondered what else her honesty might do to him. He felt his heart beating in his fingertips, alive with love.
He felt her shiver against him and relaxed his fingers, slipping his hand from hers. Instead he picked up his arm and wrapped it around her shoulders, applying gentle pressure to bring them closer as they walked. His skin may have been cooler than that of an ordinary being, but it did not mean he never felt the cold. His cloak now hung partly around Eleonora as well and the soft fur on the inside radiated warmth. It was a gift from his sister. He supposed she had enchanted it herself.
Quietly he listened as she spoke of her parents. In the pause he looked to her, but said nothing; he had no intention of pressing her to reveal something outside her own pace or comfort. Only the soft expression in his eyes begged her to trust him. She had turned away from him, however, and could not see it. Or the pang of hurt as a frown seemed to twist her lips. “You—” he said, then closed his mouth. He was not sure what he wanted to say yet. Was it strange that magic was real? It was different from him, though not entirely.
She laughed suddenly and her eyes found his. His expression quickly changed to patience, but the change of conversation was too abrupt. Too obvious. At last he said, “If I was human, my parents would be muggles too.” It was true; Adair and Rosemary had no magic. Neither did their parents. The last Grace with magic before Sorrow’s generation had been Lord Aodhan. His great-grandfather. Not all vampires understood magic as he did either. Not all believed in it. “Vampires do not have a word for it, but it is what they are.” Sorrow was not sure why he said it like that, but if Eleonora feared his thoughts on ancestry and blood-purity, he hoped it might show it did not matter. Not in the slightest. Not to him. He did not say more of it; though aware he had not given proper reply to her question about his family or his sister. He was more concerned by the expression she had worn.
The slight pause of shock before Sorrow answered her question went unnoticed by Nora, though she suffered her own upon hearing his words.
“You don't seem nineteen,” she said, searching his face for any indication of such a young age. Perhaps it was his vampire heritage, but just by looking Nora could not determine how old Sorrow physically appeared. He was all sharp lines and flawless complexion – nothing hinting at either youth or age. It took a moment for her to realize she had fallen yet again into the trap of gazing too intently at the man beside her, and quickly looked away.
“I hope no one thinks I am robbing the cradle, though.” Nora hazarded a joke, albeit a small one. She hoped that Sorrow would not be sensitive about the topic, as it mattered little to her. What was five years in the span of a life time? He could have been thirty years her elder and Nora would not have blanched at her feelings. What was important was that they were compatible, and they both felt passion for the other. Most else was irrelevant in Nora's opinion.
Sorrow must have felt her shiver then, or the cool of her hands, for he placed his arm around her and drew her close to his side. The warmth of his coat – fur lined and plush – drew the cold from her and replaced it with comfort. She tilted her face up to watch him as he spoke of his family, revealing again how little she knew of him. By the careful way he spoke Nora could tell he was doing his best to put her at ease, and it of course was succeeding. He was so sincere in his concern that she now found herself willing to continue the conversation.
“Oh, no, it's not the work. I tell them I work with animals, they understand that. It's always been something I've been into, so it's easy for them to imagine.” She glanced to Polaris, who was happily stalking something in the reeds of the lake. Her mind began to drift to years past, and when she spoke again her words were quiet.
Nora did not blame them. They had tried, when she was a girl, to listen to her talk about unicorns and shrinking spells each summer, but since she could not show them without getting expelled it was hard for them to truly believe. As the years progressed she told them less and less, if only to make it easier for them. Now she had little she could say, and her visits were often short and lacking much substance.
With a slight shake of her head, her hair brushing against Sorrow as it shifted, she broke away from her reverie. “I'm sorry; I didn't mean to go on for so long.” She could not help but notice that it felt good to confide in Sorrow. Never had she told anyone her feelings about her parents and their situation, and she wondered over how easily she spoke of it now.
“Thank you, though. For listening.” She pushed up onto her toes and kissed his check lightly, amazed at how natural it felt already.
As she had spoke they had wandered to the edge of the lake. The stars were reflected in the water, and again in Nora's eyes as she turned them to Sorrow's. “If there's ever something you want to talk about, too, I'll be more than happy to be there.” A sweet smile transformed her face, conveying all the sincerity in her heart.
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2019-04-26T01:48:55Z
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http://hogwartsreborn.forumotion.com/t2376-these-wounds-that-will-not-heal-sorrow
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The Religious Society of Friends was traditionally disinclined to define “membership” in pursuit of the Quaker mission to create a worldwide church. As a result, for almost two centuries before the first census of 1847, there are no records of the numbers within the Society. By the time of the census, Victorian Friends were seeking an explanation of what they generally perceived as a decline. The first, and still most widely accepted attempt to address this question, was John Stephenson Rowntree’s Quakerism, Past and Present, who grounded his 1857 essay on estimates extrapolated from summaries of Quaker records of marriages, births and deaths. This paper re-examines for the first time the assumptions made by Rowntree, and deploys both more recent demographic estimates and findings from the detailed Births, Marriages and Deaths records for over 33,000 Quakers in London from 1650 to 1809 to create an alternative population model charting stock and flows in the Quaker population of England by decade from 1650 to 1809. The paper seeks to reconcile such population estimates with accepted trends in English Quakerism across the period of the long eighteenth century.
Given the abundance of such records in the archives, the absence of any reliable census of membership from 1650 until 1840 requires an explanation. The traditional (and practical) response ascribes this to a disinclination of the Society of Friends to define “membership”, which was finally resolved by the definition of marriage regulations in 1737. Elizabeth Isichei added a spiritual rationale, suggesting Quakers had “misgivings about King David’s punishment for numbering the people of Israel”.4 Notwithstanding, for almost two centuries early Friends did not consider it necessary, or advisable, to compile lists of membership of the Society. Instead, the relationship of individuals with the organisation spanned a spectrum which can be thought of as four concentric circles: from the inner circle of “weighty Friends”, through those “in unity” on the benches, to the disorderly walkers who were “dealt with”, out to the “disowned”—a pseudo-excommunicated status, which for much of the long eighteenth century (and even later) could be redeemed through the expression of suitable contrition, usually required in writing.
Questions of methodology notwithstanding, the figure of 40,000 has proved remarkably enduring. Fifty years later, the formative Quaker historian William Braithwaite, while not acknowledging Rowntree, came up with the same figure: his approach was to estimate the number of male Quakers from those imprisoned in the Fifth Monarchist uprising of 1661, and use a family size of approximately 6 to factor in the women and children.8 Fifty years after Braithwaite, Isichei’s study of Victorian Quakers characterizes Rowntree’s work as careful “calculations based on all available statistics”, and accepts his estimates accordingly without further question.9 In the same decade, Alan Gilbert uses Rowntree as his source for Quaker numbers during the long eighteenth century,10 following Richard Vann in his 1969 work The Social Development of English Quakerism. Yet Vann introduces a note of caution as to the quality of the records, noting that even contemporary Friends were concerned at the laxity of registration. Based upon a comparison of local meeting minutes and registers of births, he made an assessment that at some periods and in some places registrations might be off by as much as 20%, and concluded rather unhelpfully that when trying to determine whether there were fewer friends in the eighteenth century than in the seventeenth, “one man’s guess is almost as good as another’s”.11 By the time Adrian Davies addressed the issue in 2000, he could conclude there was “a decline in the sect’s numbers” without committing to any numerical estimate at either end of the process.12 Other historians have been encouraged to follow suit, and in the face of such consensus, any re-evaluation of Rowntree might appear unnecessary. However, as the history of the Society of Friends attracts new historians, so the historiography repays revisiting: the Quaker experience merits more texture than a simple transition from seventeenth century “enthusiasm” through eighteenth century “quietism” to “social activism” in the nineteenth, and Rowntree’s approach merits another’s guess.
The first questions concern the lack of methodological consistency. Rowntree was primarily concerned with an explanation for the decline in nineteenth century Quakerism, yet the application of his “marriage ratio” to the records of the Society across the whole period suggests a rather different picture (Figure 1).
Applying the ratio of marriages against the numbers of marriages recorded in the QM registers shows that the fall in Quaker population to the mid-nineteenth century level of approximately 15,000 occurs in the 1730s, after which it remains relatively static (aside from a small anomaly in the 1760s, probably arising from the recognition of Quaker marriage in the Act of 1755). This would suggest that any explanation for the decline of Quakerism would need to be grounded in the period after 1670, when historians accept the movement was at its most vigorous. Clearly, as Vann suggests, the marriage registers cannot be wholly accurate, but there is also a question as to the applicability of this “marriage ratio”. The evidence of the birth and burial registers used by Rowntree present additional problems: deaths outnumber births by 19,442 over the period, which leaves a 50% differential by the end of the century, whereas the size of the population estimated is very low given the 113,897 births recorded, which requires an average births per marriage (BpM) rate above seven—well in excess of both Quaker and general population norms.
This argument is convincing, and leaves no better alternative to the statistician than to make a count from the registers: both the number of marriages per decade and the number of births, and from a single Quaker population. The registers chosen for this somewhat laborious study are those from the London and Middlesex Quarterly Meeting (L&M QM), both because they represent the largest single QM in terms of records from 1650 to 1809, and because they have been transcribed electronically thanks to significant effort by the Quaker Family History Society. This simultaneously increases the accessible data set and reduces the effort, while methodologically introducing one or two challenges in that the transcriptions retain a sizeable number of duplicates arising from a decision to preserve alternative versions of the recorded data held in Monthly and Quarterly Meeting registers. The QM registers were essentially transcriptions of the records of subordinate Monthly Meetings, and as such introduce errors through misspellings, transposing names, months and days, general omissions, and (occasionally in the birth records), changes of given name between the dates of entry. For this pursuit of the numbers, the primary sorting criteria used date and surname, names and monthly meeting—thus enabling a common-sense approach to de-duplication.21 This approach also has the inestimable advantage of providing a basic validation of the data given in Rowntree for the totals of marriages for L&MQM by decade: clearly, had the figures used in 1856 proved wildly inaccurate, any re-evaluation of this work would need to take a different course.
Happily, the numbers correlate well (Table 1), and permit acceptance of other raw data used by Rowntree with some degree of confidence.
Having analysed the marriages, the L&M QM Birth register was subjected to a similar process of de-duplication, then totalled by decade to enable a Quaker-specific BpM rate to be calculated for L&M QM. This was then compared to the general Quaker BpM rate derived from Rowntree’s work (Figure 2).
Two clear observations can be made: Quaker fertility followed that of the general population (as per the GRR) over the period; and (assuming that Quakers in general had families which similarly ranged in size to those of L&M QM), Rowntree’s marriages must be understated. Fortunately, Rowntree himself believed this was the case—hence his modification of the original marriage ratio. Using Rowntree’s data for births by decade, we can use the L&M QM BpM to estimate the number of marriages these births represent, and subtracting the number from his record, arrive at an estimate for the number of “missing” marriages (Figure 3).
Having begun to reconcile QM birth and marriage registers, the third pillar of burial records must now be considered before the three can be incorporated in a mathematical model. Burial numbers for the Society by decade are provided by Rowntree and, intriguingly, from 1750 these also include an estimate of those included who were considered to be “non-members”.25 This topic remains a challenge to historians and demographers alike, since most scholars of Quakerism accept that the status of being “in membership” remained subject to interpretation over much of the period, with the concept of “being in unity” or “disowned” at least as widely used as that of member or non-member. Thus, these non-members might be either former Friends or, equally possibly, the (close?) relations of Friends. Considering the total numbers of burials shows that from 1670 to 1730 inclusive, more than 10,000 burial entries occur for each decade, while over the whole period from 1650 to 1809, the total number of burials recorded is in excess of 133,000. As with births, demographers have estimated a general crude death rate (CDR) over the period, which when applied to the recorded Quaker deaths by decade would produce an estimate of population. In practice, the CDR suffers the same problems of relevancy as the birth and marriage rates. Happily, the death registers for L&M QM have also been transcribed, and provide useful detail on burials throughout the period. Sorting deaths per decade by age group provides a data set of 33,231 deaths. The age groups chosen were 0–14 years, 15–34 years, 35–49 years, 50–65 years and “Aged”. This allows for the calculation not only of life expectancy at birth (l0), but also after the age of 14 (l15), necessary since until 1680, and in some locations after, deaths in this group accounted for more than 50% of burials.26 The data permits the calculation of an age at death weighted by numbers per decade for London and Middlesex, giving a L&M l0 rising from 21.6 years in the decade beginning in 1660, to 38 years by the end of the century, with a peak of 39 years in the 1750s. Although the L&M QM statistical analysis shows a more rapid increase to l0 32 by 1700, the trend indicated aligns with the estimates Vann and Eversley produced using the alternative “family reconstruction” methodology, which gave London l0 of 26 years at 1700, rising to 45 years by 1849; outside London their findings indicate expectancy might be ten years greater. Both sets of figures and trends are also in line with general demographic estimates created by the founders of the field, E.A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield. Modifying expectancy to eradicate the effects of plague, the wealth of individuals, the health and even the prosperity of particular parishes within London permit a wide range of modified estimates to account for local population results, which is ultimately unhelpful: that the L&M QM registers record the deaths of around half a dozen centenarians per decade is sufficient pause for thought. However, it is safe to conclude that there was an increase in the age of the population over the period (Figure 4).
Having established some data points from the L&M QM registers, we can begin to assemble the rules for a model. Analysis of the L&M QM burial records shows the proportion of the Quaker population that made up each age group, which in turn provides an estimate of the size of the segment regarded as the “first marriage” cadre: 15–34 years. The crude first marriage rate (CFMR) has been mapped by demographers for the period and indicates the number of (first) marriages per 1000 of the 15–34 population, a factor which needs “adjustment” to address known Quaker propensities for initially marrying later, and later not marrying at all. While the extent of this can be debated, and following indications from the study of Quaker marriages by Wells and Zuckerman, and that of Vann and Eversley, this effect is here represented by a compression of the general CFMR by around 5% at the start of the period, to 10% by the end, both of which require a larger population per marriage. The CFMR, the revised estimate of marriages (derived from the BpM from the L&M QM Registers) and the size of the 15–34 cadre relative to that of the adult population of Quakers can be used together to generate an estimate of the Quaker population (QPOP) in England over the period (Table 2).27 As a reference point, Rowntree’s ratio of 1 marriage per 140 of the Quaker population can be seen to sit in the centre of the range of values generated across the period, derived from dividing QPOP by the predicted number of marriages generated from the BpM ratio (Table 2, Col. 7).
The above QPOP derives from a steady BpM trend which requires up to one-third of the births registered to have occurred in families whose marriage was either contracted before they became Quakers, or was conducted outside the Society. Helpfully, Rowntree includes in the 1800 birth total of 6910 the note that only 4863 were births of members, giving a reference point of 30% for that decade. The estimated ratio of “convinced married” and “married out”, and some of the implications, are examined below.
Having constructed a mechanism to align births and marriages, the model requires some accounting for deaths. As noted above, a simple subtraction of registered burials from births using QM records by decade given by Rowntree gives a balancing item, which can be used to adjust the total for the following decade. However, it is preferable first to validate if the estimated size of QPOP for each decade could reasonably be expected to generate the numbers of Quakers recorded for that period in the burial registers. This requires reviving the life expectancy trends calculated earlier from the L&M QM burial registers, which needs to be (following Wrigley and Schofield) “adjusted upwards to remove the depressing influence of London”.28 L&M QM registers account for approximately 17–20% of total Society marriage records, so a similar ratio might be used to approximate the uplift in l0 needed to reflect enhanced longevity outside the capital, ascending through the period. Frustratingly, this approach does not deliver the “right” numbers: instead it suggests that a much larger QPOP was required in the second half of the period, since fewer deaths arise from a longer-living population. To sustain the QPOP estimates from the birth and marriage registers actually requires a fall in average l0 during the long eighteenth century in order to generate the deaths recorded.
Despite being apparently counter-intuitive, such a trend is likely to have been the case. This arises because the original population of convinced Quakers was not made up of a general cross-section of the late seventeenth century population, who would exhibit death rates similar to the general population. Instead, these were largely younger adults: the median age of converts, according to Vann’s restructuring, was thirty-three.29 The implications of this are clear: a population consisting of those who had survived Death’s predations on youth would have a significantly higher life expectancy. Calculating l15 from the L&M QM burial registers suggests figures between 10 and 15 years greater over the period (Figure 5).
The CDR used above for the Quaker population is generated by modifying the L&M QM l0 to ensure it remains lower than that of the general population at the beginning of the period, an effect which is removed in order for the Quakers to draw in line with overall demographics as the Quaker population ceases to be made up of adult converts, and the impact of early-year mortality takes effect.
Table 3 shows the application of this “modifying factor” to the L&M QM l0 from which is derived a revised crude death rate, which is applied to the QPOP estimate to generate a projected number of burial records which approximate to the burials shown in Rowntree. As with the birth records, Rowntree gives some figures for non-members buried for some decades: while such instances are recorded from 1750, it seems likely that such a practice began earlier, and the separate recordkeeping took time to take effect. Historians have not established the extent of the practice, but if Rowntree is correct in accounting for one-quarter of all burials as non-members in 1800–1809, it seems that the practice was widespread. A more likely scenario is presented in the table, with the practice starting in earnest around 1720, and increasing over the next decades until suppressed (temporarily) by the revival of Quaker discipline around 1750. This speculation allows the trends in non-member burials to make sense, without materially affecting the model.
It remains to be validated if the decadal fluctuations in the QPOP estimates can be explained by the modified data derived from the QM birth, marriage and death registers. In order to do so, three established but unquantified elements in the history of the Religious Society of Friends need to be accounted for. The first is that of “convincements”—those who flocked to join the Society in the heady millenarian days when the movement believed it was founding a new world church. The second concerns those who left, either voluntarily as migrants to seek new lives elsewhere (many to Ireland and others across the Atlantic), both before and after the founding of Pennsylvania in 1684. Finally, there are the “apostates”, those who left once it was clear that the second coming of Christ was increasingly delayed, and those who preferred to avoid the “sufferings” that the Quakers attracted through refusing to conform with the prejudicial laws against sectarians. A subset of this group, known as the “disowned”, represents those who were rebuked by the Society for not being in unity; during this period the most common reason for being in such a state was “marrying out”, either with a non-Quaker partner, or simply by the established church.
Considering the first of these, the model suggests that there must at least be some who came to the Society married, and subsequently entered their children on the register. There also need to be many who swelled the ranks in order for the CFMR to generate the remaining marriages. Accepted Quaker historiography would see this as an increasing swell of converts during the last decades of the seventeenth century, falling rapidly by the turn of the eighteenth century, yet retaining still some appeal to attract new membership over the period. The “emigrants” class has been well-charted by Quaker historians, although (perhaps again, unsurprisingly) the extent of migration remains disputed. Traditionally, many thousands were believed to have left for the New World: Richard Vann cites Joseph Illick’s estimate of 8000 by 1685, while noting that other historians have been “less venturesome in committing themselves to figures”. Vann argues for a lower earlier total based on the number of surviving Quaker removal “certificates”, giving about 1000 before 1685, and a further thousand in the 1690s. The most recent full-length study of transatlantic Quakerism, curiously, if tellingly, makes no attempt to address the subject.31 Rowntree has no doubts that it was a considerable number, chalking up five hundred per annum between 1676 and 1700, and a “very considerable number” afterward—unfortunately his source for this was an appendix to an amateur collection of statistics, created in the mid-nineteenth century, and lacking provenance.32 Most scholars would probably accept a number between eight and ten thousand over the period, tailing off sharply after 1700, as uncontroversial. The third group are highly likely to have begun to leave the nascent Society almost as soon as it began, towards the end of the 1660s after the chastening effect of the Great Fire of London and the plague had failed to deliver a New Jerusalem. Many of those who had become Quakers in search of personal betterment (of which there may have been many) are likely to have made the transatlantic journey even without Quaker certification, or simply abandoned sectarian religion in the spirit of an increasingly secular eighteenth century. Extant scholarship on the Quaker apostates tends to focus on the trajectories of prominent individuals, which unfortunately fails to help statistically, leaving this area very much in the dark. The final group—that of the “disowned”—is similarly lacking in quantifiable data. The solution adopted here is to make an assumption that the missing marriages until the formal marriage regulations of 1737 represent married couples joining the Society before contributing their subsequent children to the registers, while those after this point increasingly include couples who “married out”, and were disowned, before contributing theirs. While the accuracy of such an approach can only be guessed at, it has the advantage of modelling quanta while fitting an accepted interpretation of historical events which accepts significant disownments as a feature of the period of Quaker Discipline which began around 1755.
Taken together, these flows produce a model which attempts to reconcile data derived from known QM records with factors from wider demographic work, while accounting for changes in the English Quaker population for each decade over a period of one hundred and fifty years.
The projected populations of the model are shown in Figure 7, against estimates from the Rowntree approach. One of the first observations might be that the figure for the beginning of the nineteenth century approximates Rowntree’s estimation of 19,800—not perfectly well, but rather better than using Rowntree’s own projections from marriage. Looking in more detail at the consequences of the assumptions above, some further points of comparison occur (Table 4).
First, the number of projected emigrants is about half that of estimated apostates, suggesting a ratio of one in three leaving to promote Quakerism, while the remainder dropped away for other reasons—in fact, the balance could shift easily either way. Second, all major movements from emigrants and apostates together are completed by the very early eighteenth century, when the Society has the least “new blood”: over 95% of Friends would have been convinced for more than ten years. This fits the profile of the Society in Quietist mode, minimizing engagement with outsiders and with the world. Third, following a low in convincements at about the time the last apostates were leaving, there is a steady if not spectacular recovery, until around ten or twelve percent of the Society enters membership every decade. This aligns somewhat with the religious “awakening” movements of the period, not least Methodism and associated spiritual ventures. Finally, an estimate has been made of the actual annual impact these movements would have had on those in the Society’s Quarterly Meetings (see figures in grey, centre of the table, Column QM +/− P.A.). With approximately twenty-five QMs across the country, the aggregate experience would have been at first to see dozens of new Friends joining each year, tailing off until a perhaps (net) half dozen or so would leave or migrate, before that too tailed off, and by the middle of the century perhaps a dozen or half dozen might join. At the level of monthly meetings, or even lower preparatory meetings, the effect would be highly individual (and sometimes invisible) at all dates from 1700, with at most one or two joining or leaving each local meeting in any year.
In thus examining Quaker numbers during the long eighteenth century, the original motivation was to see if they could be made to “stack up”—that is, given sufficient manipulation, they could be incorporated into a model which accounted for known data. This would have enabled some conclusions to be drawn regarding the accuracy (or otherwise) of the registers over time, and allowed some comments to be made regarding Rowntree. Having brought the model this far, it seems fair to suggest that not only do the registers “stack up” but that estimates for the numbers of Quakers in the Society can be projected with some accuracy, in populations which not only align to general demographic indicators, but also reflect known dynamics within Quaker history.
Yet at no point do these projections become facts. Professor Peter H. Lindert’s warning that the “uncritical consumption of detailed estimates can be critical to intellectual health” is ever valid, and his desire to “replace old, rough, tentative guesses with new, rough, tentative guesses” remains an aspiration.33 That said, there would appear to be more than sufficient correlations of a positive nature to justify using these figures, while awaiting further work to augment the fundamental assumptions within the model.
With respect to such further work, the model prompts new questions in several areas. The first concerns the nature and extent of eighteenth-century discipline, specifically: what was the real extent of those disowned by the Society? Previous explanations have required large numbers of Quakers to be expelled in order to reduce numbers to known “Rowntree” levels, yet the model would tend to suggest that such expulsions were minimal, and thus any resurgence of discipline was either exaggerated, or perhaps less drastic in execution and consequence. A similar question regarding numbers arises in the case of how many early Friends emigrated—as has been noted, there exists a level of uncertainty regarding this traffic where clarity would be particularly useful. Finally, the model assumes that the Society of Friends remained able to attract a number of converts throughout the period—albeit a relatively small number when compared with the awakenings that would go on to establish Methodism. Much useful work can be done on the nature of the beliefs of this membership compared with those convinced earlier, as well as perhaps on any differences between such new members and birthright Friends which might help account for later developments within the Society.
Rowntree, John Stephenson. 1859. Quakerism, Past and Present. London: Smith, Elder & Company, Preface. Available online: https://archive.org/details/quakerismpastan02rowngoog/page/n4 (accessed on 20 January 2018).
The original power to regulate printed material was enacted in June 1643: “An Ordinance for the Regulating of Printing” (Firth and Rait 1911).
For a review of advices contained in the early Books for Discipline, see Fincham in (Healey 2019).
(Rowntree 1859, p. 71). The QM marriage records used by Rowntree include “Hereford, Worcester and Wales”, numbering 666 from 1650 to 1779, or 3% of the Society total (81); the proportion from Wales is not given, thus while Wales is nominally included in the model, Quaker dynamics in the Principality are too small to be addressed separately in this paper.
(Braithwaite 1912). His total assumes that the 4200 recorded as jailed represented approximately 50% of adult male Quakers, and estimates between 5 and 7 for families.
(Gilbert 1976); unfortunately, his source is Rowntree.
Rowntree does not provide figures for marriages for the last three decades. Values for these have been extrapolated from Birth per Marriage ratios, and cross-validated with ratios to London and Middlesex Quarterly Meeting marriage records, as discussed below.
See, respectively: (Galloway 1988; Schellekens 1997; Dixon 1971; Wrigley 1998; Goldstone 1986).
(Wells and Zuckerman 1972). Helpfully, “by the late eighteenth century marriage patterns in the colonies started to move into line with those found in Europe”; p. 428.
An error would arise should two couples with identical names, from the same monthly meetings, marry on the same date—since one of these records would be discounted. In fact, the records show very few dates with more than one marriage, and none where couples are from the same monthly meeting.
(Rowntree 1859, p. 81), Note Six, Table, line Item “London and Middlesex”.
A correction is required to later data arising from “marrying out” (under-registration of marriages) and over-registration of births for “non-members”. This is discussed below.
The solution as proposed by Vann. I am grateful to Professor Pink Dandelion for originally drawing my attention to this possibility.
(Rowntree 1859, p. 82), Note 7, Table.
A key paper from the founders of the field is: (Wrigley and Schofield 1983). Modifying the assumptions detailed in this aggregated study of 13 unconnected parishes in England over the period to reflect Quaker differentials presents a challenge which is best answered by Professor Frost’s observation, quoted above.
Data from (Smith 1981, p. 601) Figure 3, “Estimated crude first marriage rates (marriages per 1000 persons aged 15–34) compared with gross reproduction rates (both 25-year moving averages), England, 1541–1871.” Save an anomaly in 1760 (16%), the trend within the 15–34 years cadre shows a consistent trend across the period, falling steadily from 20% in 1660 to settle between 11–13%. This effectively offsets any impact caused by deriving marriage cadre size from that of deaths across adjacent decades.
Vann (1969, p. 48) His chapter on the “Theory and Practice of Conversion” uses data from Buckinghamshire and Norfolk from 1654 to 1740.
(Rowntree 1859, p. 74), Appendix to [John?] Thurnam’s “Statistics” page 12.
cf. II Samuel 24 and I Chronicles 21. 1,300,000 versus 1,570,000, or approximately 20%.
Figure 3. “Missing Marriages”: comparison of annual marriages (from BpM for L&M QM) and Rowntree.
Figure 4. Age structure of L&M QM burial registers.
Figure 5. Life expectancy calculated from the L&MQM burial registers.
Figure 6. Modified crude death rate (CDR) used for QPOP vs. general CDR (Wrigley).
Figure 7. The projected QPOP model compared with Rowntree.
Table 2. Estimate of the English Quaker population (QPOP).
Table 3. Reconciliation of QPOP, crude death rate and QM burial registers by decade (1650–1809).
Table 4. English QPOP stock: convinced, migrant, apostate and disowned flows.
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2019-04-25T23:58:32Z
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Bill Text - AB-1625 Human services.
An act to amend Sections 12254 and 12258 of the Revenue and Taxation Code, and to amend Sections 10850.4, 11322.64, and 11461.3 of, and to add Section 10850.45 to, the Welfare and Institutions Code, relating to human services, and making an appropriation therefor, to take effect immediately, bill related to the budget.
AB 1625, Committee on Budget. Human services.
(1) Existing law establishes the Medi-Cal program, administered by the State Department of Health Care Services, under which health care services are provided to qualified low-income persons. The Medi-Cal program is, in part, governed and funded by federal Medicaid program provisions. Existing law establishes a managed care organization provider tax, which is administered by the State Department of Health Care Services. The tax is assessed by the department on licensed health care service plans, managed care plans contracted with the department to provide Medi-Cal services, and alternate health care service plans.
Existing law imposes a gross premiums tax of 2.35% on all insurers, as defined, doing business in this state, as set forth in the California Constitution. Existing law requires certain insurers to make prepayments of the annual tax and requires the amount of each prepayment to be 25% of the amount of the annual insurance tax liability reported on the return of the insurer for the preceding calendar year. Existing law reduces the gross premiums tax rate to 0% for those premiums received on or after July 1, 2016, and on or before June 30, 2019, for the provision of health insurance paid by health insurers providing health insurance that has a corporate affiliate, as defined, that is a health care service plan or health plan that is subject to the managed care organization provider tax described above, as specified.
This bill would provide that for health insurers subject to the 0% gross premiums tax rate prepayments are not required between July 1, 2016, and on or before June 30, 2019, and would additionally provide that for prepayments due on or after June 30, 2019, the amount due is 25% of the amount of what the annual insurance tax liability reported on the return of the health insurer for the preceding calendar year would have been if the provision reducing the gross premiums tax rate to 0% described above had never been operative.
(2) Existing law requires certain documents from the juvenile case file for a child who died as a result of abuse or neglect, as specified, to be released by the custodian of records upon request and subject to redaction of certain identifying personal information upon completion of the child abuse or neglect investigation into the child’s death.
This bill would add a description of child protective or other services provided and actions taken by the child welfare agency, and juvenile court if applicable, to the list of documents that are required to be released. The bill would also require the custodian of records to release certain information in all cases in which abuse or neglect results in a child near fatality, as defined. The bill would prohibit the disclosure of certain information in connection with child near fatalities, including, among others, information that would, after consultation with the district attorney, jeopardize a criminal investigation or proceeding. The bill would make related changes.
The bill would also authorize the State Department of Social Services to implement these provisions by means of all-county letters or similar instructions until regulations are adopted, as specified. By creating new duties for local officials, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program.
(3) Existing law establishes the Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program (ARC), in counties that choose to participate, for the purpose of making the amount paid to relative caregivers for the in-home care of children placed with them who are ineligible for AFDC-FC payments equal to the amount paid on behalf of children who are eligible for AFDC-FC payments. Existing law authorizes a county that is participating in ARC and that has paid certain specified funds to request reimbursement for those funds from the department if, in any calendar year, the entire amount of funding appropriated by the state for ARC has not been fully allocated to or utilized by participating counties.
This bill would instead authorize a county to make that request if, in any fiscal year, the entire amount of funding appropriated by the state for ARC has not been fully allocated to or utilized by participating counties.
(4) The bill also would delete an obsolete reporting requirement of the State Department of Social Services relating to employment of CalWORKs recipients.
(6) This bill would appropriate $705,000 from the General Fund to the Department of Rehabilitation, for encumbrance or expenditure until June 30, 2017, to be allocated to independent living centers that have been both established and maintained using specified federal funding as their primary base grant.
(a) The amount of each prepayment shall be 25 percent of the amount of the annual insurance tax liability reported on the return of the insurer for the preceding calendar year.
(b) In establishing the prepayment amount of an insurer that has acquired the business of another insurer, the amount of tax liability of the acquiring insurer reported for the preceding calendar year shall be deemed to include the amount of tax liability of the acquired insurer reported for that year.
(1) On or after July 1, 2016, and on or before June 30, 2019, a prepayment shall not be required.
(2) The amount of each prepayment due after June 30, 2019, shall be 25 percent of the amount of what the annual insurance tax liability reported on the return of the insurer for the preceding calendar year would have been if Section 12202.2 had never been operative.
(d) This section shall become operative on July 1, 2013.
(a) Any insurer that fails to pay any prepayment within the time required shall pay a penalty of 10 percent of the amount of the required prepayment, plus interest at the modified adjusted rate per month, or fraction thereof, established pursuant to Section 6591.5, from the due date of the prepayment until the date of payment but not for any period after the due date of the annual tax. Assessments of prepayment deficiencies may be made in the manner provided by deficiency assessments of the annual tax.
(b) Notwithstanding any other law, if a Medi-Cal managed care plan, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 12009, receives additional amounts includable in its total operating revenue, as defined in Section 12241, for the service periods from January 1, 2009, to June 30, 2013, inclusive, those amounts shall continue to be subject to the tax imposed by Section 12201, as added by Section 4 of the act adding this section, as added by Section 5 of Chapter 157 of the Statutes of 2009, as added by Section 31 of Chapter 717 of the Statutes of 2010, and as added by Section 2 of Chapter 11 of the First Extraordinary Session of the Statutes of 2011, and 100 percent of the tax continues to be due and shall be submitted to the Department of Insurance no later than 30 days after receipt of those amounts.
(c) This section shall not apply to an insurer subject to paragraph (1) of subdivision (c) of Section 12254.
(3) Whether the child resided in foster care or in the home of his or her parent or guardian at the time of death.
(F) A description of child protective or other services provided and actions taken by the child welfare agency, and juvenile court if applicable, relating to the deceased child, addressing any services and actions that are not otherwise disclosed within other documents required for release pursuant to this section, including the date and a written description of any such service or action taken.
(A) Records pertaining to the foster placement’s initial licensing and renewals and type of license or licenses held, if in the case file.
(d) (1) The documents and information listed in paragraph (1) of, and subparagraphs (A) to (E), inclusive, of paragraph (2) of, subdivision (c) shall be released to the public by the custodian of records within 10 business days of the request or the disposition of the investigation, whichever is later.
(2) The description listed in subparagraph (F) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) shall be released to the public by the custodian of records within 10 business days after the release of the documents pursuant to paragraph (1).
(B) Notwithstanding the rulemaking provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act (Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11340) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code), until emergency regulations are filed with the Secretary of State, the State Department of Social Services may implement the changes made to Section 827 and this section at the 2007–08 Regular Session of the Legislature through all-county letters or similar instructions from the director. The department shall adopt emergency regulations, as necessary to implement those changes, no later than January 1, 2009.
(g) Juvenile case file records that are not subject to disclosure pursuant to this section shall only be disclosed upon an order by the juvenile court pursuant to Section 827.
(h) Once documents pursuant to this section have been released by the custodian of records, the State Department of Social Services or the county welfare department or agency may comment on the case within the scope of the release. If the county welfare department or agency comments publicly about the case within the scope of the release pursuant to this subdivision, the social worker on the case may also comment publicly about the case within the scope of the release.
(j) Each county welfare department or agency shall notify the State Department of Social Services of every child fatality that occurred within its jurisdiction that was the result of child abuse or neglect. Based on these notices and any other relevant information in the State Department of Social Services’ possession, the department shall annually issue a report identifying the child fatalities and any systemic issues or patterns revealed by the notices and other relevant information. The State Department of Social Services, after consultation with interested stakeholders, shall provide instructions by an all-county letter regarding the procedure for notification.
(1) “Child abuse or neglect” and “abuse or neglect” have the same meaning as defined in Section 11165.6 of the Penal Code.
(3) “Juvenile case files” or “case files” includes any juvenile court files, as defined in Rule 5.552 of the California Rules of Court, and any county child welfare department or agency or State Department of Social Services records regardless of whether they are maintained electronically or in paper form.
(4) “Substantiated” has the same meaning as that term is used with respect to a substantiated report as defined in Section 11165.12 of the Penal Code.
(l) A person disclosing juvenile case file information as required by this section shall not be subject to liability in any civil or criminal proceeding for complying with the requirements of this section.
(p) Nothing in this section authorizes the disclosure of information that reveals the identity of a person or persons who provided information related to suspected abuse, neglect, or maltreatment of the child.
(q) Notwithstanding the rulemaking provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act (Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11340) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code), until regulations are filed with the Secretary of State, the State Department of Social Services may implement this section through all-county letters or similar instructions following consultation with stakeholders. This consultation shall commence no later than October 1, 2016, and shall include, but not be limited to, child welfare advocates, labor organizations, representatives of counties, and legislative staff. Rulemaking to implement this section pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act shall commence no later than January 1, 2018.
(2) The date of the near fatality.
(3) Whether the child resided in foster care or in the home of his or her parent or guardian at the time of the near fatality.
(b) All cases in which abuse or neglect leads to a child’s near fatality, as described in paragraph (4) of subdivision (l), shall be subject to the disclosures required in subdivisions (c) and (d).
(2) The date the abuse or neglect occurred that resulted in the near fatality, if known, and the date that a licensed physician determined the child victim to be in serious or critical medical condition, if known.
(4) The cause of, and circumstances regarding, the near fatality.
(A) Suspected or substantiated abuse or neglect of the child near fatality victim.
(B) Suspected or substantiated abuse or neglect of other children that is related to the abuse or neglect described in subparagraph (A).
(A) The dates of reports, investigations, services provided, and actions taken.
(B) The investigative disposition for each report.
(C) Any comments provided by the involved social worker or workers for the written narrative regarding the investigations, services provided, and actions taken.
(A) The emergency response referral information form and emergency response notice of referral disposition form completed by the county child welfare agency relating to the abuse or neglect that caused the near fatality of the child.
(B) Any cross reports completed by the county child welfare services agency to law enforcement relating to the child suffering the near fatality.
(C) All risk and safety assessments completed by the county child welfare services agency relating to the child suffering the near fatality.
(D) Copies of police reports about the person against whom the child abuse or neglect was substantiated.
(A) Records pertaining to the foster parents’ initial licensing and renewals and type of license or licenses held if in the case file.
(C) Records of the training completed by the foster parents if in the case file.
(e) (1) When disclosure is requested pursuant to subdivisions (c) and (d), all required findings and information shall be released to the public by the custodian of records within 30 calendar days of either the request or the disposition of the investigation, whichever is later.
(2) When disclosure is requested pursuant to subdivision (c), the county shall submit a copy of the description and written narrative required in subdivision (c) to the State Department of Social Services within 20 calendar days of the request or the disposition of the investigation, whichever is later. Within 10 calendar days of receipt, the State Department of Social Services shall review the description and written narrative submitted by the county against the case file and notify the county of any discrepancies or other concerns prior to the county’s release of the information pursuant to paragraph (1).
(1) The name, address, telephone number, ethnicity, religion, or any other identifying information of any person or institution, other than the county or the State Department of Social Services, that is referenced in subdivision (c) or (d).
(2) Any information that would, after consultation with the district attorney, jeopardize a criminal investigation or proceeding.
(3) Any information that is privileged, confidential, or not subject to disclosure pursuant to any other state or federal law.
(4) All health care records related to the child or the child’s family.
(5) (A) Any information referenced in the report prepared pursuant to subdivision (c) or contained in any document listed in subdivision (d) that is not relevant to the near fatality, consistent with regulations or all-county letters or similar instructions issued pursuant to subdivision (r). Subject to subparagraphs (B) and (C), those regulations or all-county letters or similar instructions shall provide further guidance regarding persons or conduct that is not relevant. This includes, but is not limited to, any information referenced in the report prepared pursuant to subdivision (c) or contained in any document listed in subdivision (d) regarding any adult whose activities are not part of an event or events or do not have a material bearing on the circumstances that led to the near fatality, pursuant to subparagraph (B).
(B) Information regarding the agency’s handling of the case that may indicate a pattern of events or have a material bearing on the circumstances that led to the near fatality is relevant for purposes of subparagraph (A).
(C) Any record of any action or observation of any individual acting in his or her professional capacity is relevant for purposes of subparagraphs (A) and (B).
(g) Upon receiving a request for the information described in subdivisions (c) and (d), the custodian of records shall notify and provide a copy of the request to the counsel for any child who is directly or indirectly connected to the juvenile case file. If the counsel for a child, including the child near fatality victim or any sibling of the child victim, objects to the release of any part of the information listed in subdivisions (c) and (d), counsel may petition the juvenile court for relief to prevent the release of any document or part of a document requested pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 827.
(h) Juvenile case file records that are not subject to disclosure pursuant to this section shall only be disclosed upon an order by the juvenile court pursuant to Section 827.
(i) Once documents have been released by the custodian of records pursuant to this section, the State Department of Social Services or the county welfare department or agency may comment on the case within the scope of the release. If the county welfare department or agency comments publicly about the case within the scope of the release pursuant to this subdivision, the social worker on the case may also comment publicly about the case within the scope of the release.
(j) Information released by a custodian of records consistent with the requirements of this section does not require prior notice to any other individual.
(k) Each county child welfare services agency shall notify the State Department of Social Services of every child near fatality that occurred within its jurisdiction that was the result of child abuse or neglect. Based on these notices and any other relevant information in the State Department of Social Services’ possession, the department shall annually issue a report identifying the child near fatalities and any systemic issues or patterns revealed by the notices and other relevant information.
(A) An alleged perpetrator who was unknown to the child or family prior to the abuse that caused the near fatality.
(B) A minor, unless acting in the role of a caretaker, who is alleged to have caused the near fatality.
(2) “Custodian of records” means the county welfare department or agency.
(4) (A) “Near fatality” has the same meaning as defined in Section 5106a of Title 42 of the United States Code under the federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act.
(i) A law enforcement investigation concludes that child abuse or neglect occurred.
(ii) A county child welfare services agency determines that the child abuse or neglect was substantiated.
(5) “Substantiated” has the same meaning as that term is used with respect to a substantiated report as defined in Section 11165.12 of the Penal Code.
(m) A person disclosing juvenile case file information as required by this section shall not be subject to liability in any civil or criminal proceeding for complying with the requirements of this section.
(n) This section shall apply only to near fatalities that occur on or after January 1, 2017.
(o) This section does not require a custodian of records to retain documents beyond any date otherwise required by law.
(p) This section does not require a custodian of records to obtain documents not in the case file.
(q) This section does not authorize the disclosure of information that reveals the identity of a person or persons who provided information related to suspected abuse, neglect, or maltreatment of a child.
(r) Notwithstanding the rulemaking provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act (Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11340) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code), until regulations are filed with the Secretary of State, the State Department of Social Services may implement this section through all-county letters or similar instructions following consultation with stakeholders. This consultation shall commence no later than October 1, 2016, and shall include, but not be limited to, the following stakeholders: child welfare advocates, representatives of organizations that have filed requests pursuant to Section 10850.4, advocates for foster youth, labor organizations, representatives of counties, and legislative staff. Rulemaking to implement this section pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act shall commence no later than January 1, 2018, and shall be concluded as soon as practicable.
(g) Upon application for CalWORKs assistance after a participant’s subsidized employment ends, if an assistance unit is otherwise eligible within three calendar months of the date that subsidized employment ended, the income exemption requirements contained in Section 11451.5 and the work requirements contained in subdivision (c) of Section 11201 shall apply. If aid is restored after the expiration of that three-month period, the income exemption requirements contained in Section 11450.12 and the work requirements contained in subdivision (b) of Section 11201 shall apply.
(h) This section shall become operative on July 1, 2016.
(a) The Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program is hereby established for the purpose of making the amount paid to approved relative caregivers for the in-home care of children placed with them who are ineligible for AFDC-FC payments equal to the amount paid on behalf of children who are eligible for AFDC-FC payments. This is an optional program for counties choosing to participate, and in so doing, participating counties agree to the terms of this section as a condition of their participation. It is the intent of the Legislature that the funding described in paragraph (1) of subdivision (g) for the Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program be appropriated, and available for use from January through December of each year, unless otherwise specified.
(A) The child resides in California.
(c) Any income or benefits received by an eligible child or the approved relative caregiver on behalf of the eligible child that would be offset against the basic rate paid to a foster care provider pursuant to subdivision (g) of Section 11461, shall be offset from any funds that are not CalWORKs funds paid to the approved relative caregiver pursuant to this section.
(1) An amount not to exceed the county share of the CalWORKs portion of the Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program payment, if any.
(2) Any other county funds that were included in the Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program payment.
(1) Commencing October 1, 2014, the county shall notify the department in writing of its decision to participate in the Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program. Failure to make timely notification, without good cause as determined by the department, shall preclude the county from participating in the program for the upcoming calendar year. Annually thereafter, any county not already participating who elects to do so shall notify the department in writing no later than October 1 of its decision to participate for the upcoming calendar year.
(3) The county shall confirm that it will be solely responsible to pay any additional costs needed to make all payments pursuant to subdivision (b) if the state and federal funds allocated to the Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (g) are insufficient to make all eligible payments.
(f) (1) A county deciding to opt out of the Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program shall provide at least 120 days’ prior written notice of that decision to the department. Additionally, the county shall provide at least 90 days’ prior written notice to the approved relative caregiver or caregivers informing them that his or her per child per month payment will be reduced and the date that the reduction will occur.
(2) The department shall presume that all counties have opted out of the Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program if the funding appropriated for the current 12-month period is reduced below the amount specified in subparagraph (B), subparagraph (C), or subparagraph (D) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (g) for that 12-month period, unless a county notifies the department in writing of its intent to opt in within 60 days of enactment of the State Budget. The counties shall provide at least 90 days’ prior written notice to the approved relative caregiver or caregivers informing them that his or her per child per month payment will be reduced, and the date that reduction will occur.
(A) The applicable regional per-child CalWORKs grant, in accordance with subdivision (a) of Section 11253.4.
(B) General Fund resources, as appropriated in paragraph (2).
(C) County funds only to the extent required under paragraph (3) of subdivision (e).
(D) Funding described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) is intended to fully fund the base caseload of approved relative caregivers, which is defined as the number of approved relative caregivers caring for a child who is not eligible to receive AFDC-FC payments, as of July 1, 2014.
(A) The sum of fifteen million dollars ($15,000,000), for the period of January 1, 2015, to June 30, 2015, inclusive.
(i) Two times the amount appropriated pursuant to subparagraph (A), inclusive of any increase pursuant to paragraph (3).
(ii) The amount necessary to increase or decrease the CalWORKs funding associated with the base caseload described in subparagraph (D) of paragraph (1) to reflect any change from the prior fiscal year in the applicable regional per-child CalWORKs grant described in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1).
(iii) The additional amount necessary to fully fund the base caseload described in subparagraph (D) of paragraph (1), reflective of the annual California Necessities Index increase to the basic rate paid to foster care providers.
(i) The total General Fund amount provided pursuant to this paragraph for the previous 12-month period.
(i) Thirty million dollars ($30,000,000).
(ii) Two times the amount appropriated pursuant to subparagraph (A), inclusive of any increase pursuant to paragraph (3).
(3) To the extent that the appropriation made by subparagraph (A) of paragraph (2) is insufficient to fully fund the base caseload of approved relative caregivers as of July 1, 2014, as described in subparagraph (D) of paragraph (1), for the period of January 1, 2015, to June 30, 2015, inclusive, as jointly determined by the department and the County Welfare Directors’ Association and approved by the Department of Finance on or before October 1, 2015, the amount specified in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (2) shall be increased by the amount necessary to fully fund that base caseload.
(4) Funds available pursuant to paragraph (2) shall be allocated to participating counties proportionate to the number of their approved relative caregiver placements, using a methodology and timing developed by the department, following consultation with county human services agencies and their representatives.
(5) Notwithstanding subdivision (e), if in any fiscal year the entire amount of funding appropriated by the state for the Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program has not been fully allocated to or utilized by participating counties, a participating county that has paid any funds pursuant to subparagraph (C) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (g) may request reimbursement for those funds from the department. The authority of the department to approve the requests shall be limited by the amount of available unallocated funds.
(h) An approved relative caregiver receiving payments on behalf of a child pursuant to this section shall not be eligible to receive additional CalWORKs payments on behalf of the same child under Section 11450.
(i) To the extent permitted by federal law, payments received by the approved relative caregiver from the Approved Relative Caregiver Funding Option Program shall not be considered income for the purpose of determining other public benefits.
(j) Prior to referral of any individual or recipient, or that person’s case, to the local child support agency for child support services pursuant to Section 17415 of the Family Code, the county human services agency shall determine if an applicant or recipient has good cause for noncooperation, as set forth in Section 11477.04. If the applicant or recipient claims good cause exception at any subsequent time to the county human services agency or the local child support agency, the local child support agency shall suspend child support services until the county social services agency determines the good cause claim, as set forth in Section 11477.04. If good cause is determined to exist, the local child support agency shall suspend child support services until the applicant or recipient requests their resumption, and shall take other measures that are necessary to protect the applicant or recipient and the children. If the applicant or recipient is the parent of the child for whom aid is sought and the parent is found to have not cooperated without good cause as provided in Section 11477.04, the applicant’s or recipient’s family grant shall be reduced by 25 percent for the time the failure to cooperate lasts.
(l) Effective January 1, 2017, if a relative has been approved as a resource family pursuant to Section 16519.5, the approved relative shall be paid an amount equal to the resource family basic rate at the child’s assessed level of care as set forth in subdivision (g) of Section 11461 and Section 11463.
There is hereby appropriated seven hundred five thousand dollars ($705,000) from the General Fund to the Department of Rehabilitation for encumbrance or expenditure until June 30, 2017. Notwithstanding subdivision (b) of Section 19806 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, these funds shall be allocated to those independent living centers that have been both established and maintained using federal funding under Part C of Chapter 1 of Title VII of the federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. Sec. 796f et seq.), as amended, as their primary base grant, as determined by the Department of Rehabilitation.
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2019-04-24T09:06:03Z
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https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1625
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U.S. stocks and the dollar rose as markets weighed the lack of any real progress on the euro-zone crisis against an unexpected rise in the U.S. services sector, as measured by an index from the Institute for Supply Management.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average /quotes/zigman/627449 DJIA broke a four-day losing streak, rising 26 points, or 0.2%, to 12,128.
The S&P 500 Index /quotes/zigman/3870025 SPX added 7 points, or 0.6%, to 1,286.
Yields on 10-year Treasury notes /quotes/zigman/4868283/delayed 10_YEAR , which move inversely to prices, rose 4 basis points to 1.57%, rising a second day from record lows.
The euro retreated against the dollar, staying down after a Group of Seven teleconference yielded no concrete proposals to tackle Europe’s sovereign debt and banking crisis, with Spain in particular. The shared currency /quotes/zigman/4867933/sampled EURUSD fell back towards an almost two-year low, buying $1.2453, from $1.2493 in North American trade late Monday.
Oil futures settled at $84.29 a barrel, up 31 cents, or 0.4%, while gold /quotes/zigman/676896 GCQ2 rose $3, or 0.2%, to settle at $1,616.90 an ounce.
Asian stocks gained for a second day and oil climbed, while the Australian dollar rallied after the country’s economy grew at twice the rate economists estimated and a gauge of U.S. services industries increased. Aluminum rose as metals in London resumed trading after a holiday.
The MSCI Asia Pacific Index (MXAP) added 1.1 percent at 12:55 p.m. in Tokyo. The Nikkei 225 Stock Average climbed 1.6 percent. Standard & Poor’s 500 Index futures advanced 0.7 percent. The so-called Aussie strengthened 1.2 percent against the U.S. dollar, poised for the biggest gain in almost two months. The euro rose 0.4 percent against the greenback. Oil advanced 0.9 percent in New York, while aluminum increased 0.7 percent.
Australia’s gross domestic product advanced 1.3 percent in the last quarter from the previous three months, a Bureau of Statistics report showed, compared with the median 0.6 percent gain predicted by economists in a Bloomberg News survey. U.S. service industries sustained their pace of growth in May, showing the biggest part of the U.S. economy is withstanding the impact of the European debt crisis.
The Group of Seven nations yesterday agreed to coordinate their response to Europe’s turmoil, which has tipped at least eight of the 17 euro-area economies into recession. European representatives “said they will speed up their efforts to resolve those problems, which was encouraging to us,” Japanese Finance Minister Jun Azumi told reporters in Tokyo.
The European Central Bank will leave the benchmark rate at 1 percent today, according to 32 of 44 economists surveyed by Bloomberg News.
Asian currencies rose the most in eight weeks. Malaysia’s ringgit climbed 0.8 percent to 3.1760 per dollar, the Thai baht strengthened 0.5 percent to 31.47 and the Philippine peso added 0.6 percent to 43.29. The Bloomberg-JPMorgan Asia Dollar Index strengthened 0.2 percent, the most since April. The gauge lost 2.8 percent in May in its worst drop since September.
The Institute for Supply Management’s index of non- manufacturing businesses, which covers about 90 percent of the world’s largest economy, increased to 53.7, topping the median projection of economists for a reading of 53.4.
Country Garden Holdings Co. climbed 6.5 percent, pacing gains by Chinese developers in Hong Kong, after Deutsche Bank AG said the nation’s home sales in May probably reached the highest value since last June. China should cut interest rates at an “appropriate time” to avoid a deep growth slump, the state-run China Securities Journal said in a front-page commentary today.
Commerzbank AG, Germany’s second-largest bank, had its credit rating cut one level today as Europe’s debt crisis prompted Moody’s Investors Service to downgrade seven lenders in the nation and three in Austria. Commerzbank, based in Frankfurt, was reduced to A3 from A2, Moody’s said in a statement. A review of Deutsche Bank, the nation’s largest lender, will be concluded later, Moody’s said.
Oil for July delivery rose to $84.96 a barrel, a third day of gains. Inventories fell 1.8 million barrels last week, the industry-funded American Petroleum Institute said after yesterday’s close. Three-month delivery aluminum climbed to $1,986 a metric ton on the London Metal Exchange. The LME reopened after two days of holidays.
The cost of insuring Asia-Pacific corporate and sovereign bonds from default decreased, according to traders of credit- default swaps. The Markit iTraxx Asia index of 40 investment- grade borrowers outside of Japan declined three basis points to 202, on course for the lowest close since May 31, according to Credit Agricole and CMA prices.
TORONTO — The Toronto stock market registered a solid advance as resource stocks rebounded Tuesday morning after a string of losses amid global economic uncertainty.
The S&P/TSX composite index jumped 116.89 points to 11,452.67 while the TSX Venture Exchange gained 10.77 points to 1,289.31.
The Canadian dollar gave up early gains to dip 0.03 of a cent to 96.15 cents US as the Bank of Canada said that it was leaving its key interest rate unchanged at one per cent because of a worsening economic environment. It also kept the door open for future rate hikes.
New York markets were slightly higher.
The Dow Jones industrial average was up 4.69 points to 12,106.15.
The Nasdaq composite index added 8.2 points to 2,768.21 and the S&P 500 index was up 3.44 points to 1,281.62.
The gains in New York came as the latest reading on the U.S. services sector showed continued expansion. The Institute for Supply Management’s index came in at 53.7, up from 53.5 in April.
Finance ministers and central bank governors from seven of the world’s main economies are grappling with Europe’s shaky economic situation and were to hold a conference call Tuesday to discuss a response.
The G7 teleconference was being held as Spain’s banking crisis continued to cast a shadow over trading.
The country’s banks are weighed by toxic loans following the implosion of the country’s real estate sector in the wake of the 2008 financial collapse.
Those banks may force the country to seek a bailout. Spain, strapped for cash, might have to tap European Union rescue funds, but it is reluctant to do so because such aid would come with strict conditions.
Spain has been forced to pay ever higher amounts of interest to attract buyers for its debt with the yield on the country’s 10-year bond up 0.02 of a point to 6.42%.
Spanish Treasury Minister Cristobal Montoro said Tuesday said that, given current borrowing costs, financial markets had effectively shut out the country.
He also claimed the amount of money needed to prop up Spain’s troubled banking sector is not excessively high but said the question was where the money would come from. And he repeated the country’s calls for the European Union to move faster towards establishing a banking union that would allow ailing lenders to seek help without governments intervening.
Banca Santander S.A. chief Emilo Botin’s estimate that Spain’s banks would need C40 billion to shore up their defences.
Canada’s finance minister, Jim Flaherty, has said European Union governments have significant resources and should be able to handle the eurozone’s problems without outside financial assistance from other countries.
However, Flaherty said Monday that he was concerned about the European situation and said Ottawa was prepared to take measures to cushion Canada’s economy if the situation arises, much as it did during the 2008-9 recession.
“One of the real issues that investors are wrestling with is that people have lost confidence in the ability of the Europeans to deal with the problem (of recapitalizing their banking system),” said Norman Raschkowan, North American strategist for Mackenzie Financial Corp., adding the problems in the banking sector don’t end at the Spanish border.
The energy sector was up 1.8% as oil oscillated between slight gains and losses during the session. At late morning, the July crude contract on the New York Mercantile Exchange was off a dime to US$83.88 a barrel. Suncor Energy (TSX:SU) ahead 44 cents to $28.15 while Cenovus Energy (TSX:CVE) advanced 35 cents to $30.87.
The base metals sector was ahead 1.15 per cent while copper prices dipped a penny at US$3.30 a pound. Teck Resources (TSX:TCK.B) climbed 77 cents to $31.26 and Ivanhoe Mines (TSX:IVN) climbed 23 cents to $9.91.
The resource sectors have racked up the steepest losses on the TSX, which is down more than 11 per cent from its 2012 highs from late February.
The financial sector was up one per cent with TD Bank (TSX:TD) ahead $1.13 to $77.63.
Utilities were also higher as TransCanada Corp. (TSX:TRP) said it has been chosen by Shell Canada Ltd. to build, own and operate a $4-billion natural gas pipeline in British Columbia. The Calgary-based company said the pipeline will transport natural gas from the Montney region in eastern British Columbia to a liquefied natural gas export facility near Kitimat, B.C. Its shares gained 40 cents to $42.55.
The gold sector was ahead 0.3% as bullion prices improved, up $6.80 to US$1,620.70 an ounce. Iamgold Corp. (TSX:IMG) gained 25 cents to $12.39.
In Europe, London markets were closed as part of the Diamond Jubilee holiday while bourses on the continent were mixed as a European business survey sounded a dismal note Tuesday. Markit’s Purchasing Managers’ Index for the eurozone hit a near-three-year low in May. Even Germany was below the 50 mark, which indicates a contraction.
Frankfurt’s DAX declined 0.33% while the Paris CAC 40 gained 1.28%.
In other corporate news, Westport Innovations Inc. (TSX:WPT) has teamed up with global giant Caterpillar Inc. to co-develop natural gas technology to fuel off-road heavy equipment that typically use diesel. Caterpillar will fund the development program and Westport, a Vancouver-based specialist in engine technology, expects to supply key components for products developed under the initiative. Westport shares jumped $3.95 or 17 per cent to $27.10.
Belden Inc. (NYSE:BDC) has made a friendly takeover offer for Montreal-based Miranda Technologies Inc. (TSX:MT), which makes high-performance hardware and software for the television industry. Belden’s offer of $17 per share cash values Miranda at about $371.5-million. Miranda’s share price jumped 62% to $16.87.
Stocks tacked on gains Tuesday, but low volume suggested that big money stayed on the sidelines.
The Nasdaq advanced 0.7%, while the S&P 500 and the NYSE composite each added 0.6%. The Dow Jones industrial average edged up 0.2%. The Philadelphia semiconductor index jumped 2.2%.
Volume fell on both major exchanges, according to unconfirmed figures.
The iPath Dow Jones Copper Subindex (JJC) dropped 1%. The copper ETF has been in a rolling downtrend since February 2011. Copper price is said to have a Ph.D. in economics because it often acts as an economic bellwether.
Financials did best on the S&P 100 with Morgan Stanley (MS) jumping 4%, though volume was below average.
Top-rated stocks were mostly up as stocks in the IBD 50 rose by a 5-2 ratio. Moves in big volume, though, were scarce.
Dollar General (DG) attracted 173% greater volume as the stock lost 3.5%. The company reported better-than-expected results late Monday but a secondary offering appeared to dampen the enthusiasm. The stock lost its 50-day line.
On the Big Cap 20, which only has 17 members this week because of weakness, Walt Disney (DIS) rose 1% in a fifth faster volume. The stock broke out May 9, clearing a 44.60 buy point in a square box base. The stock is less than 1% above the buy point.
Upscale retailer Lululemon Athletica (LULU) gained almost 2% in volume that was 26% above average. The stock is still under its 50-day line.
Among industry groups, fertilizers did best and retail wholesale building products were weakest.
On Wednesday, the Federal Reserve is expected to release its beige book survey of economic conditions throughout the nation. Before the open, the latest readings on productivity and costs are due out.
Stocks rose, while Treasuries retreated, as an increase in US service-industry growth tempered concern the largest economy was slowing and a report said Europe's bailout fund was preparing a credit line for Spain. The yen fell as Japan's finance minister said he's concerned about the currency's rise.
The Standard & Poor's 500 Index advanced 0.5 per cent to 1,284.7 at 3:22 p.m. in New York after earlier dipping to its lowest level since January. Treasury yields rose for a second day on speculation their slide to record lows last week won't be sustained. The euro depreciated 0.4 per cent to $US1.2447 while the yen weakened against 14 of 16 major peers. Cocoa, silver and sugar led gains in commodities while oil was little changed.
The Institute for Supply Management's index of non- manufacturing businesses, which covers about 90 per cent of the economy, increased to 53.7, topping the median projection of economists for a reading of 53.4. Spain may receive a precautionary credit line from the European Financial Stability Facility, Germany's Die Welt newspaper reported in a preview of a story that will run tomorrow, citing unidentified people familiar with talks about the possible option.
"I'd be a buyer of stocks," John Manley, chief equity strategist for Wells Fargo Advantage Funds in New York, said in a telephone interview. His firm oversees $US205 billion. "The US economy is doing OK. Obviously there are lots of things that could go wrong. We're going to have to see more agreements in Europe. Yet valuation is attractive, the market is cheap."
The S&P 500 reversed losses yesterday as the lowest price- to-earnings multiple in six months overshadowed a drop in factory orders. The index started the week trading at 12.9 times its companies' reported earnings, the cheapest since November. The index dropped 9.9 per cent from a four-year high in April through last week as US economic data trailed estimates while concern grew about Greece's future in the euro and Spain's deteriorating national finances.
Financial, commodity and technology shares, the groups that led the S&P 500's retreat since April, were among the industries with the biggest gains today. JPMorgan Chase & Co., Bank of America Corp. and Hewlett-Packard Co. rose more than 2.5 per cent to lead the Dow Jones Industrial Average higher.
A gauge of homebuilders in S&P indexes rallied 4.2 per cent as Lennar Corp. and PulteGroup Inc. surged more than 5 per cent. Facebook Inc. retreated 3.5 per cent, extending its decline since the company's initial public offering last month to more than 30 per cent.
While the S&P 500 is likely to be supported at 1,250, further losses may extend its drop from an April peak to 15 per cent in a "selling climax" that would deplete bears, according to StockCharts.com Inc.'s Arthur Hill. A "new cyclical bear market appears in place" and investors should take defensive positions, technical analyst Louise Yamada said in a report. She added that more efforts by the Federal Reserve to boost growth may stop the S&P 500 from reaching the bear market threshold, commonly defined as a drop of 20 per cent from a recent peak.
John Stoltzfus, chief market strategist at Oppenheimer & Co. in New York, said that while the S&P 500 may slip as much as another 5 per cent, he's sticking with his forecast that it will reach 1,450 by the end of the year. The estimate implies a 13 per cent rally from yesterday's close.
"What will get us to 1,450 is we'll get some better economic news as the summer comes across, we'll get some kind of resolution in Europe, at least interim, related to Greece," he told Bloomberg Television's "InsideTrack" program today. "In addition to that," he said, "we'll find out that China is indeed headed to a soft landing rather than a hard landing."
The euro slid against 12 of 16 major peers, with the currencies of Brazil and South Africa rallying more than 1 per cent. The Dollar Index, which tracks the US currency against those of six trading partners, climbed 0.3 per cent to 82.834. The index had fallen for two days after last week climbing to the highest level since August 2010.
The euro slumped as a Markit Economics gauge of the region's manufacturing and services industries shrank the most in almost three years and Spain's budget minister called for outside help for banks as Europe's debt crisis remained in focus.
Finance ministers and central bank governors from the world's leading economies agreed to coordinate their response to Europe's financial crisis on a Group of Seven nations conference call that dealt with Spain and Greece.
The yield on the two-year German note hovered near zero after falling to minus 0.012 per cent at the end of last week. The yield on the Italian 10-year bond declined two basis points to 5.64 per cent, erasing an earlier increase. Ten-year US Treasury note rates, which slid to a record below 1.44 per cent last week, rose four basis points to 1.56 per cent today.
The Stoxx Europe 600 Index added 0.3 per cent, rebounding from its lowest level since Dec. 19. Spanish stocks rose for a second day after short interest fell in the biggest traded company and the City of London, home to many hedge funds, shut down to celebrate Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.
Spain's Ibex-35 rose as much as 0.5 per cent after yesterday rallying 2.9 per cent in a rebound from a nine-year low. Yesterday was also a U.K. holiday.
Short interest in Telefonica SA, Spain's largest company by market value, fell to about 2.1 per cent of outstanding shares on June 1, the latest day for which data is available and the lowest level in almost six weeks. Short interest in Bankia, the lender that requested a 23.5 billion-euro bailout last month, dropped to two-month low of 2.5 per cent on June 1, the last trading day before the four-day holiday.
The MSCI Emerging Markets Index added 0.5 per cent, rebounding from a six-month low. Benchmark gauges in South Korea, Indonesia and Taiwan climbed more than 1 per cent. The Shanghai Composite index gained 0.2 per cent, while Russia's Micex Index fell 0.8 per cent.
After 11 weeks of losses sent stocks in emerging markets to the brink of a bear market, dealers have started cutting prices of contracts to protect against declines.
Puts priced 10 per cent below the iShares MSCI Emerging Markets Index Fund cost 1.34 times calls betting on a 10 per cent gain, down from 1.49 times on May 1, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. The price relationship known as skew for the security, which tracks companies such as Suwon, South Korea- based Samsung Electronics Co. and China Mobile Ltd. in Hong Kong, touched its lowest level since January yesterday.
As one of Hollywood's hottest young starlets Emma Roberts certainly has some cash to splash.
So the 21-year-old did just that when she teamed up with her close pal, photographer Tyler Shields, for his latest photo shoot.
Roberts can be seen getting creative with a wad of money as she poses in a series of seductive poses.
The Virginia actress looks stunning wearing just a black strapless jumpsuit and lashings of scarlet lipstick, tying her caramel locks off her naturally pretty face.
She fans herself and even bites into a stack of 100 dollar bills, all before casually throwing the money into the air and watching it fall like rain around her.
One of the photographs from the alluring photo shoot was used as the cover image for Shields' latest book, Richest Man - a prequel to his first novel, Smartest Man.
However the cover is likely to land Shields in even more hot water as it sees Roberts holding a 100 dollar bill which has been lit on fire.
The photographer has come under attack after he destroyed a $100,000 Hermes Birkin bag and snapped pictures of the process for his art.
Both Shields and his girlfriend Francesca Eastwood, who appeared in the photos, have received abusive messages over the internet since the venture.
The destruction of the designer accessory was shown on the 19-year-old's family's E! reality TV show, Mrs Eastwood and Company.
But while depicting that he quite literally has money to burn has caused a backlash, the toast of Tinseltown are still lining up around the block to work with the photographer.
Shields is famed for his creative and controversial shoots with the likes of Lindsay Lohan, Mischa Barton, Demi Lovato, and members of the casts of Glee and Revenge.
Richest Man by Tyler Shields is available on Amazon now.
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2019-04-20T07:13:44Z
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http://www.newyorkshares.com/2012/06/stocks-dollar-gain-ism-trumps-g-7.html
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Clef somewhat accidentally invites Umi to stay at his house for a week, starting an irrevocable cascade of changes in their relationship.
It's been ages since I have posted anything new for Rayearth, or any fandom for that matter. Though I suppose this isn't entirely new. I started posting the first version of this fic back on Fanfiction.net years ago, as bribery for Dragon of Winter Nights to finish Protecting You.
Now, older, wiser, and still obsessed with my first true OTP, I have picked this story back up and have many plans to make this into a fun frolic. I will continue to post the edited version of this fic on FFN, but I will be posting the explicit one over here.
This story is mostly manga based with perhaps a little anime flavouring when it comes to the knights' relationships with the other lands.
Chapter 1: In which Umi arrives at Clef’s house.
Umi always felt strange transporting by herself. The pull on her own was just a little strong, and it left her feeling a bit lightheaded and woozy when she made it through the gateway. Today was no different.
At first, Umi had only travelled to and from Cephiro together with Fuu and Hikaru, accepting she would just have shorter visits than they could since her school’s holiday schedule didn’t match up with theirs. It was far easier to make the trip with more than one, easiest with all three. It was only this summer that she’d finally gotten so frustrated she learned how to do it on her own. Umi was done missing visits just because she was the only one out of school.
This was the last week of her summer vacation. Hikaru and Fuu were back at school, but she was going to spend time with Clef. It was so difficult to see him much during term time, now that she was in her last year of school and had exams looming before her, so she was determined to enjoy this.
She appeared somewhere in the corridor near the third landing platform, where she had agreed to meet Clef. If her watch was right, she was just in time. Taking the last few paces at a jog, she turned the corner and nearly ran into someone wearing the blue uniform of a castle messenger.
“I’m so sorry.” Umi instinctively bowed.
Umi sighed. Of course, he was still in a Council meeting just when he was meant to be meeting her. “I’ll go on without him,” she said.
The messenger led her out to the platform where one of the round winged disk contraptions waited for her. Umi let out an even bigger sigh. She’d been hoping for something a little less… that.
Throwing her bag in first, Umi scrambled up the side of it and sat down in the centre, as far from the sides as she could get. These things had started to make her nervous especially after she realised how flimsy the spells could be under the wrong conditions.
The shielding spell woke and snapped shut above her, and the thing lifted off with only the tiniest wobble as it moved out of the shelter of the platform and the wind caught it. While the transport didn’t surprise her that much, she was a little irritated she taking it alone. It meant she had no one to distract her from the thought of the damn thing plummeting to the ground, on top of being grumpy at not seeing Clef yet, so her thoughts weren’t as positive as they could be.
Nevertheless, she found the courage to sit up straighter so she could catch glimpses of the land beneath her. She and the other knights had discussed trying to do a long journey through Cephiro sometime, the sort where they could actually see everything whole and put back together. Only every long holiday break they had seemed to be broken up with family visits, or they were all free at different times, or sticking around the castle because their friends were still very much working. The rebuilding of the land and political system was taking a great deal of time and energy; from what Clef had told her, Cephiro wasn’t near done expanding yet, but each new area had to be stabilised and have people put in charge of it before anyone could live there.
So maybe it wasn’t so bad waiting a little longer before they went out to see it all - it wasn’t all there yet. But she did want to see more of it.
Umi had just assumed that since it was the centre of government, that all of the officials and politicians lived in the castle on one of the many levels. (There were a lot of levels.) She ran into all of them frequently enough that she never guessed otherwise, so when Clef invited her to spend most of a week at his personal residence, she was more surprised that he wasn’t a permanent fixture in the castle and actually had a life outside of work than the fact he’d just agreed to spend that time alone with her unchaperoned. He’d never mentioned a house elsewhere, in the years she’d known him - or if he had, she hadn’t been paying attention. Whenever she couldn’t find him in the castle she’d just assumed he was out… fixing something.
“...Huh. That’s someone from your household? I thought you were talking about the Castle accounts, or something. But I guess no one thinking clearly would let you near them, I’ve seen you trying to understand the budget.” He glared at her for that, but it was true, he’d been asking her what it meant in a desperate moment there. At least he hadn’t been hiding it from her, she’d just… missed it.
Since then, she’d been horribly curious about Clef’s house and who these people were who lived there the rest of the time and looked after the place. Her curiosity was about the only thing keeping Umi from turning the transport around right now. Especially when a particularly strong gust of wind caused the thing to tilt sideways, tumbling her closer to the edge than she would like.
“This better be worth it, Clef,” she muttered, gripping her bag tightly. She needed to learn how to do that translocation spell at some point so she could miss out weird transportation like this next time she had to travel across Cephiro.
It seemed like an eternity before a loud chime sounded, signalling the disk’s descent from the sky.
Umi leaned a bit closer to the edge as the disk glided over a thick forest, the bottom starting to brush against the treetops slightly just before they ended. There was a series of gardens next, as she got closer and closer to the ground. The mansion beyond them could only be Clef's house. There were no other buildings for miles that she could see, and the disk was landing, sliding to a halt on the gravel walk at the base of a set of stone steps.
She wasn't sure what she had been expecting, but this … edifice most certainly was not it.
Clutching her bag, Umi climbed the steps toward the doors. Unlike the metal-work doors she'd become accustomed to in the castle, these were carved wood. They had a similar shape to the others she'd seen in Cephiro, but the only decorations were the scrollwork about the frosted glass of the inset windows. The only metal features were the handle and the long hinges on each side. Umi stretched out to grasp the handle as she made it to the door, but it swung away from her as the door was opened from the inside.
A friendly-faced plump woman, wearing robes a great deal more utilitarian than Clef’s, greeted her with a smile. "You're earlier than we expected,"
"You’re Umi, yes? The Magic Knight of Water?"
Umi was only half listening as she followed her in. She was distracted by the entrance hall; the same coiling designs from the door were etched into the beams that arched overhead and murals of garden scenes and mythological tales were painted over the high walls. The animals and plants were different, but they were amazingly similar to ones she had seen in buildings from the European ‘renaissance’ period.
She was startled out of her thoughts by a soft chuckle behind her.
"I forget how much of a sight this place can be.” The woman smiled fondly. "I’ve been here too long to notice it myself. It's a bit old-fashioned, but then again, Master Clef isn't nearly so young as he looks, and he always has been rather sentimental."
"It's beautiful," Umi declared. She couldn’t believe this place was Clef’s home, that he was responsible for the bird-filled skies painted on the ceiling between the beams.
"He'll be pleased you like it,” the woman said, leading her up the stairs and onto a landing.
Every wall surface had something covering it, whether a mural or a portrait or other framed painting. Umi couldn't help but stop and stare, only to be moved on down the long corridor when her guide chuckled. Once she was settled in, she was definitely going to have to explore this place.
When they reached the far end, the woman opened the door on the right and waved Umi in ahead of her.
Despite the grandeur of the corridor, Umi hadn’t thought about what that might mean for the bedroom she was now presented with, but even in her wildest fantasies she would never have come up with something like this. It was bigger than the one she shared with the other girls in the castle. Soft curtains of silver and white were pulled away from the windows to allow the sunlight to pour in on a large bed with covers embroidered in silvers, whites, and blues. Two huge silver gilt wardrobes took up most of the space on the opposite wall, either side of a dressing table.
She would have been happy in a tiny little room with a small bed and worn quilt, so long as she was able to spend some time with Clef, but this was amazing. She definitely wasn’t going to complain about spending a few nights in here.
"My name's Aveo, by the way. I’m Master Clef’s seneschal, I look after things when he’s not here. And when he is too, mostly,” the woman said, setting Umi’s bag on the bed and turning to leave. “If you need anything, just call."
Umi was startled by the title. She’d expected some level of formality from people working for (Or was it just with?) Clef given she was there as his guest, but just the normal polite greetings, not to be addressed as if she were the lady of the house.
She pushed the thought back and smiled. "You said something about stew?"
Once she was well fed, Umi left the mildly cavernous kitchen and traced the path back up to her bedroom to get settled.
Her window was actually a set of doors leading out onto a balcony which overlooked an expansive garden. She peered out and saw a few people walking about on the paths. At least one stopped to look up at her, looking surprised someone was in the room. Half tempted to wave and startle them further, she laughed and stepped back into the room.
One side of the bed was a little door. Inside she found the Cephiran equivalent of an en-suite bathroom, with the funny squat toilet, a washbasin, and the strange sort of shower contraption she was finally starting to get used to now that their room in the castle had one as well.
When she went back to look in one of the wardrobes, Umi found it far from empty. She had expected maybe a dressing gown and a set of pyjamas or something, like the ones provided in their room in the castle. She hadn’t been expecting to find actual clothing, much less an array of beautiful dresses. There were so many amazing shades of blue, plus a few of pink, and gold, and one of white which shone silver at the hems. She ran her hands over them, feeling the smooth silk and satin-like fabrics slide under her fingers like water.
Umi pulled one out with its hanger - she’d learnt the hard way that you didn’t take them off unless you wanted to spend ages trying to fit the pieces back together - and held it up to herself in the mirror. It was light blue, accented with silver thread and sapphire-like stones. She pulled down another, which was almost white, with violet sashes.
A short knock at the door interrupted her investigation. Umi looked about, startled. She guiltily hung the dresses back in the wardrobe, but if she wasn't supposed to be in the wardrobes, why would they have been unlocked?
A girl stood in the doorway. She looked to be around twelve or thirteen years old, though it was just as likely she was five times older than that, given how no one Umi had met in Cephiro yet seemed to be the age she expected.
"Sorry, my Lady,” she said. "Master Clef has sent word expressing his apologies. He says the meeting is running even further over-time, so he will be in very late tonight."
“Sorry, I know it’s probably a silly question,” Umi asked, waving a hand at the dresses in the wardrobe. ”But whose clothes are these?"
Before she could ask for clarification, the girl bowed and disappeared out the door. Umi looked over at the drapes of silks and brocades in the wardrobe in utter confusion.
Clef had a lot of explaining to do when he returned. She pushed the thought out of her head and opened the bag she had brought with her, with its normal comfortable clothes from home.
She always put clothes away when she went on holiday; trying to find anything in a small bag ended badly after just a few days. Things might start neatly folded, but by day three it was nothing but a tangled and crumpled mess. She hung up what she could in the second wardrobe, which was half built-in drawers, pausing only momentarily to be distracted by the sets of shoes stored in the base of that one.
Definitely a lot of explaining.
The more drawers she opened, the more things she found. She put her two nightgowns from home away in a drawer that already had three Cephiran nightgowns in it. She did find the dressing gown she had expected, tucked into a corner of the second wardrobe. Looking about the rest of the room there was also at least one set of slippers, a jug for water and two glasses, and a basket of snacks which included an assortment of the savoury biscuits she liked. Picking up one of the little, folded paper packets, she walked back over to the bed and sat down.
Umi was used to visits to Cephiro being sort of loud and silly. Hikaru was usually bouncing in and out of the bedroom if she was around, and Caldina would usually descend upon them all at some point with whatever the current gossip was. There wasn’t ever that much time to think about anything else.
Now that she was unpacked with nothing to do until her host turned up, the quiet was beginning to feel more than a little oppressive.
Clutching the biscuits a bit too firmly, she looked around the room again. It was lovely, but strange. It didn’t feel like her room on earth with its small bed, posters on the walls, and all of the things she had collected over the past seventeen years. Nor did it feel like her room in the castle with its beautiful but basic furnishings and the bits and bobs they had amassed over the past few years of infrequent visits. They had a collection of comfort reads from Earth which they kept on a small bookcase near the beds. Perhaps she should have stopped to pick a few up on her way out, rather than the silly romance novels she’d brought with her.
This room felt almost as if it were trying too hard to be perfect for her.
Umi wiped her eyes and shook her head. She was being silly. She was going to have a nice time. Clef would definitely be home tomorrow, and she wasn’t really alone. There were other people in the house.
Clef was in a foul mood when he walked into the foyer of his house. Of all the meetings to run over-time this week, it had to be that dratted Council meeting, which had, of course, degenerate into an argument. He struggled to keep his temper under control in some of the more everyday political debates, but this was his life they were arguing, and he was already tired of it.
He was a bundle of raw nerves when Aveo appeared around the corner, making him jump.
“Do you want me to bring some tea up for you?” she asked.
Clef nodded and walked slowly up the stairs. He glanced down the end of the corridor to the shut door. The bedroom was the mirror of his own, it would be the room his partner would have if he had one. Why had Aveo insisted on putting Umi in that room in particular?
His feet had carried him the length of the floor between the stairs and her room before he realised it. His hand was nearly raised to knock when he caught himself, hissed in a breath, and retreated back down to the safety of his study at the other end of the corridor. He shut the study door firmly behind himself and lingered there momentarily, thinking of casting a shield so he would feel safer. (Safe from what?) But that would keep out the tea he’d requested, and it was silly anyway.
Just as ridiculous as the suggestion that got her here.
They had been at the castle. Everyone was seeing all three girls off after they had spent nearly two full weeks in Cephiro as part of their summer holidays. He and Umi were discussing the fact she wanted to see more of Cephiro on their next long visit during her ‘winter break’. They’d not made it very far out of the central grounds and land around the castle in the few years they’d been travelling back and forth. With the reformation and all, there hadn’t been that much to see at first; the land was only just beginning to look again how she should.
Why he had gone and suggested that if Umi wanted to, she should come out and stay with him, he had no idea.
It was even more perplexing that Umi agreed it sounded like fun and invited herself to stay for the week after that one.
“Don’t you go back to school?” he had asked. The girls had been discussing homework and going back to their lessons all week. That was why they were going home then, so they had a week of finishing homework before they resumed their learning, or so he’d thought.
“Oh, no. Fuu and Hikaru go back sooner than me.” She had smiled. “I still have two weeks.” A mischievous spark glinted in her eyes as she continued to explain she was actually spending time with her parents that week but was perfectly free to visit the one following.
Why he agreed that his offer was sincerely meant, he had no idea. It was terribly foolish of him. Looking back, he could only hope she hadn’t thought he was propositioning her; inviting someone to your home so you could show them ‘more of Cephiro’ sounded a lot more dubious than he had intended.
When he’d made it home that week, still feeling utterly perplexed (and somewhat embarrassed) by his agreement, he ended up with Aveo laughing at him as he explained he’d accidentally gotten himself committed to hosting a guest. Not just any guest, but one that she’d already heard far too much about, probably. He tried his best not to imagine what exactly she thought about it.
Especially when she knew his various expenditures over the past few months. He’d had to stop wandering out to the village as much on market days, he’d been spending far too much time and money with the drapers.
Pulling his coronet off, Clef walked over to his desk and dropped into his chair. He threw the headdress onto his mountain of paperwork, where it landed with a dull thud, and rubbed his face with both hands. This was ridiculous! He was centuries old, not a hormonal adolescent with only one thing on his mind, and yet he was finding himself more and more easily distracted whenever he was in the same room as Umi.
Some little devious part of his brain suggested that actually propositioning her this week might end well for the both of them, but he was saved from that train of thought by the door to his study opening and Aveo returned with a tray of tea and some little sweet cakes.
Clef’s hands trembled slightly as he reached for the teapot, but not enough that he spilt the tea as he poured it. He lifted the cup to his lips, trying not to think about what Aveo was thinking, smirking at him like that.
“Are you going to put your name down on the kitchen rota, or do you think you’ll be too busy?” she asked.
His guest might, he found himself thinking. She would probably be annoyed if he started picking up work while he was supposed to be entertaining her.
He nodded absently and shifted some of his papers to find the small collection of notes he’d been working on the last time he was at home. Flipping through it, he worked out which text he meant to look at next.
Originally, it hadn’t seemed so pressing, sorting out the laws that still governed the posts of the Master Mage, the High Priest, and the Head Judge. There had been the more urgent problem of rebuilding the land, and resettling people. It had taken at least a year to get the land stable around the castle. They were still working to keep it stable further out in the bordering provinces, like the one centred on this very house which he watched over and protected.
Sometime in the middle of that, probably when he started the task of hosting representatives from the neighbouring lands or visiting them for trade meetings, he’d chosen to return to an adult size.
Being taller was nice in some ways, like being less disconcerting to their various guests, but it was complicated in others. He’d forgotten how distracting a pretty face could be. Especially one belonging to someone he cared for. It had helped at first that he still saw the Knights as children. Though they had aged emotionally after the terrible deed they were summoned to do, they were still very young when they returned to Cephiro.
The change had been so gradual that Clef couldn’t be sure when their relationship went from friends to something more... potent. He might have wilfully ignored it if one argument hadn’t ended with Umi slamming him back against a wall and kissing him, while he held onto her for dear life.
Everything snapped into sharp focus then. The laws he’d been ignoring, the truth of his feelings, and the complications of the two of them combined.
That night, he’d started work. But even months later there was still so much he needed to do to get the changes through. Despite the progress he’d made tonight, multiple debates and hearings stood in front of him, and until they had been negotiated, if he wanted to remain within the law he needed to ignore any feelings he had and keep focused on his post.
There was still a part of him that wanted to just renounce his title and let someone else take up the mantle. He could still work on changing the set-up from the outside, but he knew it would be easier if he were still Guru, the Master Mage.
Umi had been in bed for a few hours when she finally gave up on sleeping. It was just too quiet. In Tokyo, she had all sorts of city noises she was used to sleeping through. Then here in Cephiro, she had always shared a room with Hikaru and Fuu; if there was no other sound, at least she could hear them breathing in the dark beside her. But here, in this house, the silence was overpowering.
Slipping out from under the covers, she made her way over to the door in the dark. There had to be something she could do to tire herself out so that the silence wouldn't be so deafening.
At the very least, she could make her way down to the kitchen and make herself a drink. The kettle had looked normal enough if she could work out which teas wouldn’t wake her up even more.
She almost changed her mind once she was out in the corridor. Umi had never been one to be afraid of the dark (at least she’d never admit to it), but the heavy shroud of blackness was almost enough to put anyone off from exploring. Not even the stars shone in the window on the end wall beside her room.
How badly did she want to leave her room?
That question rolled over in her head a good hundred times before she noticed the tiny pool of light down at the other end of the corridor toward the top of the main staircase. Umi quietly approached the warm glow. When she got closer, she realised that not only was there light, but there was also a familiar muttering and rustle of papers.
"I was beginning to wonder if you would join me here at all,” she said, walking into the room.
“You still could have knocked,” Umi offered.
That was a surprise. He wasn't much of one for balls; too noisy and too many people or so he'd complained last time he couldn’t avoid one. "Is that why there are two wardrobes full of ball gowns in my room?"
"They are not all ball gowns," he insisted with an air of annoyance.
"You sure?" she prodded, not sure why she had the desire to wind him up tonight. "All… twenty of them that I pulled out looked very much like ball gowns to me."
She shook her head. Twelve was more than enough. “I suppose it's a good thing I have something to wear to this surprise ball of yours."
"It's not my ball. It's Ouran's, and I did not want to attend."
"Who twisted your arm, then?"
He shook his head and went back to shuffling through paperwork with even more concentration. Getting up, she stepped closer to him.
"You've already had your meeting for the fortnight, what’re you fussing over now?"
Umi bent over the notes and texts that were piled on his desk. Though her reading comprehension of the script was questionable, she was pretty well able to work out two very familiar words: Guru and Master Mage. Between the way his title was scattered about his notes and the two heavy law books she’d seen on more than one occasion, Umi had a pretty good idea what he was researching.
"Clef? Are you still…” Umi picked up the top most sheets. She had thought he must have done something about it by now. He’d had months. Did it really take that long to repeal one badly thought out law?
“Yes, I’m still trying to draft another repeal.” He snatched the papers out of her hand laid them back on the desk, before sweeping her away from his research with a gesture toward the sitting area. "Come, sit."
Umi sat down on the settee. Clef sat down a little distance from her. Umi clutched the fabric of her nightgown and chewed her lip as she tried to think of something to say. She wanted to ask why he was drafting a second repeal. Had something happened to the first? Was it really going that badly?
Between them, she found his hand and gave it a reassuring squeeze, turning to look at him. The corners of his lips turned up a sad smile.
Somewhere in the house, a clock chimed out the late hour.
"Why aren't you in bed?" Clef asked.
"I was, but I couldn't sleep.” He didn't need to know that her room was too quiet; he'd been to a lot of trouble to make it perfect. "I could ask the same of you, you know."
"I had more pressing matters on my mind than sleeping."
Umi bit her lip and blushed, thinking of other things that could be twisted to mean than just work. He paused, too, and there was something about his gaze that made an excited tremor run through her.
Then he was standing, and pulling her upright. "Come. It's time we get you to bed."
“Yours or mine?” she asked before she thought better of it.
“That wasn’t an answer.” She grinned at the blush that spread across his face. It was so much easier to get him flustered lately. She took a bit too much joy in it sometimes, but she also liked the fact she could get to him that way.
“You are going to your room, and I will be going to mine,” he said, giving her a gentle shove toward the door.
Umi giggled and let him guide her out the door. She told him he was no fun as they walked slowly back toward her room. They stopped at the door and she turned back around to him.
“Sure you don’t want to change your mind?” she said, not entirely sure she didn’t mean it.
A warm hand threaded through her hair, and Clef leaned slowly in. His lips brushed gently against hers, just once. She tugged him closer, pressing her body against his, but he pulled away even as her lips opened to his.
"Goodnight," he insisted, voice shaking slightly.
Umi watched him walk away from her, back through the shadows and shut himself away in the room across from hers.
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2019-04-22T08:02:17Z
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https://archiveofourown.org/works/10880937/chapters/24176964
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"Always On the go?" "No time to plan meals?" Then try these meal planning travel tips!
The "On-The-Go" mentality seems to run our lives nowadays. We seem to be in a rush the moment we get up by the time we get home from work. Even then, it doesn't slow down. By the time we relax, it's already time to go to bed. Then the cycle continues.
I lived with this "on-the-go" mentality for years. I know how difficult it is to travel a lot and feel that rush on a daily basis. I commuted to work and spent a total of 4 hours of day on the road. It is not a way to live. Before I knew it, I was feeling tired, irritable, and cranky. Of course, the traffic didn't help the situation. But also, not having the proper nutrition or calories for the day contributed to my stress.
As a result I had to take charge and come up with a plan!
There are a few questions that you need to ask yourself before you start meal planning "on-the-go". These questions along with my meal planning travel tips are outlined below.
Depending on what your answers are, you can design a meal plan that will work best for you and your lifestyle. Remember, meal planning is supposed to be a benefit, not a nuisance. The sooner you start on the path of meal planning, the sooner you can lead a healthier life.
1)How often are you "on the go" or travel each week?
Based on the number of days you travel or are "on the go" each week, you will need to decide how often you will grocery shop. Will you grocery shop on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis? What will work best for you? Based on this, you will know exactly how much groceries to buy in a given week to avoid wasting any food.
2)What type of meals will be easy to take on an airplane, eat while driving, or not spoil until you reach your destination?
I am not condoning eating while driving, but hey, you know the reality. The only foods I eat while driving are quick finger foods. I usually snacked on baby carrots or I cut up veggies/ fruits and placed them in a sandwich bag. The ones that worked well are: Cucumbers, Bell Peppers, Baby Carrots, Cherry Tomatoes, Apples, Oranges, and bananas. If I needed "heartier" finger foods, I would cut up a muffin, eat hard boiled eggs, bagels. If your food is already cut up, then it is easier to eat them instead of going through your bag while driving!
If you plan to take them on the plane, it is easier to put in your bag and won't create a huge mess.
3)What type of foods won't spoil until I get to my destination?
This is a very important question. If you are traveling quite a bit, you do not want to be transporting foods that will spoil quickly, especially during hot summer months. If you must, you can always purchase a cooler. Otherwise, plan for non perishable food items. Canned foods are great. I would take canned tuna to work and mix it in with my rice. I avoided mayo. Canned soups are also wonderful, as are, canned fruit. I also would take Top Ramen soups as well. Cold cut sandwiches also worked. I never had a problem with them going bad in a 2 hour drive.
4)When do I prepare my meals?
The best time to prepare your travel food is the night before. That way, when you are ready to leave, all you have to do is grab and go!
There are a lot of benefits for planning your meals. In addition to it being a time saver, meal planning benefits far outweigh the initial investment you put in. You will truly notice a difference in how you feel. Speaking for me, when I am rushing around town and have not eaten properly, I just don't feel like myself. Who wants to constantly feel run down?
6)I travel by plane, I can take snacks, but what about meals?
If you travel by plane, sandwiches are the way to go. Especially if you won't arrive at your destination anytime soon. If it is not a long commute, take some snack foods with you. When you reach your destination, you are bound to eat out a lot, unless you have the luxury of staying with friends or family. Otherwise, make healthy choices. Go to restaurants that have healthier meal options. Eat salads with protein such as chicken, steak, etc..
No one has to eat at greasy fast food joints!
7)I travel by car, I can take snacks, but what about meals?
Otherwise, if the commute is not long, and have access to a microwave at your destination, you can transport leftover meals from dinner in a cooler and later heat up your meals.
8)It sounds great, but I don't know where to start!
Exploring a few organization tips for your kitchen will get the ball rolling. It is an investment in time, initially, but it does pay off in the end. These are a few of my meal planning travel tips. If you are interested in learning additional methods and get back on track to eating right, mealplan4me.com has some additional meal planning tips and ideas. My meal planning travel tips for those of you "on the go" should enable you to start the process of organization. Short of having wonderfully balanced meals at home, "on-the-go" meal plans do not have to include fast food meals!
Take the extra time needed and you will notice a difference!
Sevgi B. is a cooking enthusiast who loves to share her knowledge on ways to simplify life through meal planning. Visit Sevgi's website at http://www.mealplan4me.com for kitchen organization and meal planning tips, recipes, free weekly menus, and more!
What Food and Drink is Ideal For Summer?
Summer is the season when you enjoy longer days and shorter nights so you should take advantage of the season by going outside more often just to enjoy the fresh air or get some exercise. But you need to prepare yourself for the hot summer heat. Consuming the right food and drinks give you the energy you need to enjoy your daily summer routines. Here are some good foods to eat that can be paired with some cool drinks that everyone should enjoy.
When it comes to eating healthy, fruits are the way to go and one of the best fruits for the summer are watermelons. Coming from its name, watermelons consist of around 50 per cent water so indulging on a big slice of watermelon is a good way to quench your thirst. Watermelons come in large sizes too so you have a lot to consume or you can share with friends. Getting organic sources are best so you can enjoy the sweetness of the watermelon without the added sugar.
There are lots of different kinds of iced tea mixes being served in restaurants or can be made right inside the house using powdered mixes. They are much healthier than soft drinks and can be a decent alternative if cold water doesn't satisfy your taste buds. For the healthiest choice, go for the brewed tea because they are low on calories. Then you can add artificial sweeteners or clover honey for a nice taste. Fresh mint and lemons add a nice summer zing to the drink, too. Herbal iced tea is another good healthy alternative.
Summer is usually the time when people want to slim down, but still want to eat delicious foods. Many chilled soups are not only low on calories, but they cold so you can feel comfortable eating them. These soups will also fill you up so you do not have to eat anything else afterwards which aids to weight loss. Good chilled soups to try include cucumber-dill and gazpacho. Generally, any grilled soups with chunky vegetables make great summer dishes.
Bloody Mary is a cocktail that is famous for curing hangovers, but it can also make a nice summer drink whether there is vodka present or not. The combination of tomato juice, lemon juice, Tabasco sauce, and Worcestershire sauce make a very tasty combo especially when you add lots of ice and fresh lime.
A great way to begin your quest for weight loss is to make it a habit to eat more vegetables every day. This includes salads where you can choose what ingredients to add as well as your favourite dressing. You can also add some fresh meat like chicken. To add variance to your meals, you can eat grilled veggies another day to burn more fat. Any healthy veggies including bell peppers, grilled onions, carrots, garlic, and asparagus are tasty and healthy.
These aren't the only foods that are nice for the summer. You can make other nice iced beverages if you have a blender or you can enjoy healthy fruit-based desserts. What matters most is that you like what you are eating and you don't sacrifice healthiness.
Vincent Rogers is a freelance writer living in the UK. He regularly contributes articles for The Online Shopping Centre, who offer the best range of online Food and drink sites.
With the weather starting to get really nice all around the country many people are ready to start grilling. They have been looking forward to this season for a long time and it is finally come. It is finally time to start having your friends and family over for some delicious cookouts.
This is a time of year that gets many people excited as they love to cook, but the love cooking outside even more.
So what is needed for you to have a great barbecue? First you don't actually need to have a really fancy grill. These days you can find a very good grill for a very affordable price in the neighbor of $100-$400. This will give you a great grill. Now you can decide if you would like to have a grill that is gas or charcoal that is up to you. Some people enjoy using the charcoal grills for better flavor, but do keep in mind that they do take longer to get going. You can use a gas grill and just buy some propane to get it going.
Next you will want to get a good supply of seasonings. You can go to your local grocery store and buy about $30 in seasonings and that should last you the whole season. Some great seasonings to start with are a good meat rub, garlic salt, basil, black pepper and Italian seasonings.
The last thing that you should get is quality meat. It is important that the meat be good quality otherwise no matter how good you are at grilling it will not taste as good. If you can go to your local butcher and get the meat the day of unless you plan on marinating the meat before hand.
AutoRain.com ( http://shop.autorain.com ) offers the best products in Louisiana grills.
I'm a meat lover who decided to try vegetarian eating awhile ago. I stumbled across some information that talked about how the bowel becomes distended. According to this information, the main reason for this distention of the bowel was the amount of meat we eat that hasn't digested properly. This was terrible news as I loved my meat - all meat. So I chose a vegetarian lifestyle change to see if it would make a difference to my digestive symptoms.
I'd always been conscious of the nutritional component of what I cooked and had insisted on eating fresh - ready-made anything was hard to find in my cupboards or my freezer. Balancing a meal wasn't difficult, but, how to make a meal without meat. That meant no pizza to me - oh, dear. My lasagne, which had taken me years to refine into "yummo" was out too. So I set about learning what I could eat and how to turn it into palatable forms of consumption.
These days I have quite a store of meals that meet the criteria and are classified as vegetarian, and the best part is no-one would even think twice about not eating them. A vegetarian version of lasagna based on sweet potato, pastry parcels filled with spices, vegetable and lentils, rissoles/meatloaf made from brown rice and red kidney beans. I have everyday things like pancakes and fruit, toast and avocado or tomato or bananas, or cereal for breakfast, and salad mixes for lunch. The soy milk took some adjusting to and I prefer my coffee black now. And my ready supply of what my friends call 'birdseed' - various nuts including macadamia, cashew, pine, pistachio and things like pumpkin seeds and sesame seeds for nibbling on, are just some examples.
I remember my invitation to a friends place for dinner and my first restaurant outing as a confirmed vegetarian.
The restaurant was not too difficult to maneuver as the menu had the dishes listed on them and since I cook I basically knew what went into making most of them. Restaurant speak, the listing of what the dishes were, outlined the contents enough for the menu items I wasn't sure about. I walked out at the end of the night both satisfied and unscathed - still intact vegetarian.
The friends invitation, however, was a little more interesting. It was a BBQ, which meant that the smell of BBQing meat was the first thing I encountered as I arrived. That waft in the air and the sizzling sounds of meat on a grill. My mouth was watering. Once I resumed control of my senses and we started along the buffet-style table, I was confronted with more difficulty. The potato salad contained bacon and the salad nicoise had hard-boiled eggs in it. Luckily the rice salad was okay and there was a tossed salad and bean salad that was fine also, bread rolls too. The good part about the BBQ was the nibbles. People love to make homemade nibbles for BBQ's. This meant that I had an excellent variety of foods on offer, which everyone was eating and not even recognising them as vegetarian. A vegetable platter, with aloi that I found out was made eggless, crackers that I dipped into homemade salsa and corn relish dips. This time it took a little more maneuvering but I managed to stick to my 'vegetarian standards' and left unscathed again.
As an update to my digestive symptoms, yes it made a difference. So, if you are considering becoming vegetarian for whatever reason you may have, it is not impossible. Once you have the basic information you can incorporate it into a normal everyday lifestyle and enjoy the benefits.
A few years ago I had the opportunity to go to Dallas for about a week. I had meetings and things that I needed to do, but everyone kept telling me that there were certain restaurants that I needed to visit while I was there. I was told that if I didn't visit certain places and try the food that I just hadn't experienced Dallas completely.
I had figured it would be fun, but didn't think it was that big of a deal. Then my friends scheduled a time to take me to a very upscale restaurant so I could really experience the food. We got dressed up and went out to eat. We went for dinner and wow the food was amazing. I was able to enjoy the pot roast and it was true that I had never experienced anything like it.
I hadn't really been to an upscale restaurant before and I had no idea that there was much more to it than the food. I found that it was an all around experience. From the greeting, to being seated, to being served by amazing waiters and the warm feel of the place. The other thing was that it was very clean and the lighting and decorations were just as warm. That made the experience of enjoying the food even better.
Many don't take the time to enjoy fine dining as often as they should. It is an experience that everyone should do every once in awhile and get pampered through the food.
Culinary art is very popular and you will have to learn many things about the cooking process. There are many guys and gals who don't know how to cook the delicious food. They basically depend on the processed food. With the advancement of the times, the pattern of the human lifestyle is fast changing on its course. People like to go to the restaurants, bars and hotels for taking the fast food paying the higher price rates. They like the canned food and store it in the refrigerator for several days for better usage.
Now, this type of canned food is not healthy to human beings and you need to cook the fresh vegetables and boil rice for the preparation of the food dishes. Now if you are not very much competent and efficient for cooking food, you need to attend the classes for the preparation of different sorts of the delicious dishes. The fact is that you will have to be disciplined and competent for mugging up the different cooking programs. If you have the large family and you are the only earning member of your family you need to prepare cheap meal and you will get that meal if you know very well how to cook without paying higher price rates.
The professional culinary training centers will give you the effective training and guidance for bringing the perfection to the cooking process. Always pay attention to the cooking classes for better understanding. You can also continue taking training on cooking through online service which is very fast and dynamic. There are few institutes which are available for providing the cooking training at very negligible cost.
Before signing up the registration form of the training institutes, you should be well informed of their previous performance track record. You must check whether these training classes provide the practical demo for cooking different types of dishes. You can feel free to learn the basics for the preparation of the continental dishes. Always feel free to talk to the professional cook and the expert how to develop the skill to cook fast and in perfect way.
Your house must be loaded with the sophisticated cooking appliances. Finally if you see that there is no such good and ultramodern institute in your locality for offering the good training and advice, you must visit the metropolitan cities for completing the cooking course. In comparison to the rural belt, the main city will provide you ultramodern cooking training institutes which are loaded with the good equipment and cooking devices for showing you the demonstration in practical.
Suzie's passion is to write on wide varieties of subjects. His latest writing is at http://submersiblepondpump.net which contains reviews on submersible pond pump and other information about pond pumps.
I have never really understood the extreme food aversion that is cilantro hatred, but there are scores of people who simply cannot stand to eat (or even smell) the leafy herb.
If you've never personally encountered cilantro hatred in the flesh, check out the “I Hate Cilantro” Facebook page, bancilantro.com, or the I Hate Cilantro blog where anti-cilantroists publicly share their disgust. Most complain that cilantro has a soapy smell and/or taste that makes it repulsive.
Harold McGee, the always elucidating writer on food and science, sheds some light on the anti-cilantro phenomenon in the pages of today's New York Times.
McGee explains that certain fragments of fat molecules called aldehydes are responsible for creating the aroma of cilantro. And, it seems those same aldehydes are a byproduct of the process of producing soaps. Aldehydes are also made by some insects as a repellent. So, there is some scientific truth to the claim that cilantro tastes "soapy."
However, we don't all experience cilantro this way. In fact, I just had some sprinkled on a taco over the weekend at the Mar Vista farmers market in Los Angeles, and it was a perfectly delicious and soap-free gastronomical experience.
It turns out that the way the brain perceives smells and flavors may predispose someone to reject the aldehydes in cilantro just as they would if they were presented with a plateful of soap.
"When we taste a food, the brain searches its memory to find a pattern from past experience that the flavor belongs to. Then it uses that pattern to create a perception of flavor, including an evaluation of its desirability," writes McGee. "If the flavor doesn't fit a familiar food experience, and instead fits into a pattern that involves chemical cleaning agents and dirt, or crawly insects, then the brain highlights the mismatch and the potential threat to our safety. We react strongly and throw the offending ingredient on the floor where it belongs."
For cilantro haters considering an herbal conversion, McGee notes that crushing cilantro leaves enables enzymes "to gradually convert the aldehydes into other substances with no aroma," making cilantro pestos and other purees potentially much more tolerable.
Improve your memory with some brain boosting food. From salmon to tofu, here is the lowdown on what to eat to make your memory sharper.
The right food can dramatically improve your memory.
If you want to keep your head clear and your brain alert, you need to maintain a steady blood sugar level with good amounts of antioxidants, protein and amino acids. These are found in fish, veg and fruit.
Oily fish, such as mackerel, sardines and herring, are an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids, essential for healthy eyesight and brain development. So eat plenty of these, especially if you're pregnant and want your child to be super-intelligent.
Two teaspoons of cod liver oil a day will provide you with vitamins A and D and about 2g of omega-3 fatty acids - more than enough to meet the recommended daily intake and great for brain food.
Carrots are an excellent source of beta carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A...and night blindness or poor vision in the dark is usually a sign of a deficiency of vitamin A!
Whether you are new to the world of cooking or just new to using chicken as an ingredient, there are several very important things that you should know before using chicken in recipes.
First of all, only buy chicken within its expiration date that feels cold to the touch. Do not buy fresh chicken, which is leaking or damaged.
Chicken is chilled in food storage vehicles during its distribution to supermarkets to keep it fresh and stop bacteria from growing. Make cold meat and poultry the last thing you put in your grocery cart when you are shopping before heading to the checkout, so it does not get warm. Bag the chicken separately from the other groceries and refrigerate it as soon as you get home, still in its packaging.
You need to use fresh chicken within a couple of days. If you are not going to do this, it will need to be frozen. To defrost frozen chicken, you can either use a microwave, cold water or the refrigerator. The safest yet slowest way is to use the refrigerator. Boneless chicken breasts will thaw overnight in the refrigerator but a whole chicken might take a couple of days. If you defrost too much chicken in the refrigerator, you can refreeze the surplus.
If you want to defrost the chicken in water, submerge it, still in the packaging or in a Ziploc bag, in cold water. Change the water every half an hour so it stays cold. You can defrost a pound of boneless chicken breasts in an hour or a whole chicken in two or three hours.
If you are going to thaw chicken in the microwave, you will need to cook it immediately afterwords because some parts might warm up and start cooking while it is being defrosted and partial cooking does not kill the bacteria.
You can cook chicken from frozen in the oven or on the stove, as long as you allow it a 50% longer cooking time but do not cook frozen chicken in the microwave or in a slow cooker.
You can marinate chicken in the refrigerator for up to two days but you should not stuff a whole chicken unless you are going to cook it right away. Cooked chicken needs to reach an internal temperature of at least 165 degrees F to ensure that any bacteria have been killed.
If you have made a Kentucky fried chicken recipe and you have some left over, you should put it in the refrigerator within a couple of hours to keep it safe for enjoying the next day.
How Long Can You Keep Chicken Safely?
A whole raw chicken keeps for two days in the refrigerator or a year in the freezer. Raw chicken parts will keep for two days in the refrigerator or nine months in the freezer. You can keep cooked chicken parts or a cooked whole chicken for four days in the refrigerator or for four months in the freezer.
It is extremely important to know the basics of chicken safety and food storage, so you can enjoy the kind of delicious recipes found on our site like our Kentucky fried chicken recipe and delight your family with these wonderful fried chicken dinner ideas. You will also find plenty of chicken cooking tips and tricks to make cooking a joy.
How much time did you spend conversing with your children this week? According to A.C. Nielsen Co, the average parent only spends 38.5 minutes per week in meaningful conversation with their children. Sitting down around the table --whether it be for breakfast, lunch or dinner-- provides the opportunity for your family to bond, plan, connect, and learn from one another. It's that chance to share the news of the day and let members of your family know what is going on in each others lives. Family meals foster warmth, security and love, as well as feelings of belonging. It can really be a bonding experience for the entire family.
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine noted in 2004 that frequent family meals are associated with a lower risk of smoking, drinking and using drugs; with a lower incidence of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts; and with better grades in 11 to 18 year olds. A University of Minnesota study in 2004 noted that adolescent girls who have frequent family meals, and a positive atmosphere during those meals, are less likely to have eating disorders.
Children do better in school when they eat more meals with their parents and family. Teenagers who eat dinner four or more times per week with their families have higher academic performance compared with teenagers who eat with their families two or fewer times per week. In 1996, Harvard Research did a study that found family dinners are more important than play, story time and other family events in the development of vocabulary of younger children. The statistics are clear, kids who have dinner with their families are healthier, happier and better students.
Eating meals at home gives your control over what is prepared and served at mealtime. Home cooked meals are generally more nutritious and healthy. Eating at homes allows you to offer meals containing more fruits, vegetables, and dairy products along with additional nutrients that are essential for healthy bodies and minds. Reason # 8: Save Money Eating out can be expensive. Did you know that a family of 4 dining at Olive Garden 8 times spends around $480? Eight pizza deliveries cost about $200! Eight trips to McDonalds run about $180! Eating at home is a great chance to save time, eat healthier meals at home and stretch your grocery budget. Meals purchased away from home cost two to four times more than meals prepared at home. Currently, the restaurant industry's share of the total food dollars is more than 46%.
It is time to bring your family back to the dinner table. With a little planning and scheduling, you can reap the benefits of family mealtime. Soon you will be reconnecting and communicating more effectively with your family, helping your children do better in school, preventing unwanted behavior in your children, providing better nutrition for you family and saving money.
Yvette Mason is a stay-at-home mom, "domestic engineer", and Meal Planning Consultant with Homemade Gourmet®. She enjoys helping bring families back to the dinner table with the products, ideas and services that make today's home-cooking easy for people with busy lifestyles. When not busy with her home business, she enjoys spending time with her family and friends by enjoying all that the beautiful Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia has to offer.
Make this rich chocolate pie for someone special. The semisweet chocolate and jarred caramel ice cream topping are combined with pecans and whipping cream for a fluffy, sweet treat. Top this beauty with chocolate curls and decorative pie cutouts for a more elegant presentation.
Prepare Baked Pastry Shell; set aside.
In a heavy medium saucepan combine the 1 cup whipping cream, the chocolate pieces, butter, and sugar. Cook over low heat, stirring constantly, until chocolate is melted (about 10 minutes). Remove from heat. Gradually stir half of the hot mixture into beaten egg yolks. Return egg mixture to chocolate mixture in saucepan. Cook over medium-low heat, stirring constantly, until mixture is slightly thickened and begins to bubble (about 5 minutes). Remove from heat. (Mixture may appear to separate.) Stir in the 3 tablespoons creme de cacao or whipping cream. Place the saucepan in a bowl of ice water, stirring occasionally, until the mixture stiffens and becomes hard to stir (about 20 minutes). Transfer the chocolate mixture to a medium mixing bowl.
Beat cooled chocolate mixture with an electric mixer on medium to high speed for 2 to 3 minutes or until light and fluffy.
Spread caramel ice cream topping in bottom of Baked Pastry Shell. Sprinkle pecans evenly over caramel. Carefully spread filling into pie shell. Cover and refrigerate pie for 5 to 24 hours. To serve, top with whipped cream. If you like, garnish with chocolate curls. Makes 8 to 10 servings.
Are you always rushing home, trying not to get a speeding ticket, knowing that you will have about 30 minutes to feed the family and get one or two of them out the door? The life of a mom can be so busy that at times she can wonder how she will get through it all. But if cooking a 15 minute meal can be mastered then keeping everyone happy at the end of a busy day will be a breeze.
Fast foods are a popular way to getting a quick meal for the family but there are very few of them are healthy. Most are full of fats and unhealthy fats at that and very few are really tasty.
There are many meals that can be prepared quickly but here is an easy 15 minute meal.
Cook rice in 2 cups of water in microwave for 12 -13 minutes.
While the rice is cooking, put oil in the pan and fry onions and bacon until onions are soft and bacon browning. Add garlic and cook 1 minute. Add all other vegetables and cook 2 minutes. When rice is cooked, add and stir in. Add Honey Soy and Garlic sauce adjust taste, stir and serve.
This is a really tasty dish and very 'morish'. All ages like it, but if very young children are going to have it they may like it served before the sauce is added, although many children do like the Honey Soy and Garlic sauce.
Many other 15 minute easy meals are such dishes as omelets, eggs and bacon, open grilled sandwiches, steak sandwiches and pizza. Omelets are good to cook because if just one or two family members need to leave the house in a hurry they can be served first and then be off to whatever it is that they are doing.
Being organized before a busy day is half the problem solved. If warning is given of a busy night ahead by making sure that the ingredients are in the fridge then getting the meal together is not such a problem. 15 minute easy meals will help mom feed the family in a hurry and keep them all happy then mom can sit down and put her feet up afterwards.
With over 10 years in the food industry and as a working mum Kaye Dennan has put together an ebook "Easy Budget Meals 4U" so that busy mums can cook quick and easy budget meals. Learn how to cook the perfect omelette - just go to http://easybudgetmeals4U.com for more information and photos. There are many 15 minute meals in the ebook.
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2019-04-24T04:59:26Z
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https://sendameal.com/blog/?y=2010&m=4
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I stumbled across this quote one morning looking for something on not quitting for one of my social media posts.
I liked it because it wasn’t one of the zillion cliché quotes about not quitting or giving up… and well.. it was honestly quirky enough to completely suit me.
I recently asked for thoughts from people on why they believe people quit what they start. Why do some hold on to what they set out to do with all they have, working hard and refusing to give up and others, with the slightest discomfort, lack of reward, or immediate gain, throw in the towel and quit ?
I had my own opinions/thoughts on it, but wanted some feedback.
But I was also raised to finish what I started. I was raised by strong women who didn’t give in when things got rough.
As a grown woman who has lived a lot of life I realize I have that same grit and strength I was exposed to growing up.
But then there is also who I am as a person. By nature, strong willed and a wee bit stubborn.
I believe all those traits meld together to push me to take on things that make me feel like they can eat my lunch… like my fast upcoming duathlon.
I did my most likely, next to last training session on the course this morning.
It was grey, cold, windy, and some on and off again misty stuff thrown in for good measure. Rain mingled with my sweat is always an interesting feeling.
The wind seemed to delight in coming from angles that weren’t helpful crawling big hills on the bike. It was my suckiest time ever since I started. On a good side, I also did my fastest 5k time, dropping it again from last week.
The good and bad. I mean I was out there doing it so it’s all a win, right? But that quitting quote rolled through my head.
Not mind you, that I was pondering quitting. Not when I’ve come so far and worked so hard.
But let’s look at a few reasons why people might throw in the towel, or you know, quit.
~ People usually give up or quit when the going gets rough or it takes to long. They fail a few times, don’t know that the struggle is part of the game and walk away from it. Obstacles are a part of pursuing our goals or dreams and as we get more proficient in what we are doing the obstacles get a bit easier to get over.
~ There’s a lack of ownership. Is it your goal? Your dream? It’s difficult to stay motivated if it’s not yours. You must buy into your goals and dreams. Own them. It totally changes the game. Once you own them, you can begin the steps of practicing to get where you are going.
~ Not willing to put in time required. Training for a duathlon, I knew what I was up against if I was going to do it. I knew the time and training that would be required to get me to the starting line. If you decide to set a lofty goal for yourself, understand what the time investment will be. Reaching our goals takes hard work and a lot of practice. If we don’t excel in something it will take both of those to get there. Being a multi sport athlete is certainly nothing that was in my back round or skill level. It has required hard work and a lot of practice.
~ Limit distractions that get in your way. So many things clamor for our attention now days and if you let them get in your way you may find yourself getting side tracked from what you are pursuing. You may have to set things aside to make time for your goals and to ensure you don’t quit.
~ People often quit when there is insufficient reward or as I refer to it, instant gratification. They feel like they’ve invested a little time of a few weeks or a month and expect results. Everything from weight loss, to a new career or hobby or getting fit. It takes time. I didn’t wake up one morning and go run a marathon. I didn’t just sign up for a duathlon and go do it. Little things at a time have built on the other leading me to bigger successes. This goes for anyone. If you want to do more, you’ve gotta invest the time and energy and not expect instant results.
~ A lack of belief in themselves. Simply put, you’ve gotta believe you can do it or you’re out of the game from the beginning. The first time I realized I was really committing to running a full marathon the thought danced through my head…. ” That’s 26.2 miles. That’s so long. How will I do it?” I immediately stomped those thoughts down, never let them back in, an proceeded to not only train for my marathon but go on and do more too. Those thoughts had no place in my head if I was going to be successful.
~ And a final thought that I think is perhaps the biggest reason to why people quit or give up or whatever you wanna call it.
They simply lack the discipline to see their goal or idea through to the end.
They can’t get themselves to see the end result of what they are pursuing. They haven’t developed the habits required to work on the days they not only feel like it, but more importantly, days they don’t feel like it. Trust me, heading out into a cold, wet morning to train isn’t necessarily my idea of a great time. Staying in warm and drinking coffee is definitely more appealing but it’s on those days I have to rely on my discipline to get me out the door and get the job done.
There has to be a willingness to take on the good days and the bad days to get where you’re going. You have to push forward no matter what the challenges are that come at you IF you are determined and stubborn to reach your goals or dreams that you have.
If you struggle with quitting when things get rough or don’t produce fast enough results, consider some of these points and determine where you can change things in yourself.
With some intentional choices and a willingness to fail and make mistakes, along with some stubbornness and purposeful dedication, you will be able to achieve your goals.
Do you struggle with following through? Have you before but have you overcome obstacles to get to your goals? What did you find worked best for you?
As I’ve meandered along these past years on what I refer to as my “journey” in fitness and nutrition, I’ve had opportunity to talk to a lot of people who are on the same path, or trying to stay on it.
Some are successful and have found the right “blend” that works for them, the thing that is sustainable allowing them to keep after it day after day and still live their life.
Others are still struggling, battling against various issues that push them back from staying on that road to success.
I’ve seen people excitedly get started and then I’ve watched the excuses start creeping in. Excuses for eating poorly or not getting exercise. Excuses for why there isn’t a loss on the scale. These reasons seem justifiable to them.
And I know as well as anyone how you have to battle back against excuses that creep in and try to side track you. Because in the beginning, they always do. And it’s easy to give into them because you haven’t been grinding it out long enough to make these things a habit.
You haven’t been doing enough purposeful exercise so it’s easy to tell yourself that missing today won’t matter… until it bleeds into the next day… and the next… and then you aren’t doing it at all.
You haven’t trained yourself to turn a blind eye to the box of donuts in the office break room or pass on eating seconds because you mentally know and understand these practices won’t support your current health goals.
So many things go into our success ( or lack thereof) when it comes to our health and fitness goals.
So many things must be done and built into new habits to contribute to our success. Without building these skills, we will keep sliding back to where we’ve always been.
It takes a measure of discipline, hard work, and the ability to have days we fall and get back at it.
It’s all those small things we do consistently that lead us to where we want to be.
If there’s one thing that stands out working with people ( and those who get discouraged and give up) it’s this….
No matter what you tell someone, those small things, done daily, add up.
Unfortunately, they have thoughts that all their weight will magically go away in a week or two, forgetting they’ve been adding it on for months or years.
They start exercising and get frustrated that their body is reminding them it hasn’t done work like this in a long time, if ever. And trust me, if you don’t think you’re “out of shape” before you start an exercise program, you do when you’re body is gasping for air or aches the day after you’ve done something.
It is enough to make you want to quit before you even get started.
Raise your hand if you’ve been there. Yeah, I have too.
But when you decide you’re in it for the long haul, and you settle in to just living life, and then you just do those things that need to be done as a part of your life, changes will happen.
Yeah, I know in the world we live in today it’s all about instant gratification, quick results, no discomfort, and easy results.
Sorry. It just doesn’t play out like that in regards to health and fitness.
Small choices we make, small moves we make, small daily consistencies, add up.
I was thinking the other day, plowing up hill after hill doing a 5k run for the duathlon how doing it was hard work, but work my body has adapted to and learned to respond to. My heart and breathing are strong but not in that horrible way when I was out of shape. I also have a fast recovery heart rate now as well so when I finish, it doesn’t take long at all to be breathing normal again or have my heart rate back in a much lower zone.
Of course it wasn’t always like that. When I first started taking on hills, depending on size, I’d maybe do part way up, and then reverse my route. As I got stronger I walked strongly all the way up. As my cardio system got stronger too, I could walk them and not have my heart pounding so fiercely or be breathing as hard like a fish out of water.
Eventually, I was just all out running them. It’s such a cool feeling when my body just kicks in and does what it’s been trained to do.
The steep grade of the hill and how my legs feel pushing up it. How my body position shifts. How my breathing changes to a deep even rhythm to push on.
Small choices and activities led me to that point. Small choices also led to weight loss, getting stronger and doing more athletically.
I cant stress enough to you… if you’re on a mission to get fit, to get healthier, to lose weight. to train for an Ironman, whatever your goals are… those small choices you make each day will get you to where you’re going.
You might feel like what you do today doesn’t matter or it’s not “changing” anything. You might feel like that longer morning walk wont result in anything or skipping on that extra treat won’t matter, but it does. Do that in a week, you’ve made progress.
And don’t forget, there is SO much going on inside you that you don’t see. Changes, growth, energy being built from what you’re doing, fat leaving, muscles growing. Your body beautifully adapting to the new changes you are putting it through.
All from those small, daily, consistent things you do.
Don’t give up. Don’t quit.
The reward is big when you don’t.
As I sit here rolling around ideas and topics to bring to you in this post (’cause there really are so many things to talk about, right? ) my mind is taking a little different bend on an area that might not be discussed often but it’s something that I know some people deal with.
I talk a lot about weight loss, healthy ( sustainable) ideas to achieve it, exercises to support it and keep you fit, but what about the person who is trying to lose weight and get on a healthy lifestyle but has….
What does one do when their support system is non existent or sabotages their efforts? I have to admit, this is a complete foreign concept to me as I’ve been blessed with a husband who has always been supportive of my efforts of anything I do, and not just losing weight.
Seriously though, I’m glad he’s always felt that way, but never opposed to me improving either.
He’s more likely to chide me now days about not eating enough on my heavier training days than anything or give me a hard time if my day has been busy and I haven’t eaten in awhile.
In our time together I experimented with some different things along the way and he let me do my thing. I got on the current path I’m on ( you know the sane, sensible, non crazy, sustainable lifestyle path) and that has just been a path that totally blends in with my family and has allowed me to stay successful.
I know not all people are as blessed to have such a support system. Cleaning out things in my moms home recently I came across a “Dieting Journal” she had started one January.
**Sigh** isn’t that when everyone thinks they should start? Anyway, I will share more about her insights in a later post but she had written something that I always knew because it frustrated her and always contributed to her not being successful.
She continued writing that he didn’t help her struggles and almost seemed to double up efforts to offer her foods that didn’t contribute to her being successful and how discouraged she was. At the time, they were on the go a lot and she writes about the fast food on the go and feeling like her day would be “lost” because of the foods they would eat.
So what do you when you have a non supportive partner and are trying to adopt a healthier way of living ?
What do you do when those around you say “you’re fine just the way you are”?
Well, yeah you are fine, but let’s be real. They aren’t the ones dragging your flab around, are they ?
Of course the implication is they love you “however”, but again, refer to my previous thought. They aren’t dealing with your clothes not fitting, or you feeling out of breath with simple tasks, or the fact you can’t bend over and get to your shoe to tie it, or how it all makes you emotionally feel. Nor are they considering your overall health.
I’ll sketch out a few ideas/suggestions that might be helpful.
First, ask why your partner or those around you don’t want you to do it? It’s ok to listen, but don’t let that sway your decision to be about what you want to do.
If it’s your partner there could be a lot of insecurity or worry. Maybe talking and reassuring them could go a long way to gaining their support.
Jealousy could be a bigger issue and one that’s harder to get around. They might simply not want you to get the attention it may bring.
Express your concerns. Tell those you love you want to do it to be healthier for yourself and for them ( it should always be about you first) this can be hard if you’re in an overweight family and everyone sees it as “normal”. It may be harder to convince them that you are doing it to have a healthier life.
You may have to just shoulder it on your own. However, in the process you’ll be gaining will power of yourself, after all, you and you alone controls what goes into your mouth. That is something no one can make you do. It also falls on you to develop an exercise regime. Again, you are responsible for getting your body moving each day, no one else.
On that thought, you may need to stand firm from those in your life who might try and sway you from not doing it. Make a list for yourself of how it makes you feel, and what your future goals are. Arrange things around your exercise time and don’t let other things try to knock it out.
Making healthy lifestyle changes in the mix of non-supporters can be hard but sticking to it will only develop your mental strength as well.
Go into it with a real mentality. People will offer you food you don’t need that won’t support your goals. They won’t be cheering for your exercise efforts. They won’t acknowledge the physical signs when your hard work begins to pay off.
It would be great if we got that encouragement for our efforts but it’s real life and we don’t. You can cheer for yourself as the pounds drop off and you slip on smaller clothes.
Assume that sometimes there could be someone who will attempt to make you feel guilty over the changes you’re making.
Honestly, that’s their issue. You… need to have none of it. Their issue is theirs. You just keep doing what you’re doing.
Learn to be direct. It’s ok to say no thank you to foods or drinks you don’t want. It’s ok to pass if you don’t believe it supports your efforts or if you just flat out don’t want it.
You don’t need to point out “you’re dieting” or “trying to lose weight”. A simple no thank you is enough.
Try to keep this in mind….
many non-supporters have their own health/weight issues. Seeing you out there nailing it and becoming slimmer and more fit might just rub them the wrong way.
Again, it’s their issues, not yours. They may have their own insecurities or body image issues. That is for them to deal with, not you.
Be clear with your partner on what you need and what that support looks like. As in “please don’t leave my favorite cookies laying around” , “understand my workout will be the first thing I do in morning” or whatever it is.
Ask them to get on board with you. Maybe set up a friendly challenge to compete with each other. Maybe he doesn’t need to lose weight, but might need to start moving more. Find something that might get you both going.
Keep your goals in sight, whatever that looks like for you. Motivational quotes, pictures, clothes anything that reminds you of what you’re doing.
Finally, as much as you might want support, if you have to accept you won’t get it, remember you are totally worth the efforts and investment into yourself with healthier eating and taking time to exercise. Don’t get discouraged but maintain your focus on your personal goals. Hopefully, with some time and consistency, you will get a support team on your side to celebrate with you.
Have you had struggles with this? Have you lacked support in your quest to get healthier or starting an exercise program? How did you deal with it? Were you able to stay the course or did you quit ?
It’s no secret I’m a little passionate about health and fitness.
Ok, well maybe a lot.
I’m passionate about it ’cause I know how it can change lives.
I’m by no means what I consider an “expert” but through observation of the world around me and interacting with people I’ve learned that I know a lot.
I’ve learned from others who are knowledgeable ( and sane) I read and learn from reliable intelligent sources, and most of all, I’ve learned to put it all to practice on myself. I keep what works, toss what doesn’t.
If anyone asks, it’s what I preach to them. Why? because it’s what will stick as a lifestyle.
We are not made alike, nor are our activities alike, therefore our needs each day are going to be different. Finding the right balance is key to success for all of us to live energetic and healthy lives.
Of course if you follow me you know one of biggest pet peeves is the overwhelming amount of “health” companies vying for peoples money with grandiose promises when the buyer uses their product.
Anyway, it was sad to me to see so many people jumping at the product like a frog after flies.
I was torn between feeling sorry for them that they were desperate enough to believe it and were willing to part with their money over the “two pills” a day that were supposed to work wonders, (no diet or exercise!) or feeling like they deserved what they got for buying into such utter nonsense.
A quick bit of homework on my end revealed this company had received a warning letter from the FDA regarding an ingredient in their product.
Yet people were blindly begging for it.
This always bothers me so much. People begging for help from crazy things yet unwilling to do what really needs to be done.
So I’ll keep promoting sanity. Balance. Moderation. Building new habits.
All these in turn lead to a lifestyle of health and wellness.
So I will continue to use my voice…..
I’ll keep posting about food and good nutrition and sharing reasons why you don’t need to participate in the new modern day snake oil.
I’ll share tips and sane ideas for the normal person plugging along in a consistent manner to make permanent changes. I’ll keep posting about my crazy athletic shenanigans and exercise ideas.
Because for every “Oh brother” and rolled eye behind the computer screen, there’s someone else getting motivated, getting up off the sofa, and heading out the door.
There’s someone making better food choices and learning how to eat better for good health.
Someone else is making a choice to change their life. They’re getting fit and gaining energy and that is giving them a better quality of life. Their health is improving and they are seeing results in a multitude of ways.
If one person is motivated by what I share, it’s totally worth it. If only one person decides that athletic stuff looks fun or they want a challenge and then the bug bites them, it’s worth it.
Motivation tends to breed motivation.
I still feed off of it from others. I am highly motivated but seeing how others are doing and what they are doing reminds me to keep pressing on, to stay the course, and focus on my goals.
Remember in your own life, you can be a source of motivation and encouragement to others with what you do. Your determination to get your workouts done. Your choices to eat better food. Your positive and energetic attitude. Verbally encouraging and supporting the efforts of others around you.
Use your voice. Use your life. Make a difference.
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Today I will finish the presentation of Tony Macklin, the Ancestry.com search product manager.
You’ll have to excuse my scribblings. Tony was speaking so fast. Hey! It made sense at the time.
Tony pointed out that location searching will be back.
I was able to mock up my scribbles without too much work because the page was very similar to the new database page look. Don’t expect it again.
Usability showed that changing the label from “Birth Place” to “Where did your ancestor live?” was much easier for new users.
Another usability addition that is one of those, “Duh! Why didn’t we do that before?” was the addition of a birth year calculator. Enter the person’s age in a particular year to calculate the birth year.
Starting out, the search form has just a few fields. But users can click to add fields for family members and life events. Once added, the fields will always be present unless you later hide them. This allows users to configure the search form to match their particular needs.
Advanced HD search has transparency about what the search is doing. And it allows users to filter search results.
Restrict name matches: Options will be exact, initials on given names, Soundex on last name, and name variants. This filter will be available in the next couple of months, according to Ancestry.com.
Restrict to locations: Restrict to state, state and adjacent states, county, or county and adjacent counties. This filter is in testing now which required a change beneath the covers today. That is why the order of results can be different today compared to yesterday.
Restrict to national collections only: United States, UK, Canada, and so forth. This filter has been available for about two weeks and is pictured below.
Restrict to record types: historic records, stories and publications, family trees, and photographs & maps. This filter was released in January 2010.
Restrict to lifespan. This filter has been available since May 2009.
Q. How will you deploy HD search?
A. Advanced HD search will be implemented incrementally. Eventually, HD Search will replace New Search.
That completes my report on the lectures from Bloggers Day. Next time I’ll cover Andrew Wait’s closing remarks.
This past weekend a major failure in a Utah data center brought down hundreds of websites, including at least one genealogy site. With the St. George Family History Expo starting tomorrow, the Family History Expos website (www.fhexpos.com) has been down all week. A notice on their website assures attendees that the conference will go forward as planned, but if you wish to register at the door, bring check or cash. Their credit card software was on their website and they may not have it up again by the time the conference begins.
A test of the fire system at Consonus Technologies’s Utah data center went awry, flooding the room with fire suppressant, crashing and damaging hundreds or thousands of servers. Back in January I toured the Ancestry.com data center along with other attendees of Ancestry.com Bloggers Day. We were shown their fire suppression system and warned to evacuate immediately if the claxon sounded.
The exact number and identities of affected websites is unknown. One Consonus customer is Westhost, a web hosting company. A web hosting company provides various web-related services such as websites, Internet connectivity, email, web addresses, and e-commerce services. Another Consonus customer is vps.net, a new type of hosting company that provides a service called cloud computing. Each of these web hosting companies may have hundreds or even thousands of customers.
8:50 AM – Fire suppression system disarmed. Fire system placed into maintenance mode.
9:10 AM – Pre-test checklist executed.
9:20 AM – Testing begins.
2:18 PM – Nine of ten actuators are disabled preparatory to rearming the fire suppression system. One is inadvertently overlooked.
2:21 PM – Fire suppression system is rearmed and immediately activated, flooding the data center with fire suppressant. The fire suppressant damaged servers and disk drives.
2:45 PM – Power failure detected by customers.
3:05 PM – Consonus reported the failed fire test to customers.
3:08 PM – Power restored.
4:14 PM – vps.net confirmed disk drive failures, but redundant disks prevented data loss. Technicians began replacing failed disk drives.
6:55 PM – Consonus official incident report reported by customer to end users.
9:00 AM – Westhost reported replacement of damaged hardware. Majority of servers back online. Some data loss will require restoration from tape backup.
5:13 PM Westhost reported all services restored except 6 dedicated servers and 12 shared.
1:25 PM – Westhost reported that restoration from tape backup has been hampered because the backup servers were also damaged. Ten shared servers and some dedicated servers are still down.
9:54 PM – In Westhost’s last report they stated that a few dedicated servers would be restored in the next 4-6 hours.
#FHExpos is the Twitter tag for the St. George Family History Expo this weekend. But I’ve painted myself into a conflict of interest corner and I need your help ASAP to get me out! I accepted an invitation from Holly Hansen to be a Blogger of Honor at this weekend’s conference.
Holly’s wonderful. Her marketing for Family History Expos draws people to genealogy conferences that are new to conference attendance and perhaps new to genealogy. We all benefit when others join the community. So it shouldn’t surprise me that she is leveraging bloggers so effectively to promote her Expos. It’s something I’ve always been happy to do. This time around, however, three factors have given me pause.
Family History Expos encourages the use of Twitter at Expos. Please tweet the highlights of classes attended; however, it is not appropriate to give full details of class materials presented.
Copyright to all class presentations, recordings, and syllabus materials belong to Family History Expos and its presenters by agreement of said parties.
Since Family History Expos doesn’t pay presenters, their remuneration comes through exposure. They generally welcome the additional exposure I give. The real issue here is the interests of Family History Expos. Producing conferences is a risky business and Holly does so on a shoestring. I am honored to do what I can to help Holly help the genealogy community. And if that means I have to change my conference reporting style, I am happy (and sad!) to do so.
Long ago I made the decision to support FamilySearch’s efforts to encourage all of you to attend the 2010 National Genealogical Society Family History Conference. I have made my honest opinion clear: if you attend only one conference this year, it should be the NGS Conference. In fact, if you only attend one national conference for the rest of your life, this is the one you should attend.
The two submitters that follow all these rules and receive the greatest number of points will each be declared a winner. The name, address, and e-mail of the winners will be submitted to Family History Expos. If it is not too late, Family History Expos will award each winner a free pre-registration to the St. George Family History Expo. Points may be earned in three ways, as explained below.
Submit one or more stories of serendipity in genealogy.
- The story must be true.
- The serendipity must have happened to you; third-party stories are notoriously exaggerated.
- The story must be non-denominational. That is, it should be of interest to more than the members of one particular church or system of beliefs.
- The Ancestry Insider will award 100 points to each story he judges to be usable.
- When possible, include a digitized image that adds interest to the story. Images make a story more usable.
- A record anomaly is a record that contains one or more errors, such as wrong gender, wrong name, wrong information, enumerator error, death certificate for a live person, etc.
- You must include a digital scan of the record.
- You must explain what is wrong with the record.
- You must include digital scans of other records used as evidence to prove the first record is wrong.
- The Ancestry Insider will award from 1 to 10 points to each record he judges to be usable.
- The more reliable the type of record usually is, the higher the point value. Thus, an image copy of an original birth certificate will be given more points than an image of a census record.
- Indexing, transcription, and publication errors are not generally usable unless the mistake is especially entertaining and the mistake was published by Ancestry.com or FamilySearch. The same is true for compiled genealogies.
One hundred points will be awarded to the first submission (and only the first submission) that correctly identifies the most recent Ancestry Insider article written in chiastic structure. To qualify, the submission must show the chiastic structure of the article.
- must include a statement giving the Ancestry Insider permission to publish and otherwise use the submissions.
You may submit only one e-mail, but you may submit multiple stories, records, and chiastic article identification in the e-mail. The score for each e-mail will be determined by adding up the scores for all the submissions included in the e-mail. In the event of a tie, the Ancestry Insider reserves the right to break the tie using any method. The Ancestry Insider will be the one and only judge of the usability of submissions and reserves the right to later use submissions judged not usable during this contest. The Ancestry Insider is not responsible for lost or misdirected e-mails.
I would be delighted to receive story and record submissions even if you’re not entering the content. Send each story or record separately with e-mail subjects SERENDIPITY STORY or ANOMALOUS RECORD, respectively. Thanks!
Walter remembered his Uncle Fritz, his mother’s brother, but could find no information about him. Uncle Fritz had visited often during World War II while Walter lived in Hannover.
Walter also remembered his mother speaking of a second brother, “Maenne,” who fought for Germany during World War I. Maenne had been captured in 1918 and had died in a French prisoner of war camp. Unfortunately, “Maenne” was a nickname, and Walter had been unable to find any information about him as well.
After his father’s passing, Walter went through his father’s papers. He came across an envelope labeled “Kessel.” Excitedly, Walter opened the envelope and found many information-rich documents and photographs. One turned out to be a letter from Maenne’s sergeant to Maenne’s father to tell him of Maenne’s capture by the French. In this hand-written letter was the long sought for name. Maenne’s real name was Hermann Kessel.
Working on my family history, I had an experience that confirmed my belief that our ancestors are watching us.
Flush from the discovery of Uncle Hermann’s name, Walter walked into his home office and—apparently for the first time—noticed a leather wallet sitting rather precariously on top of a filing cabinet. Opening the wallet, Walter discovered a collection of family photographs. The first one was a tombstone engraved with Uncle Fritz’s name. Examining the back, Walter found the long sought for information: Fritz’s birth and death dates.
I imagine that he [Fritz] and his brother Maenne must have had a little chat in the spirit world. He decided to get my attention.
2. Walter Maschmeyer, “Family History Moments: Watching Us,” LDS Church News, 6 February 2010, p. 16, col. 3; online edition available (www.ldschurch news.com : accessed 13 February 2010).
Eric Shoup gave the presentation on Ancestry.com products.
Displaced an advertisement to bring the browse interface to the top-right of the page.
Is it my imagination, or have my notes gotten lighter as we tired throughout the day? Next time: Tony Macklin talks about search.
Eric Shoup is the vice president of product for Ancestry.com. Prior to Ancestry.com he spent five years at eBay in senior product and general management roles. Prior to eBay, Eric’s product experience included online groceries in Hong Kong, and Lexus.com.
Following our virtual tour of the Ancestry.com Washington, D.C. scanning facility, Tom Foster, director of member services gave us a real tour of the Ancestry.com call center. The center is located one floor below digital preservation services.
For a couple more thoughts on member services I refer you to an article by fellow attendee, Leland Meitzler. Next time, I’ll review the product presentation from Eric Shoup.
Tom Foster has served as director and then senior director of member services at Ancestry.com since May 2005. Over the past 25 years Tom has held various leadership positions in the customer care and support operations industry, focusing on high tech, multi-client care, and sales and product support. He has worked in these roles at Microsoft, Compaq, T-Mobile, Hewlett Packard, Sun Microsystems, and Nike.
In a recent Bloggers Day article I bulleted Ancestry.com’s intent to publish the Hayes Center Ohio Death Index. Now that Ancestry.com has published that database, orders for obituary copies from the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center have quadrupled over last year, according to the Port Clinton News Herald. Orders now come in from across the nation and all over the world.
Raising the awareness of a database is one reason I’ve never had a problem with Ancestry.com including free databases in its subscription content. This has been a definite win-win situation for Ancestry.com, the Hayes Center, and in my opinion, Ancestry.com subscribers.
However, as a non-subscriber, to see all the details of a search result, you must click the link (pictured below) to the Hayes Center website.
Open house visitors were treated to views of the vault rooms. Each vault room was 27 feet wide and 15 feet tall. The tunnels were lined with heavy corrugated steel and concrete was pumped in to fill the space between the steel and the granite tunnel walls(photo top right).
Drop ceilings hid most of the curvature of the roof. Florescent lighting illuminated work areas. There are indications that vault rooms were empty at the time of the open house (photograph, middle right and subsequent newspaper stories).
In addition to the facilities, tours showed open house visitors a film explaining the purpose of the vault and scenes during vault construction (bottom right).
An apocryphal story states that early, impish employees snuck a firecracker into the vault and set it off. In these contained rooms, the sound of the blast must have been intense, reverberating and echoing in the confined space. Today such a prank would likely result in termination. Vault access is tightly controlled. Public tours are a thing of the past. Workers and private tour visitors are prohibited from taking photographs. Upon seeing these vault articles, FamilySearch officials warned off publication of some vault details that were present in the publications of FamilySearch, International back when it was known as the Genealogical Society of Utah.
NGS conference attendees this year, in addition to the virtual vault tour and Church History Library tour, are invited to tour the FamilySearch Center in the Joseph Smith Memorial Building (JSMB). The center contains computers and ample personnel to help beginners begin the search for their roots and includes an activity center that will keep children of visitors busy while parents have an opportunity to explore their roots.
For non-beginners, the center has several draws. A recent facelift included installation of an immigration pier photo op, giving visitors an opportunity to generate a keepsake, putting themselves in the context of their immigrant ancestors. And the center offers discount coupons for dining in JSMB restaurants.
Groups can reserve instructional rooms equipped with individual computers and presentation equipment. My family has used these rooms several times for our bi-annual family history reunions.
The JSMB serves as the world headquarters for FamilySearch, International.
The Ancestry Insider arrives at Ellis Island with his trusty dog (or is that a rat?).
While in Salt Lake City for NGS, stop by the FamilySearch Center and get a picture of yourself arriving!
Early bird registration must be postmarked by 8 March 2010. There are just 27 days left.
Pre-registration must be postmarked by 12 April 2010. There are just 62 days left.
The conference begins 28 April 2010. There are just 78 days left.
Lynn Arave, “FamilySearch Unveils New Face and Products,” Deseret News (Salt Lake City, Utah), 1 October 2009; online archive (http://www.deseretnews.com : accessed 7 February 2010).
#FHExpo stands for this month’s St. George Family History Expo, to be held in… (don’t get ahead of me now) …Timbuktu! Just kidding. It’s in St. George, Utah on 26th and 27th, February 2010.
St. George is best known as the birthplace of Cafe Rio, a popular restaurant chain. What? You’ve never heard of Cafe Rio? Okay, maybe St. George isn’t best known as the birthplace of Cafe Rio. But if you haven’t heard of Cafe Rio, I recommend you check it out while you’re in town for the Expo. It’s a local favorite!
St. George is best known as the birthplace of Amanda Righetti who plays Grace Van Pelt on The Mentalist (seen in this photo with Tim Kang as Kimball Cho). Wait a minute. Now that I look at her biography on the show’s website, it says she was born “outside Las Vegas.” Hmmm. Maybe Righetti is not what St. George is best known for. If you eat unrefrigerated leftovers from Cafe Rio, you may have to check out of the hospital also.
I think it is safe to say that among genealogists, St. George is best known for the St. George Family History Expo! With its golf courses and Las Vegasque weather, it’s the perfect place for a February conference.
Yours truly will be teaching, “Blog Your Way to Genealogical Success.” Having your own genealogy blog will give you a free, easy way to publish your results on the web, log your research, and establish contact with helpful relatives. This class is for beginners. You’ll get a step-by-step guide for successfully creating a blog. Prerequisites: You must know how to turn your computer on, use a mouse, and browse the Internet.
Mine is not the only session you’ll want to attend, of course. This conference is the perfect place to increase your genealogical maturity. Go to the show’s website. Review the presenter biographies. You’ll see national experts and local favorites.
While I’m in town I’ll also be one of the Expo’s “Bloggers of Honor,” along with some of the industry’s best known. I am very honored. Native St. Georgers have, maybe, never seen a more popular chain of august bloggers than the group I have been asked to join.
If you’re busy on the 26th and 27th and can’t make it to St. George, I will try to post notes live on Twitter. For information about following the St. George Family History Expo live on Twitter, see my August 2009 article, “The Ancestry ‘Tweety’ Insider.” But this month follow the hashtag, #FHExpo.
This is another in a series of reports about Ancestry.com Bloggers Day 2010.
Andrew Wait told us that feedback from their My Story ads said the ads didn’t explain enough about what the genealogy experience was like. In fact, the life-changing stories set the bar so high that average people couldn’t identify with the experiences.
As a result, five days earlier Ancestry.com started a new advertizing campaign that goes back to the previous style a bit.
DearMYRTLE said, “Genealogy is a winter sport.” Does that mean Tim asked if we were seeing an upswing in genealogical interest?
I can’t remember what led to my favorite comment of the day. Thomas MacEntee said, “I’ve always thought of genealogy as CSI without the icky bodies.” Mysteries. Dead people. Detective work. Yup; I think he nailed that one pretty well.
Tim Sullivan is the CEO of Ancestry.com, Inc. He was previously CEO of Match.com. Under Tim’s leadership, Match.com expanded globally into 29 local languages and grew paid subscribers from 189,500 to nearly one million while growing revenue more than six-fold. Prior to joining Match.com, Tim was vice president of e-commerce for Ticketmaster Online-Citysearch, Inc. Before that he spent seven years at the Walt Disney Company where he was vice president and managing director for Buena Vista Home Entertainment Asia Pacific. Tim is a graduate of Harvard Business School and was a Morehead Scholar at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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The availability and quality of medical care rendered by the ship is 4 also a measure of seaworthiness. This duty is apparent so long as the vessel remains “in navigation” which would not include dry dock. Maintenance and cure of the crew: Admittedly this could be considered part of keeping a vessel seaworthy, as it arose traditionally out of maritime culture as an 5 incentive to encourage seamen to defend their vessel from piracy. This principle requires the owner to pay to maintain the mariner by way of accommodation and food, and to cure the sickness or disability to the maximum point of recovery, if the illness or injury was acquired in performance of the ship’s business. This is distinguished from, and does not preclude an Admiralty action for unseaworthiness, which does not provide for trial by jury. The Jones Act states in part, that the shipowner owes to a sick or injured seaman the duty to furnish (1) reasonable care, and (2) nursing and hospitalization. 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The seaman was allowed to climb stairs, 10 leave the ship, and make his way to the hospital, all without any assistance. In another case, a Master failed to administer penicillin to a burned seaman, although it was available, and to render first aid treatment although the ship passed within a mile of a first aid station. On the other hand, a slight injury to a seaman’s finger did not require landing at some port before the ship reached its destination, since it could not be fairly inferred that neither the seaman or the engineer who extracted the steel from the injured finger anticipated that the slight wound would amount to anything serious. In this case, the finger eventually 12 required amputation due to complications secondary to infection. Once it is determined that medical care is needed and the Master determines that the seaman should see a doctor, the ship owner’s responsibility does not end. Since medical services are provided under both contract and statute, negligence of the doctor can be imputed to the ship owner-employee, even if the ship’s Master took due care in selecting a reputable physician to treat the 13 seaman. These cases involving physicians demonstrate two ways that the ship owner may be found negligent. One is improperly providing for seaman care, including the negligent selection of a doctor; the other is in the negligence of the doctor as a practitioner.
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Lipid metabolism (a) Biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids, phospolipids and triacylglycerols (b) Biosynthesis of cholesterol, chemistry and metabolism of lipoproteins. Regulation of the metabolic pathways (a) Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism (b) Interlinks between these pathways. Food assimilation and nutrition (a) Digestive enzymes, their action on dietary carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Immunology (a) Reticuloendothelial system, components and functions of the innate and adaptive immunity. Didatic lectures: three and a half hours/week of interactive classroom lectures to facilitate learning of terminology, principles and concepts. Problem based small group discussions, questions-answer sessions, revision and reinforcement of difficult concepts in tutorial hours. The purpose is to inculcate skills of reasoning, meaningful approaches to learning and facilitate understanding of the subject. Laboratory exercises: (Biochemistry practicals) three hours/week: a) to substantiate and clarify theoretical concepts with experimental evidence b) to develop skills of performing basic biochemical tests important in clinical investigations c) to develope familiarity with biochemical laboratory instrumentations techniques. Mark distribution Semester examinations Theory: total 75 (25 in each semester): Practical: total 75 (25 in each semester) Final Examination Theory : Total 75 Practical : Total 75 Total marks (1st Prof. Chemistry, functions and metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids, metabolic interrelationships, in born errors of metabolism, nutrients and malnutrition, biological oxidation, hormones, vitamins and coenzymes. Special features of circulation in skeletal muscles and skin Gastrointestinal System 1. Localizing the level of lesion in neurological disease Visceral and motivational system 1. Preparation and examination of peripheral blood smear and determination of differential leucocyte count 2. Determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, packed cell volume and calculation of the absolute values Physiology 25 9. Estimation of conduction velocity of human ulnar nerve and calculation of conduction velocity 3. Study of phenomenon of human fatigue : (i) Mosso’s ergograph , and (ii) Handgrip dynamometer/ erograph for isometric work 4. Demonstration of (i) effect of sub-threshold, threshold, and supra-threshold stimuli, (ii) Isotonic contraction, (iii) Effect of two or more stimuli, (iv) Isometric contraction, (v) Length-tension relationship 6. Demonstration of work performed by skeletal muscle in vitro under (i)After loaded conditions, and (ii) Free loaded conditions 7. Demonstration of muscle fatigue and neuromuscular transmission in an amphibian model 8. Determination of strength-duration curve in frog’s nerve and muscle Cardiovascular System 1. Recording and analysis of 12 lead electrocardiogram and to measure the mean electrical axis of heart 2. Measurement of blood flow in the forearm by venous occlusion plethysmography and to demonstrate the effect of (a) Exercise, (b) Arterial occlusion, and (c) Themperature 5. Study of the factors controlling inotropic and chronotropic functions in isolated perfused frog’s heart 8. Study of the movements of isolated segment of mammalian small intestine and the effects of: (i) ions, (ii) neurotransmitters, and (iii) cold in vitro Reproduction 1. Changes in vaginal exfoliation cytology and cervical secretion during different phases of reproductive cycles in human and in rat. Determination of sperm count, motility and morphology in a human Sample Environmental physiology Study of the effects of exposure to hot and cold environment on human Subject Neurophysiology 1.
Treg cells are drastically reduced in obese adipose tissue paralleled to B cell increases [34 levitra plus 400 mg lowest price erectile dysfunction caused by prostate removal, 38] 400 mg levitra plus fast delivery erectile dysfunction treatment toronto. Tregs regulate the macrophage phenotype purchase levitra plus 400 mg free shipping erectile dysfunction va rating, inhibiting their polarization into M1-type and preventing macrophage recruitment into tissues [35, 38]. However, the role of Th17 cells in obesity-related insulin resistance is still unclear and requires further investigation . Both types of macrophage populations seem to contribute to chronic hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance. Hepatic insulin resistance is a driving force in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes Mellitus, coupled with excessive fat storage that ensures liver inflam- mation. Obesity is associated with hypothalamic inflam- mation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause central leptin resistance, leading to reduced central regulation of food intake and energy expen- diture. Central nervous system inflammation also contributes to systemic insulin resistance, particularly in the liver, via a brain-liver neuronal signal . All these effects are mediated by parasympathetic signals delivered by the vague nerve. Decreased Immunological Surveillance Associated with Obesity Obesity is also associated with alterations in the immune defense mechanisms, thus leading to increased risk of infection and decreased response to vaccination. Epi- demiological human studies demonstrate that obese subjects are at a greater risk of nosocomial infections after surgery . Obesity is also an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality related to infection by influenza A (H1N1) virus . Obesity also seems to compromise the efficacy of vaccination against viral infections, as demonstrated in murine models of obesity . The mechanisms underlying obesity-associated risk of infection have been studied in murine models of genetically or diet-induced obesity. In leptin-deficient murine models of obesity (ob/ob or db/db) both innate and adaptive immune systems are adversely affected. Leptin activates monocytes/macrophage chemo- taxis, phagocytic activity and cytokine production and, consequently, these func- tions are impaired in leptin-deficient mice . In fact, ob/ob mice showed impaired immunological protection against different bacterial pathogens due to defective phagocytic activity . All these findings explain this increased susceptibility to infec- tions and hypo-responsiveness to vaccination in obese subjects. Influence of Gut Microbiota on Inflammation Associated with Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction via Regulation of Innate Immunity Gut microbiota is considered one of the factors contributing to chronic-low grade inflammation associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction (e. The mechanisms by which gut microbiota influences this process are not well understood, but could be related to alterations in gut microbiota composition. Such changes could increase bacterial components that might activate innate immunity locally in the gut and systemically, and increase translocation of immu- nogenic bacterial products via different routes, thus contributing to inflammation. The innate immune system is one of the key regulators of the crosstalk between the host and the microbiota (commensal and pathogenic microbes). These signaling pathways are also responsible for maintaining tolerance to commensal bacteria which, unlike pathogens, attenuate intestinal inflammation via different mechanisms (e. A schematic representa- tion of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota and dietary lipids could contribute to “metabolic” inflammation by activating innate immunity in the gut and system- ically is shown in Fig. High intake of saturated fat, which results in increased levels of circulating free- fatty acids and/or lipid accumulation in muscles and liver, is also known to be directly involved in the inflammatory process leading to insulin resistance . A couple of recent human studies support the idea that increased proportions of Proteobacteria are associated with inflammatory and metabolic disease risk markers [8, 13] while other studies do not support such an association . This controversy could partly be due to the influence of confounding factors and differences in methodologies used for microbiota analyses. Bacterial products may be translocated via different mechanisms, including transcelluar and paracellular pathways. This study also suggests that leptin plays a role in intestinal bacterial adherence and translo- cation in the intestine since leptin treatment reduces translocation in ob/ob mice . Alterations in gut microbiota composition could also contribute to increasing paracellular permeabil- ity via alterations in tight-junctions, which could be secondary to excessive activa- tion of inflammatory cytokine production (e. This reveals the specific role of the microbiota, which seems to be greater than the role of diet in gut permeability . In a more recent study, administration of the mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila has also been shown to reverse metabolic endotoxemia and high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice obesity models, via restora- tion of gut barrier function and inflammation by increasing the intestinal levels of endocannabinoids (e. Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion were markedly improved, par- ticularly in female Tlr2(À/À) mice. This was paralleled by increased fat-burning rates in Tlr2(À/À) mice as well as reduced tissue inflammation . These findings prove that gut microbiota can define a specific phenotype regardless of the predisposing genotype for a specific condition. These metabolic dysfunctions correlated with changes in gut microbiota composition (diversity and phylotypes related to murine bacteria). However, the aforementioned studies did not specifically evaluate relationships with the gut microbiota. These are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, expressed not only in immune but also in metabolic tissues, which play a role in detecting intracellular microorganisms. However, we do not know why these metabolic tissues utilize divergent intracellular innate immune sensors . Research has linked inflammasome activation to metabolic disorders, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, liver disease and obesity .
The riboflavin/niacin supplement may have exerted its effect by correcting a subclinical In the ongoing study of female U purchase 400mg levitra plus fast delivery list all erectile dysfunction drugs. In the same study buy 400mg levitra plus with amex erectile dysfunction treatment adelaide, the risk of cataract was riboflavin supplementation would not be expected in decreased by 45% among women who had used vitamin Western populations cheap 400 mg levitra plus otc impotence from vasectomy, where intakes of this vitamin are C supplements for 10 years or more. The difference between the Western and Asian findings may reflect differences in overall A small Canadian epidemiologic study indicated that nutritional status and cataract risk factors in the two nonusers of vitamin C supplements were 3. If blue light is involved, vitamin C levels were associated with an 11-fold incre a s e d carotenoids might be protective, since they can absorb risk of one type of cataract, and low blood carotenoid levels blue light. Low intakes of fruits and vegetables were also An analysis of data from a national U. Significant associations were clinical conditions and pathological processes, as shown detected for the sum of all carotenoids and for four of in Table 10. A few examples of particular interest are five individual carotenoids (ß-carotene, α- c a ro t e n e , described below. Neurological disorders Biochemical studies suggest that oxidation may play a In contrast, a much smaller British study that included role in the causation of several disorders of the brain all types of age-related macular degeneration found no and nervous system. There f o re, it has been association between serum carotenoid or vitamin E hypothesized that antioxidants might be helpful in levels and the risk of macular degeneration. The ameliorating the symptoms or in slowing the difference between these findings and those of the U. Tardive In summary, there is evidence suggesting that oxidative dyskinesia is a disorder involving involuntary p rocesses may play a role in causing age-re l a t e d movement. It occurs as a side effect of long-term disorders of both the lens and the retina of the eye. However, a larger three major dietary antioxidants — vitamin C, vitamin placebo-controlled trial found no benefit from vitamin E E and carotenoids — may be beneficial in reducing therapy. Less is known about age-related macular degeneration, but some epidemiologic evidence suggests an inverse association Sperm damage, birth defects and with carotenoids. Further re s e a rch is needed to childhood cancer determine conclusively whether improved nutrition may reduce the risk of these very prevalent eye The children of fathers who smoke cigarettes have disorders in older adults. These problems may be related, at Decreases in immune function least in part, to increased oxidative damage to sperm cells caused by oxidants in cigarette smoke. Cigarette Several aspects of immune function show a marked smoking is associated with reduced sperm count and decline with increasing age. Preliminary studies in poor sperm quality; it is also associated with decreased elderly people have indicated that this decline can be blood vitamin C levels. Vitamin C supplementation has partly offset by dietary antioxidant supplementation. The been shown to improve sperm quality in heavy age-associated decrease in cell-mediated immunity may smokers. Some studies have Although much remains to be learned, there is now reported that antioxidant supplementation re d u c e s convincing evidence for the involvement of free radicals evidence of exercise-induced muscle damage. However, it is unclear and oxidative processes are believed to play important whether antioxidants can directly enhance physical roles in the pathogenesis of many age-related disorders. The evidence implicating them in the causation of c a n c e r, athero s c l e rotic cardiovascular disease and cataracts is especially strong. Inflammatory disorders The human body has a complex system of natural Free radicals and oxidative stress may play a role in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defences which inflammatory diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis is one counteract the harmful effects of free radicals and other example. Protection against free radicals can be enhanced been detected in the blood and joints of patients with by ample intakes of dietary antioxidants, of which the this disease. Other lines of evidence also suggest the best studied are vitamin E, vitamin C and carotenoids. Efforts should be made to ensure optimum intakes of foods containing these important molecules. There is a need for improvement in the quality of the diet, Oxidants and Antioxidants 23 especially with respect to increased consumption of ß-Carotene: The most abundant of the carotenoids. Unlike including optimisation of food processing, selective vitamin A itself, ß-carotene is a strong antioxidant. There is, however, a growing consensus among Carcinogenesis: The complex, multistep process of scientists that a combination of antioxidants, rather than cancer causation. Carotenoids: A group of red, orange, and yellow pigments found in plant foods and in the tissues of Antioxidants may be of great benefit in improving the organisms that consume plants. Carotenoids have antioxidant activity, and some, but not all, can act as quality of life by preventing or postponing the onset of precursors of vitamin A. In addition, there is a potential for Cataract: A disorder in which the lens of the eye substantial savings in the cost of health care delivery. More research is needed to clarify and extend scientific Epidemiology: The study of the causes and understanding of the health effects of antioxidants. Funding for research in this field is urgently Free radical: Any chemical species capable of independent existence that contains one or more needed. At the same time, efforts should also be made to Glutathione: A small-molecular-weight antioxidant communicate to the general public existing information molecule produced naturally in the human body about the importance of protective nutrients in fruits and and present in some foods. Government agencies, health professionals Glutathione peroxidases: A family of antioxidant and the news media should work together to promote enzymes containing selenium which are important the dissemination of scientifically sound information in the reduction of different hydroperoxides. Lycopene has antioxidant activity but 1993; 90:7915–7922 does not act as a precursor of vitamin A. Oxygen Free Radicals Oxidative stress: A condition in which the and Human Diseases. Antioxidant Nutrients and Disease Placebo: A harmless and pharmacologically inactive Prevention: An Overview. American Journal of Clinical substance, usually disguised, given to compare its Nutrition 1991; 53:189S–193S effect with that of an active material.
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Financial statements for the DTO Annual Report 2015–16.
In our opinion, the attached financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2016 comply with subsection 42(2) of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013 (PGPA Act), and are based on properly maintained financial records as per subsection 41(2) of the PGPA Act.
In our opinion, at the date of this statement, there are reasonable grounds to believe that the Digital Transformation Office will be able to pay its debts as and when they fall due.
Total departmental expenses for 2015–16 were in line with the estimate published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements. The variance for Employee benefits and Suppliers is attributable to a greater reliance on labour hire contractors due to a lower than expected ASL cap from what was originally budgeted.
Total departmental Revenue from Government for 2015–16 was $1.884 million (7%) higher than the estimate published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements. This is primarily attributable to additional Revenue from Government received in additional estimates ($1.370 million) and current year funding for the transfer of a function from the Department of Finance ($0.514 million).
Total departmental financial assets for 2015–16 were $10.310 million higher than the estimate published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements. The increase is primarily attributable to the amount of unspent appropriation receivable due to Revenue from Government not being fully expended and a higher than expected accrued suppliers balance.
Total departmental non-financial assets are higher than the estimate published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements by $0.797 million (41%) due to the transfer of intangible assets and prepayments as a result of machinery of Government changes.
Departmental payables mainly consist of accrued supplier expenditure disclosed against a nil balance published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements.
Total departmental provisions are higher than the estimate published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements by $1.018 million. This is attributable to the transfer of staff provisions as a result of machinery of Government changes and the recognition of a makegood provision for the office leased in Canberra.
Return of appropriation under section 51 of PGPA Act reflects the return of $2.226m of unused funding for the development of the Grants Warehouse appropriated to the Digital Transformation Office in Appropriation Act 2 2015/16.
Restructuring of $1.992m reflects the transfer of functions from the Department of Finance ($1.003m) and the transfer of plant and equipment to assist with the establishment of the Digital Transformation Office as its own Executive Agency from the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet ($0.989m).
Amounts appropriated which are designated as ‘equity injections’ for a year (less any formal reductions) and Departmental Capital Budgets (DCBs) are recognised directly in contributed equity in that year.
The FRR require that distributions to owners be debited to contributed equity unless it is in the nature of a dividend.
Departmental contributed equity for 2015–16 was $1.266 million (57%) higher than the estimate published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements. This is attributable to $1.500 million of Departmental Capital Budgets received in Appropriation Act 3 2015–16 and $1.992 million of assets assumed as a result of machinery of Government, offset by the return of $2.226 million equity funding following a section 51 quarantine.
Departmental retained earnings for 2015–16 were $2.203 million higher than the estimate published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements. This is mainly attributable to additional Revenue from Government received in additional estimates ($1.370 million) and current year funding for the transfer of function from the Department of Finance ($0.514 million).
Departmental net cash from operating activities is $1.615 million higher than the estimate published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements. This is primarily attributable to the drawing of operating funding to purchase property, plant and equipment ($2.970 million) offset by Departmental Capital Budget funding of $1.500 million.
Departmental net cash used by investing activities is $0.744 million (33%) higher than the estimate published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements. This is attributable to an increase in the purchase of property, plant and equipment.
Departmental net cash from financing activities is $0.726 million (33%) lower than the estimate published in the 2015–16 Portfolio Budget Statements. This is attributable to the section 51 quarantine of equity funding ($2.226 million) for the Grants Warehouse offset by Departmental Capital Budget funding ($1.500 million) received in Appropriation Act 3 2015–16.
The Digital Transformation Office (the DTO) is a not-for-profit Australian Government controlled Executive Agency established on 1 July 2015.
The objective of the DTO is to transform government services so they are easy to find, simple to use and convenient to access in a secure way.
Outcome 1: To improve the user experience for all Australians accessing government information and services by leading the design, development and continual enhancement of whole-of-government service delivery policies and standards, platforms and joined-up services.
To support the Prime Minister in transforming government services to improve the user experience, cut red tape and ensure services are delivered efficiently.
The continued existence of the DTO in its present form and with its present programmes is dependent on Government policy and on continuing funding by Parliament for the DTO’s administration and programmes.
The financial statements are general purpose financial statements and are required by section 42 of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013.
b. Australian Accounting Standards and Interpretations issued by the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) that apply for the reporting period.
The financial statements have been prepared on an accrual basis and in accordance with the historical cost convention, except where certain assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value. Except where stated, no allowance is made for the effect of changing prices on the results or the financial position.
As the DTO was established as an Executive Agency on 1 July 2015, there will be no comparative figures disclosed.
Other new standards, revised standards, interpretations and amending standards that were issued prior to the sign-off date and are applicable to the current reporting period did not have a material financial impact, and are not expected to have a future material financial impact on the DTO.
No new/revised/amending standards and/or interpretations issued by the AASB prior to the sign-off date are expected to have a future material impact on DTO’s financial statements which are applicable to the DTO for future reporting periods.
The DTO is exempt from all forms of taxation except Fringe Benefits Tax (FBT) and Goods and Services Tax (GST).
There are no known events occurring after the reporting period that could impact on the financial statements.
Amounts appropriated for departmental appropriations for the year (adjusted for any formal additions and reductions) are recognised as Revenue from Government when DTO gains control of the appropriation, except for certain amounts that relate to activities that are reciprocal in nature, in which case revenue is recognised only when it has been earned. Appropriations receivable are recognised at their nominal amounts.
This section analyses the financial performance of the Digital Transformation Office for the year ended 2016.
Accounting policies for employee related expenses is contained in the People and relationships section.
Note: Commitments are GST inclusive where relevant.
Office accommodation lease payments are subject to periodic increases in accordance with the rent review provisions in the lease agreements.
The DTO has one lease that contains three, one year renewal options. The options require a minimum of six months’ notice if the option for renewal is to be exercised.
The DTO has one MOU for the leasing of premises which has a provision requiring the premises to be restored to their original condition at the conclusion of the lease. The DTO has made a make good provision to reflect the present value of this obligation.
A distinction is made between finance leases and operating leases. Finance leases effectively transfer from the lessor to the lessee substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of leased assets. An operating lease is a lease that is not a finance lease. In operating leases, the lessor effectively retains substantially all such risks and benefits.
Resources received free of charge are recognised as revenue when, and only when, a fair value can be reliably determined and the services would have been purchased if they had not been donated. Use of those resources is recognised as an expense. Resources received free of charge are recorded as either revenue or gains depending on their nature.
This section analyses the Digital Transformation Office’s assets used to generate financial performance and the operating liabilities incurred as a result. Employee related information is disclosed in the People and Relationships section.
Receivables have been assessed for impairment and no allowance has been made as at 30 June 2016.
Property, plant and equipment is the generic term that covers leasehold improvements and plant and equipment. Purchases of property, plant and equipment and intangibles are recognised initially at cost in the Statement of Financial Position, except for purchases costing less than $2,000, which are expensed in the year of acquisition.
The initial cost of an asset includes an estimate of the cost of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located. This is particularly relevant to ‘make good’ provisions in property leases taken up by the DTO where there exists an obligation to restore the asset to its original condition. These costs are included in the value of the DTO’s leasehold improvements with a corresponding provision for the ‘make good’ recognised.
The entity’s intangibles comprise of internally developed software for internal use. These assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.
Amortisation rates apply to intangibles and are based of the useful life of 2 to 3 years.
Depreciable property, plant and equipment assets are written-off to their estimated residual values over their estimated useful lives to the DTO using, in all cases, the straight-line method of depreciation.
Depreciation rates (useful lives), residual values and methods are reviewed at each reporting date and necessary adjustments are recognised in the current, or current and future reporting periods, as appropriate.
All assets were assessed for impairment during 2016.
Where indications of impairment exist, the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated and an impairment adjustment made if the asset’s recoverable amount is less than its carrying amount.
A write-down of $957,000 was recognised in 2016 for Leasehold Improvements for the write-off of the South Tower of level 3 50 Marcus Clarke Street due to the termination of the lease.
An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no further future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal.
Settlement is usually made within 30 days.
Supplier and other payables are recognised at amortised cost. Liabilities are recognised to the extent that the goods or services have been received (and irrespective of having been invoiced).
The entity currently has one MOU agreement for the leasing of premises which has a provision requiring the entity to restore the premises to their original condition at the conclusion of the lease.
Provision for the restoration of leased premises (makegood) is based on future obligations relating to the underlying assets. The provision is disclosed at the present value of the obligation utilising the appropriate Government bond rate.
This section identifies the Digital Transformation Office funding structure.
Shared Service Centre spends money from the Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) on behalf of DTO.
The variance in departmental ordinary annual services is mainly attributable to undrawn current year appropriations due a higher than expected accrued expense balance.
Departmental Capital Budgets are appropriated through Appropriation Acts (No. 1,3,5). They form part of ordinary annual services and are not separately identified in the Appropriation Acts.
The current year Equity injection is shown exclusive of the Section 51 Permanent Quarantine, which has reduced contributed equity by $2.226 million.
During 2015–16, the Shared Services Centre provided the DTO with Treasury services.
This section describes a range of employment and post employment benefits provided to our people and our relationships with other key people.
Liabilities for ‘short-term employee benefits’ (as defined in AASB 119 Employee Benefits) and termination benefits due within twelve months of the end of reporting period are measured at their nominal amounts.
The liability for employee benefits includes provision for annual leave and long service leave. The leave liabilities are calculated on the basis of employees’ remuneration at the estimated salary rates that will be applied at the time the leave is taken, including the DTO’s employer superannuation contribution rates to the extent that the leave is likely to be taken during service rather than paid out on termination. The provision is disclosed at the present value of the obligation using the short hand method that utilises the appropriate Government bond rate.
No provision has been made for sick leave as all sick leave is non-vesting and the average sick leave taken in future years by employees of the DTO is estimated to be less than the annual entitlement for sick leave.
The DTO’s staff are members of the Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme (CSS), the Public Sector Superannuation Scheme (PSS), the PSS accumulation plan (PSSap) or another fund of their choice.
The liability for defined benefits is recognised in the financial statements of the Australian Government and is settled by the Australian Government in due course. This liability is reported in the Department of Finance’s administered schedules and notes.
The DTO makes employer contributions to the employees’ superannuation scheme. For Commonwealth defined benefits schemes, these rates are determined by an actuary to be sufficient to meet the current cost to the Government. The DTO accounts for the contributions as if they were contributions to defined contribution plans.
The liability for superannuation recognised as at 30 June represents outstanding contributions for the final fortnight of the year.
During the year, the total number of senior management personnel that were utilised and are included in the above table is 21. The additional positions reported relate to the short-term employment and secondment arrangements during 2015–16 to support the establishment and development of the DTO. As at 30 June 2016, the DTO has nine senior management positions.
This section analyses how the Digital Transformation Office manages financial risks within its operating environment.
The DTO is not aware of any material departmental quantifiable or unquantifiable contingent assets or liabilities as at the signing date that would require disclosure in the financial statements.
Contingent liabilities and contingent assets are not recognised in the Statement of Financial Position but are reported in the relevant schedules and notes. They may arise from uncertainty as to the existence of a liability or asset, or represent an asset or liability in respect of which the amount cannot be reliably measured. Contingent assets are disclosed when settlement is probable but not virtually certain and contingent liabilities are disclosed when settlement is greater than remote.
The fair value of financial instruments approximate their carrying amounts.
The DTO’s financial liabilities are suppliers payable. The exposure to liquidity risk is based on the notion that the DTO will encounter difficulty in meeting its obligations associated with financial liabilities. This is highly unlikely due to appropriation funding and mechanisms available to the DTO and internal policies and procedures put in place to ensure there are appropriate resources to meet its financial obligations.
The DTO holds basic financial instruments that do not expose the DTO to interest risk, currency risk or other price risk.
The following tables provide an analysis of assets that are measured at fair value. The remaining assets and liabilities disclosed in the statement of financial position do not apply the fair value hierarchy.
The different levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined below.
1 DTO’s assets are held for operational purposes and not held for the purposes of deriving a profit.
2 No revaluation has been performed in 2015–16 as all assets were transferred or purchased in the current year representing a proxy for fair value.
Net assets received from or relinquished to another Australian Government entity under a restructuring of administrative arrangements are adjusted at their book value directly against contributed equity.
During 2015/16, PM&C relinquished $0.989 million in plant and equipment to assist with the establishment of the Digital Transformation Office as its own Executive Agency on 1 July 2015.
As part of the Administrative Arrangement Orders issued by the Government on 21 September 2015, the Gov 2.0 function (and associated assets and liabilities) was transferred from the Department of Finance.
As the Digital Transformation Office has one Outcome, the Reporting of Outcomes is disclosed in the Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Financial Position.
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With the actual implementation in Hungary appearing to deviate from the original objectives and conditions of the aid scheme, as discussed in part 1 of this blog, a possible monitoring exercise by the Commission of the Hungarian tax benefit scheme seems appropriate. The question remains, however, whether the Commission follows up on the intent of monitoring, or whether the intent should be regarded as empty words. This second part of the blog will outline the rules on reviewing and monitoring (existing) aid, both substantively and procedurally. It will determine, inter alia, whether the State aid rules impose an obligation upon the Commission to act and, if so, in what way.
In order to correctly decipher the potential consequences of Hungary’s behavior under EU State aid law, it is necessary to make a distinction between the part of the aid scheme declared compatible in the tax benefit scheme in the Hungarian sport sector decision, i.e. the donations for the sport infrastructures used by the professional sport organizations, and the donations used to cover personnel costs. Due to the fact that these two types of donation destinations were allowed based on two different exception procedures (the general exception found in Article 107(3)c) TFEU for the aid to sport infrastructure, and the General Block Exemption Regulation or the de minimis aid Regulation for the aid to cover personnel costs), the rules on reviewing and monitoring aid differ slightly. This blog will only focus on the review and monitoring rules of the tax benefit scheme in the Hungarian sport sector decision.
Reviewing and monitoring State aid schemes – a Commission obligation?
It is important to note that in accordance with Article 288 TFEU, fifth sentence, recommendations have no binding force. Therefore, the proposed measure itself is not binding for the Member State. Only where the Member State accepts the proposed measure, shall it be bound by its acceptance to implement the appropriate measure. However, if the Member State refuses to accept and implement the recommendations, the Commission could launch a formal investigation in accordance with Article 108(2). Article 108 (1) TFEU and Article 21 of the Procedural Regulation also require the Member States to cooperate with the Commission for the purpose of reviewing aid schemes. This cooperation is further specified in Article 26 of the Procedural Regulation, which obliges Member States to submit annual reports on existing aid schemes to the Commission. The reports allow the Commission to monitor the compliance with the positive decision by the Member State. As was already discussed in part 1 of this blog, Hungary too is required to submit a yearly monitoring report containing information on the total aid amount allocated, the sport infrastructure projects funded, their beneficiaries, etc. A failure by Hungary to submit an annual report, would allow the Commission to propose an appropriate measure as listed above. Whether Hungary actually submits annual reports to the Commission is currently unclear.
The Commission has repeatedly expressed its ambition for more and better monitoring of State aid schemes. This ambition follows from its primary objective to increase Commission enforcement focus on cases with the biggest impact on the internal market, as can be read from, inter alia, the State Aid Modernisation (SAM) Communication of 2012. Better targeted State aid control means an “increased responsibility of Member States in designing and implementing aid measures” for cases of a more local nature and with little effect on trade, as well as “enhanced ex post monitoring by the Commission to ensure adequate compliance” with the State aid rules. In 2006, the Commission introduced a regular, ex post, monitoring exercise of existing aid schemes. The monitoring exercise gradually increased from 20 different schemes in 2006, to 75 schemes in 2014, covering all Member States, all main types of aid approved as well as block-exempted schemes. The monitoring exercises conducted in 2014 led to the openings of four formal investigations. The willingness to increase monitoring seems logical when taking into account EU case law, which imposes, in practice, an obligation for the Commission to review previously approved aid schemes. Yet, only a very small amount of existing aid schemes is monitored, nor is it realistically possible to do monitor all the schemes. As can be read in the recently published DG Competition Management Plan 2016, over the last 10 years the Commission declared over 3000 aid schemes or measures compatible with EU law after a the preliminary phase (“decisions not to raise objections”) alone. This amount does not take into account positive decisions or block exempted aid schemes and measures, all of which should, strictly speaking, be monitored. Exact numbers on the amount of existing aid schemes currently running throughout the EU are not available, but one could safely say that the overwhelming majority of existing aid schemes are not monitored. Unless the State aid department of the Commission dramatically increases its resources, both in terms of finances and staff, monitoring all existing State aid schemes will remain utopic.
The Hungarian tax benefit scheme is not functioning in accordance with its original objectives: many of the sport infrastructure projects funded with public money do not seem strictly necessary and selected professional football clubs benefitted disproportionately. Under these circumstances, a monitoring exercise conducted by the Commission could be needed. If a monitoring exercise confirms disproportionate spreading of subsidies, a consequent set of appropriate measures taken by Hungary could bring the scheme in line with its original objectives. However, given that the majority of schemes are not monitored, there is a very big chance that the Hungarian tax benefit scheme is not one of the “lucky ones” selected. It is also unclear whether the Commission’s answer to the Parliamentary question of 18 May in any way increases that probability.
Another way to force the Commission to look into the aid scheme, not yet discussed above, is through a State aid complaint procedure. Although the tax benefit scheme was already approved by the Commission in 2011, this should not rule out the possibility of an interested party submitting a complaint to inform the Commission of any alleged unlawful aid. Pursuant to Article 12(1), the Commission is obliged to examine without undue delay a complaint by an interested party, thereby automatically triggering the preliminary State aid investigation of Article 108(3) TFEU. Although ‘unlawful aid’ refers to new aid put into effect in contravention of Article 108(3) TFEU, and not existing aid, such as aid schemes authorized by the Commission, ‘new aid’ also refers to existing aid that has been altered by the Member State. In accordance with the Commission’s State Aid Manual of Procedures, for an aid scheme to be altered, the complainant would need to demonstrate that a change has taken place that affects “the evaluation of the compatibility of the aid with the common market”. In addition to this, the complaint would need to include, inter alia, information on the (functioning of) the scheme, the amount of aid granted, and why the scheme is no longer compatible under Article 107(3). A further highly important criterion is for the interested party to demonstrate to the Commission that the complainant is directly affected in its “competitive position” by the aid scheme. This criterion empowers the Commission to separate formal complaints from the complaints that are “not motivated by genuine competition concerns”, thereby reducing considerably its workload of having to launch a (preliminary) investigation based on every single complaint it receives. Complaints submitted by complainants, who the Commission does not consider to be interested parties, will be regarded as “general market information” and do not oblige the Commission to investigate.
The “interested party” criterion was only added after the reform of the Procedural Regulation in 2013, and has affected the professional sport sector considerably. The two years prior saw great activity by the Commission in the sector, including the opening of four formal investigations into alleged State aid to professional football clubs like Real Madrid and Valencia CF. The investigations into alleged aid granted to Real Madrid and Valencia CF were not launched after the submission of a complaint by an interested party, but after “the attention of the Commission was drawn by press reports and information sent by citizens in 2012-2013”. The end of formal investigations into alleged aid granted to professional sport clubs coincided with the introduction of the “interested party” criterion: since citizens are not considered interested parties, the Commission does not have an obligation anymore to investigate complaints, or any form of information, submitted by them. At this moment, only complaints submitted by interested parties, i.e. a party directly affected in its competitive position, have the potential of triggering fresh State aid investigations in the professional sport sector.
Which persons or undertakings fulfill the “interested party” criterion? The answer to this question requires a case by case analysis and depends on the aid measure or scheme chosen by the public authorities. Nonetheless, where aid is granted to a professional sport club, the clearest example of an interested party would be another professional sport club. Getting professional sport clubs to submit State aid complaints is, however, easier said than done. Contrary to other economic sectors where competitors would complain if they feel that they are directly affected in their competitive position, no professional sport club has ever submitted a State aid complaint, nor is it likely to happen anytime soon. As is confirmed by Dutch professional football club FC Groningen’s director Hans Nijland in an article published on 18 May by the Dutch magazine De Groene Amterdammer , “if (another football club) manages to sign a deal with its municipality, I will not complain. In fact, I would say congratulations, well done”. The same mentality probably prevails in Hungary, making it very unlikely that a Hungarian professional football club, or any other professional sport club, decides to submit a complaint alleging unlawful aid to, say, Puskás Akadémia FC due to the disproportionate distribution of subsidies under the tax benefit scheme.
The advantages of EU State aid control include efficient government spending in the economy as well as better accountability and transparency of aid measures. Nonetheless, with the chances of the Commission monitoring existing aid in professional sport, such as the Hungarian tax benefit scheme, being very slim, and given the unlikeliness of a submission of a complaint by a competing professional sport club, how useful are the State aid rules to achieve better accountability and transparency in (professional) sport? Local governments will continue spending large amounts of public money on projects that distort competition and are contrary to the general public interest, without a meaningful risk of being called back. Furthermore, as long as the Commission does not prioritize State aid enforcement to the professional sport sector, similar to how it enforces the State aid rules regarding fiscal aid to multinationals, it is also unlikely that it will investigate ex officio.
From the “efficient use of Commission resources” viewpoint, it is, in a way, understandable that the Commission has decided not to prioritize State aid to professional sport. They are, after all, not the most distortive State aid cases. However, this lack of prioritization is not being compensated with the submission of complaints by interested parties, meaning that public authorities have less to fear from State aid control in the professional sport factor, as compared to other market sectors.
To prevent a complete carte blanche for the public authorities, I would argue that the Commission should impose upon itself stricter conditions as regards monitoring State aid measures and scheme to the benefit of professional sport clubs. The current monitoring system, where the chance of being monitored is smaller than not being monitored, is inefficient in a sector where competitors do not serve as watchdogs. Only by radically increasing the monitoring chance in the professional sport sector can better accountability and transparency of aid measures be achieved.
Case 173/73, Italy v Commission, ECLI:EU:C:1974:71, para 24.
Opinion of Advocate General Lenz in Case C-44/93, Namur-Les Assurances du Crédit SA v Office Nationale du Ducroire , ECLI:EU:C:1994:262, para 86.
Procedural Regulation 2015/1589, Article 22. Contrary to the decision options of formal investigations, a decision to order a recovery of the aid from the beneficiary or beneficiaries, as listed in Procedural Regulation, Articles 9(5) and 16, is not an option for the “review procedure”.
The Enterprise Capital Funds (ECF) decision is a good example of a formal investigation based on ex post review and monitoring. Following a “selected” monitoring exercise in 2011, it was discovered that the UK had failed to take the appropriate measures to bring an aid scheme in line with the Commission Guidelines on Risk Capital , even though it had promised to do so. This led to the Commission opening a formal investigation in November 2011.
Pursuant to Procedural Regulation, Article 26(1), the obligation to submit annual reports applies to decisions “to which no specific reporting obligations have been imposed in a conditional decision”. Under a conditional decision, the Commission attaches to a decision conditions subject to which aid may be considered compatible with the internal market. The tax benefit scheme in the Hungarian sport sector decision has no specific conditions attached to it, apart from the usual obligation for the Member State concerned to submit an annual report to the Commission.
Commission Decision of 9 November 2011, SA.31722 – Hungary - Supporting the Hungarian sport sector via tax benefit scheme , para 57.
Procedural Regulation 2015/1589, Article 26(2).
EU State Aid Modernisation Communication of 8 May 2012 , para 19.
Commission Staff Working Document of 4 June 2015, “ Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on Competition Policy 2014 ”, page 10.
Ibid. One of the investigations involved the Enterprise Capital Funds scheme – Supra n5.
DG Competition document of 18 March 2016 REF. Ares(2016)1370536 “ Management Plan 2016 ”, page 15.
Procedural Regulation 2015/1589, Article 24(2).
Internal DG Competition working documents on procedures for the application of Articles 107 and 108 TFEU of 10 July 2013, State Aid Manual of Procedures , Section 5, para 1.2.1.
A complaint that does not comply with the compulsory complaint form, or if the complainant does not provide sufficient grounds to show the existence of unlawful aid can be withdrawn by the Commission. See Procedural Regulation 2015/1589, Article 24(2).
Form for the Submission of Complaints Concerning Alleged Unlawful State Aid or Misuse of Aid , point 3.
Draft Report by the European Parliament of 19 March 2013 on the proposal for a Council Regulation amending Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article 93 of the EC Treaty (COM (2012) 725 final) , page 17.
Council Regulation (EU) No 734/2013 of 22 July 20-13 amending Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article 93 of the EC Treaty OJ L204/14.
An explanation on why the public financing of sports infrastructure and professional sports clubs only started to attract State aid scrutiny in recent years can be read in: Ben Van Rompuy and Oskar van Maren, “EU Control of State Aid to Professional Sport: Why Now?” In: “The Legacy of Bosman. Revisiting the relationship between EU law and sport”, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2016.
See, for example Commission decision of 18 December 2013, SA.36387 Spain – Alleged aid in favour of three Valencia football clubs, para 3. The other formal investigations to professional football clubs (i.e. Real Madrid , five Dutch football clubs and four Spanish football clubs ), were also launched after the Commission received information through citizens and/or the press.
Or the Commission decides to open an investigation ex officio pursuant to Procedural Regulation 2015/1589, Article 12(1). However, this is very unlikely, given the lack of priority given by the Commission to sport.
For example, in the case of the Hungarian tax benefit scheme, clubs or associations not active in the sport sector (e.g. theatre clubs, art clubs, etc.), could potentially argue that they have been placed in a disadvantageous position, since they cannot receive donations under the scheme. An aid measure provided in the form of advantageous land transactions, such as the Real Madrid case, could directly affect any undertaking interested in purchasing the same land, or any other plot of land against other market conditions.
Hester den Boer and Bram Logger, “ Een spits van belastinggeld; Onderzoek – Lokale overheden blijven profvoetbal massaal steunen ”, De Groene Amsterdammer, 18 May 2016, page 5.
See for example Oskar van Maren, “EU State Aid Law and Professional Football: A threat or a Blessing?” , European State Aid Law Quarterly, Volume 15 1/2016, pages 31-46.
High profile formal State aid investigations into alleged aid granted by means of selective tax agreements between Member State governments and multinationals like Starbucks, Fiat, Amazon or Apple, have launched in the last few years.
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Here is a list of things you will need - These are instructions for making two bibs.
Organize your fabric so you have five strips of fabric across and 6 down.
Step two- Taking a row at a time sew your pieces of fabric together - making sure to keep the fabric in the order you have them organized in step 1. Use a 1/4" seam allowance for entire bib. Iron.
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Step nine - cut around the edges and turn. Sew the opening closed.
Step ten - Attach the snap - here is a picture of the snaps I used. These are pretty heavy duty, you could of course use something different. I just have a hard time when my babies turn into toddlers getting them to keep their bibs on.
A little note - I just used the tip of my scissors to make a hole to fit the snap through. Directions for attaching the snaps are on the back of the package.
These bibs make the perfect baby gift. I like to put it with a couple matching burp cloths. By the way, the fabric I used is called Hometown by Sweetwater for Moda. They don't make it anymore, but you may be able to find it on etsy or something. A charm pack works perfect for this project.
Just adorable! Thanks for the tutorial.
Love, love, love this. Thanks for sharing. I like to make things to go into gift baskets that are given to women that deliver babies while their husband is off at war. Through the Operation Homefront program a group of quilters fill such baskets with bibs, onesies, quilts, baby toys & food, etc. These will be fun to make and include in these baskets.
Thank you for sharing your expertise! I love looking at all the things you've made--you're an inspiration to me.
Hope you're doing well and are just busy with summer, family, and sewing for Moda! Miss you and your posts.
He's local and I bought a 7 foot quilt ladder from him and a miniature quilt rack too. I plan on buying the wall hangers (two of them) for my sewing room later this fall. I thought the prices were so reasonable and I like the idea of not having to dust a shelf above the quilts.
P.S. I'm not affiliated with him in any way other than being a satisfied customer!
Thank you for this tutorial. I started to follow her!
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Many people have asked us the question “How do you make money to support your homestead and homebuilding project”? The answer is not completely straightforward, but our financial strategy is layered and one of our strategies includes being open to jump on great financial opportunities when they come up. Most recently, we had the opportunity to salvage a bunch of reclaimed construction materials from a home just days before it was demolished, which we estimated was between $5,000 – $7,000 in value.
In more detail, here is what happened: We were at the laundromat one day, well into our second month of our homesteading journey, when I decided to check Craigslist in the “materials” section to see if anything was available that we were in need of. I saw an ad for a bunch of metal roofing for $300 for someone who was willing to disassemble it themselves. It looked like the roofing was on an older home and barn, and while the home and barn were clearly uninhabitable, the roofing looked just fine in the photos. We called the poster of the ad immediately and scheduled a visit to see the roofing first thing in the morning.
When we arrived, we were blown away at the amount of roofing that also happened to be in pretty great condition. The man also let us know that the house was going to be demolished in just two days so if there was anything else we wanted, we were free to take it. Anything in the house and barn were fair game, including all of the lumber. We paid the man his $300 immediately and went back to the house to get our tools. We had many other projects that were underway (such as our septic installation) and needed our attention, but this opportunity wouldn’t be available if we didn’t take it now, so we were forced to re-prioritize.
Here you can see the roofing on the lean-to barn, and the house is in the background to the right. Perfectly good roofing!
We will go into detail on what we all we were able to salvage from the demolition below, but in a nutshell some of the salvaged building materials include: a bunch of metal roofing, cedar 1x12s, cedar posts, doug fir 2x4s, 4×4 posts, firewood, and more.
When we arrived at the demolition site, our first priority was salvaging all of the roofing as that is what we paid for, and was likely the most valuable resource. Metal roofing is extremely expensive and since we knew we needed to roof an entire house and barn (not to mention other structures on our homestead), we knew that every panel would help us out.
Here are most of the panels that we were able to salvage. It was so much labor to get them off!
Taking apart the roofing took a full two days, but at the end of the second day, the contractor let us know that he could give us two extra days to find reusable building materials… score! We were so thankful for this opportunity!
Come day three, we were pretty exhausted from the first two days, but we put our best foot forward and worked hard for two more days, salvaging everything we could. While we started each day with a high-protein breakfast, cold pizza and sugary coffee got us through the rest of the day. Having our portable generator on our tailgate to run our power tools was a life saver.
Under the metal roofing were beautiful cedar boards used as sheathing, and those were on top of cedar post rafters. We had to salvage it all, and we did by the skin of our neck!
Look at this beautiful cedar sheathing! A few of the boards were rotten, but most were salvageable and have already been put to use on our homestead!
We salvaged every single cedar post that were being used as rafters. We can’t even begin to imagine all of the fun ways we can use these around the homestead.
In the lean-to barn, we were able to salvage a lot of 2x4s that were in perfectly good condition (that is, for salvage construction materials). We didn’t get the entire barn disassembled because we ran out of time, but we were able to salvage enough to make a dent in projects around our homestead!
Here are some of the 2x4s we were able to salvage from the lean-to barn.
Here is a list of the reclaimed construction materials that we were able to salvage and what these materials would cost to buy at Home Depot.
Here are just some of the goods! Talk about a hard few days of work!
Here is what the house looked like post-demolition. There were many more usable materials in the house, we just simply didn’t have time to salvage them all. Homes are ending up in piles of rubbish like this daily, with nobody salvaging the materials.
You’re taxed 30-35% on every dollar you earn: If you use money to buy things rather than your time, more than 1/3 of it goes straight to Uncle Sam. This means that if you have a full-time job, you spend the first four months of every year working for the government, without pay, then you get to keep what you earn the other eight months. This means that if you want to spend $5,000 on materials, you’d actually need to earn $7,150 just to have $5,000 after taxes.
Many people can’t earn money on-demand and need a full or part-time job simply to make an income: The problem with money is that for most people, it can rarely be made on-demand. Most employers only want to hire people if they plan to work long-term, and if you want to work dollars for hour, it may be difficult to just go get a quick job to get the cash you need… especially a high-paying job. If you’re able to get a quick side-job at $10/hr, it’s take a really long time to make $5,000 (or $7,150 because 30% plus will go to taxes). This means you’d need to work full-time just over four months to get the $7,150. Because you’d be working full-time, if unique opportunities come up to make money with your time, you wouldn’t be available.
There are many opportunities to save money (or earn money in terms of collecting physical items or resources) but most people don’t have time to take advantage of them: The 40-hour work week is not an accident in the slightest. If you have or have ever worked a full-time job, you know that it can be extremely taxing on your body and mentality. Between working, preparing for work, winding down from work, running errands, preparing a somewhat healthy meal, spending a small amount of time with family, doing something for yourself, having a social activity once a month and getting sufficient rest, there is very little time leftover to do much of anything. To get an idea of how much time you really have to do what you want at the end of a day (or lifetime), watch this short YouTube video.
If you can always use money to buy things you may not push to learn new skills: Some people buy things because they don’t know how to do something themselves (or they don’t have time because they have a J-O-B). As using money may not be an option in our lifetime, we would rather learn the skills to gather our own materials so that we are always working on becoming self-sustainable. Between the two of us, we are a pretty handy team and are learning the skills of survival.
Some people remind us that time is money, and just because we used time to get something doesn’t mean we got a good deal. While this is true in some circumstances (so long as money as we know it exists), we got a heck of a deal with this demolition!
I went to school to become a graphic designer… not take apart roofing. However, being a graphic designer for money wasn’t helping me to build wealth or my dreams. Even though construction is hard work, this is what I believe will help my family build wealth long-term and help us to create long-term happiness.
While we might not use the reclaimed construction material strategy for the building of our home and barndominium (we will likely be cutting down our own trees for those), that doesn’t mean that they won’t be useful and save us A LOT of money around the property. We needed these materials to winterize our portable RV garage, we’ll use the salvage materials to finish our hot tub deck and roof, and we’ll likely need to build some sort of structure to protect our building materials… none of which we want to buy materials for from Home Depot. We can even use reclaimed materials for smaller projects such as our DIY sawhorses.
Just days after the demolition we were able to put the reusable building materials to work when building an off the grid cabin! This cabin only cost us $300 to build when it could have easily cost us $3,000. This is what it looks like when you’re able to resuse construction materials.
Just days after completing the demolition, we were able to use the materials we salvaged to build this cabin add-on for our RV carport. This would have cost us $3,000 if we were to buy the materials from Home Depot. We were out the cost of screws. Oh yea, we also didn’t go in debt over it!
We are not yet professional demolition finders, but we do have some ideas if you wish to do something similar. From what we understand, and from what folks around the internet have said, demolitions are happening every day but most of the perfectly-good materials are simply going to waste or are burned. Here are some things you can do to find a demolition to possibly take advantage of.
Post a flyer around town: If you’re in a small town, try posting a flyer where you’re allowed (think a local building supply store), advertising that you’re looking to salvage materials from demolitions. You can even offer to pay a little cash because that could be a win-win for a contractor that wouldn’t otherwise receive additional cash to tear down a structure.
Call around to contractors and demolition companies: We’ve heard of other people simply calling demolition companies to see if they can get in on the deal before the house is turned into a big pile of rubbish. You may get a lot of no’s, but someone just may give you a ring if you can put the materials to good use.
Search on Craigslist: Since we’ve lived in Idaho, we’ve seen dozens of buildings available for reclaiming. If someone is selling just the roofing (as is what happened in our case), ask them if the building is being demolished and see if you can’t reclaim some of the lumber. If you search “demolition” on Craigslist, you might not find anything, but you may find hints of a demolition in the “materials” section. Often, folks might not tell you the whole story because they may not think that anyone is interested, or it simply isn’t worth their time to advertise.
In order to take advantage of a demolition, or to reclaim materials from an old building, you will have to a bit of disassembly and often, it’s easier to put things together than it is tearing them apart! If we would have found this opportunity just two weeks earlier, we wouldn’t have been able to take advantage of it because we didn’t have the tools we needed.
3000w generator: Many older buildings and homes may not have any power nearby, which means if you plan on using power tools, they won’t work! We took Honda Handi 3000w generator with us as well as a few extension cords and we were able to run every power tool that we needed, wherever we needed. We love that ours is 3000w because we are easily able to run multiple power tools simultaneously without it being too hard on the generator.
We also love that it’s both lightweight and portable so that we can drag it to where we need because if we left it in the truck, our extension cords wouldn’t have been long enough! Check out our Honda Handi 3000w generator review.
Extension cords: We had a few extension cords with us which came in handy in the sizes of 25’, 50’ and 100’. For the most part, we were using the longer extension cords as we were on top of the house which was a ways from our generator.
Hammers: While we don’t use a hammer much on our homestead, this was our primary demolition tool! This house wasn’t built with screws… it was built with nails. We had to hammer and pry, hammer and pry, until the boards came loose.
Milwaukee Sawzall (recipcocating saw): Once we started taking off the roof sheathing, we realized that a hammer and cat’s paw wasn’t going to do the trick as it was exhausting, the boards were coming off in pieces rather than in full, and we were tired! While the Sawzall does take some muscle to control for long periods of time, they’re able to cut through both wood and metal (provided that you have the correct blades) so cutting through nails was a breeze. With this, we were able to rapidly disassemble the sheathing and rafters.
Cordless drill: Some of the things we disassembled were simply screwed together. We brought this Black & decker cordless drill with us but it has since kicked the bucket, so we are now working with a Makita cordless drill set that we wish we would have invested in from the get to.
Hard hat: This isn’t something we wear frequently when we’re working, but anytime you’re in a house that is being demolished, it’s not a bad idea to protect your noggin! Jesse was frequently cutting boards tied to other boards above me, so while it didn’t seem anything would fall (otherwise I wouldn’t have been in the building), you just never know and I’d rather be safe than sorry.
Nail puller: This is really better to get tough nails out than a hammer is. With a hammer and nail puller, you can get many nails out that are fairly embedded within the wood.
Gloves: This demolition absolutely destroyed our bodies and hands! We both had tender spots on our hands when the job was complete as well as blisters. Make sure you have a sturdy set of gloves (or even two sets!) to protect you hands.
Ladders: We had two ladders on this particular job; a 10′ and a 12’ step ladder. The main reason we needed two was because we had two people working. We did need the taller ladder, however, to get on top of the roof of the house where the shorter ladder would have limited our access points.
Summing it Up: Get Creative!
We know that this is a long post, but the importance of it isn’t in the demolition. The importance of this exercise for us is in being creative and using our time to get exactly what we need (at a fraction of the cost of buying it typically) rather than using our precious time to work dollars for hours to buy stuff (will most always overpay).
We are not opposed to using money, and so long as the monetary system as we know it exists we will likely never be completely free from the dollar, but we feel we are off to a great start in cutting out the middle man.
How do you feel (or would you feel) about working to get the materials you need to build your home, rather than working a desk job to buy an overpriced home from the bank? What if the job is incredibly unsexy and uncomfortable at times? What if you’re forced to learn a new skill simply to salvage some materials? Let us know your thoughts!
I had ads in our local free ad paper for a few months in hopes that someone would have an outbuilding, barn or old house we could salvage from. We wanted to build raised garden beds, chicken coops, and compost bins (my dog almost died from eating chicken litter in the compost pile once so we needed it fenced to keep him out!) I even stopped at a few places that had falling down barns, etc. Unfortunately, around here at least, it seems people are too afraid of being sued if I get hurt on their property to allow anyone to come in and salvage. i even offered to sign a statement that I would not sue, to no avail. It kills me to see so much usable material just rotting away!! You got a great deal for sure. Here’s hoping for many more!
I can definitely see people having that fear. People in our neck of the woods are fairly relaxed… when we were land hunting, the owner of one of the properties offered to let us stay in the vacant cabin on the lot we were interested in for the night, and even brought us coffee the next morning! Are you in a larger city, or on the outskirts of a larger city? That seems like bigger city mentality for sure. Have you tried reaching out to contractors directly, or demolition companies?
I also worried about the problem of accidents and getting sued. I don’t think there would be too many opportunities in our area for barter for just that very reason. Such a shame as more and more good materials are going to waste. Many years ago my late husband and I tore down an old aircraft hanger and used the lumber to build our home. We also used a hundred year old barn beam to span the roof. We had exposed beams and a cathedral ceiling . Very little of our home was purchased new. All the windows, doors, lumber for roofing, stairs, floors etc., were all reclaimed. We used new wiring for the electrical as code dictated but anything else we could get second hand we did. Unfortunately, it seems that our local building codes don’t allow that practice anymore ???? they are afraid the materials are inferior…but in actual fact, the old 2×4’s were indeed 2×4 not the pared down version you get today. We built our house (Every nail, screw and saw cut done ourselves!!) almost 40 years ago and it is still standing and doing just fine. Unfortunately, my husband passed away a few years ago and I sold it and had a smaller bungalow built across the road. I have to congratulate you guys on your adventure, I envy your enthusiasm and your energy, I just wished I was a few years younger to undertake a similar project. Keep up the good work and I will continue to enjoy your journey through your posts.. God Bless you both.
Love following your adventure! great post & awesome find!
Great post! My wife, daughter and I built our own off grid cabin and in fact, it’s become our primary source of income. We’ve also amassed 34K followers on Facebook who follow along on our journey of building out 20ft X 24ft solar powered off grid cabin. We love hearing about other people who are helping themselves as well as the planet by recycling, re-using and reducing waste/CO2.
So awesome! I love it. We are addicted to Craigslist as well. We ended up buying a 16′ trailer just so we can haul the treasures!
No homestead yet but I can appreciate your economical scavenging. Your blog gives me great ideas for my homestead when I retire in a few years. Thank you!
Very nice Blog. My husband and I started out on our own journey of being self sufficient 3 years ago. We are slowing moving towards that goal and to being debt free. We are both tradespeople and travel across Canada for work on a regular basis. So we sold our house and bought a motorhome, living in that full time for the last 3 years, traveling around from job to job. This past spring we were able to purchase land in Saskatchewan and fast forward to now, we just finished building a pole barn to winter the RV in (took us about 2 months to complete a 20×30 barn). Anyway, it’s nice to read about others with similar goals and dreams and comforting to know that you are not alone in the uphill battles and the things that just fall into place. I look forward to following you and your husband on your adventure.
I’ve always been one to watch the sides of the interstate when I’m not driving and would always comment on what I saw or tell my hubby to “stop, stop, stop!!!” when we’re out together and I’d jump out and grab whatever it was. Now, I’ve created a monster because he’s always coming home with something he snagged on the side of the road! We have pop-up tents, a new trailer crank, tie-downs and wheel chocks. He has become a roadside pilferer and I love it. We also do side jobs that sometimes yields unexpected “gifts” from the client.
Just a tip , you may need it with all those holes in the sheets .
The plastic noodle cups you throw away should be saved for containers but keep a few to dissolve in a few drops of acetone . It makes a rubbery type of ball that you tear a bit from and plug holes in tin . bit of a touch on both sides and let harden . Solid as a rock and leak proof top or bottom.
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2019-04-20T06:57:47Z
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http://purelivingforlife.com/how-we-found-reclaimed-construction-materials/
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Everyone loves a come-from-behind victory. The greatest victory of all time is when Jesus defied the Romans and rose from the dead on the third day. In doing so, He conquered sin and death. He now lives His resurrected life in all of us, who believe in Him.
This Holy week reminds us of these historical facts, which are the foundation of our faith. We can also see God’s resurrection power at work in our school ministry. Many young people have come to a saving knowledge of Jesus as their Lord and Savior, and many others have grown and strengthened in their faith as a result of spiritual formation process.
I also see the Lord providing our school a great come-from-behind victory. He provided the funds to continue the school when it seemed impossible to do so, and He provided a new campus when we had to leave this one. These are no small miracles folks. Countless people prayed and had faith in the Lord to work these miracles for us, and the Lord answered.
Our very own Shawn Thomas led an amazing Easter Chapel on Tuesday that spoke to all of our hearts about the miracle of Easter. He used painting as a medium to illustrate his message in a way that involved the entire school. It culminated with each student and teacher adding a green leaf to the branches of a tree representing Jesus as the True Vine. In addition to representing our total dependence upon the Lord, represented the deep roots of this ministry, while providing a vision of our future that will continue to bear much fruit. I want to thank Shawn for being used of the Lord to bring us such a powerful message. The painting shown above is on display in our front office, and it will be prominently displayed on our new campus.
Let us thank God for the overarching miracle of redemptive grace through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ for the sins of the world during this Easter season. Let us also thank God for the individual and collective works of grace in the lives of our students and for the resurrection of Brethren Christian as a vibrant ministry long into the future.
Wishing you all a safe and blessed Easter vacation.
The doors are now being painted BC Green at the new campus. We are having multiple planning meetings, which are producing tangible results at the new site.
We now have 110 students enrolling for next year with four months to go!
assist with other moving chores those days.
Many families have asked how they can help the school, and this is a big way to achieve just that. Please save those dates, and thank you in advance!
"After visiting the new campus several times, the Student Transition Team has decided on a really cool and easy way for you to help. We have designed a registry specifically made for the new campus by the students and teachers. You can click this link to go to the Brethren Christian Wish List Registry page and enter the password bchs, and type in Brethren as your “first name” and Christian as your “last name” to browse through what they have selected. There are plans for each item on the registry, such as using The Home Depot gift cards to fill this great piece of land with lounge areas and lawn games. So when you visit the site, click on an item that you would like to donate, choose an amount, and it will be sent to the school. Each donation will be greatly appreciated.
The BC International Space Station (ISS) Team gathered to watch the live video stream of the countdown the launch of the rocket that carried their experiment to the ISS! Their experiment is now orbiting the earth and sending back data to our school in real time! What an exhilarating experience to reach this point after all their hard work this year! Kudos to Mike Donahoe and Rick Peters for leading these students to success!
BC is the only school in Southern California that launched and experiment this year! The success of this program puts BC on the map as a premier school of applied math, science and engineering.
Please email [email protected] if you have a child interested in joining the ISS Team next year.
Congratulations to the Boys Volleyball Team for their Express League Championship! They finished the season undefeated with a 10-0 League record! I congratulate every young man on the team and their great coaches, Mrs. Jann Martes and Mrs. Kayla Snyder.
Congratulations also go to the boys varsity cross country team, who has been selected as the 2019 Team Academic Champion for schools with an enrollment less than 1499! The overall team grade point average was 3.94. Scholar athletes all! This prestigious award will be presented on Monday, May 20th at Angels Stadium prior to the Angels playing the Minnesota Twins. Tickets to the game are $10. Please turn in your order and money to Mrs. Whitmire in the Athletic office by Tuesday, May 7th.
BC Dine Out at Carl's Jr.
Stop by the Carl’s Jr. restaurant at 21532 Brookhurst St, Huntington Beach, CA 92647 between 6AM and 10PM with this flyer, and you will give back to BC! Carl’s Jr will donate 25% of all profits generated by you, your friends, and family when you order any item. You must print out and show the attached flyer in order to give BC the credit. Thanks for your help!
We are looking forward to the Phantom Of The Opera - themed Prom this year. Brethren juniors and seniors: stop by the Front Office to pick up your Prom contract, fill it out, and submit it along with your payment. Thank you.
BC has a special appreciation for all of our service members - past and present. One of our parents notified us of this special showing, and I wanted to pass it on to you. View the 375 foot, three-quarter-sized-replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial with more than 58,000 names of those who made the ultimate sacrifice in Vietnam.
Pictured here are Alex Rehman and Sterling Hanson (class of 2018), who are current Marines, seen with Mr. Hanson volunteering at this memorial ceremony.
The high school choir performed beautifully on the Fantasyland Stage at Disneyland Resort on April 1st through the Disney Performing Arts program. What a wonderful and unique opportunity for our students to sing on a big stage at a great venue. Students learned a lot about the areas of entertainment, performance, and professionalism.
The junior high choir also took a visit to Disneyland on April 8th. They participated in the Vocal Soundtrack Workshop, in which they worked with a professional vocal coach learning how to sing for films and animation in a recording studio. Over the course of the 90-minute session, they recorded two songs along with the respective film footage. The students were exposed to people with careers such as voice-acting, vocal coaching, session singing, sound engineering, etc. What an exciting day they had!
Congratulations also to our junior high and high school bands for great performances at Knott's Berry Farm on Monday, April 8th! The host of the event said that she was "blown away" by our student performers. Way to go Warriors!
Due to missing school on the Good Friday holiday, students will attend periods 4, 5, 6 and 7 on Monday, April 15th consistent with a Friday schedule (with regular start and end times). Please plan accordingly.
This will not impact start and end times of the day, but will affect students class times.
Did you know that Brethren Christian School partners with three different universities to offer dual enrollment courses to high school students so that they can start getting college credit early? Visit our Dual Enrollment web page to learn about our opportunities through Grand Canyon University, Biola University and Duke University.
We are counting down to our launch to the International Space Station on Wednesday, April 17th, between 1:30PM and 2:30PM. Kudos to Mike Donahoe, Rick Peterson and the brilliant students on our ISS team, who have constructed a scientific experiment that will be tested in micro-gravity aboard the ISS starting next week.
It was such a blessing to attend the praise and worship concert last night led by our student worship leaders. Jesus was lifted up, the Holy Spirit was moving, and we all prayed for each other. This is at the heart of who we are as a Christian school ministry, and I am so blessed to be a part of this Christ centered community.
We are looking forward to the Phantom Of The Opera themed BC Prom this year. Brethren juniors and seniors, stop by the Front Office to pick up your Prom contract and fill it out, and submit it along with your payment.
Tonight our junior high students are enjoying a fun 1950's themed dance, complete with hamburgers and chocolate malts! It was a bee boppin' good time for all!
I lift you high in praise, my God, O my King! and I'll bless your name into eternity.
Our new school sign is now up in front of the Grace Church campus on Edinger! We will be painting the doors green in the next several weeks, and we will be adding our Warrior head logo on the window of the school office.
The two new portable buildings are being ordered, and will be in place by July. We have planned the cleaning and painting of the classrooms for June or earlier.
· assist with other moving chores those days.
Two of our students, Nikki He and Jason Tran, have started this club to promote literacy in China.
Please donate any books written in English that are appropriate for grades K-12 to the front office by April 21st. These books will go to Tongdian Middle School in a small village in China that has trouble affording such books. Please sign your name in the books you donate as a personal touch. Thank you!!!
I am so happy and excited to join the Brethren Christian Family as your new Business Manager. I have a daughter that attends Grace Lutheran School, so the partnership is a blessing to me and my family. As part of the Transition Team, I look forward to helping with the move. I also look forward to meeting and serving all of you!
If any of your personal items are at our school, please claim them before May 20th. It will either be sold, donated of thrown away after that. We do not wish to dispose of any items that belong to a school family, so please see Mr. Reyes, Mr. Namahoe, or Mr. Lanning to reclaim any items belonging to you. Thank you.
The students should dress in their 50’s finest (girls—dresses & boys—button down shirts & no blue jeans)!
Dinner & Dessert are included in the ticket price.
This event is meant to be more of a fun, group experience – not a couples event.
If you have any questions, feel free to email [email protected] or call the front office. We want this to be a fun event for all of our Junior High students and to make memories with their friends.
Our Student Transition Team requested that the classroom doors at the new campus be painted BC green, and the church has agreed with that. We will also be purchasing green shade coverings.
We have ordered a new sign for our campus, which will be posted on Edinger Avenue within the next week or so. We are also preparing the school office for visitors soon.
We have made the decision to purchase two new portable buildings to replace the older ones currently on the campus. This will provide three more classrooms and three more office spaces.
We are now at 100 students enrolling for next year! This was my goal for August 9th, so I am so grateful to see the enrollment so strong at this point. Applications from new and domestic students continue coming in almost daily, which bodes well for a healthy student body next year. Our new campus will accommodate all of our students, and there are building plans already in place to accommodate growth over the coming years.
We are making a special offer for those few students, who have not yet re-enrolled for next year. We will only raise the re-enrollment fee by $50 until the end of March. That means you will pay $249 instead of $550 if you enroll by the end of this month. This is a savings of $301. You can enroll online via our website at www.bchs.net/reenroll/.
The tuition, tech fee, and most other fees will not increase for next year, but you will receive the same quality education you’ve come to expect from BC at our new location. You will receive a 2% discount on tuition for next year, if you pay in full by April 15th.
We do not have enough students requesting bus service for next year to make it cost effective. However, we are creating a carpool system that will help those of you still requiring transportation services. Another option we have been exploring is to partner with the student-driving service, Hop Skip Drive, which is a sedan service that transports groups of children to and from schools.
Thank you so much for your support as we work together to arrive at the best way to accommodate everyone's transportation needs. We'll be working with the PFC to create a carpool sign-up sheet for parents and to request volunteer drivers. Please contact Shawn Thomas, our Admissions Director at [email protected] if you have any questions, since he will be working with the PFC and our parents to ensure every student has transportation next year.
During my first year here at Brethren Christian, I have felt God’s presence constantly among the students and staff. I have been impressed with a focus and balance of teaching students to follow Christ while also providing quality instruction. I believe God has protected this school, because He has plans for it to become even stronger and a bigger influence in the community. I am excited to see what God has in store for Brethren Christian School - a place where teachers care so much for the whole student. It has been a pleasure to be a part of this school, and I look forward to next year with excitement.
I want to send a shout out to the following students, who won awards at the Creative Writing Festival.
Kudos to them and their English Teachers, Stephanie Johnson and Marcia Maresh, for achieving such recognition for excellence in writing!
All of our spring sports are doing great!
The softball team has won three games this season after two previous seasons without a win – go Lady Warriors!
The Boys Volleyball team is undefeated in league, and may be heading to the playoffs! Way to go team!
This event is meant to be more of a fun, group experience not a couples event.
Flyers in the Library and the front office.
Brethren Christian School has partnered with the Semita School for a number of years to provide supplementary programs, e.g., ESL classes, SAT/TOEFL test prep, and academic tutoring, etc., for our International Students. However, their program also focuses on global education and cultural immersion for all school-aged young people, and has locations in 14 countries throughout the world. They are extending an invitation to our current domestic BC students to explore China for two weeks, August 3-17, 2019, with their Global Ambassador Program and to gain valuable experience that will impact their lives for years to come! Please visit our Events Page for more information.
Brethren Christian School has been given two amazing opportunities through the International Space Station (ISS) Program. If you or your student is interested in Computer Programming, Astronomy, or Autonomous Robotic Vehicles, you won't want to miss these. First is a tutorial on Python Programming Language, led by UC Santa Cruz Professor Dr. Raja Thakurta. Detailed information can be found on their tutorial page. Next is the AWS Deep Racer Program, and programming mini-race cars. For more information, please contact Mike Donahoe at [email protected].
Congratulations to our BC ISS Program as their experiment will be launched into space on April 17, 2019. Please stay tuned for more details if you would like to attend the launch party. On May 1st there will be a banquet celebrating our first year of space exploration with the ISS program. Tickets are $10 and parents and guests are invited. RSVP details coming soon.
I notified parents in December that Kimberly McGovern switched to working hourly in the role of Business Manager. We've decided that we need a full time person in the office again to provide full service to our staff and parents, so Donna Martin will begin as our full-time Business Manager on Tuesday, March 26th. Donna is highly experienced and capable, and I am sure you will all be happy with the service she provides. I will provide a photo and bio of her as soon as next week.
I thank Kimberly for her service, and I am sure you will join me in wishing her well in her future endeavors.
The Brethren Christian High School choir participated in the annual ACSI Musicale, which was held at Lake Avenue Congregational Church over the course of two days. The students performed and were adjudicated in small and large ensembles, and were under the direction of Dr. Dan Jackson from Point Loma Nazarine University for the combined mass choir. Three of our numbers were selected to be sung in the command performance, and Sam Skarin (senior), Sierra Martin (senior), and Rachel Kent (sophomore) were chosen as soloists for the mass choir numbers. Congratulations to all the BC choir students!
Tonight at 7PM, come enjoy this free concert featuring both the junior high and high school bands & choirs as we celebrate the passage into spring! Don't miss it.
Yours, O Lord , is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty, for all that is in the heavens and in the earth is yours. Yours is the kingdom, O Lord , and you are exalted as head above all.
We had a wonderful time at the new campus yesterday as you can see in the photos (more photos can be viewed on our Brethren Christian Facebook Page). The students seemed genuinely surprised at how nice the campus is, and many commented on how much they liked it. They were already making their plans for how to use the space for clubs and classes.
We continue to work closely with the Grace Lutheran church/school staff to work out the many details of a successful move. The transition teams from both organizations are working with a spirit of collaboration to arrive at win-win solutions. It is becoming more and more evident that this partnership is creating positive outcomes for ministries.
Many thanks to Andrea Potter and the PFC, who helped make this a great trip! Kudos to Ms. Flippin, Mrs. Simonds, Mrs. Heffernan and others, who made this trip happen!
We are scheduling a make-up Field Trip for our choir students, who were not able to join us yesterday, so stay tuned for details.
Our Student Transition Team visited the school this afternoon to continue their input on how to give the campus the BC look and feel. Their enthusiasm is infectious, and it is wonderful to see how excited they are about the campus move.
We are making a special offer for those few students who have not yet re-enrolled for next year. Since we just recently announced our new location at the church campus, we will only raise the re-enrollment fee by $50 until the end of March. That means you will pay $249 instead of $550 if you enroll by the end of this month. This is a savings of $301. You can enroll online via our website at www.bchs.net/reenroll/.
There is a wonderful bond created when we work together in moving and setting up a new place to minister together. It creates “ownership” among our students, parents, and staff. I’m looking forward to see how God will work this new iteration of the BC campus for His good. Let’s grow and learn together!
There will be no school on Monday. We placed this long weekend on our calendar because it is a long time between Christmas break and Easter Vacation. I wish all of you a safe, happy and blessed weekend!
Come enjoy this free concert featuring both the junior high and high school bands & choirs as we celebrate the passage into spring! Enjoy a variety of songs and experiences that center around the theme of growth and renewal. Join us Friday, March 22 at 7PM in the BC Mall.
…then know this, you and all the people of Israel: It is by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom you crucified but whom God raised from the dead, that this man stands before you healed. Salvation is found in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to mankind by which we must be saved.
We now have 90 students enrolling for next year so far. Since we are already at 90% of our enrollment goal for next year with six months to go, we have raised our enrollment projections to 125 students, which we may surpass. I have never seen this rate of enrollment at this point in the process during my 20 years in Christian education. We thank all of you, and we praise the Lord. This really helps our planning process, so bless all of you for re-enrolling early.
We are rescheduling our Field Trip to our new Campus to Thursday, March 14th. Please stay tuned for details, but I want to ask now that you consider driving our students to and from Grace Lutheran on that day. If you would like to do that, please sign-up on our Grace Field Trip Sign-Up page. We will get there at 11:15, and we will leave at about 12:30. We will provide a free pizza lunch to every student, so only pack a lunch if your child(ren) has/have a special diet (or if they don’t like pizza). It will be a great time for students to tour the new campus and to have fun with their classmates. We will also take time to pray together for the new campus.
We will be setting up our new School Office at the Church Campus very soon. Our Admissions Director, Shawn Thomas, will have some office hours there, and we will post them when available.
Our student Transition Team has already started a list of items they want to see done at the new Campus. The team will take a field trip there soon to get more clarity on how to give it the BCHS feel. I am so proud of these students, who have taken the initiative to ensure that the BC spirit continues next year and beyond!
We are making a special offer for those few students, who have not yet re-enrolled for next year. Since we just recently announced our new location at the church campus, we will only raise the re-enrollment fee by $50 until the end of March. That means you will pay $249 instead of $550 if you enroll by the end of this month. This is a savings of $301. You can enroll online via our website at www.bchs.net/reenroll/.
What I’m most looking forward to next year is to be part of the amazing community that is Brethren Christian. Being one of the new additions, I have been amazed at how welcoming and influential the BC family has been in my life. It is evident that this ministry has a passion for helping young individuals be followers of Christ and to use His teachings to better their community. Brethren will continue its impactful ministry at its new location at Grace Lutheran, and I’m excited to see all the ways BC will make a positive impact on students for many years to come!
Do not miss our amazing BC Playhouse production of Godspell, which has only two more performances: Friday, March 8th and Saturday, March 9th. The show begins at 7pm and tickets are available online at $10 for students and $15 for adults! Come support your fellow classmates and enjoy another amazing BC musical!
Congratulations to the JH Girls Volleyball Team for making it to the CALOC D4 Championships. They played a great match but fell short. 2nd place is still an awesome accomplishment and we are very proud of them.
The Varsity Boys Volleyball team participated in the 2-day Beach Bash Volleyball Tournament this past weekend and brought home the 3rd place trophy with a victory in the final match over Capistrano Valley Christian. Congratulations Warriors! Logan Egan (left) and Seth Klaasen (right) were awarded "All-Tournament Honors." Check out the schedule on the team page on the BC website and come cheer the team on this season.
Our next PFC Dine-Out Fundraiser is scheduled for Tuesday, March 12, at 85 degrees Bakery in Fountain Valley between the hours of 3-6PM and 25% of proceeds will go back to BC. You must show this flyer when you make your purchase!
A large Function Hall with a full kitchen for multi-use, band practice, coffee time, lunch, pep rallies and other activities.
A library that can be used for study halls, meetings, etc.
A full BC school office space with reception area and 3 individual offices.
A large courtyard for lunch, breaks and activities.
A grass quad for PE classes and other outdoor activities.
Ample parking and a complete carpool circle for easy drop off and pick up.
A large, two floor office and classroom building.
The church campus has the look and feel of a high school campus, and it affords us ample space to conduct all school functions in style. It provides a separation of Grace’s PK-8 school and our school. With that said, our students entering Grace’s 8th grade next year will still be able to avail themselves of many of our BC programs.
We will still utilize the school field for athletic practices and games, and our art room will most likely be located on the main campus. Some of our teachers will also teach certain subjects to Grace’s students on the school campus. Our Student Transition team will make suggestions on how to create a BC look and feel on the church campus. As a reminder, this campus is near the corner of Edinger and Goldenwest. Feel free to visit there, and just check in with the church office upon arrival. Stay tuned for a school field trip to the church campus in the coming weeks.
This is an unexpected and additional blessing to our Campus move plans, so let’s praise the Lord together for this tremendous upgrade to our future campus plans!
The first phase of our re-enrollment period ends TOMORROW (Feb. 28th), so register now and take advantage of our early enrollment discount.
Seventy students are already enrolling for next year, which is 70% of our enrollment goal with 6 months to go. This greatly surpasses our expectations for this first month of re-enrollment, so I thank the parents and praise the Lord!
You can enroll online via our website at www.bchs.net/reenroll/. We are offering a special discount on re-enrollment for the month of February at only $199. The fee goes up to $550 on March 1st. So, if you re-enroll in February, you will save $351 on the re-enrollment fee.
The tuition, tech fee, and most other fees will not increase for next year, but you will receive the same quality education you’ve come to expect from BC at our new location. You will receive a 3% discount on tuition for next year, if you pay in full by February 28th, and a 2% discount if you pay by April 15. These are increased discounts over last year, which were 2% and 1% respectively.
Since my first year here at Brethren Christian, I felt God’s presence constantly among the students and staff. I have been impressed with a focus and balance of teaching students to follow Christ, while also providing quality instruction. I believe God has protected and preserved this school, because He has plans for it to become even stronger and a bigger influence in the community. I am excited to see what God has in store for Brethren Christian School - a place where teachers care so much for the whole student. It has been a pleasure to be a part of this school, and I look forward to new beginnings on our new campus next year!
I want to introduce Mrs. Jacqlyn Kodis, who will deliver our Options Program at our new location. She is the current Opportunities Director (similar to Options) at Grace Lutheran, and she will continue that program for their K-8 students, while she directs Options for our High School students. We will be hiring an Options support teacher to replace Mrs. Kayla Snyder's position. Please email Mrs. Kodis directly to review your child’s academic plan for next year at [email protected]. I am confident that you will be pleased with the skill and experience Mrs. Kodis brings to this position.
You may or may not know that my doctoral dissertation is in special education/diversity, and I have delivered special education programs in three school systems. I remain committed to having a program that maintains the high level of Options programming that you have come to expect from a BC education. We are blessed to have Mrs. Kodis available to make this program available to you as seamlessly as possible.
Hello! My name is Jacqlyn Kodis, and I am the current Resource Teacher at Grace Lutheran School. I have my Bachelor’s degree in Special Education and over 15 years of experience. I previously worked at Brethren Christian for ten years as Assistant Director of the Options Program. My three brothers and I attended Brethren - my father did also. I am married and have one son in 6th grade. I am very much looking forward to getting to know each one of you and working with your students.
Attention parents! Your student's Six-Week Progress Report will be handed out to them tomorrow (Thursday, Feb 28th) during third period. We encourage our families to ask their students to see their progress report and discuss their academic classroom experience.
The first phase of our re-enrollment period ends on February 28th, so register now and take advantage of our early enrollment discount.
The tuition, tech fee, and most other fees will not increase for next year, but you will receive the same quality education you’ve come to expect from BC at our new location. You will receive a 3% discount on tuition for the 2019-20 school year when you pay in full by February 28th, and a 2% discount when you pay in full by April 15th, 2019. These are increased discounts over last year, which were 2% and 1% respectively.
Our Transition Teams are meeting, and the campus planning is going very well. We are coming up with creative ideas on how to best utilize the church and school campuses. Our Student Transition Team has already met once to share their ideas on how to give our new home the BCHS look and feel. Our employee and student transition teams will soon take field trips to the new campuses, so they can get a better sense of what they would like to see there.
I'm grateful for God's provision of this partnership with Grace Lutheran Church and School, which provides Brethren a place in Huntington Beach for us to call home. It puts us in close relationship with a school that cares about Christian education as much as we do. I'm looking forward to continuing our Warrior tradition of excellence in music in our new location, and I hope all of my students will join us next year. Soli Deo Gloria!
Mrs. Danielle Heffernan and her Light Team students delivered an amazing program of spiritual development for our students this week. We went out to serve our community to show the love of Jesus, and this theme of service permeated the entire week of chapels. Today culminated with four of our amazing students bringing the Word to their classmates (Chloee Booth, Paige Savoy, Ben Timblin and Mike Contreras). We ended in a special time of prayer with staff and students, and it was evident that the Holy Spirit was at work among us. This week underscores the foundation of BC, which is Jesus Christ. HE is the reason we exist and persist in the work of the gospel through our school ministry. Praise be to God!
We have just received official notification that we have been awarded another 6-year accreditation period from WASC/ACSI, which is the longest period they grant a school. This is a credit to the teachers and staff, who create the high level of excellence you have come to expect from a BC education. To God be the Glory!
Information for each of these events can be found on our website Homepage either under the "Our Latest News" section, or on the Calendar.
The PFC Board in concurrence with BC administration has decided to cancel this year’s Color Run due to all the focus needed on our upcoming campus move. We are sorry to disappoint all that were looking forward to this fun, BC-community building event. We are embarking on plans to have the Color Run in the fall of the upcoming school year in a combined effort with Grace Lutheran. We would like to see the fall event be a celebration of our two schools coming together in a new way to support Christian education, and to rejoice together for our new campus, the new school year, and our good health!
Most of our athletic coaches are also returning. I regret to inform you that Jann Martes, Kayla Snyder, Marian Mine and Dorothy Heinz have decided not to come back next year due to their own personal reasons. Darrin Smith will not be returning, because we will only need one science teacher next year. I cannot thank each of them enough for their contributions to BC, and they will be sorely missed. I am sure we will have parties for them at the end of the year, but please share your love with them now as well.
We will continue our Choir and Options programs in full force, and we are currently in discussions with potential employees to carry on the great work of these programs.
Let us thank the Lord that the majority of our wonderful staff will be staying with us, which will maintain our high level of stability and excellence at BCHS.
This update is longer than usual due to the many activities taking place right now, but all of the information is important and timely, so please take the time to read it through. It’s a great time to be a Warrior, so let’s thank God for all He is doing in our midst!
Much progress has been made since we made the announcement of our campus move a couple of weeks ago.
Our Town Hall meeting at BC on Monday of last week was well attended. I presented a PowerPoint over-viewing the move to the Grace Lutheran campus. You can visit our FAQ page for details on the moving process at www.bchs.net/movetograce/ and you can view the PPT on our website. Many parents expressed their support of BC and their intention to move with us to our new location. Parents also asked excellent questions – some of which the board and I could answer directly and others that we will be able to answer after more transition meetings. Our transition team will be working diligently to iron out the many details of the move.
Our Town Hall meeting at Grace Lutheran on Tuesday of last week was also a great event for both schools. Both communities had time to hear from each other and to ask questions about the move and the cooperation between our schools. I believe we began to build a joint sense of community at this meeting that will bode well for the future.
On Wednesday, February 27th our current 7th grade BC students and their families are encouraged to attend a luncheon at the Grace Lutheran campus to visit teachers and their facilities during the day, and have an In-N-Out lunch together with the Grace staff, faculty and families. We are invited to visit their campus at 11:30am and celebrate this promising opportunity together. Please contact BC Admissions Director, Mr. Shawn Thomas, directly at [email protected] for any questions, or to reserve a spot on this field trip. 7th grade parents and students are welcome.
Stay tuned for more meetings, updates and open houses in the near future. In the meantime, don’t hesitate to contact me directly with any question you may have at [email protected]. On behalf of our board, teachers and staff, let me thank you for the outpouring of support of BC during this time of transition. It’s an exciting time of positive change for our school, so let’s enjoy the adventure together!
Our school calendar for next year will remain largely unchanged from what we have already published on our website. We will start 3 weeks before Grace Lutheran, which will give us time to settle in before both schools fill out the campus after Labor Day.
Our school day will most likely begin at 7:50AM to allow for a smooth flow of traffic during drop off, since the Grace Pre School (PS) and Elementary School (ES) start at 8:00AM and 8:10AM respectively.
We are carving out the BCHS portions of the campus in productive meetings with Grace, and we will basically be located in the front half of the campus with Grace PS and ES in the back half of the campus. We plan to install several portable buildings to accommodate classroom needs for both schools. We may utilize some space on the church campus if needed, but that has not yet been determined. We are assessing our bussing needs, so please email Shawn Thomas at [email protected] if you desire bussing next year. Please include your address in the email and how many students in your family will need bussing.
A group of students have formed a Student Transition Team to help make our section of the new campus look and feel like Brethren next year. This was under their own initiative, which shows the leadership qualities of our students and their love for BCHS!
The BC Playhouse will be performing the classic musical Godspell March 1st, 2nd, 8th, and 9th! The show begins at 7pm and student tickets will be $10 and adults $15! Tickets can be purchased online! Come support your fellow classmates and enjoy another amazing BC musical.
Did you know that Brethren Christian School has a connection with Duke University that allows our students to access their summer educational programs? They have a number of different types of summer programs available, and it may help you earn college credit whether you are a sophomore, junior or senior. Visit the page description and check with Ms. Flippin, our Academic Dean, to see if you are eligible for any of these programs.
On Saturday, March 23rd from 9am - 1pm we will be hosting the SAT/ACT Practice Exam with the Catalyst hybrid program. This is a great opportunity to get experience in a simulated testing environment and stay ahead of the game. For more information, visit our Practice Exam event page or call 800.235.0056, or email [email protected].
Our Third Annual Color Run is coming up on April 6th, 2019, but we need to start planning for it now, and there are plenty of ways that you can help. Visit our Color Run Sign-Up web page and choose a committee of which you would like to be a part. There is space for: setting up and cleaning, setting up the Chili table, coordinating the color run activities, and advertising for the event. Please go and sign-up for something today! The PFC leadership is working hard to make this a fun and successful event for our community, so please support them in this effort. Thank you SO much.
Award-Winning Gospel singer, Ray Sidney, and the Firm Soundation Band, will be leading our BC Gospel Choir in some energetic and uplifting Gospel Music. Come rejoice with the whole community this Friday at 7PM in our Mall. Tickets are $5 and can be purchased online or at the BC front office.
You won’t want to miss this musical event featuring jazz saxophonist great, Bruce Babad, performing with the BC Jazz Bands on Friday, February 22nd at 7PM in the Mall. A table for 4 with light food and beverage service is $100, and General Admission is $7. You can purchase tickets online or at the front desk with Mrs. Heinz.
Our Spiritual Emphasis Week kicks-off with BC Blitz next Monday, February 11th. Students will come to campus at 8am as usual, and after some prayer and instruction, groups of students will travel to locations in the surrounding community to serve and bless the people of our neighborhood. This is our way of living out the gospel message of serving the poor by blessing those around us, and saying "thank you" to the Orange County community. Students will be back on campus to be picked up by their families at 12:30pm. The school bus will leave BC at 12:45pm, so please plan accordingly. Students should bring lunch (or money for lunch), as we conclude the day by eating together. If any parents would like to volunteer, please contact the front office at 714-962-6617. I want to give a special thanks to Mrs. Heffernan for planning a great week of spiritual growth for all of our students.
Send a song to a loved one to celebrate Valentine's Day! The sign up sheet is in the front office, or you can go online and fill out the form and pay the $5.00 song fee. For multiple songs and Valentine requests, simply fill out multiple request forms. Your song(s) will be delivered to your Valentine during class on February 13th!
Our re-enrollment period began last Friday. You can enroll online via our website at www.bchs.net/reenroll/. We are offering a special discount on re-enrollment for the month of February at only $199. The fee goes up to $550 on March 1st. So, if you re-enroll in February, you will save $351 on the re-enrollment fee.
Tuition, the tech fee, and most fees will not increase for next year, but you will receive the same quality education you’ve come to expect from BC at our new location. You will receive a 3% discount on tuition for next year, if you pay in full by February 28th, and a 2% discount if you pay by April 15. These are increased discounts over last year, which were 2% and 1% respectively.
Nineteen of our students have been selected for the ACSI Honor Band! Mr. Montgomery will accompany them to this wonderful growth opportunity today and tomorrow. To have so many students selected from our small school is a prime example of how we perform out of proportion to our size. Kudos to Mr. M and to all of the exceptional musicians selected!
Our Boys Varsity Basketball Team lost a close game in the first round of the CIF Playoffs last night. Congratulations to Coach Jefferson, and the whole team for making it to the playoff rounds. It was a great season, and our team improved every game under the leadership of our exceptional coaching staff.
Our re-enrollment period begins this Friday, February 1st. You can enroll online via our website at www.bchs.net/reenrollment/. We are offering a special discount on re-enrollment for the month of February at only $199. The fee goes up to $550 on March 1st. So, if you re-enroll in February, you will save $351 on the re-enrollment fee.
Tuition, the tech fee, and most fees will not increase for next year, but you will receive the same quality education you’ve come to expect from BC at our new location. You will receive a 3% discount on tuition for next year, if you pay in full by February 28th, and a 2% discount if you pay by April 15th. These are increased discounts over last year, which were 2% and 1% respectively.
On behalf of the BC Board of Trustees, I am happy to announce that we have secured a new location for our school!
We will be moving to the Grace Lutheran School property and sharing their campus beginning with the 2019/20 school year this coming August. They have two campuses that we will utilize, and both are in Huntington Beach. The main school campus is located at 5172 W McFadden Avenue, and the Church/school campus is located at 6931 Edinger Avenue.
The Huntington Beach City School District (HBCSD) will reclaim our campus for use in their Measure Q building renewal project in the summer of 2020. While we appreciate that time frame, we are blessed to have secured a campus solution one year early. This move will be an enormous savings in facilities costs, and we will realize those savings a year in advance of our projections.
Grace Lutheran operates a PK-8 school on the McFadden campus. BC Junior & Senior High School will become BC High School (BCHS) next August. We will operate primarily on the McFadden Campus, and secondarily on the Edinger campus if we need extra space. BC has been losing enrollment in our middle school grades for some time, and we were phasing out one grade per year. The timing of this move has led us to eliminate our 7th and 8th grades simultaneously for next year, and to complete our transition to a high school in conjunction with our move the Grace campus.
BCHS will remain its own school and work in mutually beneficial cooperation with Grace on the same campus. This is not a school merger – it is a campus move. With that said, there will be synergies and efficiencies that will benefit both ministries, and we will cooperate for the betterment of both schools. One example would be that both Grace and BCHS students could join the BCHS band, which would bless Grace students and strengthen our band program.
I wanted to share what the Grace Lutheran Principal, Mrs. Jean Kucucarslan, has to say about our move to their campus: "Part of our mission and vision at Grace Lutheran Church & School is working together with other followers of Jesus within our community for the sake of our wider neighborhood. We are grateful the Lord has led us into this promising relationship with Brethren Christian, a vibrant and dynamic school dedicated to academic excellence and positive character development to the glory of God for over 70 years."
We encourage our current 7th graders to enroll in Grace’s 8th grade class for next year. We believe this will be the best way for your children to remain connected to BC and to smoothly transition into our 9th grade the following year. Grace will be encouraging their 8th graders to enter BCHS in 9th grade, which will grow our freshman class. All 8th graders will pay the Grace tuition rates. Please contact Mrs. Ivy @ [email protected] for tuition rates and an application.
There are many details to follow, and you no doubt will have many questions. Please come to our Town Hall meeting in the BC Mall at 7PM on Monday, January 28th and/or Grace Lutheran School Multi-purpose room at 5PM on Tuesday, January 29th. You will also be invited to Town Hall meetings and Open Houses in the coming weeks and months to learn more. Please contact me directly at [email protected] for any questions, or make an appointment to meet with me by contacting Mrs. Dorothy Heinz at [email protected].
Let us rejoice together in what the Lord is doing! We thank God for providing the path forward for BC long into the future. On behalf of our board, teachers and staff, I thank you for your support of BC. As we begin our 72nd year, it is so heartening to know that we have a bright future ahead of us! Please pray for both schools as we enter this exciting new cooperation to strengthen both ministries.
Thanks to everyone for their prayers, notes and phone calls last week to check in on me, while I was out with the flu. It meant so much to me.
The school board has made a decision on our campus move for next year, and I will announce the results of that decision this Friday via email. It has been a time and labor-intensive process to get to our decision, but we believe you will be happy with the results. We are putting last minute touches in place before we make the announcement, so thank you for your patience.
likely that we will have another Town Hall on Tuesday of next week, so please try to keep that evening open as well – details to follow.
God bless you and God bless Brethren Christian School!
Welcome back to a new year at BC!
We are already off to a great start for Semester II, and we have welcomed several new students to our ranks.
Our exceptional Business Manager, Kimberley McGovern, will only be in the office on Friday's from now on. She will continue as a consultant in the role of Business Manager, and will be working from home on M-TH. She will be in our office each Friday from 8-3:30PM. You can still drop off payments in the office anytime. You may reach her by email at [email protected].
Please remember that we are off next Monday for Martin Luther King Day. Stay tuned for important updates about the future location of our school.
Blessings, and let's make this a fantastic year in Christ!
As we come to the end of our first semester, I think we can all agree that this has been a great school year thus far. Folks have loved the block scheduling and the Chromebooks. Our new calendar allows students and staff to go into the three-week Christmas break knowing that final exams are in the books. We’ve had great performances on the field and on the stage. Our teachers are receiving more training, and they are able to go deeper in each subject with the longer class periods. Most importantly, students have grown in the knowledge and grace of our Lord and Savior, Jesus of Nazareth.
We will be closed this Friday, and we will reopen for Semester II on January 14th. Our offices will be closed during the break, but you can still reach most of us via email for any time-sensitive issues.
Re-enrollment will begin on February 4th. We are pleased to announce that we will have no tuition increases next year. Be sure to re-enroll in February, since we are lowering our re-enrollment fee to $199 (a $100 decrease from last year). The fee goes up to $550 after February, so enroll early.
On Tuesday, the 18th, BC International Space Station ISS students had an amazing opportunity to speak with Andy Aldrin, son of famed astronaut, Buzz Aldrin, one of the first men on the moon. The team presented their final experiment to him, and the press was on hand to document their presentation and Skype conversation with Dr. Aldrin. The completed experiment will undergo NASA review soon, and it will launch to the International Space Station on April 6th for implementation in microgravity. Kudos to our ISS students for their successful first semester, and God’s speed in 2019.
And in the same area there were shepherds living in the fields, keeping watch over their flock by night. And then an angel of the Lord appeared to them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were very afraid. But the angel said to them, “Listen! Do not fear. For I bring you good news of great joy, which will be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the City of David a Savior, who is Christ the Lord. And this will be a sign to you: You will find the Baby wrapped in strips of cloth, lying in a manger.
Final Exams are scheduled for December 17th – 20th. You can visit the Latest News section of our website to download a PDF of the Finals Schedule.
We will dismiss students at 2:20PM on Monday, December 17th and at 2:35PM on Tuesday, December 18th. The bus will depart at 2:45PM both days.
We will dismiss students at 11:30AM on Wednesday and Thursday, December 19th and 20th, and the bus will depart at 12:10PM on those days.
Please note that lunch will NOT be served on the 19th and 20th.
All 9th-11th graders: Your PSAT/NMSQT scores are ready online. You'll get an email with instructions on creating your College Board account, going to your online score report, and using your access code to view your scores.
A fundraiser for the BC Japan Mission Trip will take place on December 20th at Rubio’s off of Brookhurst from 5:30PM to 8:30PM. Bring in this BC flyer when you make a purchase, and our students will get 50% of the proceeds. Thanks in advance!
Our Third Annual Color Run is coming up on April 6th, 2019, but we need to start planning for it now, and there are plenty of ways that you can help. Visit our Color Run Sign-up web page and choose a committee of which you would like to be a part. There is space for: setting up and cleaning, setting up the Chili table, coordinating the color run activities, and advertising for the event. Please go and sign-up for something today!
The PFC leadership is working hard to make this a fun and successful event for our community, so please support them in this effort. Thank you SO much.
Please remember to give whatever amount you can to BC by December 31st. This will help your children’s education, and you will get a tax deduction from Uncle Sam. We accept checks and credit cards. Contact our Business Manager, Ms. Kimberly McGovern, for details. God bless you as you give. Thank you!
We had a fantastic open house last night with a mix of current and prospective families. The teachers presented the great things they and their students have done in the classrooms this semester. Mr. Montgomery and Ms. Mine led their bands and choirs in rousing performances all evening. Our Athletics, Arts and Space Programs presented their many accomplishments as well. I want to thank the Parent Fellowship Council, the teachers, staff and students for making this Open House one of our best ever!
Congratulations to our BC choir students, Sam Skarin (12th), Michelle Mumia (12th), and Kate Johnson (9th) for being selected to participate in the annual Southern California Vocal Association Honors Choir for 2018 hosted at University of Redlands! As in previous years, the students were able to work with choir students from across Southern California under the direction of amazing guest conductors. I am so proud of these students, and we are thrilled that they were able to have this growth experience. Kudos to Ms. Mine for helping these students develop into award winning performers.
Our annual Christmas Concert is coming up on Saturday, December 8th, so please purchase tickets in the front office, or go to http://www.bchs.net/festivalofchristmas/. Tickets are selling fast and seating IS limited, so please get your tickets today. Merry Christmas!
We had our football banquet this week, and it was a time of great celebration. I am so proud of Mrs. Whitmire, Coach Green and Coach Duren for bringing godly character back into our program. These coaches worked with an amazing group of young men to bring the best out of them both on and off the field. They have made us all proud. We look forward to a great season next year, as we only had one senior on the team. Go Warrior Football!!!
We have had some questions regarding the process of requesting extended time off for students. Please contact Ms. Flippin or me with a formal request and reason for the extended absence, including all dates and times. It is the students’ responsibility to check Canvas and communicate with their professors about assignments that might be missed. Thank you.
Mrs. Stone no longer works at the school, so we thank her for her years of service, and we wish her well. Her position is not being refilled at this time, but we are covering her duties, so there will be no lapse in service. Please contact me if you have any questions about services related to your child. Thank you.
The BC Winter Semi-Formal is this Saturday, December 1st for high school students. Our event will be from 5PM to 8PM at Riverbed Farm, 1426 East Vermont Ave, Anaheim, CA 92805.
Let’s take this time of Thanksgiving to give God the glory for all He has done, is doing and will do for our school community. On behalf of our board, staff and teachers, I wish you all a happy, safe and blessed Thanksgiving season….
BC International Space Station Program In The News!
Congratulations to our Lady Warriors for their 2nd place finish in their league. They fought hard in the championship match and made us all proud. Kudos to Coach Sierra Whitmire and all the players for a having the highest ranked team at BC this year thus far!!!
The Athletics Department is doing a fundraiser, where you can purchase Christmas trees or wreaths or other ornaments! You can bring in your money and purchase form to the front office, and we’ll give you a coupon to pick up your tree! A portion of the proceeds will go to support the BC Athletics Program. Thanks in advance for your generous support.
We started the club this year to build cultural competency and to foster relationships between all students of BC. Our latest meeting deconstructed cultural stereotypes. This effort helps both international and domestic students grow in their global perspectives and in their understanding of themselves and others.
BC has another Dine-Out event this month on November 29th for the entire day. Please go to the Corner Bakery on Brookhurst in Fountain Valley, and tell them you are supporting BC - and 15% of sales will go to our school! You can stop by before our Open House event, or go right after (they close at 9pm) to get an awesome dessert.
Our annual Christmas Concert is coming up on Saturday, Dec. 8th. There will be a number of performances and great classic Christmas songs. Tickets are $5 and you can buy them at the front office or online at http://www.bchs.net/festivalofchristmas/.
Time is running out to purchase a BC Yearbook Ad spot, so get yours via this link: Yearbook Ads.
Are you interested in spreading the word of God throughout the world? If so, you may want to consider supporting our BC missionary students! We have teams going to Japan and Honduras this summer, each of which will bless the people with whom they interact. You can go to www.bchs.net/missionsupport/ and scroll all the way to the bottom of the page to support our general missions or individual students or staff.
If you are interested in getting involved with the Parent Fellowship council, please attend our upcoming meeting on Monday, November 26th in the Main Office from 7-8:30PM. We will meet on campus and talk about all the events and activities we have coming up to support our school.
Don’t Miss the BC Open House on Thursday, November 29th at 6:30PM. Come and see what our students have created so far this year, meet their teachers and enjoy some hot chocolate and music from the BC Band and Choir. There will be some great prizes and a Christmas Tree coupon up for raffle! Please join us for a wonderful time for our entire community, and don’t forget to invite your friends who might be interested in a BC education.
The Brethren Christian High School Choir participated in an invitational Choral Festival hosted by Concordia University in Irvine. Our choir performed beautifully in front of other schools from southern California and guest clinician, Mr. John Tebay. Congratulations to Ms. Mine and our wonderful choir!
We have a special chapel planned for next Tuesday at 11AM in the mall to honor our country’s veterans. There will be a Marine color guard, a combat Marine speaker and another special veteran speaker. We invite all of our students’ family members, who are veterans or active duty military to join us in their uniforms. We look forward to a big turn out. You may not know that four members of the BC class of 2018 have joined the Marines, and we are so proud of them! God bless America!
The Boy’s varsity cross-country team finished 3rd in the league after an amazing performance at league finals yesterday! Nine of our boys will participate in the CIF preliminary race next Saturday in Riverside. Let’s wish them luck for next week and congratulate them on a strong finish to the season! Please contact Coach Dyson for details about this Saturday’s event.
There are three ways that you can help support the PFC right now!
1. Official sign-ups for our Annual Color Run and Chili Cook Off will happen at Open House in November. The event itself is Saturday, April 5th, but there is a lot of work that can be done now!
2. Parents and students can volunteer to help in advertising, set-up and clean-up, gathering supplies, and organizing the event. This is a community event and we need everyone!
3. Spread the word now to any businesses or business owners you know who might want to be a sponsor. We are always looking for people to donate T-shirts and items for our swag bag. Also, do you know of a DJ company, photo booth and food truck? We need your referrals!
See you at the PFC Meeting on Monday 11/26 7-8:30PM in the Teacher's Workroom - all are welcome.
On Friday, November 9th, representatives from UC Riverside and Verto Education will be on our campus in room 202 to talk with BC high school students about the college application process. If you would like your child to attend, they can come during Academic Support at 9:25AM to meet with the representatives. BC Seniors may sign-up to stay after and talk more in depth if they have not already missed up to 4 classes for other visits.
The BCHS ISS team is having a yard sale this Saturday, November 10th to raise funds for the experiment that they are creating that will be launched up into space and monitored by the astronauts in the International Space Station. The yard sale will be from 7:00AM to 2:00PM on the BC campus east lawn, behind the main office. Thank you to the whole Space team: Andrew, Kaito, Jessi, Paige, Maddie, Colby, Mr. Peterson, and Mr. Donahoe.
We are gearing up for a wonderful Open House event for our entire BC community! On Thursday, November 29th our campus will be open for the friends and family of Brethren Christian School to come and visit our teachers, hear some amazing music and see some awesome artwork that our community has produced so far this semester! We are inviting prospective families to join us for Open House, so invite your friends and neighbors who might be interested in attending BC. We look forward to seeing you at this community event.
The end of the second 6-week grading period is this Friday, November 2nd. Our students have been working hard on a variety of projects and learning many things along the way. Report cards will be handed out to your students on Tuesday, November 6th, so please ask your student about their grades that evening.
Parents, please join us for an end-of-the-semester celebration of all the hard work your students and teachers have done together! Some great projects have been completed and we will be showcasing it on Thursday, November 29th at 6:30pm. There will be food, music and fun, so bring the whole family! Please invite your friends that might want to attend BC next year. Thank you.
A representative from Westmont University will be available to meet with students on Monday, November 5th at 10:45 AM. They will answer questions about filling out applications, college matriculation and scholarship opportunities. If you would like more information, please contact our Academic Dean, Ms. Flippin.
Our BC Drama Production of Neil Simon’s “Fools” is closing this weekend, with final performances on Friday and Saturday at 7:30PM in the BC Drama Room. Tickets are still available online and at the door (or to buy in the front office) for$10. You can buy them online at www.bchs.net/bcdrama/. Please print out your receipt and bring it to the show as your ticket. Congratulations to Mrs. Griffin and the entire cast and crew on a great show. I attended last weekend, and it was fantastic. Get ready to laugh hard!
Are you shopping online for Christmas? You can actually give back to Brethren if you use smile.amazon.com/ch/95-3956057 and choose “Brethren Christian Junior & Senior High School” as your selected charity. We will get a percentage of eligible purchases made through the Amazon Smile program every time you make a purchase! If you have any questions, please contact the business desk at ex. 33 for help with this program.
1. Official sign-ups for our Annual Color Run and Chili Cook Off will happen at Open House in November. The event itself is on Saturday, April 5th, but there is a lot of work that can be done now.
3. Please spread the word now to any businesses or business owners you know, who might want to be a sponsor. We are always looking for people to donate T-shirts and items for our swag bag. Also, do you know of a DJ company, photo booth and food truck? We need your referrals!
See you at the PFC Meeting on Monday 11/5 7-8:30AM in the Teacher's Workroom - all are welcome, and we encourage parents to come. Thank you.
Debunking the Vaping Myth. A new study by the American Physiological Society significantly debunks the myth that e-cigarettes are safer than regular cigarettes. FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb says, “E-cigs have become an almost ubiquitous--and dangerous--trend among teens.” Due in large part to the mythic narrative that vaping is safe. This recent research shows that not only vapor harms the lungs, but the added flavor in e-cigs exacerbates the detrimental impact of vaping. It’s a double whammy. Your teens probably believe e-cigs are safe and more significantly they may be drawn to them because vaping just looks cool. Please talk to your children about the dangers of vaping and smoking.
Thanks so much to our students and parents, who met with the Accreditation Committee as they reviewed our school this week. Your input and experience were invaluable. The official report will be delivered to us in the next two months, but the initial report is strongly positive on all areas of our school. This process was validating to who we are, and it gave us direction on how to continually improve.
The BC HIGH SCHOOL Football team will conclude their season with a home game against Lighthouse Christian at 3:30PM this Friday. We will also celebrate Senior Appreciation that night, celebrating all 12th graders in our football team, cheer squad, and band! Please come out to support our Warriors!
The BC Drama Production of Neil Simon’s “Fools” opens this Friday at 7:30PM in the BC Drama Room, and will run on October 26th and 27th & on November 2nd and 3rd. Tickets are $10, and you can buy them online at www.bchs.net/bcdrama/. Please print out your receipt and bring it to the show as your ticket. See you at the show!
Come to our 6th Annual Band Pancake Breakfast & Used Book Sale on Saturday, October 27th, from 7:30 - 10:30AM, where the JH and HS bands will be performing. The Lions Club of Huntington Beach, who is graciously volunteering their time to cook pancakes for us, will also join us! They are gathering donations of used eyeglasses, so please bring any if you have them.
We are pleased announce that BC students can now earn college credit and high school credit at the same time for certain courses taken online through Biola University at a significant discount. Please visit Biola Smart Start to get more details and to apply online. Students are encouraged to enroll by November 30th for courses beginning on January 14, 2019, since space is limited. Please consider taking advantage of this special offering from Biola.
Monday, October 29th is Club Photo day. Mrs. Ramsey is arranging to take pictures of all clubs and teams that meet at Brethren Christian School. Please ask your children to check with their club Directors about what to wear for the photos.
Ever wonder how people find our school? Much of it is word-of-mouth, but research shows that more and more parents are turning to online searches. Yelp is one of the most popular platforms for people who want to find out about private schools in our area. Would you consider going to the BC Yelp page and leaving us a review and a rating? We would really appreciate it.
Please be aware that the City of Huntington Beach is planning a Pavement Rehabilitation project in our neighborhood from October through December. We have been notified that there will be possible “no-parking signs” that will go up in our neighborhood in the days prior to any project that immediately affects our streets. Construction projects will generally take place Monday through Friday from 7AM to 5PM. We update you with any changes in our Daily Bulletin, which is posted on our website.
1. The next PFC meeting is on Monday, November 5th from 7 - 8:30PM at BC.
2. The holidays are upon us and there are plenty of ways to bless the students and staff at BC, please ask us how!
3. Mark your calendars for BC's Open House on November 29th at 6:30PM. Parents and students alike are welcome to come and celebrate the fall semester's accomplishments. Official sign-ups for Color Run volunteers will also begin here!
6. Please contact the PFC directly for questions about how to get involved with activities this year! Visit the Parent Fellowship Council page on our website and get to know the team, and help serve our students.
…speaking to one another with psalms, hymns, and songs from the Spirit. Sing and make music from your heart to the Lord, always giving thanks to God the Father for everything, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.
BC is accredited by both the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) AND the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI). We submitted our self-study to these organizations in early September of this year. I commend our entire staff for their excellent work on this document - especially Mrs. Jenn Simonds and Ms. Marcella Flippin. An accreditation team will visit our school from this Sunday through next Wednesday to evaluate our school from A-Z. Our administration may be a bit busy with the team, but we will continue to make ourselves available to parents with any needs you may have. Accreditation keeps us accountable to a process of continual quality improvement, which is consistent with our goal of excellence in every area of the school enterprise. The visiting team's findings will be read publicly at 3PM in our library. All parents are welcome to attend.
Our 7th grade enjoyed a day at the Medieval Times this week. They learned some history of the period and the value of kindness, while enjoying a great show. A special thanks to Mrs. Neighbors, Mr. Jefferson and Mrs. Johnson for chaperoning the students on this fun and educational field trip.
The Science Department at Biola University has partnered with our International Space Station Program to provide: technical direction, lab space, equipment access and student mentoring. We are grateful to Biola for their support and, we are glad to introduce our students to such a great Christian University.
Please join us tonight at 7PM in the Mall to hear our students perform at the BC Coffee House event. Enjoy various musical genres, musical theater, bluegrass, pop, comedy and more! There will be pies and coffee for sale as well, so come on out and support the arts at BC!
A representative from Grand Canyon University will be available to meet with students on Monday/10/29 at 10:45 AM. They will answer questions about college scholarships opportunities exclusively for BC families as well as dual credit enrollment possibilities here at BC. If you would like more information, please contact our Academic Dean, Ms. Flippin.
Come to our 6th Annual Band Pancake Breakfast & Used Book Sale on Saturday, October 27th, 7:30AM - 10:30AM. Both the junior high and high school bands will be performing. We will also be joined by the Lions Club of Huntington Beach, who have graciously volunteered their time to cook pancakes for us! They are gathering donations of used eyeglasses, so please bring any if you have them.
The Fall play, Fools, is opening on Friday, October 26th at 7:30PM and will run Fridays and Saturdays until November 3rd. You can buy your tickets ($10) now! Please select the date, reserve the number of spots you want and print out the receipt as your ticket! You can also stop by the front office and pay cash to pick up your tickets. Thank you.
Do you love BC? We do, too. Don't forget to visit one of our social media outlets, including Facebook, Instagram, or Yelp and leave us a positive review. Tell your family and friends about us, as we have plenty of events coming up in November and December that are open to the public to enjoy.
1. The next PFC meeting is on Monday, November 5th from 7 – 8:30PM at BC.
2. The holidays are coming soon and there is a "classroom needs & favorite things" list from the faculty and staff in the front office. Thank you!
3. Keep collecting those BOX TOPS! Every bit counts as we raised over $500 with our last submission! You can turn in your box tops to the front office and don’t forget to trim them down on the dotted lines to make them perfect rectangles, and check the expiration date.
4. Amazon Smile is a great program to utilize in order to raise money for an organization while doing online shopping! Consider using it to promote BC while you do your Christmas shopping!
5. The Annual BC Color Run is coming soon and we need your help! Please contact the PFC to jump on the planning committee and help plan this amazing event (our 3rd anniversary this year) that takes place on Saturday, April 6th.
6. To contact the PFC directly about questions or comments, please visit the Parent Fellowship Council page on our website and get to know the team, and help serve our students.
Please join us tomorrow morning, October 5th at 8AM in Room 202 for some light snacks, fellowship, and a time of Q&A with me and other parents. Everyone is welcome!
The class schedule for the week of October 8-12 will be adjusted due to PSAT testing. Please visit the PSAT Schedule Page for a complete breakdown of the schedule, and adjust accordingly. Thank you.
Our 8th grade class leaves for Astro Camp next week for a three-day experience in the mountains. Students will learn about science, bond with their classmates and make memories for a lifetime! Please connect with Mr. Weir at [email protected] if you have any questions before they leave on Monday.
Join our drama students on Friday, October 12th for Comedy Sportz, a hilarious improv-comedy show where student and audience participation is encouraged. Tickets are $5. This is a fun time to laugh with our community and all proceeds go back to supporting the BC Drama program. Head over to the Drama room (502) at 7PM and be ready for laughs.
1. The next PFC meeting has been postponed until Monday, 10/8/18 from 7 – 8:30PM at BC.
3. Looking for ways to support BC? Try using the Amazon Smile program next time you shop online, or turn in some Box Tops to the front office!
4. The Color Run planning committee is forming now. Please contact the PFC in order to participate in helping plan the amazing event that takes place on Saturday, April 6th.
5. To contact the PFC directly about questions or comments, please visit the Parent Fellowship Council page on our website.
We had high-speed fiber installed this past weekend to further increase our speed and bandwidth at the school. This was completed at minimal cost, but it will deliver maximum results for our network. Your students will notice the difference.
Our award-winning choir is having a fundraiser with See's Candy! Download the BC Choir See's Candy Flyer and print it out. Then you can complete the form and bring it in to the front office. Order your chocolates today, or buy some for your family and friends for the holidays.
Interested in Hosting BC International Students?
A number of families have expressed interest in hosting Brethren Christian School international students, and we are starting to look for host-families for the future. If you are interested in participating in this rich experience, please contact our Admissions Director, Shawn Thomas, at [email protected] for more information on how to become involved in the host-family process .
Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life.
Tomorrow our Warriors will be hosting the Desert Chapel Eagles at Brethren Christian School at 4PM. Stop by and watch the game, and bring a chair for the sidelines. Earlier today, our Junior High Boys Flag Football team fought hard against Covenant school, and tomorrow afternoon our Junior High Girls Basketball team will go up against Bethel at the Fountain Valley Rec Center. This Saturday, our Girls JV and Varsity teams will play a double header at Avalon High School on Catalina island! Let's wish all of our teams the best of success!
September 27th is the day! Make sure to head over to First Class Pizza in Fountain Valley, and order something to sponsor BC. We will get 15% of sales when showing this flyer between 11AM and 9PM. Make it an “after-party” following our Girl’s Junior High Basketball game at 3:30PM, or after the High School Football game at 4PM!
Today’s technology can be an important help in a variety of situations, but we are also aware of how dangerous it can be to young people. We take the risks and temptations facing our students at BC seriously, so we want to make parents aware of some of the latest Apps that could potentially be harmful to students and that may be contrary to our views and values as a Christian ministry. Please take a moment to review the 7 Apps to Avoid document from eSchool News Daily.
1. PFC meeting postponed to Monday 10/8/18 from 7 – 8:30PM at BC.
2. Save the date: Color Run Saturday April 6th – please contact the PFC if you'd like to volunteer!
3. We had a great time selling BC t-shirts and stickers and raising money for BC during the Homecoming celebration last Friday. We will continue to sell t-shirts at football games and Open House on November 29th.
4. Save the date: Friday Morning Fellowship with Dr. Moran occurs at 8AM on campus every first Friday of the month. This is a time of fellowship with other parents and the Superintendent on an informal level.
5. The holidays are coming soon and there is a "classroom needs & favorite things" list from the faculty and staff in the front office.
We are in the midst of a fantastic Spirit Week with fun activities and competitions, including dressing up in fun costumes each day. It culminates this Friday, Sept 21st with our Homecoming Football game on our campus at 4PM. The whole community is invited to come and cheer on our school and enjoy the food, booths and games that will be available for all.
This Friday (Sept 21st) is the end of the first 6-week grading period. Electronic Report Cards will be available in Aeries on Monday (Sept 24th) after 4PM. The grade is a snapshot of your child’s work in each class for the first 6 weeks, including citizenship and work habits. Students with less than a 2.0 GPA or 4 points accumulated in citizenship (U=4 points/N= 2 points, W=1 point) will be placed on the ineligibility list for extra-curricular activities such as sports or the play for the following 6 weeks.
Please remember that you can always access Aeries 24/7 to see what your child is doing (or not doing) in each class. Please review it periodically and talk to your children about their performance. Let’s partner to foster the best performance of each and every student. Thank you.
Congratulations to the BC band who performed the national anthem, along with other Southern California schools, at the Angel's game this past Saturday! Over 140 people from our BC community were at the game to cheer on our band and to watch the game together. Kudos to Mr. Montgomery and his talented band members for making us all proud! Make sure to check out the video of their performance!
Andrew Shiroma, Colby Peterson, Paige Coultrop (Program Manager), Maddie Zone and Kaito Ochia presented a wonderful assembly this week to show the school what the ISS Program is all about. Kudos to them and Program Mentor, Mr. Mike Donahoe for the assembly and for advancing space exploration at BC!
Come out and support BCHS! On Thursday, Sept. 27th, First Class Pizza Fountain Valley will donate 15% of sales to Brethren’s PFC between 11AM and 9PM. Orders must be dine in or take out. For more information and to download the required flyer to present when you make your purchase, visit the Dine Out Event Page.
You can download the BC calendar onto your smart phone or desktop calendar and stay up to date with all upcoming events and schedule changes or updates to our main calendar. Simply go to www.bchs.net/calendar/, look on the upper right hand side of the page, and click the “Subscribe” button. If you have an iCal, Outlook, or Google calendar, you can sync the BC calendar with yours and have all of our events instantly on your smart phone or home computer. You can also download our 2018-19 Year At A Glance PDF (this PDF will not reflect cancellations or changes as does the website calendar).
We had our first meeting of this club intended for all students to learn about different cultures. A goal of the club is for American and International students to become more socially integrated. We had Chinese food, talked about faith approaches in the US and Asia, and had a chop-stick eating competition. Kudos to the student leaders of this club for putting together a great first event!
3. Save the date: Color Run Saturday April 6th – committee forming now!
5. Save the date: Friday Morning Fellowship with Dr. Moran occurs at 8AM on campus every first Friday of the month. This is a time of fellowship with other parents and the Superintendent on an informal level.
So be imitators of God, as his dear children.
We have always worked to foster a culture of student responsibility at BC, and our block schedule necessitates an even keener focus on this due to “free” times built into the block. A student may use that time to do homework, study for a test or to visit a teacher in the classroom for extra help. Conversely, they may use the time to talk with friends, play games or be idle. While there is some benefit to having more “free” time, we encourage students to utilize most or all of these times to engage in productive learning, leadership or club activities. We wish to partner with parents to encourage students to use their new freedom responsibly in ways that lead to personal development – not wasted time. Let’s all work together to create this culture of responsibility with our students. Thank you.
Our PFC President, Mrs. Janice Royal, M.A., is an Independent College Admissions Counselor, and she will be hosting two admission seminars on our campus. She will walk students and families through the college admissions process with a focus on each field of the UC and Cal State University applications.
Mrs. Royal will guide each student to presenting their “BEST YOU” on their applications! She will give advice on the UC Application at 5PM on October 3rd, and she will provide instruction regarding the Cal State Application on Thursday, October 11th at 5PM.
Please contact [email protected] for more information and to RSVP no later than October 2nd.
Our BC Warrior 8-man football team beat La Vern Lutheran! I am proud of the effort and spirit our young men are displaying on and off the field. Congratulations to them, the coaches and all of our football supporters for making this comeback season a true success.
Please join us on our campus for the next Football Game tomorrow at 12 noon!
Congratulations to Cameron Wilhite, our Cross Country Warrior who ran a great race last Saturday at the Laguna Hills Invitational. His time was 19 minutes 25 seconds, a 2 min 30 sec improvement over his time last year. He received a medal for placing 40th out of 147 runners in the Sophomore Division.
Junior Shirlyn Rhee ( 27 minutes 3 seconds) and Freshman Kate Johnson (28 minutes 4 seconds) also ran great races. Congratulations to the entire Cross Country team as they prepare for their first League meet on September 17, 2019 at Mason Regional Park at 3:00PM. GO WARRIORS!
Did you know that BC has a number of social media outlets, including Facebook, Instagram, and Yelp? Please stop by and like our pages, or leave a review about how much you love BC!
The BC band will be performing the national anthem, along with other Southern California schools, at the Angel's game this Saturday! Over 140 people from our BC community will be going to the game to cheer on our band and watch the game together. We know Mr. Montgomery and his talented band members will make us proud!
Our amazing ASB (Student Government) has been working hard this year to encourage the BC community to be a place of joy and camaraderie. Spirit Week takes place all of next week, and it is a time of fun activities and competitions, including dressing up in fun costumes. It culminates on Friday, Sept 21st with our Homecoming game at Brethren Christian School at 4PM. The whole community is invited to come and cheer on our school and enjoy the food, booths and games that will be available for all.
1. Dine Out 9/27 at First Class Pizza in Fountain Valley. 15% of sales goes back to BC!
Program Mentor, Mr. Mike Donahoe, is leading a group of nine students to build and launch an original experiment to the ISS next April. There is room for more students, so please encourage your child(ren) to sign up for this unique learning opportunity. An experiment has just been chosen, and the design and build-out will follow.
The success of this program depends upon human and financial resources. I have set a fundraising goal of $50,000 to support the total cost of this initiative, and I have already received a parent pledge of $20,000. Therefore, I am asking the BC community to donate the balance of $30,000 in tax-deductible donations by Thanksgiving of this year. I ask that you prayerfully consider a donation of any amount to help us reach our goal for this worthy effort. Thank you.
Please join us on the morning of September 7th at 8AM in Room 202 for some light snacks, fellowship, and a time of Q&A with me and the PFC. Everyone is welcome!
This Monday our campus will slow down for a special time of worship, fellowship, small group meetings focusing on a personal relationship with Jesus Christ. Students need to bring a camping chair or beach chair that can easily fold up to sit on during our time of worship (no couches or other types of chairs). School starts at 8AM and will be dismissed at 11:40AM. The bus will be scheduled to pick up our students at 12pm that day.
Our Monthly PFC meeting is on Monday, September 10th at 7PM on campus. Please join us if you are interested in getting involved in the Parent Fellowship Council, or volunteering time to support BC in any way that you choose.
Safety is our top priority at BC, so please remember to drop off and pick up your students behind the school in front of the rear entrance. Dropping off students in the front parking lot or on the street is dangerous, so please follow our parking guidelines. Thank you.
Brethren Christian School encourages students to explore and create programs outside of their regular academic classes. If your child is interested in joining one of our student/staff-led clubs, September 12th is the day where they can find out about what we offer on campus and to sign up!
Please come out and support our Football Team, Cheerleaders and Band tomorrow at 11AM right here on our campus. You won’t want to miss this first ever 8-man game on our very own field. Go Warriors!
The team played a great game against Rolling Hills Prep last week, and our return to football was highlighted in the LA Times!
We have updated our school year calendar. Please let us know when you see a discrepancy on the calendar, so we can correct it right away. Thank you.
Our updated Parent/Student Handbook for the 2018/19 is now available via our website at www.bchs.net/handbook/.
Please review it and use it as a reference.
We understand that we have had some late deliveries and we are working with the company to resolve these issues.
We are inviting all of our high school aged international students to come out to the Successful Strategies for University Admissions meeting . Friday, September 7th from 2:45pm to 3:20pm we are partnering with the Semita School and Dr. John Ahn to address specific questions about international students applying and enrolling into American Universities and colleges.
Mrs. Martes and the Girls Volleyball team are hosting a fundraiser for their team. You can donate your old clothes or other items to them, and the Volleyball team gets a portion of the proceeds. Go to their fundraiser page for more information.
Monday, Sept 10th is a half day! Our annual Friday For Him (Friday Forum) is going to be held on September 10th due to scheduling conflicts. We have an incredible worship band, three great guest speakers, small groups, and more planned for this lovely half day of school together. Students need to remember to bring a camping chair/ beach chair that can easily fold up to sit on during our time of worship. We will have metal chairs at the ready if you forget to bring a compact beach chair. Students arrive at school at 8:00 am and will be dismissed to be picked up at 11:40 am. The School Bus schedule will also be adjust for drop off times after 12pm.
The Band is extending ticket requests until Tuesday for the September 15th Angels games where the BC band will be playing the National Anthem. The entire BC community is invited to get tickets where we will all get to sit together in the same section. Go to the ticket reservation page and then you can drop off your money at the front desk by Tuesday.
Next PFC meeting is Monday, Sept 10 at 7pm at Brethren Christian School.
Warrior Football returned to BC today! We wish Coach Green and all the players all the best. Please support Warriors Football by coming to the games and rooting us on.
Please note that our Green Days (Tuesdays & Thursdays) end at 2:15. Students are in an Academic Support period from 1:40-2:15, so please do not pick up your students at 1:40. Please remember to drop off and pick up students in the large parking lot on the opposite side of the school from our main office. Thank you so much.
We had a fantastic B2S Night this Wednesday! Thanks to all of those, who helped make it a great event, including the Teachers, PFC and other volunteers. Thanks also for all of the positive feedback on our great teachers, programs and changes this year. Please keep in close touch with your children’s teachers with any concerns you may have, and please partner with us by encouraging good study habits at home. Thank you.
Thank you to those that signed up for the PFC on Back to School Night! There are many exciting events happening this year that the PFC needs your help with, so please contact them to help make BC the best it can be. Thank you.
On Wednesday, August 29th at 7PM, College Planning Consultant, Janice Royal, will be joining us to discuss the senior application process and procedures one should be prepared for when looking at, and applying to, colleges. This includes a look at what happens in the review process and what "best practices" you should follow. Please RSVP with Dorothy Heinz in the front office by Wednesday.
I love the LORD, because He hears my voice and my supplications. Because He has inclined His ear to me, Therefore I shall call upon Him as long as I live.
We have gotten off to a great start to the school year. There were a couple of speed bumps, but we have navigated past those. I have had the chance to observe our new teachers, and they are connecting with students and using effective methods to teach their subject matter.
Our Assembly on Tuesday was a time to share important information with students and to challenge each one of them to personal growth this year.
Our block schedule allows more time for teacher training each week, and this week we focused on fostering the creativity God has given each student. We are also sharing best practices with the Chromebooks, and it is exciting to see the enthusiasm our teachers and students have in using the new technology. Students are being trained on Canvas and Aeries during the Academic Support times in our block schedules this week and next.
BC families, please join us for BC's Back to School Night on Wednesday, August 22!
We will be starting the night at 5:30PM with a free BBQ and fellowship in the Mall provided by the PFC. You can visit classrooms and talk to teachers at 6:40PM. Please RSVP at www.bchs.net/bbq/, so we can plan for how much food to provide. A special thank you to Mrs. Stone and the PFC for making this event happen!.
Parents often ask me how they can help the school, and I tell them that the very best way is to get involved with the PFC. We have a small group of dedicated parents, who regularly volunteer, but they need your help. Please come to the next meeting and find out how you can help make BC a better place for our entire school community. Thanks so much.
1. Please Turn in Box Tops for Education in the Main Office ASAP for the October submission date.
2. Our next PFC meeting will be held on 9/10 from 7-8:30 PM in Dr. Moran’s Office.There are many committees to join and opportunities to get involved.
3. Please take a look at the teacher “wish lists” and “favorite things” in the notebook in the front office.We could use all the donations we can get.
We are not offering an after school program for our students, so ALL students must leave the campus at the end of the school day unless they are involved in a school sponsored activity, such as: sports, clubs, band, etc. Thank you.
We have had some coyotes wander through our field this first week, but there is no need for alarm. They pass through quickly and are not ordinarily a risk to humans, except for very small children. With that said, our armed security guard checks these animals when sited. It would be best to call the school when you hear of a coyote on campus instead of calling the police or other authorities for two reasons: the coyotes are gone before the authorities get here, and we now have our own security that can deal with the coyotes. We will definitely keep a close eye on this.
We will be hosting 30 Chinese high school students next week from Monday through Wednesday for an English immersion experience. They will be auditing classes and eating lunch with our students. They will be well supervised, and they will also be given Bibles in Mandarin. Please pray for the Lord to bless this experience for all of our students.
It's a new year, and if you need a reminder on how to use Canvas, or if you are a first-time user, you can navigate to our BC Parents page for instructions on how to set up your account. Canvas is our online learning module in which you can check and see the assignments that your student is working on - and when they upload them for teacher review. Take full advantage of our technological approach to education by getting plugged into Canvas today!
This Monday, August 20th, all seniors will be having their senior portraits taken. Men, please wear a sports coat and tie, and ladies, a nice outfit, for your pictures. This is for 12th grade only. The following Monday, August 27th, we will be doing make-up photos for ID cards for anyone who did not get their picture taken on Registration Day.
But he who boasts is to boast in the Lord. For it is not he who commends himself that is approved, but he whom the Lord commends.
We have had a great week of staff and teacher orientation, and we are ready to launch a fantastic year for your students!
He will teach Math 7, Bible 7, Health & PE, and he will be coaching boys varsity basketball. Mr. Jefferson holds a BA degree in Psychology with a minor in Communications from Trinity Christian College. He is a graduate of BC and is respected by the entire community.
He will be teaching AP Bio, Bio, Life Science 7 & Options Life Science. Mr. Smith holds a BS in Biology from Biola University and an Master of Divinity from Westminster Seminary. He has solid teaching experience, and we believe he is going to do a great job teaching the life sciences at BC.
He will be teaching Chemistry, Physics, 8th grade Physical Science & Algebra I. Mr. Weir holds a BA degree in Chemistry from Sonoma State University, as well as a Single Subject Credential. He is an experienced teacher, who combines exceptional academic ability with a great relational approach to students.
She will be teaching Algebra II, Math Analysis/Trig & AP Calculus. Mrs. Hanson holds a Bachelors degree in Business Finance from CSUF, and a Masters degree in Math Education from CSULB. She comes to us with strong teaching experience at Mariners Christian School. Her son Sterling graduated from BC last spring.
Mr. Reyes is our new Security Guard. He is a 20 year veteran of the LA County Sheriff’s Department, and he is licensed to open carry a sidearm. He will be providing a deterrence as well as responding to any security issues in real time. Officer Reyes will: patrol the campus, supervise carpool and lunches, and help with maintenance/cleaning as needed.
Please give a big Warriors Welcome to our new teachers and staff. Our entire team is ready to go, and we can't wait to see all of you on Monday morning!
I hope you are all enjoying the summer! I want to share my enthusiasm with you about the upcoming year and about the new opportunities a BC education will afford your children.
I look forward to seeing you tomorrow at Registration Day from 9AM-3PM, where your students will get their Chromebooks. Our teachers have been preparing to deliver innovative, high-tech teaching and learning approaches this year, and they will do so in our more flexible Block Schedule approach. I am confident that you will see and feel the difference.
Please read below about some additional highlights for 2018/19, and thank you for being part of the rebirth of BC as we build for a bold new future of exceptional Christian education.
I am thrilled to announce that BC will conduct the International Space Station (ISS) Program this school year! Mr. Mike Donahoe will be the Program Facilitator of this applied science, computer and engineering project. Our students will plan, build and send an experiment to the ISS aboard a SpaceX Rocket in April of 2019. This program is conducted in conjunction with NASA and according to their specifications.
I launched this program at Riverside Christian School 2 yeas in a row, so I can tell you that the student learning and growth is astronomical. Please visit Mr. Donahoe at our ISS table at Registration Day this Thursday, August 2nd, and be sure to have your child sign up to participate in this amazing program. Mr. Donahoe is highly qualified to mentor our students to achieve the goals of this program. Please join me in thanking him for taking on this great project for our school!
Football has returned to BC!!! Our 8-man football team is in place and the season is set to go! Our home games will be played here on our campus, and our band and cheerleaders are ready to support the team with Warriors spirit! Head Coach, Leon Green, has been getting the team ready, and we are looking forward to a great season!
You will be happy to know that Mrs. Griffin will be producing one play and one musical this year as usual. Comedy Sportz will be coached by Tivoli Jensen, and the Cappies will be advised by Mrs. Maresh. Stay tuned for details.
Mrs. Maresh will be coaching our new debate team, so please contact her at [email protected] to sign up for the team!
We have a great new approach to providing lunch to your children this year that I am sure you will love. Yum Club orders food from your favorite restaurants and delivers it to the school each day. Please visit our website at www.bchs.net/lunch/ to sign up today.
We will have a registration day on Thursday, August 2nd from 9AM-3PM.
It is IMPORTANT that you read this entire notice, so you can be prepared for that day. Before August 2nd, please ensure you have completed the enrollment packet checklist, which can be viewed on our website. We will contact you before August 2nd if you have any missing items (please do NOT contact the office regarding this).
• Pay remaining fees in the Business Office (we accept cash, check or credit card).
We will send you a detailed list of steps to be taken on Registration day before August 2nd along with a map of the set up for the day.
The office will be closed during the entire week of July 4th. We wish you a blessed and happy time as we celebrate the birth of our great nation. God bless America!!!
Mr. Osburn and Mrs. Heffernan will be Co-leading our Activities program next year, which includes ASB, Class Councils and Ambassadors. I could not think of two better people to do this. They are both passionate about taking on this role, and they will be meeting with some of the student leadership this summer to plan for a spectacular 2018/19 school year. Please join me in welcoming them to these new roles. Thank you!
It is with great sadness, that I report the tragic death of David Rosa, who graduated from BC in 1991. He later became the Fire Captain of Station 10 in Long Beach. David’s father, Paul Rosa, was a long-time member of the BC School Board.
David was senselessly slain, while fighting a fire on Monday, June 25th. This hits the BC Family hard, so we will fly our flag at half-staff this week to honor the memory of this great public servant and Warrior. We will notify the community if we hear of any fundraisers to support the family. You can read the full story on the Press-Telegram website. Please join us in praying for the family. Thank you and God bless you all.
I hope you are all enjoying this early summer weather as much as I am. I have truly become accustomed to the beach lifestyle this past year, even though I have not yet learned how to surf. As we end one year, and plan for the next, I wanted to take a few moments to share some important updates with you.
Our 8th grade promotion and high school graduation were both well received from all whom attended. I am so proud of the wonderful young men and women who celebrated their accomplishments on these wonderful occasions.
Our teachers and staff have been hard at work to make next year a great one! We had Block Schedule and Ed Tech training last week, and I can tell you that our teachers are excited about the new teaching and learning opportunities provided by the synergy of these two new approaches.
Our team is completing the Self-Study for our ACSI/WASC joint accreditation process that occurs once every six years. This is a tremendous amount of work, but it focuses our self-reflection, and it serves to make us an even better school in all areas. Our Accreditation Team visit will be during the 3rd week of October, but there will be no interruption of classes or services during that time.
Ms. Flippin is back at school! She is doing great and is experiencing a full recovery from surgery. She begins scheduling of next year’s classes this week, so stay tuned for updates on that.
Our Junior High School enrollment has been dropping for a number of years, so we will be eliminating our 6th grade this coming school year. Since we just graduated 56 seniors, our overall enrollment will be a bit lower next year. This has precipitated some faculty and staff changes to come in line with our student population, while properly stewarding our finances. We will miss our departing staff, yet we will carry on the high quality of service and programming you have come to expect from BC. I want to thank Mrs. Staller, who led our Activities for many years here with quality and excellence. One of our teachers will be taking on this role, so stay tuned for an announcement on that soon.
We have hired three new Math and Science teachers for next year. I will introduce them formally before the start of the year, but be assured that each of them is of the highest quality, and they will significantly strengthen our math and science programming. They are already beginning to prepare their lesson plans for the start of school on August 13th.
Some of you may have heard of Measure Q, which is a bond measure that provides for school building improvements for the Huntington Beach City School District (HBCSD). The BC school board and I have been in ongoing conversations with HBCSD regarding Measure Q as it relates to the Gisler Facility upon which we reside. I will keep you updated on this issue, but please know that BC will remain on the Gisler Facility next year. It is likely that we will move to a new facility in the next few years, but exact dates are not yet determined. I want to thank the HBCSD for working with us to achieve a win-win for their school system and ours.
I encourage all members of the BC community to email me directly at [email protected] with any questions or concerns you may have about our great school. I will continue to communicate with you over the summer, but I will be out of the office intermittently until August. However, we will have staff working in the office from 9AM-3PM every day throughout the summer to meet any need you may have.
I thank God for the miraculous year we have just concluded, and I hope you join me in my excitement about the great year ahead. In the meantime, I wish you and your families, a safe, happy and blessed summer!
We look forward to a special commencement ceremony for our seniors this year, which will be held at Mariners Church HB at the corner of Warner and Beach on June 9th at 2pm. We will NOT have unlimited seating, so each graduate has been granted a limited number of tickets for friends and family.
We know that alumni and others ordinarily come to the commencements even if not invited, but folks won’t be able to enter the venue without a ticket this year due to the limited size of the hall. I wanted you to know this in advance, so there are no disappointments on June 9th. Thanks everyone.
It also helps when applying to top colleges and universities. This is another step forward in making BC a top preparatory school. Kudos to Mrs. Marcia Maresh for making this happen. Please contact her at [email protected] with any questions or if your children want to join the team.
CONGRATULATIONS to our talented art students!!!
Yihan Wang placed 2nd in 12th grade division with his self-portraits acrylic painting, "Me, Myself and I"
Nina Nguyen placed second in 11th grade with her oil pastel floral drawing "Summer"
Bethany Diment's acylic pour painting "The Journey to the Cemetary" inspired by the Phantom of the Opera placed 3rd in 8th grade division.
I am pleased to report a new $700,000 donation!
This raises our one-year total fundraising to $1.3 Million. Let us praise God, and thank our generous donors, for this miraculous provision.
This is an anonymous, unrestricted gift to go where it is most needed. We will prudently use these funds to further strengthen our teaching, programming and services. This will go a long way to build excellence in our A5 = Academics, Athletics, Arts, Activities & AMSE (Applied Math Science & Engineering). Our board of Trustees and I are committed to stewarding these funds wisely to achieve maximum results for your children.
This new infusion of funds will go a long way to implement these programs and others. Please join the board, our staff and me in rejoicing over the continual blessings the Lord Jesus is bestowing upon our beloved Brethren Christian. I am humbled and honored to serve all of you in this great school ministry.
Keep on rejoicing in the Lord at all times. I will say it again: Keep on rejoicing!
Ms. Flippin has just begun a medical leave that will last for 4-6 weeks. She will have surgery, and is expected to have a full recovery. During her absence, please direct any academic requests to Mrs. Stone, Mrs. Martes or me. Please join me in praying for Ms. Flippin’s complete and rapid recovery.
Our Open House was fantastic! Over 200 people attended, and there were many new families visiting for the first time. Many thanks to all of the volunteers, students, teachers and staff, who made this event a tremendous success. Congratulations to the winners of the half-off tuition drawing as well. This was a great night to celebrate the great year we have had at BC, while forecasting the new initiatives for next year: Football, 1:1 Computers, Debate Team, Block Scheduling, new missions opportunities and much more.
Their ribbons will be presented at our Award Ceremony later this month.
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2019-04-21T23:15:34Z
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https://www.bchs.net/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=116616&type=d&pREC_ID=889544
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Sir,--As you have done me the honour to refer in your issue of the 19th September to my practical scheme of Land Nationalisation, I ask permission to occupy a little of your space with a brief exposition of the scheme, with some indication of its wide scope and of the numerous social evils it is calculated to ameliorate. This is the more necessary because so novel a proposal is sure to be misunderstood, and denounced as utopian or revolutionary; while I am informed that the mere reference to it in an editorial article as worthy of attention has already called forth an uncompromising attack in the columns of a contemporary journal.
It is necessary to premise that Land Nationalisation is not proposed in the interest of any class, but as a reform, vital to the national welfare, and at the same time directly beneficial to every class and every individual. By its means the farmer will obtain that freedom of action, that fixity of tenure, and that absolute security of possession of all the proceeds of his labour, skill, and capital, which is what he sorely needs, but which he will assuredly not get by means of any probable or possible English Land Bill. So long as he is subject to landlords and agents, to law-courts and lawyers, to valuers and surveyors, he will often have to keep up a hard and costly struggle in order to obtain that simple right to the fruits of his own labour which he ought to have and may have, without the interference of any man and without the possibility of dispute. In fighting for an English Land Bill on the lines of that just passed for Ireland, he will have to fight almost alone, for no other class will have a sufficiently direct interest in the matter to help him with any energy or enthusiasm; but in claiming Land Nationalisation he will have cordial and earnest assistance from all classes, especially from the agricultural labourers and the rural population generally, from mechanics and tradesmen, and from that large class who look forward with longing eyes to a rural retirement for their latter years, now rendered almost unattainable under land monopoly.
In the space of a single letter it is impossible to discuss those general principles and practical examples which prove private property in land to be inconsistent with personal freedom and antagonistic to true national welfare; I will, therefore, pass on at once to the practical proposals by which Land Nationalisation may be brought about, and in doing so, I shall be able briefly to advert to its far-reaching beneficial influence on every portion of the community.
Much of the difficulty and confusion of thought attending questions of this nature arise from not clearly distinguishing the two distinct elements in all landed property, the payment for the use of which is improperly included in the term "rent." True rent is money paid for the use of land or other natural agents; and its value is determined by two factors--the quality or productiveness of the land itself, and the additional value given to it by the community at large, in providing public roads, railroads, or canals, in supplying labour as well as social, religious, and educational advantages, and in furnishing good markets and a surrounding population able at once to satisfy the wants and to be purchasers of the produce of the agriculturist. None of this value has been created either by the owner or occupier of land, and it is this alone which it is proposed shall become the property of the State, the holder paying a quit-rent or ground-rent to the State, just as he now pays his land-tax, but being free from all Government supervision or interference whatever. The other portion of the value included in "rent" (but which is really interest on money expended and compensation for deterioration) is derived from the outlay or labour of the owner or occupier, in houses and buildings, fences, private roads, drains and other permanent improvements. These are private property, and there is no need to interfere with the possession or use of them other than to declare that their owner for the time being must be the State's tenant and be thus liable for the quit-rent; or, to put it more clearly, whoever holds land from the State must be the owner of the "improvements" of whatever kind on that land. It will therefore be convenient to term these improvements collectively the "tenant right" of the land in question, since their owner is necessarily and by "right," the State's tenant of the land. This "tenant-right" will follow the law of all other personal property, so far as its capability of being bought and sold or bequeathed at the will of the owner, and it thus carries with it all the rights and privileges which pertain to a freehold, with this important reservation, that it can be held only for personal occupation and enjoyment--not as an investment. All subletting of land will thus be illegal, since, if it were once permitted, large quantities of land would be accumulated by capitalists as State tenants, and their tenants would be in exactly the same position as the tenants of existing landlords, equally subject to their capricious interference, equally unable to secure the fruits of their own labour.
It will now be asked, How are present or future farmers to obtain possession of this "tenant-right," without which, they cannot hold farms? This question can be best answered while explaining the process by which the land may actually become the property of the State and the new régime be inaugurated.
(1) That ten years (more or less) after the passing of the Act the whole land of the country (as above defined) will become the property of the State, the existing landowners being compensated in a way to be presently explained.
(2) That a careful valuation of the land of the whole kingdom be made, separating the annual value of the land (or the "quit-rent") and the improvements (or "tenant-right"). The "quit-rent" will be the amount payable to the State, while the "tenant-right" must be purchased or otherwise acquired by the occupier. The value of the tenant-right will be estimated by the official valuers, as it will depend upon the more or less permanent character of the improvements; and it will have to be paid to the landholder by any farmer who wishes to continue in his farm, either in one sum or by means of a terminal annual charge for a moderate number of years. The ten years' interval between the actual passing of the Act and its coming into operation will not only give the necessary time for making the required valuation (which must be on every separate plot or enclosure), but it will also allow farmers to make all necessary arrangements for acquiring the tenant-right of their farms or of others more suitable to them. No doubt an extensive re-arrangement of holdings would then take place. A man with the power of getting a farm which he would be absolutely free to cultivate or improve as he pleased, and with a permanent tenure, would often prefer a much smaller one than that which he now holds under a landlord, since it would be his interest to farm highly and make all possible permanent improvements to the property.
The farmers, as a class, would thus obtain all they have ever asked or can possibly desire--freedom of cultivation, freedom of sale or transfer, a permanent tenure, and a really fair rent; and, accompanying this, there would accrue, in a very short time, diminished taxation, diminished poor-rates, and better local markets.
Turning now to the present landholders, or landlords, they will be paid, as we have seen, the fair value of all profitable outlay on the land made by themselves or their immediate predecessors, and often for that made by successive generations of tenants as well. For that portion of the value of the land which was primarily derived from the State, and should never have been given up by it, they will be compensated by means of an annuity of its full estimated value. In order that no valid claim or expectancy may be left unsatisfied, it is proposed that this annuity should extend to all heirs living at the time when the Act comes into operation, or, if thought fit, it might be extended to two generations of heirs beyond the present landholder. The absolute security of this Government annuity for three generations, free from all risks and liabilities, would render it a very fair equivalent for the land taken; and as no land whatever could then be obtained on any other terms than as a State tenant, it is not improbable that the selling value of farms after the Act was passed might be quite up to their previous average market value, because most farmers with capital would seek the opportunity of obtaining, at the earliest possible period, such farms as would suit them for permanent occupation.
Having thus shown how the scheme would affect the existing landholders and the farmers, let us turn to that portion of it which most interests other classes, and which, when clearly understood, will enlist them all as powerful advocates for its adoption. But this must form the subject of another letter.
Sir,--Having shown, in my letter last week, how the scheme of land-nationalisation which I have proposed would affect farmers and landholders, we have now to consider its action as regards other classes of the community, as well as those incidental effects which would benefit the whole nation. We are so accustomed to the enormous and often prohibitory price which has to be paid for land for residential or trade purposes, that, although a large portion of the population are thereby debarred from a full enjoyment of existence and are seriously injured in their health, few persons consider that these are the inevitable results of the pernicious system of private property--and consequent monopoly--of the land which should have been retained by the nation itself for the full and equal enjoyment of all its members. Without the use of land even existence is impossible. It follows that--granted the right of the great bulk of the population to live--they have a right to the use of land. Our present system, however, denies this right to any but the landlords, who have, legally, full power to destroy their fellow citizens by simply denying them land on which to live. The mere statement of this indisputable fact demonstrates the iniquity of private property in land; and when we know that the power which the law gives to landlords is often actually used--as in the wide devastation of many fertile valleys of the Highlands of Scotland, where the descendants of the old clansmen have been driven to emigrate, or to throng the slums of Glasgow and other great cities, in order that the land may be devoted to sporting purposes and thus bring in a greater revenue to the landlord--it is surely time that a system at once so unjust and so evil in its effects should be exposed, with a view to its speedy abolition. The monopoly of land by the rich, aggravated by the enormous increase of our accumulated wealth during the last forty years, has so completely divorced the labouring and middle classes from any rights of property in their native soil that it is now absolutely necessary to afford special facilities for bringing back a more healthy state of things.
The impossibility of obtaining land in most parts of the country for any purposes of free cultivation or enjoyment, and the enormous revenues derived by landlords from the extension of building around dense centres of population, have been the direct causes of that inordinate growth of cities and simultaneous depopulation of the rural districts which are now admitted and deplored by all public writers. With the rapid growth of towns and cities there come numerous attendant evils--air and water polluted by smoke and sewers, and a waste of fertilising matter which is a disgrace to our boasted civilisation. All these difficulties arise from land monopoly and over-crowding. Every human dwelling, to ensure the health of the occupants, should have ample open space around it, giving garden ground to supply fresh and wholesome food, while the land is kept in a state of fertility by that house-refuse which is now worse than wasted, since it costs vast sums to get rid of and is also the direct cause of the most fatal class of zymotic diseases. The inability of the bulk of the population to obtain land leads also to the system of building-leases, with houses erected by speculative builders whose chief aim is to place the greatest number of dwellings on the smallest quantity of ground; and thousands are obliged to live in these crowded, ill-built, and unhealthy houses, sorely against their will. The absence of land around houses is a fertile source of social evil. With the middle and lower classes it is a direct and, I believe, the most powerful cause of drinking habits, since it leaves the head of a family with no interest or occupation in his home. Give every working man an acre or two of land attached to his cottage with a perpetual tenure, and he will have little time or inclination for the public-house. The land would be used in various ways, according to his taste or knowledge; but vegetables and fruit, poultry and eggs, rabbits and pork, milk and butter, would be largely produced by the labour of the owner and his family during spare hours. The innumerable little details always requiring attention in a house and grounds, adding to the comfort or enjoyment of the family, would be another source of occupation and interest if every man's house were his own. Children brought up in such a home would receive a valuable practical education in handiness and industry, while the profits would be enough to keep the family from want during periods of illness or the absence of regular employment. All this is not theory, but a mere statement of what actually does happen whenever the peasant or labourer occupies his own house and has a useful plot of land attached to it. Arthur Young, Sismondi, Inglis, Laing, Howitt, Kay, Thornton, Laveleye, Boyd Kinnear, and many other observers have noted the facts in every country in Europe. Whether in Norway or Italy, in France, Spain, or Germany, occupying-ownership of house and land is invariably attended with comfort and well-being, with sobriety, contentment, and the absence of pauperism; while the opposite condition--of large estates and a peasantry divorced from the land--as invariably co-exists with pauperism and misery, vice and discontent. The same good results have occurred in England whenever landlords have been wise enough to give their labourers land, as on Lord Tollemache's estates in Cheshire and in several other cases; and it may be asserted as a conclusion supported by an overwhelming mass of evidence, that the divorce of any population from the free use of land is a direct cause of pauperism, disease, vice, and crime, and tends in a variety of ways to deteriorate the whole social condition of the people among whom it prevails.
In due time and place I am prepared to substantiate this statement by a body of detailed evidence. Accepting it now as true, it fully justifies the proposal contained in my scheme--that, when the State acquires possession of the land, it should retain power to remedy this vast evil by permitting every Englishman, as his right once in his life, to obtain a plot of land, for personal occupation at its current agricultural value. To render this "right" beneficially available to its widest extent, such restrictions only as are absolutely needful should be placed upon the choice of land. For instance, to avoid needlessly dividing or cutting-up fields, land should only be available for this purpose alongside the public roads, and the consent of the owner might be required for land within a limited distance of his house or private grounds. A limit might also be placed to the quantity of land taken from any one farm or estate (say five per cent. of the whole, for instance); but, with such obvious exceptions, it is evident that the field of choice should be as unrestricted as possible, in order that population might take a free course, instead, as now, of one district being kept without population, while, in another, men are forcibly crowded together in overgrown towns and cities.
The effects of such freedom of choice in fixing upon a permanent residence would be gradually to check the increase of the towns and to repopulate the country districts. Rural villages would begin a natural course of healthy growth, and if the minimum of land to be taken for one house were fixed at an acre (the maximum being four or five acres) these could never grow into crowded towns, but would always retain their rural character, picturesque surroundings, and sanitary advantages. The labourer would choose his acre of land near the farmer who gave him the most constant employment and treated him with most consideration; and besides those who would continue to work regularly at agricultural labour, there would be many with more land of their own or with other means of living, who would be ready to earn good wages during hay or harvest time. With a million of agricultural labourers, each holding an acre or more of land, and at least another million of mechanics doing the same thing, and all permanently attached to the soil by its secure possession, that scandal to our country, the scarcity of milk and the importation of poultry, eggs, and butter from all parts of the Continent would come to an end, while the vast sums we now pay for this produce would go to increase the well-being, not only of the labourers themselves, but of all the retail and wholesale dealers who supply their wants. Our most important customers are those at home, and there is no more certain cure for the now chronic depression of trade than a system which would at once largely increase the purchasing power of the bulk of the community.
Farmers will, no doubt, at first be inclined to object to any such extensive power of preemption of land as I have here indicated. But a little consideration will show them that they would be gainers rather than losers by it. In the first place, many large districts would for a long time be unaffected by it, except to the extent of the plots chosen by the labourers who cultivate the land; and to have a sober and industrious body of workmen permanently settled near them would certainly be to the farmers' advantage;--for it must be remembered that only the industrious and provident labourer could save the money necessary to purchase the tenant-right of his chosen lot. The public generally would avail themselves of the privilege by degrees, and as compared with the large area of the country, to a very small extent, because the strict limitation of the privilege to a personal occupation, and to a single occasion, would lead to its being exercised chiefly in the vicinity of towns and villages where people's occupations obliged them to live, and in remoter rural districts only by persons retiring from business or such as could afford a country house.
The two main points of this branch of the subject are--firstly, that the vast and overwhelming social importance of the free acquisition of land for a healthy home at its agricultural value is such as to overpower all the sentimental objections of a class who, it must be remarked, now willingly submit to the same or worse annoyances when imposed upon them by a landlord; secondly, that this free choice of land for a home is so great and tangible a boon to all classes, from the agricultural labourer up to the retired merchant, that, once convince people of its practicability, and you will set up a movement powerful enough to overwhelm the opposition of the vast landlord interest in all its ramifications. The man who, in his native country, cannot live where he wishes to live, but is dependent entirely on the pleasure of landlords and the interest of land-speculators, is not a free man as regards one of the most essential of the attributes of true freedom. When the people of this country clearly understand that nothing but an immoral system of land monopoly stand between them and freedom to enjoy their native soil; and, further, when they are shown that this system may be abolished without wronging any individual, while it will certainly tend to eradicate from our land that great blot on our civilisation, persistent pauperism in the midst of ever-increasing luxury and wealth,--and when they see further that, as Mr. George has demonstrated by a strict logical deduction, this connection is a necessary one, and that private property in land is the actual cause of the strange phenomenon of poverty and even famine in our midst, notwithstanding the vast forces of nature now enlisted in our service and producing ever-increasing stores of wealth--when they clearly understand this, the end of landlordism will not be far off. The farmer may agitate for his English Land Bill as a temporary palliative, but he must look forward to land-nationalisation as the only means of obtaining that absolute freedom of action and that permanent interest in the soil which alone can renovate British agriculture.
In conclusion, I must call attention to the vast revenues derived from the soil (now enriching one limited class and to that extent impoverishing all other classes), which would take the place in the national treasury of the whole of our indirect taxation, enabling us to abolish custom duties and so have really free imports, and at the same time setting free an army of unproductive officials, now paid by the productive workers of the country. To the far-sighted politician no less than to the social reformer Nationalisation of the Land thus commends itself, as offering a solution of many difficult problems and a remedy for many crying evils.
Sir,--"An Inquirer" has so well answered one part of Mr. Leadam's criticism of my proposals for Land Nationalisation as to relieve me of one-half the trouble of a reply, and in the remaining part I find so much of those vague assumptions and forebodings which have always appeared when any great reform was proposed, and have almost always turned out to be erroneous, that little of direct or tangible objection remains. I will, however, with your permission, make a few remarks on some of his statements.
And first, I can hardly believe that Mr. Leadam supposes your readers to be so simple as to be hoodwinked by his fourth paragraph, in which he endeavours, in elaborate and logical form, to show that 200 years ago the "landowners were relieved by Parliament, that is by the State, from burdens on the land which the State had originally imposed;" and he therefore argues that the State has now no right to interfere with this settlement. Poor landlords! How hardly they have been used by "Parliament"--that is, by themselves; by "the State"--that is again by themselves! For the facts are that the landlords as a body originally obtained their lands by grants from the Crown, on condition of certain onerous and costly services constituting the feudal tenure. By degrees they relieved themselves of these burdens, which they threw upon the townspeople, merchants, and generally on the landless classes; and finally, by means of self-made enclosure acts, they deprived the labourers and the people generally of the best remnant of their inheritance in the soil of their native land. Every one of these "Acts" was an act of robbery, spoliation, and confiscation, although it was done by form of law; and now, when after centuries of struggle the people have at length obtained some voice in the making of laws, they are actually told that it will be "unjust" and "inconsistent" to make any claim for the restitution to the whole people of the land which has been taken from them by a class, except at the monopoly prices which the landlords, legislating always in their own interests, have created!
I, however, have never rested my case on the undoubted fact that the landlords have unjustly thrown off the burdens which originally attached to their lands, but rather on the countless economical, social, and moral evils produced by "landlordism"--evils so great and so clearly demonstrable, and so prejudicial to the entire community, that the State, as the representative now of the whole community and not of a mere section of it, has a right to take the necessary steps to cure those evils, even if in doing so the landlords--who have hitherto alone benefited while all others have suffered--should have their wealth somewhat diminished and their power to injure their fellow men taken away from them. On the principle that "the public safety is the highest law," it is necessary that the land should ultimately be held by the nation for the benefit of all, unencumbered by perpetual pensions to the descendants of the present holders; and I maintain that my scheme effects this with the very minimum of injury to existing owners or presumptive heirs. That the evils of the present system are as great as I have indicated above I am prepared to prove, and on this fact I rest my whole case.
In the remainder of Mr. Leadam's letter I find nothing but misrepresentations of my proposals, or the most wild and improbable forecasts of their effects, and I am quite willing that they should remain side by side with my letters for your readers' impartial judgment.
1. The present and all future tenants are to be holders of their farms in perpetuity, under the sole conditions of punctual payment of the State quit-rent and personal occupation.
2. The State selects no tenant, because the owner of the Tenant-Right for the time being is the State tenant, and is liable for the quit-rent. If at the supposed commencement of the new order of things the then tenant declines to continue, it is for the landlord to find a purchaser for his Tenant-Right, and till he does so he holds the land himself as the State tenant. He will be in the receipt of the Government annuity as an equivalent for the quit-rent taken by the State, and he must, of course, be responsible for it till he finds a purchaser who will assume the responsibility; but I feel convinced that under the régime of a nationalised land such cases will rarely if ever occur.
3. No limit whatever will be placed on the quantity of land one person may bonâ fide occupy; because all interference of such a kind would be hurtful and totally unnecessary. With some men and in some districts a thousand or even five thousand acres might perhaps be profitably farmed, with other men and in other districts ten or twenty-acre farms might be wanted, and might succeed best. Perfect freedom both as to the area farmed and the mode of farming are essential to progress in agriculture, as they are to the welfare of individuals and of the community. As to a definition of what is "personal occupation," I apprehend that in practice there will not be much difficulty. A capitalist farmer might, of course, employ any number of foremen or bailiffs--so long as they were not sub-tenants in disguise; but I apprehend that, when every man who can farm will be able to get land under the favourable terms my scheme supposes, skilful and trustworthy bailiffs will be so scarce that the farmer will find it far more profitable to hold no more land than he can personally superintend, and expend his surplus capital in bringing that into the highest possible state of productiveness.
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2019-04-23T06:38:26Z
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https://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S339AND.htm
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Part of God’s will for the life of a Believer is to live in blessing, so the question must be pondered: Why are so many who truly place their faith in Him struggling?
There is a saying in America that we should “fake it ‘til we make it.” I have actually heard preachers tell their congregation to do this… so much for “Thou shalt not bear false witness”, I suppose. So many Christians walk around outwardly chanting that they are blessed, but if we could find out what’s really going on in their life and the way they truly feel in their heart, we would see a completely different attitude.
Another thing I have noticed is people believing that they have been blessed (by God), yet refuse to follow certain instructions in God’s Word. One thing I have heard my own Pastor say many times is that, “God cannot bless you beyond your last act of disobedience.” So how is it then that a person can believe to be or appear blessed if they are living in defiance of God’s Word, either in totality or in part? Basically, this is a result of false blessing through deception.
The fact is, Satan will bring blessings into your life just to keep you stagnant and bound to his deception. After all, where did the blessings you are referring to come from? Most Christians are conditioned to say that their blessing came from God, regardless of the earthly source used. But consider for a moment that Satan can influence and use those trapped by his kingdom just as much as God can influence and use His people. How do you know it was God that led your boss to give you a promotion, or that it was God that placed that “great deal” on the item you went to the store to buy, or that it was God that… Think about it, Satan is often referred to as the “god of this world” and as such he has the ability to manipulate things to deceive you.
If God cannot bless you beyond your last act of disobedience, and you are being blessed in the midst of rebellion against the commandments given in His Word, than logic would dictate that it is not God who is blessing you. This should be quite concerning to anyone who wants to be truly committed to Yahweh and His Kingdom.
Now I do understand that we are taught by Scripture to not only confess that we are blessed, but that we create a future by what we speak. It has, therefore, been established that we can become blessed by speaking out that we are blessed. However, while it is true that the Bible teaches confession of faith and that life and death are all wrapped up in the power of our tongue, you’ll never really find the fullness of the blessing of God simply by going around saying that you are blessed.
You see, the Laws of God’s Word only work when you obey the Laws of God’s Word. As such, you cannot receive the blessings promised through the Word of God unless you obey the Word of God. If you need proof of this from Scripture, just read Deuteronomy 28, where the entirety of God’s Torah, blessing and cursing, is summed up.
Consider what James 2:18 says, “But someone will say, ‘You have faith, and I have works. ’Show me your faith without your works, and I will show you my faith by my works.” While the name James was commonly used at the time this was written, and there are several men with this name in the New Testament record, including followers of Messiah, tradition and most Bible scholars attribute this work to James the half brother of Yeshua. Certainly this was a man who was as close to the Messiah during His earthly stay than anyone. Think about the power behind words penned by such a man!
What was it that James was telling us here? He wanted to let us know that confession of faith alone is not enough, you have to have works that validate your faith. This is a message that the modern Pentecostal/Word of Faith movement needs more than any other. We have taught people that all they need to do is “name it and claim it” with their mouth.
I recently heard an account of a Pastor’s wife who developed cancer and began to confess healing every day until she died. Why does something like that happen? Because faith without works is dead (James 2:20). James compels his reader to show him faith without works, and follows it up by saying that he will show you his faith by his works. What was he saying there? It seems that there was a hint of sarcasm in the first part, almost mockingly requesting the reader to show faith without works. Why? Because he knew it wasn’t possible to show true faith without works.
Think about this now, the Bible tells us that we are saved by grace through faith, and not of works (Ephesians 2:8-9). What is important to know is that if salvation were by works, then we would have the ability to say that we earned salvation, which would make the work of the cross unnecessary. This does not, however, mean that works do not play a part in our salvation. In understanding that we are saved from sin, which the Apostle Paul says we can’t know if it weren’t for the Law/Torah, we will know how works play a role in our salvation.
While works do not save us, they validate our salvation. The person who tries to earn favor with God by keeping His laws will never make it, but on the flip side the person who believes they are saved without keeping the law is deceived. How is that possible you might ask? It’s because when you are saved from sin, your life should be producing works that are the opposite of sin. Think of it like this, if you have been saved from drugs or alcohol, then by faith you produce a life that abstains from those things. Your work of faith is that you no longer partake of those things that once had you bound.
In the Torah, also commonly referred to as the Pentateuch, which is the first five books of the Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy), we find the record of God’s commandments to His people, generally referred to as the Law (some say “God’s Torah”, others the “Laws of Moses”). These commands are primarily recorded in the books of Leviticus and repeated or reiterated in Deuteronomy. Many in the modern Church have sought to segment these laws into sections, which tends to give license to say which laws we need to obey and which one’s we do not. Some divide into three, others four, but for the purpose of this study we will consider four sections of the Law.
The divisions commonly referred to are Moral Laws, Civil Laws, Creation/Natural Laws, and Ceremonial Laws. The last division, Ceremonial Laws, speak about the duties of the Levitical Priesthood during the time before Messiah, which was the only way to temporarily atone for sins prior to Yeshua’s resurrection. In the book of Hebrews we find enough to clearly state that these ceremonial practices were permanently accomplished through the work of the cross. Animals, for example, no longer needed to be sacrificed in the Tabernacle or Temple for purposes of atonement because Yeshua became that sacrifice once and for all (although other purposes for sacrifice continued, such as thanksgiving offerings, which is why we see the Apostle Paul still making sacrifices in the Temple very late int he record of Acts).
While these Ceremonial Laws may have been replaced (NOT done away with, just replaced in the way they are accomplished), does this excuse the other divisions of the Law? It should also be noted that when the Temple is rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Levite Priesthood is reestablished, many of these laws will come back into existence. The only reason many are not being done today is due to the lack of a required Temple and Levite Priests. Some will say that the only laws we need to continue to obey are the Moral Laws, others will include Civil Laws, although Civil Laws are primarily toward courts and government, meaning that if you are not a judge or a government official within the nation of Israel, those laws probably don’t apply to you either. Many feel that the Dietary/Natural Laws and part of the Ceremonial Laws.
This can’t be true because we see them in place long before and long after the time of Moses, the Tabernacle/Temple, and the Ceremonial Laws. In addition to that, in order to classify something as a Ceremonial Law it must be restricted to the duties of Temple Priests and acts of Temple Worship. Dietary/Natural Laws were instructions to be followed by the entirety of God’s people in daily life. Others separate these Laws into a separate division but still maintain that they are not for today. They will say that obedience to anything other than the Moral (and MAYBE Civil) Laws is legalism and one who says they are for today is a “Judaizer“. Obeying the Torah is not legalism; Legalism is either the act of obeying Scripture to earn or maintain salvation, the enactment of man-made religious rules that are ranked equal to or greater than Torah, or both. Obeying the Scripture because the Ruach HaKodesh (Holy Spirit) is truly living in and through you is NOT legalism – it’s the evidence that you really are saved.
Consider, however, Deuteronomy 28, as noted earlier. This is a very popular passage, particularly the first section. Today’s Christian loves to quote this over their life, saying that they are Blessed in the city, Blessed in the field, Blessed coming in and Blessed going out. What they tend to forget, however, is that this is a conditional blessing. Deuteronomy 28:1-2 says, “if you diligently obey the voice of the Lord your God, to observe carefully all His commandments which I command you today, that the Lord your God will set you high above all nations of the earth. And all these blessings shall come upon you and overtake you, because you obey the voice of the Lord your God.” While I will not dwell on it just yet, if you read further down, starting in verse 15, you will find a series of cursings that come upon the person who does not obey the commands.
The next few words changed my life, and I believe they will change yours, too. It was the reason God had brought me to Israel. It was the answer I had been looking for.
We know through careful study that the early Church maintained adherence to the Dietary Laws of Leviticus. In fact, it is made clear through historical study and proper context of the Bible record that the early Church continued to govern their faith under the Laws recorded in the Old Testament. Yeshua and the Apostles alike make constant reference to the Law and the need to follow it… but also to follow it correctly.
Consider what Yeshua taught: In the “Sermon on the Mount” He told His audience that while adultery was a sin under the law, under His New Covenant if you lust after a woman you already committed adultery, and that while murder is a sin under the Law, under the New Covenant you commit murder if you so much as speak out hate speech toward someone. He taught that Moses gave open license for divorce because of the hardness of their hearts, but that under the New Covenant the only good reason for divorce is if you are the victim of adultery. Yeshua rebuked the scribes and Pharisees… NOT for paying their tithe, He commended them for that saying they were correct in doing so… BUT for ignoring what He called weightier matters of… THE LAW.
Wouldn’t it stand to reason, if Yeshua is our Master and Messiah, that His teachings would have to govern all other teachings in the Bible, both Old and New Testament? Think about it, Yeshua taught a higher standard of Law, not a lower standard. Consider for a moment, if we speculate a little bit (and please understand, this is only speaking in theory at the moment), we might say that the Law said a man should not wear women’s clothing and a woman should not wear men’s clothing, but in the New Covenant if a man says, “This is just metrosexual,” you have already sinned (YES, I realize that there are some styles that are perfectly masculine in today’s modern couture, but some of the stuff I have seen lately should NOT be worn by men, and vice versa).
Now, a lot of extremists like to say that should also prevent women from wearing pants, but that is just silly for two reasons; 1. Pants weren’t invented for men or women when the passage was written, and 2. Women’s pants are designed for women, therefore they are a garment that ‘pertaineth to a woman.’ I say that to point out that you have to THINK when you read the Bible. The point I am making is that there are modern fashions that may push the limits of traditional views but are clearly made for men or women respectively, but there are also fashions being designed with an agenda to support the LGBT movement, and sometimes even Christians fall prey to these trends which are meant to make acceptable that which Scripture calls an abomination. In the Kingdom of God men are to be men and women are to be women, as He designed them to be.
The Word says that we are not to have any graven images, yet the Ark of the Covenant had the graven images of angelic beings on the Mercy Seat. The Word says to not touch the dead body of an unclean animal, and yet parts of the tabernacle were made of the skins of Biblically unclean animals like badgers. If you look at these examples in context, however, you will know that the graven images forbidden were those created to be worshiped as idols, not something that would be a decoration in your home or something that would be used in the worship of God (such as the graven images on the Mercy Seat), and wearing a leather jacket or fur coat made from an unclean animal couldn’t possibly be breaking the Torah instruction against touching an animal carcass you find in the wild.
In the case of the dead bodies, it says that the person touching them would be ceremonially unclean until that evening. This was a much lower consequence than eating unclean animals, and provisions were even made in Numbers 9:10 to celebrate Passover even if you had touched a dead animal that made you unclean that day. It would also stand to reason that once the hides were tanned and prepared as leather for the covering of the Tabernacle they were no longer considered the same as the dead body, since they would have to be handled by the priests in maintaining the tabernacle for worship and atonement.
I say all that to point out that there are aspects of the Law that are not as strict as modern Pharisees would have you to believe. On the other hand there are those that we have lowered to not being necessary, even though Yeshua Himself illustrates that they are perhaps more restrictive than we may want to think.
So, back to Galatians and the curse of the Law. Was Paul saying that if you obey the Law you are under a curse? To reply the way he often does… Certainly Not! When you understand the New Testament from the perspective of the Jewish Christians who wrote it and established the Church, you will understand that they know what was meant by the curse of the Law, because they understood what is written in the Torah, specifically Deuteronomy 28. They knew, as we need to know today, that the Law was only a curse to those who break the Law, and that the Law is a BLESSING to those who live by it.
The problem with the Law under the Old Testament was that it was required to be kept without the sacrifice of Yeshua, which was impossible. That is why there had to be an annual Day of Atonement along with other ceremonial acts to atone for the sins of the people, because without Christ and without Faith it is impossible to keep the Law. Through Faith, however, the Law is made alive in the heart of the Believer and keeping it is not longer a burden, but a blessing. As a side note, we still keep the Holy Feasts today including the Day of Atonement, not to sacrifice a lamb for our sins annually, but to rejoice in the Lamb of God who was slain to atone for our sins once and for all.
This is why Paul says in Romans 3:31 (KJV) “Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the law.” Grace and faith are prerequisites to keeping the Law, you cannot do it without them. Yet, at the same time, you cannot claim to have grace and faith if you are rebellious to the Law, the two go hand in hand. This pattern is seen in the most microscopic building blocks of life, which I talk more about in my article Created By Design, where elements must be in place at the same time and rely on each other to produce life. Only God can produce two elements that need each other and neither can create the other without the other. This is why you are saved by grace through faith and not of works, while at the same time you are not justified by faith alone but also by works. Only God can produce that in your life, which is why obedience to Torah as a result of faith in Yeshua the Messiah is the evidence of true salvation.
But if, while we seek to be justified by Christ, we ourselves also are found sinners, is Christ therefore a minister of sin? Certainly not!
Now remember what Paul said about the Law defining sin in Romans 7:7, “What shall we say then? Is the law sin? Certainly not! On the contrary, I would not have known sin except through the law. For I would not have known covetousness unless the law had said, “You shall not covet.”” So let’s put this all together, the Law defines sin (Romans 7:7, also 1 John 3:4), and if we claim that Christ lives in us (Galatians 2:20) and we are engaging in acts of sin (Galatians 2:17) then we are saying that Yeshua is a minister of sin (Galatians 2:17). Let me put this another way: If you claim to be a Christian and continue to knowingly break God’s Laws, you are calling Yeshua Himself a sinner, because your claim is that He is sinning through you. I cannot stress this enough!
Understanding that the early Church knew what Paul meant by the curse of the law, as it pertains to Deuteronomy 28, we can also see that they knew what the blessing was truly all about. We MUST change our perspective and see the Scripture the way a first century Jewish Believer who accepted Yeshua as Messiah would see the Scripture, because, after all, Christianity IS a Hebraic/Jewish faith. The Bible tells us that the Gentiles are grafted into the vine, that vine being the original covenant God made with His chosen people.
There is not a separate Jewish Christian body and Gentile Christian body, with different rules for each. There is ONE body, a glorious Church, purchased through the blood of Yeshua. He came to bring unity, not division, and the foundation of that unity is through His covenant with His chosen people. The reason the New Covenant is a better one is because it allows all people to be grafted in through the blood of Yeshua.
Understanding now that the Law is a curse to those who don’t follow it, then we can begin to understand that the Blessing is validated by obedience to His Law. When this happens, you will no longer view the Law as a restrictive code that binds you from enjoying life, on the contrary. The Blessing allows you to live the abundant life that Yeshua came to provide (John 10:10).
When you begin to look at this from the eyes of the Jewish faith, which is the foundation of the Christian faith, you will begin to stop viewing the Law as a set of dictative commands and allow them to come alive as the source of blessing in your life. Instead of saying, “The Ten Commandments,” why not start saying, “The Ten Blessings.” Don’t focus on them as commands that bring a curse to them that reject them, but rather as a gift from Yahweh because through them you can find true blessing.
Instead of seeing something like giving tithes and offerings as a Law, and feeling like you have to do it or else you will be frowned upon by the Church and by God, look at giving as a blessing. You can live abundantly and prosperously by following the BLESSINGS of tithes and offerings. And, contrary to popular belief and modern teaching, tithes and offerings do not have to be in the form of money. They can be, and for most people that is the most convenient option, but no tithe in the entirety of Scripture was in the form of money, ever, and there was a system of money in place even before Abraham gave tithe to Melchizedek. For example, one option that might work better for some people is to tithe their time through voluntary service. I’ll get into this more at another time, but I do have a good message that compares modern teaching on tithing with the dietary instructions from Torah.
Instead of looking at the Dietary Laws and complaining that God won’t let you eat something, look instead at the Dietary BLESSINGS that provide life and health… DIVINE HEALTH… the blessing that sustained God’s people in the wilderness, the harshest of environments. Instead of trying to justify why you think the Bible gives you the OK to eat whatever you want (which is never does, contrary to popular belief), simply obey what the Bible says and live in the blessing of God.
Consider what Proverbs 4:20-22 says,“My son, give attention to my words; Incline your ear to my sayings. Do not let them depart from your eyes; Keep them in the midst of your heart; For they are life to those who find them, And health to all their flesh.” God does not give commands and laws because He wants to be some type of dictator ruling over us with an iron fist. He gives us these laws because He loves us. He created us, and when He did so He also created a plan for our life that, when followed, would allow us to live in true blessing.
It is a fact that God is bound to His Word, and therefore any consequences for rebellion against His Word must been enforced. I am often asked the question, “Do you really think God will send me to hell for…?” Typically it is for the things that most consider petty or insignificant, like eating bacon or working on the Sabbath. Nobody questions whether or not God will send a murderer to hell, but think about this, murder is spoken of very little compared to some of the so-called ‘little sins’ and some of God’s choicest servants in the historical record of the Bible committed murder (Moses, David and Paul for example), but a fellow who was gathering wood on the Sabbath was executed. That’s in your Bible! My response to the “Do you think god will send me to hell for…?” question is pretty simple: Why would you want to find out???
Think about it, why would you want to take any chance when it comes to eternity? I’m not talking about you being late for work because you got pulled over for speeding, I’m talking about gambling with your eternal destination over petty sins!
Think of a high security prison for a moment. You have murderers, rapists, drug lords, and the like. Nobody wants to be that guy who gets six months for some petty crime, right? It does not usually go well for that person when surrounded by hardened criminals. The same would hold true here, who would want to be that guy that hears the words, “Depart from me, worker of lawlessness, for I never knew you,” over something that seemed so small and insignificant.
I mean, seriously, if I’m gonna go to hell I might as well go with my guns blazing! I might as well get with all those women that I have met that I knew good and well I could have gotten in bed with. I might as well get falling down drunk off every night. I might as well dabble into the world of marijuana and cocaine. I might as well take out anyone who gets in my way (by “take out” I mean kill them, just in case you are not familiar with modern American slang). I might as well never pay for anything again, just steal whatever I need without regard to who I am stealing from. Certainly nothing I say would be the truth, I’m going to hell, right? Why on earth would you want to be that guy or gal who is permanently and eternally separated from God over something so small, so petty, that thing that religion tells you is not a big deal, that thing that backslidden preachers tell you is OK because it’s covered under grace and the blood?
Think about that for a moment… Yeshua said that in order to go to heaven you had to have a greater righteousness than the Pharisees! He said that the law will not pass away before heaven and earth pass away. It’s only late in the book of Revelation, after the Tribulation, after the Second Coming and after the Millennial Reign, after the final defeat of Satan (in whatever order you believe those events will occur) that we find a new heaven and a new earth!
Yeshua places an emphasis on the LEAST of the commands. Sure, he says they will be called least in the Kingdom of Heaven… notice, however, He doesn’t say you get to dwell in heaven! The Bible is clear, sinners who do not repent have to face an eternal consequence. I know this is not a popular message these days, but it still holds true. Repentance means to turn and go the other way. You turn AWAY from sin and walk toward the BLESSING, and you do that by first accepting Yeshua as your Messiah and then as a result obeying Torah.
He also stated that you cannot enter the Kingdom of Heaven unless your righteousness exceeds the righteousness of the Pharisees. As we know, the Pharisees were really good at keeping Torah, that’s what they lived for, many of them simply approached it from a wrong heart motive. Several times in the Gospel record there is reference to a place called “outer darkness”. Many believe this is a reference to hell, but there is a belief that this refers to a part of heaven outside of the Kingdom of Heaven.
Now, I am not trying to open a debate, but it lends itself worthy to consider that maybe there is a place of separation from God’s Kingdom apart from eternal hell. Again, I am not stating this as anything more than the theory it is according to some Bible scholars, and even if such a place exists I am not saying that is what Yeshua referred to as outer darkness. However, there must be a reason why Yeshua says that you will be called least in the Kingdom if you don’t follow and teach obedience to Torah while at the same time saying that unless your righteousness exceeds that of the Pharisees (ultimately, unless you keep and teach others to keep Torah) that you don’t even get into the Kingdom of Heaven. This is something that is certainly worthy of meditating on… or, you can simply obey the Bible and not worry about whether or not such a place exists or is Scriptural.
Embrace the Blessing that is found in God’s Law and begin the life of abundance He has promised you today!
NOTE: I mention the Dietary Blessings a lot, and I often do that for two reasons. First of all they are the most resisted of all of God’s commands, which usually shows the true heart of a person. True believers respond to the commands of God in obedience, while unbelievers, deceivers and hypocrites often respond in rebellion. If you feel the need to justify doing something that the Word commands against, whether the command is found in the New Testament or the Old, you should stop and check your heart, seek God’s face, and find a place of repentance. The second reason I focus a lot on them is because I believe that, because they are contested more than any other, they are the source of true revival in the heart of a Believer. It seems that Christians who embrace these particular laws are willing to do just about anything for God. These are they that often times are the most sold out believers. It is true that there are some sects that teach strict obedience to these laws and are way off, but when it comes to true Believers, those who are completely sold out and in love with Yeshua, when these people embrace God’s Dietary Laws (or shall I say Dietary Blessings), they are an unstoppable force for the advancement of the Kingdom of God. If you would like to read a more detailed study on the importance of these blessings you can access my articles: The Key To Divine Health, Does The New Testament Void Old Testament Dietary Laws, Get Up, Peter! Kill And Eat!, and Created With A Purpose.
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2019-04-20T16:51:32Z
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https://truthignitedministry.wordpress.com/living-under-the-blessing/
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Tallied four goals at the 2007 FINA World League Super Final…Led Team USA with 15 goals en route to Gold Medal at 2007 Pan American Games in his native Brazil…Named Top Scorer at 2007 World Championships in Melbourne after tallying 19 goals despite not advancing to the medal rounds…USOC Athlete of the Year three times...Led the team with 18 goals at the 2005 FINA World League and 13 at the 2005 FINA World Championships… Ranked 2nd in scoring percentage at the 2005 FINA World Championships…. Led the U.S. with 15 goals (ranked 2nd overall) at the 2004 Olympics in Athens, Greece including a hat trick to help the team qualify for the 7th place game...Became one of the highest paid players in water polo when he signed to play professionally for Italian club team, Bissolati Cremona...Scored a tournament high 33 goals during the 2003 Pan American Games... Finished as the top scorer in the FINA World League with 12 goals...Led the team in scoring at 2003 U.S. Cup with eight, including three versus Australia… Was named as the world’s seventh-best male athlete in the June 2003 edition of Men’s Journal…Scored 12 goals in four games in Team USA’s first place finish at 2003 French International…Led Team USA in scoring with 29 goals in the first year of the FINA World League, including seven in the season opener against Croatia in Los Alamitos (Calif.)…Was sixth in the league in scoring, but was only player in top six that didn’t advance to the Super Final…Was the only U.S. player to net at least one goal in each game…Leading scorer at the 2001 World Championships in Japan…Led team in scoring with 14 goals in Japan despite playing with a broken ear drum…Scored 13 goals in outstanding Olympic debut at the Sydney Games in 2000, the fourth highest scorer in the world...Selected by color commentator Jim Kruse for NBC’s All-World Team following Olympics...Was the high scorer at the Pan American Junior Water Polo Championships in 1998.
Led Bissolatti Cremona in scoring for the 2005-2006 season in Cremona, Italy…First in scoring in all of Italy for the 2006 season.
Became the first-ever player to win the prestigious Peter J. Cutino award four consecutive years...Was awarded First-Team All-American honors from 2001-2004...Named MPSF Player of the Year four consecutive years from 2001-2004...Named the 2004 American Water Polo Coaches Association Player of the Year for the fourth straight season... Mountain Pacific Federation four-time winner... Named co-Player of the Year in 2003 NCAA tournament...Scored 80 goals in his senior season...Shattered the prior record by over 100 goals when he became Stanford’s all-time top scorer with 332 goals…Was named as the Player of the Year at 2002 NCAA Tournament…Scored 95 goals in 2002, becoming Stanford’s top single-season scorer…In 2001, he earned NCAA Player of the Year and All-American Player of the Year…Voted the 2001 NCAA Tournament MVP…Voted Co-MVP of the 2001 MPSF Tournament…Named MPSF Player of the Week twice…Winner of the Stanford Block “S” Freshman Award…The nation’s leading scorer with 68 goals, which was a freshman school record and ninth-best in school history.
Earned All-American as well as All-Academic Team honors from 1996-99 at Wilson High School in Long Beach, CA...Selected to All-CIF Team from 1996-99 and was CIF Player of the Year three times…Father Rick was an assistant National Team coach in 2004 and coached Tony throughout his age group career and during his first three years at Long Beach Wilson.
while on the podium….Favorite pre-game meal is Pasta Pomodoro.
Earned All-American honors following 1998 and 1997 seasons, and was selected MPSF Co-MVP in 1998.
Attended Coronado High School in California…Began playing water polo because it was the only successful sport at his high school.
Enjoys reading, writing and exploring…Best water polo experience was when he represented the USA on the World All-Star Team in Hungary and in the 2004 Athens Olympic Games…Took a year off from school at Stanford to travel through Europe, Africa, Asia and Central America… Favorite movies are Ferris Bueller’s Day Off and Hatari.
Favorite Movie: Ferris Bueller’s Day Off and Hatari!
Led the team in scoring with 12 goals at 2007 Holiday Cup…Lit the proverbial lamp 11 times during 2007 Pan American Games… Scored three goals during Super Final 2007… Scored two goals in the semi-final game of the 2007 World Championships and was instrumental in the U.S. gold medal finish…Helped Team USA capture 2006 FINA World League and Holiday Cup titles… Led the team along with van Norman with 12 goals at the 2005 FINA World League….Led Team USA out of a slump with the team’s first goal in the 2004 Olympics Bronze medal victory… Scored in two games at the 2003 Pan American Games, where the USA won gold to qualify for the Athens Olympics...Had four goals at the 2003 World Championships... Has been involved with the U.S.A. National Team since 1998 when she was on the Youth National Team…Stepped up to the Senior National Team in 2003… Is one of the program’s strongest players…Has been included in the Speedo Top 40 Tournament since 2003.
Received PAC-10 medal in 2006… 2005 AWPCA Player of the Year, AWPCA First Team All-American, NCAA and MPSF Tournament MVP, First Team All-NCAA and All-MPSF Tournaments, First Team All-MPSF, MPSF Co-Player of the Year and Academic All-MPSF… Finished the 2005 season with 47 goals and her career with 158 goals, third-most in UCLA history...Awarded 2005 Peter J. Cutino Award (Collegiate Water Polo MVP)… Was a member of UCLA’s 2001, 2003 and 2005 NCAA championship teams and was assistant coach for the 2006 team.. Named to the 1st team at the 2003 NCAA and MPSF tournaments... 1st team All-American in 2003 and Honorable Mention All-American in 2002...Co-led the 2002 Bruins in scoring with 37 goals...Named to both NCAA and MPSF All-Tournament Teams.
Named CIF Division III Player of the Year her junior and senior years at Rosary High School, which won the CIF Championship in 1998 and 1999... 1st Team All-County…OC Register Athlete of the Year.
Played softball for 14 years and loves being part of a team… Started playing water polo in 1996…Younger brother plays water polo at the high school level…Served as the Student Assistant Coach for UCLA through the 2006 season… Describes best water polo moment as winning an Olympic Medal in the 2004 Olympics…Favorite movies are Bull Durham.
three years on the varsity swim team that won three CIF Titles.
pre-game meal is steel cut outs and melon…Favorite movies are Wedding Crashers and Old School.
Would play football if not for water polo…best thing about water polo are his teammates…started playing because it was the only sport his high school was dominant at and he loves to compete.
including back-to-back 13-stop efforts against Russia.
Played in the Spanish professional league in 2000-01 with Olivar of Zaragosa, Spain.
In 1998, he earned 1st Team All-Conference and 2nd Team All-American honors at Pepperdine...Earned 1st Team All-American distinction in 1997...Was MVP at the 1997 NCAA Championships for Pepperdine.
Enjoys snowboarding, scuba diving and cooking…Played the saxophone and viola during high school…Likes having Jamba Juice before a big game because you can’t be too full as a goalie… Got involved with water polo during the summer before his freshman year of high school because he didn’t want to play football in the heat.
Scored five goals during 2007 Holiday Cup…Put home two goals during 2007 Pan American Games …Netted five goals at Super Final 2007 …Helped Team USA win gold at the 2007 World Championships, 2006 Holiday Cup and 2006 FINA World League…Scored in the USA’s gold-medal win over Canada at the 2003 Pan American Games to qualify for the Athens Olympics...Had four goals at Pan Ams...Saw a lot of playing time at the 2003 World Championships and scored in the USA’s semifinal win over Russia before the USA claimed the gold medal...Netted four goals at 2002 FINA World Cup...Olympic Silver Medalist at 2000 Sydney Games... Began training with the national team on 1998…chosen at the last minute to train with the National Team for the 2000 Olympics… Is a strong contributor on both offense and defense for Team USA...Adds tremendous speed to the USA lineup...A member of the Golden Bear Summer National Club Championship teams in 1998 and 1999.
Played for Rari Nantes in Florence, Italy during the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 seasons.
Was a Collegiate All-American in 1999...Earned 1st Team All-Regional Qualifier...2nd Team MPSF, 1st Team MPSF Tournament and 1st Team All-National honors in 1999...Was named Team Captain at Cal Berkeley during the 1999 and 2001 seasons...Was fourth on the team in scoring with 33 goals in 199...Was a member of the 1997 and 1998 Cal Berkeley Collegiate National Teams which placed second in each season.
Was a founding member of Miramonte High School’s first girls water polo team after having played on the boys team...Helped Miramonte win the North Coast section title her senior year...Served as a two-time captain of the water polo and swim teams at Miramonte...Was a Senior National swimmer with Walnut Creek Aquabears.
Petri is known as “Petie” among her friends and teammates…One of the most experienced players on the National Team…Parents are Charlie and Karen Petri…Hobbies include photography, drinking coffee with friends and traveling…Happiest moments in sports were winning gold two-times at the World Championships.
Has drawn acclaim as one of the game’s most naturally gifted athletes…Scored on four occasions at the 2007 FINA World League Super Final…Tallied eight goals at the 2007 Pan American Games including four in the tourney opening win over Brazil…Part of the 2006 and 2007 FINA World League Super Final squads…Won a Gold Medal at the 2007 Pan American Games…Member of the 2007 World Championship team…Scored six goals for Team USA at the 2005 FINA World Championships…Was one of the U.S.A.’s top scorers at the 2004 Olympics in Athens, Greece...Scored 9 goals at the 2004 Summer Olympics, including two goals in his Olympic debut against Croatia and a three-goal performance against Italy to clinch 7th Place for the U.S....Made a splash in 2002 as an exciting passer, scorer and defender…Scored in three games at the 2003 Pan American Games...Had four goals in the finals of the 2003 World Championships...Was named as the Top Defender at the 2003 American Water Polo League finals for Newport…Finished fourth on the team with nine goals in the 2002 FINA World League……Made senior National Team debut at the 2001 Canada Cup, in Calgary.
Played at Pepperdine University... A Division I First-Team All-American in 2004…A First-Team MPSF pick in 2002...First-Team All-American in 2002...Led the Waves with 55 goals in 2003.
A graduate of Coronado High School in Coronado, CA... Helped Coronado to three San Diego Section CIF Division II championships in 1998, 1999 and 2000...Named San Diego Union Tribune Player of the Year in both 1999 and 2000.
Favorite foods range from sushi to carrots...Enjoys hiking.
Found the net three times during the 2007 Holiday Cup…Scored 11 goals at 2007 Pan American Games…Tallied two scores at Super Final 2007…Delivered the first goal of the match for Team USA in the gold-medal 2007 FINA World Championship game against Australia, finishing the tournament with four goals…Pivotal in both 2006 FINA World League and 2006 Holiday Cup gold medal finishes… Proved her outstanding skills as one of the world’s top centers at the 2005 FINA World Championships, helping to lead Team USA to a silver medal…Scored two goals for the U.S. Team in the Championship game against Hungary and four goals from center in the tournament…Co-led the team in scoring at the 2005 FINA World League Series with 12 goals…Played on the championship teams at the 2003 Junior World Championships and 2002 Pan American Games…Went to Holland in 2002 as a member of the U.S. ‘B’ Team.
Selected to the All-MPSF First Team and ACWPC All-American First Team in 2006…Scored 52 goals for USC during her senior season and concluded the year among the Trojan’s top five all-time scorers with 175 goals and helping her team to the NCAA Championship game (2nd place)… As a sophomore, became the second player in USC women's water polo history to win the Peter J. Cutino Award as the nation's top collegiate women's player...In leading the Women of Troy to the national championship, Van Norman was named as MPSF Player of the Year and earned All-America and All-MPSF first team honors...Earned NCAA All-Tournament first team honors... Earned All-America and All-MPSF second team honors in her 2003 freshman season after leading the team in scoring with 65 goals.
She earned four-time All-American honors at University High in San Diego, Calif... Member of San Diego Hall of Champions...Named CIF Player of the Year and league most valuable player in her senior season.
Majored in English...Parents are James and Marsha...She also has two brothers Josh and Jordan and younger sister, Sarah...Favorite movie is Dirty Dancing…Her happiest moment was winning the 2007 World Championships…Her goal is to represent Team USA at the 2008 Olympic Games.
Supports Breast Cancer Research and Feed the Children/Team Darfur…Best thing about water polo are the friendships and the running and swimming…Got involved with water polo by swimming first and stays with the sport because of a love for the competitiveness and physicality of the game.
Hit for five goals during the 2007 Holiday Cup…Tied for team lead with 12 goals at 2007 Pan American Games…Led team with seven goals at Super Final 2007…Scored 11 goals for the USA at the 2007 FINA World Championships and named MVP for her solid performance…Instrumental in gold medal finish at 2006 Holiday Cup and FINA World League…Played a key role in USA’s silver medal finish at the 2005 FINA World Championships in Montreal, Canada…Scored the first goal against Hungary in the gold medal match of the 2005 World Championships… Was among the top 20 scorers in the 2005 World Championships… Wenger has worked her way up through the National Team Program since 2000… Known as one of the top defenders in the country…Spent two years on the Youth National Team, one year on the Junior National Team and has been on the Senior National Team since 2005… Made her international debut at the 2003 Junior World Championships where Team USA brought home silver.
Played her first international season for Olympiakos in Greece in 2006/2007 before returning home for World Championships.
Led USC to a NCAA 2nd Place finish during her senior season (2006)… Named the 2006 Peter J. Cutino Award Winner, collegiate water polo’s most valuable player award…No. eight all-time scorer for USC with 127 career goals (37 in 2006)...Selected to the 2006 All-MPSF First Team, the NCAA All-Tournament First Team and the ACWPC All-American First Team… As a 2004 sophomore, Wenger scored 19 goals...Earned NCAA All-Tournament second team honors. Wenger finished fifth on the team in scoring with 27 goals in her 2003 freshman season...Led the team with two goals in a 7-6 overtime loss on April 26 against UCLA at the MPSF Championship...Scored three goals in an 11-9 win on Feb. 2 against UC Santa Barbara.
She earned All-America honors at Wilson High in Long Beach, Calif...Earned All-CIF and all-league first team honors...Trained with the 2002 Youth National Team…Earned scholar-athlete award all four years.
She majored in policy, planning and development...parents are Steve and Janet...her sister, Jana, also played for USC…Brother is a rescue boat operator for Long Beach Fire/Lifeguard Department…Lists her favorite movie as Top Gun.
One of the most experienced members of the Senior National Team with nearly 15 years of involvement… Threat at both ends of the pool with tough defense and good scoring ability...Scored four goals apiece at the 2007 FINA World League Super Final and 2007 Pan American Games…Scored four goals for Team USA in the 2005 FINA World Championships...Scored a goal against Russia at the 2004 Olympic Games...Scored in six games and led Team USA with five goals at the 2003 World Championships...Netted four goals at 2003 U.S. Cup...Had four goals, including three in one game, at the 2003 French International…First became involved with the National Team in 1997.
Named collegiate All-American and All-MPSF athlete in four straight seasons at UCLA...Was a member of the 1999 and 2000 UCLA Bruins National Championship teams....Led the Bruins with 27 assists in 1999.
Played at Wilson High School in Long Beach, Calif...Was named the 1995 CIF Division I Player of the Year...Member of the 1994 Division I CIF Championship team...Awarded High School All-American honors in three seasons...Notched 309 career goals at Wilson.
Favorite foods include sushi and Mexican...If he weren’t playing water polo, he would pursue baseball...Cites his parents, brother and Klaus Barth as his biggest influences…Loved traveling to Cuba and Hong Kong with water polo… Married in 2006.
Would play baseball if not for water polo…supports the Klaus Barth foundation for cancer, Barth was his former coach and is an idol…best thing about water polo is that game is in the water and the friends you make out of the water…got into water polo because he lived near the beach and was involved with swimming, friend got involved with the sport and so did he.
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2019-04-24T02:45:01Z
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https://www.nyac.org/water-polo/bios
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While it may look a very small pre mature, it’s very valuable to college students to create very excellent social networking customs from the get-go. By the end of the summer time program, students will present their own work with a award reception and find a fiscal Voelcker Student Award. All pupils have to pay tuition for all classes where they’re enrolled. Most senior high school students have a tendency to submit an application for a foodstuff professional services standing.
Whether you’re leaving college, college or university, then you will want to compose a CV if you wish to land that dream job. S O you merely graduated school or college and you’re prepared to get in the work force to turn into an effective person in society. Consider everything you have done at faculty, for example, you can cite that your passion and potential to write persuasive dissertations. If you should be a high schooler that’s been admitted to a faculty currently, you can also state your faculty’s name and the day you’re going to start attending.
Our instance CV will provide you with ideas and allow you to begin. The very optimal/optimally method to begin writing your CV is by simply creating a quick breakdown of approximately 4 or 5 4 sentences which best clarify what it really is you have in a position to contribute about this role, in the event that you receive the occupation. Your own CV is comparable to your own advertisement a chance to market to companies and inform them exactly why they ought to engage one. A CV or resume is very critical for each pupil for almost any job (be it a parttime job or even the commencement of one’s livelihood ). Sending your CV can be the very first bit of contact you will make with a potential employer, so therefore it’s important to make use of it as a way to earn a terrific first impact. Regardless of whether or not you make the most of the CV or resume, you ought to thoroughly edit your file. Employing the above tips that you should be in a place to develop a successful college leaver CV who may make a huge impression on recruiters and also make certain you get invited into lots of interviews.
The use of this career purpose is not to tell the choosing manger what you would like to escape from the company. Relatively, it really is to showcase your skills and capabilities that’ll enable to successfully meet the tasks of this circumstance. To be able to set your self regardless of the rest of applicants, you must possess a thorough comprehension of the qualities and abilities that companies believe invaluable. Now you want to know how to compose a resume with no experience that’s compelling and distinctive, well suited to get a senior school restart or perhaps a newcomer’s resume for most teens. A lack of job experience doesn’t signify overly little work experience. Stay glued to this tips over, and you will have a resume that compensates for the lack of wisdom plus gets you the meeting. If like many school leavers, that you don’t have any direct job experience in your community you’re employing to, I’d counsel set your instruction next.
Write down on exactly what knowledge you employed, and also the direction they may relate to the job which you just desire. Additionally say what kind of jobs you’re looking and you believe you’d be good in it. You may also leave off any tasks that are completely unrelated to this task that you desire. You have invaluable skills that you’re in a position to bring to this job, and it’s currently your target to convince the company which you’re getting to be a superior fit. Our college pupil CV hints are listed in order to aid you in ensuring that your advertisement does precisely the work. In the occasion that you’ve never maintained a formal job, it is still true you have lifetime experience that is certainly applicable to this search. For that reason, whenever you sit down to compose your first resume, make an effort to consider carefully your prior tasks at a brand fresh lighting.
In a CV, for example, in case you should be asking for work at education, you can choose to set your teaching experience close to the peak of one’s CV. In case you have any part-time work, that’ll go a long way in a great adventure segment. Charitable job Any other form of fund raising or offer work you tackle for charitable triggers appear fantastic in your CV since they show you’re ready to help individuals and frequently involve an outstanding deal of organisation and planning. Whatever CV you require for the job for students simply comply with the above mentioned guidelines and offer all the knowledge and abilities that you possess. Strategically convey experiences to make your livelihood special CV. Someone who has received a former career should think about mentioning that adventure temporarily in a distinct section labeled additional expert experience. Simply choose the abilities which you have, and reveal the method by which they interpret into success in which you opt to apply them.
Continue reading for a more in-depth excuse of each to figure out that CV format is best for students. In the finish of the summer season program, students will exhibit their job with an award reception and get yourself a monetary Voelcker Student Award. If you should be a worldwide student, you might need to describe work place. Many pupils are choosing to post their CVs on the web in a bid to exhibit themselves at a more professional way. They often discover that it’s beneficial to test resumes from graduate students who made their very first job out academe. All pupils have to pay tuition for all classes in which they truly are registered. Utilizing a student resume template can help save you time and attempt together side offer you ideas on which segments to add and also the way to accomplish them in order to pull the ideal employers.
With a Phd, applicants are going to have a really good deal more experience inside their field speakingtherefore that they might need to incorporate added CV sections such as for example books, jobs, conventions etc. to give more info in their experience that might possibly help potential employers appreciate what they’re able to contribute about your enterprise. It’s necessary for candidates to get the most out of restart samples and practical direction when generating their pupil resume as a way to ensure they emphasize their abilities and potential at lieu of absence of expertise. An crucial matter every work candidate should be asking!
Your employer would be interested in case you have any superior knowledge in various languages, Computing, driving and anything else which will possibly reap the organization. Employers might prefer one to submit a software to your job they will have promoted not any job. International companies usually make use of CVs too. For those who haven’t had some paid job, checklist some quick work experience placements or devoting you’ve completed. Like the instruction component of your CV, you need to set your latest job or job experience . The company will be searching for soft skills and features which have been acquired during employment, that it is potential to bring with your own company. You shouldn’t criticize about your prior company in your CV.
As you still don’t have any skilled experiences, put your strengths into terms of your abilities, technical skills, and different competencies. Naturally, in case you have any job experience that’s directly in regards to the placement, you’re going to be more catnip for companies. Possibly you really did a fantastic deal of volunteer work or fund raising throughout senior school that may also be notable for you yourself to know your very own personal values and what types of matters are crucial to you. You are not called to disclose every career you’ve ever needed. No matter CV you will need for the job for students simply abide by the above guidelines and also sell all of the knowledge and abilities you might have. Strategically convey adventures to make your livelihood specific CV.
A CV or resume is important for each and every university pupil for just about any job (be it a parttime occupation or the commencement of one’s career). CVs for faculty leavers and greater school student CVs could be hard as being a result of deficiency of expert work experience but you’ll find a lot of techniques to make creating a high faculty CV substantially more straightforward. Based about the form of project, you will have to develop a Curriculum Vitae (CV) or even a restart . ) A cv is chiefly connected with job applications. A student nurse program vita E is made by a nursing college student who’s applying for employment.
A CV can differ from 2 pages to quite a few pages. To start with, a CV can be a very equally incredible method to continue to keep a watch out for your own accomplishments. Whether you’re in need of a college student CV, a undergraduate scholar CV or why not a post-grad or specialists student CV, then you’ll locate invaluable examples and instruments on Online-CV to work with you to create the-right program for your own requirements.
Beneath you may discover a group of CVs. Your CV can be a critical door-opener, and so don’t overlook its relevance. Now you’ve learnt just how to create an exceptional cv, it’s time and energy to search for employment! Many CVs come to be rejected just due to endless errors in the individual. Additionally, CVs and covering letters ought to be composed in keywords.
You don’t know exactly how and whenever your CV will likely be read by your future employer. CV might even be described being an outline of someone’s professional along with informative history that’s mainly prepared for job use. Your own CV will probably be shorter, which is reasonable to comprise explanations in some particular regions, like the standards for awards that you have gotten. Again, the best factor to simply take into consideration is who will be reading your CV and also what they are interested to find. Putting together the perfect CV may resemble an intimidating endeavor, but it is something that it is easy to study. By selecting any one of the above-mentioned mentioned sites, you’ll procure an equally professional and appealing CV which will absolutely be an advantage when job searching for.
Whether you are a student who requires a letter of recommendation to get a program or some reference who isn’t certain the way to replicate the letter, these samples may offer assist. If you should be a global student, you could want to clarify work status. Most pupils reach a wall when it regards the professional experience segment since they simply don’t possess relevant job experience. Broadly speaking, greater school students possess a tendency to concentrate on their club participation whilst college students often feature major class projects.
Choosing which to use is dependent upon the type of career which you’re trying to get and your degree of encounter. Whether you’re searching for the own first occupation or trying to get paid a livelihood change, the process starts with your own resume. So our student CV hints are listed as a way to aid you in ensuring that your ad does precisely your job. Whatever CV you require for the job for students just stick to this above guidelines and also sell all of the abilities and knowledge you possess. Around the flip side, resumes are simply a maximum of just a bunch of pages. A simple Resume is going to be clear and concise and mayn’t drag for over 23 pages. It will be possible to nevertheless develop a very amazing and professional course by abiding with a very straight-forward management structure to work with you to stand out from the many people looking for work and seekers.
Given below are a handful sample CV programs that you can take benefit of just as references to build your curriculum vitae readily. As an example, underneath the designer CV template you might realize that people additionally supply you with a restart instance and also a method to write a style designer restart . Simply set a side a little bit of time (possibly bookmark it for later) and also a few tea bags at the end you are getting to be taking a peek in a prime instance of the best CV in history, together along with your name ontop!
Consistently follow with instructions, but in the event that you become asked to furnish a CV, take the chance to send it with a note much enjoy a coverletter to demonstrate that you’re fascinated. Various varieties of CV There are two principal kinds of how CV students should concentrate on. A CV or resume is also critical for every single student for nearly any job (make it an part time occupation or the commencement of one’s livelihood ). Building an attractive CV assists in fostering your odds of choosing the occupation.
Bear in your mind the great most of your CV need to pay attention to that which you have accomplished in your area. Your CV reflects that you have and all your accomplishments within the field of work, so it requires to cultivate with you personally. In the exact same time that you do not will probably have to own just one CV, you also need to have more than you, based on the work that you are searching for. Your CV ought to be targeted to this job you are applying for. A superb CV is just one that communicates data and information concerning its own applier, However, a wonderful CV is one that grabs the recruiters interest directly away. A graduate school CV isn’t the chance to find resourceful!
You don’t know how and if your CV will probably be read by your future employer. CV can likewise be clarified being an outline of somebody’s professional together with enlightening history that’s mainly prepared for occupation application. Many CVs become rejected only because of endless errors in the individual.
When you are thinking about just how to compose a CV that wins one of the interviews you would like, you must think about every element of your CV, notably the layout and the authentic details that you need to comprise. Your CV is similar to your advertisement an opportunity to market to companies and inform them exactly why they ought to engage one. Your CV can be actually really a vital door-opener, and therefore don’t overlook its importance. Assembling the right CV might seem to become a daunting job, however, it is some thing which you can easily study. So, you might want to consider maintaining an individual CV that you utilize specially for submitting together with software.
When it’s to perform writing a CV, we frequently receive scared or think we’re not able to earn the right personalised CV. Also, CVs and covering letters should be written in keywords. Essentially it’s quite straightforward to create a CV but what counts is focusing on just how to earn a superior CV that’s well worth sending because of your own occupation app! Based on what industry you want to employ for, then it’s necessary for you to accommodate your CV and knowledge to demonstrate that you’re the appropriate person with this particular job.
As said previously, perhaps not really just a great deal of individuals know what things to give a resume or cv. A curriculum vitae, usually called a CV, can be another option to creating a resume to submit an application to get work. Whether you’re composing your own first program vitae or using a the latest CV, a template might be exceedingly beneficial. The absolute most prosperous curriculum vitae and restart are all exceptionally targeted to your particular job. What’s a power program vitae.
The 4 primary forms of CV or resume, chiefly employed for job applicants in the present job market place are follows. In order to acquire that all powerful interview, your CV have to find the attention it deserves. Of course the CV will not function as sole element which will get you the ideal job, but if a CV is thrown out before you are ready to find the situation to shine, you will not know if you had the ability to own landed the work. A chronological CV is very good if your work titles are excessively impressive along with your preceding employer names is really famous. Thus, you may possibly want to look at maintaining an individual CV that you use specifically for submitting together applications.
Choose which sections that you have to put inside your CV (depending on the job that you’re applying for), and also which ones that you may possibly get rid of. Practical CV’s are also quite good if you should be aiming to improve career management or you want to leave a present trade. A functional CV is good at displaying crucial talents and special functions. If you are one among many your CV’d better be outstanding in the event that you are interested in to have an chance to excel throughout your interview.
It is possible to swap mails at time and get the answer instantly. Considering that the introduction of the web, Mail coverletter composing is additionally a great issue of business persons as well to of ordinary men. Hence, the advice given about administrative management resume will allow you to draft a terrific administrative control restart. Make sure that you’ve replaced each of these information out of the template with your own, personalized advice. It’s possible to also incorporate information about the subject of the honors and accomplishments in it. To begin with you would like to secure as much advice as possible regarding this function. Few resources are capable of making a huge difference when you have written restart before.
The authentic utilization of the purpose is always to sell hiring managers on your own candidacy. Though maybe not compulsory, when an objective is contained, it ought to be succinct and accurate. The objective, only delight in the remainder of your restart, is about you.
Unfortunately, you can’t discount the worth of the letter. You need in order to illustrate a comprehension of this companys corporate culture. You surely have to have some work experience should you wish to find an entrylevel position. With an astonishing resume correspondence, you are able to definitely obtain the wanted occupation prospect. It really is desired you have any experience within the area you would like to get into.
Your up coming livelihood is dependent upon it. If you are referring to an existing occupation, then they should be more utilized at today’s stressed. Lets look at what you need to do as a way to find out a entry level occupation. Whatif you couldn’t detect volunteer job in your area of interest. Thus need to own any courage, attempt to take some initiatives and even it’s likely to procure any the help of online resources also. On the list of most famous ways of finding a guy or lady to successfully fulfill out a telecoms job is to use the assistance of a specialised telecoms recruitment service. An excellent spot to uncover CV examples would be always to stop by your preferred university’s web page and find the college webpage for the own department.
Assure you emphasize the skills pertinent to your certain company. Relevant expertise are what a certain company is hunting for. Following this, you opt for the most useful skills that commonly are required on your brand new marketplace and you have to begin searching for games. You also ought to highlight your abilities and capabilities.
A seasoned writer knows the way to write a resume will help you insert everything will be the most crucial particulars and cut the excess information. CV writing is quite a brilliant issue. The way to compose decent CV cases is a typical inquest created to trigger depressing states of laidoff joblessness.
Customizing your cover letter The correspondence needs to be composed based on the corporation’s wants and requirements. Using precisely the very exact same sources you’re have the ability to obtain your covering letter prepared as well. A excellent cover letter ought to match you RESUME.
A template can spare you a lot of time. For example, it can show you the way you can lay out your CV. Templates also reveal you exactly what information that you’ll want to possess in your CV, such as what information to install each individual part of your CV, and what type of language to use.
You will find loads of statement generating applications online that could instantly make your invoice slide. Invoices are only part of the film that reflects the business’s image and business standing. It is very important to get ready the industrial invoice as accurately and clearly as possible to prevent issues with your own dispatch.
Fundamentally a statement contains some info related to the products and services supplied by your company. The statement is the former statement in regards to the value and also high caliber of job supplied by this company. Your statement should have your organization name and brand, in case you have got one, in the summit of the invoice with your address and proper contact info. Business Invoice is an entirely complimentary software. A commercial invoice is a global shipping record offered by the provider to the customer detailing the value and kind of products marketed. At the event of the habits inspection, a ready business invoice can assist the habits officer take a fast decision regarding the way your shipment ought to be successfully processed.
In actuality, the practice starts until the authentic record was created. The optimal/optimally thing concerning the procedure is you might possibly customize it into your way. The procedure for building invoice form is fairly simple and needs less skill.
What it’s likely you have to do is to locate the template that you would like to use within a bill for the ideal purpose. In any other case, you could use the templates that are conventional from your glow. The simple template allows one to conserve almost any advice you enter in to the industrial invoice form so that you do not need to manually retype the specific same information every time. A industrial statement template can be a exceptional form of invoice. Just like other main-stream bills an on-line bill templates incorporate a header part and a diagram from its entire body. You can get into the on line bill templates in a really nominal cost by reputed websites. Significantly more than 321 free statement templates you might download and print.
At this time you know exactly why statement really things and also the manner it affects your small business advancement. You’re going to need a statement that is very likely to make your business seem specialist and isn’t challenging touse. Invoices are a vital part of one’s business’s balance sheet and keeping up a comprehensive, abbreviated set of fiscal transactions for tax and revenue purposes is crucial for its continuing progress of your tiny business. Professional invoices are simply a couple clicks away and provide a freelancer or very little enterprise a crystalclear path to setting a brand as well as a positive, mutually favorable client experience. Most invoices should additionally contain owner’s address and get information, along with some other normal particulars. To create an invoice in your you just need to put in a fundamental template form on the internet.
If you should be permitted to file your invoice through email then it helps to change the statement in to PDF format so it can’t be shifted. It will be potential to basically share an extensive statement via a message using the cost link, and the buyer could be rather very happy to locate the procedure for payment hassle free. Our totally free invoice has the ability to allow you to avoid unnecessary disputes about how much is owed and present you a more solid footing if you ever will need to see court. Invoices are especially helpful for companies in case they have to keep monitoring of exactly what it’s really is that they supply. A pro forma statement is sort of earnings quotation that’s generally useful to validate the transaction or because of an authorized financial quotation paper just prior to selling this merchandise.
Invoices aren’t the same as receipts. Your invoice needs several. Invoices are likewise a great way for enterprise to ensure they can push through with anything they truly are assumed to give. A industrial invoice is utilized to discover tariffs, global industrial phrases (such as CIF) and so can be popular for habits purposes. The initial business invoice, 1 backup connected to the shipment paperwork, and also yet another copy on the dispatch are all required.
Invoices are essential parts of advice to keep in mind to really receives a commission . They are a really good way for customers to ensure their builders or suppliers drive through with anything they require. They form a critical portion of personal debt collection and payment terms have to be incredibly definitely stipulated. Complete the invoice needs to be designed such a manner that even after putting all of the particulars of this transaction, it looks complicated. A magnificent statement includes all the information relevant to the particular customer in the place of merely looks professional however provides a process of communication for the business. Industrial bill can be actually a substantial document desired by the customs government. The clean business invoice is currently in Excel spreadsheet format so that it’s quite easy to use.
If you’re curious to discover some templates for your store or organization, then you first have to pick the kind you have to hunt for. In the event you find yourself with an best template however still your requirements aren’t meeting then it is apparent that you are away from your initial prerequisites. Automobile darkening template conserves a good deal of your time and funds plus aids your business to go smoothly with no confusion. The blank reception template is one of the absolute most flexible kinds of reception templates. The free receipt template is merely a complimentary and easy to use version. A money receipt template provides you having a location to monitor the identify of the individual that has made the payment that’s very important information which ought to be monitored. You could just necessitate downloading only 1 cash receipt template on your requirements.
Receipt programs vary in articles suiting the requirements of the goal. The jewelry reception template might be utilized in various areas. You have to select a reception template that complements your goal. It’s not hard to put in an exact professional first-class sales receipt template and produce thousands of top quality receipts for practically any sale.
The recipe template unites the normal direction of picturing recipes having an electronic virtual kind of storage. Even the Microsoft recipe template could be the perfect answer for everybody trying to obtain better organized. The Money Receipts inner command Template could also be structured in how best gifts your abilities and experience.
The cheque receipt template, because its name implies is quite a straightforward structure, which admits payment by means of the cheque. The receipt templates may be used in virtually any new organization or business. Personal Custody Receipt Template can be just actually a sort that is suppled from the average person or thing who chooses over any land or alternative forms of matters to the individual handing through the specific identical.
Now you are able to find several forms of bills. Invoices aren’t exactly the specific identical to receipts. They are important in the current normal small business activities. At a lot of situations, it truly is sufficient to concern that a commercial invoice. You may work with an all-inclusive invoice for lots of transactions.
To know the VAT liability of an firm, it’s necessary that the invoices associated with every sale are maintained. An invoice is also regarded as a bill. A tax statement could maintain electronic form, given that it’s made up of their crucial info.
For those who only desire one receipt and you never need unique receipts, you also may down load a term template which produces only one receipt, but if you require many receipts, start using a template creating significantly more than three receipts in an instant. Whatever you do or wherever you proceed, you will be supplied a reception after all types of trade. Producing receipts for little and significant bookkeeping is wise.
In some conditions, you can take a particular type of receipt, including a rent receipt or a donation thanks letter. At a certain seconds you also will need to produce receipts. It is sometimes a nonprofit in which by you have to extend a reception of contribution to all donors.
The receipt needs to have the exact date of. There’s no denying the simple truth that all receipts are essential. A health receipt is not going to look the very same as being a payment reception. You are able to receive free taxi receipt from the internet.
Whatever you really do or wherever you move, you’re going to be handed a reception right following any sort of trade. The Rent Receipt has to be maintained effectively from the renter as it will be of use next time. Professionally generated receipts will also be important for keeping very good business documents. It’s mandatory that you select a higher superb reception because it is going to represent your organization along with your client will identify you in the reception too.
With the evolution of net it is currently very simple to find different varieties of recipe card in several sites. Impressive recipe cards easily obtainable about the web can warrant all sorts of delicious recipe plus they truly are much appealing from the features. A redeemed Card is just actually a far simpler approach to pick your popular dish and it’s contained in lots of distinguishing shapes. Modern day recipe cards comes in a impressive manner and in addition, they create usage of innovative arts to create the card looks much more appealing and it induce individuals to have a look over the recipe and check it out in their kitchen.
In other words, using a wal-mart Receipt Template Psd speeds up the tradition of creating a profitable restart also ensures that it will stand out in the applying strategy. In other words simply, employing a Money Receipts Prelist Template accelerate the practice of making a winning resume and ensures it’ll stand out in the application clinic. To put it utilizing a Money Receipts Internal management Template speeds up the practice of making a winning restart also ensures it is definitely going to stick out in the application form procedure.
Receipt, is an easy official acknowledgment, so that the goods or services are received. The invoice is the former statement in regards to the worthiness and also higher caliber of job provided from the business. Thus, it really is vital to be aware that the more quickly you send your bills, the faster you will get paidoff. Once you are creating an invoice of almost any type you will see a Commercial Invoice Template should have the ability to help you to do matters in a superb way.
Should you make a statement rapid, Billable wants to aid you. By having an internet invoicing software it’s possible to be certain your statement appear punctually and you will maintain able to readily track it. You’ll need a statement that’s very likely to produce your small business appear expert and isn’t hard to use. Your first three bills are completely liberated. It’s possible to use a Commercial Invoice that will help you when you attempt to create something that can be fully skilled.
It’s potential to get notified while the buyer reads your invoice. You will be able to see how a final statement may appear. Generating statement is quick and straightforward and you’ll create and send statement instantly, track overdue invoices and make sure to receive paid for the invoice .
An internet invoicing software helps fortify brand identity by giving amazing statement templates for internet invoicing. It’s much far more benefit than just creating the bill itself. It fully minimizes and eradicates the additional cost related to newspapers, envelopes, and postage of traditional statements. By using an internet invoicing program is most likely the most best means to retain your watch on which invoices are sent, paid out, or outstanding without even exposing your clients.
You will find those who don’t use some one of the above mentioned alternatives. The ideal choice is always to use applications and software designed for earning statements. After deciding a number of choices to be added, it becomes more easy to sort the statement. Possessing many payment choices for the bills can improve your likelihood of becoming paid before the date by 3x.
If you’re doing a good deal of invoicing, then you may choose to take a look at purchasing certain bookkeeping and invoicing application. Using Invoice Simple, you will be invoicing your clients very quickly and delivering expert PDF invoices readily. Your bill wants lots. Delivery statements can likewise capture costs of every and every item, substantially like a sales statement, as a way to observe overall prices. Your Invoices will be the previous discussion clients have with your own organization. INVOICE WITH CONFIDENCE Invoice Simple is utilized by tens of thousands and tens of thousands of modest business proprietors just like you and is consistently rated one of the optimal/optimally invoice programs. Since you might begin by creating a exact simple statement in Micro Soft term, finally you are probably going to will need to transition to an invoicing system or site that simplifies a range of the job.
If you’re running a business, you know that it’s always essential to have a peek in the big photograph. But on the sector, there are exceptional businesses providing invoices with various selections. It is excellent for smaller business people, contractors and freelancers needing a quick, uncomplicated to use portable invoicing solution.
The template comprises a ordinary license that give you the right to make use of it for personal or company needs, nevertheless, you also can’t pay or put it on its own, or even put it to use as just a portion of some other product offered for sale. You could find the template may enable one to accomplish things straight also to stay professional since you possibly can work. Templates could be at a variety of formats which is often customized for a educators particular desires. With the help a template offers it is possible to create a excellent statement. For instance, you can choose on an invoice template so you do not need to produce an original one having a term document. You’re working to earn something which will be an easy task to read and understand, and you’re going to be able to use a Commercial Invoice Template to simply help with this particular. Whenever many commercial invoice templates are inclined to be sales statement templates, there are a range of differences between both, no matter some similarities.
Invoice Simple is perfect for little business owners, contractors and contractors needing an easy and professional portable invoicing answer. It is used by thousands and thousands of small business people just like you and is always rated among of many greatest invoice programs. It is prudent to fill the shape and also your receipt at the design of travel to get drivers trademark if needed. If you take advantage of a statement sort produced in Word, you have got to employ your own calculator to find out the totals.
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2019-04-22T06:31:20Z
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http://gnothikon.com/10-netzplan-vorlage/
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FIRST Global takes your privacy seriously. As a nonprofit and a mission-driven youth-serving organization, we are compelled to understand who we are serving, how our programs are performing, and make improvements so that we can achieve our goals of making FIRST Global accessible to youth who want to be part of the fun, exciting and life-changing experience. Thus, we need to collect certain pieces of data from you to ensure we are meeting our goals and responsibilities as a youth-serving nonprofit organization.
We are a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization and are exempt from compliance with the United States Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). Nevertheless, we choose to protect the privacy of children under the age of 13, residing outside of the European Union, within the spirit of COPPA, and those residing in the European Union as provided by the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
Youth under the age of 13 residing outside of the European Union, and under the age of 16 for youth residing in the European Union, are not permitted to create accounts or provide personal data on our Sites.
If we learn that we have personal data obtained directly from a child under 13 who resides outside of the European Union, or under 16 for those residing in the European Union, we will delete that data as soon as possible.
We collect data when you provide it to us directly or indirectly through a third party and by “cookies” (as described in section 8, below). You may provide certain data to us when you: (a) register for any FIRST Global program or event; (b) subscribe to our newsletter; (c) send e-mail messages, submit forms, or transmit other information by telephone or letter; (d) order products; (e) submit your credit card or other payment information; (f) access certain forms or request information on our Sites; (g) visit other points on the Sites that state that such information is being collected; (h) attend a FIRST Global event or a FIRST Global Affiliate/Operational Partner activity; (i) apply for a grant through a third party vendor; (j) register for housing for a FIRST Global event or for the FIRST Global Challenge through a third party vendor; (k) complete a paper consent and release form; and/or (l) make a donation to FIRST Global.
When you engage in certain activities on any of our Sites, we may ask you to provide data by filling out and submitting an online form. Depending upon the activity, some of the data may be mandatory and some may be voluntary. If you do not provide the mandatory data with respect to a particular activity, you may not be able to engage in that activity.
To register you as a FIRST Global program participant or volunteer.
To manage events: We and our local FIRST Global representatives (FIRST Global Affiliate and Operational Partners, Regional Directors, and organizations who implement FIRST Global programs locally) use personal data to identify your region for program participation, event registration, badging, volunteer management and general event management.
To communicate with you as a participant in FIRST Global programs: FIRST Global uses personal data to communicate with you about FIRST Global program information and related opportunities.
e. To process transactions: FIRST Global uses personal data to engage in interactions with you including to communicate with you about your registration status, payment of team registration, processing of sponsorship information, newsletter subscriptions, event information and to process orders, registration fees or donations.
To provide support or other services: FIRST Global uses personal data to provide you with support or other services that you have requested. We may use your data to respond directly to your requests for information including registering for newsletters, registering a FIRST Global team, registering for trainings or webinars and other specific requests. We may pass your data along to the appropriate local FIRST Global representative in your geographic area to respond to your request.
To improve our programs, products and services: FIRST Global uses data to evaluate and improve our programs, understand who we are serving, assess program impact, report aggregate/de-identified data, monitor growth, improve the delivery of FIRST Global programs, improve our marketing and promotional efforts, improve our product and service-offerings, customize and improve our Sites’ content, layout, and services, diagnose problems with our servers, software, and administer our Sites, often with the assistance of our vendors. FIRST Global sometimes uses third parties to help implement, manage and evaluate programs and efforts, and may share personal data with those third parties only for the purposes outlined in this policy.
To improve quality and facilitate use of our Sites. FIRST Global may use your personal data, including the information gathered as a result of site navigation and electronic protocols and cookies, to help create and personalize website content, improve website quality, track marketing campaign responsiveness, evaluate page response rates, conduct usability testing, and facilitate your use of our Sites (for example, to facilitate navigation and the login process, enhance security, and preserve order information between sessions).
To solicit donations for FIRST Global or local FIRST Global organizations.
To assist with travel to FIRST Global events: FIRST Global may provide assistance with travel arrangements to events, including to the FIRST Global Challenge. Personal data including your name, gender, date of birth and passport information may be required to process visas and manage your travel arrangements to events.
FIRST Global will retain your data for as long as needed or permitted to fulfill the purposes and uses described in this Policy. When we no longer need your data, and there is no need to keep it to comply with our legal obligations or protect our legal rights, we will either delete it from our systems or depersonalize it so we cannot identify you.
FIRST Global does not rent or sell data to others. We may share personal data through secure data processes with local FIRST Global representatives (FIRST Affiliate/Operational Partners, Regional Directors, and organizations who implement FIRST Global programs locally), employers (when permission is given), vendors, services providers, and other third parties (collectively, “Service Providers”) who are acting on our behalf to help operate our Sites, handle communications, implement, manage or evaluate FIRST Global programs and events, or complete transactions you request. For example, we must release your credit card information to the card-issuing bank to confirm payment for products and services purchased on our Sites; release your address information to the delivery service to deliver products that you order; and provide order information to third parties that help us provide customer service.
FIRST Global uses technical and organizational measures to protect data including, but not limited to: conducting third-party security audits, firewalls, maintaining security patches on external systems, a log auditing system to identify breaches, and ensuring that all web connections are over HTTPS. Access to personal data is available through your user identification and password selected by you. This password is encrypted. We recommend that you do not divulge your password to anyone and no one at FIRST Global or who represents FIRST Global will ever ask for your password. In addition, your personal data resides on a secure server to which only select FIRST Global personnel and Service Providers have secure access.
You may opt to display personal data in community-based sites such as Forums, Team/Event Finders and FIRST Global social media sites (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Linked-In, Snapchat, Twitch). Personal data submitted to these areas can be read, collected, or used by other users, and could be used to send you unsolicited messages. We are not responsible for the personal data you choose to submit in these public areas. You are solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your password and account information. Please be careful and responsible whenever you are online.
Unfortunately, no data transmission over the Internet or any wireless network can be guaranteed to be 100% secure. While we strive to protect your personal data, you acknowledge that: (a) there are security and privacy limitations of the Internet that are beyond our control; (b) the security, integrity, and privacy of any and all information and data exchanged between you and us through our Sites cannot be guaranteed; and, (c) any such information and data may be viewed or tampered with in transit by a third party.
When you use any of our Sites, we may store cookies on your computer in order to facilitate and customize the experience. A cookie is a small data text file, which a website stores on your computer’s hard drive (if your Web browser permits) that can later be retrieved to identify you to us. Our cookies store randomly assigned user identification numbers, the country where you are located, and your log-in name to welcome you back to a Site. Our cookies: (a) make your use of our Sites easier; (b) make our Sites run more smoothly; (c) track authenticated users visiting our Sites; and (d) help us to maintain secure Sites. You are always free to decline our cookies if your browser permits, but some parts of our Sites may not work properly in that case. You can at any time use your browser setting to delete cookies from your system. We may use an outside company to display information on our Sites. As part of their service, they will place a separate cookie on your computer. Except as provided herein, we will not provide any third-party with any of your personal data about your transactions with or through FIRST Global. We and third parties we hire will collect and use data about you, such as your IP address, browser type, the server your computer is logged onto, the area code and zip code associated with your server, and whether you responded to particular information.
FIRST Global may offer online training materials. The training materials may contain original and copyright-protected works of FIRST Global and others. Our Sites also contain forums where training materials are posted and where users may submit their own comments, opinions, and images (“Submissions”).
By making a Submission to or through one of our Sites, training materials, related forums, blogs, or FIRST Global Media, you grant FIRST Global an unrestricted, irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free license to use, reproduce, display, blog, publicly perform, transmit and distribute such Submission (except to the extent it contains personal data), alone or as part of other works, in any form, media, or technology whether now known or hereafter developed.
You warrant and represent that you shall not transmit, post or upload any Submission that is, in whole or in part, libelous, scandalous, inflammatory, discriminatory, defamatory, false, threatening, vulgar, obscene, pornographic, profane, abusive, harassing, invasive of another’s privacy, hateful or bashing, aimed at gender, race, color, sexual orientation, national origin, religious views or disability, or otherwise unlawful, or that violates or infringes on the privacy, publicity, intellectual property, proprietary, or contractual rights of any person or entity. By posting pictures of others, you warrant and represent that you have those persons’ (or if the person is under the age of majority, the person’s parent or guardian’s) consent.
FIRST Global does not warrant or represent the truthfulness, accuracy or reliability of any content, information or material contained in any Submission. Your reliance on any Submission shall be at your own risk.
Users of our training materials, Sites and related forums agree at all times to abide by legal protections and a professional honor system. Users agree that in downloading, using or referring to the contents of any document included in the training materials, Sites or related forums (whether in writing or verbally), they will give full attribution to the author.
You have the ability to access and edit the personal data you provide to us. Data may be changed by logging into your FIRST Global user’s account, or by requesting a change in writing. Requests in writing should be sent to [email protected].
Please include your name, address, e-mail address, and/or phone number when you contact us regarding an update or correction to data. We reserve the right to confirm your identity before updating or correcting personal data. We encourage you to promptly update your personal data if it ever changes.
We may, from time to time, use your name or email to send you information regarding our programs, services and related opportunities as outlined in section 4.
If you do not wish to receive email from FIRST Global you may “opt-out” of receiving these communications by exercising your right to “opt out” by using the unsubscribe feature in the email or sending us an e-mail at [email protected].
You also have choices with respect to cookies, as described in Section 8. By modifying your browser preferences, you generally have the choice to accept all cookies, to be notified when a cookie is set, or to reject all cookies. If you choose to reject all cookies, some parts of our Sites may not work properly.
You may request that your personal data at FIRST Global be deleted, by emailing [email protected]. You will need to provide your name, email address and/or phone number at the time of your request. We reserve the right to confirm your identity before taking any action to delete your data. FIRST Global will assess each request to be forgotten on a case by case basis to determine the extent to which data can be deleted. In some cases we will remove personal data from your record but may retain de-identified information using processes such as pseudonymization. In some cases, such as when data has been collected as part of the Consent and Release forms or youth protection screening, personal data cannot be deleted.
You have the right to receive a copy of the personal data you have provided to FIRST Global in a machine readable format by emailing [email protected].
Because we are a global organization, FIRST Global may share your personal data with FIRST Global representatives (FIRST Global Affiliate/Operational Partners, Regional Directors, and organizations who implement FIRST Global programs locally) in other countries in order to carry out the activities specified in this policy. By submitting your personal data to FIRST Global through FIRST Global Sites, or in connection with your interactions with FIRST Global offline, you consent to such transfers and to the processing of this information in other countries.
Users who reside in California and have provided their personally identifiable information to us may request information about our disclosures of certain categories of personal identifiable information to third parties for their direct marketing purposes. Such requests must be submitted to us at [email protected]. Within thirty days of receiving such a request, we will provide a list of the categories of personal identifiable information disclosed to third parties for their direct marketing purposes during the immediately preceding calendar year, along with the names and addresses of these third parties. This request may be made no more than once per calendar year. We reserve our right not to respond to requests submitted other than to the address specified in this paragraph.
This section applies to all donor-related information received by FIRST Global, both online and offline, from any donor.
FIRST Global collects and stores donor information including name, address, email address, phone number, and donation amounts. Unless authorized by the donor or mandated by law, FIRST Global will not sell, share or trade our donors’ personal data with any other entity, nor send mailings to our donors on behalf of other organizations. The only exception would be if the donor notified us that the donor’s employer will match the donation and the donor requests that we reach out to obtain the matching gift, in which case we may disclose the donor’s contact information (name, postal address, email address and telephone number) and donation information (donation amount and supported projects) to the employer. We are not responsible for the privacy practices of donors’ employers. For more information regarding the handling of information by an employer, please refer to the employer’s privacy policies.
To the extent donations are processed through a third-party service provider, our donors’ information will only be used for purposes necessary to process the donation.
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2019-04-18T15:32:27Z
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https://first.global/privacy-policy/
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It isn’t difficult to alter by the template by creating brand columns to monitor extra advice. Making use of our invoice templates will be an outstanding beginning to make an expert invoice. With all the ideal graphic design invoice template is plug-in a number of things and you’re finished!
Take a look at our online bill generator or program (Android, iOS) today to determine how straightforward it can be to use our templates and also make an wonderful statement for your business. Spreadsheet templates could likewise be used for instant budgets like an immediate party funding and etc.. A straightforward pattern which is easy to grasp and utilize is followed by the template. Even a good template has been produced in a manner it’s simple to figure out a price tag is guessed. The aforementioned templates empower their invoicing system to be kept up by a business concern. Say as an example you may have a recurring template for a company that works on the exact same concept.
A inside designer must not have knowledge regarding matters but on the great stores at which in fact the things can be bought at inexpensive rates. Getting started as a freelance graphic designer takes longer than being thoroughly talented and creative . A graphic designer which has a small company really should avoid quite a few of invoice blunders. You certainly need to be proficient at design, however this isn’t sufficient to take you become. It may be well worth contemplating sending a style that is wonderful for the consumer.
You ought to be structured and prepared to proceed your project is wrapped up. Another procedure would be to compute dependent. Being delegated an undertaking, an interior designer has to be attentive.
Go to, if you’d enjoy template choices review their own alternatives. Inquire into the options to have what you are browsing for. There is substitute for bring buyer and supplier’s important points with the credit interval and payment info. There is option to add to this seller company’s title along with the client alongside payment information and the date in that it ought to really be received.
You are ready to design the way that your statement appears here. An invoice ought to be manufactured for the protection and confidence regarding the designer’s section. Get Status Invoice is going to become generated determined on the purchase status simply.
By applying bill template you can easily make your bills. You’re going to need a statement that’s likely to make your business appear professional and is very straightforward to use. If you’re still struggling with creating a suitable invoice to share with your own client, just let’s we might really like to produce your desire’s invoice absolutely free of charge! Zoho Invoice can be an internet invoicing software. Zoho Invoice carries several templates to allow one to develop invoices that are amazing , with no technical support.
You are able to track audit intention in your invoice or maybe if you’ve maintained a format that is consistent to handle customer. Invoices abide by the standard format to prepare yourself. Invoice is an industrial record. A superb statement should have a business logo which assists develop the invoice seem skilled and market the organization. It is crucial to raise a specialist statement to receive your work insured from the buyer. You are able to generate professional looking bills in addition to quotes in just about any speech and money throughout Earth.
The statement mustn’t include fees you never spoke with the customer. You’ll get free price Invoice Template out of our site, if you are also on the watch for many pro designed to ready your very own business statement. For this reason, you might use the statement to create the penalties and citizenship incentives that you offer understood. It auto-generates invoices of your own time and effort so you are certain to get paid for all work effortlessly. Invoices are among one of the most crucial records for company owners. Since they aid clients to understand the things that they have been currently searching for itemized bills are appealing to clients. Having a template accessible, it is likely to make yourself a professional appearing invoice which is prepared to be shipped out.
Your invoice should appear easy and clean to see. So statements are extremely vital for any sort of company. An individual can get a wide selection of invoices in the your internet.
A word of information is not to go on the fashions that you decide on. If a little business name doesn’t clearly specify the form of service or product that you supply, then you must make certain you own motto or a label line. Giving each and each single lineup there is a different title probably going to make editing a bit more easy. Domain names and web hosting plans are essentially easy.
You’re actually leading the corporation house to a potential customer or perhaps a subscriber, when you supply the email addresses of your buddies. For somebody who has much understanding of the insurance policy policy product, acquiring special information may be described as a catchy encounter. Afterward you are going to be shown data that is receiver in lefthand margin. For the account page it is potential to make a Google Places list for the organization. The approach to discover them is to get an existing search for the top article directory sites, although You will find a lot of article directories to select from.
You know which one is appropriate and that’s not about employing a procedure in regards to boosting an internet site. If your website is working to the Unix-based operating system (such as Linux), odds are your internet server affirms that the PHP scripting language. If you’re doing your site is going to take a nosedive that is critical. Check out each the optimization strategies to every single search engine which you want on submitting your site to. For instance, in case your primary website is computers, then try to find a web-based directory that aims that the computer market. Assembling an internet site that is easy is straightforward, even for non-IT men and women.
As a way to cope with nature and all the stream of evolution, matters like to modify Everything advances. So you’re very likely for to cover a bit of it. You have to simply just accept the thought that publishing isn’t anything besides the introduction of a record on your computer for a certain use to begin exploring your creativity. Any notion may be excellent one, however, attempt to think. Ride the tail including sub-tails and you are not likely to run out from articles creation thoughts.
T shirt contest websites Weblogs, and looking comparison websites, to say that a couple. For that area, you’re very likely to be doing some thing different in every post, or so that the template might perhaps not be a practical function for youpersonally. You are creative and you may produce your own articles without needing to use peoples works. Make an effort to include personal experiences which is associated with the subject of one’s website entrance. Additionally, there really are a number of small business discussion boards and company Websites where it’s possible to find comments.
As a way to draw on out the eye of search engines, you will want to create an ideal number of content along with information. The more the simpler it’s to allow one to receive your caliber, your degree of attention articles submitted on your own blog. You place here the site’s articles. A user can get many different questions and would like to figure out more about this insurance policy plan merchandise, forms of dangers, and coverage details etc.. He could ask questions unique for the item and policy. They can use conversation get answers in real-time and to contact a specialist. Intricacy along with also the application form interface of this applying functionality has an critical role in deciding the customer participation experience.
You might need to store your file with a brand new name at the proceedings you want to modify your gift tag later. You could well be wondering exactly what documents you are able to share right here… this really is super quick. You are able to make your text and following which it is likely to copy and then paste the text from the cells. Fonts have an influence on the way your record will be. Though attention will be grabbed by a font that is fashionable easily, it’s still a fact that you have to take into consideration the legibility of one’s words.
Utilizing tags or codes creates A typical page design. You might need to use templates for creating your letterhead, in case you want a straightforward and rapid procedure. This sample credit repair letter template is a great start. The design layout will be your guide on which to put your articles in every webpage.
Whatever type of company you’ve got, be sure your letterhead displays your enterprise value . You talk in their mind regarding the benefits of listing their firm from your web directory and can also head to each company. You are able to take pleasure within an optimized business for a very long time in case that you do not quit employing the processes.
You are ready to download templates on line. You will find plenty and a great deal of play games on the web. It isn’t feasible to succeed internet.
A great deal of people would like to get a far better occupation. Therefore, in case you want an advertising endeavor, for instance, look at going for a certificate application from Social Media advertising and marketing. Resumes have turn into the ticket to surfing the job marketplace. You might have known of practical and chronological arrangement. You will find all our resumes that are entirely free to download below. Hybrid manuals choose the best characteristics from each of the other formats.
You are ready to readily tailor the combo resume examples to satisfy your requirements. Since you could view, contemporary restart examples possess their given faculties to arrangement and layout. These instances reflect an range of letters that you could work with during your work hunt. You need to at all times check the task description to ascertain if the organization needs a document form. Even if you are a employee that is excellent, however, you are unable to present the important points in your resume properly, then you might skip out the opportunity. Make sure you receive for. You need to change it, although you can have a foundational resume which compellingly articulates the main advice, says Heifetz.
For example, include it in the adventure department, If you have expertise having a form of software. Insert your experience you have. If you find yourself with a superior job experience, you can use the operational in case you’ve got livelihood openings and also you’re changing professions and the format. Give you the awareness you’ll want. It’s important to remember that knowledge really are an extremely different matter to credentials. In addition, in case you have any abilities that are tricky plus so they’re associated with the positioning you were implemented it truly is advisable to bring skills that are such. When it highlights your abilities rather than your work history, it’s most suitable for you personally in case you’ve got openings in your own job.
Listening to the resume function is invaluable in case the app’s material must be refreshed. You’ve got on your own resume, as you know, whether you purchase a job interview or perhaps maybe not will depend upon the advice. Offer your skills to your own business to persuade the manager you are a superior candidate which has a skill but you may perhaps not have tasks or unique work in numerous areas. An manager might likewise be checking to see whether you’ve increased in name. Remain knowledgeable about a wide selection of tasks and also Events and occasions free-lancers who wish to stay in a economy need to display within their field.
Expert knowledge or work history is being among the very most critical section of one’s resume. You are able to find out about the worth of resumes . The aim of a resume is to procure you a meeting. Retrieves a task you have generated.
In case you’d like to pick the best sample resume format, you find out what professionals at the discipline knowledge and knowledge are all using and can even check on occupation websites. Simply take a peek at the following to secure you comfortable with all the formats to work with for your CV or restart. There you have the 3 most formats when searching for your most useful format for restart. Your resume should be composed by you in a typical arrangement. If you’re watching out for a combo format restart template, you have arrived at the correct site.
Now, there are three big types of restart templates. Today you won’t have to get worried though as there are basic resume templates edit and to generate use of. Furthermore, you can utilize the best possible free resume templates, for consequence. First choose the most top template which you elect for. There is absolutely no cookie template that will be effective for your own personal career history and intentions , so it could be challenging to identify what advice is definitely better without even having to know you 39, comprise. It’s very simple to invisibly within the design and how your resume appears.
The resume template has converted into an extraordinary style and design. Based on the own situation, you can use a historic, operational, hybridvehicle, or even alternative forms of resumes. It is essential to improve training system according to time requirement as well as the progress of society. Tracking methods have to take a position to browse your own resume. Tailor your resume based face to face which you are applying, meaning do not write an application in case that you do not possess a particular company. Application Strategies The work application represents the barrier to get an ex-offender hoping to explain an absence. For instance, the summation section should be written in the person.
If you could possibly be amusing, don’t hesitate to bring a dash of humor to a speech. Gratefulness is the life we hold in our handsbecause if we’re not thankful, afterward much we now have as we will usually wish to possess some thing else or something more we will not be joyful. Regardless, it’s common courtesy. Giving thanks is one of the very best manners there is to maximize your well being. Give and a lot will be discovered by you.
People have an inbred automated reaction to mimic exactly what individuals are doing. You’ve to deliver the statement of these help so they can use it. Letter thank you letters should have a personal touch. Additionally make sure you never don’t mention which acknowledgement receipt correspondence is actually a substantial document that the business can utilize to acquire benefit out of taxes. You can also browse my large choice of Inspirational Quotes. Reading gratitude quotes may be a proven method to remind yourself that you own too much to be grateful for. It’s possible to hunt my sizable variety of Funny rates.
So as to offer you a greater understanding of just the way a correspondence is written A sample was given here. This will permit one to learn how to draft a thank you letter. When it will serve the point of being the basis, it is always preferable to compose a correspondence working with a template for a principle, since this will make sure that your correspondence is much more legitimate and private in its tone. Otherwise, then the templates would be the ideal means to prepare a consent slide. There’s no regular format for writing acknowledgements, simply the arrangement should match the rest of your research paper Dissertation acknowledgements case in point.
No-mind will be the real ways to live the system to really be. Whenever you have testimonials pertaining to some certain thing, put those reviews under this item. You obtain the testimonial that is ideal plus also they don’t really should do some job. Ensure their testimonial is specific. View any high-value and you’re going to observe that they’re loaded with buyer recommendations. You can’t have client recommendations that are adequate.
Truly appreciate life, and you also will discover that you do have more of it. Therefore concerning bring in all those blessings which existence gives, you have to truly love what you currently have. Nearly all people don’t will need to select enough time (or accept the prospective guilt). You’ve already been here, you helped to build things run efficiently. It was clearly one of the toughest situations in my private life. In fact, their work is a invaluable for women and men in society. If you feel unappreciated or miserable or on your living, there isn’t any alternative than simply interacting.
Be thankful once some thing isn’t known by that you because of this provides you the occasion to master. You would certainly be helping us enormously in our advertising campaigns. In long run, should you require some assistance firms could arrive to help you.
You are going to have to tailor them to fit your conditions. Anytime you’re going to create a society that operates, you’ve got to start from the body and nature. The soul of gratitude is a potent energizer. Meditation is a powerful expression of love also miracles might be performed by it in your entire life. Due to this, there. There’s no loneliness like theirs.
You fulfill your assurance you’re taken seriously even later on, and thought for increases that are greater. Additionally, notice that there’s a guarantee to reside until the salary amount you are being given and to perform. It’s still true that you obtain the dollars. A purpose has been seen by the funds by going into the people plus so they’ve been at a position to return to everyday existence. While doing work for a cause, it’s perhaps not always straightforward to collect capital and when you’ve obtained a contributor who is well prepared to contribute to your cause, it is not just proper but also plain nice to thank them all for assistance with the assignment that you are working to get. It is crucial that your letter cites the method by which Whilst thanking a person which has built a contribution to an effect you are searching for. Make use of this sample to guide your method of letter composing, regardless of what kind of event you are devoting your patrons for.
Believe me, acknowledgement can be a potent thing. State name of someone who that you want to say in an acknowledgement. Commonly, acknowledgements vary dependent on. It is supposedly the recognition of the occurrence of some or something actuality. Note however that each job is different and you also have to tailor made your acknowledgements to satisfy your own individual circumstance. A two-page acknowledgement is too long and conducts on the probability of creating your reader shed interest. Particular correlation for major donors is actually a measure to produce certain that their elevated level of support is recognized.
When it could be really hard to produce compassion thanks notes even though you are grieving, it really is crucial to admit acts of support and kindness. Last, you may possibly also state your appreciation to a family members, friends and family who encouraged you. Sometimes, some people, for whatever reason do not be afraid to write a devotion in place of an acknowledgement.
No one will fault you . In the event you buy a sympathy card, it is appropriate to send an acknowledgement card. In the wake of the death of one’s loved one, you’re very likely to find yourself a wide selection of notes and familiarity cards.
If a donation will not have a valid electronic mail you will possess the capacity. For Construction letters, plainly say how it’ll soon be properly used. Knowing whether or not a donor is making their fifth term or their first donation is essential in understanding what things to get in your letter.
Large or small a donation was, donors desire to experience as if you appreciate them outside the assortment of exactly what it is that they could contribute fiscally. The size of your gift, they would like to know their contribution matters. The thrilled donor known as the organization mainly due to the fact she wished to match the person who’d written such a letter that was gorgeous.
These two are fantastic ways for donors to find out additional. For instance, if donors contribute in excess of a pre determined number, their names can be recorded in a specific spot in your internet website. Much like annual donors gift donors want to learn the way that it’s working for you provide greater and more additional library solutions in your area and also how their talent is used.
An e-mail letter is excellent for linking for your website and publication. There certainly really are a lot of concerns you may set at a contribution identification letter, but the point you need ton’t forget would be to relay all of the information of the contribution along with its specifications for a trade. An acknowledgment letter resembles a note. A number of those sample recognition letters have been attached beneath the content. Additionally, you can work together with you one-on-one to learn more.
Not or whether you’ve got a thank you section that is detailed, it is still a good idea to write a concise note on the rear of this app that took the possibility to drop by your wedding helped to make your day unique. Very good notes are going to keep you track the reason why and when making certain you cover all you want to enjoy, as an example, the title of each man. It’s potential to compose an acknowledgement be aware .
That the aim will be also mentioned by the correspondence, moreover revealing gratitude . It is vital to add your reason. It’s imperative by giving a outline of why you’re creating it in the location to start the correspondence. Your thankyou letters will need to be supporter-focused to protect against that matter. They also function as a record of the gift and may be useful for tax functions. These kinds of letters can address several recipients. That needs to be acknowledged with a reply if you obtain yourself a more lengthy compassion letter.
You’ll even involve the people that you simply help inside the acknowledgement strategy, although you will maybe perhaps not customize your letters. There could be several causes to compose a thank you letter of admiration. Be sure that the letter isn’t too long or vague. A contribution acknowledgement letter is used by the recipient of the donation to assure the sender they have received either the amount of money or any type of help being extended. Donor acknowledgement letters are, also in a variety of methods, the first step in direction of donor retention. You will receieve a answer .
Have the news that is very good out there for everyone else to watch. It is likely to consist of appreciation reports from staff or several other directors in your address. For several men and women, writing a poem is far much more easy than for others.
Below, advice is supplied to compose this kind of acknowledgements. In case close friends and family don’t feel as partying all day and want to test their day to day difficulties, track down some other set of friends! That you don’t will need to thank you each one of your friends ! If folks watch their buddies and household members are passionate about an origin , they can consider supporting. There’s more than one approach to word Thanks a lot to my parents, so my buddies along with my thesis advisor”, but the volume of standard techniques to term which is much more compact compared to wide assortment of theses the pigeon hole principle pertains to demonstrate numerous individuals are composing precisely the same sentences in their acknowledgments. This usually means that you might think accepting a quilt needs to be quite simple. Moreover, about learning just how to just accept compliments the ideal thing is how it will grant you the opportunity to see yourself as the others view youwhich is probably pretty remarkable.
Words might be changed to meet your individual desires. Occasionally it may be complicated to discover the words that are perfect to express to some one who means for your requirements personally. Words of thanks isn’t just great ways, but the best activity to do. Thank you is really just a phrase which is used frequently, it truly is oftentimes quite hard to demonstrate gratitude as soon as it is deeply and actually indicated by you toward someone. If you are browsing to get phrases or phrases to utilize in your funeral thank you cards, then you will discover samples beneath.
Reading mail-order quotations may be one approach to remind your self that you simply own alot to be grateful for. It’s possible to search my collection of Funny rates. You may also navigate my range of Inspirational Quotations.
You prefer to send out your condolences into the family that is full. Sympathy can be a feeling of knowing precisely the issue and wanting to simply help the individual in want. Alfred Painter Gratitude is not merely the biggest of virtues, however, the parent of all the other individuals. Show your appreciation and help it become particular. Daniella Whyte Appreciation is really a amazing idea. Note nevertheless you must tailor made your acknowledgements to suit your circumstance and that every project differs. A fantastic acknowledgment goes the extra mile to describe why an author is grateful.
Perhaps the acknowledgments page is a location it’s possible to play up this just a small. If you might have questions or any comments, please get in contact all of us. Messages may do the job very well. Pick the mail merge record you would like to utilize for your Donation Acknowledgment. It is hard to keep particularly for a tremendous roundrobin 22, After the request was built.
Acknowledging an assistance allow them to understand that you simply aren’t hoping to accept yourself to all of the credit and can cause them to feel fantastic. The advantages of gratitude are immense. If a contribution will not have a valid email you will possess the capacity to print the acknowledgment. Share something positive about the individual that gave exactly the present to you. You picked an excellent gift. You’re a significant boon. You are nothing Beneath a boon from God!
A whole great deal of men and women have absent insane since they don’t really feel appreciated. There’s always. One of the things on Earth is having your food brought for you. You may possibly get some ideas in the listing below and write your own own certainly one of a sort communication to clearly show your appreciation. You have some ideas of exactly what things to write in your thank you notes, also you’ve viewed that you simply might express sincere and meaningful gratitude in simply a few lines, so it will be troublesome to first commence. It is vital to keep in your mind that love is available in a variety of forms. Just a small love goes a long way.
Epictetus It’s isn’t feasible to come to feel glad and miserable in an moment. Thus a range of individuals have gotten into the custom of exclusively sending e-mail, so it lovely to get yourself a note in the email. Because that your gift isn’t precisely what I needed you ought to have read my thoughts. When it may feel as if it’s a fleeting or short frame of mind, the reality remains it is a. Is clean your brain for an instant and provide your self a couple of minutes to presume . Concentrate on discussing connect to theirs. Remember the advice previously, and don’t ever forget the solutions that you want to supply and that the impression you’d love to convey.
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2019-04-25T18:21:19Z
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http://newberlin-inn.com/list-motywacyjny-gimnazjum-wzor/
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Credit cards customers who are trying to clear their debts are being shocked with additional charges even even though they may consider they have currently cleared the balance. The course is led by Dr Isaac Tabner, who is a senior lecturer in finance, a holder of the CFA Charter, a full member of the CFA Institute, the CFA Society of the UK and of the Private Finance Society from which he and has a diploma in financial arranging (DipPFS). To total the requirements for a BMS key in Finance, you will need to pass 120 points at 200-level or above from the subject location, and consist of at least 60 points at 300-level or above, of which 40 points must be at 400-level. In the UK, a number of branded firms like LG, Samsung, and Sony Ericsson etc. Analysis showing that manufacturing businesses across the globe are making use of smart finance to boost their competitive positioning.
He has helped hundreds of companies overcome their funding hurdles from modest business lending specifications to complicated multimillion dollar transactions, sourcing funds from both traditional and non traditional sources. Finance Birmingham offers up to £2 million in flexible finance for businesses, by way of a variety of funds and managed programmes. Stephen Hine is a leading professional on Business Finance and has been providing industrial funding options to companies for more than a decade. These websites charge a charge, because they have license skilled that bid to answer your questions.
The specific requirement for Finance is that you need to include no a lot more than 20 points in ECON coded papers. Prior to their loan requests could be approved, the lender assesses the financial status and capabilities of a specific student before they could avail them with the required finance laptop for student’s monetary assistance. In addition, the Standing Committee on Finance is made to boost the linkages and to market the coordination with climate finance related actors and initiatives within and outdoors the Convention. Combine a powerful foundation in enterprise with a double main in accounting and finance by way of this course.
The successful measurement, reporting and verification of climate finance is key to building trust among Parties to the Convention, and also for external actors. CFA course is one such opportunity every finance lover desires to prepare for so that he can make his place among the most renowned pros amongst the industry. Peter Harrison, a credit cards specialist at a leading price tag comparison web site, said also usually monetary solutions firms include these wrinkles in their terms and conditions and it is important customers verify the information just before applying. Though closely related, the disciplines of economics and finance are distinctive. Corporate Capital Supply is a finance firm with specializatin in invoice and purchase order factoring.
Forecasting yet to come sales in your english language college business is a critical element of setting up and operating a business it is an vital constituent of your english language school business program. Present government offers indirect support to certain business providing competitive advantage to these business. Keep in mind that every thing starts from basic issues, and when it comes to advertising and marketing your business, there’s nothing wrong with beginning from simple and economical business cards. Add an official statement of regret at the finish of the letter and also add a sentence or two about how you are hoping to continue business relations with them. Even so, a custom business envelope can distinguish itself as different from junk mail specifically if it is properly designed.
A excellent business program must contain issues like Marketing plans, monetary plans, a list of all debts and assets, plans of business operations and hours of operation, human resources, quantity of personnel, preparation for any unforeseen costs that may possibly arise. They recognize the worth this has to their dollar store business and its ultimate accomplishment. Template Optimizer has hundreds of these customizable skins that will make your listings pop and add a specialist touch. Business that demand higher capital gear and the acquisition of true assets like true estate are taking the highest risks since security is nevertheless below average in Mogadishu. Normally, the knowledge of management teams drastically affects business dangers.
An unsecured line of credit loan or retail financing is most usually less difficult to get approved than a loan from a bank and they are approved quicker, which is why business owners usually pick an unsecured line of credit loan more than a bank loan. When it comes time to list new goods, you are going to want to reassure purchasers that what they see is what they’ll get and Adam Ginsberg’s Template Optimizer image hosting tools can assist you do this. Direct marketers have found that the style of the letterhead can impact response to a promotion letter. The beauty of the flora is utilized in expressing emotions of sadness (death), happiness (birthdays, anniversaries, and weddings), appreciation (Mother’s Day), faith, commemoration, and the list goes on and on. Due to the fact of the expanding demand, possessing a floral business also indicates earning high income.
Retail financing and unsecured business lines of credit are most often the far better way to go in scenarios when all you need is a small loan or to purchase merchandise on credit. Dauus: For Somaliland: effective business friendly government agencies e.g. It can take a lot more than 10 days and numerous visits to various government agencies to just incorporate and acquire business license. Taking into consideration of the irregular earnings of the business individuals usually interest rate supplied is with flexible repayment strategy.
Little Organization Administration (SBA) loans are the finances that are offered to the people who program to establish their small scale enterprise. When your enterprise receives a loan against your outstanding invoice, it is frequently identified as debtor finance. The Standing Committee on Finance was created by Parties to the Convention with the aim of assisting the COP, with regards to, for example, transparency, efficiency, and effectiveness in the delivery of climate finance. Rural Finance has duty for administering applications on behalf of the Commonwealth and Victorian Governments and industry organisations. From our internationally-recognized magazine, Economic History , to our impressive collection of documents and artifacts, the Museum is a unique national resource dedicated to the history of finance.
Conversely, if the firm is doing business with other businesses that provide early-spend discounts, that also might be a way of offsetting the price of factoring invoices. The MSc in Finance also gives students the opportunity to study considerably of the CFA Programme syllabus. Our Bachelor of Finance provides 4 places of concentrate: corporate finance, international finance, investment and portfolio management, and risk management. They are professional social enterprises that re-invest profits to support more men and women and organizations access finance. Pre-Import functioning capital finance can fund up to 100% of overseas purchases freight, duty and VAT integrated, all the way to the point where the neighborhood client pays your invoice. This is the only way to make certain that you can locate a bank that is wanting to approve your application and give your reasonable finance terms on repayment.
Proprietary trading organizations give investors an opportunity to discover how to invest by providing everything they want to get started. The Finance Portal comprises 3 modules, every single of which consists of information produced accessible by Parties to the Convention and the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention. Your subjects are developed to give you a complete understanding of the main places of finance like corporate and international finance, investment valuation, portfolio management and danger management. Finance Wales gives tailored debt, equity and mezzanine investments to Welsh SMEs at all development stages.
When you need extra finance to fulfill your fiscal emergency and quick desires, very same day loans can be the advisable loan choice for you. His popular Tax eBook Quit donating your cash to IRS” which is now operating in its second edition, provides intricate understanding and beneficial guidelines on private finance and earnings tax. Finance at Waikato is focused on funds management, investments, banking and credit, the share, bond and commodity markets, and economic analysis and choice creating. In challenging instances, firms have used credit cards to finance material and operational costs rather than standard loans. It really is affordable to spend a small bit for coaching, but try to stay away from companies that charge much more than a couple thousand dollars for their training. To meet that want companies have usually explored various avenues for finance. Lots of times, purchasers with poor credit are duped by unscrupulous dealers who charge them a higher interest rate APR on the capital that they lend them.
The profit on your investment need to take into account the comparable rental price, finance rate and price of appreciation in value. The domestic charge calculator can be utilised to calculate the cost of subjects this year. We also train and mentor future finance scholars via our PhD System , which is regarded as 1 of the best finance doctoral programs worldwide. Nonetheless, the majority of students prefer securing finance laptop for students in the unsecured mode. Additionally, Finance Division maintains monetary discipline by means of monetary advisors organization attached to each Ministry/Division and so on. It is one of the main branches of account and is moreover of extraordinary significance to the economy of a country.
At Rural Finance our specialist agribusiness team can style a loan package to suit your person specifications. Students who bear poor credit scores can also safe finance laptop for students as properly. They go to the huge banks and key lenders, but alternatively of aquiriing affordable loans, they end up with one particular of two adverse responses. Intangible asset finance is the location of finance that deals with intangible assets such as patents, trademarks, goodwill, reputation, and so on. We sometimes obtain papers that are effectively-motivated and have exciting results, but the topic is not the ideal match for a basic-interest journal such as the Overview of Finance. The bigger firms will offer you the economic assistance but will lack the buyer touch at a individual level.
It’s never ever simple taking care of a kid – particularly if you go to perform every single day. Andy Daniel is a Trade Finance Specialist who has helped many companies to raise capital by entirely understanding their financial wants and supply viable funding alternatives to get them the finance they want to obtain a lasting growth answer. Finance is one particular of the most important elements of organization management and includes analysis associated to the use and acquisition of funds for the enterprise. Within this course you have the option either of deciding on to take, as electives, all six subjects needed for the CPA specialist exam plan, or finance electives which will prepare you to sit the CFA Plan exams. La Trobe’s Bachelor of Commerce provides you the chance to total a professionally accredited major along with the chance to speak and function with company professionals whilst you study.
As a unique public-private partnership, Finance Birmingham brings with each other the market encounter of private sector specialists with the public sector’s drive to help companies. In trade finance systems the investigation of danger is accomplished at verging on each and every progression of operation and for the most portion prior to starting one more venture. The Bachelor of Organization (Accounting and Finance) (075177K) is accredited by CPA Australia, and Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand (CAANZ) until 2017. Only the companies invoicing enterprise to company or enterprise to government are eligible for factoring.
The particular requirements for Finance are that you must meet with the department’s Graduate Convenor to discuss an proper personal programme of study. The Bachelor of Enterprise (Accounting and Finance) is accredited by CPA Australia, and Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand (CAANZ) until 2017. Study fund management and functionality evaluation, key project modelling and evaluation, and currency trading applications. Even if a enterprise has much less than best credit, as long as there is a optimistic outlook for the business to develop and flourish and as lengthy as their clients are creditworthy, the factoring business can finance the invoices.
If you are taking two majors you can count either the compulsory 599 or MNGT596 towards your Waikato Management School major papers, offered it is authorized as relevant to that key and you have integrated a further 30 points at 500-level in that main. Maintains a legal registry for credit unions, caisses populaires, cooperatives and insurance firms. In truth, the most crucial fact that the loan seekers need to know in this case is that this finance is purely collateral primarily based in which the borrower has to give his asset as his guarantee to repay the quantity. Purchase-side analysts develop investment strategies for organizations that have a lot of money to invest. Trade Finance Capital structured Amir’s company which integrated analyzing his industry, development possible, investors danger and, negotiating with his Iranian supplier to accepting Deferred Letter of Credit as mode of payment.
Our staff have comprehensive financial sector encounter and will give you a thorough grasp of the expertise, capabilities and analytical pondering needed to pursue a profession in finance or investment. Your employment alternatives could include functioning as a finance officer at a private hospital or pharmaceutical firm, a organization analyst at a consulting firm, an economic adviser to the government or even as a advertising consultant in the health-related field. You are important to fill out your applications and submit them, which is effortless for the cause that your representative will guide you in all procedures and verifications following which they finance your motor vehicle acquire. Our members contain banks, subsidiaries of banks and creating societies, the finance arms of top retailers and manufacturing organizations, and a range of independent firms. The Museum is a non-profit organization that depends on the support of corporations, foundations and men and women like you to preserve, exhibit and teach the public about finance and financial history. Corporate trade finance is the field of money that arrangements with monetary options of organizations.
Accountants at this moment play a important role in making sense of the implications that most firms face because they are no longer a component of the EU concentrating majorly on advisory and consulting areas of taxation, company strategy, supply chain, treasury management, talent management, and development. You’ll graduate with a professionally accredited key in accounting as well as knowledge and capabilities in corporate finance, international finance, risk management and investment and portfolio management. Conversely, this has not been the case as Morgan McKinley observed that 17% a lot more jobs had been advertised by city economic firms in June than in the month run-up to the plebiscite.
The particular requirement for Finance is that you should consist of no far more than 20 points in ECON coded papers. Before their loan requests could be approved, the lender assesses the economic status and capabilities of a certain student just before they could avail them with the necessary finance laptop for student’s monetary help. Additionally, the Standing Committee on Finance is designed to enhance the linkages and to market the coordination with climate finance associated actors and initiatives inside and outdoors the Convention. Combine a robust foundation in business with a double major in accounting and finance through this course.
You’ll graduate with an understanding of how business and law intersect in areas such as banking and finance law, revenue taxation law and global company law. The Best 200 QS Globe University Rankings by Topic for 2013 has placed Finance highest amongst La Trobe Enterprise School’s subjects, featuring within the 101-150 variety. We are seasoned, skillful, and trustworthy by delivering groundbreaking and customized consulting and managerial services to influence finance proposals largely energetic in promising markets. Many of the finance lenders offer this scheme by the indicates of the on-line method as effectively.
A career in finance can be both rewarding and profitable for those skilled in accounting, economics, and other financial matters. The course is led by Dr Isaac Tabner, who is a senior lecturer in finance, a holder of the CFA Charter, a full member of the CFA Institute, the CFA Society of the UK and of the Individual Finance Society from which he and has a diploma in economic organizing (DipPFS). To full the specifications for a BMS significant in Finance, you will require to pass 120 points at 200-level or above from the topic area, and include at least 60 points at 300-level or above, of which 40 points must be at 400-level. In the UK, a number of branded companies like LG, Samsung, and Sony Ericsson and so forth. Investigation showing that manufacturing organizations across the globe are making use of smart finance to improve their competitive positioning.
Finance Wales can now back technologies ventures from the Wales Technologies Seed Fund as nicely as the Wales Technology Venture Investment Fund. Our graduates are presently contributing to the overall performance of key monetary organisations such as Morgan Stanley, Regular Charted Bank, ABC Bank of China, and HSBC. Graduates of the Bachelor of Organization (Accounting and Finance) could also apply for membership with Institute of Public Accountants (IPA) and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA). These types of entry level jobs will help you discover the job and have a far better idea about the sort of work you need to have to do. Other than this, you will also gain some knowledge in this field. He has written several books explaining inside secrets of the magic planet of private finance. Chintamani Abhyankar, is a well recognized specialist in the field of finance and taxation for last 25 years.
The advertising and marketing key in Melbourne is accredited by the Australian Advertising Institute (AMI) until 2018. At present, the Standing Committee on Finance has been assigned 4 certain functions by Parties to enable it to meet its aim. The part of the CFO and the company’s finance team is to optimize financial performance. The Marketing and advertising key of the Bachelor of Commerce is accredited by the Australian Advertising Institute until 2018. The Journal of Corporate Finance is receiving a huge number of submissions and we have many high good quality submissions.
Finance is an applied branch of economics that studies the approaches in which men and women, organization entities, and other organizations allocate resources more than time and make decisions in the presence of uncertainty. Major causes to accumulate assets contain, getting a home or car, beginning a enterprise, paying for education expenses, and saving for retirement. Dr Isaac Tabner is a senior lecturer in finance, a holder of the CFA Charter, a complete member of the CFA Institute , the CFA Society of the UK and of the Private Finance Society from which he and has a diploma in economic planning (DipPFS). Most negative credit auto financing firms resolve your monetary challenges and lend you the needed capital in a matter of days. Moreover, if the invoice is not paid within 30 days, usually the company does not charge interest for an extension to that interest-free loan. This calculator is created accessible as a self assist resource for your preparing comfort.
Companies want these monetary analysts to understand the language, culture, business atmosphere, and political conditions in the nation or area that they cover. No matter whether you are after small organization loan prices so as to obtain a larger piece of land, you need to have the services of a enterprise loan calculator. The accounting significant in the Bachelor of Company is accredited by CPA Australia, and comprises of subjects accredited by Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand (CAANZ). It is termed as a useful supply of finance if you are facing any type of economic difficulty.
The distinct requirement for Finance is that you should include no far more than 20 points in ECON coded papers. Before their loan requests could be authorized, the lender assesses the economic status and capabilities of a distinct student ahead of they could avail them with the essential finance laptop for student’s financial assistance. In addition, the Standing Committee on Finance is made to improve the linkages and to market the coordination with climate finance connected actors and initiatives within and outside the Convention. Combine a sturdy foundation in organization with a double key in accounting and finance by way of this course.
The specific specifications for Finance are that you have to meet with the department’s Graduate Convenor to talk about an proper personal programme of study. The Bachelor of Organization (Accounting and Finance) is accredited by CPA Australia, and Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand (CAANZ) until 2017. Study fund management and efficiency evaluation, key project modelling and evaluation, and currency trading applications. Even if a company has less than best credit, as extended as there is a good outlook for the company to develop and flourish and as lengthy as their consumers are creditworthy, the factoring organization can finance the invoices.
The Finance & Leasing Association is the major trade body for the asset, consumer and motor finance sectors in the UK, and the biggest organisation of its type in Europe. All through the Programme, you will get the opportunity to apply the theory and analytical methods to genuine events and businesses in true time. The fundamental objectives of corporate trade finance services are to survey the suitability of venture alternatives, to optimize the structure of corporate accounting reports, to remunerate suppliers of capital i.e. the economic specialists or offer holders and to enhance the financing situations i.e. boost FICO assessments so that the enterprise can acquire much more capital from monetary organizations.
His popular Tax eBook Stop donating your money to IRS” which is now running in its second edition, supplies intricate expertise and beneficial guidelines on individual finance and earnings tax. Finance at Waikato is focused on money management, investments, banking and credit, the share, bond and commodity markets, and economic analysis and decision making. In difficult times, companies have used credit cards to finance material and operational fees rather than standard loans. It is reasonable to spend a small bit for coaching, but attempt to stay away from businesses that charge a lot more than a couple thousand dollars for their coaching. To meet that need businesses have constantly explored diverse avenues for finance. Lots of times, purchasers with poor credit are duped by unscrupulous dealers who charge them a high interest rate APR on the capital that they lend them.
The effective measurement, reporting and verification of climate finance is essential to building trust between Parties to the Convention, and also for external actors. CFA course is a single such chance every single finance lover desires to prepare for so that he can make his place among the most renowned pros amongst the sector. Peter Harrison, a credit cards specialist at a leading price tag comparison website, mentioned too often financial solutions companies contain these wrinkles in their terms and circumstances and it is critical customers verify the specifics ahead of applying. Even though closely connected, the disciplines of economics and finance are distinctive. Corporate Capital Supply is a finance organization with specializatin in invoice and acquire order factoring.
Some of this endeavor has been led by Gunduz Caginalp (Professor of Mathematics and Editor of Journal of Behavioral Finance during 2001-2004) and collaborators including Vernon Smith (2002 Nobel Laureate in Economics), David Porter, Don Balenovich, Vladimira Ilieva, Ahmet Duran). Some resorts charge affordable maintenance and other costs, but some exorbitantly higher fees. The MSc in Finance at the University of Stirling gives a coherent and present framework to recognize numerous practical aspects of what is a essential sector within our economy.
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2019-04-21T20:40:31Z
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http://www.big-easy-seo.com/tag/finance
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Mansha LYC Pro T40 - 2018 | 04 Nov 2018 - 09:30 | Vijay 555 won the toss and elected to Bat first.
Result - Mansha Warriors WON the match by 4 Wickets.Nishit Vasani was declared as the man of the match.
0.1 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: 1 run off BYES.
0.2 Vinesh Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
0.3 Vinesh Thakkar to Shail Majithia: 1 run.
0.4 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: No runs.
0.5 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: No runs.
0.6 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: 1 run.
1.1 Kushal Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: No runs.
1.2 Kushal Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: No runs.
1.3 Kushal Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: 1 run.
1.4 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
1.5 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
1.6 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: 2 runs.
2.1 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: No runs.
2.2 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: FOUR.
2.3 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: No runs.
2.4 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: FOUR.
2.5 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: No runs.
2.6 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: 2 runs off LEG BYES.
3.1 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
3.2 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
3.3 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
3.4 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: FOUR.
3.5 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
3.6 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
4.1 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: No runs.
4.2 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: FOUR.
4.3 Vinesh Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: 1 run.
4.4 Vinesh Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
4.5 Vinesh Thakkar to Shail Majithia: FOUR.
4.6 Vinesh Thakkar to Shail Majithia: FOUR.
5.1 Kushal Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: 1 run.
5.2 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
5.3 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
5.4 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
5.5 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: 1 run.
5.6 Kushal Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: No runs.
6.1 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: No runs.
6.2 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: No runs.
6.3 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: FOUR.
6.4 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: No runs.
6.5 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: 1 run.
6.6 Nishit Vasani to Kunal Ponda: No runs.
7.1 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: FOUR.
7.2 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: FOUR.
7.3 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: No runs.
7.4 Kushal Thakkar to Shail Majithia: 1 run.
7.5 Kushal Thakkar to Kunal Ponda: No runs. OUT. Kunal Ponda is out Caught by Jones Unadkat. Next batsman Amit Thakkar walks in.
7.6 Kushal Thakkar to Amit Thakkar: No runs.
8.1 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: 1 run.
8.2 Nishit Vasani to Amit Thakkar: 1 run.
8.3 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: FOUR.
8.4 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: No runs.
8.5 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: No runs.
8.6 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: No runs.
9.1 Jones Unadkat to Amit Thakkar: No runs.
9.2 Jones Unadkat to Amit Thakkar: No runs.
9.3 Jones Unadkat to Amit Thakkar: No runs.
9.4 Jones Unadkat to Amit Thakkar: FOUR.
9.5 Jones Unadkat to Amit Thakkar: No runs.
9.6 Jones Unadkat to Amit Thakkar: No runs.
10.1 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: 1 run.
10.2 Nishit Vasani to Amit Thakkar: No runs.
10.3 Nishit Vasani to Amit Thakkar: 1 run.
10.4 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: No runs.
10.5 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: FOUR.
10.6 Nishit Vasani to Shail Majithia: No runs.
11.1 Jimit Dattani to Amit Thakkar: No runs.
11.2 Jimit Dattani to Amit Thakkar: No runs.
11.3 Jimit Dattani to Amit Thakkar: No runs. OUT. Amit Thakkar is out Caught & Bowled by . Next batsman Paresh Jivani walks in.
11.4 Jimit Dattani to Shail Majithia: No runs. OUT. Shail Majithia is out Caught & Bowled by . Next batsman Rahul Vithlani walks in.
11.5 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
11.6 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
12.1 Pranay Karia to Paresh Jivani: No runs. OUT. Paresh Jivani is out Bowled. Next batsman Jay Hindocha walks in.
12.2 Pranay Karia to Jay Hindocha: 1 run.
12.3 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
12.4 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
12.5 Pranay Karia to Jay Hindocha: No runs. OUT. Jay Hindocha is out Bowled. Next batsman Dixit Thakkar walks in.
12.6 Pranay Karia to Dixit Thakkar: FOUR.
13.1 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
13.2 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
13.3 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
13.4 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
13.5 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
13.6 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
14.1 Pranay Karia to Dixit Thakkar: FOUR.
14.2 Pranay Karia to Dixit Thakkar: No runs.
14.3 Pranay Karia to Dixit Thakkar: 1 run.
14.4 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
14.5 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
14.6 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: FOUR.
15.1 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: No runs.
15.2 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: No runs.
15.3 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: No runs.
15.4 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: No runs.
15.5 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: FOUR.
15.6 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: No runs.
16.1 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: FOUR.
16.2 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
16.3 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: FOUR.
16.4 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
16.5 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
16.6 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
17.1 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: No runs.
17.2 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: No runs.
17.3 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: No runs.
17.4 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: 1 run.
17.5 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
17.6 Jimit Dattani to Dixit Thakkar: No runs.
18.1 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: FOUR.
18.2 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
18.3 Pranay Karia to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
18.4 Pranay Karia to Dixit Thakkar: SIX.
18.5 Pranay Karia to Dixit Thakkar: No runs. OUT. Dixit Thakkar is out Caught & Bowled by . Next batsman Pratik Lal walks in.
18.6 Pranay Karia to Pratik Lal: No runs.
19.1 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
19.2 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
19.3 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
19.4 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
19.5 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
19.6 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
20.1 Kushal Thakkar to Pratik Lal: No runs.
20.2 Kushal Thakkar to Pratik Lal: 1 run.
20.3 Kushal Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
20.4 Kushal Thakkar to Pratik Lal: No runs.
20.5 Kushal Thakkar to Pratik Lal: 1 run.
20.6 Kushal Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
21.1 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
21.2 Jimit Dattani to Pratik Lal: No runs.
21.3 Jimit Dattani to Pratik Lal: 1 run.
21.4 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
21.5 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
21.6 Jimit Dattani to Rahul Vithlani: FOUR.
22.1 Kushal Thakkar to Pratik Lal: No runs.
22.2 Kushal Thakkar to Pratik Lal: No runs.
22.3 Kushal Thakkar to Pratik Lal: 1 run.
22.4 Kushal Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
22.5 Kushal Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
22.6 Kushal Thakkar to Pratik Lal: 1 run.
23.1 Jones Unadkat to Pratik Lal: 1 run.
23.2 Jones Unadkat to Rahul Vithlani: FOUR.
23.3 Jones Unadkat to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
23.4 Jones Unadkat to Rahul Vithlani: FOUR.
23.5 Jones Unadkat to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
23.6 Jones Unadkat to Pratik Lal: No runs.
24.1 Preyas Ruparel to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
24.2 Preyas Ruparel to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
24.3 Preyas Ruparel to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
24.4 Preyas Ruparel to Pratik Lal: FOUR.
24.5 Preyas Ruparel to Pratik Lal: 1 run.
24.6 Preyas Ruparel to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
25.1 Vinesh Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
25.2 Vinesh Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
25.3 Vinesh Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
25.4 Vinesh Thakkar to Pratik Lal: 1 run.
25.5 Vinesh Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
25.6 Vinesh Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
26.1 Jones Unadkat to Pratik Lal: No runs.
26.2 Jones Unadkat to Pratik Lal: No runs.
26.3 Jones Unadkat to Pratik Lal: 1 run.
26.4 Jones Unadkat to Pratik Lal: FOUR.
26.5 Jones Unadkat to Pratik Lal: No runs.
26.6 Jones Unadkat to Pratik Lal: No runs.
27.1 Vinesh Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
27.2 Vinesh Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
27.3 Vinesh Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
27.4 Vinesh Thakkar to Rahul Vithlani: 1 run.
27.5 Vinesh Thakkar to Pratik Lal: No runs.
27.6 Vinesh Thakkar to Pratik Lal: No runs. OUT. Pratik Lal is out Bowled. Next batsman Yogesh Vasani walks in.
28.1 Jones Unadkat to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
28.2 Jones Unadkat to Rahul Vithlani: No runs.
28.3 Jones Unadkat to Rahul Vithlani: No runs. OUT. Rahul Vithlani is out Bowled. Next batsman Hasmukh Nathwani walks in.
28.4 Jones Unadkat to Hasmukh Nathwani: No runs. OUT. Hasmukh Nathwani is out Bowled. Next batsman Jay Chandarana walks in.
28.5 Jones Unadkat to Jay Chandarana: No runs.
28.6 Jones Unadkat to Jay Chandarana: No runs.
29.1 Vinesh Thakkar to Yogesh Vasani: No runs.
29.2 Vinesh Thakkar to Yogesh Vasani: No runs.
29.3 Vinesh Thakkar to Yogesh Vasani: No runs.
29.4 Vinesh Thakkar to Yogesh Vasani: No runs.
29.5 Vinesh Thakkar to Yogesh Vasani: 1 run.
29.6 Vinesh Thakkar to Jay Chandarana: No runs.
30.1 Jones Unadkat to Yogesh Vasani: No runs.
30.2 Jones Unadkat to Yogesh Vasani: 1 run.
30.3 Jones Unadkat to Jay Chandarana: 1 run.
30.4 Jones Unadkat to Yogesh Vasani: No runs.
30.5 Jones Unadkat to Yogesh Vasani: 1 run.
30.6 Jones Unadkat to Jay Chandarana: 1 run.
31.1 Jimit Dattani to Jay Chandarana: No runs. OUT. Jay Chandarana is out Caught by Jones Unadkat. Next batsman Harshil Sonpal walks in.
31.2 Jimit Dattani to Yogesh Vasani: 1 run.
31.3 Jimit Dattani to Harshil Sonpal: No runs.
31.4 Jimit Dattani to Harshil Sonpal: No runs.
31.5 Jimit Dattani to Harshil Sonpal: No runs.
31.6 Jimit Dattani to Harshil Sonpal: No runs.
32.1 Jones Unadkat to Yogesh Vasani: 1 run.
32.2 Jones Unadkat to Harshil Sonpal: 1 run.
32.3 Jones Unadkat to Yogesh Vasani: 1 run.
32.4 Jones Unadkat to Harshil Sonpal: No runs.
32.5 Jones Unadkat to Harshil Sonpal: 1 run.
32.6 Jones Unadkat to Yogesh Vasani: No runs.
33.1 Kushal Thakkar to Harshil Sonpal: No runs. OUT. Harshil Sonpal is out LBW. Next batsman Vinay Ganatra walks in.
33.2 Kushal Thakkar to Vinay Ganatra: FOUR off BYES.
33.3 Kushal Thakkar to Vinay Ganatra: No runs.
33.4 Kushal Thakkar to Vinay Ganatra: No runs. OUT. Vinay Ganatra is out Stumped by Ravindra Modi. Next batsman Preet Sonpal walks in.
-.- Kushal Thakkar to Preet Sonpal: . OUT. Preet Sonpal is out Absent. Next batsman Swapnil Gokani walks in.
-.- Kushal Thakkar to Swapnil Gokani: . OUT. Swapnil Gokani is out Absent.
0.1 Rahul Vithlani to Deepak Thakkar: No runs.
0.2 Rahul Vithlani to Deepak Thakkar: No runs.
0.3 Rahul Vithlani to Deepak Thakkar: No runs.
0.4 Rahul Vithlani to Deepak Thakkar: No runs.
0.5 Rahul Vithlani to Deepak Thakkar: No runs. OUT. Deepak Thakkar is out Bowled. Next batsman Preyas Ruparel walks in.
0.6 Rahul Vithlani to Preyas Ruparel: No runs.
1.1 Yogesh Vasani to Samir Thakkar: No runs.
1.2 Yogesh Vasani to Samir Thakkar: No runs.
1.3 Yogesh Vasani to Samir Thakkar: No runs.
1.4 Yogesh Vasani to Samir Thakkar: No runs.
1.5 Yogesh Vasani to Samir Thakkar: No runs.
1.6 Yogesh Vasani to Samir Thakkar: No runs. OUT. Samir Thakkar is out Caught by Kunal Ponda. Next batsman Bhavik Sodha walks in.
2.1 Rahul Vithlani to Preyas Ruparel: No runs.
2.2 Rahul Vithlani to Preyas Ruparel: No runs.
2.3 Rahul Vithlani to Preyas Ruparel: 1 run.
2.4 Rahul Vithlani to Bhavik Sodha: No runs.
2.5 Rahul Vithlani to Bhavik Sodha: 1 run off LEG BYES.
2.6 Rahul Vithlani to Preyas Ruparel: No runs. OUT. Preyas Ruparel is out Run Out by Dixit Thakkar. Next batsman Jimit Dattani walks in.
3.1 Yogesh Vasani to Bhavik Sodha: No runs. OUT. Bhavik Sodha is out LBW. Next batsman Kushal Thakkar walks in.
3.2 Yogesh Vasani to Kushal Thakkar: No runs.
3.3 Yogesh Vasani to Kushal Thakkar: No runs.
3.4 Yogesh Vasani to Kushal Thakkar: No runs.
3.5 Yogesh Vasani to Kushal Thakkar: 1 run.
3.6 Yogesh Vasani to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
4.1 Jay Chandarana to Kushal Thakkar: 1 run.
4.2 Jay Chandarana to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
4.3 Jay Chandarana to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
4.4 Jay Chandarana to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
4.5 Jay Chandarana to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
4.6 Jay Chandarana to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
5.1 Yogesh Vasani to Kushal Thakkar: 2 runs.
5.2 Yogesh Vasani to Kushal Thakkar: 1 run.
5.3 Yogesh Vasani to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
5.4 Yogesh Vasani to Jimit Dattani: FOUR.
5.5 Yogesh Vasani to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
5.6 Yogesh Vasani to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
6.1 Jay Chandarana to Kushal Thakkar: 1 run.
6.2 Jay Chandarana to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
6.3 Jay Chandarana to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
6.4 Jay Chandarana to Jimit Dattani: 1 run.
6.5 Jay Chandarana to Kushal Thakkar: FOUR.
6.6 Jay Chandarana to Kushal Thakkar: FOUR.
7.1 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
7.2 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
7.3 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
7.4 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
7.5 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
7.6 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
8.1 Pratik Lal to Kushal Thakkar: 1 run.
8.2 Pratik Lal to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
8.3 Pratik Lal to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
8.4 Pratik Lal to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
8.5 Pratik Lal to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
8.6 Pratik Lal to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
9.1 Amit Thakkar to Kushal Thakkar: FOUR.
9.2 Amit Thakkar to Kushal Thakkar: No runs.
9.3 Amit Thakkar to Kushal Thakkar: No runs.
9.4 Amit Thakkar to Kushal Thakkar: 1 run.
9.5 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
9.6 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
10.1 Pratik Lal to Kushal Thakkar: FOUR.
10.2 Pratik Lal to Kushal Thakkar: No runs.
10.3 Pratik Lal to Kushal Thakkar: 1 run.
10.4 Pratik Lal to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
10.5 Pratik Lal to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
10.6 Pratik Lal to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
11.1 Jay Chandarana to Kushal Thakkar: SIX.
11.2 Jay Chandarana to Kushal Thakkar: No runs.
11.3 Jay Chandarana to Kushal Thakkar: FOUR.
11.4 Jay Chandarana to Kushal Thakkar: No runs. OUT. Kushal Thakkar is out Caught by Dixit Thakkar. Next batsman Bhavik Rachh walks in.
11.5 Jay Chandarana to Bhavik Rachh : No runs.
11.6 Jay Chandarana to Bhavik Rachh : No runs. OUT. Bhavik Rachh is out Bowled. Next batsman Nishit Vasani walks in.
12.1 Pratik Lal to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
12.2 Pratik Lal to Jimit Dattani: 1 run.
12.3 Pratik Lal to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
12.4 Pratik Lal to Nishit Vasani: FOUR.
12.5 Pratik Lal to Nishit Vasani: 2 runs.
12.6 Pratik Lal to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
13.1 Rahul Vithlani to Jimit Dattani: 1 run.
13.2 Rahul Vithlani to Nishit Vasani: 2 runs.
13.3 Rahul Vithlani to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
13.4 Rahul Vithlani to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
13.5 Rahul Vithlani to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
13.6 Rahul Vithlani to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
14.1 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
14.2 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
14.3 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
14.4 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: 1 run.
14.5 Amit Thakkar to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
14.6 Amit Thakkar to Nishit Vasani: FOUR.
15.1 Rahul Vithlani to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
15.2 Rahul Vithlani to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
15.3 Rahul Vithlani to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
15.4 Rahul Vithlani to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
15.5 Rahul Vithlani to Jimit Dattani: 1 run.
15.6 Rahul Vithlani to Nishit Vasani: 1 run.
16.1 Amit Thakkar to Nishit Vasani: 1 run.
16.2 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs.
16.3 Amit Thakkar to Jimit Dattani: No runs. OUT. Jimit Dattani is out Caught by Rahul Vithlani. Next batsman Vinesh Thakkar walks in.
16.4 Amit Thakkar to Vinesh Thakkar : No runs.
16.5 Amit Thakkar to Vinesh Thakkar : No runs.
16.6 Amit Thakkar to Vinesh Thakkar : No runs.
17.1 Rahul Vithlani to Nishit Vasani: 1 run.
17.2 Rahul Vithlani to Vinesh Thakkar : FOUR.
17.3 Rahul Vithlani to Vinesh Thakkar : 1 run.
17.4 Rahul Vithlani to Nishit Vasani: FOUR.
17.5 Rahul Vithlani to Nishit Vasani: FOUR.
17.6 Rahul Vithlani to Nishit Vasani: SIX.
18.1 Pratik Lal to Vinesh Thakkar : No runs.
18.2 Pratik Lal to Vinesh Thakkar : 1 run.
18.3 Pratik Lal to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
18.4 Pratik Lal to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
18.5 Pratik Lal to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
18.6 Pratik Lal to Nishit Vasani: FOUR.
19.1 Jay Chandarana to Vinesh Thakkar : No runs.
19.2 Jay Chandarana to Vinesh Thakkar : 1 run.
19.3 Jay Chandarana to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
19.4 Jay Chandarana to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
19.5 Jay Chandarana to Nishit Vasani: FOUR.
19.6 Jay Chandarana to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
20.1 Harshil Sonpal to Vinesh Thakkar : 1 run.
20.2 Harshil Sonpal to Nishit Vasani: SIX.
20.3 Harshil Sonpal to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
20.4 Harshil Sonpal to Nishit Vasani: SIX.
20.5 Harshil Sonpal to Nishit Vasani: SIX.
20.6 Harshil Sonpal to Nishit Vasani: 1 run.
21.1 Jay Chandarana to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
21.2 Jay Chandarana to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
21.3 Jay Chandarana to Nishit Vasani: 1 run off LEG BYES.
21.4 Jay Chandarana to Vinesh Thakkar : No runs.
21.5 Jay Chandarana to Vinesh Thakkar : 1 run.
21.6 Jay Chandarana to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
22.1 Yogesh Vasani to Vinesh Thakkar : 1 run.
22.2 Yogesh Vasani to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
22.3 Yogesh Vasani to Nishit Vasani: FOUR.
22.4 Yogesh Vasani to Nishit Vasani: 1 run.
22.5 Yogesh Vasani to Vinesh Thakkar : 1 run.
22.6 Yogesh Vasani to Nishit Vasani: No runs.
23.1 Jay Chandarana to Vinesh Thakkar : FOUR.
23.2 Jay Chandarana to Vinesh Thakkar : No runs.
23.3 Jay Chandarana to Vinesh Thakkar : No runs.
23.4 Jay Chandarana to Vinesh Thakkar : No runs. OUT. Vinesh Thakkar is out Caught by Jay Hindocha. Next batsman Jones Unadkat walks in.
23.5 Jay Chandarana to Jones Unadkat: 1 run.
23.6 Jay Chandarana to Nishit Vasani: FOUR.
24.1 Yogesh Vasani to Jones Unadkat: 1 run.
24.2 Yogesh Vasani to Nishit Vasani: No runs. OUT. Nishit Vasani is out Bowled. Next batsman Ravindra Modi walks in.
24.3 Yogesh Vasani to Ravindra Modi: 1 run.
24.4 Yogesh Vasani to Jones Unadkat: No runs.
24.5 Yogesh Vasani to Jones Unadkat: No runs.
24.6 Yogesh Vasani to Jones Unadkat: No runs.
25.1 Jay Chandarana to Ravindra Modi: No runs.
25.2 Jay Chandarana to Ravindra Modi: 1 run.
25.3 Jay Chandarana to Jones Unadkat: 1 run.
25.4 Jay Chandarana to Ravindra Modi: FOUR.
25.5 Jay Chandarana to Ravindra Modi: NO Ball. FOUR.
25.5 Jay Chandarana to Ravindra Modi: 1 run.
25.6 Jay Chandarana to Jones Unadkat: No runs.
26.1 Yogesh Vasani to Ravindra Modi: 1 run.
26.2 Yogesh Vasani to Jones Unadkat: No runs. OUT. Jones Unadkat is out LBW. Next batsman Ankit Gokani walks in.
26.3 Yogesh Vasani to Ankit Gokani: FOUR.
26.4 Yogesh Vasani to Ankit Gokani: No runs.
26.5 Yogesh Vasani to Ankit Gokani: No runs.
26.6 Yogesh Vasani to Ankit Gokani: No runs.
27.1 Amit Thakkar to Ravindra Modi: FOUR.
27.2 Amit Thakkar to Ravindra Modi: No runs.
27.3 Amit Thakkar to Ravindra Modi: 1 run.
27.4 Amit Thakkar to Ankit Gokani: No runs.
27.5 Amit Thakkar to Ankit Gokani: No runs.
27.6 Amit Thakkar to Ankit Gokani: 1 run.
28.1 Yogesh Vasani to Ankit Gokani: No runs.
28.2 Yogesh Vasani to Ankit Gokani: No runs.
28.3 Yogesh Vasani to Ankit Gokani: No runs.
28.4 Kunal Ponda to Ankit Gokani: 1 run.
28.5 Kunal Ponda to Ravindra Modi: No runs.
28.6 Kunal Ponda to Ravindra Modi: 2 runs.
29.1 Pratik Lal to Ankit Gokani: No runs.
29.2 Pratik Lal to Ankit Gokani: 1 run.
29.3 Pratik Lal to Ravindra Modi: No runs.
29.4 Pratik Lal to Ravindra Modi: No runs.
29.5 Pratik Lal to Ravindra Modi: FOUR.
|
2019-04-24T20:12:18Z
|
http://www.cric-score.in/match/scorecard/M1478
|
The energy requirements of free-ranging marine mammals are challenging to measure due to cryptic and far-ranging feeding habits, but are important to quantify given the potential impacts of high-level predators on ecosystems. Given their large body size and carnivorous lifestyle, we would predict that northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) have elevated field metabolic rates (FMRs) that require high prey intake rates, especially during pregnancy. Disturbance associated with climate change or human activity is predicted to further elevate energy requirements due to an increase in locomotor costs required to accommodate a reduction in prey or time available to forage. In this study, we determined the FMRs, total energy requirements, and energy budgets of adult, female northern elephant seals. We also examined the impact of increased locomotor costs on foraging success in this species.
Body size, time spent at sea and reproductive status strongly influenced FMR. During the short foraging migration, FMR averaged 90.1 (SE = 1.7) kJ kg−1d−1 – only 36 % greater than predicted basal metabolic rate. During the long migration, when seals were pregnant, FMRs averaged 69.4 (±3.0) kJ kg−1d−1 – values approaching those predicted to be necessary to support basal metabolism in mammals of this size. Low FMRs in pregnant seals were driven by hypometabolism coupled with a positive feedback loop between improving body condition and reduced flipper stroking frequency. In contrast, three additional seals carrying large, non-streamlined instrumentation saw a four-fold increase in energy partitioned toward locomotion, resulting in elevated FMRs and only half the mass gain of normally-swimming study animals.
These results highlight the importance of keeping locomotion costs low for successful foraging in this species. In preparation for lactation and two fasting periods with high demands on energy reserves, migrating elephant seals utilize an economical foraging strategy whereby energy savings from reduced locomotion costs are shuttled towards somatic growth and fetal gestation. Remarkably, the energy requirements of this species, particularly during pregnancy, are 70–80 % lower than expected for mammalian carnivores, approaching or even falling below values predicted to be necessary to support basal metabolism in mammals of this size.
Upper-trophic-level predators are important components of food webs, having disproportionate, landscape-level effects on the structure and function of ecosystems [1, 2]. Recent reductions in many species of large marine carnivores, including marine mammals, sharks and piscivorous fishes, have prompted calls for effective ecosystem-based management targeted at recovering depleted populations, while proactively protecting intact populations from decline [3–5]. As a result, many studies have focused on describing the distributions and foraging success of these groups in relation to habitat features [e.g., 6] and prey distributions [e.g., 7] with little information available on the basic resource needs of these species. Assessing the prey requirements of high-level predators is also central to determinations of how resilient they might be to ongoing anthropogenic disturbance and rapid environmental change . In contrast to many terrestrial systems, information on energy requirements is difficult to come by for marine animals because they forage at sea, making their food habits and foraging behaviors challenging to directly measure.
In general, marine mammals have large energy requirements that are thought to be driven by the relatively large metabolic demands prescribed by carnivory and the maintenance of a high core body temperature in water . Foraging effort will reflect these requirements, and will contribute to energetic demands via the costs associated with locating, chasing and capturing prey . To remain in positive energy balance, the energy acquired from foraging must exceed the energetic cost of foraging . More successful foragers will accumulate surplus energy to allocate towards somatic growth and reproduction, and thus, a high foraging efficiency via the minimization of energy expenditure relative to energy gain is expected to be adaptive for all animals, and especially for predators with large energy requirements. Marine animals can minimize locomotion costs by adoption of stereotyped swimming behaviors. For example, “widely foraging” individuals regularly engage in specific swimming modes , swim at particular speeds and depths , and utilize energy-saving swimming strategies like drift diving [16, 17], burst-and-glide swimming , porpoising and wave-riding . The disruption of these routine behaviors should increase the amount of time and energy spent foraging, resulting in increased locomotory costs and less energy devoted to production, thereby reducing foraging success.
The ecology of the northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris, (Fig. 1) facilitates acquisition of foraging behavior data using archival tagging instrumentation, making it an ideal study species to address questions on the effects of both natural and anthropogenic disturbance on the foraging success of marine carnivores. Every year, adult females return to land for one month in between each of two foraging migrations, once to birth and nurse a pup, and once to molt their pelage . Females are inseminated just prior to weaning, and then return to sea to forage for 2–2.5 months before hauling out for the molt. Implantation likely occurs during or after the molt, when seals return to sea for 7–8 months to forage and gestate the fetus. The demands for foraging success are considerable during this time, as pregnant seals must ingest sufficient energy to replace what was lost during the molt as well as store sufficient energy reserves to support the fasting mother and her suckling pup during the costly month-long lactation period .
Our objectives in this study were to determine the total energy requirements, and the relative partitioning of energy among competing demands, for adult female northern elephant seals under normal foraging conditions. We compare these data to those from 3 seals encountering increased foraging costs due to increased drag, to determine how the disruption of stereotyped locomotory behaviors affects energy balance. To achieve this, we constructed complete energy budgets by coupling measurements of foraging success (energy gain) during each foraging migration with empirical measurements of locomotion costs in free-swimming seals . For one of the largest predators in the northern Pacific Ocean, we describe (1) increased, extreme energy economy as a function of pregnancy and/or time spent at sea; (2) strong, predictive relationships between body size, flipper stroking mechanics, and at-sea energy expenditure; and (3) reduced foraging success when stereotyped, energy-saving swimming behaviors are disrupted.
Energy expenditure for each of the 22 seals carrying accelerometers is listed in Table 1. For each of the variables discussed below – field metabolic rates (FMRs), locomotion costs, and flipper stroking frequency – the response was influenced by the interaction between body size and foraging migration (short or long trip) (MLR results, p < 0.05 for each). The significant interaction term indicates that the relationship between mass and each response variable depends on the migration, so we ran MLRs on each of the migrations separately. As described below, our data indicate that, in general, locomotion behavior and the resulting field energetics of seals were most influenced by time spent at sea during the short trip, and the animal’s mass during the long trip. For both migrations, variance in calculations of FMR was most sensitive to estimates of CPS (Additional file 1: Table S.1); sensitivity of calculations of locomotion costs was spread among estimates of how ingested energy was partitioned among the input parameters E(Feces + Urine + Digestion + Maintenance) (Additional file 1: Table S.2).
where FMRST is field metabolic rate during the short trip in kJ kg−1 d−1, M is mass in kg, and t is time spent at sea in days. Despite its low predictive (r2) value, eq. was effective in estimating FMRST to within 6.3 ± 2.1 % of true values in the absence of flipper stroking data (Table 2).
where RST is flipper stroke rate of actively-swimming seals during the short foraging trip in strokes d−1, and t is time spent at sea in days.
With basal costs removed, the impact of each flipper stroke on locomotion costs was approximately 0.24 ± 0.04 J kg−1.
where FMRLT is field metabolic rate during the long trip in kJ kg−1 d−1, and M is mass in kg. Despite its low predictive (r2) value, eq. was effective in estimating FMRLT to within 4.3 ± 2.8 % of true values in the absence of flipper stroking data (Table 2).
where RLT is flipper stroke rate of seals during the long foraging trip in strokes d−1, and M is mass in kg. We were unable to detect an effect of time spent at sea on FMR or flipper stroking frequency during the long trip.
With basal costs removed, the impact of each flipper stroke on locomotion costs was calculated as −0.50 ± 0.11 J kg−1, indicating an overestimation of basal costs in this group.
Mass gain, energy gain, and other indicators of foraging success for each seal are listed in Table 3. This information was used in combination with energy expenditures calculated above to determine the overall energy budget of each seal during her respective foraging migration (Fig. 4).
During the shorter migration, approximately 31.4 ± 2.1 % of total energy intake was allocated towards somatic mass gain (adipose + lean tissue), while 38.1 ± 7.2 % and 3.8 ± 0.1 % of total energy intake was devoted to basal metabolism and locomotion, respectively (Fig. 4). The remainder of total energy intake was lost as HIF and in the formation of urine and feces, as described in the methods.
During the longer migration, approximately 30.8 ± 1 % of total energy intake was allocated towards somatic mass gain (adipose + lean tissue), which was not significantly different from the shorter migration (GLS with fixed variance structure, F2,16 = −1.155, p = 0.88). Similarly, we were unable to detect an effect of mass on the proportion of total energy intake allocated towards somatic mass gain during either migration (GLS with fixed variance structure, F2,16 = −1.179, p = 0.26).
In contrast to somatic mass gain, the proportion of total energy intake utilized in locomotion was significantly lower (−7.7 ± 0.02 %) during the longer migration (GLS with fixed variance structure, F2,16 = 28.56, p < 0.001). We were unable to detect an effect of body mass on this proportion (F2,16 = 0.126, p = 0.64). Again, it is likely that locomotion results below zero are an artifact of inflated BMR estimates in this group. If we instead assume the energetic cost of each flipper stroke is the same for seals during both migrations, and because seals stroke 24 % less during the long migration (Fig. 5), we can estimate the actual proportion of total energy intake allocated towards locomotion in this group to be about 2.9 %. Fetal gestation costs consumed approximately 3.5 ± 0.3 % of total energy ingested during the long trip.
To “balance the budget” during the long migration, energy must have been shuttled away from metabolic overhead, which would require an approximately 22 ± 2.7 % reduction in BMR to achieve (Fig. 4). This reduction gives BMR a proportional contribution to overall costs that is comparable with that seen in the short-trip seals because mass-specific energy expenditure was lower in long-trip seals as described above. Thus, approximately 36.3 ± 1.1 % of total ingested energy was allocated towards BMR during the long trip instead of the approximately 47 % estimated before reduction in metabolic overhead was accounted for.
Seals in this study ingested an average of 5.02 × 103 (±261) and 12.4 × 103 (±645) MJ during the course of the short and long migrations, respectively (Fig. 4). For both groups, this ingestion rate is the equivalent of approximately 64–141 MJ per day spent foraging at sea (56 ± 2 and 126 ± 10 days during the short and long migrations, respectively), or 980–2200 kJ per foraging dive (3.74 × 103 ± 161 and 8.36 × 103 ± 581 total foraging dives during the short and long migrations, respectively).
Seals swimming with added drag during the short migration (hereafter referred to as “drag seals,” N = 3) experienced a 14.5 % increase in FMR (Table 1, Fig. 2), resulting in half the mass gain of other short-trip seals swimming without the acoustic tags (hereafter referred to as “normally-swimming seals”) (Table 3). However, this should be interpreted as a conservative estimate of energy expenditure in the drag group as we have assumed stroking costs similar to those of normally-swimming seals. Two of the drag seals were at sea for as long as normally-swimming short-trip seals (74.6 days, S.D. = ± 4.8 days), but with substantially lower mass gain. The remaining drag seal (1234) spent 100.8 days at sea, with below normal mass gain results intermediate between those of the other two drag seals (Table 3).
Low mass gain in the drag seals resulted from the allocation of a disproportionately large amount of energy intake toward locomotion costs. Drag seals spent more than four times as much energy on locomotion (16.7 ± 0.02 % of total energy intake) as the normally-swimming, short-trip seals reported above, with a resultant one-third of the energy spent on somatic mass gain (11.7 ± 0.03 % of total energy intake) (Fig. 4). This was likely due to increased locomotion costs associated with overcoming the added hydrodynamic drag during diving and swimming, which is supported by the increased flipper stroking frequency demonstrated by the drag seals in comparison to normally-swimming, short-trip seals (22 % more strokes per day) (Fig. 5). The limited variation in stroking frequency for drag seals compared to the other groups suggests these individuals may have been pushing up against a biomechanically-constrained limit to swimming effort while foraging.
The energy requirements of adult female northern elephant seals are much lower than those described for most other mammalian carnivores, and particularly so during pregnancy. Mammalian carnivores typically have higher energy needs than other terrestrial mammals, and thus require large food supplies to fuel fast metabolisms [9, 24]. As such, FMRs tend to run high in this group, ranging from 1.99 – 4.65 times Kleiber predictions of BMR in terrestrial mammalian carnivores [summarized in 25, 26], and from 4.88–6.44 Kleiber predictions in marine mammal carnivores [27, 28] [although see 29, 30]. However, more recent studies on the diving metabolism (DMR) of adult phocid seals indicate they are more efficient than other marine carnivores [44, 33]. For example, Weddell seals diving in the wild for as long as the average elephant seal in our study (21.5 min) operated at 1.7 Kleiber .
During the 2.5-month post-breeding foraging trip, adult elephant seals were able to recover the energy reserves lost during lactation by operating at 1.36 (range = 1.21–1.48) Kleiber predictions of basal metabolism, indicating a high degree of metabolic efficiency in this species (Table 1, Fig. 3). These results are in line with results from previous studies on both free-swimming [23, 31] and captive [32–34, 28] elephant seals where large oxygen storage capacities combined with a high tolerance for hypoxia indicated these animals should be able to operate aerobically at 0.9–1.9 times Kleiber predictions from as early as 2 months old. While measurements in these examples were from young animals, recent studies on other phocids in captivity were unable to detect a difference between juvenile and adult DMRs [grey seals: 33] or BMRs [harp, harbor and ringed seals: 34]. As this could be an artifact of captivity, these results should be interpreted with caution; nonetheless, they do suggest that using measurements of metabolism in juveniles to ground truth our calculations for adults is a valid approach.
The degree of metabolic efficiency was correlated with body size and reproductive status, with the largest animals having the lowest mass-specific FMRs during pregnancy (Fig. 2). During the 7.5-month post-molt foraging trip, female seals were able to fuel gestation costs and a 90 % (S.D. = ± 21 %) increase in body mass by operating at FMRs approaching or falling below Kleiber predictions of basal metabolism (Fig. 3). In most mammals, pregnancy elevates metabolism [35, 36]; however, like other phocids, elephant seals fast during the breeding season and therefore must fuel lactation costs using onboard fuel reserves accumulated during the long foraging trip. Suppressed metabolism and increased fuel economy during pregnancy is likely a pre-pupping fattening strategy, and while it has been measured in resting, captive harp seals [31, 37, 34], grey seals , harbor and ringed seals , our study is the first to demonstrate suppressed metabolism during pregnancy in actively foraging, wild seals during their months-long migrations.
Our results provide empirical support for hypotheses that have inferred hypometabolism based on diving behavior, as elephant seals regularly dive for longer than their calculated aerobic dive limit without engaging in a long recovery period afterward. These authors suggest that traditional predictions of diving metabolic rates based on allometric equations must be overestimates – instead, elephant seals must be hypometabolic while diving, and particularly so during the long foraging trip [39–42]. Compared to similarly-sized short-trip females,who are themselves operating at remarkably low metabolic rates (this study), long-trip seals were shown to suppress their field metabolism by a further 22 % (range = 15 % in smaller seals to 32 % in the largest), to rates below those predicted to be necessary to support even basic maintenance metabolism (Fig. 3). Boyd predicted a similar trend for marine mammals using first principles, arguing that locomotion should be more efficient, and thermoregulation costs lower or non-existent, in larger aquatic animals.
The argument for a more severe degree of hypometabolism in northern elephant seals compared to other breath-hold divers is thus well-supported, and promotes the extreme at-sea lifestyle of this species. As part of the oxygen-conserving dive response, breath-hold triggers a reduction in metabolic rate in all mammals, and more markedly so in diving species [43, 44]. Extreme hypometabolism allows elephant seals to spend upwards of 95 % of their time at sea in breath-hold, exploiting depths down to 1600 m for up to 2 h, entirely aerobically. In contrast, other extreme divers such as Cuvier’s and Blainville’s beaked whales will regularly spend 60–90 min recovering between deep dives , suggesting that anaerobic metabolism is at least partly fuelling dives to extreme depths. These species have likely evolved adaptations that allow them to tolerate and process large amounts of lactic acid, whereas elephant seals seem to have evolved the ability to mostly just avoid it altogether with a more pronounced degree of hypometabolism. Other slow-moving, deep-diving marine mammals with short surface intervals, such as sperm whales , might also be expected to be hypometabolic.
In our study, lower at-sea FMRs in seals during pregnancy were also the result of reduced flipper stroking frequencies during active swimming (Fig. 3). For both groups, most flipper stroking occurs during the ascent phase of the dive cycle (Fig. 6), when seals must work against their negative buoyancy at depth to reach the surface [47, 48]. As the foraging migrations progress, seals are able to store more fat, becoming less negatively buoyant [16, 49], and we would expect an inverse relationship between buoyancy and the number of flipper strokes required to surface [50–52]. As seals generally gain more adipose tissue during the long trip (Table 3) a reduction in the number of flipper strokes necessary to surface compared to their short-trip counterparts is not surprising. With each flipper stroke having a predictable effect on overall energy costs, this reduced stroking frequency results in approximately 1700 ± 90 MJ in energy savings across the long foraging migration.
Despite the 5-month difference in trip duration, partitioning of ingested energy was remarkably similar across the two migrations. During the short trip, locomotion costs were low, constituting approximately 4 % of overall energy expenditure, which is somewhat lower than the 10 % reported for similarly-sized, freely-diving Weddell seals [calculated from eq. in 44]. In contrast, locomotion costs of seals during the long migration were calculated as being negligible; however, this is likely the result of our assumption of an unvarying BMR equal to Kleiber predictions in these seals. As discussed above, there are several lines of evidence supporting the idea that ‘basal’ metabolism is less static in phocid seals than in terrestrial mammals, and that hypometabolism is common during pregnancy [31, 37, 32]. It is likely that this hypometabolism is the driver of reduced at-sea FMRs in pregnant elephant seal females rather than zero or negative locomotion costs. The physiological mechanism behind suppression is unclear, but may be a conditioning effect of chronic oxidative stress with increased time spent at sea in elephant seals [41, 53]. If locomotion costs on a per-stroke basis are instead assumed to be the same during both migrations, basal maintenance costs in pregnant elephant seals must be reduced by approximately 22 % (range = 14–33 %) of Kleiber predictions to “balance the budget” in terms of work costs (Fig. 4). This compares to a reported 30 % and 27 % reduction in the resting metabolism of captive, pregnant harp and grey seals, respectively [31, 32].
The overall net energy available to fuel production was highly variable for both migrations, with seals who were initially fatter tending to acquire more prey-energy, gain more weight, store more lipid, and birth larger pups (Table 3), even after controlling for maternal age. For example, seal 2036 increased her mass by 118 % compared to 66 % for T730, and gave birth to a 50-kg pup (versus 31 kg); however, 2036 was fatter than T730 at the beginning of her long migration, but had a lower total number of flipper strokes despite a longer trip duration (Table 1). We postulate a positive feedback loop whereby fatter seals are less negatively buoyant during the course of the trip, reducing locomotion costs as described above, freeing up more energy to devote towards both somatic growth (fattening) and fetal production. As adiposity increases and seals approach energetically-optimal buoyancy levels where locomotion costs are lowest , it stands that more energy would be available for allocation towards the growing fetus.
Seals in this study ingested an average of 5 017 (±261) and 12 426 (±645) MJ during the course of the short and long migrations, respectively (Fig. 4). Our estimate for short-trip seals is in complete agreement with Sakamoto et al.’s estimate using an energy components analysis on the TDR record of one seal. Depending on the energy density of ingested prey items, we estimate that elephant seals in both groups would have needed to capture approximately 2-8 % of their average body mass in prey per day spent foraging, which is in close agreement with the 6.2 % predicted by Le Boeuf et al. . This ingestion rate is the equivalent of 8–32 kg of prey captured per day spent foraging at sea which is, again, in agreement with Le Boeuf et al.’s estimate of 20 kg based only on dive behavior. This ingestion rate is also the equivalent of 5–24 prey items per foraging dive, which is in agreement with Naito et al.’s reported average of 14.6 (S.D. = ± 3) prey capture attempts per dive. Collectively, these lines of evidence support our stroke-based estimates of at-sea FMRs in adult female northern elephant seals.
The three seals carrying the experimental acoustic tags (“drag seals”) had FMRs elevated 14.5 % above other short-trip seals (Fig. 2), operating at approximately 1.58 (±0.03) Kleiber predictions of basal metabolism (Table 1). This was likely the result of increased locomotion costs, as the experimental tags increased the seal’s frontal surface area by about 7 %, which is large enough to induce increased transport costs in a number of large marine organisms [e.g., 55, 56]. Our results are comparable to what has been seen in other species such as Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) where instruments representing an approximately 10 % increase in frontal surface area increased the cost of transport by about 14 % . Increased locomotion costs are illustrated in Fig. 5, with drag seals flipper stroking consistently faster than normally-swimming short-trip and potentially pushing up against a biomechanically constrained maximum rate. With more energy partitioned toward the fuelling of flipper strokes (17 % versus 4 %), drag seals were able to partition relatively little ingested energy toward somatic mass gain (12 % versus 31 %) (Fig. 6).
These results suggest that elephant seals fuel their substantial mass gain during foraging migrations by engaging in stereotypic, energy-saving flipper stroking behaviors that keep locomotion costs low, and that increasing these costs can have considerable impacts on foraging success. This may have implications for the ability of elephant seals to adapt to at-sea disturbance, with avoidance behaviors predicted to reduce time spent foraging while increasing time spent in transit – a disruption of routine swimming behaviors that inflates normally-low locomotion costs, thereby reducing the surplus energy available to the seal for partitioning towards mass gain [as in, for example, 58, 59]. We predict that this effect would be exacerbated in pregnant, long-trip seals, which are potentially operating at or near a lower physiological limit to metabolism in order to adequately and rapidly build fuel reserves in support of a very costly lactation period.
By accounting for each of the costs associated with foraging, we can assess the efforts free-living animals spend acquiring resources, and thus, their overall energy requirements [12, 63]. Although estimates of FMR have been made for fin and minke whales , the seals in our study represent the largest carnivores measured empirically. Northern elephant seals have adopted a foraging strategy that utilizes a high degree of extreme energy economy, with FMRs that are (1) 70–80 % lower than predicted for carnivores of their size ; (2) 35–60 % lower than predicted for marine mammals of their size ; and (3) 25–40 % lower than what has been measured in freely-diving Weddell seals of similar size, and for similar diving durations . Body mass was the most important determinant of FMR in our study, with a particularly dramatic effect of pregnancy such that, in the largest long-trip seals, Kleiber predictions of mammalian basal metabolism actually overestimated total at-sea energy expenditure. Pregnant seals were able to suppress their FMRs as body condition improved, thereby reducing the frequency of flipper strokes, and also by further reducing basal maintenance metabolism by an additional 22 % compared to non-pregnant seals during the short trip. The very efficient FMRs of seals during both the short (1.4x Kleiber) and long migrations (1.1x Kleiber) likely represent fattening strategies in preparation for the high energy demands of a month-long fast while molting and nursing, respectively. In contrast to normally-swimming seals, those instrumented with bulky, non-streamlined acoustic tags experienced elevated FMRs as a result of increased locomotion costs, significantly reducing foraging success and the net energy available for mass gain in these seals. Collectively, these results suggest that elephant seals keep overall energy requirements, and thus prey requirements, relatively low during their foraging migrations by engaging in adaptively stereotyped flipper stroking behaviors that minimize locomotion costs and, most likely, maintenance metabolism while diving. Minimization of these work costs frees up more of the energy ingested from prey items for fuelling of production, namely, accumulation of energy reserves for support of maintenance metabolism while fasting on land, and for pregnant seals, gestation and lactation.
This project was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California in Santa Cruz. 21 adult female elephant seals were instrumented at their breeding colony in the Año Nuevo State Reserve, California, USA (37° 5’ N, 122° 16’ W) from 2009 – 2013. We chemically immobilized the seals for instrument attachment and recovery using established protocols that minimize handling time and stress . Apparently healthy seals were selected and 15 were of known age ranging from 5 to 12 years old. N796 was instrumented in both 2009 and 2010, and we present each track separately. The study included both annual foraging migrations: the short, post-breeding migration (February through April; N = 16) and the long, post-molting, gestational migration (June through December; N = 7).
Seals were instrumented with a time-depth recorder (TDR) (Wildlife Computers MK9, MK10; or Lotek, St. John’s, NL, Canada: 2310) and a tri-axis accelerometer/magnetometer (Wildlife Computers MK10-style prototype, 16-hz sampling rate, N = 9, sample years 2009–2011; or Little Leonardo ORI2000-D3GT, 32-hz sampling rate, N = 13, sample years 2011–2013) for collection of at-sea diving and flipper stroking data, respectively. The raw time-series of accelerometry measurements were truncated according to departure/arrival times identified using the diving record, and flipper strokes isolated using one of two custom-written programs in Igor Pro 6.36 (WaveMetrics, Inc., USA), depending on the instrument model used. In brief, side-to-side flipper movements were detected as fluctuations in the transverse axis – “swaying” acceleration – and the static (positional) component was separated from the dynamic (movement) component using a 1 Hz low-pass filter . The remaining peaks and troughs in the dynamic swaying acceleration with amplitudes greater than 1 m s−2 were considered to be individual flipper strokes and were used in analyses.
Output from the Wildlife Computer instruments included raw acceleration data, and a user-written algorithm was used to identify and count individual flipper strokes . In contrast, with the exception of 12 h per record, raw data were processed on-board the Little Leonardo instruments with stroke rate calculated using a built-in algorithm. To make comparisons between algorithms, we processed each seal’s 12 h of raw Little Leonardo accelerometry data through our user-written algorithm and used the percent discrepancy between stroke counts to correct the total number of counts output by the Little Leonardo algorithm. In most cases, the total number of strokes counted by the two algorithms were within 10 % of each other; however, in 2 cases, the discrepancy was greater than 10 % (14 % for T35, 20 % for T730). For this reason, and for consistency, we used corrected counts from the Little Leonardo instruments, rather than the processed output from the instruments, in analyses.
As part of a separate study, three seals were additionally outfitted with prototype acoustic tags, for testing of their viability in future studies. The tags were large, not streamlined, heavy, and were as follows: cylindrical tags (537.0 x 117.4 mm, cross-sectional area 108.3 cm2, volume 5447 ml, mass in air 7500 g, mass in water 2417 g) attached along the midline of the seal’s back, with the forward leading edge at the position of the seals’ maximum girth. The tags were attached using two positively buoyant foam block mounts (each cross-sectional area 28.2 cm2, mass in water 1151 g), hose clamp screw (cross-sectional area 2 cm2), and VHF transmitter (cross-sectional area 7.7 cm2) for a total cross-sectional area of approximately 174.2 cm2 that corresponds to approximately 7 % of the seals’ cross-sectional area (ca. 2501.9 cm2), and mass in water of 1266 g.
The tags were not deployed with the intention of affecting the foraging success of the animals, but upon recovery these seals were undersized and clearly nutritionally stressed, probably due to the added hydrodynamic drag imposed on the animals by the bulky, non-streamlined instruments. We include these individuals in our analyses here to determine how foraging success and efficiency are affected by disturbance to routine swimming behaviors via increased locomotory costs.
where some energy from ingested prey items is lost in the production and excretion of feces and urine, and some energy is expended to fuel digestion costs [63, 64], basal maintenance metabolism and locomotion. Collectively, energy expended for digestion, maintenance and locomotion represent the animal’s field metabolic rate (FMR). We do not include heat lost for thermoregulation as a cost as it has been argued [12, 65] and demonstrated that heat loss should not be an issue for marine mammals of this size.
To estimate surplus energy gained from foraging (EMASSGAIN (somatic + fetal)), we measured the mass of each seal at the beginning and end of each trip by suspension in a canvas sling from a tripod using a Dyna-Link scale (1,000 ± 1 kg). Mass of adult females at departure and upon arrival was corrected for any time spent on land after instrument attachment or before instrument retrieval, respectively, using an equation derived from serial mass measurements of fasting seals . During the breeding season, when female seals return from their long, post-molt, gestational migrations, the mass of the pup was added to that of the mother five days post-parturition. Waiting a conservative 5 days to handle the newborn pup is part of standard protocol with this species, in order to allow adequate time for maternal contact and bonding (e.g., ). Adipose and lean tissue gain was estimated from mass change and body composition, assuming that the five-day-old pup was 13 % adipose tissue . Energy gain was estimated assuming that adipose tissue was 90 % lipid, and lean tissue was 27 % protein with a gross energy content of 39.33 kJ g−1 for lipids and 23.5 kJ g−1 for protein . Additional gestation costs associated with maternal metabolism were assumed to be negligible based on previous research on other capitally breeding phocids [69, 70], and so were not added to the energy budget of seals in this group.
To estimate energy expenditure (FMR) during the foraging migrations, we used an equation that predicts total FMR from the total number of swim strokes in free-swimming, non-reproductive, fasting seals [FMR (J kg−1) = 2.58Sn, where Sn is the number of flipper strokes ]. This equation was derived from seals younger than the ones in this study, requiring us to rely on the assumption that juvenile and adult animals have similar stroke costs. This might be unrealistic as juvenile mammals often have elevated mass-specific metabolisms relative to adults as a result of increased growth costs. If this were the case, our FMR estimates for adults would be too high. However, Maresh et al. were unable to detect significant relationships between body size or age and stroke costs, although this could have been due to small sample size and lack of statistical power. On the other hand, multiple studies have been unable to detect differences between juvenile and adult metabolic rates in captive phocids [71, 72], indicating that our assumption of similar stroking costs in juvenile and adult elephant seals is reasonable. We consider the sensitivity of our FMR calculations to uncertainty in stroke costs in the Additional file 1.
As FMR represents the sum of all component costs except Efeces and Eurine, (i.e., FMR = E(Digestion + Maintenance + Locomotion) from eq.), we estimated each separate cost and its relative contribution to total FMR using values and equations from previous studies (described below). To account for energy lost in via feces and urine, we used a value averaged across multiple studies on phocid seals [63, 73, 74] whereby approximately 83 % of gross energy consumed from an average fish diet is usable as metabolizable energy. This value for assimilation efficiency is in line with studies on other pinnipeds where metabolizable energy was shown to range from between 78.3–91.6 %, depending on the diet . To account for digestion costs (the heat increment of feeding (HIF)), we used the estimate of 11.6 % of metabolizable energy measured in juvenile elephant seals (range = 6.4–18 %) . This value is in close agreement with other studies of HIF in marine mammals: 10–13 % in sea otters , 10–17 % in harp seals [78, 79], and 5.5 % in harbor seals .
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) has not been measured for adult female elephant seals, however, BMR values predicted from Kleiber have been shown to be within 10 % of the metabolic rates of quiescent, submerged Weddell seals . In addition, Lavigne et al. found no difference between Kleiber’s predicted BMRs of terrestrial mammals and the empirically-determined BMRs of similarly-sized, adult phocid seals when measured under similar conditions. For these reasons, we used Kleiber’s predictions of BMR for terrestrial mammals to estimate the maintenance costs of the seals in this study.
Finally, after accounting for assimilation efficiency, HIF and BMR, any remaining cost was assumed to represent energy spent on locomotion.
With all costs and gains accounted for, we could then estimate the energy ingested from prey that was necessary to balance each seal’s energy budget (EINGESTED). We estimated the energy from prey our study animals would have needed to consume overall as well as on a per foraging dive basis. Foraging dives were determined using a custom-written dive typing script in MATLAB (IKNOS toolbox, Y. Tremblay, unpublished program), whereby the putative behavior of the seal is classified based on the two-dimensional shape of each dive as recorded by the TDR . In addition to the sawtooth-shaped dives traditionally classified as foraging, we included the V-shaped dives traditionally classified as transit, per recent evidence provided by Naito et al. that demonstrates the high probability that northern elephant seals are foraging during these dives as well.
The influence of body size, time at sea and foraging migration (short or long trip) on field metabolic rate, locomotion costs and flipper stroking frequency, was investigated using multiple linear regression (MLR) models. Candidate models included the interaction term body size x migration to test whether the effect of body size on each of the response variables co-varied with migration, in which case we ran MLR models on each of the migrations separately. These MLRs included time at sea and its potential interaction with body size. Generalized least squares (GLS) models with variance structure fixed for mass were used to measure the association between body size and foraging migration and the proportion of ingested energy allocated towards mass gain and towards locomotion costs. All means are expressed as ± S.E. of the mean, except where noted otherwise. Analyses were performed using the built-in ‘lm’ function, and the ‘gls’ function of the ‘nlme’ package in R 3.1.2 . All model combinations were fitted with best model fits based on the lowest Akaike information criteria corrected for small sample size (AICc). Where p-values indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between seals in the two groups, we report Cohen’s d effect sizes and effect-size correlation rγλ [85, 86], using the long foraging migration (when seals were pregnant) as the ‘treatment’ effect. In addition, we analyzed the sensitivity of FMR and locomotion cost model results to uncertainty in the estimates of input parameters using a Latin hypercube random sampling method that takes into account the range and distribution of each input parameter, as well as their interactions . Sensitivity analyses were performed using the ‘sensitivity’ , ‘pse’ , ‘ks’ and ‘Hmisc’ packages in R and the Excel ‘Apogee’ add-in v.4.9 developed by the Statistical Design Institute (Additional file 1).
All data used are present in the manuscript and its supporting information.
The authors would like to thank the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Grant-in-Aid 23255001 (A: 23255001 and B: 21380128) and the Tagging of Pacific Predators (TOPP) project. Partial funding was also received from the Office of Naval Research (N00014-03-0651, N00014-10-1-0356, N00014-13-1-0134), the Moore, Packard and Sloan Foundations, and the E & P Sound and Marine Life Joint Industry Program (contract JIP22 07–23). JLM received additional support from a fellowship and several small grants administered by the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department at the University of California in Santa Cruz (UCSC). All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at UCSC, and the US NMFS (permits 87-1743-04 and 14636). The authors are grateful for the numerous field volunteers involved in data collection, particularly field crew leaders M. Fowler, C. Goetsch, L. Hückstadt, S. Peterson and P. Robinson. Gratitude is also extended to the rangers and docents at the Año Nuevo State Reserve for their collaborative spirit, their continued support of research, and their genuine regard for the animals in their care.
JLM and DPC conceived of the question and design of the experiment. JLM, TA, AT and YN carried out the experiment. JLM analyzed the data. TA, AT, YN, DEC and TLW contributed to data interpretation. JLM wrote the first draft of this paper, and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.r-project.org; 2014.
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2019-04-26T00:12:34Z
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https://movementecologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40462-015-0049-2
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I would post a photo, but I ate it before I took one. Seriously, I was ravenous, which isn’t at all like me. I think the bug drained me more than I knew. Thankfully I’m back to normal. It’s really strange to think that only a few years ago, well nearly seven now, I spent all my time ill, always sick and miserable. It’s scary what becomes normal. I don’t have much to say here, this is just a very basic crumble, based on this, the sugar cuts out the banana flour flavour and it isn’t too dry. This is the last of my banana flour recipes. So, farewell to banana flour, you were mostly a gimmick, but I beat you! Hah! I’m in the process of tagging grain free recipes, I don’t follow a grain free diet, but did you know that most of the recipe on here are grain free? Me neither. Heh. I cover such a wide variety of diets and I like to list them when applicable. I’ve added a Freezer Friendly category too.
You ever feel the need to talk, for no other reason then to kill time? That’s the one benefit of these posts, dearest reader, I have an imaginary captive audience. You could skip or skim all of this and I’d never have any idea, happy in my ignorance. So, your pal Jack, your forever friend, the man of many names, well, two, hasn’t been doing much. The Winter months are tiresome. I’m really glad I finally got into music, it’s funny how I spent years being assured that I should enjoy what others did and just couldn’t see the attraction. It takes finding our own preferences to really get into anything, doesn’t it? I’m of the school of thought that everyone should be let enjoy what they do, assuming no one gets hurt by it. I’m one of those people who’ll give anything a fair shake and don’t look down on anything. I’m currently repeatedly playing the newest Icon for Hire album. It’s independently released so you can support them directly. It’s something I wish I’d had growing up, a positive message without the usual banal generalised platitudes. From a place of experience. Of course it’s cut with the newest EP from Band Maid because I tend towards the non-mainstream and you can’t beat Kanami’s insane solos. I find music helps me to stop dwelling, whenever I’m doing something repetitive my brain refuses to stop thinking, so the headphones go on when preparing meals and it all become a better experience. Now, I’m not one of those people who insist that you’ll love this song, or band, or book, really I doubt if you will, but maybe you’ll surprise yourself. I don’t push things like that onto people. I spent the other night, feeling better for the first time in three days, reading the newest volume of Monthly Girls’ Nozaki-Kun and laughing out loud. Which is a rarity, your friend is pretty quiet in the real world, shocking, eh? Manga, Japanese comics, have supplemented my reading for, what, fifteen years, probably more. It’s strange to read a series over a decade, volume by volume. Worst is when they get cancelled, which happened in the thirty-sixth volume of Negima after reading it for a decade. It was a painful experience I can tell you that. Why so much Japanese interest? No idea, it just resonated with me and I know there are those that take it too far and can’t accept that people don’t like it, like there are those that can’t accept when people do, but the way I look at it is this: I found something that’s continually made me happy for a long time now. Why should I worry what others think. It’s all to easy to start in on the sanctimonious, elitist, supercilious idea of what is “proper” to enjoy. Do what makes you happy, life is too short not to and made too long by people who can’t accept that. All this ramble for a crumble, well, the internet, am I right? See you soon.
1. Pre-heat oven to 180c (Fan).
4. Sprinkle Crumb Mixture over the Berries and bake for 15-20 minutes until the top is golden brown.
Here I am again, dear reader, Johannes Factotum! Hmmm? I’ve been reading up on the origin of the idiom: Jack of all trades. Yes, I can read! I would say I’m well read, but that makes me sound like a dog-eared magazine, left on a waiting-room coffee-table. You know, dear reader, I was reading a guest post I made and I noticed something, well, aside from the lack of other offers for guest posting, hinting strongly here,, dearest reader, I wouldn’t risk me either to be honest, but as I was saying, I notice that you haven’t always been my dear reader, no, don’t break gentle heart! It turns out I used to use the address: Gentle Reader. Funny, huh? I honestly can’t remember that. Strange, isn’t it? These posts come together to create a story, but one that we often can’t remember the beginning of. Where it’ll all end is anyone’s guess, but stay with me, whether I be Jack, your forever friend or just your darling blue eyes, though my eyes are hazel, we’ll end up somewhere and if nothing else it’ll be interesting. Hopefully. Thanks for sticking what me so far. Be ye gentle, dear or darling even, it means a lot.
So, you’ll notice I stubbornly haven’t given up on banana flour. I’m almost at the end of the bag, the first and final bag. I’ve come to the conclusion that it’s just a novelty flour, it has no properties that are of any value, perhaps nutritionally it has some value, but I’d rather buy dehydrated yellow bananas and enjoy them than struggling to make this flour even halfway decent. Brutally honest, but you’ll save money from my honesty. You could say I haven’t given it a fair shake, which would earn you a fair shake. All joking aside, I’ve made it work, but it just isn’t worth the price. There are better flours out there, with more varied properties of absorption, binding and taste. I still have a little left so you might see something else in this category. The pancakes were okay, a bit dry, the sweetness kept the flavour of the flour at bay for the most part. The texture was firm, but springy, pleasant enough if you slather them in flavourful toppings. What’s weird, no other word describes it, is the texture of the batter. It was simultaneously too thick and too runny. It had this rubbery feeling to it, like silicone from a tube or thick glue. I just made two pancakes as I didn’t want a huge stack of these. This is probably the best recipe yet, which isn’t saying much for this flour. Buckwheat saves the day again. I’d swear it’d make any flour work, it’s magical or at least very, very useful. So, that’s it for now. I do have a large post in the works all going well it should be ready in a few days. Nothing major, but a bit of baking fun. I’ll see you then.
The light faded and I had to wander all over to get a decent photo.
1. Add the dry ingredients to a bowl and then add the Egg, Milk, Vanilla, Maple Syrup and mix until a smooth thick Batter has been formed.
3. Over a medium-high heat some Oil and swirl it around a non-stick pan, then add some of the Batter, just enough to form a medium circle. Cook for a minute or two until bubbles start to appear on the edges and centre and the underside is brown, then flip and cook the same on the other side. Repeat until batter is used up.
Wibble wobble, goes the cake. I wonder if it’s cooked goes the baker.
In your heart of hearts you believed in me. You knew that given enough time I’d make something decent with banana flour. Your faith in me is boundless. I am the rock that you stand on. Truly I am humbled by your great admiration of me. Or not, whatever. So, here we are, yet another microwave cake, this recipe could almost be described as foolproof. It seems to work with almost any flour, bar almond flour, and each only changes the recipe slightly. But you know me, I won’t make claims without tests. So, banana flour, in a microwave cake. It’s still got that strong taste, the sugar cuts that down, the cake is really light and airy. Less spongy than when using quinoa flour, just puffy and airy. I did find it very filling. You might be best to share this with someone. Nothing much to note here. It’s fine, fine and dandy. I’ve run out of anything to say, honestly. I planted some garlic today. A bulb’s worth of organic garlic cloves. It worked last year. I also have two miniature roses I’ll be growing in the greenhouse. I hope to get cutting and to repot these when they start to become dormant. These force grown flowers don’t always do well, but they were really cheap so I thought I’d take a chance. Okay, I have another recipe, which will be posted when I can figure out what to call it. See you soon.
If you have friends you could foist some of it off on them. They may not be your friends for long. Joking….sorta.
1. Grease microwave safe bowl with Butter or Olive Oil.
2. Whisk together the Egg, Milk, Vanilla Extract and Sugar. Then Whisk in the Flour, Flax and Baking Powder. Batter will be smooth and runny. Pour into greased bowl.
3. Cook on full heat for 2-2 1/2 minutes. Cake should be springy to the touch and will triple in size. Place plate on top of the bowl and turn out. Let cool slightly and serve.
Got another post coming, let’s do this quick.
Banana flour, oh, banana flour, you’re just not clicking. Think of this recipe as more instructive than useful. I have far better scone recipes, this is based on the Buckwheat and Amaranth, but it turns out more like the original recipe all the scone recipes came from. It’s dry, crumbles and dries out much too fast. You’re probably wondering why I’m sharing it at all. Well, it’s edible, nothing special, but you can eat it. Also: It uses banana flour, which I’m trying out every way I can think of. As I said it’s instructive rather than useful. Maybe you’ll take something from it, maybe you won’t.
Oily, greasy mounds that spread.
Okay, yeah, the dough was a tad crumbly, it was also oily which seems to happen whenever I use oil and banana flour. It just doesn’t seem to be absorbent. At least not to a useful degree. I’m not bashing banana flour, it’s just there are better flours and I’m going to be honest in all I do here. The taste is still there even with the small amount used, as I suspected the sugar does help cut it down a bit. Enough, but be prepared for a strange taste. Not much to say, they were dry, not as dry but that’s probably more to do with the amount of flour to egg ratio.
I think, and this is pure speculation on my part, that banana flour might work best in a runny batter. The bread, as I said was like water when it went it yet it baked solid. Dry even. It’ll probably mean it’ll make springy pancakes, but I will look into other uses for it. I won’t be trying it again, I’m not happy with it so far. Not to scare you away, you have to try everything once, you never know when you’ll find the perfect ingredient for your dietary needs. I’ll keep using it until its gone.
2. Add all the dry ingredients to a bowl and set aside. Mix the Olive Oil and Egg with a fork until combined, then mix in the Egg mixture into the dry ingredients with a fork. Keep mixing until a dough starts to come together and stops crumbling. Knead by hand when firm enough to work. Dough should be fairly firm, may be crack slightly and need to be reworked and slightly oily. Form into a ball.
3. Divide Dough into equal parts and roll into a ball and press onto the prepared tray.
4. Bake for 20-25 minutes until scones are firm and lightly browned. Transfer to a wirerack and let cool. Eat while fresh.
Heya, Dear Reader, it’s that time again: Time for your pal, often-times Jack, always himself, to possibly put his size eleven foot in his mouth. What’s the haps? As the kids are wont to say, probably, well, how do you say this without sounding like a walking contradiction? Just carry on and hope. I’ll be talking about my first foray into banana flour based baking and its future in a moment. But first I’d like to say something, it’s a problem I feel that’s become ingrained in dealing with any free from flours and ingredients, more so the flours. As the absolute authority on this topic I can tell you everything I saw is infallible, if proved otherwise the fault is yours. Got the idea yet? Yeah, it’s the idea that any single flour can replace wheat flour seamlessly, every flour be it blend or single seems to claim this. You see that irks me on many levels. I’ll add here that blends are useful, I know, I’m not picking on them I just can’t and don’t use them, nor do I ever find I’m missing out, perhaps the opposite at times, that’s a topic for another time, you can tell how anti-antagonistic I am with this run on sentence, so I’ll just say it. No. No you can’t just swap flours and emulate anything exactly, blends often work due to the presence of gums, but they’re still not perfect emulation of wheat flour. Single use flours are even trickier as they have less in common again. So, why get annoyed, why? Because today my banana flour blend claimed it could replace wheat flour in any recipe with ease. No it can’t. Its taste, binding properties and texture are all different, but here’s where it rubs me wrong. I know that’s a crock, but how many newcomers to free-from baking don’t? They believe the hype and end up disappointed. They end up wasting an expensive ingredient (I cut down recipes when trying new flours). They never bother trying it as a brand new untested flour as I have and as other do, we build on the strength of the flour, not as replacement, but as its own ingredient.
As I said I’m not ragging on blends, but you know what? I’m tired of being, or at least feeling like a minority in my use of single flour taken in whole new directions. I’ve made o many recipes that I would never have dreamed possible when I first started a few years back. I certainly never have bothered trying at all if I’d been able to just grab a blend and use that. But I stopped trying to emulate years ago, I took what made these flours worthwhile and sometimes combined them, more-often kept them separate and made them work in ways, this is in no way arrogant, that I’ve never seen matched. Now here’s what gets me: If everyone tried that, instead of letting product sellers and bloggers tell us their proprietary blend/flour is the only answer to free-from baking, that starches and gums are the only option, we’d have so many option and we could help so many people. Imagine the possibilities, look what I’ve done when only using one, or two, flours. I’m nothing special, I just kept pushing and never fell into the trap of believing that everyone else knew better. This is new to everyone, we’re all starting at nothing, chef or home baker, it doesn’t matter, you can discover the possibilities, the combinations, the abilities of these flour and take them in directions that rival, and even occasionally, exceed gluten based flours. So, in the full knowledge it could cost me a lot of readers, in no way meaning to be disrespectful, when you see a claim that this blend, this flour will replace any gluten based one, be it by bloggers claiming it as a hack, one weird trick, or by marketers extolling the virtue of the newest fad, then do this for your old friend: Doubt. Be just a little weary, keep an open mind sure, but be sceptical. There are more roads on this journey and in taking the time to look and think you might find a more suitable one. Now, that being said I feel better. I hope I haven’t made anyone feel attacked, but I figure I should speak out, one voice against dozens daily claiming magical replacement. Gluten is great, but we can do just as much without it. Limits push us further if we use them instead of being scared of them. Remember I’m just one person. Gather up all the opinions you can and make up your own mind. If I’d kept quiet I’d have been doing you a disservice. Now onto banana flour.
More negativity. The bread wasn’t good. It was unpleasant. It’s my standard test for a flour, a way to gauge the taste and texture. This doesn’t mean I stop, it just means I know what direction I’m going in just a little bit more. So, what I used was my basic buckwheat bread recipe, and it went in like water, but it did bake. Which is interesting, somewhat similar to quinoa in that regard, though it doesn’t thicken like quinoa. Now, after the first rant you might ask what do I know? You know what? I’d have doubted myself once, but I know a damn, excuse the language dearest reader, sight more than most. I’ve worked like a dog, making, creating baking and toiling to use and understand all these flours. So you can be sure that I’m not just guessing or acting superior when I talk about them. Me being negative is my way of protecting you from wasting these expensive ingredients, but give me time and you’ll see what can be done with these flours. On the positive side I found there was a lovely spring to the bread, though it was dry, I’ll probably try it mixed with fruit or vegetable purées. One other problem is the taste, somewhat similar to flaxseed, when baked is strong, not unpleasant in itself, though the bread did have a slightly unpleasant edge to it, but it’ll have to be worked with too. Sugar is probably the answer, but we’ll see. I only have 200g left, I used 50g, but I’ll try to stretch it as far as possible. I did that with quinoa flour and ended up with so many wonderful recipes, so we’ll hold out hope. I’m not giving up on this flour, but I can’t afford to spend any more on such an expensive flour. I’ll just do what I can, my contribution to the struggle of food issues. I’ll be back again, probably sooner than later.
It’s made from green bananas. It doesn’t taste like banana, sad in a way.
Rough, but edible. I probably won’t return to bread, I want to make other recipes instead.
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2019-04-18T15:36:16Z
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https://pepsfreefromkitchen.wordpress.com/tag/banana-flour/
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Envy of others blog posts ranking in the first place of the Google Search results for the competitive keywords? The secret is they have written an impressive and SEO friendly blog post. They might be using some proofreading tool to polish their writing, even at nominal cost. Ultimately, the content is awesome.
The word “Awesome” points to writing content that people like learning, get inspiration, look for data or take action to do. SEO friendly refers the other angle. It means writing content that search engines can understand, index, give priority and show it to most people.
If you write only considering people and entirely left out the search engines to keep in mind, that will make your content not able to breathe air and hard to grow in the crowd.
If we are Bible or Wikipedia, we wouldn’t worry about search engines. People will come and read without any self-promotions. But we aren’t like that. We are among thousands of other bloggers or small businesses who want to get a piece in the large pie.
We need to do something proactive to promote our content else competition will eat it out. Our promotion must start from Search Engine Optimization.
Search engine optimization must start from content. SEO for the content can be done in two ways. First one is On page SEO and the second one is Off-page SEO. We will focus on the first part.
To be precise, I am here ready with five tips for a useful and SEO friendly blog post.
#2. Content readability: What is this all about?
How to write SEO friendly content and at the same time not forgetting people who read that?
In the name of SEO, if we overdo keyword insertions in between the content, readability becomes hard. People will find hard to read the content further, and they will skip or close the content altogether.
We will see how to write SEO friendly content. Search engines try to give the exact information people are looking from it. Keeping that in mind, we should write the correct things what people want.
Teach your audience not only how to do something, give resources to do that, a cheat sheet to do that, a testing method to see how it worked out, getting an encouraging result out of that.
Do use yourself first all the “best things” for a prolonged period, tell them why they are best-regarding specifications, operations, durability, how to use them to the maximum benefits, wow them by showing an uncommon way to use them.
If you genuinely want to help your readers, then you will not put the money first before readers.
You have to write exact statistics, write a genuine way to do anything, write honest reviews, and promote only the products that are useful.
If you lead by example, people will talk about you, follow you and in the result of that, you will make a lot of money.
If you change the way of doing your business/blogging with utmost honesty and sincerity, your business will make a lot of money.
Go, start writing specific content. Your content will be awesome and mind-blowing.
You must dig deep the goldmine under your feet.
I am not talking about breaking the tiles on your floor.
I am talking about a goldmine every blogger has under the feet but not aware of that.
Bloggers worry a lot about why their blogs don’t make money.
They didn’t know that benefits sell not features.
A blogger takes a treadmill product, writes about its features mostly, does everything to promote the post but in the end if he even makes a single sale in the whole month, he is Ok with that.
Another blogger who takes the treadmill product works out 4 hours a day and show the results “118kg to 87kg in 2 weeks”. The product sells like hotcakes. He makes a lot of money for promoting the product.
A simple difference between both of them, one, works hard, lead by example, creates a craving fan following and in the end makes hell loads of money.
Is content readability an SEO factor? Should an SEO friendly blog post need it?
Even plugins like Yoast SEO try to measure it. So why not search engines? Content readability is an essential factor in improving visitor experience. You can install the Yoast SEO plugin and see how your content scores on content readability factor.
Content publishing format/structure, content with correct spelling and grammar, two lines space between sentences are some of the content readability factors. Construct the paragraphs only with 2 or 3 sentence maximum. Break the complex sentences into two easy-to-understand and straightforward sentences.
Finally, write content exciting way. You may entertain Grammarly for this. The best online spell, grammar check, proofreading and plagiarism checker software. Don’t worry about spending, it’s worth with its multiple features. Here you check out for the Grammarly discount.
Use conversation tone throughout the blog post. Use “I & You” words. Tell stories, share experiences and write from the heart.
The time we spent before start writing content, in preparing the hints is much worth. The time spent this way also makes sure that our content is useful, straight to the point, data-backed and valid.
Well-researched written content attracts more likes, shares, and mentions typically in the social media. By which, you can see drastic performance from your social media profiles receiving more social signals.
Take note of the numbers. People like to see the real statistics.
Ask authority people in your industry.
I have told the critical factors to prepare content for SEO-friendly blog posts.
To make the content SEO friendly, we need to take care of On-Page SEO. Let me guide you on this now.
Finally, don’t ever miss to proofread your content before bringing it to live.
We will see what On-page SEO factors we need to consider to write SEO friendly blog post. We will see three basic On-page optimization techniques.
Internal links are essential in On-page search engine optimization. Internal links boost the Time-on-site stats and reduce bounce rate.
The anchor text you use on the internal links in a page shows that what the linked page is all about mainly.
I recommend you to use more than one internal link on any page as long as it is related to the content. Two or three internal links are sufficient. While you use internal links, chances of bounce rate are low.
You can improve page authority to a page by interlinking many of our blog posts. Even we can create funnel-like content readability mechanism to give focus on to a single page (lead page or a sales page or even to a review page), where we can convert the visitors into leaders or sales.
External links are useful for the readers to learn in-depth. We will link to an external page only if we find it useful, adds more value to what our content does, original and worthy to pass our readership to the particular external blog.
1. An important thing to consider anyway is, we should not link to an external page if the page itself try to rank top for the same keyword we would like to rank. If we link to that kind of page, we will pass some link juice and boost that page to rank high in search results.
2. Another essential thing to consider is, we should not link to an external page using the keyword (we want to rank for this) as anchor text.
For example, if we write a post and like to rank for the keyword ” best products under $100″, we should not put an anchor text “best products under $100” to link any external page.
If we do that, we will pass the link juice to the external page for the keyword we want to rank. Search engines can give more authority to the particular external page for the keyword than our page.
Next thing I want to discuss is, how to make URLs for your page, like whether to use lengthy or short.
Firstly, Use the focus keyword in the URL. Apart from the meta title and meta description, we have one more chance to make our focus keyword visible in the search results. That is none other than page URL.
Secondly, remove the articles, prepositions and other small words that don’t make sense related to our focus keyword. This idea makes the URL very short and easy to remember.
Next thing, I want to discuss On-the-page level is page loading speed.
Officially, the page speed is also an important factor in ranking algorithms.
A visitor finds it difficult to keep on waiting to see slow loading pages and often shut the pages resulting increase in the bounce rate and drastically reduces the Time-on-Site measure.
Bounce rate and time-on-site are major critical elements in page ranking algorithms. When the speed affects these things, it makes sense why the page loading speed is officially a factor in Google’s search ranking algorithms.
Until a couple of years ago, the only choice we had to improve the page speed was the favorite cache plugins. It is then the independent WordPress managed-hosting firms started to appear and advertise about their fastest speed servers.
Nowadays we have a lot of best WordPress managed to host providers’ offer for fast website speed. Their in-built technical setups do cache process in the servers and offer the blazing fast speed.
A decade before, black hat SEOs published essential keywords in many places and made the text to White color in the White background. Thus the keywords were not visible to real visitors, but the search engines were able to read them and rank.
A funny SEO play, isn’t it?
Search engines more matured as of today.
But as of today what SEO techniques work on the text & paragraph level?
As a blogger, we know that writing page titles, Subtitles are super-important for readability. To make it understandable to search engines, we use heading tags.
H1, H2, H3, H4 are the header tag series. The high priority goes to H1, followed by H2, H3, etc.
H1 is the high priority. Can we use H1 for all the headlines and subtitles in a page?
It is offensive, and it is not a good SEO’s act.
We should use H1 only once in a page for headlines to let the search engines know that headline is the top priority sentence on the whole page.
After the headline, make the next best sub-headlines as h2 and if there are any sub-section titles inside sub-headlines, make it as h3 and so on.
Follow the H1—>H2—-> H3——>H4 hierarchy.
Don’t confuse the search engines this way H2—-H4—-H3.
Why do we need to use the text formats?To improve the readability or to say otherwise make the readability better.
When a visitor sees the bulleted or numbered lists, it is much easier for him to read and grasp the matter fast.
When a visitor sees the bold text in between standard text, he can understand the importance of the words trying to tell him.
Italics are best for quotes, references from other sources and other catchy sentences. It gets the particular attention of a visitor’s eyes.
The readability of any page majorly depends upon how we divided the content into short paragraphs.
In the ages of Whatsapp and hangouts, people could find hard to read a single compound/complex sentence.
People are the readers of our blogs. We need to go by their way.
We should learn to write in small paragraphs which contain only 2 or 3 sentences.
Anything more than 4 or 5 lines can break the readability of our visitors. So write in 2 or 3 sentences and make it visible in just 4 or 5 lines maximum.
My fourth tip is for Keyword usage. Let me tell you in detail.
Keywords are essential for an SEO friendly blog post. Why?
Writing for humans is effortless. We can write something and consent it to the readers’ understanding, imaginary or diagnosis.
It becomes a hard task when it comes to writing for search engines. Search engines need more clear writing from us.
A simple “this” will make a real reader understand what we refer there. A reader can easily understand “this” refers whether to something in the previous paragraph or something about we mentioned two or three sections away above.
But search engines hardly understand that. We need to be more specific, expressive and pure. That is where the “SEO writing” becomes essential.
Google and other search engines record each data about how people use them, what keywords they type to search something.
From such extensive data, many Keyword Research tools pull the key information like keyword search volume per month, keyword ranking, keyword profitability, and the likes.
The keyword research tools come free for necessary use. We do need to go for paid tools if we are going to use the tools for advanced usages like checking competitor ranking and competitor backlinks.
Focus on readers, not much on Search engines is our Mantra: Right?
We are going to use the keyword research tools to find out two important keyword categories.
Google ( or search engines ) uses the LSI technology to identify a particular page writes about what majorly and also helps the Google search engine to find out the page does any Keyword stuffing kind of things for ranking illegally.
Let us take a focus keyword first for example.
Now I explain LSI keyword examples for our focus keyword.
If a writer writes for search engines, he will focus only the exact keyword “Best Dell laptops to buy” and use it multiple times.
If a writer writes for people, he will use the focus keyword only a few times and use the LSI variations multiple times.
The search engines use the LSI to learn what specific topic a page talks about. LSI helps the search engines to know when we mention in a place just the word “Apple” whether we talk about Apple fruit or Apple iPhone.
Use any Keyword result tool to find related LSI keywords and use it in your content as much as possible instead of overdoing the exact keyword.
LongTail Keywords are advantageous for us to drive laser-targeted traffic to our websites. Do not leave the opportunities to drive more relevant traffic by missing out the LongTail keywords.
If we take an example keyword “Dell Laptops,” a LongTail keyword would be “best Dell laptops under $1000”.
LongTail keywords can drive a lot of traffic if we wisely use them in our content. LongTail keywords can be the best lead generation source for us as they are very narrow-specific.
A free and instant way to do this Google search. Go and type your keyword or keyword variations in Google search. You will see related LongTail keywords in the drop-down suggestions.
Another best way to get LongTail keywords is, use any best Keyword research tool and use keyword finder option inside the tool.
Once you prepared 5 to 7 high volume LSI keywords, use them throughout the post in different places. Don’t place more than two LSI keywords within 100 words.
Track which keywords rank high and generate traffic for you and use those keywords in the upcoming content with more focus.
Search engines made the job easy for us.
Search engines give us the option to write “Post meta title” and pick it to show in the headlines in the Google search. Then “Post titles” is for People (readers).
If we don’t write Post meta title, “post titles” would be picked by the search engines and show it as the headlines in the Google search.
If we give different titles in Post title and Post meta title, Google considers both valid and shows the Post meta title in the headline of Google search results page.
So if we don’t learn SEO, we would miss out the opportunity to rank high for our keywords and get high CTR (Click through Ratio) in Google search results.
Meta description helps search engines to pick up the short story we have given while publishing the post and show as the description below the headlines in the Google search result pages.
So we have the option to control what is shown in the search results. We have to make use of it every time we publish the content.
My Fifth tip would be on including visuals to add value more content and become SEO friendly.
Texts teach us. Visuals entice us.
Images and videos are the visual content.
Images and videos are changing how we have been observing the information over a century.
Images and videos are the value additions to our Text content.
That is why Google search engine likes the content with images and videos.
You can include attractive, informative and useful images related to your content.
Google can very well track whether someone watches the image or skips it to read the content beneath it.
You can use Google analytics or crazy Egg service to see the user behavior on your website. It helps you to see where your visitors mostly click, view, mouse-hover, and other activities.
Search engines can see whether your audience find the images used or not, using the same analytics.
Infographic content is one of the ways to collect information & statistics and present it as visual. Infographics are shared mostly on social media and other blogs. These blogs include your infographics and give a backlink credit to you, a win-win situation for both.
By default, images can be large-sized ones and take a lot of time to load.
This affects the page loading speed for a significant time. After the Panda update, page loading speed is officially an important factor in search engine rankings.
Do not allow the images to hit your page loading speed. Use some plugins to optimize it as low size or go for a CDN service to host all your images.
CDN is very helpful to load the images through the nearby server to your visitor location.
You should try to include video content in your blog posts. Use YouTube to host your videos and add a link to your blog in the video description. Embed your video on your blog.
When you upload video to YouTube, you must include sub-titles/caption along with the video file. Search engines able to read this, understand your video content and rank your videos better.
After the embedded video, include the information about video in one or two lines along with a word ‘video.’ This information helps the search engines understand better your video content.
If you self-host the video instead of YouTube, use a CDN service to host videos. Don’t directly upload the video files in your hosting files or WP folders. This will slow down the site speed. A CDN service will help you host your videos and also CDN makes sure your site loads fast.
For the overall analysis of your website, there are various SEO tools available helping you by highlighting the overall site score, mistakes and guide to fix the errors. I predominantly use SEO Powersuite software and I strongly recommend others to enjoy its benefits and SEO Powersuite discounts.
A post about how to publish an SEO friendly blog post, should not be considered complete if we haven’t talked about Google Rich Snippets.
Google Rich Snippets are nothing but structured data markups any web owner can add in their sites to make it search engine friendly. Take some time to learn on that front. It is worth your time.
To create the blog post SEO friendly, you can use any of these rich snippets -author rich snippet, Reviews&ratings rich snippet, recipes rich snippet, events rich snippet.
Format the blog post with heading tags, bullets and bold.
Make sure the images and videos are fast loadingsMake sure all the internal and external links are working (not broken).
If your visitors find the content informative and feel the content presented in the best format, then most likely search engines are also going to love it.
I wish you all the best to write an awesome and SEO friendly blog post, rank top of Google and get more visitors. If you find any other useful information related to producing SEO friendly blog posts, share with me in the comments below.
These tips are really very useful. And yes, they work out and I think each bit of the read is the result of a great amount of research shared with us. Since my blog is already SEO-friendly, I continued reading it as I enjoyed your read. Great work @Satish.
This indeed a very informative and educative post. One thing that blogs and websites will never get enough of is content. Content rule the internet world, and as the cliche goes “content is king” and will remain the king for a very long time.
However, when we talk about content, it’s not just any type of content, but highly engaging, and compelling content that will solve people’s problem.
But the problem is usually on how to come up with this type of content, and also how to write it. First of all, as it has been said before… Writing is a habit, it’s something we get used to as we do it more. Therefore, one of the ways to get really good at writing is to become a writer. The more you practice the act, the better you gets at it.
Honestly, this post will obviously help a lot of people on what makes up a good content and how to structure it for the best result.
Really one of the best article I ever read on SEO Posts. As am doing big mistake that i make 2-3 H1 tags in my article. After reading this post now i came to know how to use heading tags properly. Keep up the good work.
First of all thanks a lot for this Awesome Post. I always prefer to publish 1 high quality article (1000+ Words) in a week instead of scribbling 10 articles of 100 Words. This means QUALITY matters the most. Using LSI keywords and concentration on website speed also plays major role in Google Rankings.
THANK YOU TRAFFICCROW FOR TEACHING US NEW STUFF EVERYDAY!
Wow, extremely useful information on this post.
I am glad I found this very useful for me.
Always stuck in a long tail keyword. This is an informative article for me thanks for sharing with us.
Nice long article explaining about the SEO friendly blog in a detailed way. Please make a similar detailed article on how to use rich snippets and how to insert micro data in the website pages. Thanks again!
That’s a very detailed post and I am sure you have covered all the vitals here – very helpful for both newbies as well as established bloggers.
The big picture here is to write content that will please and be useful to readers and will please the search engine bots.
Both should go hand in hand and all the elements to accomplish the above said (2) goals should be carefully implemented in creating every piece of content.
Thanks for publishing such a detailed post.
Very educative and informative post especially about finding long tail keywords as they are easy for ranking on google and drive a lot of organic traffic.
You rock again. This is a great resource for the bloggers that gives a deep idea about SEO, Keywords, and others. We have to go through all these points before creating a blog post.
wow, it’s very good blog to understand about SEO and remarkable content. Exactly according to your post, we have to write good content because 1000 Non-relevant content or poor content is equal to the one good content.so, while we are writing content firstly we have to collect proper info about that so that people can learn something or also we have to target people.
Useful information in your post.
Hii, Very interesting and You have shared such an good information above. I really would like to thank you so such informative knowledge.
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2019-04-21T00:49:54Z
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https://trafficcrow.com/10-tips-for-an-awesome-and-seo-friendly-blog-post/
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I didn’t become the mom I am when my husband and I decided to start a family. Like most people, God had been shaping my life for motherhood before I even knew it. It began when I was in preschool. I didn’t know it at the time, but I was sick. I’m not certain exactly when it happened because I was so little, but some of my earliest memories are painful ones. The problem with pain, though, is that you don’t realize it’s pain when you’ve only ever been in pain.
When I was 17, I spent a an unforgettable summer on a mission trip with some wonderful friends from my church youth group. I knew then I wanted to be a missionary. The warm air in that impoverished Caribbean nation made me feel so good and I felt like I was exactly where I was supposed to be, doing what God wanted. It was humbling and exhilarating all at the same time to have the opportunity to daily share Christ with the kids I worked with. And though it was also hard, I loved being completely dependent on God. He daily gave me strength.
I didn’t want to lose the closeness I had with God or the purpose that I felt on that trip, so when I came home, I made one of the most pivotal decisions of my entire life, although I didn’t know it at the time. I prayed that God would continue to keep me completely dependent on Him. God isn’t safe. He’s good, but His ways aren’t our ways. I had no idea that only three weeks later, the pain that I had felt my whole life would become excruciatingly unbearable. I went from being an athlete to barely being able to walk. It was so bad, I had to crawl up stairs and it hurt even to be touched. If someone just accidentally bumped into me, I was reduced to tears.
The summer ended and I began my senior year of high school, but everything had changed. I needed all the support I could get, so gone were my plans to attend college out of state and when I lost my voice, my dreams to major in music also ended. I realized I wasn’t healthy enough to go live overseas anymore so I couldn’t go into missions, either. I was devastated. And, to make it even worse, I still didn’t have a diagnosis. I was so scared because pain like that usually means something bad. Really bad. It took a year before I was finally diagnosed with fibromyalgia; a chronic illness that has to do with overactive nerves and causes miserable pain. There is no cure for it and my case was severe, yet, I was relieved knowing that it wouldn’t take my life like some of the others diseases that were being considered. Still, I felt so hopeless and lost in darkness. Didn’t God understand that all I wanted to do was to serve Him? I felt like He took my ability to do that, but truly, I had the complete dependence I had asked for.
It took me a few years before I could understand the point of all my failed dreams. God wanted to teach me something first. I learned how to manage my illness and got it under control so I could live pretty normally despite being in constant pain. I met and married my husband, Brian, finished college with a degree in psychology, and we started a family.
When Jackson was born, everything changed. I fell in love with being a mom of three boys. God started showing me how wrong I was to think that my plan might have been better than His. I couldn’t have been happier being mom to my Monkey, Gremlin, and Trouble, respectively. And I love that we laugh. A lot. There was the time that Ethan colored himself and Luke completely with a blue marker in three minutes while I was on the phone. Later,when Luke was a toddler, he drank day-old cold, black coffee, straight from the coffee pot when my back was turned. And once, at two years-old, Jackson snuck out of bed in the middle of the night and we found him watching The Chronicles of Narnia with the sound turned all the way down and the subtitles on. Yup. All we can do is laugh!
Still, my heart ached. I didn’t feel done with our family. Brian and I lost a precious baby between Luke and Jackson and I found myself wishing that I could make some difference. I’ve always had a desire to adopt, but it never worked out. The doors just kept closing until, one day, one door stayed open. Foster care. It wasn’t what I planned. It was messy, complicated even, but the need was great. I brought it up to Brian and he was immediately in. I know it makes no sense to do this. I was only 29 years old when we started the process. We have our three boys, live in a house with only three bedrooms, and I’m sick. There were so many reasons to not do it, but God put it on my heart. The desire wouldn’t go away and when God asks you to do something, you can’t say no.
Right now, I’m a mom to four. We are on our second placement with a precious infant foster daughter. God gave me my girl. I might not get to keep her, but that is okay; God is bigger than the pain of goodbyes. If there is one thing I learned from my miscarriage, it is that I am going to make the most with all the time I am given with my kids, biological or not. They are all my kids. I’ve also realized that I don’t want to be normal. My boys are amazing; they love their foster sister and are incredibly compassionate. They’ve seen so much pain as they’ve watch me struggle with illness and they want to take care of their foster sister since they understand she has lost her biological family. They are so empathetic and are learning to serve God sacrificially even at the tender ages of 8, 6, and 2.
It occurred to me once as I walked into the social services building that I actually am on the mission field. I may not have been able to go overseas, but God brought the mission field to me. The psychology degree I hadn’t planned on getting was exactly what I needed. And I might not be using my voice to sing, but I’m using it to tell others about God. As a foster parent, I get to work with these precious, hurting birth parents and make a difference. Because of my pain and chronic illness, I am open with them about how I don’t have it all together. They know I understand and so they listen to me. I never expected my pain to be so important.
Being a mom is so much more than simply taking care of kids, making PB&Js for lunch and reading bedtime stories. Being a mom means giving of ourselves in ways that we never expected and serving God even when it doesn’t make sense. My journey wasn’t what I had planned, but it was what God planned and His plans have proved far better than mine ever could.
S.L. Payne, a Southern Californian transplanted to the South, lives with her husband, three biological sons and foster daughter. She is thankful for God’s faithfulness in her illness as God has used to it help her see Him in everything; the three boys have supplied the humor! She loves writing, photography and laughing with her family. She writes at Rest Ministries and on her website, www.uncommongrace.net, where she hopes she can encourage others to live in grace. You can follow her on Twitter @saralynnpayne.
“I never expected my pain to be so important.” … I just love that pearl in the middle of your post. It’s so beautiful what God can do with our stories. ALL of our stories. Even the pain. Sometimes, especially the pain. Your story matters so very much and was incredibly encouraging to me today. Thank you for linking at Unforced Rhythms.
Thank you so much, Julia! But, truly, I feel like I am the blessed one! Coming through all of this to be used by God in such an incredible, albeit difficult, way is so humbling!
I love how you were able to share the ‘full’ story, from start to almost finish… since He is still writing the story, right. You should read Isaiah 54 sometime and be encouraged.. more will be the spiritual children he is sending to you. 🙂 I enjoyed my visit but especially the title and the purpose. It is a beautiful thing when we realize our mission as mothers is to imitate His love to others and to enjoy it.
This is a beautiful post! Thank you for sharing this with us!
Oh, sweet sister, how I can relate! Although our past pain end experiences look somewhat different, I feel as though we are kindreds in many of the things He has been teaching and revealing to us. Thank you for sharing your story! I am always amazed to see how God works in every situation, big and small, and He has clearly done a big work in yours. Your family is absolutely beautiful! Praise God for the gift of children!
I came by your blog- absolutely loved it! Yes, we do have a lot of similarities! I wrote a post about the baby we lost that you might like too- it is at http://uncommongrace.net/2014/05/19/its-better-this-way/ . I’d love to connect more with you too!
Thanks for sharing your story! I too am a foster mom, and can so relate to all you wrote! I have often thought of foster care as our families mission field. Thanks again!
Thanks again for dropping by and have a blessed week!
I am learning this, too as a step-mom: “Being a mom means giving of ourselves in ways that we never expected and serving God even when it doesn’t make sense.” In some ways, I didn’t know the depth of loving someone unconditionally until I became a step-mom. I am still learning the depth of that kind of love, in fact. Thanks for your story.
Amen! If you would ever be interested in sharing your story of being a stepmom, I would love to hear it and possibly post it here. Email me at [email protected] if you want more info. And thank you for for visiting M2M!
Thank you for sharing your story. I love how God works through our pain and shows us so much of who He is in the process. Thank you for sharing at the wonderful Wednesday blog hop today.
Thanks for visiting M2M and thank you for hosting the WWBH each week. I look forward to participating and reading the other great posts every week!
SO so beautiful! You made me laugh and cry (toddler drinking coffee – omg – my 1.5 year olds dream beverage!). I’m so happy you have your foster daughter – it sounds like you are a great family and will love her SO much!
I’m glad you enjoyed this and I hope you will come back each week to read more real stories of motherhood from REAL moms!
Thanks so much, Madaline! It sounds like our kids would be friends! I seriously can’t believe all the things they do- it gives me a lot of material for my blog 😉 Hence my camera is usually sitting out for those instances… I feel so blessed to have our foster daughter too. She is the most precious little thing and we adore her! I really appreciate your encouragement!
What a great post. Thanks for sharing. You are such a hero and blessing to the kids you foster.
Thank you for stopping by M2M today!
Isn’t it true that God’s plans are so different than what we would choose, but eventually so much better for us. I have had some similar experiences, and I felt I sometimes railed against the heavens asking for my way, but God knew what I needed (better than what I wanted). I am so grateful for Him and that He loves me. Thanks for sharing your story. Beautiful. Love those little ones! They are so darling.
“But God know what I needed better than what I wanted” Such truth! Thank you for visiting M2M today and for your inspiring words!
You are so right! I love how you put it too that God knew better. I feel like this whole journey has been about my humility and learning to just trust Him even when I don’t understand. Clearly, He has a plan and it is often more than we could even imagine, and that is just what we get to see of it. Thank you for your encouragement!
Needless to say, before the visit was over, I had a talk with both of them. I asked her to count to 10 before responding to my challenging child. I asked him to obey our hostess and not repeat bad words. The rest of the visit was without major incident.
What a fantastic story! And what a joy it must have been for you to hear him answer anger and malice with Truth! Thank you for sharing and thank you for dropping by M2M today. Have a blessed week!
Patti, that is an amazing story- you are making such a difference for those kids! I have to admit that it bothers me that a lot of society labels foster kids as trouble when their behavior is often just a result of all the trauma they have been through. That is absolutely incredible to be able to stand up for himself like that coming from that kind of neglect!
Wow, you have had quite the journey! How remarkable to see how the Lord has carried you through the plans He had set for your life. His ways are truly not our ways. I am inspired by your story, thank you so much for sharing this post on Wined Down Wednesday! I am now following you and looking forward to getting to know you more!
Thank you! Here at M2M, I share a new, diverse story of motherhood each week and sometimes mix in an original post of mine, a guest blog post or LinkUp every now and then. Thanks for hosting the WDW, I look forward to participating and reading the other great posts each week. And I hope you’ll come back here often, as well!
Hi Cathy, I’m glad you came over! I love Wynter’s site 🙂 I feel so honored to be able to share my story here! All of the other stories are wonderful and it is so inspiring! I’m going to be linking back here in my post on my blog next week because I would love for others to find this site too.
I’m a mom of 5 sons – and I so understand what you’re saying. Growing up broken from my parents divorce – when I started my family, I wanted a daughter. Growing this family of 5 sons has a lot of stories to get where it is – and God told me He wanted me to be whole through Him, not half whole through watching a daughter grow. A mom of sons only has a wonderful opportunity – just like you describe – to become spiritual mothers to girls who need that – and I think our hearts have a special ability to reach like that.
You have moved me to tears. I think being a foster parent is one of the most selfless things a person can do. How you’re able to manage it all through the pain your in is amazing. You are a strong, strong woman and a wonderful mother to ALL of your kids.
It’s amazing to see how the Lord has guided you and even though at the time you didn’t understand, he guided you to the place you were meant to be.
Thanks so much, Pamela! I appreciate all your encouragement! I am so sorry to hear that you have fibro too 🙁 It is no joke. On my site, uncommongrace.net I write a bunch about it and chronic illness and how God works through it and I have a bunch of links to devotionals I’ve written for Rest Ministries, a faith based chronic illness support ministry. I’d love to connect with you there too! I am so glad God could bless you through our story! Our current foster daughter (we had another little girl who was with us for a couple months and then returned home) I know is supposed to be with us. She has some health issues that the social workers weren’t aware of at the time, but God was and He provided. We’ve had experience caring for some for some of these issues and it has been such an amazing fit. We got her at one month and have had her for eight months so far. We’d appreciate prayers for her situation! Thank you again, Pamela!
Thank you so much for sharing this. I have been graced with C.F.S, and have had a week of knowing that God has given me this pain for a reason, but really struggling to see the reason – this has helped so much, it’s given me the strength and encouragement I needed to carry on blindly, but faithfully, for a little longer.
Amen! Grace and peace to you, dear sister!
What a great reminder that God’s plan is better than our plan (even when we don’t agree)!
Thanks for sharing this touching story. It’s so hard, but we all have to learn to embrace God’s plan for our lives, even when it differs from our own plan.
I ran into unexpected fertility issues after the birth of my second child. We tried to adopt (through the foster system), but things ended up falling through. It took me 17 long years of heartbreak and railing at God to accept that he had said “no” to more children for a reason. Interesting, my passion for adoption has been passed on to my 20-something daughter, and my agony over infertility has given me a heart for others walking that path. I am in the process of writing a memoir about those years.
So, in everything, God has a purpose, and he works for good. Oh, if I had only remembered that when the infertility first began.
What an amazing story! Thank you for stopping by M2M and if you are ever interested in sharing more here, I would love to feature you. Just email me at [email protected] and we can talk some more!
Thanks for the share at the #WWDParty.
I love what you said about God not being safe, but good. That’s so true. There is risk in serving Him, especially when things don’t turn out as we had hoped or planned. Thank you for sharing your story at The Weekend Brew!
Such a heart touching story… Thank you for sharing from your heart! Would love for you to share this at our link up party on my blog please 🙂 Hope you have a great week!
That was such a thoughtful and inspiring post! Thanks for sharing!
What a beautiful story! Thanks for sharing at our Motivational Monday party!
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2019-04-25T02:41:07Z
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http://madetomother.com/2014/06/23/the-purpose-in-my-pain-s-l-s-story/
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The task of the critic is judgment. I hope to unravel the complexities of judgment, as it applies to works of literature, and specifically to poetry. Those who imagine judgment to be a simple matter need only perform a small exercise to convince themselves otherwise.
Suitably appalled, Macduff recoils and avows that such a person is not fit to live, much less to be king; whereupon Malcolm, convinced at last of Macduff’s honor and patriotism, unsays the calumnies upon himself, allowing Macduff to recognize him as a man of virtue, a fitting heir to the throne.
Several kinds of judgment are occurring simultaneously in this scene. Malcolm and Macduff are of course sizing one another up with the aid of Malcolm’s ploy. Shakespeare is offering a judgment of a proper state and a diseased or debased one, as well as a judgment of each man’s character. Following Shakespeare’s lead, the viewer or reader is also forming judgments of the characters of these two individuals. Because he stands somewhat outside the drama at the same time he is caught up in it, he is also able to judge the credibility of the scene, the likelihood that Malcolm (or a character fitting the viewer’s developing sense of Malcolm) would behave as he does here. As well, he judges Shakespeare’s grasp of reality, his dramatic and rhetorical adroitness at this point in the play, and, ultimately, the overall effectiveness of the play and the extent to which this scene contributes to it.
Not only are multiple judgments involved, each is quite complex in itself. We might question, for example, how Shakespeare could expect us to believe either that Macduff would be taken in by such a wholesale inventory of crimes or that Malcolm would imagine he might be. But then we might reflect that Malcolm is portrayed as a young, relatively innocent man, someone whose first conception of immorality is sexual license, who then imagines the deadly sin next after lust, namely avarice, and who finally, in desperation to convince, heaps upon Macduff the entire catalogue of moral horrors his green experience offers to him. (Those horrors are, to be precise, merely the negatives of the “king-becoming graces” that come to Malcolm’s mind when he thinks of morality.) And Macduff might indeed, on sober reflection, doubt the veracity of the sordid catalogue, but he is facing a grave emergency, he sees his country in peril, fears (rightly, as it turns out) for the safety of his family, and thus needs to make a snap decision. All this races through our heads as the play streams past us.
Nevertheless, in order to have a common platform for discussion it is desirable to systemize the process. The rapid and intuitive judgments an experienced reader makes can, for example, be expressed as a series of questions, though it must be stressed that both the form of the questions and the order of their presentation, as set down here, are an artifact of this analytic essay and in no way a faithful depiction of the critic’s mental sequence. Still, such an exercise has the virtue of making explicit what may be obscure even to the critic himself and of allowing us to determine which questions subsume others and which are illuminated by commentary in the rich but unreliable lore of extant critical writing.
The question precedes all others and is in our time surprisingly complex. A poem can elude understanding because the reader does not recognize what it is about, or—less often—because the writer is not in control of his material; but the obscurity can sometimes be deliberate, as when a writer attempts to convey the emotional impact of a situation without describing the situation itself. So the critic’s first responsibility is not to determine the writer’s intention—a futile quest most of the time—but to make sense of the poem. Doing so involves a combination of sympathy and skepticism. The reader must be alive to the possible meanings inherent in the text, yet not so credulous that any random association comes, for him, to represent what the poem is about.
across the housetops . . .
Readers are likely to find this passage obscure. It seems to refer to a sound, that is, a call. But of what sort? Its quality or character is not clarified by the attributes given in the first three lines, nor by those in the final two. The six lines, in short, convey minimal information with a great deal of distraction or static. Such problems of comprehension may either cripple or, paradoxically, sometimes enhance a poem’s reputation with readers. One could argue that the incoherence of large parts of Pound’s Cantos has had both effects.
This question is rarely asked, and indeed it might seem either antithetical or irrelevant to poetry. Ever since Plato banned poets from the Republic as purveyors of lies, it has been taken for granted that poets and scholars inhabit different countries, notwithstanding the highly visible presence today of poets on the faculties of our universities. But even though many kinds of statements in poems do indeed require the reader to accept that they are valid (e.g. Larkin’s assertion “Smiles are for youth. For old age come / Death’s terror and delirium.”), let us for simplicity concede that truth in this pure sense often lies outside the critic’s scope. Still, there are related but less sweeping questions, such as those enumerated below, with which the reader must contend in making a judgment about a poem.
This question is often posed, but it can mean many things, depending on the poem and the critic. It might ask whether the poem presents, in the reader’s eyes, a balanced and mature view of the world. It might arise from a suspicion that the poem is merely an exercise in rhetoric, unsupported by an emotionally authentic base. Or it might be a way of questioning the underlying philosophy the poem seems to espouse—one for example that takes a simplistic view of human conduct or the complexity of human life.
The question might stem, as well, from doubts whether the poem embraces enough of the world. Cleanth Brooks writes that an insufficiently inclusive approach will result in a “trivial and anemic” poem, whereas, “By contrast, poems that achieve their basic unity through the poet’s ability to include the heterogeneous and the diverse are mature and tough-minded. They wear well.” We might, of course, question what Brooks means by these confidently arrayed terms, and whether they will come to our aid when we first confront an unfamiliar poem, but there is little doubt that some such questions pass through every serious reader’s mind; we feel the poem must bring to us something of our sense of the diversity—even messiness—of experience.
When we ask if a poem is convincing, we might also be asking if it is rhetorically effective. This is a question each poet must confront in the early stages of composition. A good idea is not enough. Neither is an excellent phrase or even an excellent line. The poem must cohere as a rhetorical act, whether through use of an established and recognized form, such as a sonnet or a passage of blank verse, or by impressing on its reader a sense of form achieved through the artful manipulation of sound, syntax, word repetition, rhythm, and other means at the poet’s disposal. In matters of rhetoric, as in other areas of judgment, there is not a universally recognized standard, though critics will point to certain touchstones that are likely to elicit more or less agreement from their peers.
A poem could offer a convincing sense of reality, perhaps, and yet strike the reader as obvious and trivial. Readers will discard it if it appears simply to restate matters already well explored. It must in some sense be new. Until recently, the prevailing belief was that a poem written in a traditional form could not be new, and this belief helped to estrange many poets from formal techniques. One result of the return to form that we are witnessing at the moment is the widening awareness that a poem must be new in other respects than the merely formal. Seeing that many free verse poems had nothing else of novelty about them, poets had to look more deeply at what constitutes a new thing to say, a novel and illuminating perception. And those who managed to find something perhaps unexpressed till now must still decide whether even then it was worth expressing. This is a question the present moment can almost never answer with certainty. A poet can only state his or her best case, then hope that posterity will judge favorably. Nevertheless, a critic, as a fallible stand-in for posterity, can often be a useful guide. Even a good critic will inevitably strike some false positives and some false negatives, but the former should be few, and the latter fewer still.
One’s sense of what is new connects powerfully with one’s knowledge of what has already been explored—that is, with what T.S. Eliot calls the tradition. In “Tradition and the Individual Talent” Eliot assigns to the poet the daunting task of becoming familiar with the entire poetic canon, which for him would include everything written in English, as well as the major classical works of Europe from Homer onward. Perhaps now we should add works of Europe’s far-flung colonies as well as Africa, India, China, and Japan.
. . . les morts n’ont point de ces retours étranges.
Que d’un vivant retour de leur soif de vendanges.
[Surely] the dead are spared these strange returns.
Except when thirst for vintage wine revives.
And yet the strongest spirits are so in part because they have assimilated large amounts of their native tradition. Not every poet is a scholar, and for better or worse very few true scholars are poets. The education of a poet does indeed involve imbibing as much of the available literature as possible, but this is done not only to know what has already been said but also to learn how it has been said, and how it might be.
There is a degree beyond the state of being merely interesting. Often a poem will intrigue on a first encounter, but the effect does not last. The poem displays, perhaps, a clever bit of wordplay or an esoteric fact like the use of saffron as a pigment in sixteenth-century oil paint, but once this curiosity has been absorbed it has no more to tell us. The sophisticated reader is looking for more—a new perspective, a way of seeing things that brings hitherto unrelated ideas into alignment. And—here’s the rub—he or she wants to experience the frisson, the thrill of discovery, on each occasion. Oddly enough, this is possible. The effect of a poem does not depend merely on an encounter with new information, else one would simply turn to prose. The successful poem recreates, on each reading, the illusion that its complex elements, which include not just information but the sound and manner and order of their conveyance, are being witnessed for the first time. And the reader, or listener, goes along with the pretext. But for the trick to work, the poem must be comprised of many small delights, whose sequence builds to a climax and which, taken together, have a numinous quality surpassing that of any particular detail.
I do not wish to suggest, by using words like “illusion” and “trick,” that the poet is merely a manipulator, following recipes laid out long ago by Edgar Allan Poe. If his work is insincere and not deeply felt, its duplicity will soon be discovered. But poets do not merely channel an imagined muse; they (the successful ones anyway) are also self-conscious craftsmen, and mastery of their craft entails understanding of the rhetorical and other structural principles that will produce the strongest effect on the reader. A superior critic will recognize the contributions of craft as well as those of intuition and inspiration. He may be able to say which is which, but if the poet has done her job well, he may not.
Be that as it may, less sweeping but perhaps more influential judgments are conveyed every day, as teachers work to educate the taste of their students, suggesting that certain poems may on scrutiny be found sentimental, superficial, or false to reality—poems the students may initially have been quite taken with—while drawing attention to others the students may have overlooked. To a large extent the education of the whole person, during the teens and into the twenties, takes place through exposure to—and commentary upon—works of literature. Questions of depth, dignity, and appropriateness, with their ethical implications, are an inevitable part of this process.
Note that here the critic is judging a judgment, not just a technique or a facility. The initial determination that the subject merited a poem of a certain type and in a certain style belonged to the poet. The poem is the evidence of that determination, but it is a complex sort of evidence. For, especially if the poem is flawed, it can be difficult for the reader to determine whether the initial idea was impeccable and the realization inadequate, or the other way around. In fact, most likely neither was the case. Critics who are also poets will recognize that the process of writing is also a process of discovering the true nature of one’s subject, that the idea and the manner of its statement (the dancer and the dance) are impossible to tease apart. That is why the poet’s judgment, or realization, of his or her subject is an often lengthy process of writing and refining the poem, and why the critic’s commentary on that poem, especially when it is acute, is in many ways a commentary on the writer’s sensibility and his life. A flawed poem, then, may be evidence of technical limitations, but it may also reveal the poet’s failure (or inability) to sufficiently explore the implications of his subject.
There are, to be sure, several other criteria that might be applied in this act of judgment, though I shall not treat them further here. They are criteria based on radically different ways of looking at a poem. Rather than a completed artifact, for example, a poem might be treated as a process—an act either of composition or of speech. Indeed there are poems that are designed for the microphone rather than the page, and some of them are much more impressive when heard or witnessed in the act of semi-improvised delivery than when read. From another point of view, a poem might be judged from a predominantly socio-political rather than a literary point of view. In this case critics may ask what the poem says about the social position and attitudes of the person who wrote it, or what implied commentary it offers on the society of its time. And it is even possible to write and think of poems with little regard for their overt semantic content, paying attention instead exclusively to issues of rhythm and sound, or of arrangement on the page.
To summarize, the judgment of a poem is a complex act that depends on the critic’s sense of the world, his experience with other literature, his sensitivity to language (regarding both discriminations of meaning and the sounds of speech), and his sense of the appropriateness of the statement to the matter at hand. All these matters admit of much variation and disagreement among individuals. Rare in our time are those who openly espouse a hierarchy of taste or confess a belief that certain poets or critics possess a refinement of judgment to which all others should defer. But amid all the lip service to an egalitarian republic of literature there remains a reverence for certain critics, certain writers, and—occasionally—certain anthologies perceived to speak with greatest authority for the highest ideals of contemporary poetry.
An observer viewing this landscape at any one time might conclude that the republic is in fact governed by a noble house of peers, chosen by an obscure process but widely acknowledged despite periodic revolts and continual skirmishes in the provinces. But a longer historical view reveals that few tastemakers dominate for long, and that as a result the canon changes significantly from one generation to the next. Such a view should instill a certain diffidence in even the most self-confident critic. To recognize the extent to which critics of previous generations were bound to the prejudices of their times is, perhaps, to begin a process of searching out and reconsidering one’s own unscrutinized assumptions. To find the points well taken in the otherwise offensive arguments of those on the other side of the culture wars of the moment may lead to an enlargement of one’s mental horizons.
The great majority of critics, unwilling to claim divine inspiration for their views, must base them on, essentially, three fundaments. The first is the critic’s own sensibility—his ear, his sensitivity to language and its nuances, his ability to follow the associative, logical, or symbolic links implicit in a poem, coupled with a conviction, based on experience, of what truly matters. The second is his familiarity with the poet’s contemporaries and with the thought of his fellow critics. It is with reference to them that he will be best able to judge the originality of the new work he encounters. Finally, the “tradition,” whether as Eliot invoked it or as the critic himself understands it, establishes the most reliable point of reference—or point of departure. In a sense all writing is a process of pushing back. But if the critic knows what the poet is pushing back against, he can make a far more sensitive evaluation, on more than one level, of the work in question.
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2019-04-19T18:35:20Z
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http://www.cprw.com/an-agenda-for-critics%C2%A0judgment
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Yes, I am thankful for another year of life. And, the Bahamas are a great place to celebrate life! Sailing onclear blue water is the best, unless you are in the clear blue water, swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving. We do it all and we love it. One of Gary’s friends once asked me if I loved the water as much as Gary does. Such a relative question, but I didn’t hesitate with my reply, “Yes!”. I grew up in the lake region of northern Indiana, and we lived in Sylvan Lake in the summer, and on Sylvan Lake as soon as it was safely frozen in the winter. To be able to live aboard White Swan and see and do the things we get to experience is a blessing I never dreamed of ever happening. Life is good. Salt life is even better.
Before leaving Old Bahama Bay Marina at West End, Grand Bahama Island, Gary cleaned the outside of the boat, filled the water tanks, and put the water hose and electrical shore power chord away, while I did a couple loads of laundry (Happy Birthday to me…). I’ve done no laundry since we left our home port on April 9th, so I really had no reason to complain. (But, it was my Birthday…). My big “treat” was taking time to take some photos and get in the beautiful swimming pool at the Old Bahama Bay Resort. Check out time at the marina was 11:00, but they were lenient with us because we had laundry in their machines. As soon as the laundry was finished, we left the marina in good form, i.e., no problem getting out of the boat slip.
After navigating through a shallow passage we got to deeper open water and then we put up the main sail and the jib sail (one of two of the sails forward of the main sail). We sailed at least three hours and thoroughly enjoyed seeing the bottom of the Sea of Abaco through the crystal clear aqua water as we sailed merrily along.
After we got White Swan securely anchored, Gary and I got in the water and cooled off before showering. Then we had a cool drink in the cockpit of the boat while we enjoyed the comfortable breeze and watched the anhingas as they flew into the mangrove trees on the small island to spend the night. Next, came dinner and watching the sunset. It was a great day, full of experiences celebrating life, love, and pure joy.
Our friends, Ed and Cheryl, had planned on making the journey across the Gulf Stream with us. However, ten minutes before our departure time, a phone call from them informing us something came up that needed their attention at home, prohibited them from making the trip. We had originally planned on navigating across the “Stream” by ourselves, so their absence gave us the opportunity go back to plan A, though we were sorely disappointed we would not have their company.
The weather was perfect to make the crossing. We were greeted by a gorgeous sunrise as we passed through the Palm Beach Inlet. The warmth that came with the sunrise, the baby blue skies, and the calm water of the royal blue Atlantic Ocean, encouraged our passage making. We had only traveled a few miles when we saw dolphins playing in the water not far from our boat. Half way across the Gulf Stream, we had a guest fly in to visit for a while. The little bird apparently felt at ease with us; and, in line with our custom, we offered our guest food and drink.
It took us 9 3/4 hours to make the crossing. Thankfully, it was uneventful, i.e, no problems. We wanted to stop at the fuel dock on our way to our designated boat slip and we were asked to wait in the turning basin ( a large area of water designated for boats to maneuver or turn to another direction, usually for large ships when the turning basin is at an inlet). We were reminded of “island time”, as it took an hour wait before we were able to get to the dock for fuel. And then it took another hour to get our fuel, pay the attendant (we felt sorry for the poor guy who was doing the work of three persons), clear customs, and get into our boat slip. Those last two hours were the most tiring part of the trip.
Gary got White Swan hooked up to shore power (electricity) so we could have air conditioning for the night. We enjoyed the cool air and a cold drink before showering. We had a twofold reason for a celebratory dinner at the marina’s restaurant – celebrating my birthday (which really is tomorrow), and, our first time to cross the Gulf Stream by ourselves. Hooray for the Glenns.
Municipal docks for boaters, a lovely waterfront park offering live concerts and a weekly green market, many nearby restaurants, free trolleys that go to the supermarket and shopping mall, a nearby church with the friendliest congregation we’ve ever known… West Palm Beach, Florida offered it all. One could hang out there forever!
Peggy and Paul coming to the dock, with their boat, S/V Quiet Place in the background.
On our first visit to W.P.B. in 2013, we were hooked. It was exciting to go back and experience the area with our friends, Peggy and Paul. For all the aforementioned reasons, they too became hooked; but, what really reeled them in was the Easter church service the four of us went to at the First Presbyterian Church. While enjoying brunch at our favorite French restaurant in W.P.B., the four of us decided we would like to go to church the next day for Easter. There was a church on the next corner from where we were, so Peggy and I went there to check the time for the Easter service. There was a sign on the sidewalk providing the information we needed, and it also stated, “All welcome”. That was invitation enough for us.
Frankly, we didn’t have great expectations for the experience. However, we were “blown away” by the outpouring of love from the small congregation. The Easter message, given by the female pastor, was one of the best Easter messages we have ever heard. After the service we were invited and welcomed to a luncheon held in their fellowship hall. It felt like we were having Easter dinner with family, not strangers.
As we were leaving the church, the Korean church congregation, who uses the upstairs part of the church for their Sunday School, was coming down the stairs. A gentleman stood at the bottom of the stairs and gave empty Easter baskets to each child. Regarding what was about to take place, we followed the group to a nearby park, and watched as the children had a wonderful time collecting eggs.
Though we were strangers, we enjoyed every aspect of the traditional Easter celebration, with a community of believers who embraced us like family: we experienced a great Easter worship service, an amazing Easter meal, and to top it all off, we watched happy children excitedly enjoying an Easter egg hunt. God is Good.
Happy girl showing us her Easter eggs.
The four of us, Peggy, Paul, Gary, and I, returned to the church to help with dinner served to the homeless/needy on Monday evening. Other local churches unite with the First Presbyterian Church to prepare food and serve the guests who come to the weekly event. The church also provided clothing and toiletries to those who needed those items. Gary nor I had participated in such a ministry before, and we were blessed to be able to help in a small way.
After we left the church that evening, we walked to a trolley stop to board a trolley that took us to the area of W.P.B. known as City Place. City Place is a popular destination for shopping, dining, and entertainment. We had previously been to City Place during daylight hours; however, the ambience of the area at night was magical. Strands of clear lights illuminated the trunks of the tall palm trees. The fountains were lit up as well, some with clear lights and some with colored.
Being able to enjoy the beauty of City Place, where we had our dinner the same evening we served the less fortunate at the church, gave us an acute sense of gratitude for our blessed lives and lifestyles.
Paul and Peggy had stayed in W.P.B. to spend time with us before they went on their way to the West Coast of Florida. We had a great time with them; however, time came for them to continue their journey, and early the next morning they left the anchorage.
The same day Peggy and Paul left W.P.B., friends from Melbourne arrived at the Lake Worth anchorage. So after having lunch with Stu in W.P.B., a trip to Lowes for another cylinder of propane, and another trip to the supermarket, Gary pulled up White Swan’s anchor and we went back to Lake Worth to be with Ed, Cheryl, and their doggie Molly. Ed and Cheryl had a long day traveling on the waterway, so we invited them to White Swan for a light dinner. Ed and Gary caught up on all the boater’s world news, while Cheryl and I caught up on personal/ local news. Molly was right at home on our boat, because Ed and Cheryl had a boat the same model as White Swan before they bought their new boat.
Upon leaving the St. Lucie River waterfront community of Stuart, Florida, we traveled south on the ICW until we came to Lake Worth at North Palm Beach. The forecast offered no good weather window providing a safe crossing of the Gulf Stream to go to the Bahamas, so we found various ways to entertain ourselves while we anchored in the lake for four days.
The first evening we were in the Lake Worth anchorage, we went to dinner on our friend Stu’s boat. We, along with another couple, Paul and Peggy, with whom we were in a flotilla that went to the Bahamas last year, were invited to Stu’s sailboat for a pot luck meal. Stu had also been in the same flotilla last year, so we had a good time reminiscing. Joan, Stu’s friend, was a gracious co-host to the event.
On the second day, we borrowed Stu’s car and drove back home to Melbourne to pick up a few items we had forgotten. On our dinghy ride back to our boat, we stopped by Peggy and Paul’s boat to inform them of our return, and ended up staying to enjoy a drink with them. Peggy and Paul are not going to the Bahamas this year because their son will be getting married in June; so they decided to stay in Florida and cruise the Okeechobee water route to the West Coast of Florida. Gary and I want to make that trip someday as well, but this time, we desire to go back to the Bahamas.
Taking advantage of still having Stu’s car, Peggy and Paul joined us on an excursion to the John D. MacArthur Beach State Park in North Palm Beach, and also the Loggerhead Marinelife Center in Juno Beach, Florida.
At the J.D.M. Beach State Park we enjoyed the informative Nature Center.
US waters and threaten the environment. They will eat any native fish, and their spines are poisonous.
A docent at the Nature Center teaches a group of young children about turtles.
Upon leaving the Nature Center, we boarded the complimentary tram to traverse the board walk that goes from the nature center to the other side of Lake Worth Cove.
From there, we walked the remainder of the board walk, ending at the ocean. The overcast sky and comfortable ocean breeze offered a perfect day for our picnic on the beach.
On our return trip to the car, we walked a trail through a dense hammock. The Nature Center provided a brochure with a numbered, descriptive list of native trees and bushes, and along the trail were markers with the corresponding number for each tree or bush. Fortunately, Paul and Peggy are nature lovers as well, so they were not bored with our stopping to read each entry in the brochure as we observed the flora.
We learned a lot about various species of turtles at the Loggerhead Marinelife Center. All four of us were impressed at the extensive rehab area for injured turtles. Each turtle had it’s own little pool, and individual medical care.
Each turtle had their own pool.
Each turtle had a sign with their name and info.
Each turtle had an informational sign at their pool, informing guests of their name, where they were found, their diagnoses, treatment received, and what their present physical condition is.
One of the injured turtles, a Ridley turtle, had washed up onto one of the local beaches having come all the way from South America. The volunteer stated after the turtle recuperates, they will transport it back to it’s native waters of South America. These people are serious about taking care of the injured endangered sea turtles, with the goal of releasing them back into their natural habitat as soon as they have recovered.
Before leaving the Loggerhead Park, we walked one of the nature trails through the dunes. I expected sand dunes, but the dunes were lush with vegetation of varied indigenous plants, protecting them from the ravage of the ocean. The board walk led us to a lookout shelter where we could see out over the dunes to the ocean. We rested for awhile as we savored the view, before walking back to the car.
View from shelter at the top of the dunes.
On our way back to our boats, we made one last stop to have dinner at a local restaurant, the Juno Beach Fish House. Good conversation flowed as the four of us enjoyed our delicious meals. The restaurant, with the comfortable bench seats, was a great venue to relax and unwind after a physically tiring, but delightful, day.
Stu had left his car for us to use while he was at his home, rather than on his boat. He still had not returned on the fourth day we were anchored at Lake Worth, so Peggy and Paul accompanied us on another excursion.
Our first stop was a prop shop to pick up Paul’s new propeller he had ordered after “they” (not Peggy specifically) bent their prop by getting out of the channel near one of the ICW bridges. Upon hearing of their dilemma, Stu recommended the prop shop to Paul, and fortunately they were able to order what Paul needed. Also fortunately, we had Stu’s car to go pick it up.
Next stop: Busch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jupiter, Florida. This sanctuary rescues and rehabs thousands of sick, injured, or orphaned wild animals each year. Their goal is to return recovered animals to their natural habitat. However, in some cases, it is not possible to do so. As is the case for two Florida panthers who had been declawed as pets but grew too large for the owners to keep them.
Two Florida panthers, declawed as pets so they will never be released to their natural habitat.
Injured wood stork, white pelican, brown pelican.
The river walk goes by 3 waterfront restaurants.
We enjoyed the outdoor green market and the street festival.
The Stuart Museum was very interesting.
Display inside the museum. Stuart, FL will celebrate their centennial in May.
Bicycles are available at the marina. Also, the marina is pet friendly.
After walking around town, we relaxed and refreshed with a cold drink while sitting in the marina’s outdoor common area.
Even the marina’s sidewalk is lovely.
Wow, has it really been almost five years since we retired and began cruising down the ICW for the first time??? How the years have flown by! Well, once again we are living aboard our sailing vessel (s/v) White Swan; and, our goal is to go to the Abacos, Bahamas.
Gary worked for months on the boat, doing repairs and preparing the boat for an off-shore passage. For non-nautical readers, an off-shore passage is one in which you are on the ocean, versus traveling on inland waterways.
The last week of being a land-lubber was spent provisioning the boat with enough paper goods, toiletries, canned goods, dried goods, etc. to last two months, the length of our trip. Also, for such an absence from home, one must make arrangements for mail, medicines, yard care, bill paying, etc., etc., etc., as well as close up the house.
With all the preparations behind us, we left Telemar Bay Marina in Indian Harbor Beach at 3:35 PM on April 9, 2014. Knowing we would not travel far before dusk approached, was of no concern to us. We believe the hardest part of the whole trip is getting away from the dock. There seems to always be one more thing to do before any departure. So, though it was late in the day, we left the marina and traveled down the ICW for two hours before we dropped the anchor to spend our first night on the water. Heaven!!!
As we prepared and ate dinner that first night, we were entertained by a pod of manatees swimming all around our boat. The water was murky, not allowing us to see the bodies of the manatees; but when they came up for air we could see their large snouts. When they descended back into the darkness of the water, they left the tell-tale sign of their presence, a circle on the water’s surface. Living on a boat is truly ”like eating a box of chocolates”, if I may quote Forrest Gump, “you never know what you are going to get.” The key is to stay in tune with nature and be observant.
We traveled 8 ½ hours on the second day, arriving at an anchorage across the waterway from Jensen Beach. Nature’s gift that evening was a gorgeous sunset, spanning at least 180 degrees. Pink and mauve filled the sky in glorious wonder.
Coming in from the Atlantic Ocean, ominous clouds greeted us the next morning. Trying to get back into our normal cruising routine, we had our coffee in bed while having our morning devotional time. Up and at’um sent us to the foredeck with yoga mats for our morning stretches and exercise. I think maybe we will leave “Up” and “At’um” at home the next time we cruise.
We wanted to go to the port of Stuart, FL to spend a few days, and fortunately, midway there we had the good sense to call the marina to see if we could get a mooring ball. There were none available at that time so we decided to go to Manatee Pocket and anchor there until a mooring ball was available at Stuart. After anchoring in the cove, we called the marina again and told them what we were doing and asked if they would call us when a mooring ball was open. Surprisingly, they agreed to call us, and they did a short time later.
Traversing the St Lucie River to get to Stuart is an interesting cruise. One must remain diligent in paying attention to the markers provided to stay in the channel. There is a lot of shoaling in this area because of the inlet from the ocean. Also, right before arriving at Stuart, there is a 65’ fixed bridge and then just a short distance from it, is a railroad bridge and then a bascule bridge. The railroad bridge’s bascule is always up unless there is a train coming, but one must hail the bridge tender of the Roosevelt Bascule Bridge for an opening. We chose to wait for the third bridge’s opening, in the river before going under the first of the three bridges, the 65’ fixed bridge. We couldn’t remember if there was enough room once we passed the fixed bridge to maneuver the boat in circles or whatever might be needed to wait for the opening of the third bridge. If you think reading about these bridges is confusing, then you are in the same boat as we were when we were going through them. This was the third time we managed to go through them. The second time we did it, we also had to wait on a train using the railroad bridge. Challenges such as this, make a nice break in an uneventful day on the water.
After picking up our designated mooring ball, we got in our dinghy and went to the dinghy dock at the Sunset Bay Marina; and, went to the restaurant beside the marina office. This was our first excursion to shore since we left our homeport two days prior. We treated ourselves to a nice lunch before we went to the marina office to check in and pay the mooring fees. The marina staff was in the process of setting up a nice BBQ buffet as a farewell to all the mariners who had spent the winter there. In our opinion, Stuart would be a great place to spend the winter months. Twice a week, the marina offers a shuttle to nearby shopping areas. They have bicycles for guests to use, at no charge. There is a nice lounge and laundry. About the only thing we would miss if we were to stay here for an extended length of time, would be a swimming pool. There is a lovely river walk adjacent to the marina, leading to the old historic part of town. Actually, the small town of Stuart has become one of our favorite cruising destinations. We plan on enjoying this waterfront town for a few days before cruising further south.
Gary and Jean are at it again and are enjoying more Bahamian adventures. They are not buying internet this time so updates here will be few. Here is a note from Jean with a link to a great blog written by one of their cruising companion boats. I’ll add a link in the Cool Stuff section on the right side of the page. Enjoy.
Jim Faughn does a good job as a leader of a group such as this; and also writes a very good blog and posts lots of pictures.
So far we have had no major issues with White Swan. Typically, Gary can fix about anything that happens, and thus far, that has been the case. We are thrilled our watermaker has been working properly. This is the first time we’ve really been able to use it since it’s installation.
Gary and I have been well the whole trip thus far, thank God. This destination is worth a three week wait to get a good weather window to get here. The beautiful clear blue water and gorgeous beaches make it all worth while. Thus far I have found a “boat load” of sea biscuits, conch shells, sea glass, and numerous kinds of seashells; of which I plan to make arrangements when we return home.
Saturday, we will start moving south to other islands. Please forgive me when I forget to turn on Spot. If you were following us on Tuesday, you probably realized I forgot to turn on Spot when we made the passage from Cooper Town to Green Turtle Cay. (FYI, Cay is pronounced “Key” in the Bahamas.) So if you see no tracking between islands, that is what has happened.
We have decided not to purchase internet while we are here, so the only time we’ll be checking our email will be when we can pick it up at marinas or public hotspots. Since that is the case, you can use either Gary’s or my email addresses.
We hope you enjoy keeping up with us through Jim Faughn’s blog.
Another setback regarding my health necessitates a return trip home. Gary talked to Ed about the situation and it was decided we would go to Green Turtle Cay, a short distance from Angel Fish Point, to make arrangements to leave our boat and fly out of the nearby island of Treasure Cay to go back to Florida.
At Green Turtle Cay, we went through the narrow channel leading to White Sound and anchored in the more shallow water at the edge of the busy anchorage. The shallow draft on White Swan allowed us the freedom to anchor away from the crowded part of anchorage. Though some boats were having trouble getting their anchors set, our anchor caught the first time down and held tight. We have found the cost of our anchor has been well worth it. So far in our cruising, we have yet to drag.
We were disappointed to find we could not pick up an internet signal from the anchorage. Gary had to take our laptop to Bluff House Marina and while he and Ed had a drink, after Ed got the Password and Code from the bartender, Gary browsed for airlines flying from Treasure Cay to the nearest cities to our home. While Gary was on the computer, Ed talked to the harbor master about renting a mooring ball for a month. The Bluff House Marina only has boat slip rentals (good specials for day rentals but too expensive for a month) and no mooring balls. After leaving the Bluff House the guys checked out a little private dock that had a couple of mooring balls, unavailable for rent. Then they went to the other marina in the sound, Green Turtle Club & Marina, only to find they don’t rent to unattended boat owners.
Giving up on making arrangements to keep White Swan at White Sound while we go home, Gary and Ed decided tomorrow they will check out Black Sound, the next anchorage on the island.
So, that was our first day at the lovely island of Green Turtle Cay.
Ed dinghied Gary over to Black Sound to check out a place to leave White Swan. The marinas had nothing to offer, however, a referral for Donny’s Boat Rentals brought the men success. For $200 a month we can leave White Swan on a mooring ball in a very protected anchorage. Gary and Ed returned to White Sound and their respective boats with the laborious task completed, a major accomplishment.
With the stress of making the arrangements for our return trip home complete, we were able to relax and enjoy the rest of the day in the Green Turtle Cay paradise. Feeling a little better, I was able to leave the boat and we decided to rent a golf cart for four hours so we could easily tour the island with Ed and Cheryl. We used D&P Cart Rentals near the Green Turtle Club and then Gary and I rode over to Bluff House Marina, where Ed and Cheryl were staying in a rented boat slip. From there, the four of us (Molly didn’t get to go) ventured to the other side of the island via mostly dirt roads, often rutted, to New Plymouth Settlement. Needless to say, the trip itself was an experience. There are few cars on the Green Turtle Cay and most people use golf carts to travel around the small island. The dirt roads, as well as the less numerous paved roads, are wide enough for a single vehicle or two golf carts to slowly pass each other. Gary was the driver of our cart and for once he didn’t mind the back seat drivers reminding him to “stay left” as that is the side driven on in the Bahamas.
New Plymouth Settlement is the oldest settlement on Green Turtle Cay. There we found the Customs Office, the old PINK jail, a museum that was closed, a sculpture garden, three grocery stores, hardware, and numerous gift shops and restaurants. After going to a couple of the grocery stores for various sundries, Cheryl and I ventured on our own for awhile while the guys went to the Wrecking Tree restaurant for cracked conch. Cheryl and I went to the sculpture garden since we found none of the gift shops open for business. New Plymouth Settlement has picturesque small homes, some with white picket fences and gingerbread trim, and painted in traditional pastel colors that is so befitting the tropical islands. There is bougainvillea galore, adding brilliant contrasting color next to the pastel backdrops. The small town is easily walked (with good health), but the golf cart made it even easier to tour in a short time. There are also golf cart rentals as well as bicycle rentals at Government Dock at the settlement.
I don’t know why some of the towns in the Bahamas are called settlements. We first noticed the term used by Kenneth and Alvin when they took us to Port Lucaya and Freeport. When we would ride through an area where there were a number of homes and possibly a business or more, one of our guides would refer to the area as such and such settlement. At that time I thought possibly the term was used when an area was not legally a town. But after visiting New Plymouth Settlement, that is obviously not the case. So assumption leads me to believe it’s just another word for town.
After Cheryl and I reunited with our captains, we traveled down a paved road beside the waterfront, that looked like a sidewalk instead of a road. This route led us to Pineapples Bar and Grill, a hangout for many boaters who anchor in the Settlement Creek harbor, and one of Ed’s favorites.
Our next stop was Alton Lowe’s art studio at his beautiful pink with white trim home that adorns a hilltop near the New Plymouth Settlement. One of the locals had told us “if his driveway gate is open, visitors are welcome”. We were fortunate the opened gates welcomed us in to his paradisiacal treasure. He and his cousin, fourth generation white Bahamians, greeted us as we came into his lovely studio. His paintings of Bahamian scenes, people and flowers were beyond superb and we so complimented him. He told us one of the best compliments he ever received was one time a hummingbird came into the studio and kept trying to feed from one of his floral masterpieces (my word, not his). The justifiable prices of $5000 to $12,000 was a deterrent to purchase one of his original painted beauties, however, to meet the artist and view his work was priceless to us.
Safely making our way back to Bluff House Marina was a feat in and of itself. Our driver’s reward was a relaxing cold drink with Ed and Cheryl before taking the golf cart back within our allotted time.
With enough stamina left from the day’s excursion, I made homemade noodles for a chicken and noodle dinner. Our invitation was declined by Ed and Cheryl to join us, as they took advantage of the special deal they had going with their slip rental and ate at the Bluff House restaurant. Their regrets turned out to be a blessing because by the time I finished cooking, I was ready to just relax after a wonderful fun- filled day.
Today was spent preparing to go home. It rained last night and rained off and on throughout the morning, so we had to time our trip to shore to do the laundry in between the rains. Yesterday we checked out the laundry at Green Turtle Club, finding it to be very nice and clean with six washers and six dryers, so we chose to do the task there. We had heard from other cruisers that the laundries are expensive in the Bahamas and unfortunately we found out they are correct. Two loads cost us $21.25. I don’t know if it is the same everywhere in the Bahamas, but at the marinas at Green Turtle Cay, you buy tokens to run the machines. Where we did our laundry, the tokens were $4.25 each. Cheryl told me they are $4.00 at Bluff House Marina, plus the dryers there provided plenty of heat to dry the cloths in good time. We had to use another cycle to get some of our heavier items dry. Lessons learned during our Bahamian learning curve.
Gary had a lot to do to prepare the boat for our absence: he took off the screecher (sail for light air), took off the lines to the jib, locked the outboard onto the dinghy and locked the dinghy onto the boat, filled the fuel tanks, put covers on all the windows, closed thru-hulls and treated the head. I cleaned out the refrigerator, giving food to Ed and Cheryl and last minute items to Donny (Donny’s Boat Rentals), cleaned the inside of the boat and packed for our trip home.
We took a break from our chores and went to the Bluff House Marina to visit one more time with Ed, Cheryl and Molly. We found them relaxing at the swimming pool and it was a pleasure to visit with them in such a lovely setting.
Our last morning at White Sound, Green Turtle Cay was spent with final preparations to go home. Our mooring ball in Black Sound was not going to be available to us until late afternoon, so we decided to revisit New Plymouth Settlement. Gary wanted some more cracked conch at the Wrecking Tree and I wanted to take some pictures since I forgot to take my phone/camera when we went there with Ed and Cheryl.
The water was dead calm providing a perfect day to anchor in the exposed anchorage at Settlement Creek. There were a lot of boats anchored there today and as we dinghied past Pineapples Bar and Grill, it looked like most of the boaters were there enjoying the ambience of the local haunt.
A short dinghy ride to Government Dock, brought us to the life of this quaint old settlement. We walked around taking pictures and Gary got to go to the sculpture garden (he was with Ed at the restaurant when I went there with Cheryl).
A short distance from the sculpture garden is the Albert Lowe Museum and today it was open so we went in for a tour. Our lovely native docent, Mrs. Ivy Roberts, was informative and personable, and became a new friend in short order. At the end of the tour, conversation led her to ask if we were Christians, and our affirmative answer was rewarded with hugs.
Albert Lowe was the father of Alton Lowe, the local artist. Some of Alton’s painting were on display in the museum, which was in a house built in the 1800‘s. The craftsmanship of Albert Lowe was prominently displayed with large models of ships, designed and built by himself. On display were numerous historical pictures of the settlement, many taken after hurricanes ravaged the old waterfront town. A peek into the kitchen that was in a building separate from the house, common in that day, was the finale of our tour.
We bid Mrs. Roberts farewell with the hopes of seeing her again someday at her church, Miracle Church of God in New Plymouth Settlement.
We resumed our walk through the small town, taking pictures along the way to the Wrecking Tree where Gary once again enjoyed (beyond measure) a full order of cracked conch. Cracked conch is fresh conch thinly sliced, beaten until it is lacey, thereby tenderized, lightly breaded and deep fried. Gary said it was the best he’d ever eaten. The flavor is similar to calamari, but much lighter in texture. I couldn’t resist and tried a bite of it, and then I understood the look of satisfaction on Gary’s face. It was fabulous. I’m sure the Wrecking Tree will be on Gary’s list of places to revisit when we come back to New Plymouth Settlement.
On the way to the dinghy, Gary stopped at a conch salad stand on Government Dock. A gentleman, assisted by a lady, made fresh conch salad while we watched. He kept his fresh conch on a string in the water which he pulled up as he needed a conch. He sliced it and diced it like a master chef, mixed it with tomatoes, green peppers and onions. The final step is adding lots of freshly squeezed lime juice, which actually cooks the conch, “Immediately”, he said. The “can’t get any fresher than that” conch salad was going to be Gary’s dinner; however, after we got White Swan moored for her extended stay at Black Sound, Donny invited us to his home for dinner and we ended up taking the salad to share with Donny and his other guests.
At first Gary declined the invitation to go to Donny’s dinner, because of my health issues, but I interjected my opinion that it would be rude to decline his offer. The evening proved to be a blessing and once again new friends were made as we shared the evening with Donny, Janis and Rick (Canadians who are here until the end of May) and “Fred”, as he prefers to be called. Donny prepared a fabulous meal, per Gary, of marinated flank steak, rice, red skin potatoes sautéed with onion and bacon. All of this was accompanied by a salad donated by Fred made with homegrown vegetables given to him by one of the locals and our donation of Gary’s conch salad, grapes, cheese and crackers. Any one who knows Gary Glenn knows he has to finish dinner with dessert and Donny surprised him with pineapple upside down cake and ice cream. To top off the evening, Gary was able to watch the ending of the Final Four basketball tourney and see our Indianapolis Butler Bulldogs win their entitlement to play in the championship game.
Spending our last evening in the Bahamas with new friends, having a secure place to leave our boat, and preparations made for our trip home tomorrow gave us a sense of gratefulness. We are so blessed.
We feel confident that White Swan will be watched over by our new friends at Black Sound. After last minute details of preparing the boat for our absence, we hailed the ferry via VHF, which came to our boat to pick us up. We had a pleasant ride talking to the young ferry captain while we were transported to Treasure Cay. A short taxi ride brought us to the very small airport of Treasure Cay. Continental Airlines presented a 19 seat plane which took us to Ft. Lauderdale International Airport.
Pat and Tom Dennis drove down from Telemar Bay Marina (3 hour drive) to pick us up to take us the rest of the way to Melbourne. If Gary had not had such a hard time making all the other arrangements to get us home, we would have also made plans to rent a car at Ft. Lauderdale. It was a long day for Pat and Tom and they will be well rewarded with a lovely dinner, their choice of restaurants, when I’m feeling better.
Plan A: Seek medical treatment to get me well and go back to the Bahamas as soon as possible.
This anchorage is one of Ed’s favorites. For one reason, he often catches Caribbean lobsters in the caves near the shorelines of the rocky islands. During lobster season, which it is now, he uses a Hawaiian sling to shoot them. A Hawaiian sling is like a sling-shot with a spear. Gary has never used one before and is anxious to master the skill. The overcast sky today made it not a good day to hunt lobster. The visibility of the water is lower on cloudy days than it is when the sun is providing light into the water.
In lieu of hunting for lobster, the guys and Molly explored the shore. Gary said they found the road that connects Little Abaco Island with Great Abaco Island, the same road that goes through Fox Town. They explored creeks and channels and found a good hurricane hole. It’s always good to know where the most protected places are when cruising.
Personal note: Last night Gary and I were in tears thinking we might have to fly back home because of my illness. I’d been sick for 3 ½ days and was showing slight signs of dehydration even though I’ve been drinking Pedialyte. However, what a difference a day can make, because today I’m better in everyway, except stamina. Once again, we are optimistic that we can continue our journey.
The highlight of today was the four (sorry Molly) five of us taking our dinghies to the rocky caves at the tip of Angle Fish Point and watching Gary snorkel and hunt for lobster. With Hawaiian sling in hand he scanned the caves with great expectations. Though he had a blast doing it, he came back empty handed. He reported having seen only one lobster, lying perfectly still on the bottom, only to realize upon closer inspection it was dead, much to his dismay.
We motored the dinghies over to the cut between Angel Fish Point and Crab Cay where Gary got back in the water and did a drift-snorkel. Through the cut, the water is only about six feet and at the edge of the cut the terrain progresses deeper. Gary said it was rather neat to see the change in depth but other than seeing a couple mutton snappers, there wasn’t much else to see. From our dinghies, Cheryl and I used our glass bottom buckets to look under the water. I saw a pretty star fish and a few small brain coral heads. This area is really not a great area for snorkeling, but apparently at times the lobsters can be plentiful, so we’ve been told (ED).
On the way back to White Swan, our outboard motor on the dinghy quit working (again). Gary was in the process of rowing us back to the boat when Ed and Cheryl saw us and came back to give us a tow. Upon mentally trouble shooting what could be causing the outboard to stall, Gary wondered if there was condensation in the gas tank. He used an extra gas can and his gas filter funnel that we use whenever we fill up the boat and filtered the gas, finding it did indeed have about ¼ cup water in it. Hopefully, the problem is solved. Brilliant!!! He’s not just a pretty face.
Before we left Great Sale Cay this morning, Gary accompanied Ed and Molly to shore and came back having been attacked by no-see-ums. Gary calls me his “fly trap” because usually the insects eat me up and never bother him. When hairy Gary gets bitten by any insect, you know it’s a bad place to be. As appealing as the opportunity to go ashore originally was, I was glad I did not go with them.
Today was the first day we’ve been able to turn off the motor and sail with full sails. Gary was in his height of his glory. The wind was 14 knts out of the SW providing a close-reach point of sail. We sailed most of the 28 miles to Fox Town, taking the sails down right before we got to the line of rocks indicating we were near the entrance to go into the Little Abaco Island harbor.
While Ed took Molly for a walk, Gary had an interesting conversation with a man at a nearby Anglican church. The gentleman told Gary that the priest who presides over the church, serves two churches and presents sermons at each church every other week. During the priest’s absence, the nice gentlemen with whom Gary spoke does the preaching. Later in the evening, we could hear religious music resounding from the little church as the parishioners sang familiar songs.
Gary and I took a quick dinghy ride and cruised part of the shoreline with it’s small houses and businesses along the water’s edge. It looked like someone is in the process of building a gas station. We wondered if they will offer fuel to boaters. There is a small fuel dock already on the shore, apparently operational, because we saw a big power boat go to it.
Ed told us about a restaurant called the Boom Boom Room at Fox Town that offers fresh seafood dinners prepared by the locals. Cheryl, as well as myself, were not feeling well today so it was decided we’d wait until our return trip to go there. Hopefully, we’ll be able to do so because from Ed’s description it sounds like an interesting place, though it is not mentioned in any of the cruising guides.
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Jordon Cooke picked up his 18th win of the season on Saturday night.
When it came to talking about what has become a record season, Jordon Cooke quickly spread the love around.
Playing in his sophomore season for the University of Saskatchewan Huskies men’s hockey team, Cooke made 25 saves on Saturday night to back his club to a 5-2 victory over the U of Manitoba Bisons at the ancient Rutherford Rink. The Leduc, Alta., product also picked up his 18th win of the campaign which equals a club record that was accomplished by Jeff Calvert (1998-99) and Ryan Holfeld (2012-13).
“It is exciting, definitely,” said Cooke. “Obviously, this is a team sport, so I definitely couldn’t have done it without them (his teammates).
The Huskies, who are rated first in the Canadian Interuniversity Sport top ten rankings, improved to 21-3 and have won nine straight. They also locked up first place in the Canada West Conference after the U of Calgary Dinos knocked off the U of Alberta Golden Bears 5-3 later on Saturday night in Calgary.
With four games remaining in the regular season, the Huskies have earned a bye into the semifinal round of the Canada West post-season and will have home ice advantage through the entire conference playoffs.
After qualifying for the Canada West playoffs with the sixth and final seed with a 10-15-3 mark last season, the Huskies have enjoyed a dream campaign in 2015-16. The quarter stone of the Dogs success is having a strong base in goal.
The Huskies celebrate a goal by captain Kendall McFaull.
Cooke arrived on campus boasting an impressive resume as a netminder having been a star with the Western Hockey League’s Kelowna Rockets. In his final season in the major junior ranks in 2013-14, Cooke was named the Canadian Hockey League’s goalie of the year. He was overlooked in the NHL ranks being deemed too small standing at 5-foot-10 and weighing in at 185 pounds.
With the Dogs this season, Cooke has posted an 18-3 record, a 2.36 goals against average, a .926 save percentage and two shutouts.
Huskies head coach Dave Adolph couldn’t stress how important it is to be strong in goal in hockey, and Cooke has been stellar between the pipes.
“It gives your whole team confidence in everything else you do,” said Adolph. “Jordon tonight in the first period, we were up 1-0 at the end of the first, and it could have been 3 or 4-1 for them.
Having suffered an 8-3 thrashing at the hands of the Huskies on Friday night at the Rutherford Rink, the Bisons came out with some good jump in the opening 20 minutes of Saturday’s encounter.
The Huskies jumped ahead 1-0 at the 14:10 mark of the first, when rookie forward Kohl Bauml fed a pass over to linemate Andrew Johnson, who slipped home a shot from a bad angle just under the bar of the Bisons goal.
Just 26 seconds into the second, the Bisons had a glourious chance to draw even, when fourth year forward Jesse Paradis was awarded a penalty shot. Despite his small stature, Cooke played large in goal forcing Paradis to shoot wide on the penalty shot attempt.
Parker Thomas netted the Huskies final goal in Saturday's win.
The Huskies proceeded to take control from that point. At the 3:34 mark of the second, captain and standout defenceman Kendall McFaull intercepted a pass just inside the blue-line of the Bisons zone and blasted home his fourth goal of the season to increase the Dogs’ lead to 2-0.
Before the second ended, Bauml put his soft hands to work tucking home a tally in close to give U of S a 3-0 lead.
Levi Cable and Parker Thomas rounded out the scoring for the Huskies in the third, who led 4-0 at one point. Jordan DePape and Jonah Wasylak replied with singles for the Bisons, who fell to 10-12-2. Byron Spriggs turned away 26 shots in the U of M net.
As far as the Huskies net is concerned, Cooke said he is having success due to the fact he has been able to track the puck well.
“I think I am just watching the pucks a little bit better than I have been,” said Cooke. “For me, that is the thing.
He also admits his comfort level in the CIS ranks is higher this second season due to the fact he has a full campaign under his belt being a university level student-athlete.
The Huskies are also a win shy of matching their overall club record for wins in a season. U of S has won 22 games in a regular season twice in team history. The last 22-win campaign came back in 1999-2000, when the Dogs posted their best ever regular season mark at 22-3-3.
Cooke has been impressed watching his current group of teammates play in front of him.
The Huskies return to action this coming Friday and Saturday, when they travel to Edmonton to take on the Golden Bears (15-7-2).
Marley Ervine played in her 132nd career regular season game.
One night after posting a 3-1 win, the University of Saskatchewan Huskies women’s hockey team lost their touch around the net once again.
On Saturday night in Winnipeg, the Huskies dropped a 3-0 decision to the host U of Manitoba Bisons despite holding a 21-19 edge in the shots on goal department. Cailtin Fyten, Charity Price and Lauryn Keen potted singles for the Bisons (11-11-2), who received a 21 save shutout performance from Amanda Schubert in goal.
Cassidy Hendricks made 16 stops in goal for the Huskies, who failed to score on four power-play chances. The Huskies, who are rated 10th in the CIS top ten rankings, fell to 12-9-3.
The Huskies sit a point ahead of the Bisons for fourth overall in Canada West. U of S has 36 points coming from nine regulation wins, three extra time victories and three extra time setbacks.
The Bisons have 35 points coming from the fact all 11 of their wins have come in regulation along with two extra time setbacks. Three points are awarded for regulation victories and two points are given for extra time wins in Canada West women’s play.
In Saturday’s setback, feisty forward Marley Ervine appeared in her 132nd career regular season game and moved alone into top spot in the career games played list for the Huskies women’s team. Kandace Cook sits second with 131 games played.
The Huskies return to action this coming Friday and Saturday when they host the U of Alberta Pandas (13-8-3) at 7 p.m. on both nights at the Rutherford rink.
Andrew Johnson scored twice in the Huskies runaway victory on Friday.
The University of Saskatchewan Huskies men's hockey team looked every bit like a club that tops the Canadian Interuniversity Sport top ten rankings.
For the second time this season, the Huskies were voted number one in the weekly CIS top ten rankings entering play this weekend. Hosting the University of Manitoba Bisons at the ancient Rutherford on Friday night, the Huskies actually fell behind 1-0 just 31 second in, when Bisons forward Warren Callis potted the rebound from an Adam Henry point shot.
The Huskies roared back with five straight goals and cruised to an 8-3 victory.
U of M’s lead lasted to the 4:49 mark of the opening frame, when Huskies rookie forward Kohl Bauml netted his 10th goal of the season to tie things up at 1-1. Just 15 seconds later, Jaimen Yakubowski potted his second goal of the season to put the Huskies up 2-1.
Before the opening frame ended, rookie forward Andrew Johnson netted a pair of goals just 17 seconds apart from each other to give the Huskies a 4-1 lead. At the 11:46 mark of the second, Josh Roach scored on the power play to put the Huskies up 5-1 and pretty much put the competitive phase of the contest on ice.
Jordan Fransoo, Michael Sofillas and Cameron Blair potted singles to round out the Huskies scoring. Fransoo’s tally came on a pretty tick-tack-toe passing play, when the hosts were working on a two-man advantage. Bauml and defenceman Connor Cox picked up the helpers on that fancy tally.
Jordan DePape and Brett Stovin, who is a former captain of the WHL’s Saskatoon Blades, picked up singles to conclude the scoring for the Bisons.
Jordan Fransoo potted a beauty power-play goal for the Huskies on Friday.
Jordon Cooke made 23 saves to earn the win goal for the Huskies. The victory in net was the 17th of the season for Cooke, who is one win shy of equaling the club record for wins in a season. The team record of 18 goaltending wins in a season is held jointly by Jeff Calvert (1998-99) and Ryan Holfeld (2012-13).
Rookie Justin Paulic stopped 36 shots going the distance in goal for the Bisons, who fell to 10-11-2.
The Huskies stretched their winning streak to eight games and improved to 20-3. They hit the 20-win mark in the regular season for the third time in team history.
The last time the Huskies won 20-or-more games in a regular season came back in 1999-2000, when the Dogs posted their best ever regular season record at 22-3-3.
U of S also sits eight points up on the University of Alberta Golden Bears for first place in the Canada West standings. With the Golden Bears dropping a 6-4 decision to the University of Calgary Dinos on Friday night in Edmonton, the Huskies need to earn just three points in the standings in their final five regular season games to lock up first overall in Canada West.
The Huskies could cement first overall on Saturday night, if they beat the Bisons (7 p.m., Rutherford Rink) and the Golden Bears fall in any fashion at home against the Dinos.
NOTE – U of S was without standout fifth-year defenceman Zak Stebner, who is nursing a leg injury.
Brooklyn Haubrich drives to the net for the Huskies.
The University of Saskatchewan Huskies women’s hockey team brought their four game losing streak to an end on Friday night in Winnipeg.
Having been snakebitten around the net in recent weeks, the Huskies, who are rated 10th in the CIS top ten rankings, scored three times on the nine shots they had on goal to slip past the host University of Manitoba Bisons 3-1.
Huskies rookie forward Shyan Elias, who is from Winnipeg, picked up her first CIS regular season goal at the 8:45 mark of the opening frame. Just under two minutes later, fourth-year forward Lauren Zary picked up her career high seventh tally of the campaign to give the visitors a 2-0 edge.
First-year forward Brooklyn Haubrich potted the only goal in the second to put the Huskies up 3-0. Alanna Sharman replied with the Bisons loan goal in the third.
Cassidy Hendricks made 22 saves to earn her 10th win in goal of the season for the Huskies (12-8-3). The fourth-year netminder became the first goalie in the history of the Huskies women’s program to win 10 or more games in a season in four straight campaigns.
Rachel Dyck made six stops in goal for the Bisons (10-11-2).
These two teams will go at it again on Saturday in Winnipeg.
NOTES - On Wednesday, the Huskies announced Danielle Nogier, who is the captain of the Saskatoon Stars female midget AAA team, has committed to play for the U of S in the 2016-17 campaign. Known for her work as a defensive forward, Nogier has five goals and two assists for the Stars, who lead the Saskatchewan Female Midget AAA Hockey League with a 20-4 record.
Her brother, Nelson, is a standout defensive defenceman with the WHL’s Red Deer Rebels and is a draft selection of the NHL’s Winnipeg Jets. Danielle's father, Pat, played goal for the Huskies men's hockey team from 1988-91.
The Huskies were without captain Paige Anakaer, who is nursing a leg injury, on Friday.
Feisty forward Marley Ervine played in her 131st career regular season game on Friday for the Huskies to equal Kandace Cook for first on the club’s all-time list.
Abby Shirley charges into the offensive zone for the Stars.
The Saskatoon Stars aren’t used to defeat, especially when it is suffered at the hands of a come-from-behind effort by their opponent.
After winning the Saskatchewan Female Midget AAA Hockey League championship last season, the Stars picked up where they left off this season leading the SFMAAAHL with a 20-4 record. The fourth setback might have been the toughest one.
Last Sunday at the Agriplace Arena, the Stars jumped out to a 2-0 lead on the visiting Prince Albert A & W Bears and held a decisive edge in shots on goal and territorial play through the contest’s first 30 minutes. With 7:05 to play in the second, the Bears scored on the power play to gain some traction, and the momentum of the game turned completely around.
Prince Albert scored on another power play before the second period concluded to tie things up at 2-2 and potted a third power-play marker with 12:42 to play in the third to go up 3-2. The 3-2 Bears edge held up as the final outcome in the contest.
While the Stars had lots of time to get the equalizer, it seemed they were trying to immediately create two or three breakaways to get a goal. In doing that, they played right into the defensive shut down game the Bears began to employ, which resulted in a number of turnovers in the centre ice zone.
After the game ended, the youth of the Stars team came to the surface. A lot of the players broke out in tears. Most of that reaction stems from the fact the majority of the players on Saskatoon roster are around age 15.
The disappointment energy was opposite of the bounce off the wall happiness energy the Stars displayed when they won the SFMAAAHL title.
In the setback to Prince Albert, the Stars were reminded of a fact that former Saskatoon Blades head coach and general manager Lorne Molleken often alluded to in that there are two teams on the ice trying to win a hockey game. He often gave credit to the fact the opponent has some good players who will make some outstanding plays to help their side.
The big lesson for the Stars is to not get discouraged or go in a shell when a good opponent does something great. When an opponent does something great, it presents an opportunity to respond in a good fashion to show perseverance.
The Stars have a strong coaching staff and a strong parent group, so the players will have good support in going through this learning experience. If the Stars win all of their last four regular season games in regulation, they will still finish first overall in the SFMAAAHL.
They return to action on Saturday night, when they host the Melville Prairie Fire (7-13-1) at 7:45 p.m. at the Agriplace Arena. The Stars and Prairie Fire will also meet on Sunday at 2:15 p.m. at the Agriplace Arena.
Ryan Holfeld, left, and myself during a social time.
When he coached the Medicine Hat Tigers, Willie Desjardins often told his players one of the best places to be was at the rink.
For me, that can expand to the football field, a basketball court, volleyball court, soccer pitch or even a UFC octagon ring. The reason those places are the best places to be are the people that are there.
The athletes, coaches, trainers, staff, facility attendants and even the fans in the stands make those places enjoyable.
In my life, I have found the athletes, coaches and staffers to be the most genuine and real people I know. It is the main reason I continue to be a regular at the Rutherford Rink and the Physical Activity Complex on the University of Saskatchewan campus, Saskatoon Minor Football field and so far a handful of WHL rinks.
Since November of 2012, I have known I have had issues dealing with anxiety. The issues rose due to a mental health issue I discovered in my workplace at the time, which was the Medicine Hat News, and that resulted in a whole host of spinoff problems.
There is still a stigma around mental health issues, and they are unfortunately still treated as the elephant in the room in too many circles.
From the start of my mental health journey, the one constant group of forward thinking backers I have had have been the young athletes that have played either in the WHL, the Canadian Interuniversity Sport ranks or the Canadian Colleges Athletic Association. I have found they have always been the most open minded and genuinely positive in helping on the mental health front.
I remember talking about a few of these young adults with former Medicine Hat College Rattlers men’s volleyball head coach Steve Russell during a coffee chat, and he said their support on the mental health front is fitting because these are our future leaders.
If I tried to make a list of all the people I have leaned on, I fear I might leave someone out.
The first group of people that knew about what I was going through included Tigers grads Brennan Bosch, Ryan Holfeld and David Schlemko. From Bosch and Holfeld, the group quickly expanded to the members of the 2012-13 University of Saskatchewan Huskies men’s hockey team. Bosch and Holfeld were in the middles of their CIS careers with the Dogs at that time.
The early list also included Talayna Tremblay and Kelsey Konihowski, who were both still with the Medicine Hat College Rattlers women’s volleyball team at the time. All of five of those people were key in helping me make my initial steps forward.
The Hilltops win in the Canadian Bowl was a good time.
Since those beginnings, the list has greatly expanded. Over the past eight months the conversations haven’t been about mental health, when I have been at sporting venues or visiting my friends that are involved in high-level sports. The visits mainly revolve around regular talks you have every day on a variety of topics.
When I am in those moments, I feel most normal. Actually, I usually don’t even think about my anxiety battles until I am home or I am spending time alone.
Connectivity is the main reason I remain around the sports scene.
That connectivity can be viewed at an obvious time like when the Saskatoon Hilltops won their 18th Canadian Junior Football League title back on Nov. 7, 2015. I think everyone that was at Saskatoon Minor Football Field that day felt connected to what went on at that Canadian Bowl championship game.
Connectivity also comes during a more quiet time like last Sunday at the Agriplace Arena. After watching the Saskatoon Stars fall 3-2 to the Prince Albert A & W Bears in a Saskatchewan Female Midget AAA Hockey League game, I spent a lengthy time visiting with University of Saskatchewan Huskies women’s hockey team members Kaitlin and Morgan Willoughby and their mother, Dinah.
Our conversation ventured through all sorts of subjects including mutual friends, memories from sports and the Edmonton Oilers from Wayne Gretzky’s days.
This season, I decided I would get my Canadian Hockey League pass in order to work a little more on the major junior circuit again. In those travels, I have felt a renewed connectivity to a vast network of people I got to know covering the WHL as a beat reporter for 15 seasons. Even Red Deer Rebels head coach, general manager and owner Brent Sutter smiled when he saw me during pre-game before his squad took to the ice to face the Saskatoon Blades at the SaskTel Centre. (Side note: Sutter does smile and he does so more than you think).
Being on the WHL trail allowed me to have a great visit with Jaeger White.
On Saturday night, I had a great visit and talk with Brandon Wheat Kings centre Jaeger White, who is the step son of current Medicine Hat Tigers head coach and general manager Shaun Clouston. I’ve known White since his bantam hockey days, and I was impressed with how mature he was during our talk that I almost forgot he is 17-years-old.
Connectivity is the thing for me that makes all the bad stuff with anxiety wash away.
Actually, the more connected someone with a mental illness feels with their community and surroundings the better off he or she will be. As this is Bell Let’s Talk day, I hope everyone remembers how powerful connectivity can be.
When you have visits with someone who is battling a mental illness, the talk doesn’t necessarily have to be about that subject. It can be about any topic of mutual interest.
The key is to visit and to visit in person, because those visits can go a long way to improving your overall mental health.
Cameron Hebig has exploded offensively for the Blades.
When Cameron Hebig achieves a milestone, he automatically sets his sites on a higher goal.
After his hometown Saskatoon Blades selected him in the third round and 56th overall in the 2012 WHL Bantam Draft, Hebig saw that moment as an opportunity he wanted to take advantage of.
The speedy centre cracked the Blades lineup as a 16-year-old in the 2013-14 campaign. With the Blades having turned over most of their roster after hosting the 2013 Memorial Cup, Hebig received a lot of opportunity to gain experience and picked up 13 goals and 13 assists in 67 games.
Having learned what the grind of the circuit was about, Hebig set out to improve his game in both the offensive and defensive zones as a 17-year-old sophomore last season. He dressed for all of the Blades 72 regular season games picking 18 goals and 22 assists.
This season Hebig has become a force offensively piling up 22 goals and 27 assists in 43 games.
“I just had a good start to the year and have just been positive,” said Hebig, who stands 5-foot-10 and weighs 190 pounds. “I think if you are working hard chances will come, and you just have to bury those.
In their third season since hosting the Memorial Cup, the Blades are still going through growing pains. After jumping out to a strong 7-4-3 start, the Blades, who still have one of the youngest teams in the WHL, hit the wall in the middle of November. After falling 6-2 to the Brandon Wheat Kings before 4,637 spectators on Saturday night at the SaskTel Centre, Saskatoon’s record dropped to 17-27-4.
Hebig’s jump has not waivered during the down stretches. On Saturday night, he netted both of the Blades goals on a couple of nice shots and was a plus-two in the plus-minus department. On his second tally, he stole the puck from a Wheat Kings defender, used another rearguard as a screen and tucked a shot home past netminder Logan Thompson.
Cameron Hebig celebrates with his teammates after scoring a goal.
“He (Hebig) is our best player, and he brings it every night,” said Blades head coach and general manager Bob Woods. “He is not a real vocal guy, but he leads by example because of his work ethic.
Woods believes a missed goal helped kick Hebig into another gear this season.
“I think not getting drafted (into the NHL) was kind of not a wakeup call, but he just didn’t like it,” said Woods. “He worked extremely hard this summer on his game.
“We talked a little bit about just being the complete player. I thought last year maybe he didn’t do the things that he has to do. He is a skilled player, but he is not skilled enough to live on that.
Hebig prides himself in playing a strong two-way game. On the intangible side, he finds he just doesn’t get down on himself or his team when things get rough.
While the Blades trail the Edmonton Oil Kings (19-22-6-1) by seven points for the final playoff berth in the WHL’s Eastern Conference, Hebig believes it is still possible for his club to make an appearance in the post-season.
Cameron Hebig looks to make a play in the offensive zone for the Blades.
“We’ve got a good group here, and we believe in ourselves,” said Hebig. “When things get tough, we can’t pack it in. We always have to bring it every game and always try to get better.
When it comes to making the NHL, Hebig’s lack of size might be the biggest obstacle he has to overcome. He is quick to point out you don’t have to be 6-foot-2 and weigh over 200 pounds to make an impact in the NHL.
The shifty skater lists off Tyler Johnson of the Tampa Bay Lightning, Brendan Gallagher of the Montreal Canadiens and Brad Marchand of the Boston Bruins as smaller players that have made an impact in hockey’s top professional league. Gallagher and Marchand both stand 5-foot-9, while Johnson is 5-foot-8.
Cameron Hebig gets set to take a draw for the Blades.
In Saturday’s tilt with Brandon, the Wheat Kings, who top the WHL’s East Division with a 29-13-2-2 mark, led 2-1 after the first period and 5-2 after the second frame after Hebig gave the Blades a short-lived 1-0 edge.
Reid Duke had a hat trick for the Wheat Kings, who received a two-goal performance from Jayce Hawryluk and a single from John Quenneville. Thompson made 18 stops to earn the win in goal.
Brock Hamm turned away 25 shots to take the loss in net for the Blades.
The Blades return to action Friday, when they travel to Regina to take on the Pats. The Wheat Kings are in Regina to face the Pats on Sunday.
UBC goalie Danielle Dube set up to stop U of S winger Kaitlin Willoughby.
It seemed like everyone on the University of Saskatchewan Huskies women’s hockey team had the hands of stone around the net.
On Friday night at the ancient Rutherford Rink, the Dogs had to lament their missed chances in a 2-1 setback to the University of British Columbia Thunderbirds. The Huskies, who lost their third in a row, had numerous opportunities to score, but the ability to finish eluded them in the up tempo contest.
The rotten luck started late in the opening frame when feisty forward Marley Ervine rang a shot off the crossbar of the UBC goal.
After a fairly even opening 20 minutes, the Thunderbirds seemed to score out of nowhere at the 4:53 mark of the second, when fourth-year forward Katie Zinn potted her third goal of the season to give the visitors a 1-0 lead.
Just over five minutes later, the Thunderbirds went ahead 2-0 on some nice work down low in the offensive zone. Third year Thunderbirds forward Melissa Goodwin slipped a pass to the front of the Huskies goal from the left corner boards in the U of S zone, and linemate Haneet Parhar tucked home her fifth of the season past Huskies goaltender Cassidy Hendricks.
The Huskies, who are rated eighth in the Canadian Interuniversity Sport top ten rankings, proceeded to make a big push back, which saw them buzz the UBC zone. During one surge of pressure, Huskies standout winger Kaitlin Willoughby found herself alone at the right side of the Thunderbirds goal, but she was unable to put a backhanded chance past UBC netminder Danielle Dube.
The Thunderbirds celebrate a goal from Haneet Parhar (#12).
In the final seconds of the second, another big scoring chance eluded the Huskies. After crossing into the Thunderbirds zone, Willoughby wired a shot on the UBC goal.
The puck hit Dube and fell to the ground bouncing loose in the crease area. Ervine crashed into the area but was unable to bat the puck into the net.
Despite the missed chances, a third period rally seemed possible for the hosts, when Lauren Zary scored on the power play just 46 seconds into the frame to cut the deficit to 2-1.
From that point, both teams proceeded to trade scoring chances as action went back and forth up and down the ice. A couple of scrums also ensured after stoppages as the intensity on both sides increased.
The Huskies best chance to net the equalizer came with under two minutes to play, when Hendricks was pulled for an extra attacker.
On a rush into the offensive zone, Huskies third-year forward Kori Herner slipped a shot through a screen. Dube made the stop but gave up a juicy rebound.
Herner slipped past a UBC defender but fanned on an attempt to shovel the loose puck home.
Dube made 25 stops to help the Thunderbirds win their fourth in a row and improve to 13-6-2. UBC is rated 10th in the CIS top ten rankings. Hendricks made 16 stops for the Huskies, who fell to 11-7-3.
The Huskies and Thunderbirds will go at it again on Saturday at 7 p.m. at the Rutherford Rink.
NOTES – Ervine played in her 129th career regular season game for the Huskies on Friday night to match Chelsey Sundby for second on the team’s all-time list. Kandace Cook sits first in the Huskies career regular season games played list having suited up for 131 contests.
Huskies captain Paige Anakaer left Friday’s game in the second period with a leg injury.
Kohl Bauml had a goal in the Huskies road win.
The U of S Huskies men’s hockey team continued to cement their reputation as road warriors.
On Friday night in Vancouver, standout rookie forwards Kohl Bauml and Levi Cable potted singles in the first period to power the Huskies to a 2-0 victory over the UBC Thunderbirds. Netminder Jordon Cooke made 25 saves to pick up his second shutout of the season.
The win allowed the Huskies to improve to 10-0 on the road this season. U of S has also won six straight and is rated second in the CIS top ten rankings.
The Huskies upped their Canada West leading record to 18-3. Friday’s win allowed the Huskies to ensure they can finish no lower than third in Canada West, and they will host at least one playoff series at the Rutherford Rink.
The Thunderbirds fell to 9-9-3 to sit fifth in Canada West.
Both teams go at it again on Saturday in Vancouver at the UBC campus.
U of R Cougars forward Stephanie Sawchuk turns to drive to the goal.
There are no guarantees in Canada West Conference’s women’s hockey league.
How competitive has the eight-team circuit been this year?
Only 12 points in the standings separates last place from first place. With each team have about seven to eight games remaining on their respective regular season schedules, every club is looking at scenarios where they can finish from first to last, especially considering three points are awarded for regulation wins.
Every team has experienced ups and downs, and the players and coaches on each squad can list times where they let points in the standings slip through their fingers. At the moment, the University of Regina Cougars have the best showing in the past 10 games posting a 7-3 mark over that stretch.
The University of Calgary Dinos, who have the conference’s top two scorers in Iya Gavrilova and Sasha Vafina, had sat alone in the league’s cellar for most of the season. With their 3-2 regulation win over the Mount Royal University Cougars at the Crowchild Classic on Thursday night, the Dinos pulled to within five points of the Cougars for sixth place and the conference’s final playoff berth.
U of C has also won four in a row and is starting to look like a squad worthy of hosting the Canadian Interuniversity Sport championship tournament. The Dinos (7-10-4) actually now sit in a tie for seventh in the league standings with the University of Lethbridge Pronghorns (8-11-1) at 23 points.
U of C compiled its 23 points off on five regulation wins, two extra wins and four extra time losses. U of L has 23 points thanks to six regulation wins, two extra time wins and one extra time setback.
Huskies forward Elizabeth Salyn battles two Dinos for the puck on the boards.
The University of British Columbia Thunderbirds (12-6-2) and the University of Alberta Pandas (11-7-2) sit tied for first in the standings with 35 points. UBC collected its 35 points on nine regulation wins, three extra time wins and two extra time setbacks. All 11 of U of A’s victory have come in regulation time to help the Pandas grab a share of first.
In another interesting twist, the Pandas do not have a single player sitting in the top ten of the conference’s scoring race. Rookie Alex Poznikoff tops the Pandas in scoring with eight goals and four assists, but she sits 13th overall in the conference’s scoring race.
The U of R Cougars (12-7-1, nine regulation wins) are a point back of both UBC and U of A for top spot, the University of Saskatchewan Huskies (11-6-3, eight regulation wins) are two points out of first place and the University of Manitoba Bisons (10-8-2, 10 regulations wins) are three points back of first.
Mount Royal (10-10-1, seven regulation wins) holds sixth place with 28 points.
Down the stretch you can be certain there will be a lot of scoreboard watching. No team has been able to go through a lengthy consistent winning stretch.
If a club can post a lengthy winning stretch, that team might have home ice advantage for the entire Canada West playoffs.
In reality, it seems the deck will keep getting reshuffled after each of the last four regular season weekends plays out.
Matthew Spafford celebrates scoring for the Huskies.
This picture of Matthew Spafford’s goal celebration for the University of Saskatchewan Huskies men’s hockey team is piling up the views on Twitter and Facebook. Spafford was celebrating after scoring against the U of C Dinos in last Friday’s 4-3 double overtime win at the ancient Rutherford Rink. In the right corner of the picture, it looks like Spafford is about to high-five Rod Alm, who was named the Huskies fan of the year in 2013. It is safe to say most of the Huskies athletes know who Alm is. The shot show great emotion of the moment. When it comes to snapping a photo like this, it is really only 20 per cent skill and 80 per cent luck.
· Feisty forward Marley Ervine will hit a milestone, when her Huskies women’s hockey team hosts the Thunderbirds at 7 p.m. Friday at the Rutherford Rink. Ervine will suit up for her 129th career regular season game, which will tie her for second all-time in the history of the Huskies women’s hockey program with Chelsey Sundby. Kandace Cook tops the Huskies career regular season games played list at 131. Ervine sits third in the Canada West scoring race with a career high eight goals and 12 assists.
· It seemed Mike Gibson wasn’t in the good books of a number of the alumni of the University of Regina Rams football team. Gibson resigned as Rams head coach on Sunday after just one season having guided the club to an 0-8 mark. Gibson joined the CFL’s Edmonton Eskimos on Monday as the offensive line coach and run game coordinator. A number of Rams alumni voiced their displeasure with Gibson over social media after he resigned his U of R post.
· On Thursday, the U of R Rams named Mark McConkey as acting head coach. McConkey was the team’s offensive coordinator, quarterbacks coach and academic coach. That move was a head scratcher considering McConkey’s last season as a Rams player was 2012. You would think the U of R would name Paul Dawson, who is the Rams long time defensive coordinator, as acting head coach. McConkey doesn’t have a lot of coaching experience and only joined the CIS ranks in April of last year.
· On the WHL front, how about those Lethbridge Hurricanes? After missing the playoffs for the last six straight seasons, the Hurricanes sit first in the entire WHL with a 34-12 record and are riding an eight game winning streak. They have to be considered the top story in major junior hockey.
· Brock Hirsche, who is the captain of the University of Lethbridge Pronghorns men’s hockey team, revealed on Tuesday he is battling testicular cancer. Last year, Pronghorns goaltender Dylan Tait and team athletic therapist Brennan Mahon both beat that same disease. Hirsche is well known in hockey circles in Western Canada, and he will undoubtedly have a lot of people pulling for him.
· On Thursday, the Saskatoon Blades revealed dressing room attendant Bobby Kirkness suffered a heart attack, while on vacation last week. Kirkness was later diagnosed with leukemia. Well loved by the Blades players, the news of Kirkness’s health woes have to be tough to take in the dressing room of “the Bridge City Bunch.” The Blades host the Brandon Wheat Kings on Saturday at 7 p.m. at the SaskTel Centre.
· By now, most in the general public know the massive cuts Postmedia made to its operations on Tuesday. The media company owns a large concentration of Canada’s newspapers including the Saskatoon StarPhoenix. A number of good people saw their jobs and careers on a lot of fronts come to an end. On the sports front, expect anything that is not the NHL, UFC, Saskatchewan Roughriders, Toronto Blue Jays and Toronto Raptors to receive less coverage. All around, it is a sad situation.
· The Saskatchewan Rush’s home opener was a hit. A crowd of 9,147 went to the SaskTel Centre last Friday to see the Rush fall 13-11 to the Vancouver Stealth. There as a lot of talk after that contest about how fun it was to watch the high-tempo National Lacrosse League. The Rush return to action on Jan. 29, when they host the Colorado Mammoth at 7:30 p.m. at the SaskTel Centre.
Jaimen Yakubowski celebrates scoring a Huskies goal.
No overtime dramatics were needed in this outing.
The University of Saskatchewan Huskies men’s hockey team proved to be too much for the University of Calgary Dinos to handle on Saturday night at the ancient Rutherford Rink. The Dogs scored early and often and skated away with a convincing 8-3 victory. One night earlier, the Huskies needed double overtime to slip past the Dinos 4-3.
In Saturday’s contest, eight different players accounted for the eight Huskies tallies. The route started when Huskies captain Kendall McFaull tipped in a point shot from Josh Roach for a power-play goal at the 6:44 mark of the opening frame.
Rookie forward Daylan Gatzke potted his first career Canadian Interuniversity Sport regular season goal to put the Huskies up 2-0 before the first period ended. Just 84 seconds into the second period, rookie forward Andrew Johnson netted his ninth goal of the season to put the hosts up 3-0.
Johnson’s tally chased Dinos starting goalie Myles Hovdebo from the U of C net. He stopped eight-of-11 shots fired his way. Steven Stanford played the rest of the way in relief and stopped 18 of the 23 shots he faced.
Actually, the Huskies netted their first goal on Stanford just 94 seconds after he entered the contest, when gritty rookie Jaimen Yakubowski popped his first career CIS regular season goal. The Dinos proceeded to use a timeout to try and regroup after that tally.
The stoppage worked for a short time, as Kevin King scored for the Dinos to cut the Huskies lead to 4-1. The Dogs’ edge ballooned to 6-1 before the second period ended thanks to a short-handed marker by Kohl Bauml and a point shot power-play blast by rearguard Jordan Fransoo.
Dylan Busenius and Chris Collins netted singles for the Dinos in the third, which cut the Huskies lead to 6-3 for a short moment. Cameron Blair and Parker Thomas replied with singles for the Huskies to round out the game’s scoring.
Jesse Forsberg had four assists and a plus-six rating on Saturday.
Jordon Cooke made 27 saves to earn the win in goal for the Huskies, who improve their Canada West Conference leading record to 17-3. Cooke also has 15 goaltending wins on the campaign, which are three shy of equaling the Huskies team record for goaltending victories in a season. The team record of 18 goaltending wins in a season is held jointly by Jeff Calvert (1998-99) and Ryan Holfeld (2012-13).
The Dinos fell to 7-9-4 with the setback.
While it seemed everyone that hit the ice for the Huskies was on a roll Saturday, their best player might have been sophomore defenceman Jesse Forsberg. Known for being a defensive defenceman, Forsberg quietly collected four assists on Saturday and was a plus-six in the plus-minus department.
Saturday’s victory also allowed the Huskies, who are rated third in the CIS top ten rankings, to officially clinch a berth in the Canada West playoffs for the 20th straight year.
U of S leads the overall Canada West standings with 34 points. The Mount Royal University Cougars and the University of Alberta Golden Bears sit tied for second place with 28 points coming from identical 13-5-2 records. All Canada West teams have eight games remaining in their respective regular season schedules.
The Huskies return to action this coming Friday and Saturday, when they travel to Vancouver to take on the University of British Columbia Thunderbirds (9-8-3).
Brooklyn Haubrich had the Huskies lone goal in Calgary on Saturday.
The University of Saskatchewan Huskies women’s hockey team dropped an overtime heartbreaker in Calgary on Saturday night.
The Huskies, who are rated sixth in the Canada West top ten rankings, fell 2-1 to the host University of Calgary Dinos at the Father David Bauer Arena despite holding a 31-20 edge in shots on goal.
The Dinos jumped out in front 1-0, when defender Stephanie Zvonkovic scored on the power play at the 7:50 mark of the opening frame. The Huskies evened things up at 1-1, when rookie winger Brooklyn Haubrich scored with 3:45 to play in the third period.
At the 3:07 mark of overtime, Russian import Sasha Vafina scored the winner for the Dinos shortly after getting out of the penalty box having served a minor infraction for body checking.
Cassidy Hendricks turned away 18 shots taking the overtime loss in goal for the Huskies. Hayley Dowling stopped 30 shots to earn the win in goal for the Dinos.
With the overtime setback, the Huskies record moves to 11-6-3, which is good for fourth overall in the very tight Canada West standings. The Dinos, who have won three straight, still sit last in the eight-team Canada West Conference, but they improve to 6-10-4.
The Huskies return home this coming Friday and Saturday, when they host the University of British Columbia Thunderbirds (12-6-2) at 7 p.m. on both nights at the Rutherford Rink.
The Huskies celebrate an overtime winning goal.
Lady Luck was on the side of the University of Saskatchewan Huskies men’s hockey team.
For a short time, it appeared the Huskies would fall victim to a comeback by the visiting University of Calgary Dinos on Friday night at the ancient Rutherford Rink. The Dogs led 3-1 after two periods of play only to see the Dinos rally back to force overtime after tying things up 3-3.
After a scoreless five minute four-on-four overtime period, the Huskies received a huge break during the five-minute three-on-three session that followed. Sophomore Huskies forward Michael Sofillas fed the puck to linemate John Lawrence who proceeded to break towards the Dinos net for a scoring chance.
Lawrence’s initial shot was stopped, but Dinos forward Elgin Pearce accidentally knocked the puck into his own goal while attempting to sweep it out of harm’s way.
The Huskies themselves looked stunned for a moment before realizing they had pulled out a 4-3 victory at the 1:53 mark of the second overtime frame. The home side’s bench proceeded to empty out for a victory celebration in the offensive zone, while the crowd at Rutherford gave one of their loudest ovations of the season.
For a while, it appeared the Huskies wouldn’t need any overtime goals to extend their current winning streak to four games. After playing through a scoreless opening 20 minutes, the Huskies drew first blood, when sophomore forward Cameron Blair sniped a shot past Dinos goaltender Steven Stanford to give the hosts a 1-0 edge.
John Lawrence picked up the Huskies OT winning goal.
The Dinos tied things up at 1-1 just three minutes later, when Spencer Edwards potted a goal from in close off a scramble type situation.
The Huskies jumped back out front 2-1 working on a power play, when Michael Sofillas slipped home his fourth goal of the season.
Before the second period ended, Huskies centre Sean Aschim stole the puck from a Dinos defenceman in the University of Calgary zone and immediately fed a pass to his linemate Matthew Spafford, who was alone in front of the goal. The fifth-year forward wasted little time in tucking home his second tally of the campaign to put the Huskies up 3-1.
While play though the first 40 minutes was fairly even, the Dinos came with a huge push back in the third period outshooting the Huskies 12-5. At the 5:55 mark, Dinos rookie forward Mitch Cook picked up his first goal of his Canadian Interuniversity sport regular season career to cut the gap to 3-2.
With 29 seconds remaining in the third, Dinos fourth-year forward Dylan Walchuk deflected home a point shot from defenceman Drydn Dow to force a 3-3 tie. The Huskies protested that Walchuk’s goal was knocked home with a high stick, but the officials ruled the goal was good.
The Dinos carried play in the first overtime period recording the only five shots on goal in the frame.
The Huskies lone shot on goal in the second overtime period eventually led to Pearce’s accidental own goal.
Jordon Cooke made 35 saves to earn the win in goal for the Huskies (16-3), who are ranked third in the CIS top ten rankings. Stanford, who is a graduate of the WHL's Saskatoon Blades, turned away 19 shots in goal for the Dinos (7-8-4).
The Huskies and Dinos will go at it again on Saturday at 7 p.m. at the Rutherford Rink.
Iya Gavrilova had a goal and two assists for the Dinos on Friday night.
Iya Gavrilova and Sasha Vafina came through when the University of Calgary Dinos women’s hockey team needed them the most.
The two members of Russian’s 2014 Olympic team combined for three goals and two assists to push the Dinos past the visiting University of Saskatchewan Huskies 4-2 at the Father David Bauer Arena in Calgary.
Gavrilova, who has two assists, netted the winner at the 12:59 mark of the third period, which broke a 2-2 tie. Vafina scored twice, while Stephanie Zvonkovic had the Dinos other tally.
Feisty forward Marley Ervine and Lauren Zary replied with singles for the Huskies.
Hayley Dowling made 24 saves to earn the win in goal for the Dinos. Jerrica Waltz turned away 21 shots to take the loss in goal for the Huskies.
The Huskies, who are rated sixth in the CIS top ten rankings, fell to 11-6-2. The Dinos improved to 5-10-4, but they still sit last in the eight team Canada West Conference.
Both squads go at it again on Saturday in Calgary.
The Rush's Crush Dance Team has been very visible in Saskatoon.
If you live in Saskatoon, it almost seems impossible to escape the hype surrounding the Saskatchewan Rush.
On Friday, the province’s National Lacrosse League team opens its much anticipated home schedule hosting the Vancouver Stealth at 7:30 p.m. at the SaskTel Centre. That SaskTel Centre will be the place to be on Friday night. The anticipation level was upped a few notches when the Rush posted a thrilling 10-8 comeback victory over the Roughnecks in Calgary on Jan. 2.
The Rush enter the current NLL campaign as defending league champions having won the Champion’s Cup last season in Edmonton. After spending 10 seasons in the Alberta capital, the Rush were forced to relocate after they were unable to secure a home venue.
As the NLL is a well-established league, people in Saskatoon have been jumping on the bandwagon to support a club that has the makings to be a league power for some time. After the club opened its business office on 2nd Avenue South across from Midtown Plaza, more and more residents have been spotted around “The Bridge City” sporting Rush gear. The excitement over the team is also trickling throughout the province.
After seeing their season opener broadcast on TSN, it looks like the Rush will be a whole lot of fun to watch. It really seems like the hype is warranted.
Actually, the Rush has a huge opportunity to really build a fan base rapidly in Saskatchewan. Out of the club’s 18 regular season games, it is possible to view 13 of them, if you attend all nine home games and the four road contests that are shown on TSN. If the Rush repeat their accomplishments of a season ago, their players will become household names.
If all goes well, TSN might be showing post-season games from the SaskTel Centre.
For now, feel free to enjoy the fact that the hype is likely very real. Allow yourself to enjoy the Rush.
The Huskies celebrate a goal at the Rutherford Rink.
While the Rush have a lot of hype, a well-established local team that dates back to 1910 is having a pretty good season to say the least.
The University of Saskatchewan Huskies men’s hockey team has been Saskatoon’s most exciting hockey club this season, and the Dogs have reclaimed a spot as one of the premier teams in Canadian Interuniversity Sport. After posting an uncharacteristic 10-15-3 last season, the Huskies top the Canada West standings with a 15-3 mark so far this season.
With an infusion of a number of talented young forwards, the Huskies have returned to playing a real up tempo style this season that has been fun to watch. Everyone has been chipping in too, as 10 players have 10 or more points so far in the current campaign.
The dynamic rookie line of Kohl Bauml, Levi Cable and Andrew Johnson are first, second and third respectively in team scoring. Bauml has five goals and 13 assists, Cable 11 goals and five helpers and Johnson has popped home eight goals and seven assists.
Defence was a strong spot for the Huskies last season, and that hasn’t changed with a veteran group including Zak Stebner, Kendall McFaull, Connor Cox, Jordan Fransoo and Jesse Forsberg leading the way.
Sophomore goalie Jordon Cooke, who is a graduate of the Western Hockey League’s Kelowna Rockets, has been spectacular recording a 13-3 record, a 2.43 goals against average, a .926 save percentage and one shutout. He has shown the ability to steal games, which helped him be named the Canadian Hockey League’s goalie of the year back in 2014.
Cooke has been overlooked for a serious professional shot due to the fact he stands only 5-foot-10, but there is no denying he has professional level talent.
The Huskies host the University of Calgary Dinos (7-8-3) on both Friday and Saturday night at 7 p.m. at the ancient Rutherford Rink. If you haven’t seen the Huskies men’s team play in a while, now would definitely be a good time to check out a game and get reacquainted with the team.
Saskatchewan residents received a reminder of how cruel the business of professional sports can be.
On Thursday, the CFL’s Saskatchewan Roughriders released beloved veterans John Chick and Weston Dressler, which caused immediate shock and dismay among “Rider Nation.” The move was made to give the club’s new management group - led by new head coach and general manager Chris Jones - more room to work with under the salary cap.
The moves caused the Roughriders to be the province’s biggest sporting news story on a cold day on Jan. 14. Actually, it is quite common for the Roughriders to be the biggest sports newsmakers on any given winter day.
Both are the perfect examples of players you want representing your team in the community. They are personable and friendly guys who are very approachable. While they are not from Saskatchewan originally, they are basically viewed as neighbours.
Their release is almost the equivalent of watching a close family member go work in a country far away.
Roughriders fans have experienced this same gut punches in the past, when the team released other popular stars that had reputations just like Chick’s and Dressler’s like Don Narcisse, Bobby Jurasin and Dan Farthing. All of those departures were emotionally hard to take. Unfortunately, that is the dark side of professional sports.
With that in mind, Chick was a key part of the Grey Cup championship teams in 2007 and 2013, and Dressler also earned a Grey Cup ring in 2013. Both will be future member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, and they will always be Roughriders legends.
Wyatt Nelson-Zook, left, hangs with his father Gerry Nelson.
One of my big recent thrills was getting the opportunity to write a long feature story Canadian blind golf champion Gerry Nelson for the Saskatoon Express.
The 52-year-old Saskatoon resident lost his sight due to complications from diabetes at the age of 25. From that huge setback, Nelson built as storied career as a blind golfer.
When you get the chance to sit down and visit with Nelson, he can captivate you with the vast amount of stories he can tell like the late great iconic CFL head coach and general manager Cal Murphy could.
Nelson can often be found at the SaskTel Centre as a regular in the crowd at Saskatoon Blades WHL games along with his 12-year-old son Wyatt Nelson-Zook. Wyatt gives his father the play-by-play of the contest.
Gerry Nelson’s amazing story can be found right here.
Lauren Zary breaks into the offensive zone on a rush for the Huskies.
For the majority of her post-secondary hockey career, it seemed like a dark cloud hung over Lauren Zary in the offensive zone.
Basically, if she didn’t have bad luck, she would have no luck at all. The speedy forward’s work ethic could never be questioned, but the on ice drive often didn’t result in points on the scoresheet.
In four seasons of midget AAA hockey from 2008 to 2012, Zary built a storied career with her hometown Saskatoon Stars. She piled up 44 goals and 82 assists in 103 career regular season games.
Her shining moment came in the championship contest of 2011 Mac’s Tournament, when she recorded two goals and two assists to help the Stars claim the tournament title with a 4-2 victory over the Edmonton Thunder. That victory marked the first time the Stars captured the prestigious Mac’s title.
After graduating from the Stars and completing her high school studies at Centennial Collegiate, Zary packed up for Providence, Rhode Island, to play for the Brown University Bears women’s team in the Division I ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the fall of 2012. In two seasons at Brown, Zary notched just two assists in 26 games and seemingly skated away from hockey.
Returning home to Saskatoon, she enrolled in engineering at the University of Saskatchewan in the fall of 2014 and decided to resume her hockey career with the Huskies women’s team, who were coming off winning their first Canada West conference championship. Thanks to a then recently introduced Canadian Interuniversity Sport eligibility repatriation rule, Zary could join the Huskies without have to sit out for an entire season.
Lauren Zary (#13) battles on a draw for the Huskies.
As an added bonus, the Huskies also contained a few of her former Stars teammates.
During the 2014-15 campaign, Zary, who made the dean’s honour roll, started to become a bit of a factor in the offensive zone picking up six goals and eight assists in 28 regular season games. This season, she had two goals and five assists in the 16 games the Huskies played before the Christmas break.
When the Huskies opened their second semester schedule on the weekend, Zary had a breakthrough offensively helping her squad sweep a pair of games against the visiting University of Lethbridge Pronghorns at the ancient Rutherford Rink.
On Friday night, Zary, who stands 5-foot-5, had a goal and an assist to help the Huskies double up the Pronghorns 4-2. Kori Herner, Marley Ervine and Kaitlin Willoughby had singles for the Huskies, while Cassidy Hendricks made 24 saves to earn the win in goal.
Brett Campbell and Lauren Fredrich responded with singles for the Pronghorns, while Alicia Anderson turned away 29 of 32 shots in the U of L net.
On Saturday night, Zary again had a goal and an assist to help the Huskies slip past the Pronghorns 4-3. Her helper came on the Huskies first goal, which saw Willoughby wire a shot off the post and in. In the contest’s third period, Zary scored on the power play, when she flipped a shot past Pronghorns netminder Jessica Lohues.
Lauren Zary, right, celebrates her goal Saturday with her teammates.
Rachel Johnson and Herner each had singles in Saturday’s win. Jerrica Waltz started in goal for the U of S and stopped 11 of 13 shots over two periods of action. Hendricks started the third period for the Huskies, who were locked in a 2-2 tie with the Pronghorns at that time. She turned away six of seven shots fired her way to pick up the win in goal.
Jocelyn Sabourin, Tricia Van Vaerenbergh and Chelsea Kasprick replied with singles for the Pronghorns, who fell to 8-9-1. Lohues stopped 30 shots to take the loss in the U of L net.
With the wins, the Huskies, who are rated seventh in the CIS top ten rankings, improve to 11-5-2 to sit second in the Canada West conference. In the congested Canada West women’s standings, the Huskies are just two points back of the University of Alberta Pandas for first place, but are only six points ahead of the Mount Royal University Cougars, who sit sixth overall.
The Huskies return to action this coming Friday, when they take on the University of Calgary Dinos (4-10-4) in Calgary.
For the moment, Zary seems to have found a comfort zone playing on a line with Willoughby and one of her former Stars teammates in Ervine. If Zary can remain a factor offensively, the Huskies chances of finishing near the top of the Canada West standings will increase greatly.
Zary’s work ethic on the ice and in the classroom will always be there. It would be nice if an extended run of good luck would come her way too.
John Lawrence fights for a faceoff for the Huskies.
The University of Saskatchewan Huskies men’s hockey team looks intent on proving their impressive results before the Christmas break were no fluke.
The Huskies, who are rated fourth in the CIS top ten rankings, opened the second semester by traveling to Lethbridge to sweep a series with the University of Lethbridge Pronghorns. The wins allowed the Huskies, who are 9-0 on the road, to improve their Canada West leading record to 15-3. They sit five points up on the second place University of Alberta Golden Bears, who were swept away by the University of Manitoba Bisons in Winnipeg.
In Lethbridge on Friday night, the Huskies slipped past the Pronghorns 3-1. Rookie Levi Cable, John Lawrence and Jesse Ross netted singles for the Huskies, while Jordon Cooke made 37 stops to earn the win in goal. Jay Merkley replied for the Pronghorns, while cancer survivor Dylan Tait turned away 39 of 41 shots to earn the win in goal.
On Saturday night, the Huskies found another gear storming out to a 3-0 lead in the first period and cruising to a 7-2 victory. Lawrence and fifth-year defenceman Zak Stebner both had a pair of goals for the Huskies, while Kohl Bauml, Jesse Forsberg and Logan McVeigh each had singles. Cooke turned away 24 shots to pick up another victory in net.
Zane Jones and Tim Campbell replied with singles for the Pronghorns. Tait turned away 13 of 16 shot before being pulled at the 14:07 mark of the opening frame. Warren Shymko stopped 23 of 27 shots in relief.
The Pronghorns have lost six in a row to fall to 6-11-1.
The Huskie return to action this coming Friday, when they host the University of Calgary Dinos (7-8-3) at 7 p.m. at the Rutherford Rink.
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2019-04-20T18:14:16Z
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http://stankssermon.blogspot.com/2016/01/
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1. This Ruling applies to recipients of government payments to industry to assist the recipient to continue, commence or cease business. The Ruling does not apply to those exempt entities specified in section 11-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997). Unless otherwise stated, all legislative references in this Ruling are to the ITAA 1997.
2. The class of schemes to which this Ruling applies are bounties, subsidies, grants and rebates paid or funded by the Commonwealth or a State, Territory or local government, or government agency.
undertake research and development activities.
to assist with the purchase of a depreciating asset.
to reimburse a recipient for the loss or reduction in value of depreciating assets.
6. Although this Ruling does not deal with CGT issues, taxpayers should be aware that in those cases to which section 15-10 does not apply (for example, because a payment is received for ending a business) there will usually be CGT consequences. In a case where CGT event A1 applies to the disposal of an asset, the GPI may form part of the capital proceeds for the event. In cases where a contractual or other right is created by the taxpayer entering into an agreement in return for the payment (for example - a GPI received for entering into a restraint of trade agreement), CGT event D1 will apply and the receipt will form part of the capital proceeds for the event. If the payment recoups expenditure forming one of the elements of the cost base, the cost base is taken never to have included the original expenditure, thus potentially increasing a future capital gain or decreasing a future capital loss; however, the payment will not itself give rise to a capital gain. The application of these provisions will depend on the particular facts, and since relatively small differences of fact may affect the outcome, taxpayers are advised, in these cases, to seek private rulings.
7. Section 118-20 applies to reduce any capital gain arising because of the receipt of a GPI to the extent that the payment also represents assessable income under any other provision of the income tax law.
8. Section 118-24 applies to disregard any capital gain or capital loss you make from a CGT event that is also a balancing adjustment event that happens to a depreciating asset or a section 73BA depreciating asset.
9. This Ruling replaces Taxation Determinations TD 92/170 and TD 98/28, which were withdrawn on and from the issue date of the draft version of this Ruling. To the extent that our views in those Determinations still apply, they have been incorporated in this Ruling.
10. A GPI to assist a business to continue operating, except where the payment is for agreeing to give up or sell part of the profit yielding structure, is included as assessable income of the recipient under section 6-5 or section 15-10.
11. A GPI to provide income support because of an actual or expected reduction in business income is ordinary income in the hands of the recipient and assessable under section 6-5 in the income year in which it is derived.
12. A GPI to assist with business operating costs or liabilities is ordinary income in the hands of the recipient and is assessable under section 6-5 in the income year in which it is derived.
13. A GPI to reimburse, assist with, or directly pay on behalf of the recipient, the costs of obtaining legal, business, accounting, financial or other professional advice in the ordinary course of business will be on revenue account. The reimbursement, or amount of assistance or direct payment on behalf of the recipient, is ordinary income and assessable under section 6-5 in the income year in which it is derived.
14. A GPI for loss of profits because of government policy or industry restructure is assessable under section 6-5 in the income year in which it is derived. This includes where loss of profit is calculated with regard to factors that are not readily identifiable with the reason for the payment (for example, if calculated by an anticipated or estimated loss or diminution in value of plant or equipment).
15. A GPI to evaluate current business operations in relation to expanding a recipient's business is a receipt arising as a product or incident of carrying on the business. The GPI is ordinary income and assessable under section 6-5 in the income year in which it is derived.
is assessable under section 15-10 in the income year in which it is received.
satisfies the test in paragraph 15-10(a) that a bounty or subsidy be received 'in relation to carrying on a business'.
18. A GPI to reimburse, assist with, or directly pay on behalf of the recipient, the costs of obtaining legal, business, accounting, financial or other professional advice that are not in the ordinary course of business will not be on revenue account. A reimbursement, or amount of assistance or direct payment on behalf of the recipient, that is not on revenue account but is a bounty or subsidy in relation to carrying on the business is assessable under section 15-10 in the income year in which it is received or paid directly to the supplier on behalf of the recipient.
19. A GPI received to acquire or construct an asset or assist with the capital costs of restructuring, that is an activity in relation to carrying on a business, is assessable income under section 15-10.
20. A GPI received for agreeing to give up, or sell, part of the profit yielding structure of a business is not received in relation to carrying on a business for the purposes of section 15-10.
21. To the extent the GPI is assessable as ordinary income or under section 15-10, it is not included in the termination value of a depreciating asset, nor will it be an assessable recoupment under Subdivision 20-A.
22. Financial assistance provided by government by way of a loan provided at a concessional rate of interest is not a GPI. The difference between the normal market rate of interest and the concessional rate of interest is also not a GPI.
23. Government financial assistance to business is sometimes provided on terms where the amount must be repaid unless the recipient meets agreed conditions within a specified period. The grant becomes unconditional when the recipient satisfies the required conditions of the agreement with the funding authority. It is at this time that a GPI is taken to be received, not at the time the conditional grant was paid.
24. An assessable GPI that is an advance payment is derived by the recipient to the extent that the recipient has done everything necessary to be entitled to retain the amount received. An overpaid amount to which the recipient is not entitled and that must be repaid is not derived by the recipient.
25. Any amount of a GPI that must be repaid in a later year for which the recipient is not able to claim a deduction is not assessable income and not exempt income under section 59-30.
26. Government payments to industry to commence or cease a business are not assessable as ordinary income of the recipient under section 6-5 or as a bounty or subsidy in relation to carrying on a business under section 15-10. However, the GPI may give rise to an assessable recoupment under Subdivision 20-A.
27. A GPI received to assist the recipient to commence business with the purchase of a depreciating asset, the cost of which is deductible under Division 40, is assessable income under the assessable recoupment provisions in Subdivision 20-A.
28. A GPI received to commence or cease business, which reimburses the cost of professional taxation advice deductible under section 25-5, is assessable income under the assessable recoupment provisions in Subdivision 20-A.
29. A GPI received to reimburse costs of finalising business operations deductible under section 40-880, is assessable under the assessable recoupment provisions in Subdivision 20-A.
30. Although a payment may be made in relation to a depreciating asset its proper character may relate to carrying on a business and therefore assessable under section 15-10. Where it is assessable under section 15-10, the payment is not taken into account in working out a balancing adjustment for the asset as provided for under Subdivision 40-D.
33. The farm that a primary producer uses for primary production activities is in an area that is experiencing drought conditions. The Federal Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry on advice from the National Rural Advisory Council declares the area to be one of exceptional circumstances. The primary producer obtains an exceptional circumstances certificate from their State Rural Adjustment Authority and applies to Centrelink for an exceptional circumstances relief payment. The claim is approved and the primary producer begins to receive a fortnightly exceptional circumstances relief payment at the same rate as the Newstart Allowance.
34. The purpose of the exceptional circumstances relief payment is to provide income support. It supplements the income of the primary producer to the same level of income provided by the social security system. The payment is regular, expected and able to be relied on by the primary producer. The payment replaces the primary producer's income until the conditions for the payment are no longer satisfied. These characteristics support the conclusion that the payment is ordinary income. The primary producer is assessable on this payment as ordinary income under section 6-5 in the income year that it is derived.
35. A business operator is eligible to apply for a government annual allowance to assist it with the higher costs of carrying on business in a remote area. The business operator applies for the allowance, submitting details of the location of its operating premises, the number of services supplied to the community, the type of services provided and the annual income of the business.
36. The allowance is calculated with reference to the isolation of the business, the number of services it provides and the existing business income. The business operator can use the payment in any aspect of its business operations. The payment has a real connection to the business and is an ordinary incident of the business operations. The calculation of the allowance with reference to business turnover (for example, the number of services provided) and the intention for the amount to be used to meet ongoing operating costs of the business indicate that the payment is income in nature. The allowance is ordinary income and is assessable under section 6-5 in the income year that it is derived.
37. A business is eligible to apply for a government payment to assist with the initial cost to the business of employing an apprentice. A payment to an employer as a financial incentive to take on an apprentice or continue to employ an apprentice is received in the ordinary course of business. As such, it is ordinary income and assessable under section 6-5.
38. An entity that is a wine producer sells wine to a wholesaler. The entity has a liability to pay wine equalisation tax (WET) at the nominated rate on sales to the wholesaler and qualifies for the WET producer rebate to offset its WET liability.
39. The entitlement to the WET producer rebate is a result of the sales made by the business as part of its normal operations. The rebate is calculated with reference to the value of sales (excluding WET and GST liability). The rebate is received in the ordinary course of the entity's wine distribution activities. It is received to offset the liability that arises because of business operations and is calculated with reference to business income. The rebate is ordinary income and is assessable under section 6-5 in the income year that it is received.
a reimbursement of up to $10,000 for the costs incurred in installing the depreciating asset/s.
41. Apart from the reimbursement amount the payment received is an undissected amount made for multiple claims and is not capable of being separated into assessable and non assessable components. The nature of the payment is determined by examining the character of the lump sum payment in the hands of the recipient.
42. The payment is not a normal incident of the recipient's business, nor is it paid for a purpose for which the business is carried on. The undissected amount is for the sterilisation of the existing depreciating assets and updating to new depreciating assets. The amount is a capital receipt as it is for the sterilisation of the depreciating asset/s and the enduring benefit of the new depreciating asset/s. The reimbursement amount is also a capital receipt for the same reason.
43. The total amount of the payment, comprising the undissected amount and the reimbursement amount, is given as financial assistance to the business to use depreciating assets that are less polluting. The payment is a bounty or subsidy being financial assistance given to assist the business.
44. The words 'received in relation to carrying on a business' in section 15-10 require a relationship between the payment and the carrying on of the business. The payment is received by the business for replacing assets used in the manufacturing operations of the business. The assets are connected directly to the operations of the business. As such, the payment is received in relation to carrying on the business.
45. The payment is a bounty or subsidy, is received in relation to carrying on a business and is not assessable as ordinary income under section 6-5. Therefore, the payment is assessable income under section 15-10.
46. The taxpayer operates a business that may experience significant negative impacts as a consequence of a government proposal to restrict an industry. The government is offering assistance to eligible businesses through a restructure package. The taxpayer incurs costs in seeking financial, business planning and legal advice to decide whether to apply for government assistance. The taxpayer applies for, and receives, a payment of $1,000 to partially reimburse the cost of seeking that advice.
47. In considering whether the payment is income it is necessary to examine the relationship between the payment and the business activities of the recipient.
48. The purpose of the payment is to assist the recipient with the costs of seeking advice to assess the impact of industry restructure on the trading operations. It is considered that the payment is given for a purpose that is part of the recipient's normal business operations. Accordingly, it is considered the payment is income according to ordinary concepts and is included in the taxpayer's assessable income under subsection 6-5(1) in the income year in which it is derived.
49. A company that develops pharmaceutical products intends to expand its research and development for products used in medical procedures. The company makes an application to Aus Industry for a federally funded Commercial Ready Grant to assist with the research and development costs. The application is considered and approved by the Industry Research and Development Board which administers the Industry Research and Development Act 1986. The company enters into a Commercial Ready Deed of Agreement with Aus Industry and receives a grant of $1 million.
50. The Commercial Ready Grant is provided specifically for research and development which the company, as a developer of pharmaceutical products, already carries out. The payment is connected to the existing activities of the company and is of a type that a company in the industry would expect to receive. The Commercial Ready Grant for research and development is received in the company's ordinary course of business and is ordinary income. The payment is assessable under section 6-5 in the income year in which it is derived.
51. Due to a new environmental initiative a business operator is required to restructure their business and purchase new depreciating assets. The business purchases new plant costing $12,000. Under the government environmental incentive scheme, the business can apply for a reimbursement of this amount up to $10,000. The business applies for, and receives, a lump sum payment of $10,000.
52. The payment of $10,000 is not derived in the ordinary course of carrying on the business and is not considered to be ordinary income.
53. The payment is a bounty or subsidy, being an amount of financial aid from government to help the business meet the new operating requirements put in place by the government's new policy. The restructuring involves the update of the processing operations of the business. The restructure is connected directly to the operations of the business and considered to be in relation to carrying on the business.
54. The payment is a bounty or subsidy, which is not assessable as ordinary income under section 6-5, and is received in relation to carrying on the business. Therefore it is assessable under section 15-10 in the income year in which it is received.
55. As part of an industry restructure the government offers a GPI to entities to encourage them to consider carrying on a business in another industry. The GPI reimburses the entity for the cost of up to $1,000 for market research, feasibility studies or preparation of a business plan for operation in another industry. The GPI is paid to the applicant upon presentation of the receipt for the goods and services or is paid on behalf of the applicant directly to the supplier of the services.
56. As the GPI is preliminary to a business being established it is not a receipt ordinarily received in the normal course of trade, or for which business is being carried on. The GPI is not ordinary income and is not assessable under section 6-5.
57. The GPI is to assist the recipient to consider a new business opportunity and is preliminary to the business being established. Therefore it is not received in relation to carrying on a business and is not assessable under section 15-10. However, the recipient of the GPI will need to consider whether there are any CGT consequences (see paragraph 6 of this Ruling).
58. An entity in the fishery industry carries out separate wholesaling and processing activities. As part of an industry restructure, exit assistance is offered to businesses where the restructure will adversely affect and render unviable a distinct part of the business operations. The entity's processing activities will be adversely affected and no longer be viable. The entity ceases its processing activities and receives an exit payment under the terms of the government grant.
59. The payment is not a normal incident of the recipient's business, nor is it paid for a purpose for which the business was carried on. The payment is for the surrender of part of the profit earning structure. It takes on the nature of the item it replaces and is a capital receipt. The receipt of the payment is capital in nature and is not assessable as ordinary income under section 6-5.
60. The words 'received in relation to carrying on a business' require a relationship between the payment and the carrying on of the business. The payment is not received in relation to carrying on a business as the payment is for giving up part of the profit making structure of the business - the processing activities. As such, the payment is not received in relation to carrying on the business and is not assessable under section 15-10. However, the recipient of the GPI will need to consider whether there are any CGT consequences (see paragraph 6 of this Ruling).
61. A business in the timber industry carries out logging and milling activities in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. Each of these locations operates as a separate operation independent of the other location/s. As a result of changes to the timber industry the operations in Victoria are now unviable and the operations will cease. The business receives exit assistance in regards to ceasing their Victorian operations.
62. The payment is not a normal incident of the recipient's business, nor is it paid for a purpose for which the business was carried on. The payment is for the surrender of the profit earning structure. It takes the nature of the item it replaces and is a capital receipt. The receipt of the payment is capital in nature and is not assessable as ordinary income under section 6-5.
63. The words 'received in relation to carrying on a business' requires a relationship between the payment and carrying on the business. The payment is not received in relation to carrying on a business as the payment is for giving up part of the profit earning structure of the business - the Victorian operation. The payment is not received in relation to carrying on the business and is not assessable under section 15-10. However, the recipient of the GPI will need to consider whether there are any CGT consequences (see paragraph 6 of this Ruling).
64. A doctor in a small inner city family medical practice decides to apply for relocation assistance under the state government relocation programme for medical practitioners. Under this programme, qualifying medical practitioners can apply for a reimbursement of the costs of relocating to a new or expanded medical practice in a country region. The programme also offers reimbursement of the costs of seeking advice about the relocation, and certain of the capital costs of finalising the existing medical practice.
65. The doctor is accepted for inclusion within the programme after providing a proposal to join a small medical practice in a remote area of the state. He applies for a payment under the programme, and receives a percentage of his costs.
66. The amount received for relocating the medical practice to a country region (in contrast to making the city practice bigger or more efficient) is capital in nature and is not received in relation to carrying on a business. Therefore, the amount is not assessable as ordinary income under section 6-5 or assessable as income under section 15-10. However any amount which is a reimbursement of certain deductible expenses, for example capital costs deductible under section 40-880 for ending a practice, is an assessable recoupment under Subdivision 20-A. The recipient of the GPI will need to consider whether there are any CGT consequences (see paragraph 6 of this Ruling).
67. Due to an industry restructure, an entity's profit yielding structure is significantly reduced requiring it to cease carrying on part of its business activity. It receives a GPI which is calculated having regard to the estimated loss in value of some items of depreciating assets. The loss in value was assessed by estimating the difference between the value within the business as a going concern and the salvage or auction value as a consequence of ceasing that part of the business in which the items were used. Even though the entity stops carrying on part of its business, it does not dispose of the items but continues to use them in other parts of its business.
68. The payment is not ordinary income as it relates to the change in the income earning structure due to ending part of the business operations.
69. The payment is of a capital nature but is not received in relation to carrying on a business. The payment is not directed at the income earning activity of the business but is for agreeing to end part of the business.
70. The entity retains and continues to use the assets, which continue to decline in value for the purposes of the capital allowance provisions of Division 40. As no balancing adjustment event for the assets occurs, the payment is not taken into account in working out a balancing adjustment for any of the assets as provided for under Subdivision 40-D.
71. The amount received by the entity was paid for its agreement to cease carrying on a part of its business which resulted in a loss in value of the depreciating assets considered to be surplus. The payment was not made in respect of any outgoing the entity may have incurred on the assets, such as their purchase cost. Accordingly, the amount received was not paid for an existent loss or outgoing for any of the entity's assets. The amount received is not an assessable recoupment of a loss or outgoing under Subdivision 20-A. However, the recipient of the GPI will need to consider whether there are any CGT consequences (see paragraph 6 of this Ruling).
72. Alternatively the business operator in the previous scenario may no longer have any use for the assets and only intends to hold the assets in storage until they can be satisfactorily auctioned. He never intends to use them again.
73. This change in circumstances and intention means that a balancing adjustment event (paragraph 40-295(1)(b)) has occurred for each depreciating asset.
74. The termination value is the market value of the assets when the business operator stops using the assets (as specified under item 1 in the termination value table in subsection 40-300(2)). The GPI is not used in the working out of termination value.
75. The termination value (market value) is used to work out the balancing adjustment. The calculation of any balancing adjustment income (subsection 40-285(1)), or any balancing adjustment deduction (subsection 40-285(2)), is not affected by the receipt of the government payment.
76. Some time after the business ceases the business operator auctions the depreciating assets. On disposal of the assets by auction, a separate balancing adjustment event occurs, and the termination value for the asset under this event will be the sale proceeds received from the auction. The cost of each of the depreciating assets is taken to be the previous termination value of the asset (item 3 in the table to subsection 40-180(2)).
77. The termination value and adjustable value will be used to work out the balancing adjustment under section 40-285.
78. A business operator has three licences that are part of the profit earning structure of his business. The government offers an incentive to businesses to end their operations in that industry. The business operator surrenders his three licences and decides to diversify into other business activities. The business operator receives a government payment for each licence surrendered.
79. The licences have the character of capital assets because they are part of the profit earning structure of the business of the taxpayer. The payment is capital in nature and is not ordinary income.
80. The payment for the surrender of the licences is a bounty or subsidy being a payment of government aid. However, the payment is not received in relation to carrying on the continuing business but for giving up the profit earning structure. This ends the business covered by the three licences.
81. Accordingly, the payment received by the business operator for the surrender of three licences is not assessable income under section 15-10 in the income year in which it is received. The recipient of the GPI will need to consider whether there are any CGT consequences (see paragraph 6 of this Ruling).
82. This Ruling applies to years of income commencing both before and after its date of issue. This Ruling does not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of the final Ruling.
except where the payment is for agreeing to give up or sell part of the profit yielding structure. If the GPI is not assessable under any of these provisions, the recipient will need to consider whether there are any CGT consequences.
income from carrying on a business.
86. A GPI that is ordinary income is assessable under subsection 6-5(1) in the income year of derivation.
87. The treatment of a GPI which is paid for unspecified aspects of a recipient's business activities will vary depending on the terms of the payment and the particular program under which the amount is paid.
90. McLaurin's case distinguishes between the case where an undissected payment is received for multiple claims and a dissected payment received in respect of several claims. In both the McLaurin and Allsop cases the High Court rejected the approach of the United Kingdom courts in dissecting amounts into assessable and non-assessable components.
91. Where the GPI is not assessable as ordinary income consideration needs to be given to whether section 15-10 applies.
not assessable as ordinary income under section 6-5.
93. Payments of financial assistance by government are commonly referred to as 'bounties', 'subsidies' or 'grants'. As 'bounty', 'subsidy' and 'grant' are not defined terms, the ordinary meaning of these terms applies.
97. Not all government grants are bounties or subsidies for the purposes of section 15-10. It is essential to determine what the grant is actually for. The question as to the nature and quality of any payment must be determined by reference to the agreement or the terms which created in the recipient the right to the government grant. Any factors used to calculate the amount of payment are of marginal, if any, assistance in determining what the payment is for.
98. Some legislation provides that payments are deemed to be a subsidy for the purposes of section 15-10. For example, a payment, such as an energy grant or a cleaner fuel grant, that is a 'grant' or 'benefit' under section 8 of the Products Grants and Benefits Administration Act 2000 (PGBAA 2000) is, under section 56 of the PGBAA 2000, taken to be a subsidy for the purposes of section 15-10. However, if such a payment is received as ordinary income, it is assessable under section 6-5 rather than section 15-10.
99. 'Business' is defined in section 995-1 as 'any profession, trade, employment, vocation or calling, but does not include occupation as an employee'. Taxation Ruling TR 97/11 provides further guidance on whether an activity carried on by a taxpayer amounts to a business.
102. A GPI received to acquire or construct an asset or assist with the capital costs of restructuring a business to improve the manufacturing, processing, distribution, administrative or other operations of a business is received in relation to carrying on a business. Similarly, a GPI received to assist with the capital costs of restructuring a business to assist that business to improve its overall efficiency is received in relation to carrying on a business. Some business restructures may not be in relation to carrying on a business, for example if a business changes its structure to facilitate a new activity, but this must be decided on the merits of each case.
106. A GPI on capital account for modifying or restricting the profit yielding structure of the business may be in relation to carrying on that business. However, a GPI that is received merely in relation to giving up or selling part of the profit yielding structure of the business is not.
108. The term 'derive' is defined in section 995-1(1) as having a meaning affected by subsection 6-5(4). Under subsection 6-5(4) a recipient is taken to have derived an amount as soon as it is applied or dealt with in any way on their behalf or as they direct. Therefore, if a grant is ordinary income and is paid on behalf of the recipient directly to a supplier in respect of an expense the recipient incurred, it is derived at the time it is so paid to the supplier.
109. If a grant would be assessable as statutory income apart from the fact that the recipient has not received it, the amount becomes assessable as soon as it is applied or dealt with in any way on the recipient's behalf or as directed by the recipient (subsection 6-10(3)). Therefore, if a grant would be assessable under section 15-10 and is paid on behalf of the recipient directly to a supplier in respect of an expense the recipient incurred, it becomes assessable to the recipient at the time it is so paid to the supplier.
113. The above passages were made in relation to subsection 25(1) of the ITAA 1936. However, section 6-5 expresses the same ideas as in subsection 25(1) of the ITAA 1936, and these passages can be accepted as having equal relevance to the operation of section 6-5: see subsection 1-3(2).
115. The closest authority to government funding by way of grant or subsidy is the decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) in Case U7. That case concerned a company which had applied for a grant from the Commonwealth under the former Industrial Research and Development Incentives Act 1976. It had received, at the discretion of the paying agency, an 'advance' of grant monies it would become entitled to on making certain expenditure on the agreed to research and development (R&D) activities. These monies were repayable if this expenditure was not made, or made for less than the amount prepaid.
116. The issue before the AAT was whether the company should be taxed on the whole of the grant monies received during that year, or only so much of it as had been directed towards the conduct of the R&D activities. The AAT referred to the decision in Arthur Murray and considered that there was a close analogy between the company's situation and that of a prepayment under a contract for future services, notwithstanding that the company was not held to be contracting to render future services to the Commonwealth. The AAT considered that the company in the year in question had not done all that was required of it to earn the full amount prepaid to it.
117. Neither a concessional loan, nor the difference between the normal market interest rate and a concessional rate of interest on loans provided by government, is a GPI. However, if the borrower is liable for the full interest charge but a proportion of the full interest charge is provided or offset by government, the amount provided or offset is assessable. It is up to the parties to an agreement to determine the interest rate charged. A lower than market rate of interest is not a GPI because it is not a payment. It may give rise to a non-cash business benefit but, to the extent the loan is used in the business, the otherwise deductible rule will apply (see paragraphs 125 to 127 of this Ruling).
118. Conditional grants made by government that are convertible to a grant after a specified period or on attainment of milestones and subject to agreed performance criteria are not in themselves a GPI at the time they are received.
119. Where a recipient satisfies the terms of a conditional grant and is entitled to have the conditional grant converted to a grant, a GPI has been earned in the income year of conversion to the extent that the amount is no longer conditional or subject to repayment. Depending on the terms of the agreement, this might be at different points during the period. If the grant is assessable as ordinary income the amount is included as assessable income in the year in which it is derived (subsection 6-5(2)).
120. A GPI that is an advance payment of ordinary income based on an estimate of a recipient's entitlement, with the condition that any over payment must be repaid once the actual entitlement is determined, is only derived to the extent that the recipient is entitled to the amount received. Any over payment to which the recipient is not entitled and which must be repaid is not derived. Payments received in advance should be included in assessable income except to the extent of any amount that has clearly not been derived.
121. Where a recipient has an entitlement to claim additional amounts, those amounts will be derived in the income year in which the entitlement arises.
123. The amount which is not assessable and not exempt income does not include any amount of interest or penalty.
124. An assessable GPI that is derived from, or results from, carrying on a primary production business is primary production income. 'Assessable primary production income' for averaging primary producers' tax liability is defined in subsection 392-80(2) as 'basic assessable income for the current year that was derived from, or resulted from, your carrying on a primary production business'.
125. If a non-cash bounty or subsidy is assessable income under section 15-10, the amount to include in assessable income is the money value of the benefit.
126. Section 21 of the ITAA 1936 deems that the 'money value' of any consideration paid or given 'otherwise than in cash' is paid or given. Accordingly, the 'money value' of any benefit received through a government grant is deemed to have been paid to the recipient and, if applicable, is included as assessable income under section 15-10. As a general rule the Tax Office will accept a fair market value of the non-cash benefits.
127. If a non-cash bounty or subsidy is ordinary income derived by a business taxpayer, the amount assessable under section 6-5 is the arm's length value of the benefit. Subsection 21A(2) of the ITAA 1936 requires that non-cash business benefits that are income of a business taxpayer be included in assessable income at arm's length value, less any contribution made by the recipient. In determining the arm's length value of a business benefit that is not convertible to cash, any conditions that would prevent or restrict the conversion of the benefit to cash are disregarded. Subsection 21A(3) of the ITAA 1936 reduces the amount assessable if the recipient of the benefit would have been entitled to a once-only deduction if they had incurred the expenditure in respect of the benefit.
128. Government payments to industry to commence or cease business are not assessable as ordinary income under section 6-5 or as a bounty or subsidy in relation to carrying on a business under section 15-10. However, the GPI may be taken into account in determining whether there is an assessable recoupment under Subdivision 20-A. If the GPI is not assessable under any of these provisions, the recipient will need to consider whether there are any CGT consequences.
129. A GPI to assist with the cost of evaluating whether to commence a business, or to enable a business to commence are preliminary to establishing a business. As the GPI is preliminary to a business being established it is not ordinarily received in the normal course of trade, or a receipt for which business is being carried on. The GPI is not ordinary income and is not assessable under section 6-5.
130. A GPI that, in the hands of the recipient, is a payment for the ending of the business is capital in nature. These types of payments may relate to the capital assets of the business. Assets that are fundamental to the business operations are capital assets and part of the profit earning structure of the business. These capital assets could include contractual rights, licenses, logos, quotas, symbols and time allocations.
132. A GPI that reimburses the recipient for the cost of advice to finalise business obligations is not assessable as ordinary income under section 6-5. This type of payment is not received in the normal course of business operations.
133. A GPI to assist with the cost of evaluating whether to commence a business, or to enable a business to commence is preliminary to establishing a business. As the GPI is preliminary to a business being established it is not received in relation to carrying on the business and is not assessable under section 15-10.
134. A GPI for ending a business or for cancelling a contract which ends a business is a payment which relates to the cessation of the business. The GPI is not in relation to carrying on a business (refer to paragraphs 104 to 106 of this Ruling) and is not assessable under section 15-10.
135. A GPI that reimburses the recipient for the cost of advice to finalise business obligations is not assessable under section 15-10 as it does not relate to the carrying on of a business.
136. The assessable recoupment provisions in Subdivision 20-A need to be considered where a GPI is received as recoupment of certain deductible losses or outgoings and is not otherwise assessable. The provisions in Subdivision 20-A may apply even if the entity is not in business.
as recoupment (other than by way of insurance or indemnity) of a deductible loss or outgoing that is listed in the table in section 20-30.
The items listed in section 20-30 include deductions for bad debts, rates or taxes, research and development activity expenditure, tax related expenses and capital allowances.
138. For the purposes of Subdivision 20-A, recoupment of a loss or outgoing includes any kind of recoupment, reimbursement, recovery, refund, insurance or indemnity. It also includes a grant in respect of a loss or outgoing. In addition, you are taken to receive an amount as recoupment of a loss or outgoing if another entity pays the amount for you in respect of a loss or outgoing you incur.
139. A GPI paid to assist a new business with the purchase of a depreciating asset will not be assessable under section 6-5 as ordinary income as the GPI is capital in nature. The GPI will not be assessable under section 15-10 if it is received in relation to the commencement of a business.
140. The business will be able to claim deductions for the decline in value of the depreciating asset under the capital allowances provisions in Division 40. Capital allowances deductible under Division 40 is an item in the table of section 20-30. As such, to the extent that the GPI is a recoupment of the cost of the depreciating asset (for which capital allowance deductions are available for the decline in value), it is an assessable recoupment under Subdivision 20-A. The amount of assessable recoupment may be included over more than one income year, limited to the amount that can be deducted under Division 40.
141. A GPI paid to reimburse the cost of obtaining tax related advice to determine whether to commence a business will not be assessable under section 6-5 as ordinary income. It is not a receipt ordinarily received in the normal course of trade or a receipt for which business is being carried on. The GPI will not be assessable under section 15-10 as it is preliminary to a business being carried on.
142. A GPI paid to reimburse the cost of obtaining tax related advice to cease business will not be assessable under section 6-5 as ordinary income. It is in relation to cessation and not a receipt ordinarily received in the normal course of trade or a receipt for which business is being carried on. The GPI will not be assessable under section 15-10 as it is in relation to cessation.
143. Where the business can claim deductions for the cost of taxation advice under section 25-5, a recoupment of the cost of such tax related advice is an assessable recoupment under Subdivision 20-A. Section 25-5 is an item in the table of section 20-30.
144. Some costs involved in either accepting a GPI or finalising business obligations may be deductible under section 40-880, if they are costs to stop carrying on a business and there is no other provision which takes the expenditure into account or specifically denies a deduction.
145. A GPI received as reimbursement of such costs is not ordinary income, nor is it assessable under section 15-10 because it is received in relation to ending the business rather than carrying on the business. To the extent the GPI is a reimbursement of costs for which a deduction is available under section 40-880, it is an assessable recoupment under Subdivision 20-A. Capital allowances under Division 40 are listed in the table in section 20-30 as one of the deductions for which recoupments are assessable.
146. Where the amount of a GPI is calculated having regard to some effect on a depreciating asset but that asset continues to be held for current or future use, there is no balancing adjustment event. There is no need to work out a balancing adjustment for the asset as provided for under Subdivision 40-D (refer to Example 13 in paragraphs 67 to 71 of this Ruling).
147. Where a balancing adjustment event does occur, the recipient is required to work out a balancing adjustment for the asset under section 40-285. The application of these provisions will depend on the particular facts. If the GPI is not actually for the sale of the asset (for example, a sale to the government body) or for the loss or destruction of the asset, the amount of the payment is not used in the relevant balancing adjustment calculation. It is necessary to consider if the GPI in these circumstances, and similarly the GPI mentioned in paragraph 146 of this Ruling, is assessable income of the recipient under section 6-5 or section 15-10.
149. The balancing adjustment amount is the difference between the termination value of the depreciating asset and its adjustable value just before the event occurred. Where the termination value of the depreciating asset is less than its adjustable value just before the event occurred, the difference is allowed as a deduction. Where the termination value of the depreciating asset is greater than its adjustable value just before the event occurred, the difference is included in assessable income. In certain circumstances, the taxpayer may be able to reduce any assessable balancing adjustment by the cost of a replacement asset if the involuntary disposal rules in section 40-365 are satisfied.
154. 'Government' means the Commonwealth or a State, Territory or local government or government agency.
'Government payment to industry' means a payment by the government, or entity chosen by the government to administer government funds.
'Bounty' means a premium, reward or grant, especially one offered by a government.
'Business' is defined in section 995-1 and means any profession, trade, employment, vocation or calling, but does not include occupation as an employee.
'Depreciating asset' is as defined in subsection 40-30(1), in broad terms as an asset that has a limited effective life and can reasonably be expected to decline in value over the time it is used.
'Grant' means that which is granted, as a privilege or right, including a sum of money by government to encourage business.
'Payment' includes a grant, bounty, subsidy, rebate, or other benefit.
'Subsidy' means a direct pecuniary aid or grant furnished by a government to a private industrial undertaking, a cultural organisation, or the like.
Sections 6-20, 11-10 and 53-10.
The table in section 20-30 lists the deductions for which recoupments are assessable.
Scott v. FCT (1966) 117 CLR 514 per Windeyer J at 526, Hayes v. FCT (1956) 96 CLR 47 per Fullagar J at 55 and Federal Coke Co Pty Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (Federal Coke case) (1977) 34 FLR 375 at 402 per Brennan J.
MIM Holdings Ltd v. Commissioner of Taxation (MIM case) (1997) 363 FCA at 13 per Northrop, Hill and Cooper JJ and Federal Coke case (1977) 34 FLR 375 at 387 per Bowen J.
FCT v. Rowe (1997) 187 CLR 266 at 292 per Gaudron, Gummow and Kirby JJ, FCT v. Dixon (1952) 86 CLR 540 at 555 per Dixon CJ and Williams J and The Squatting Investment Co Ltd v. FCT (Squatting case)(1953) 86 CLR 570 at 627-628 per Kitto J.
GP International Pipecoaters Pty Ltd v. FCT (Pipecoaters case) (1990) 170 CLR 124 at 141 per Brennan, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ and First Provincial Building Society v. FC of T (First Provincial case) (1995) 56 FCR 320 at 325 per Hill J.
Hayes v. FCT (1956) 96 CLR 47 per Fullagar J at 55 and MIM case (1997) 363 FCA 13 per Northrop, Hill and Cooper JJ.
First Provincial case (1995) 56 FCR 320 at 325 per Hill J.
Pipecoaters case (1990)170 CLR 124 at 137 per Brennan, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh and MIM case (1997) 363 FCA 13 per Northrop, Hill and Cooper JJ.
Federal Coke case (1977) 15 ALR 449 at 459-60 per Bowen CJ and Californian Oil Products v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1934) 52 CLR 28 at 49 per Starke J.
Federal Coke case (1977) 34 FLR 375 at 401 per Brennan J.
Reckitt & Colman Pty Ltd v. FC of T (Reckitts case) (1974) 74 ATC 4185 at 4187 per Mahoney J.
MIM case (1997) 363 FCA at 13 per Northrop, Hill and Cooper JJ.
Hayes v. FCT (1956) 96 CLR 47 at 57-8 per Fullagar J and Reuter v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1992) 111 ALR 716 at 730 per Hill J.
Reckitts case (1974) 74 ATC 4185 at 4188 per Mahoney J.
Federal Commissioner of Taxation v.Myer Emporium Ltd (1987) 163 CLR 199 at 209-10 per Mason ACJ, Wilson, Brennan, Deane and Dawson JJ and Pipecoaters case (1990)170 CLR 124 at 138 per Brennan, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ. Refer to Commissioner's guidelines in TR 92/3.
MIM case (1997) 363 FCA 13 per Northrop, Hill and Cooper JJ.
Higgs (Inspector of Taxes) v. Oliver Ch 899, Dickenson v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (Dickensons case) (1958) 98 CLR 460 at 474-5 per Dixon CJ and MIM case (1997) 363 FCA 13 per Northrop, Hill and Cooper JJ.
Pipecoaters case (1990) 170 CLR 124 at 142 per Brennan, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ and Hayes v. FCT (1956) 96 CLR 47 at 54-56 per Fullagar J.
Glenboig Union Fireclay Co v. IRC (1922) 12 TC 427 at 463 per Lord Buckmaster.
Allied Mills Industries Pty Ltd v. Commissioner of Taxation (Allied Mills case) (1988) 20 FCR 288 at 299 per Gummow J.
Northumberland Development Co Pty Ltd v. FC of T 94 ATC 4717 at 4721.
McLaurin v. FC of T (1961) 104 CLR 381.
CGT event C2 section 104-25.
McLaurin's case (1961) 104 CLR 381.
Allsop v. FCT (1965) 113 CLR 341.
Macquarie Dictionary 2001 revised 3rd edition.
Placer Development Ltd v. Cth (1969) 121 CLR 353 at 373 per Windeyer J.
Macquarie Dictionary, 2001 revised 3rd edition.
Squatting case (1953) 86 CLR 570 at 613 per Webb J.
Reckitts case (1974) 74 ATC 4185 at 4191 per Mahoney J.
First Provincial case (1995) 56 FCR 320 at 333 per Hill J and Re Plant and Commissioner of Taxation AATA 1296 at 16, 22 and 23 per Muller DP.
First Provincial case (1995) 56 FCR 320 at 332 per Hill J.
See Re Plant and Commissioner of Taxation AATA 1296.
Reckitts case 74 ATC 4185 at 4192.
There are special rules for STS taxpayers who are accounting for ordinary income using the STS accounting method.
Brent v. FC of T (1971) 125 CLR 418.
Arthur Murray v. FC of T (1965) 114 CLR 314.
BHP Billiton Petroleum (Bass Strait) Pty Ltd & Anor v. FC of T FCAFC 433.
Arthur Murray case at 318.
Arthur Murray case at 319.
Refer to Commissioner's guidelines in TR 97/1.
A GPI that is repaid and is a loss or outgoing necessarily incurred in carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income (other than a loss or outgoing that is capital in nature, private or domestic in nature, incurred in relation to exempt income or prevented from deduction by a provision of the ITAA 1997 or ITAA 1936) is deductible under section 8-1.
Section 170(10AA) of the ITAA 1936 applies for the 2004-05 and later years of income. Section 170(10AB) of the ITAA 1936 applies for the 2003-04 year of income.
Refer to paragraph 8 of TR 97/11 for the Commissioner's view on activities that constitute primary production activities.
Refer to Dickenson case (1958) 98 CLR 460 at 483 and Allied Mills Industries v. FCT (1988) 89 ATC 4365 at 4371.
Item 8 in the table in subsection 40-300(2).
Item 1 in the table in subsection 40-300(2).
Item 2 in the table in subsection 40-300(2).
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2019-04-25T02:04:35Z
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https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=TXR/TR20063/NAT/ATO/00001&PiT=20060531000001
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"This is big, real big. Astronomers have dedicated a lifetime to discover 500 dead planets in outer space and for the first time in history, now we have hit the jackpot."
As humanity races headlong towards a rapid evolutionary shift, astounding events continue to unfold that are more frequently finding their way into mainstream news reports.
As if right on cue, nearly all of the major news outlets jumped on an amazing story recently of a revolutionary new scientific discovery out in the cosmos.
Mainstream scientists now are saying they have discovered a planet they are officially labeling as the new Earth! This major announcement would appear to be yet another astonishing admission signaling great changes on our own planet are imminent.
While some have described this planet as a new Earth, others are categorizing it as a planet similar to Earth's biosphere with all the same atmospheric and environmental conditions that would make it habitable by human beings. Astronomers are categorizing this planet as lying within a so-called "Goldilocks Zone," meaning it is not too hot and not to cold to support life.
For the time being, this planet has been simply named, "Gliese 581g", and is found in a galaxy about twenty light years, or about six trillion miles away from our home planet.
Scientists are speculating that this planet has region surface temperatures which potentially would allow the presence of liquid water.
Discovered by researchers from the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC) and the Carnegie Institution of Washington scientists have even gone so far to speculate that "many" Earth-like planets could exist in the universe!
–– First and foremost, the very fact that traditional scientists are saying this remote planet could sustain life now obliterates the utterly false notion that humanity is and always has been alone in the universe!
This kind of information, now officially endorsed by both mainstream science and media, indicates that a number of long held institutions are poised for impending revolutionary changes. The admission that life could exist on other planets could turn religion, science, social, political, technological, military, energy and economic structures completely upside down within the very near future.
–– This news could be yet another clear indication that the truth embargo locked down around the history of the Earth and the human race is about to be shattered into a million pieces.
For decades, the scientific community has lied about nearly everything of great importance to the people of the Earth. Yet, as we sit on the threshold of 2012 and with many big changes predicted for the year 2011, we can clearly see the paradigm is beginning to rapidly shift.
The universe is a vast and endless collection of galaxies, stars and planets. To even put forth the notion that we are alone in the entire universe has to be one of the most absurd ideas human beings have ever come up with and still believe in. Yet that has been the official word from our scientific community –– until now.
One person who wholeheartedly believes that the discovery of a new Earth is really important news is renowned astrophysicist, Professor Michio Kaku.
"This is big, real big. Astronomers have dedicated a lifetime to discover 500 dead planets in outer space and for the first time in history, now we have hit the jackpot," Dr. Kaku said in a recent interview on MSNBC.
"It would have theological, philosophical, biological implications, this discovery is a game changer. It could mean perhaps there could be billions of planets also out there with maybe microbial life or maybe intelligent life," Professor Kaku added.
–– The third point to consider is that we are now deep within the process of a total revision of our entire spiritual heritage and the stranglehold that religious institutions have held over humanity's metaphysical history is about to be permanently broken.
Four hundred years ago in 1592, the Dominican friar, Giordano Bruno, was burned at the stake by the Catholic Church for merely suggesting there could be intelligent life out in the universe.
After the persecution of Father Bruno, there was the deplorable case of Galileo Galilei, who in 1633 was convicted of heresy and placed under house arrest for life for theorizing that the Earth was not the center of the universe.
An apology to Galileo was issued centuries later during Pope John Paul II"s reign. But none has been forthcoming for Father Bruno, at least not publicly.
The Vatican has an absolutely shocking and horrific track record when it comes to embracing any kind of progressive thinking for humanity, specifically regarding the history of the human race. And their numerous attempts to cover up the truth has been duly recorded in the mainstream historical record.
These are just two examples of the long, long list of crimes by the Vatican that clearly show an institution hell bent upon enslaving humanity's evolution. In the early 1500's, the Catholic Church, along with the full participation of the King of Spain, (head of the Holy Roman Empire) and his Conquistador assassins (led by Hérnåndo Cortés), were the driving force behind the genocide of the Mayan race and the eradication of all their sacred calendars and culture.
After the Mayan race was nearly wiped off the face of the Earth, the Vatican and Pope Gregory XIII followed up with the brute force introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582. This act resulted in the further deaths hundreds of millions of indigenous people vehemently opposed to a new calendar system away from their own sacred calendars.
The Gregorian calendar has had catastrophic ramifications for the entire human race and significantly altered the evolution of human consciousness. We hardly ever consider our calendar system yet it has enslaved us within a prison of time and commerce in a life altering fashion.
Needless to say, it simply boggles the mind how the Catholic Church is able to this day, harbor any shred of respectability given their blatant and well documented crimes against humanity. And that is without mentioning the alleged vast treasure trove of sacred documents, technology, inventions, medicines and other benefits to mankind that lie beneath Vatican City in the over 60 miles of catacombs that make of the secret Vatican archives.
Yet, recent signs are indicating that the Vatican has begun the process of preparing their remaining followers for the unveiling of the existence of extra-terrestrial life. Over the last two years, various members in the Vatican establishment have been openly talking about aliens and the need to eventually accept them.
Are they to be trusted on the ET issue? Hardly, but their pronouncements are certainly worth monitoring carefully.
At the same time, we now know from numerous whistleblower testimonies, leaked documents, and the official release of UFO files from countries such as Denmark, England, Russia, France, Belgium, Ireland, Turkey, Brazil, Spain, South Africa, etc., that our own government has known about ET's since at least the 1940's. Perhaps even longer.
The other questions that immediately arise with this new Earth discovery is the curious timing of it all. Although it was first reported back in 2007, the scientific community seems almost insistent on making it even more relevant than ever before.
Improbable as it may sound, could this somehow be the new Earth forming in a 5th dimensional reality that many have foreseen? Obviously, as we live now within a 3rd dimensional existence, it would be impossible to even see a 5th dimensional Earth from our current vantage point.
But nonetheless, some reports oddly enough have stated that this planet is five times the size of our present Earth. That coincidence is worth noting too.
Therefore, is this discovery and subsequent announcement of this planet the long rumored new Earth as foretold in the Bible and by many other modern prophets and researchers such as David Wilcock, Dolores Cannon, Drunvalo Melchizedek, and Eckhart Tolle?
Or does it signal a paradigm shift away from the tried and true cover up of the existence of other life in the universe?
Those questions will be answered in due time but until then we can revel in the realization that the cracks in our false reality are rupturing and the truth is spilling out everywhere.
It is only a matter of time until we will finally possess a clear understanding that the universe is teeming with life. And always has been.
On the flip side of the coin, yet another possibility that absolutely must be considered with all this discussion about ET's coming out of the Vatican hierarchy, the new Earth discovery and the numerous other synchronistic events occurring, is that are we being set up for "playing the alien card."
This is a long planned scenario that has been lying in wait when the world's controllers are backed so far into a corner they will feel the need to rally the world in one last ditch effort to sustain their false paradigm.
And many insider reports are indicating we have arrived at that time.
This plan, rumored to be code named Project Blue Beam, involves staging a fake alien invasion of planet Earth with satellite hologram projections, or actual military/black ops craft, that would give the appearance that a real unilateral attack by some kind of hostile ET race is underway.
In theory, this event would unite the human race under one common cause to save the Earth from annihilation. President Ronald Reagan hinted at this possibility during a historic speech he gave first in 1985, and then again at the United Nations in 1987.
Before the United Nations General Assembly Reagan pronounced: ”In our obsession with antagonisms of the moment, we often forget how much unites all the members of humanity. Perhaps we need some outside, universal threat to make us recognize this common bond.
Those were quite shocking statements made back in 1980's yet evidence has emerged since then that during that period of his Presidency, Ronald Reagan had become obsessed with the idea of aliens after seeing Steven Spielberg's seminal film, "ET: The Extraterrestrial".
As for Project Blue Beam, it has likely gone under another deep cover name at this point in time. Either way, this highly elaborate plan also involves using giant holograms of major religious figures such as Jesus, Buddha, Krishna and Mohammed to introduce a so-called new age religion. This will ultimately pave the way for a one world religion under the New World Order.
Naturally, years of groundwork has been laid in preparation for an event of such magnitude. And if indeed it eventually occurs, you can bet it will be bigger than World War II and 9-11 rolled into one.
World renowned actor and radio personality, Orson Welles, proved that a scenario as this could easily be done with his fictional, "War of the Worlds" radio program back on October 30, 1938. In that historic radio broadcast, Welles and his group of play actors, portrayed a seemingly real account of a Martian invasion of the Earth that ultimately served as a brilliant test run to gauge public reaction.
Years later in 1953, "The War of the Worlds" was turned into a movie during a decade when the American public was inundated with a slew of sci-fi alien invasion films. Later, it was remade yet again in 2005, this time starring uber-conspiracy movie star, Tom Cruise and directed by, (you guessed it), Stephen Spielberg.
Others movies like, "Independence Day," "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" and "Signs", as well as TV shows like "V" have raised the ante that such a scenario will unfold sooner, rather than later.
So the American public is well primed for such an overwhelming spectacle to unfold but there are also much more positive chain of events on the way that will be even more spectacular to behold.
The famous Nazi/NASA scientist, Werner Von Braun, accurately predicted there would be several stages leading up to a faked alien invasion. These included a cold war with the Russians/Eastern Bloc, a terrorism menace (Osama bin Laden, Saddam Hussein, etc.), a rogue nation threat (Iran, North Korea, Venezuela), and an asteroid attack. Von Braun has been eerily correct thus far on most accounts.
Ronald Reagan was also in office when the so-called Star Wars Defense System or SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) was announced. The cover story that was laid before the American public was that SDI would shoot down any nuclear missiles fired at the US from Russia. They even had the audacity to label this system as a "Peace Shield".
Yet many whistleblowers have stepped forward and have revealed that SDI was a sophisticated weapon system aimed away from Earth to shoot down incoming alien craft from above. And in fact, it was nothing short of an all out plan to weaponize space.
The 2006 film, "UFO: The Greatest Story Ever Denied" offers a lot of insider testimony on the insane plans to both create a fake alien invasion and to weaponize space.
And speaking of Steven Spielberg, the iconic director of "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" is behind numerous other alien film and television projects. These include the newly released film "Skyline" as well as the upcoming TNT network show entitled, "Falling Skies" in the summer of 2011. Also worth noting is the sardonic film titled, "Cowboys & Aliens", starring none other than Hans Solo himself, actor Harrison Ford of Star Wars fame.
In fact, there are as many as eleven further new film and television projects to be released beginning this month and into 2011 about aliens invading Earth.
Other alien themed films planned beginning in 2011 and into 2012 will feature: "Battle: Los Angeles"; "Iron Sky"; "Battleship"; "Monsters"; "Paul"; "Alien 5"; "Area 51"; "Predators 2"; "The Darkest Hour" and "The Thing"
And on top of those, already airing on the NBC network is "The Event" and "V" on the ABC Network (new season premieres January 4th).
As you can see from the list above, it seems abundantly clear we have been spoon fed the hostile alien program through a series of strategic media educational programs disguised as entertainment for decades now. And it is about to get a whole lot more serious.
It seems inevitable that the alien card will be played as one of the last straws for this old paradigm of reality.
In an ironic twist to the story, on Monday, November 8, 2010, a mysterious missile was shot thirty-five miles off the coast of the Southern California. The event was covered first by Bay Area news station, KCBS, and then picked up by mainstream news outlets like CNN, Fox News and the Christian Science Monitor.
Many wild theories have emerged as to what may have happened including the launching of a nuclear missile towards Iran, the show of force by the Chinese or the intervention of extra-terrestrials, as seen in the video by Russia Today below.
Initially, no one within the government, military or FAA claimed to know anything about this missile. But two days later, the Pentagon sheepishly claimed it was actually a plane that was in the sky that day. Yet reports and video have now surfaced that a UFO was edited out of subsequent news footage.
Raw Video: Mystery Missile Appears over Southern California. Helicopter CAM "no audio"
Apparently, various reports claimed that other missiles were fired in Arizona, New York and San Diego. All were left unexplained as well.
If our own military was attempting to shoot down extra-terrestrial crafts that are now appearing regularly over the United States and other countries, then this was as foolhardy as it gets.
This is an unfolding story that will likely reveal more clues in the days and weeks ahead.
Given the unfolding of the 2012 prophecies, the approaching end of the Mayan calendar, the numerous UFO sightings, the large number of significant crop circles, the appearance of the mysterious blue spirals, it seems readily apparent that all signs are pointing toward any number of amazing possibilities for the people of the Earth.
You can expect this acceleration to increase as we venture into the year 2011 and beyond when we are poised to enter the ninth and final level of consciousness.
Initially, this date was projected to be February 10, 2011 but has been recalculated by preeminent Mayan calendar researcher and author, Dr. Carl Johan Calleman to begin a month later, on March 9, 2011, and then conclude on October 28, 2011.
Regardless, it is clear from all the events outlined above that we are deep within the most incredible times ever in the history of the Earth. And it is about to get a whole lot more exciting. And very, very soon!
Here is more proof that people all over the world are waking up and deciding within themselves that ENOUGH IS ENOUGH! Each and every week that passes by means that another few 100,000 people have woken up and are not content with carrying on with business as usual.
This will continue to grow exponentially as we venture into the year 2011 and then it will explode into an avalanche of mass awakenings. Get ready to see more and more and more of this with each passing month.
The sleeping giant has arisen and all the kings horses and all the kings men will never be able to put him back to sleep again! These are the signs we have been waiting for and this as a huge development that signals consciousness is moving rapidly towards a tipping point.
And that tipping point is on the fast track now!
New Planet Discovered 2010, Gliese 581g, New Earth Like Planet?
On New Planet Gliese 581g, Have We Finally Found E.T.?
A Flood of Alien-Invasion Projects Is Approaching — But Why?
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2019-04-24T18:46:33Z
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http://miraclesandinspiration.com/news_scientistsnewearth.html
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Watch for the "hay to be made" during this Democratic Convention--by the Republicans. Bush will be in California and some very good things can come from those travels--which will actually help our own programs. BUT, watch out--some of the things he will be doing will be as "King" through Executive Order. Interestingly enough, Mr. Kemp will be traveling along, also.
We are asked if we "would meet" (my people) with these "leaders"? Why not? We simply bring truth, we have no bones to pick with "personalities" and much good could come though "understanding" of stance. A Godly person has nothing to fear from one with predominantly evil intent for if it be ONLY evil vs. Godly--guess who prevails!
For you who continue to ask me about Perot--why? Can you not see what has happened? He just badly shot himself in the foot yesterday for who among the "minority" groups of, say, Hispanics and Blacks would feel "equal" after his speech within the meeting hall of the NAACP? Did Perot realize what he was saying--NO and perhaps that is even worse for the "condescension" was totally "natural". The poor man was simply talking to his audience but enemies are afoot everywhere to never allow a slip of the lip to pass without making a chasm of it. Facts are, the fact that Perot is a billionaire speaks more loudly than any words can express. He made those billions by doing business and utilizing the system of government. "It is harder for a rich man to enter into through the gates of heaven than for a camel to pass through the needle's eye!" It does not HAVE to be thus--but it most often IS.
Moreover Me. Perot has been spouting off about the " Hitlerian " tactics of Bush-Quayle for employing "dirty tricks" and "Hitlerian propaganda". Dan Quayle made a statement that Perot would abuse the CIA, FBI and IRS if he were to become, President. Mr. Perot says: "The Republicans have had a non-stop saturation bombing to recast my personality." "It is a carefully orchestrated plan to try to damage me at a time when people thought I would announce." So, the White House spokesman comes back with "Mr. Perot's paranoia knows no bounds". Who can WIN in such games and countermoves? I Most certainly NOT YOU-THE-PEOPLE. It would appear the most propitious thing anyone could do in behalf of freedom would be to "abuse" unto "dissolution" all three entities named above and include the PAC organizations-starting with total shut-down of the British Intelligence creations such as the Anti-Defamation League (erroneously thought to be Jewish).
This may hold more believability if you take note that "Steinberg" is NOT a South African, Asian or Irish sir-name of typical nature. It certainly points out to me that Khazarians who have stolen the "Jewish" heritage are REAL and not appreciated by those they impoverished in such manner. But this is not the focus--this focus must be on the ADL (Anti-Defamation League) and other such organizations.
QUOTE: article by Jeffrey Steinberg, July 6, 1992.
The longstanding illicit relationship between the gangsters of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) of B'nai B'rith and the U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Bureau of Investigation has gone on long enough.
For years now, using the guise of "hunting Nazi war criminals" and fighting "hate crimes", the ADL--also known as the "American Dope Lobby", for its role as a front for the international narcotics cartel--has been running federal law enforcement and prosecutorial agencies as its private political police, framing up and in some cases executing "enemies" of the Zionists. The fact that the gangsters of the ADL should claim to be the leading representatives of the decent people--Jews and others--who suffered and died in the Nazi Holocaust--is itself one of the worst instances of anti-Semitism imaginable.
Now, however, as the result of two dramatic recent developments, the ADL's days of riding roughshod over the nation's police and prosecutors may fast be coming to an end. Unfortunately, because of the ADL's decades-long manipulation of the judicial system, a number of innocent people have already been sent to their deaths.
On June 5, the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in Cincinnati, Ohio gave the Justice Department a deadline of July 15 to turn over all the evidence in its possession demonstrating that an innocent American citizen had been sent to Death Row in Israel by Justice Department officials who withheld hard evidence proving he was innocent.
The court ordered the Office of Special Investigations (OSI), the DOJ's purported "Nazi-hunting" unit and a hotbed of ADL subversion, to turn over the documents in the case of John Demjanjuk, the retired Cleveland auto worker who was extradited to Israel in 1986 on charges he was "Ivan the Terrible", a Nazi mass murderer at the Treblinka concentration camp in Poland.
Demjanjuk may survive an ADL-orchestrated ordeal which others did not. Karl Linnas stripped of his American citizenship in 1987 and deported to the Soviet Union to stand trial as a war criminal, died in a Soviet prison. Similarly, Ante Artukovich, also charged with war crimes, died in a Yugoslav prison. Artukovich's family has now produced documents showing that he, too, was sent to his death by a Justice Department (USA) and ADL apparatus that had in its possession archival documents proving his innocence of the crimes charged.
Tzerchim Soobzokov, a Circassian-American, was actually able to prove that the ADL and OSI "war crime" charges against him were false. As the result, he won a multimillion-dollar libel suit against the New York Times for pushing the ADL- and KGB-manufactured slanders against him--only to be murdered in a bomb attack in 1985 in which ADL agent provocateur Mordechai Levy was implicated.
According to its own literature, the ADL has rammed "hate crime" bills through the legislatures in all but four states in the U.S., and has been paid undisclosed amounts of money by the FBI and hundreds of state and local police agencies to "teach" them how to detect hate crimes. Through this latter process the American Dope Lobby has subverted American law enforcement to the core.
The ADL has flaunted its use of gangster money to run its penetration and subversion of the American judicial system. Jailed insider traders Michael Milken and Ivan Boesky were big-time backers of the ADL "hate crime" hoax, as was accused narco-dollar launderer Edmond Safra of the Republic National Bank of New York. [H: Also, for what it may be worth--Ross Perot was a large contributor.] Bootlegger's son Edgar Bronfman, a pivotal figure worldwide in the "Nazi-hunting" drive, for years ran the ADL's fundraising effort in New York. In the mid-1980's, Murder, Inc. mobster Morris Dalitz was honored by the ADL' s Torch of Liberty awarded for his generous funding of the League through his racketeering empire.
The ADL's links to federal, state, and local police and prosecutors must be severed. Given the League's close ties to international drug traffickers, this is an urgent matter of national security. The scandals of the Demjanjuk case and the "hate crime" bill offer the best opportunity to sever those ties and put the gangsters of the ADL behind bars, where they belong.
POPE IN HOSPITAL FOR "REPAIRS"
Is it not interesting that RIGHT NOW the Pope set up by the adversary for the current position is now going to be hospitalized for "repairs" of some sort of "thing" relative to his "assassination attempt" many years past???? Chelas, if you miss "this one" you are blind as salamanders!
Indeed this yesterday earthquake in Mojave, California was IMPORTANT. Recall I warned you about any quakes on or near that Garlock Fault must be watched most carefully! Note further that it was, as were the prior two major quakes, over strategic areas of underground facilities and the side quakes were NOT DISTRACTORS but very, very "on target" such as the massive underground facility at 29 Palms (Marine base), Ridgecrest (China Lake Naval Weapons Center and largest of all the California underground secret facilities) and now, California City (right at Edwards dooryard!). This indicates many things but not the least of which is terminal" backfeed amplifier contact--well planned and well tested--NOW.
Note other "news" bears a big show and tell of Photon energy and even demonstrates the need for special extra-darkened goggles and intense enhancement of recent photon laser beams--"which are intended for use as aircraft thrust systems." Pay attention and between the lines you will find all the confirmation of truth which you will need. Watch various players and you will even find the culprits by what they are doing and WHERE.
There is one assault against my scribe which I intend to put to rest right now. We are again bombarded by ones "accusing" us of "stealing" Zecharia Sitchin material. What mean ye, readers and discounters? I have not even gotten into the erroneous conclusions of this author and, typical of the adversary, already the arrows fly? You are showing your own ignorance and readers will not long be intimidated nor impressed by your rantings and ravings.
About thirty years ago archaeologists unearthed the civilization of the Sumarians. Sumaria was located just north of what "was" part of the Palestine bordering countryside. This region then became known as Mesopotamia. Much data more than 6000 years old has been recovered and interpreted as the result of brilliant work by the authors of several books on Sumarians. They were able to decipher and spell out their language. The location of this "find" was at the place of "Sumar" in modern Iraq.
Among the many branches of knowledge that have been enriched by the Sumarian texts was that of astronomy. Answers to questions that astronomers and scientists have been unable to fathom in the course of our civilization were brought to light.
From the Sumarian texts the history, customs, culture and religion have become a known. It has been learned that Sumaria was overcome in battle by the Hebrew tribe from south of their border, they being completely decimated and overrun by the Hebrews. A study of the Hebrew culture and religion and a comparison with that of the Sumarians as revealed in their texts dating back thousands of years before any known history of the Hebrew tribe discloses the unmistakable truth that the Hebrew culture and religion had been taken over from the Sumarians and made the Hebrew culture and religion. In other words, the Hebrews had appropriated the culture and religion of the Sumarians and proclaimed these newly-found Sumarian accomplishments as their own, especially the religion from that time forward. In his book, CHRIST WAS NOT A JEW, the author states that the Galileans were descended from the Sumarians and were different from the Judeans to the south. The people of Galilee were not Hebrew but in the course of time had adapted the Hebrew religion. We might even speculate that they had retained some remnants of the long-forgotten religion of Sumaria, the real origin of the Hebrew religion. The Hebrew religion became known as Judaism, and later, actually only in the early 18th century were the Judeans called "Jews". However, since that time translators of the Bible have used the word "Jew" back to the beginning of the Bible using it in place of Judean.
It can be concluded that the "Jews" knew in Christ's own time that he was not a "Jew" and have known since then, but it has been a great advantage to the Jewish cause for them to further this belief since it implies a prominent superiority of the Jew over the Christian subconsciously in the minds of Christians, while the Jew himself has continued as a group to despise Christianity.
The Hebrew people were a tribe whose history is known only back a few centuries BC. They were not capable of the high civilization attained by the Sumarians. The religion of Sumaria was akin to Christianity in many aspects.
This above writing was written and sent to me on June 24, 1992, and I thank you greatly for Dharma is totally baffled by the information I give her and after a few arrow piercings she can get pretty upset with the world as it is AND HATONN.
The next is equally informative and eye-opening and you don't have to believe a bodiless voice or writing fingers. However, not to be lessened is the" ... moving finger writes and having writ moves on ... " and the " .. handwriting on the wall by a bodiless, armless hand!" Ponder it, chelas, where there is smoke-there was actually some kind of fire.
From official documents of Historical Records made in the Days of Jesus Christ (the Arckko Volume in the Congressional Library in Washington, D.C.) This eye witness, Pontius Pilote, testified "Jesus" did not LOOK, THINK OR ACT like a Jew. You also have to know if you go and get hands on this document that you will find the label "Jesus" to be "explained" as translated "later". Also were errors made in reference to the "Jews" as translated from "Judeans". I simply want you to note this material IS IN THE CONGRESSIONAL LIBRARY IN WASHINGTON, D.C.! WHAT ELSE HAS BEEN KEPT FROM YOUR EYES AND EARS???
" ..... Among the various rumors that came to my ears there was one in particular that attracted my attention. A young man It was said had appeared in Galilee preaching with a noble unction a new law in the name of the God that had sent him. At first I was apprehensive that his design was to stir up the people against the Romans, but my fears were soon dispelled. Esu (translated ‘Jesus’) of Nazareth spoke rather as friend of the Romans than of the Judeans (erroneously translated ‘Jews’).
One day in passing by the place I observed in the midst of the group a young man who was leaning against a tree calmly addressing the multitude. I was told it was "Esu Immanuel". This I could easily have suspected so great was the difference between him and those listening to him. His golden-colored hair and beard gave to his appearance a celestial aspect. He appeared to be about thirty years of age. Never have I seen a sweeter or more serene countenance. What a contrast between him and his hearers with their black beards and tawny complexions.
"I wrote to Esu requesting an interview with him at the Praetorium. He came. You know that in my veins flows the Spanish mixed with Roman blood as incapable of fear as it is of weak emotion. When the Nazarene made his appearance I was walking in my basilica and my feet seemed fastened with an iron hand to the marble pavement and I trembled in every limb as does a guilty culprit, though the Nazarene was as calm as innocence itself. When he came up to me he stopped and by a signal sign he seemed to say to me, ‘I am here,’ though he spoke NOT a word. For some time I contemplated with admiration and awe this extraordinary type of man--a type of man unknown to our numerous painters who have given form and figure to all the Gods and heroes. There was nothing about him that was repelling in its character yet I felt too awed and tremulous to approach him.
“’Esu’, said I unto him at last and my tongue faltered, 'Esu of Nazareth, for the last three years I have granted you ample freedom of speech nor do I regret it. Your words are those of a sage. I know not whether you have read Socrates or Plato, but this I know, there is in your discourses a majestic simplicity that elevates you far above these philosophers.
“ ..... ‘Your blood shall not be spilt,’ said I with deep emotion. ‘You are now precious in my estimation on account of your wisdom, that all the turbulent and proud Pharisees who abuse the freedom' granted them by the Romans. They conspire against Caesar and convert his bounty into fear, impressing the unlearned that Caesar is a tyrant and seeks their ruin. Insolent wretches. They are not aware that the wolf of the Tiber sometimes clothes himself with the skin of the sheep to accomplish his wicked designs. I will protect you against them. My praetorium shall be an asylum sacred both day and night! Esu carelessly shook his head "
"I am your most obedient servant," Pontius Pilote"
Thank you M., for perhaps others will now go seek further information and confirmation that we are not here to feed you more lies upon those already bringing you to the point of destruction.
You will note that as the history of "this" time in passage is written, our work will be despoiled and mistranslated--but remaining will be the TRUTH as set to print for later finding. We, too, will cease to bear the mark of "Caesar's enemy" for we are not about "Caesar" and "enemies"--we are "about our Father's work".
I think it appropriate to interrupt the writing at this point to allow you to ponder on the points. We have a meeting this afternoon and I must release Dharma to her tasks.
As we sit to write again, we will probably move back to the clandestine for I have now gained personal permission to publish other material of urgent importance. Then as we continue we need to cover more on this "Divine Plan" and evolvement of Man as you know him and God as you Don't know Him.
Blessings rest upon ye ones of Truth. Salu, Hatonn to clear.
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2019-04-22T16:22:38Z
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http://www.fourwinds10.com/siterun_data/bellringers_corner/vital_articles/news.php?q=1539369201
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A flurry of money market mutual fund articles appeared over the past week, with more are on the way. The trend, not coincidentally during one of the slowest news weeks of the year, was led off by Bloomberg's "Volcker Says Money-Market Funds Weaken U.S. Financial System". The article that managed to stir up the heretofore lop-sided (in favor of gradual instead of dramatic change) debate ahead of the expiration of the SEC's request for comments on its Money Market Mutual Fund Reform Proposals (Sept. 9), ahead of the release of the President's Working Group on Financial Markets, and ahead of the expiration of the Treasury's Guarantee Program for Money Market Mutual Funds. Two new articles, Investment News' "Sleeping giant: Investors' $3.5 trillion in cash ready for a wake-up call" and The New York Times' "It's Time to Admit That Money Funds Involve Risk" reflect the good and the bad of how reporters have been covering the topic, either rationally or sensationalistically.
Investment News' piece writes, "Cash management should get a lot more interesting over the next few weeks as government protections for money market funds expire and new rules are considered. Cash remains the sleeping giant ... about $3.5 trillion in cash still sits on the sidelines in money market mutual funds. Given the size of that cash stockpile, which may reflect everything from a skittish institutional investor base to the gummed-up credit markets, the future of money market funds affects most investors."
The article explains, "The first big change comes Sept. 19, when the Department of the Treasury's 12-month money market fund guarantee program expires. The program has been insuring money fund assets since the Reserve Primary Fund, advised by Reserve Management Co. Inc. of New York, broke the buck last fall. After that date, other safeguards will remain in place, including a program that allows money market fund advisers to borrow from the Federal Reserve against asset-backed commercial paper in the portfolios."
They quote our Peter Crane, "The chances of any kind of a run on money funds that would force them to sell is still remote, but the die is cast and the new playbook has been written." Investment News adds, "Mr. Crane is among those who believe the raft of swift new government support programs, combined with proposals still on the table, will continue to eliminate many of the risks associated with money market funds. Last week's report that Reserve Fund investors could end up getting back as much as 99 cents per share, plus a return in the 4% range, 'will help shift the perception of risk in the money market space,' he said."
The NY Times article says, "In all the inevitable hoopla surrounding the coming anniversary of 'Lehman weekend' -- those fateful days in mid-September 2008, when the financial world seemed on the brink of collapse -- here's an important event that will almost surely be overlooked: On Sept. 18, just a few days after the anniversary, the Treasury Department will end a program that essentially gave the same kind of protection to money market investors that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation gives to bank depositors. The government guaranteed that investors wouldn't lose a penny."
It adds, "Here we are a year later, and the money market fund business seems back to normal. No other money funds have broken the buck. The amount of money in money funds today is not at all different from what it was before Lehman weekend. Investors have, once again, come to think of them as a supersafe, yet turbocharged, bank account. Even the Reserve Fund, which is liquidating, reported a few days ago that, if all goes well, it expected to be able to return to investors 99 cents on the dollar.... Not bad for a fund that supposedly 'collapsed.' And yet, in other ways, things aren't at all like they used to be."
The mutual fund industry's trade association, the Investment Company Institute released both its monthly asset totals and data for July 31, 2008, and its latest weekly money fund asset series late yesterday. The "Portfolio Holdings of Taxable Money Funds" supplemental tables (not available publicly) show repurchase agreements surging in July at the expense of Treasury bills and Government Agency securities, though WAMs (weighted average maturities) extended (evidence of "barbelling" in funds) to 55 days on average. Assets rebounded slightly in the week ended August 26, though they continued their 5-month slide in July.
U.S. Government Agency Securities remain the largest component with taxable money funds holding $699.1 billion, or 22.1%. Certificates of Deposits rank as the second largest holding when the $100 billion in Eurodollar CDs is included in the total with $634.7 billion, or 20.1%. Repos have rebounded to third with $577.6 billion, or 18.3%, while Commercial Paper continued its painful retreat. Treasury Bills and Securities held by money funds total $441.1 billion, or 14.0% of assets, while Corporate Notes and Bank Notes make up a combined 6.7% and Other assets account for 2.5%.
ICI's monthly "Trends in Mutual Fund Investing: July 2009" says, "Money market funds had an outflow of $47.14 billion in July, compared with an outflow of $116.42 billion in June. Funds offered primarily to institutions had an outflow of $18.13 billion. Funds offered primarily to individuals had an outflow of $29.01 billion." Total assets declined by $46 billion to $3.6 trillion in July and have declined by $225.6 billion since Dec. 31, 2008, according to ICI. Money funds now represent 34.5% of the total $10.43 trillion in mutual funds.
The weekly ICI series says, "Total money market mutual fund assets increased by $1.62 billion to $3.579 trillion for the week ended Wednesday, August 26.... Taxable government funds increased by $1.51 billion, taxable non-government funds increased by $2.95 billion, and tax-exempt funds decreased by $2.85 billion. Assets of retail money market funds decreased by $6.51 billion to $1.168 trillion.... Assets of institutional money market funds increased by $8.13 billion to $2.411 trillion."
Wells Fargo Advantage Funds' David Sylvester spoke Monday at Crane's Money Fund Symposium and discussed ideas recently proposed his recent paper, "Money Fund Reform: A Third Way." He suggested the possibility of a third option between the incremental reforms of the ICI and the radical and dangerous changes proposed by some with the concept centering on the creation of a Fed liquidity facility similar to the AMLF.
Sylvester says in his paper, which is reprinted in our Symposium conference binder, "Money funds have historically been popular choices for conservative investors seeking safety of principal and liquidity. The global credit crunch over the past year-and-a-half has exposed two main risks in the current model for 2a-7 money market funds that previously had been discounted as being muted or non-existent heretofore: credit risk and liquidity risk. These risks continue to worry investors, fund managers and regulators, and they also pose systemic risks to the entities that rely on money funds for credit, and to the banking system as a whole. This awareness and concern has prompted proposed reform of the current 2a-7 money fund model. Current reform efforts are centered on two proposals. In this paper, David Sylvester, head of money markets at Wells Capital Management, outlines his ideas for a 'third way,' with the intention of promoting further discussion in the industry on this very important topic of money market reform."
He explains, "All money funds attempt to balance their primary objectives of a stable NAV and liquidity to meet shareholder demands, and a competitive yield. Different types of shareholders place a different degree of emphasis on each of these objectives. Furthermore, the importance of each objective can change quickly in the mind of each shareholder and, perhaps more important, within different classes or types of shareholders. When market conditions are unsettled, these shifts can occur rapidly, perhaps almost instantaneously. Attempts by money funds to reposition their portfolios in order to address these shifting priorities can trigger systemic risks that endanger funds, investors, and borrowers. A look at the events of the past year-and-a-half reveals how quickly these systemic risks can arise."
Sylvester describes the existing reform proposals, saying, "The Group of Thirty proposal would destroy the money fund business as it now exists, though some might argue that is their point. The alternatives suggested by the Group of Thirty -- banks and variable NAV funds -- exist now. Surveys and empirical data suggest that investors want the stability of a constant net asset value (CNAV) money fund as an investment choice. The demise of money funds would lead to other undesirable systemic risks. Many investors who previously favored money funds would choose to move their money into insured deposits in U.S. banks, shifting the credit risk from the investors to the government, at the expense of those sectors to which the money funds now offer credit, such as foreign banks and the ABCP market. It is likely that U.S. banks would receive the bulk of this inflow of funds from money funds in the form of insured deposits. This would not be a universally desirable outcome from the banks' standpoint, as some are already flush with deposits while others might not want to raise the additional capital against the loans made with these monies at a time when their need to raise capital is already posing a challenge."
He continues, "The ICI proposals change little and largely codify the existing practices of many large money funds today. The 5 percent/20 percent liquidity requirements suggested by the ICI pale against the 35 percent drop that was seen in prime money fund assets in the month following the Lehman collapse. As to 'best practices' for credit risk assessment, it was the large fund complexes after which these practices are modeled that bought SIVs and Lehman paper. It is simply not clear to us that one can make bad credit decisions go away through increased regulation."
Sylvester concludes, "The ICI proposals provide a good initial starting point, and they should be adopted to the extent that they relate to credit, price and maturity risk. Money funds should shorten their WAMs, standards should be set for WAM to final maturity, Second Tier (A2/P2) paper should be prohibited, and portfolios should be appropriately tested under a variety of scenarios. However, the ICI proposals regarding liquidity do not seem to address the systemic risks associated with liquidity in money funds and bear closer scrutiny."
He says, "The ultimate backstop is for money market funds to be given access to the central bank. A secured lending facility at the Federal Reserve Bank, modeled on the discount window for depository institutions and the Primary Dealer Credit Facility, would allow U.S. money funds to obtain secured financing from the Federal Reserve by pledging their assets and paying a rate set by the Fed.... Typical, low risk, money fund investments, such as First Tier commercial paper, CDs and government securities, could be pledged to the Fed as collateral, with an appropriate haircut, in return for advances made at a market rate for the purpose of funding shareholder redemptions.... The introduction of a permanent credit facility through the Fed would undoubtedly lead to additional regulation of money funds that some may resist, but as long as the regulators' activities are complementary and not contradictory, this should be seen as an acceptable trade-off to the stability and safety provided by such a facility."
Note: For those that were unable to attend, a full PDF document of the Powerpoints and papers that were distributed at the Money Fund Symposium will be available for sale to non-attendees for $250 starting tomorrow. Contact us to purchase copies or more details.
Money fund assets fell for the fourth week in a row, their ninth decline in the past 12 weeks. ICI's weekly "Money Market Mutual Fund Assets" report says MMMFs declined by $12.07 billion to $3.581 trillion in the week ended Wednesday, August 19. This level represents a year-to-date decline of $249 billion, or 6.5%, and it marks the lowest level for MMF assets since October 2008 and almost exactly the same level as Sept. 10, 2008, the week prior to Reserve Primary Fund's "breaking the buck".
From their record level of $3.922 trillion, set January 14, 2009, money fund assets have declined by $339 billion, or 8.6%. Over the past 52 weeks, money fund assets have increased a mere $8 billion, or 0.2%. However, over the past two years (104 weeks), money funds assets remain up by a breathtaking $880 billion, or 32.6%. And assets have still more than doubled from their level of 10 years ago and have grown to more than eight times their size of 20 years ago ($428 billion at the end of 1989).
ICI's weekly release says, "Assets of retail money market funds [32.8% of total assets] decreased by $2.96 billion to $1.176 trillion. Taxable government money market fund assets in the retail category decreased by $720 million to $189.03 billion, taxable non-government money market fund assets decreased by $1.64 billion to $729.63 billion, and tax-exempt fund assets decreased by $600 million to $257.01 billion." Retail money funds have accounted for the bulk of year-to-date asset declines, falling $179 billion, or 13.2%.
It continues, "Assets of institutional money market funds decreased by $9.11 billion to $2.406 trillion [67.2% of all assets]. Among institutional funds, taxable government money market fund assets [including Treasury funds] decreased by $15.89 billion to $984.75 billion [27.5% of assets], taxable non-government [prime] money market fund assets increased by $6.01 billion to $1.234 trillion [34.5% of all assets], and tax-exempt fund assets increased by $770 million to $186.58 billion." Institutional assets have declined by $80 billion, or 3.2%, YTD.
Combined retail and institutional "prime" money fund assets, which total $1.964 billion in the latest week, have increased by $69 billion year-to-date, while total Government (including Treasury) money fund assets have fallen from $1.454 trillion as of Dec. 30, 2008, to $1.174 trillion. Tax-exempt money fund assets have declined from $489 billion to $444 billion YTD.
In addition to their study on prime money funds (see yesterday's News, "Fitch Study on Prime MFs Shows Bank Products, CP, Agencies Dominate"), Fitch Ratings also just released "Tax-Exempt Money Market Funds Avoid Direct California GO Exposure, Face Other Challenges." The study by Fitch's Fund & Asset Manager Rating Group and written by Analyst Viktoria Baklanova and others, summarizes, "Fitch-rated tax-exempt money market funds hold no direct exposure to general obligation (GO) bonds issued by the state of California" and "maintained a nearly constant level of investments in variable-rate demand notes (VRDNs) between June 2008 and June 2009."
The summary warns, "However, exposure is concentrated among a smaller universe of VRDN letter of credit (LOC) providers and guarantors as compared with the same period of the past year, given the deteriorating financial condition of a number of such providers. The number of LOC and guarantee providers found in Fitch-rated tax-exempt money market fund portfolios decreased to 102 from 116, including the addition of 21 LOC and guarantee providers not previously utilized in connection with VRDN issuance."
Fitch adds, "Given the very short weighted average maturities (WAMs) of tax-exempt money market funds, they find themselves challenged to deliver yield in excess of fund expenses while not compromising portfolio credit quality in the current low interest rate environment. In June 2009, the average WAM of Fitch-rated tax-exempt money market funds was 20 days, and the average net seven-day annualized yield was 0.32%."
The company explains, "Tax-exempt money market funds normally seek to achieve as high a level of current income exempt from federal income tax as is consistent with preserving principal and providing liquidity. Investment portfolios of such funds are usually invested in tax-exempt obligations issued by U.S. states and subdivisions with remaining maturities of 13 months or less. As of June 30, 2009, Fitch rated the following seven tax-exempt money market funds [all rated 'AAA/V1+'] with total assets under management of approximately $41.0 billion: Alpine Municipal Money Market Fund, BlackRock Liquidity Fund: MuniFund, Evergreen Institutional Municipal Money Market Fund, Federated Tax-Free Obligations Fund, Federated Municipal Obligations Fund, Morgan Stanley Institutional Liquidity Fund Tax Exempt Portfolio, and AIM Tax-Free Investments Trust Tax-Free Cash Reserve Portfolio.
Finally, on California, Fitch says, "Fitch reviewed rated tax-exempt money market fund portfolios to determine the magnitude of exposure to GO bonds and certain lease appropriation bonds issued by the state of California concurrent with the heightened budgetary and cash flow pressures facing the state. As of June 30, 2009, Fitch-rated funds no longer had any investments in such securities. Such funds retained exposure to securities of other municipal issuers within the state of California, although these entities are typically more highly rated than the state GOs and/or are further supported by credit enhancement and liquidity facilities from an appropriately rated bank or financial institution.... [F]unds' allocation to issuers in the state of California increased to 4.7% in 2009 from 2.1% in 2008. However, the increase reflects investments in VRDNs backed by LOCs or guarantees by highly rated entities, and not direct exposure to California state GOs."
Fitch Ratings just released a study of the portfolios of the 19 U.S. prime money market mutual funds rated 'AAA/V1+' by the agency, which account for nearly $600 billion, or almost half of all prime money fund assets. The report, entitled, "U.S. Prime Money Market Funds: Managing Portfolio Composition to Address Credit and Liquidity Risks," "summarizes the trends in credit quality and liquidity of these funds over the last nine months, including: General flight to quality resulting in significantly increased allocation to U.S. Treasury and government agency securities.... A reduced universe of eligible investments given credit deterioration of certain issuers and consolidation among others. [R]educed exposure to ABCP programs sponsored by banks and financial institutions. A preference for foreign bank products versus U.S. bank products in the form of certificates of deposits (CDs), bank notes, and time deposits (TDs). Decline in fund yields given the low interest rate environment.
Fitch says on background, "Prime money market funds faced unprecedented credit and liquidity stress during the second half of 2008, stemming from the default or credit deterioration of a number of major financial institutions and the net asset value impairment of one of the largest U.S. prime money market funds. Challenged by these events, prime money market funds have sought to preserve a high level of portfolio liquidity to be better positioned to withstand the potential risk of future increased redemptions while reducing direct and indirect exposure to financial institutions expected to face additional pressure. In addition, money market funds decreased their exposure to insurance companies by putting back funding agreements and allowing maturing notes to roll off."
They continue, "From year-end 2008 to the end of May 2009, U.S. prime money market funds have steadily reduced allocation to corporate securities and increased investments in government-issued or government-guaranteed securities. U.S. government securities have acted as a safe haven for investors seeking to avoid the credit risk of corporate/financial securities while serving to stabilize fund net asset values.... [A]llocation to corporate unsecured notes and ABCP decreased to approximately 25% of total assets in May 2009 from approximately 40% of total assets at the end of 2008.... ABCP holdings ... decreased to 10% of total assets of U.S. prime money market funds in May 2009 from 22.3% of total assets at the end of 2008."
The report adds, "While a number of U.S. prime money market funds invested in commercial paper and notes issued by financial institutions under the terms of TLGP [the FDIC's Temporary Liquidity Guaranty Program], Fitch identified 12 of the 19 funds it rates that did not purchased TLGP paper during the observed reporting periods. This may be explained by the untested nature of the TLGP facility and uncertainty as to the settlement/redemption procedures for such securities in the event of default of an underlying issuer. The FDIC has guaranteed these issues but there was concern by a number of market participants as to the ability of the FDIC to step in and provide immediate repayment since the FDIC is not a regulator of holding companies."
Fitch continues, "Historically, U.S. prime money market funds have allocated a significant portion of their portfolios to various bank products, including CDs, bank notes, and TDs.... U.S. prime money market funds increased their investments in these types of securities to 44.4% in May 2009 from 35.3% of total assets as of Dec. 31, 2008.... Driving the overall increase in U.S. prime money market funds' investments in bank products is a continued preference for exposure to non-U.S. bank holdings versus U.S. bank holdings. Specifically, holdings of non-U.S. bank CDs increased to 34% of total assets in May 2009 from 25.7% as of Dec. 31, 2008.... [C]ertain money market funds may already have reached their internal single issuer or counterparty limits on individual U.S. financial institutions with strong stand-alone ratings."
"Money market funds remain focused on managing liquidity risk through the maintenance of overnight investments in repurchase agreements, TDs, and shares of other money market funds, among others. Aggregate exposure to such sources of overnight liquidity has remained at approximately 15% of total assets over the last six months.... Individual fund investments in overnight instruments varied from under 5% of total assets in two funds to close to 50% of total assets in one fund. The variance in overnight allocations may be explained by the nature of individual fund's shareholder bases and expected future redemption activities," says the study.
Finally, Fitch says, "The portfolio rebalancings undertaken by prime money market funds over the last six to nine months are largely viewed positively, reducing credit and liquidity risks. These actions, in combination with the presence of meaningful support facilities from the U.S. government, have served to stabilize investor outflows and leave funds well positioned to withstand further credit and liquidity stress.... Despite negative economic consequences of the prolonged low interest rate environment on fund economics, fund advisors appear primarily focused on preserving stability of principal and liquidity at the present time. If current trends persist, Fitch would expect the likelihood of fund closure and asset consolidation to increase."
Hot on the heels of last week's "Advance Notice Of Proposed Criteria Change: Principal Stability Fund Ratings Criteria," Standard & Poor's released another research piece, "Methodology For Evaluating Fund Management In Principal Stability Fund Ratings," which discusses the role management and potential parental support plays in a fund's rating. The "RatingsDirect" piece says, "Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of fund management is an essential part of Standard & Poor's Ratings Services' principal stability fund ratings (PSFRs).
It continues, "When we analyze a fund, we evaluate fund management's effectiveness in implementing a dynamic investment process consistent with the fund's stated goals, objectives, and PSFR category. When we assign a PSFR, we seek to determine fund management's level of risk tolerance. Management's willingness and ability to operate the fund within a set of risk tolerances are important components of our ratings evaluation. From time to time circumstances will cause a fund to exceed its own defined risk tolerances."
S&P says, "We are providing more clarity on our PSFR methodology so market participants better understand our approach to analyzing how fund management responds to issues that temporarily (e.g., usually one to five business days) move a fund beyond the quantitative criteria for our PSFRs. These temporary issues have included an unexpected lengthening of a fund's weighted average maturity (WAM), unforeseen deterioration in the credit quality of an investment, and volatility of a fund's net asset value (NAV)."
"As each of these situations arises, we determine whether rating changes are needed based on the severity and impact on the fund's NAV and potential for further decline in light of the fund management's responsiveness. Historically, fund management has quickly and proactively dealt with a majority of these instances. Although many of these circumstances have been addressed within five business days, under certain circumstances a longer period of time may be consistent with maintaining a current PSFR. However, if the situation impairs the fund's NAV, it is likely to result in a negative rating action," says the ratings agency.
S&P explains, "We conduct weekly surveillance of a rated fund's statistical information and portfolio holdings. The methodology and procedures outlined below are part of the initial and ongoing dialog we maintain with each rated fund. This report is intended to explain how we apply our qualitative PSFR criteria when analyzing a particular fund that falls outside or does not fully meet the quantitative PSFR criteria for a given PSFR rating category. This report includes answers to frequently asked questions posed by users of our ratings."
Finally, they say, "The criteria for Standard & Poor's 'AAAm' PSFRs are characterized by, but not limited to, the following: Maximum WAM of 60 days or less; Minimum of 50% in 'A-1+' securities, and maximum of 50% in 'A-1' securities; Maximum final maturity of floating-rate securities is two years; and Daily marked-to-market NAV (per share) range of $0.9975 to $1.0025." S&P explains, "Our assessment does not rely on a fund sponsor's willingness and/or ability to support a rated fund's NAV. However, we will review and assess the measures a sponsor chooses to take to support its NAV during times of market stress or when a fund sponsor decides to take action to support the fund's NAV or liquidity."
MFI e-mailed the brief survey questions to its 800+ readers ... [and asked them to] rate the SEC's proposals on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the highest. The average score was 6.3. The SEC proposals overall got '8' scores (the highest) from 7 respondents and '1' scores from two. (See the August MFI for a summary of the full survey results.) We then asked, "Which of the SEC's proposed MMF Reform amendments do you think would do the most good?" The most popular option, "Adding liquidity mandates," was chosen by 48.3% of respondents. This was followed by "Other" (20.7%), where the majority of write-in options cited the 120-day maximum 'spread WAM' as likely the most effective mandate.
The next question asked, "Which of the SEC's Proposed MMF Reform Amendments do you think would do the most harm?" Responses were widely distributed with "Moving WAM from 90 to 60 days" garnering the most votes (27.6%), followed again by "Other." This time the write-ins included: "introduction of Floating NAV," "differentiating between retail/institutional funds, as it relates to liquidity requirements (30% 7 day punitive!)," and "showing the shadow price to investors."
MFI then asked, "What are the most important issues facing money market mutual funds in the coming months?" "Ultra-low interest rates" ranked [as] the most important issue (1.7), followed by "Regulatory changes" (2.2), "Competition from banks or new products" (3.6), and "Rising rates" (3.8). "Consolidation" trailed in importance (3.9) followed by "Other" (4.3), where a couple of write-in responses included the, "threat of floating NAV."
We asked readers to "Rate the attractiveness of a floating NAV." Though the overall average of 3.5 indicates this concept's unpopularity among the money fund community, there were some surprising pockets of support for the idea. Ten of our 26 respondents rated the concept a '1' (plus one who went off the scale with a zero), while 4 respondents gave the concept a '10'. One respondent commented, "potential changes to accounting treatment make it less desirable."
We then asked, "If you could add or remove a change, what would it be?" Survey takers' comments included: "Change liquidity mandates," "I would nix removal of illiquid securities," "Remove floating NAV from comment consideration," "In addition to the punitive 30% 7 day liquidity bucket for institutional funds (should be lower) the 'maturity limit for other portfolio security' should not be reduced from 397 days," "Removing second tier securities," "2nd tier reinstated," "Removing illiquid securities," "Liquidity mandates," "Limit FRNS longer then 12 months and limit the % of FRNs in the fund," and "don't change illiquid bucket."
Finally, we asked, "Are there any other important issues you think Crane Data should address in a comment letter or in an article?" Readers said: "US government support in the form of liquidity backstop would help the industry. Not an FDIC insurance but a perpetual program to buy securities, or lend against them in the event of market disruptions," "The notion of having to distinguish between retail and institutional funds for determination of liquidity requirement," "Definitely have concerns with publicly publishing actual security prices. Eliminating illiquid securities could potentially stifle innovation -- why not have a low max of say 5%?"
Look for more comments on the SEC's website and industry feedback following Crane's Money Fund Symposium, which begins this Sunday, August 23, in Providence (and lasts through Tuesday, August 25). Crane Data's inaugural conference will feature a number of discussions involving the SEC's Money Market Fund Reform Proposals.
Williams Capital Government Money Market Fund, managed by Williams Capital Management, has become the second fund family monitored by Crane Data to commit to regular daily publication of the new WAL, or weighted average life metric, alongside the commonplace WAM, or weighted average matutity. The minority-owned firm also recently announced that its flagship money fund broke the $1 billion barrier and that the company received a large investment mandate (see Williams Capital to Manage $1 Billion for Goldman Sachs).
President Dail St. Claire wrote to shareholders recently, "July 30, 2009 was a significant day in the growth of our firm. The Williams Capital Government Money Market Fund total assets grew past $1 billion for the first time. Total firm assets, including our cash management and short-term fixed income accounts, total over $2 billion. We are fortunate to work with you and greatly appreciate the opportunity to manage your assets."
The letter continues, "Williams Capital Management continues to manage your assets in a manner consistent with the maintenance of liquidity and capital preservation. We are also committed to providing the highest degree of transparency in the Williams Capital Government Money Market Fund. In recognition of this objective, we are providing the portfolio holdings on a daily basis. We are now pleased to announce that next week the Williams Capital Government Money Market Fund will begin reporting the Fund's Weighted Average Life (WAL) daily. The WAL will be included in the Fund's Daily Rate Sheet along side the traditional Weighted Average Maturity."
It explains, "WAL is a metric that adjusts the Fund's WAM to reflect all securities' stated (or legal) final maturity or the date on which the Fund may demand payment of principal and interest. WAM allows money market funds to use the interest rate reset dates of variable- and floating-rate securities under certain circumstances as a measure of their maturity. Recently, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission proposed new regulations designed to make money market fund more resilient to certain short-term market risks."
In this month's Money Fund Intelligence, we spoke with DB Advisors, the institutional asset arm of Deutsche Asset Management and manager of the $70 billion-plus DWS Money Market Funds. We interviewed Joe Benevento, Head of the Liquidity Management Investment Group, Americas, and Joe Sarbinowski, Managing Director and Global Head of Institutional Liquidity Distribution, and discussed the challenges of managing in today's market, the companies' money fund 'transparency' and FDIC insured product initiatives, and thoughts on the future of money market funds.
We first asked, "What is the biggest challenge in managing a money fund?" Benevento told us, "I think from the investment side, it's quickly adapting to change. This is the biggest challenge that we face every day, whether it's crisis times or not -- adapting to changes in the credit cycles and changes in credits, adapting to new regulatory change, etc. Customer sentiment is also very important, adapting to what customers' likes and dislikes are.... You'll see that whether it's a rising rate environment or a declining rate environment. Adapting to the custumer and their sentiment is extremely important."
Sarbinowski responded, "Clients certainly thirst for a greater amount of information than before. It used to be kind of just 'check the box,' send the prospectus. Now it's RFI-, RFP-type inquiries; it's much more in depth. We're in favor of this, though, because we think we show very well when we're able to talk through all of that. But it's meeting the ongoing thirst for knowledge about what's going on in the industry, which we try to satisfy through webcasts and meetings."
We also asked, "What about challenges running the portfolio, low yields and lack of spreads? Benevento said, "Definitely, it is a big challenge. You haven't even quite reached the expansion cycle, and we're at credit spreads that are pretty tight, pushing us back years.... I think overall anytime you get a change in regulatory recommendations or any kind of market change, issuers adapt and buyers adapt.... I say tightness of supply is probably something we're going to be dealing with for a while, whether it'll be just market supply or possible recommended change to 2a-7. Diversification is probably the next biggest challenge."
Regarding the market "beyond 2a-7", Sarbinowski told MFI, "We call ourselves Liquidity Management, so we've got essentially a few different products to satisfy the market. Certainly the tried-and-true and the one that we're best known for is the money market fund. We also have a separate account business, as well as our FDIC Insured Deposit. So there are products to meet different client needs. We have clients that may invest both in our money funds and also in our separate accounts for different types of cash, working capital vs. 'core'."
Finally, we asked, "Which of the SEC proposals would be the most onerous from a portfolio management perspective? Benevento responded, "The liquidity buckets are going to be difficult. I think it is going to be a challenge to diversify in that sector, and it will be a challenge to find the supply -- issuers willing to issue that short as the market heals. For us, that is what we see as the most difficult part." On the proposal banning illiquid securities, he says it's not really a concern. "I don't see that as being a major problem for us. But I think the liquidity buckets, and having the market all adjust to the liquidity buckets, is what we're concerned about."
On Friday, Crane Data published the August issue of its flagship Money Fund Intelligence newsletter. The latest edition features the articles: "MFI Subs See Low Rates as Biggest Challenge," which reveals a survey of readers' opinions on the SEC's Money Market Fund Reform Proposals; "DB Advisors Meets Thirst for Liquidity, Knowledge," which interviews Deutsche's Joe Benevento and Joe Sarbinowski; and "Online Portal Share Inches Up, Growth Stalls," which discusses recent statistics on money market fund trading "portals."
Every issue of Money Fund Intelligence also features news, indexes, and performance information on over 1,300 money market mutual funds. Statistics include: assets, average maturity, expense ratio, 7-day yield, 30-day yield, 1-month return, 3-mo, YTD, 1-year, 3-yr, 5-yr, 10-yr, and since inception returns. MFI also contains tables of the top-yielding and largest money funds, top-yielding bank deposits, brokerage sweep rates, and our benchmark Crane Money Fund Indexes.
Our latest monthly statistics show the Crane Money Fund Average, our broadest measure of taxable money funds, declining to a record low 0.09% (7-day simple annualized yield) as of July 31, 2009. The Crane 100 Money Fund Index, an average of the largest money funds, saw its 7-day yield decline to 0.16% at month-end, down from 2.24% a year ago and 5.00% two years ago. The Crane Institutional MF Index ended the month with a yield (7-day) of 0.14% while the Crane Retail MF Index fell to 0.04%. The Crane Tax-Exempt MF Index ended the month yielding 0.14%.
The Crane 100 MF Index had a 30-day yield (annualized) of 0.18% as of July 31, 2009. This average's 1-month return (unannualized) was 0.02%; its 3-month return was 0.07%; and its year-to-date return was 0.27%. Over the past year, the Crane 100 returned, on average, 1.08%, over 3 years its annualized return was 3.28%, over 5 years 3.21%, and over 10 years it was 3.11%. The Gross 7-Day Yield, which estimates the average yields before expenses are deducted, of the Crane 100 was 0.51% at the latest month-end.
The lead article in the August MFI says, "Crane Data recently surveyed MFI subscribers and readers of our website at www.cranedata.com about the SEC's recent Money Market Fund Reform Proposals and issues facing money funds. The responses indicate that ultra-low interest rates have surpassed regulatory changes as the most important issue facing money funds, and that the proposals overall are rated relatively favorably." Look for more excerpts from MFI in coming days, or e-mail Pete to request the latest issue.
Note that the August issue of Money Fund Intelligence and July 31 performance data was published Friday morning.
Moody's Investors Service recently published a report entitled "Are Insurers and Investment Managers on the Road to Recovery? The Special Comment from Moody's Insurance contains a section on "Managed Investments: Money Market Funds", which discusses the recovery and outlook for the money fund sector.
Moody's writes, "The credit picture for Constant Net Asset Value money funds (or 'CNAV money funds') has stabilized considerably from the dark days of September 2008 after the Reserve Primary Fund failure. We currently view the stability in CNAV money market-fund credit quality to be well-grounded. However, recent improvements in the CNAV fund credit picture could be reversed by further deterioration in the credit ratings of large U.S. and European banks and/or a significant increase in net investor outflows."
They continue, "We see very few near-term signs in the market that could trigger a fall-back to September 2008 lows. However, for improvements in the liquidity and credit picture of CNAV money market funds to become well-established, CNAV funds will have to show that they can operate smoothly in a world without governmental liquidity and insurance programs. Given this, we believe CNAV funds will slowly be weaned off government programs to effect a very smooth transition."
But the comment adds, "In a low-interest-rate environment, however, some managers are extending the weighted average maturity of their portfolios to generate yields in excess of their management fees. This tactic exposes their funds to heightened liquidity and market risk, but it should not affect their overall credit risk substantially. These managers have typically handled such a situation by investing in longer-dated time deposits issued by systemically important banks or government securities."
"The decline in usage of the Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (AMLF) and the Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF), which are two of the main U.S. governmental liquidity programs, is a positive sign of some improvement in money market conditions. However, the Federal Reserve's decision to extend these programs through February 1, 2010 signals that conditions remained stressed."
Finally, Moody's says, "We do not envision that AUM run-off would be of a magnitude that would jeopardize recent improvements in CNAV money-fund credit quality. This view is based on our belief that CNAV funds have positioned their portfolios well over the past six months for elevated redemption scenarios.... Additionally, in the U.S., we also do not expect that the expiration of the U.S. Treasury's Temporary Guarantee Program for Money Market Mutual Funds (it is likely to expire on September 19th) will trigger a rush of redemptions in U.S. CNAV money funds."
There have been a number of new filings for money market mutual fund share classes over the past month and a half, many of them institutional, according to searches performed by Crane Data utilizing Strategic Insight's Fund Filing product, a front-end to the SEC's EDGAR mutual fund filing database. Among these are new classes of funds from Allegiant Funds, JPMorgan Funds, TDAM, and TIAA-CREF.
Allegiant, formerly National City's asset management unit but now owned by PNC Financial Services, has filed for additional classes on six of its funds. Allegiant Advantage Instl Government MM and Allegiant Advantage Instl Treasury MM have filed for Institutional, Advisor and Service share classes; Allegiant Advantage Instl MM has filed for a Service class; and Allegiant OH Muni MM, Allegiant PA TxEx MM, and Allegiant TxEx MM have filed for new "Class T shares.
Expenses appear to be at 0.10% and 0.25% for two of the new institutional classes, with a minimum investment of $5 million. The "T" classes will have a minimum initial investment of $1,000. Allegiant is the 35th largest manager of money funds with $7.4 billion in assets, according to Money Fund Intelligence XLS.
TD Asset Management, which is owned by Canada's TD Bank Financial Group, filed to launch TDAM Institutional Money Market Commercial class, with a $10 million minimum and 60 basis point exepense ratio, and TDAM Institutional Muni Money Market, which will have Institutional, Institutioanl Service, and Commercial classes.
TIAA has also filed for TIAA-CREF Money Market - Premier, a $5 million minimum share class charging 0.29% in expenses and managed by Michael Ferraro. TIAA-CREF ranks 61st out of 86 money fund managers with $1.3 billion in assets. JPMorgan Prime MM, JPMorgan US Govt MM, JPMorgan US Treas Plus MM, and JPMorgan TxFr MM have all filed for new "Direct" share classes back in late May.
Finally, Bank of Hawaii's Bishop Street Funds have liquidated their Bishop Street Treasury Money Market Fund. The company continues to run Bishop Street Government MMF.
"Money fund assets declined by over $215 billion, or 6.0%, during the second quarter of 2009, so the market share winners recently have been fund complexes showing any increases," says the latest issue of Money Fund Intelligence Distribution Survey, Crane Data's quarterly publication that tracks market share and sales trends. MFIDS continues, "Among the largest money fund managers, these included Fidelity (up $6.3B, or 1.3%), Dreyfus (up $2.7B, 1.2%), and JPMorgan (up $2.3B, or 0.6%)."
The Distribution Survey adds, "Over the past 12 months, the big winners in dollar terms were JPMorgan (up $133.6B, or 53.5%) and Fidelity (up $109.3B, or 27.3%), followed by Federated (up $69.5B, or 30.2%), Dreyfus (up $57.7B, or 31.6%), Goldman Sachs (up $43.7B, or 25.3%), and Wells Fargo (up $22.4B, or 22.0%). The largest percentage increases were shown by RBC (114.2%), JPMorgan (53.5%), American Funds (53.4%), Fifth Third (32.1%), and Dreyfus (31.6%)."
"Overall money fund assets, as measured by our Money Fund Intelligence XLS, grew by $268.4 billion, or 8.3%, in the 12 months through June 30, 2009. Note that these totals only include domestic U.S. money funds tracked by Crane Data.... Among the biggest dollar losers in Q2'09 were Schwab (down $19.4B, or 9.2%), Columbia (down $19.0B, or 13.0%), Federated (down $15.5B, or 4.9%), and Vanguard (down $11.3B, or 5.5%). Some of these names no doubt indicate that retail and brokerage customers led the way in redemptions during the quarter," says MFIDS.
Finally, the publication says, "Concentration of assets has occurred -- the largest 25 complexes account for 94.3% of all money fund assets vs. 91.2% a year ago. But the majority of this can be attributed to the movements of cash from four complexes over the past year -- Neuberger Berman, Janus, Putnam and American Beacon. These fund groups lost $17.9B (75.2%), $12.8B (87.5%), $12.7B (82.1%), and $9.4B (88.4%), respectively, totaling almost $53 billion." Of course, the redistribution of Reserve's assets also contributed.
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2019-04-22T20:39:30Z
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https://cranedata.com/archives/news/2009/8
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Many people already consume plenty of sugar — in most cases way more than they actually need. That said, as a good alternative to cane sugar, and when used in moderation, maple syrup is one of the sweeteners you should use.
Maple syrup, which is produced by boiling down sap collected from the sugar maple tree (species name Acer saccharum), is now among the “most commonly consumed natural sweeteners worldwide.” What are the benefits of maple syrup? This sweetener does more than make your pancakes taste sweet. It surprisingly has health benefits, including providing certain protective phytochemicals.
Similar to the contrast between whole and refined grains, unrefined natural sweeteners contain higher levels of beneficial nutrients, antioxidants and enzymes compared to white table sugar or high fructose corn syrup. When used in appropriate amounts, maple syrup nutrition benefits can include the ability to lower inflammation, supply nutrients and better manage blood sugar, all while helping to make recipes taste great.
Need a strong reason to use switch your sweetener? Maple syrup nutrition is impressive when it comes to supplying protective antioxidants. In fact, the medical journal Pharmaceutical Biology revealed that pure maple syrup contains up to 24 different antioxidants!
According to studies comparing the total antioxidant content of natural sweeteners to refined sugar products (like white sugar or corn syrup), there are substantial differences between different products. Refined sugar, corn syrup and agave nectar contain minimal antioxidant activity, while maple syrup, dark and blackstrap molasses, brown sugar, and raw honey have been shown to have higher antioxidant capacity.
The antioxidants found in maple syrup are mostly in the form of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are found in a variety of plant foods — including berries, nuts and whole grains — and are considered to have significant benefits when it comes to the prevention of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. They are capable of reducing free radical damage that can cause inflammation and contribute to the formation of various chronic diseases. Dark, grade B maple syrup typically contains more beneficial antioxidants than the lighter syrups.
Some of the primary antioxidants found in maple syrup include benzoic acid, gallic acid, cinnamic acid and various flavanols, like catechin, epicatechin, rutin and quercetin. While most are found at low concentrations, others are present in higher quantities. Thus, it’s possible that the benefits of these antioxidants might counteract some of the downsides to consuming the syrup’s high quantity of sugar.
Studies suggest that the maple syrup may have a lower glycemic index than sucrose, including research conducted on rats. This may help in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Refined sugar, and in general refined carbohydrates that contain little fiber, are known to be rapidly metabolized by the liver. This causes a “sugar high,” followed by a quick “sugar crash.” Even worse, consuming too much sugar quickly spikes your blood sugar and raises insulin levels. Over time, that can lead to lower insulin response and problems managing blood glucose. This is the reason diabetes develops.
However, keep in mind that because consuming too much sugar, from any source, is one of the leading causes of some of the most widespread health problems — like obesity, type 2 diabetes and heart disease — even natural sweeteners should be used in small amounts. When it comes to solutions for reversing diabetes naturally, or other blood sugar-related conditions, it’s best to minimize sugar intake overall and especially to avoid refined sugar.
Because maple syrup nutrition supplies inflammation-reducing polyphenol antioxidants, it can be considered part of a healthy diet that’s helpful in preventing certain diseases — such as neurodegenerative diseases, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease or heart disease.
Many studies have found that phenolic-containing natural products — including certain fruits, berries, spices, nuts, green tea, olive oil and syrup — have neuroprotective effects. Maple syrup’s plant-based compounds can help protect the brain by reducing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is responsible for aging us at a quicker rate. Some research shows that phenolic-containing foods in the diet can down-regulate the production of inflammatory markers and reduce the risk for neurotoxicity, brain cell death and conditions including Alzheimer’s disease.
While some evidence shows that to a certain degree sugar can cause cancer or at least contribute to it, maple syrup seems to a much less harmful sweetener. This is due to the presence of antioxidants in the syrup that can protect cells from DNA damage and mutation. Some studies have even found that dark maple syrup can demonstrate inhibitory effects on colorectal cancer cell growth and invasion. Findings have led researchers to believe that dark-color maple syrup may inhibit cell proliferation through suppression of AKT activation. This makes concentrated syrup a potential “phytomedicine” for gastrointestinal cancer treatment.
Even if consuming syrup alone doesn’t result in a reduced risk for developing cancer, it makes a good sugar substitute since it’s generally a better option than refined sugar or artificial sweeteners.
Many people swear by using maple syrup topically, directly on their skin. Similarly to raw honey, it may be able to help to lower skin inflammation, redness, blemishes and dryness. Combined with raw milk, yogurt, rolled oats and raw honey, this natural mixture applies to the skin as a mask can hydrate skin while reducing bacteria and signs of irritation.
Consuming high levels of refined sugar can contribute to candida, IBS, leaky gut syndrome and other digestive system disorders. In fact, one of the biggest steps you can take to treat leaky gut and autoimmune disorders is to reduce refined sugar intake and opt for small amounts of natural sweeteners instead.
Most artificial sweeteners also cause symptoms of indigestion, including gas, bloating, cramping and constipation. To keep the digestive tract in healthier shape and free from chemicals and the damage done by a high-sugar diet, maple syrup can be a much better alternative to use in baked goods, yogurt, oatmeal or smoothies.
Is maple syrup a laxative? Some claim that by combining this syrup with lemon juice and cayenne pepper, you can create an appetite suppressant, laxative or diuretic. There isn’t much evidence available showing that maple syrup is effective for weight loss, but if it helps reduce constipation, it’s possible it may lead to less bloating and water retention.
It’s true that maple syrup is high in sugar in the form of sucrose, but it also contains various other components, such as oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. It also contains zinc and manganese in fairly high amounts, in addition to potassium and calcium. Zinc can help fight illness and improve immunity since it keeps your level of white blood cells up, while manganese plays a role a crucial role in fat and carbohydrate metabolism, calcium absorption, blood sugar regulation, brain and nerve function.
If you typically use artificial sweeteners or refined sugar products likeSplenda, sucralose, agave, aspartame or sugar, you should think about switching these out for maple syrup and raw honey as soon as possible. There’s now some concern that artificial sweeteners, while they may be calorie-free, may be tied to numerous health problems, including weight gain, fatigue, anxiety, depression, learning disabilities, short-term memory loss and much more.
It’s possible for existing symptoms and even illnesses to worsen by repeatedly using artificial sweeteners over time. They also show unfavorable results when it comes to weight loss. It’s very possible to form an addiction to artificial sweeteners used in many diet or light foods, since they affect your food cravings and your ability to manage your body’s signs of hunger and fullness.
Maple syrup isn’t linked to any of those health problems. Plus, it triggers more satisfaction because of its natural sweet taste.
Antibiotics may seem like quick, easy solutions to a number of different illnesses. However, as new research continues to be released, it becomes harder to ignore the dangers and downfalls of antibiotic use. While targeting bad bacteria, antibiotics can also attack healthy cells. Overuse of antibiotics can result in the creation of “superbugs” that no longer respond to antibiotic treatment as well.
When researcher Nathalie Tufenkji and her team investigated extracts from maple syrup in conjunction with antibiotics ciprofloxacin and carbenicillin, they observed the same antimicrobial effect with upward of 90 percent less antibiotics. In other words, the maple syrup extract helped the antibiotics work better. How? Researchers found that the extract increased the permeability of the bacteria, helping the antibiotics into the interior of bacterial cells.
“There are other products out there that boost antibiotic strength, but this may be the only one that comes from nature,” Tufenkji says.
More research and testing for allergic reactions are still needed before this could become part of a medical protocol, but Tufenkji’s research suggests hope against antibiotic resistance in the future.
Maple tree syrup, or more accurately sap, has been used for many centuries. In fact, it is one of the oldest forms of sweeteners there is. It was eaten by Native Americans living in North America thousands of years ago.
Maple syrup was first collected and used by indigenous people before they introduced it to early European settlers, who figured out ways to quickly improve the technology needed to gather more. Sap from various maple trees first started being processed into syrup long before European settlers even arrived in America.
What is maple syrup used for in traditional systems of medicine? Native Americans have long held theories about the impact of maple syrup nutrition. The sweetener had cultural significance to many aboriginal tribes. They even celebrated the Sugar Moon (the first full moon of spring) with a Maple Dance and viewed maple sap as a source of energy and nutrition.
Medicinal uses of maple syrup include combining it with other herbs (such as juniper berry, catnip and ginger), teas, lemon juice and/or apple cider vinegar to improve insulin sensitivity, help combat metabolic disorders such as diabetes, improve digestion, and increase immunity against colds and respiratory issues. Because of its natural harvesting method and history as a healing sweetener, this is one reason why today many people still choose maple syrup as their sweetener of choice, even those following low-sugar diets like the Paleo diet, for example.
Is maple syrup better for you than sugar? Compared to refined (or “table”) cane sugar that offers absolutely no nutrients, maple syrup contains some important antioxidants and minerals, such as zincand manganese. When we do a side-by-side comparison of sugar nutrition and maple syrup nutrition, we see that they have a few things in common. However, there are also some things that definitely make maple syrup more favorable.
Both are made of about two-thirds sucrose, but maple syrup supplies less sugar overall to your diet plus more nutrients. The glycemic index score of maple syrup is about 54, compared to a score of about 65 for regular cane sugar. This means that one benefit of maple syrup nutrition is that it impacts your blood sugar levels a bit less drastically than table sugar does. This syrup also supplies some trace minerals and antioxidants, while sugar lacks both of these.
Another factor that makes these two sweeteners very different is how they are made. Maple syrup is derived from the sap of maple trees. Unlike refined cane sugar — which undergoes a long, complex process in order to be condensed in crystalized sugar — maple syrup is a much more natural, unrefined product. For example, sugar cane stalks and beets are mechanically harvested, cleaned, washed, milled, extracted, juiced, filtered, purified, vacuumed and condensed — all before they even become sugar crystals! And as you probably know, high fructose corn syrup is not natural or a healthy choice, and neither are artificial sweeteners (hence the name).
Is maple syrup or honey healthier? Real, preferably raw honey makes a great maple syrup substitute because it also contains some nutrients and enzymes. Raw honey is a pure, unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by bees from the nectar of flowers. Unlike processed honey, raw honey does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional value. For example, raw honey contains bee pollen, which is known to ward off infections and help provide natural allergy relief. Studies have shown that honey contains disease-fighting antioxidant flavonoids like pinocembrin, pinostrobin and chrysin, plus polyphenols. Honey is also a natural antibacterial and has skin-soothing, wound-healing effects.
How does maple syrup compare to molasses? Blackstrap molasses is the dark, viscous molasses that remains after maximum extraction of sugar from raw sugar cane. In the study mentioned above that compared antioxidant content of various refined and natural sweeteners, molasses was found to have the highest concentration of antioxidants. Molasses has a moderate glycemic load (lower than refined sugar) and contains vitamin B6, manganese, magnesium, potassium, iron and selenium. This molasses contains lactic acid, which is produced by bacteria that plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism. Lactic acid serves as a natural acne treatment and heals other skin conditions.
Maple syrup is made by boiling down sap. It comes from maple syrup trees, which include several species commonly known as the sugar maple, red maple or black maple tree. Sucrose is the most prevalent type of sugar that is derived from maple syrup trees. At least 66 percent of the sugar in maple syrup must be sucrose in order for it to be considered pure.
In all plants, a sort of sugar is naturally present. Plants’ primary sugar is a product of photosynthesis that occurs when sunshine comes into contact with the plant’s leaves. Sugar synthesized in plants, including the maple tree, is used as a source of energy for their growth and is stored throughout the plant, usually in the roots.
Wondering how to make maple syrup? With the right equipment, gathering maple syrup from maple trees is actually not very complicated, although it takes good timing and some patience.
Sugar is made by the maple tree during summer and is stored as starch in the tree’s roots. Then during the winter months, “taps” are inserted into the trees to harvest the sap. After the tap hole is drilled, a spout with either a bucket and hook or tube is attached. Traditionally, buckets were used to gather syrup, but a modern technique uses tubes.
When spring comes and the temperature gets warmer, a pattern of freezing and thawing temperatures builds up pressure within the trees. This causes the sap to flow from the tap holes into the buckets.
The buckets are traditionally gathered by hand and added to large tanks, where some of the water is evaporated and removed to produce a richer syrup. And that’s it — the process is that simple. A typical “sugaring” season lasts four to six weeks, usually through March and April in the Northern Hemisphere. It takes 40 gallons of sap to make each gallon of maple syrup! The length of the production season is linked to daily variation in temperature.
Where is maple syrup made? Some of the best quality syrup in the world is maple syrup from Canada. Maple syrup production is considered an important economic activity in Northeastern North America. Today, Canada supplies over 80 percent of the world’s maple syrup. In the U.S., the largest-producing state of maple syrup is Vermont. Maple syrup has been made in Vermont for hundreds of years. In fact, some large maple trees in Vermont that are still suppliers of sap today are over 200 years old! Most maple trees are about 10 to 12 inches in diameter and usually about 40 years old.
Maple syrup prices vary depending on the grade and place of origin. Many maple syrups sold in stores are basically imposters or maple syrup “flavored” sugars that are highly refined. In order to get all of these benefits of maple syrup nutrition, you need to be careful to buy the right kind.
Carefully check the ingredient label to make sure pure maple syrup is the only (or primary) ingredient, not refined cane/beet sugar or high fructose corn syrup.
It’s also smart to buy organic maple syrup whenever possible. This ensures the trees weren’t treated with any chemicals.
In regard to maple syrup grades, all types of pure maple syrup are either classified as “grade A” or “grade B.” Both grade A and grade B maple syrups can be good choices, as long as they are pure and free of preservatives, artificial dyes and flavors.
The biggest difference between maple syrup grades is that grade B maple syrup is darker in color and more concentrated, so it’s usually used to cook with instead of drizzling onto foods. Some research also shows that grade B syrup tends to be richer in antioxidants that grade A. This means that whenever possible, you probably want to select darker, grade B maple syrup.
Most maple syrup bought in stores is grade A, the lighter type used to sweeten pancakes. There are also several different types of grade A syrups, which range in color from light to dark amber. The darker the syrup, the later it was harvested in the year and the stronger the flavor is.
More recently, the grade called “Grade A Very Dark” has been used to indicate when maple syrup has a strong taste and amber color. This type is much darker than most grade A syrups because it is tapped toward the end of the sugaring season.
Maple syrup is a heat-stable sweetener that works well in many types of recipes. You can use it numerous ways, including in marinades, dressings, glazes, baked recipes or simply on its own. It’s even a good alternative to white sugar in your morning coffee or tea.
When using maple syrup in place of table sugar in baked goods, replace the regular sugar content with the same amount of maple syrup, but reduce the amount of liquid the recipe calls for by about a half-cup. This gives you enough of a sweet taste without adding too much moisture and diminishing the texture you’re looking for. In smoothies, salad dressings or other liquids, you can simply replace sugar or agave nectar with maple syrup instead.
Is maple syrup bad for certain people, such as diabetics?
Like previously mentioned, maple syrup can make a good natural sweetener choice when the serving size is kept small and eaten in combination with other whole foods. While maple syrup does contain some nutrients and benefits over white sugar, it doesn’t supply a very high level of important vitamins or minerals compared to other whole foods like vegetables, fruits, and high-quality proteins and fats.
As a result, it might be better to think of it as an alternative to sugar but not necessarily something you should strive to include in your diet every day. As long as you have maple syrup in moderation, it shouldn’t create a problem. Uust make sure you purchase the best kind possible, and keep an eye on your portion!
Maple syrup is produced by boiling down sap collected from the sugar maple tree (species name Acer saccharum). It’s now one of the most commonly consumed natural sweeteners worldwide.
While it is high in sugar (specifically sucrose), it’s a good alternative to refined cane sugar because it provides certain phytonutrients and vitamins.
Health benefits of this sweet condiment include providing antioxidants (especially phenolic compounds), having a lower glycemic score than sugar, protecting against cancer, fighting inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, protecting skin health, providing vitamins and minerals, and enhancing antibiotic effects.
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2019-04-18T13:15:15Z
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https://draxe.com/maple-syrup-nutrition/
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