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Making decisions about an over-hyped, under-delivering technology amid today's unrelenting economic pressures certainly isn't easy. So to help uncloud your thinking, we looked into exactly how several companies across various industries are experimenting with cloud computing.
A recent academic study identified at least 22 definitions of "cloud computing" in common use, from the broad notion of using the internet to access any sort of managed technology services (a.k.a. SaaS or software as a service) to the wide-eyed optimist's view that a diverse, powerful lineup of cloud services will be delivered in real time by crash-proof distributed servers "without complicated deployment worries." The sorry economy is prompting more CIOs to explore cloud computing and its cost-cutting promise, says Doug Tracy, former global CTO for Rolls-Royce. "But it's still an idea that a lot of people don't know a whole lot about."
The core attraction of cloud is that companies can avoid buying and running hardware, software and other equipment by contracting with a services vendor to run selected systems or applications on its own infrastructure of virtualised servers. The "services" you purchase are delivered in a standardized, multi- tenancy fashion that observers say will save one-third to one-half of your current costs.
That's certainly appealing as this recession forces CIOs to seek ever-greater efficiencies from IT infrastructures already as lean as starving wolves.
"We're under tremendous pressure to provide flexibility and agility and to be driving cost models down," says Charles Soto, vice president of IT at Motorola's Broadband Mobility Solutions business, which recently tested cloud computing services for four different applications. But thinking that cloud computing will release an instant reservoir of savings is a mistake, he adds.
To Arthur Winn, head of pricing at BT Group, "cloud" is nothing but a marketing term. The US$41 billion London telecommunications company has been doing what could be considered cloud computing for several years, he says. That is, handing over BT customer calling data to a third party to analyze and then let BT access via the Internet. "As long as we are getting more service for less money each year, we're happy," he says.
What we found is that cloud is an umbrella term for many services, including SaaS and virtualisation - anything but traditional computing behind the walls of your own data center. If you're worried about being behind the cloud curve, don't be.
CIOs recognise this latest hype cycle all too well. When client-server computing was all the early-90s' rage, every vendor slapped the term onto its marketing pitch whether it fit or not. Then it was data warehousing lining up to provide a single view of all your customers at the touch of a button. Next came ERP systems intended to replace the disparate best-of-breed software across business operations.
All of these hype-cycled technologies eventually had a significant impact on corporate computing environments, but invariably at much greater complexity and expense than initially promised.
First, a definition of cloud that makes sense to most CIOs: You don't own the software or hardware and, unlike outsourcing, no specific equipment is dedicated only to you. You access the vendor's systems over the Internet in some secured way. For that access, you pay a subscription fee that rises or falls with how much or how often you draw on the vendor's systems.
Google, for example, offers office basics such as e-mail and word processing, with password protection and a per-user fee. Amazon offers substantial systems such as complete e-commerce or storage facilities, and charges per hour or per gigabyte for various configurations. From a newcomer such as Seattle-based Skytap, which provides virtual data center services, you get access to application development and testing environments for a monthly base charge and pay extra for virtual-machine, storage and data-transfer options. Cloud permutations range from network plumbing to business applications.
But using a cloud of someone else's technologies isn't as simple as telling Amazon to open its doors to accept your data, then writing a check every month, cautions Motorola's Soto.
He would love to rejigger Motorola's IT to match computing power and cost-to-user demand, whether it falls during a bad economy or rises during a good one. "How do we find a consumption-based model to pay for what we use, to be able to spin them up quickly or shut down without having to be burdened with depreciation schedules in the normal IT process?" he asks.
That idea appeals to many IT leaders considering cloud computing, says Tom Pettibone, managing partner of consulting firm Transition Partners. CIOs have had to design their data centers to take peak loads. But during off-peak times, that capacity sits unused and idling at great expense, Pettibone says. "That costs you every day."
In the Skytap experiment, Motorola put four applications on Skytap servers: a project management tracker, a Web design application, an IT asset management database and a Microsoft Active Directory application. For US$1000, a small group of Motorola employees could test how those applications worked on Skytap's cloud for 30 days.
Motorola is used to getting IT from outside its own walls, with 33 SaaS applications in production, including Salesforce .com. But what the cloud experiments showed, Soto says, is that agility and cost savings come with trade-offs. While he estimates the cost at one-third to one-half of what Motorola normally spends on those applications, Skytap's security needs work, he explains. Motorola's people could see each other's data, he says. "That's very significant."
Plus, adds Sujit Sinha, senior director of IT strategy and architecture at Motorola, complying with Sarbanes-Oxley regulations about segregation of duties in the cloud appears difficult. "We didn't see a way to segregate who has rights to do what," Sinha says. That raises concerns about failing a Sox audit, which requires clear evidence of employee assignments that present no conflicts of interest when handling company financial data.
Skytap is learning from its customers, says Ian Knox, the vendor's director of product management. Security settings can be changed to protect data from the eyes of others, he says. A few weeks after Motorola's test ended, Skytap added several reporting and role-based access features to address Sox concerns, Knox adds. In cloud computing in general, Sinha notes, other issues also need to be worked out, such as who has rights to your data. With no universally accepted terms of what a cloud vendor can and cannot do, he says, "you have to work it out in your contracts."
Despite the obstacles, Motorola is moving forward with its cloud initiatives. Next, they will pilot cloud services from a bigger player and, within the next quarter, they hope to have a small cloud application in production. Says Soto: "We'd do it yesterday if we could."
At BT, what Winn considers cloud began years ago. Winn's group, which sets rates and deals for cell phone calling plans, had to compete with other departments for time on BT's internal, massively parallel servers. The group couldn't get enough time to run many queries to test new pricing ideas, Winn says, so they looked outside the company for computing power.
BT contracted with Kognitio for "data warehousing as a service," done on the vendor's servers on data BT ships via the Internet. Each month, BT sends the vendor hundreds of millions of call center records, or about 3.6TB of data. Kognitio then performs regression analysis so BT can study customer churn, for example, and what-if scenarios to discover how new price plans would play out.
BT pricing specialists can log in to Kognitio's machines through a Citrix server to play around with the data, making queries using Business Objects tools. "The concept of interested people sharing a common resource has been around forever," Winn says. "It's the model of the combine harvester."
Augmenting its computing resources this way has allowed BT to launch ground-breaking cell phone plans. A few years back, cell phone competition was a race to the lowest per-minute rate.
BT wanted to know whether capped pricing would be profitable. That is, no call would ever cost more than, say, five pence. By applying that theoretical pricing package to a month's worth of real calling data from every BT customer, the company determined that such a scheme would be profitable. So BT went ahead with it. "BT is never going to be the lowest per minute," Winn says. "We needed to change the game."
Winn's group might have done such modeling with Excel spreadsheets on a subset of BT data. But aggregates and averages are a risky way to model, he says. Abstractions can distort results. Working out pricing problems on Kognitio's servers lets BT use actual customer data-and lots of it. "When the answer comes out, it has a lot more credibility," he says. "This isn't a few assumptions in a spreadsheet. It is truly penny perfect."
Jim Swartz, CIO of Sybase, sees potential in cloud computing but isn't ready to give up his company's data to a third-party host. Instead, he has virtualised Sybase's servers-essentially creating his own private cloud-so he can study the best way to use the architecture.
At Sybase, a private cloud of virtual servers inside its data center has saved nearly $2 million annually since 2006, Swartz says, because the company can share computing power and storage resources across servers. The virtual setup also lets Sybase move data electronically from one physical site to another, for a more agile disaster recovery program.
Whenever you hear the term "private cloud," understand that it's "nothing more than virtualisation," notes David Linthicum, principal of Linthicum Group, a consulting firm that specializes in enterprise architecture and Web technologies. Virtualisation lets CIOs take advantage of the economics of cloud computing, he says, but within their own walls and under their own control.
Virtualisation has certainly saved money for Norton Healthcare, a nonprofit hospital system in Louisville, Ky., although CIO Joe DeVenuto declines to cite exact figures. Norton recently revamped its data center with vendor Emerson Network Power, installing 160 virtual servers. The goal was to milk every drop of computing power and storage capacity from its machines. Virtual servers scale up and down fast, and new ones can be added in less time than it takes to configure a traditional server, DeVenuto notes.
Cloud vendors might be even more efficient than he is, De-Venuto says, but that extra oomph isn't worth the risk of letting go of patient data from Norton's four hospitals, 10 urgent care facilities and 60 doctor's offices. He would consider cloud for disaster recovery, he says, but not for primary computing. "I'm fairly conservative. It's a struggle for me to put patient information in the public cloud."
One organisation more willing to farm out some of its data is the United States Golf Association, which governs the rules of golf and runs 13 championships every year. Daily operations at the USGA rely heavily on their own email system because they are in continual contact with their constituencies, such as state and regional golf associations, USGA members, championship host clubs and the general golfing community. Even an hour of downtime would cause major disruption to this workflow, says Jessica Carroll, managing director of IT.
Carroll wanted to revise an existing e-mail backup plan that would take hours or days to recover. Under that plan, the IT department would handle the entire recovery process, including ordering new hardware to start from scratch. To take the weight off her team's shoulders and to make sure the company wouldn't lose data or productivity, she signed a deal last year with IBM to host a replication of USGA's e-mail system in IBM's data centers.
If a USGA server hits a problem, Carroll can click a button to switch to the replicated version that IBM maintains for her, she says, without USGA users noticing a thing. Then her IT department can fix the internal issues. The e-mail system carries USGA's most critical data, such as membership information and correspondences between the constituents.
Before Carroll could feel comfortable with the deal, however, she extracted stringent service-level promises from IBM. For example, in the event of a short-term outage such as a hardware failure, IBM must immediately provide a year's worth of backed-up e-mails for senior management of the USGA staff so they can continue e-mailing without waiting for repair. In the event of a full-blown crash, IBM would provide multiple years' worth of messages. The hardware and software for this kind of backup and recovery system would have cost the USGA too much to do on its own, Carroll says.
Hamilton Beach Brands also dipped a toe into cloud computing via e-mail. When the time came to upgrade Lotus Notes last year, the appliance company hesitated. Hamilton Beach hadn't refreshed Notes in three years and Jerry Hodge, senior director of information services, knew jumping from Notes 6.53 to version 8 would force him to upgrade his IBM iSeries servers and retrain the 500 users on the system. A lot of expensive work just for e-mail, he thought.
Hodge asked his staff to look into Google's Gmail service, among other alternatives. E-mail hasn't been a competitive differentiator for years, he reasoned. By subscribing to Gmail for a monthly per-user fee, Hamilton Beach would avoid the expense of new hardware, software licenses and training. Because Google provides archiving and retrieval, Hodge also figured he'd save on items such as backup tapes and disks and the IT labor to support electronic discovery for lawsuits or audits. "Over five years, the cost would be half," he says, looking at a spreadsheet comparing the Notes upgrade to Gmail. Such savings in capital and ongoing operating expenses were too compelling to pass up, he says. "Let someone in the cloud run e-mail and free up my guys' time to work on stuff that does make a difference."
It's one thing to put a basic, almost self-contained system like email into the hands of an outside service provider. Quite another to off-load more complicated, interdependent applications filled with sensitive customer or competitive data, says Tracy, who recently left Rolls-Royce to become CIO of Dana Corp. "I don't think there's a mad rush for people to put their ERP systems in the clouds," he says.
For Tracy and other skeptics, security and reliability issues raise serious questions. Outages of Gmail for several hours in February and April frustrated a mass of customers. Amazon, too, has experienced outages due to authentication overloads and other problems.
How much these issues matter will vary depending on the criticality of the system and the risk tolerance of the CIO, Tracy says.
Security is especially important at Rolls-Royce, which makes such items as jet engines for military aircraft and power systems for Navy ships. (The fancy cars are made by BMW.) As a defense contractor, the company is bound by strict federal technology and physical security regulations. He contemplated cloud computing but not with Amazon or Google partly because, he says, they won't let customers inspect their data centers-and that's a show-stopper for Tracy. "You say you want to try cloud computing, but it's only a few hundred bucks a month to them and they say it's not cost effective to allow this tour," he says.
Google, for one, has heard this criticism before. Its response is that customers can feel comfortable with Google Apps because its systems and processes have passed a SAS 70 Type II audit of controls in place to protect data. Google has also published on its enterprise blog some of the ways it manages customer information.
That helps a little, Tracy says, but it's far from enough when he worries about exporting sensitive data. "That requires us to understand where the data is hosted and who has access, [even] the nationality of everyone who is a system administrator," he explains. "That's not feasible in cloud computing, where processing could be in any data center around the country at any given moment."
Adopting cloud whole hog could cut IT staff by 10 percent to 15 percent, according to McKinsey. That's just what no one below the CIO wants to hear. At Hamilton Beach, which simply handed over e-mail to Google, Hodge says he saw fear. "My team was apprehensive about cloud. Thought it would put them out of a job." But no one has lost his job because of cloud computing, he adds. Instead, he's been able to reassign duties to let staffers do more productive work in areas such as business continuity.
At a recent gathering of IT leaders in New York, the enthusiasm about cloud computing's potential was tempered by sobering worries about early-stage hurdles. Still, the group estimated that within five years, as much as 25 per cent to 30 per cent of most companies' IT strategies will include services from the cloud.
"The will to experiment is there," notes Shiva Swamy, executive vice president of IT services firm ZSL and one of the attendees. "Surely the bad economy provides the impetus, but there are many unknowns that we all have to figure out together." | 2019-04-21T02:12:52Z | https://www.cio.co.nz/article/469296/riding_hype_cycle/ |
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[China] Journalists Say, "They Use Us As Tools. What They Need Is Our Limbs, Not Our Brains."
In Mainland China, it is rumored that a host of the Radio Station of Shenzhen City suddenly broadcast the truth of Falun Gong during a program. Fully aware of this incident, the central authorities are blocking the news. News departments are being tightly controlled for increased security. While broadcasting a program, two hosts of the program must be present to supervise each other.
Falun Dafa practitioners from Inner Mongolia salute Falun Dafa practitioners in Changchun City.
First, Falun Dafa practitioners from Inner Mongolia pay their highest respect to the Falun Dafa practitioners who broadcast the Falun Gong truth-clarifying programs through the cable television network in Changchun City!
In the past, the evil forces made use of the human notions that Falun Dafa practitioners had not eliminated in cultivation to damage Dafa. This time, the Changchun practitioners used the cable television network to broadcast the truth of Falun Gong, allowing Falun Dafa practitioners in Mainland China take control and break through the evil force's information blockade that had deceived the people.
Falun Dafa practitioners in Inner Mongolia will send forth righteous thoughts everyday at 5:00 a.m., 6:00 a.m., 7:00 a.m. and at 8:00 p.m., 9:00 p.m., 10:00 p.m. to help the Falun Dafa practitioners in Changchun City eradicate the evil.
All the Falun Dafa practitioners in Shanxi Province Salute the Falun Dafa practitioners in Changchun City!
Your selfless and fearless benevolent acts built your mighty virtues that will be most respected by the people! This mighty torrent of Fa-rectification will definitely create the incomparably splendid scene of Fa-rectification in Mainland China and all over the world. Let us take each step well in the Fa-rectification.
Falun Dafa practitioners in Zhengzhou City Salute the Falun Dafa practitioners in Changchun City.
You are worthy of being called Falun Dafa practitioners in Teacher's hometown. You used rationality and wisdom to break through the television blockade, gave an example of large-scale truth clarification, brought sunshine to millions of people in Changchun City and established the mighty virtue of Dafa! This will encourage Falun Dafa practitioners in other areas to clarify the truth more deeply and widely, thus offering salvation to the people. Falun Dafa practitioners in Zhengzhou City will send forth righteous thoughts together with you to eradicate the evil persecution. Please don't neglect your own safety.
Falun Dafa practitioners in Changchun City used television to clarify the truth to the people. It was a clever, brave and heroic feat that helped to eradicate the evil. Let us send forth righteous thoughts together with the purest hearts to completely eliminate all the evil.
According to reports, female Falun Dafa practitioner Zhu Li is now being detained in the detention center of the Pi County Police Department in Chengdu City. Her legs were recently broken, and she is currently unable to take care of herself.
Late at night on December 21, 2001 Zhu Li was abducted from her temporary residence by local police. She was righteous and stern, and refused to cooperate with the evil. She solemnly condemned the thugs for helping the Chinese dictator in carrying out evil deeds. She suffered inhuman torture and was transferred to several places for detention. In the detention center of the Chengchu City Police Department, Zhu Li went on a hunger strike to protest the persecution of Falun Dafa and Falun Dafa practitioners. She was brutally force-fed by the vicious policemen. During the force-feeding, she threw up the tube that was inserted into her stomach through her nostrils and entered her mouth. In order to resist the force-feeding, she tightly bit on one end of the tube that was in her mouth, but the frenzied policemen grabbed the other end of the tube and yanked it very hard. It was extremely cruel. Her nose and mouth were badly injured, and there was blood all over her face and chest. Later, she was transferred to the Pujiang County Detention Center in Chengdu City and illegally detained there. It is not known what other places she has been transferred to, but currently she is being detained in the detention center of the Pi County Police Department in Chengdu City with both legs broken.
Zhu Li has been sentenced to one year of forced labor for going to Beijing to appeal in December 1999. She was detained in the Nanmusi Female Forced Labor Camp in Zizhong County of Sichuan Province and endured all kinds of torture. After she was released, she was forced to live on the street.
Falun Dafa practitioners He Yuanchao and Liu Yun (female) were abducted with Zhu Li from the same house on December 21. According to reports, He Yuanchao was forced to jump off the building and fell during the abduction, and Liu Yun fell off the building at the police station. They both suffered serious injuries. Presently, they are released on bail provided by family members, and they are back home awaiting the trial. Falun Dafa practitioners Yin Sirong, Chen Jianping, Zhong Shuirong and several other practitioners were also abducted on the same day, but their whereabouts are unknown. All the righteous people around the world, please show your concern for the Falun Dafa practitioners in Chengdu City who are being persecuted.
Zhang Yujie, female, over 30 years old, went to Tiananmen Square on Beijing Falun Dafa Day, February 4, 2002 and successfully unfurled a Falun Dafa banner, shouting, "Falun Dafa is good!" After she was arrested, she went on hunger strike for nearly one month. She was then sent back to her hometown and detained there. Several collaborators in her hometown tried to brainwash her many times, but she remained steadfast.
Liu Xiaolan and Zhang Fenghua (female) were abducted while doing Dafa work. They are currently being detained.
Ge Xiulan, female, is over 60 years old. Although her husband does not practice Falun Gong, he thinks that it is good and supports Falun Dafa work. One time, he was arrested while doing Falun Dafa work, which resulted in trouble for Ge Xiulan. She was arrested from her home in Jiamusi City. Shang Xiping, the former vice director of the Shanshang Police Station of the Forestry Bureau Police Department was abducted in Beijing in November and sent back to Shang's hometown. He is still being detained.
Guo Ren'ai, female, over 50 years old, is the senior teacher of the No. 1 Middle School. She is well known as a good person and a good teacher. After she was abducted in Beijing, in order to resist the persecution and not cause trouble for the local people, she firmly refused to reveal her name. She went on a hunger strike for 8 days and subsequently released. She went back to her hometown with a kind heart, wishing to find the head of the police department to clarify the truth to him directly and advise the local police not to violate the law while carrying out wishes of the Chinese dictator. Before she could do this, the local policemen arrested her at her home for no reason. The local police attempted to send her to the forced labor camps in Harbin City and Jiamusi City, but the labor camps did not accept her. Currently Guo is still being detained.
In early December of 2001, a location storing Falun Dafa truth-material was damaged. Three Dafa disciples were abducted: Yin Xiaolan, Tang Qiong, and Wang Yongmin. Among them, Yin Xiaolan and Wang Yongmin were sent to the Beidao Detention Center, where they were tortured for five days and nights. It is unknown whether they are alive or dead.
On September 10, 2001, I went to visit Hao Guiyun, a fellow practitioner. In the evening, Wang Zhandong, the Director of the Xin'an Police Substation in the area broke in and grab my handbag to make an illegal search. I demanded to see his credentials and search warrant. He said to me rudely, "Do you want me to use my gun?" I thought at the moment, "What a vicious policeman he is, no better than a bandit." In this fashion he took away my handbag with my ID, pay card, two deposit certificates (10,000 Yuan and 535 Yuan, respectively ), 300 Yuan in cash, a cellular phone and other personal items inside. I heard later that the policemen intend to keep the money for themselves.
Thinking that I cannot cooperate with them at all, I forced my way out the door. Wang Zhandong, Liu Ansheng and three or four other policemen later ransacked Hao Guiyun's home and confiscated her property. Hao Guiyuan was forced to become homeless. Her daughter Chu Haiyan, a Dafa disciple, was arrested and detained in the Anda Detention Center, where she went on a hunger strike to protest against the persecution. She lost consciousness twice during the hunger strike and suffer multiple injuries at the hands of the police. Hao Guiyun's sister's and niece's homes are also under surveillance. The police often threatened and harassed Hao's sister over the phone or at her home.
Shijiazhang Dafa disciple Lu Suzhen, female, is 69 years old. On New Year's Day of 2001, she was abducted while clarifying the truth of Falun Dafa. Then the Yucai Street Police Substation sentenced her to two years in forced labor camp. The 69-year-old woman has been tortured for over a year in the No.1 Team of the Shijiazhuang Forced Labor Camp. Her health has greatly deteriorated due to various forms of mistreatment under the long-term adverse conditions. High blood pressure and other symptoms appeared. What's worse, she didn't eat for over 10 days before the Chinese Lunar New Year. The forced labor camp treats human life as if it were not worth a straw. She's not allowed to be released on bail for medical treatment unless she gives up cultivation practice of Falun Dafa. The policemen from the Yucai Street Police Substation also refused to sign the documents, putting up numerous obstacles to greatly hinder the elderly woman from any bail attempts for medical treatment. They have ignored her ailing condition from being tortured in the forced labor camp.
We appeal to people of goodwill to show their concern for Lu Suzhen's suffering.
Yucai Street Police Substation: Tel. 86-311-6048886. The Yucai Street Police Substation is inside the residential area of the Hua Medicine Plant.
The No.1 Team of the Shijiazhuang Forced Labor Camp: Tel. 86-311-7754007, transfer to the female team.
It was overheard that a person tried to persuade his aunt to give up Falun Gong, because the police put up a notice that whoever reported a Dafa disciple in possession of Teacher's articles would be given a reward of 5000 Yuan. What a shame that the police are sparing no expense in persecuting Dafa disciples.
At about 9 p.m. on December 28, 2001, Dafa disciples Chen Yiqun and her mother were ordered to stop by a police vehicle while taking a walk. They didn't obey the order and kept walking. The police vehicle immediately signaled for help. About seven or eight policemen from the Chalukou Police Substation appeared and took them to the police substation. They forcibly conducted a body search, and then the policemen and the people in charge of persecuting Falun Gong at their work units ransacked their home. The police were ordered to perform a thorough search, so the ransacking lasted for three hours. They finally found a copy of Zhuan Falun, a book of Teacher's articles, an exercise music tape, and a booklet with telephone numbers. At around 11 p.m., two more Dafa disciples were arrested. At 1 a.m. Chen Yiqun's mother was released, but the other three were sent to the No.1 Detention Center in Xianning City. Chen Yiqun has already been on a hunger and water strike for about 40 days. She was forced-fed and injected with unknown substances. The police asked her mother to bring money to the detention center for her medical treatment, but her mother refused to cooperate. As a result, the security section of Chen Yiqun's work unit was forced to pay 1000 Yuan.
Dafa disciple Yang Xiaoyong was arrested and forcibly detained in the No. 1 Detention Center in Xianning City at 9 a.m. on January 18, 2002 by several policemen from Chalukou Police Substation. At present, Yang Xiaoyong has been on a hunger and water strike for about 30 days. During the time, he lost consciousness once, and his face has become nearly unrecognizable due to abuse. His life is in great danger. Dafa disciples, please send forth your righteous thoughts to aid fellow practitioners in jail and ask for their immediate release.
3. Du Zhiqiang, a section chief of the Police Department in Xianning City.
5. "110" in Xianning City.
On April 23, 2001, the Security Section of the Xianning Cigarette Factory actively cooperated with the local police department in persecuting Falun Dafa practitioners. Six practitioners including Wang Lusong, Zhu Boqing, Li Xueping, Li Xuehong, Chen Larong and Huang Qiuzhen were taken from their workplace to the Security Section. Officials from the local police station interrogated them about their attitude toward Falun Gong. Then they transported these practitioners against their will to the local detention center for a brainwashing class. They were held for 20 days for "disrupting social order." After being released from the detention center, the practitioners went back to work. Soon afterwards, however, they received written notification from the factory's office requiring them to attend a brainwashing class for 3 months, for which each of them would be given 10 Yuan [500 Yuan is the average monthly income of an average urban worker] everyday for their living expenses. The practitioners refused this unlawful request, and they still went to work as usual. At the end of the month, they were paid only 300 Yuan of their usual monthly salary. The following month these practitioners still went to work, yet the factory cadre issued another notification, changing their daily pay from 10 Yuan to 5 Yuan. This meant that they would only be earning 150 Yuan per month for their work. The practitioners had no choice but to return home. They were not allowed to go to work and allotted only 150 Yuan per month for living expenses. Moreover, they still had to pay 20 to 40 Yuan every month for the social endowment insurance. The practitioners talked to the responsible officials many times. The officials refused the practitioners' legitimate demands, requiring that they must first guarantee "not to go to Beijing to appeal, not to have contact with other Dafa practitioners, and not to do group practice." Right now, there are seven practitioners who have not been allowed to return to work at this factory for a long time. One practitioner was forced to leave home and live on the streets in order to avoid being arrested. One practitioner was dismissed from his post and forced to retire early. Two practitioners were sentenced to forced labor for 1 and 1.5 years respectively.
Beijing police are extremely afraid of Dafa practitioners who live on the streets. Recently, they have adopted various measures to prevent this, including recruiting those people who were released after accepting the forced brainwashing to report the whereabouts of Dafa practitioners. The criminal police, joint defense team members and their accomplices wait in ambush to arrest practitioners and monitor practitioners' telephones. They come to the homes or work units of practitioners' relatives and friends, using the threat of "guilt by association" to force them to look for the practitioners. They persecute Dafa practitioners by any means possible. The practitioners' family members have awakened, however, and the police and their associates continue to run into dead ends. Dafa practitioners are still devoting themselves to the mighty current of Fa-rectification by offering people salvation.
After one practitioner left home, her family members were frequently harassed by the work unit cadres and police. Her husband firmly said to the other family members and relatives, "She has come to this point, and it's impossible to make her give up this practice. All we can do now is protect her." Another practitioner's daughter was very angry about the police's repeated harassment. She told them, "Go ahead and find my mother if you can. If you do, I'll be able to meet with her in person, also." Another practitioner's relative was harassed many times by the police. This relative scolded the police angrily, "You go look for her any way you can. Why come bother me? You've already disturbed my family life!"
One practitioner's husband said to her, "The police detained me for a couple of days in order to find you. They also took our son directly from school and even detained him for two days. The police said that if you come back voluntarily now, nothing would happen. They will neither send you to the brainwashing class nor ask you to write a guarantee to give up the practice. Everything will be fine as long as you stay at home. The police asked me to take them to the place where you are living. They only want to know where you are. They also said that if you miss this opportunity, the offer will be withdrawn, and they will do nothing more to help you." Her husband continued to say, "The police have said that you'll have no troubles as long as you come back now. Why not return home?" He had been under so much pressure recently that he had become very thin. The Dafa practitioner said, "How can you believe what they say? I was released from jail. Don't I know what it is like inside jail? They have beaten so many practitioners to death!" Her husband suddenly awakened. He gave her some money and let her leave home.
The 610 Office [Note: The "610 Office" is an agency specifically created to persecute Falun Gong, with absolute power over each level of administration in the Party and all other political and judiciary systems] of Shijingshan District in Beijing held a vicious brainwashing class at the Shijingshan Railway Employee Hospital. Thugs beat up the practitioners held there. They gave these practitioners injections to force them to give up their beliefs, and they endured severe torture. Most of the thugs who beat practitioners are former practitioners who were brainwashed and turned against Dafa, including Ma Rui, Hou Huilan, Liu Shuyong, and Li Xinshui. They employed many cruel means to torture practitioners.
I'm a resident of Quzhou County in Hebei Province, and my wife is a Falun Dafa practitioner. For practicing Falun Gong and being good people, we have been tortured many times. On December 28 of lunar calendar last year, more than ten officials, including Yang Shuhe from the Town Government, Lou Qingwen, Cheng Mengxiang and Ting Chaohua from the police station, as well as some people from the military camp drove to my village. As I locked the door to leave home, their car stopped outside. Without showing proper authorization, they wanted to search my home, but I refused to open the door. They rushed up, grabbed me and pulled me into the car. They punched and kicked me, causing my face to become swollen and bruised. They even sat on my head and tried to force me to curse Dafa and Teacher. I said that I never cursed people. While beating me without mercy, they stole 20 Yuan from my pocket. They are the same as bandits.
When my parents arrived, the neighbors were still taking about it, "You don't go after thieves and robbers, and you only harass good people instead. What you are doing is violating human rights." The officials knew that they were in the wrong, so they drove away. My parents rode bicycles to chase them, yelling to them, "You don't want us to enjoy the New Year's Day. Don't you expect to have a good year, either. I know you." They couldn't succeed in their evil deeds, and so they had to release me.
I don't practice cultivation, but I know that Dafa is good and a righteous law.
A Dafa practitioner told his friend who worked in a TV station (note: all TV stations in China are state-owned) not to film scenes framing Falun Gong. His friend said, "I certainly will not do that. As journalists, we all know that they use us as tools. What they need is our limbs, not our brains."
Shijiazhuang City's Legal Affairs Center is a vicious, dark den, created by the Forced Labor Reeducation Bureau especially for brainwashing and torturing Dafa practitioners. The personnel working there are the plainclothes police from Shijiazhuang Forced Labor Camp. Among them, police officer Kong Fanyun is extremely vicious, deceitful and cruel. He used all possible means to torture Dafa practitioners. Under his instigation and control, a group of former practitioners who turned against Dafa including Li Liya, Wang Bo and Huang Jianling persecuted Dafa practitioners. | 2019-04-26T04:24:27Z | http://en.minghui.org/html/articles/2002/3/22/20124.html |
Vladimir Putin has visited General Shamanov on his hospital bed. Shamanov is suffering from a cerebral concussion, a broken arm and a broken leg. He should be operated on this Monday. Russian TV showed a very sympathetic Putin warmly encouraging Shamanov who spoke to him through an oxygen mask. Putin promised Shamanov that only the very best doctors would treat him.
Defense Minister Serdiukov also visited Shamanov, but no footage of their meeting was released. Serdiukov declared that "Paratroopers are tough guys" and that Shamanov will soon re-join the ranks.
The C-in-C of the Russian Airborne Forces is the object of a "full-spectrum attack"
Remember the crisis which opposed the Russian Airborne Forces to the Minister of Defense Serdiukov (see here, here, here and here)? Well, the counter attack from Serdiukov did not take long and it was really a case of a "full-spectrum" strike.
First, a "leak" was published in a Russian tabloid accusing Shamanov of using two Spetsnaz units from the 45th Special Forces Reconnaissance Regiment in Kubinka to defend the interests of Shamanov's son in law, Alexei Khramushin, a well-known "businessman" who currently has an international arrest warrant (for murder) issued against him. Although nothing actually happened that day, a "declassified" (??) recording of what appeared as an intercepted and decrypted telephone conversation between Shamanov and one of his aides was leaked to the Russian tabloid Novaia Gazeta in which Shamanov can be heard ordering 2 Spetsnaz units sent to a business center belonging to Khramushin to prevent an inspection by judicial authorities. When questioned about that, Shamanov answered that this recording had been a clever montage of a real conversation made by individuals with connections to Chechnia. Needless to say, nobody ever wondered about who actually cracked the encrypted conversations of the C-in-C of the Airborne Forces or who leaked the recording to the press.
A few days later, the Ministry of Defense issued an official statement accusing Shamanov of acting in a way which does not correspond to his status has "Hero of Russia" (he received this medal after his highly successful campaign in Chechnia).
The entourage of General Shamanov then initiated their own investigation into who exactly what behind the so-called "recording" and who gave it to the media.
Now, to top if all off, Shamanov has been involved in a very serious car accident in which a truck suddenly crossed the road and slammed into Shamanov's car even though the road was flat and empty at the time of the accident. Shamanov and a colonel traveling with him the the back seat are both alive, but in very heavy but stable condition in a hospital. Shamanov's driver is dead.
The driver and passenger of the truck, both citizens of Tajikistan, first attempted to escape away from the place of the accident but where soon arrested. The driver - Dovladsho Elbigiev - now claims that he was trying to avoid some "other vehicle" when he veered straight into Shamanov's car.
Unless the Airborne Forces and other parts of the military refuse to keel over and play possum and strike back at those who are now clearly subjecting them to a "full-spectrum" attack. Potentially, the Airborne Forces and the GRU are a powerful force which could push back against the Kremlin and its security forces, but this would require that strong individuals in both institution take charge and decide to act together.
The lunatic fringe of the Republican Party, which looks set to make sweeping gains in the midterm elections, is the direct result of a collapse of liberalism. It is the product of bankrupt liberal institutions, including the press, the church, universities, labor unions, the arts and the Democratic Party. The legitimate rage being expressed by disenfranchised workers toward the college-educated liberal elite, who abetted or did nothing to halt the corporate assault on the poor and the working class of the last 30 years, is not misplaced. The liberal class is guilty. The liberal class, which continues to speak in the prim and obsolete language of policies and issues, refused to act. It failed to defend traditional liberal values during the long night of corporate assault in exchange for its position of privilege and comfort in the corporate state. The virulent right-wing backlash we now experience is an expression of the liberal class’ flagrant betrayal of the citizenry.
Populations will endure repression from tyrants as long as these rulers continue to effectively manage and wield power. But human history has amply demonstrated that once those in positions of power become redundant and impotent, yet retain the trappings and privileges of power, they are swiftly and brutally discarded. Tocqueville observed that the French, on the eve of their revolution, hated the aristocrats about to lose their power far more than they had ever hated them before. The increased hatred directed at the aristocratic class occurred because as the aristocracy lost real power there was no decline in their fortunes. As long as the liberal class had even limited influence, whether through the press or the legislative process, liberals were tolerated and even respected. But once the liberal class lost all influence it became a class of parasites. The liberal class, like the déclassé French aristocracy, has no real function within the power elite. And the rising right-wing populists, correctly, ask why liberals should be tolerated when their rhetoric bears no relation to reality and their presence has no influence on power.
The death of the liberal class, however, is catastrophic for our democracy. It means there is no longer any check to a corporate apparatus designed to further enrich the power elite. It means we cannot halt the plundering of the nation by Wall Street speculators and corporations. An ineffectual liberal class, in short, means there is no hope, however remote, of a correction or a reversal through the political system and electoral politics. The liberals’ disintegration ensures that the frustration and anger among the working and the middle class will find expression in a rejection of traditional liberal institutions and the civilities of a liberal democracy. The very forces that co-opted the liberal class and are responsible for the impoverishment of the state will, ironically, reap benefits from the collapse. These corporate manipulators are busy channeling rage away from the corporate and military forces hollowing out the nation from the inside and are turning that anger toward the weak remnants of liberalism. It does not help our cause that liberals indeed turned their backs on the working and middle class.
The corporate state has failed to grasp the vital role the liberal class traditionally plays in sustaining a stable power system. The corporate state, by emasculating the liberal class, has opted for a closed system of polarization, gridlock and political theater in the name of governance. It has ensured a further destruction of state institutions so that government becomes even more ineffectual and despised. The collapse of the constitutional state, presaged by the death of the liberal class, has created a power vacuum that a new class of speculators, war profiteers, gangsters and killers, historically led by charismatic demagogues, will enthusiastically fill. It opens the door to overtly authoritarian and fascist movements. These movements rise to prominence by ridiculing and taunting the liberal class for its weakness, hypocrisy and uselessness. The promises of these proto-fascist movements are fantastic and unrealistic, but their critiques of the liberal class are grounded in truth.
The liberal class, despite becoming an object of public scorn, still prefers the choreographed charade. Liberals decry, for example, the refusal of the Democratic Party to restore habeas corpus or halt the looting of the U.S. Treasury on behalf of Wall Street speculators, but continue to support a president who cravenly serves the interests of the corporate state. As long as the charade of democratic participation is played, the liberal class does not have to act. It can maintain its privileged status. It can continue to live in a fictional world where democratic reform and responsible government exist. It can pretend it has a voice and influence in the corridors of power. But the uselessness of the liberal class is not lost on the tens of millions of Americans who suffer the awful indignities of the corporate state.
The death of the liberal class cuts citizens off from the mechanisms of power. Liberal institutions such as the church, the press, the university, the Democratic Party, the arts and labor unions once set the parameters for limited self-criticism and small, incremental reforms and offered hope for piecemeal justice and change. The liberal class could decry the excesses of the state, work to mitigate them and champion basic human rights. It posited itself as the conscience of the nation. It permitted the nation, through its appeal to public virtues and the public good, to define itself as being composed of a virtuous and even noble people. The liberal class was permitted a place within a capitalist democracy because it also vigorously discredited radicals within American society who openly defied the excesses of corporate capitalism and who denounced a political system run by and on behalf of corporations. The real enemy of the liberal class has never been Glenn Beck, but Noam Chomsky.
The purging and silencing of independent and radical thinkers as well as iconoclasts have robbed the liberal class of vitality. The liberal class has cut itself off from the roots of creative and bold thought, from those forces and thinkers who could have prevented the liberal class from merging completely with the power elite. Liberals exude a tepid idealism utterly divorced from daily life. And this is why every television clip of Barack Obama is so palpably pathetic.
Unions, organizations formerly steeped in the doctrine of class warfare and filled with those who sought broad social and political rights for the working class, have been transformed into domesticated junior partners of the capitalist class. Cars rolling out of the Ford and GM plants in Michigan were said to have been made by Ford-UAW. And where unions still exist, they have been reduced to simple bartering tools, if that. The social demands of unions early in the 20th century that gave the working class weekends off, the right to strike, the eight-hour workday and Social Security have been abandoned. Universities, especially in political science and economics departments, parrot the discredited ideology of unregulated capitalism and globalization. They have no new ideas. Artistic expression, along with most religious worship, is largely self-absorbed narcissism meant to entertain without offense. The Democratic Party and the press have become courtiers to the power elite and corporate servants.
Once the liberal class can no longer moderate the savage and greedy inclinations of the capitalist class, once, for example, labor unions are reduced to the role of bartering away wage increases and benefits, once public education is gutted and the press no longer gives a voice to the poor and the working class, liberals become as despised as the power elite they serve. The collapse of liberal institutions means those outside the circles of power are trapped, with no recourse, and this is why many Americans are turning in desperation toward idiotic right-wing populists who at least understand the power of hatred as a mobilizing force.
The liberal class no longer holds within its ranks those who have the moral autonomy or physical courage to defy the power elite. The rebels, from Chomsky to Sheldon Wolin to Ralph Nader, have been marginalized, shut out of the national debate and expelled from liberal institutions. The liberal class lacks members with the vision and fortitude to challenge dominant free market ideologies. It offers no ideological alternatives. It remains bound to a Democratic Party that has betrayed every basic liberal principle including universal healthcare, an end to our permanent war economy, a robust system of public education, a vigorous defense of civil liberties, job creation, the right to unionize and welfare for the poor.
The liberal class is finished. Neither it nor its representatives will provide the leadership or resistance to halt our slide toward despotism. The liberal class prefers comfort and privilege to confrontation. It will not halt the corporate assault or thwart the ascendancy of the corporate state. It will remain intolerant within its ranks of those who do. The liberal class now honors an unwritten quid pro quo, one set in place by Bill Clinton, to cravenly serve corporate interests in exchange for money, access and admittance into the halls of power. The press, the universities, the labor movement, the arts, the church and the Democratic Party, fearful of irrelevance and desperate to retain their positions within the corporate state, will accelerate their purges of those who speak the unspeakable, those who name what cannot be named. It is the gutless and bankrupt liberal class, even more than the bizarre collection of moral and intellectual trolls now running for office, who are our most perfidious opponents.
No matter who wins in the midterm elections the painful truth will be that there will be no genuine government reforms. The real question is: Will this ugly reality finally wake up most Americans and compel them to pursue better strategies for fixing the nation?
Only one result of the coming midterm elections is assured. No matter who wins and how much power shifts from Democrats to Republicans in Congress there will not be any deep, sorely needed true reforms of our corrupt, dysfunctional and inefficient government. The culture of corruption in Washington, DC will remain. Hundreds of millions of dollars from corporate and other special interests will assure that.
Voters who think otherwise are either delusional or stupid. It will not matter whether you vote for Republicans because you want to defeat Democrats (or vice-versa), or whether you vote for Tea Party candidates, or whether you vote against incumbents, or whether you vote for what you believe are lesser-evil candidates. Americans will lose however they vote. That is a terribly painful reality, which is why those who choose to vote will not face the truth.
Delusion and stupidity are rampant, like a terrible epidemic that has killed brain cells.
Yes, you are thinking that this is the most cynical view possible.
But this is what American history tells us. Americans have been brainwashed and tricked into thinking that elections are crucial for maintaining American democracy. That is exactly what the two-party plutocracy needs to maintain their self-serving political system and that is also what the rich and powerful Upper Class wants to preserve their status.
In the months following this election, when unemployment and economic pain for all but the rich remain awful, anyone who pays attention and is able to face the truth will see that there is no chance of genuine government reforms. The Republicans will blame the Democrats, the Democrats will blame the Republicans, the Tea Party winners will blame the system, the radio and cable pundits will blabber endlessly, and Jon Stewart and other comics will have an abundance of material to take jabs at.
Every member of Congress will, as before, spend most of their time and energy doing what is necessary to win the next election.
President Obama, of course, will continue his self-serving rhetoric with the sole goal of winning reelection in 2012.
Here is what non-delusional Americans can hope for: Maybe a decent third party presidential candidate will emerge. Maybe the Tea Party movement will wake up to the reality that electing Republicans is a terrible strategy for reforming the government and restoring the health of the nation and shift their interest to forming a third party. Maybe the greatly expanded calls for an Article V convention as the constitutional path to reforms through constitutional amendments will gather more energy (especially from Tea Party people) and finally succeed.
Welcome to the good old USA where citizens, unlike those in Europe, do not riot in the streets demanding justice but keep believing in the nonsense that voting for either Republicans or Democrats will work for them and the nation.
The speech delivered by Hezbollah Secretary General Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah on the conduct and performance of the International Investigation Committee and the International investigators delivered on Thursday October 28, 2010.
In the Name of Allah, The Compassionate, The Most Merciful. Praise be to Allah, The Lord of the World. Peace be on our Master and Prophet – The Seal of Prophets – Mohammad and on his Chaste Household, chosen companions and all prophets and messengers.
Though my speech today is related to a special topic which is the conduct and performance of the International Investigation Committee and the international investigators under the General Prosecutor of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, as a lead-in, I see that it is my duty to mention the dangerous and serious incident that took place in the city of Umm Al-Fahm in Occupied Palestine in the territories occupied since 1948. It is a flagrant brutal aggression against our Palestinian brethrens there which we must view in the general conduct pursued by Netanyahu's cabinet starting with the Nationality Law to the demand of acknowledging Israel as a Jewish state. What took place is neither ordinary nor incidental. It rather comes in a framework that puts the Palestinians living in the territories occupied since 1948 in the cycle of great risk. This must be noticed by all the governments and peoples of the Arab and Islamic world and worldwide so that they assume their responsibilities. The international and Arab silence on this incident and on what is taking place is quite remarkable.
What called on me to talk tonight was what took place yesterday when a delegation from the international investigators under the General Prosecutor visited the clinic of a gynecologist in the Southern Suburbs of Beirut (Dahiyeh) and asked the concerned doctor to let them have access to her patients' archives - who are all women - since 2003 up to this day.
I will tackle in a while the argument that took place between them and the details of the incident. Well this is what held me today to address you and all audiences and listeners. It is because I believe we have reached a sensitive and very dangerous stage which has to do with our honor and dignity and which calls on all of us to take a different stance.
In fact, I did not wish to talk today had it not been for the local and foreign reactions and from high levels which I watched and heard yesterday. Today also there were more reactions whether from the General Prosecutor or the head of the STL or the concerned international parties until reaching the US State Department which condemned with the most forceful terms of condemnation – as it said – what took place in Dahiyeh.
Indeed American eyes are blind and American ears are deaf on what is taking place in Palestine and in Umm Al- Fahm – and that was what took place on one day only. No word was said on what took place in Umm Al-Fahm, though the magnitude and circumstances of what took place in Dahiyeh are not to be compared to the magnitude, circumstances and aims of what took place in Umm Al-Fahm.
This increased my conviction to carry on and talk tonight. In fact, another thing came to light; the Lebanese judicial authorities regained its vitality. I was amazed by the haste with which the State Prosecutor moved and with astounding promptness he opened an investigation on this case after remaining silent for long years on false witnesses. I thought he opened an investigation to apply the Lebanese laws but I heard that it is against the law. Anyway, the door of jurisprudence is open on whatever is called laws. However, aside from laws, we thought he made haste to defend our dignity and honor.
Anyway, this atmosphere affirms that the industrious US attempts – whether through Filtman's visit and the contacts of Mrs. Clinton – aim at ruining all the Saudi-Syrian attempts to preserve this country's integrity and stability. These US attempts are provoked by local and regional political forces which we know very well. Before starting my speech, I would like to tell you that few minutes ago I received some information which I hope is not true. It says that there are great US pressures on the General Prosecutor to hasten in issuing the indictment before its due date in December.
Anyway, when you see all these reactions you realize that what took place was not an accidental incident. It rather deserves contemplation and dealing with it as a turning point. What I will present to you and what I will ask from you is a turning point in the track in this issue.
However before moving to the sensitive side which has to do with our honor and the gynecologic documents, I would like to reveal the truth to the Lebanese and to all people: Until 5 or 7 minutes before my speech to you, there was a definite statue quo and a truth that was taking place and which I like to acknowledge. As many of the Lebanese, we in Hezbollah used to know the magnitude of security violation made by the international investigation and the international prosecutors of everything in Lebanon since 2005 until this very day. Still we remained silent on that. However indeed we will not remain silent tonight. Until no more than 7 minutes ago we were silent as many of the Lebanese in the country. Was that a right thing to be done or not is another point of discussion.
Why did we remain silent? We remained silent so that it won't be said that there are some who want to obstruct the international investigation and block the way before revealing the truth on who assassinated martyr PM Rafiq Hariri. So we remained silent as we tried to observe the national and local sensitivities. We remained silent on all of these violations for years. Still these violations were taking place. I will present to you some quick titles of what the investigation committees demanded when it used to be called investigation committee and before the Special Tribunal was formed and then what was demanded by the General Prosecutor after the STL was formed. I will mention some and not all of the titles because I have a long list. Some of what was demanded by the investigation committee (what it was furnished with as some sides offered data while other sides showed reservation and other sides did not have enough information to offer is another field of research) is known by the Lebanese while some are not known by them.
For example, the international investigation asked for the files of the students in the private universities in Lebanon from 2003 to 2006. At least they demanded that from private universities and I do not know if they asked that from public universities. So all the files of university students – whether Lebanese or not – are with them. Henceforth were these files go, I will tell you in a while.
All so called communication data in Lebanon since 2003 – phone calls, sms… - whether from MTC, Alfa or Ogero from 2003 till this very day was given to international investigation and is updated regularly.
They called for fingerprints from the Passport directorate in the Public Security. All the fingerprints for passports with fingerprints on them were demanded. Argument took place on the issue. They made a settlement and fingerprints for 893 Lebanese persons were submitted.
They asked for all the DNA documents available in Lebanon. They asked for all the geographic documents and the Geographic Information System (GIS) in Lebanon. They want all what has to do with the Lebanese geography from the borderlines to the opposite borderlines: mountains, valleys, sensitive points, important points… This has its own world and terminologies. What does it have to do with the assassination of PM Hariri is another point of research? They demanded for statements for the subscribers in Elecricité du Liban. They spared no domain but they had access to it - apart from who gave them information and who did not. This is another point of discussion.
For all of this period of time we did not say a word though we knew that such data are much broader from investigating an assassination and though we knew that and especially in the last years the investigators worked at collecting information about Hezbollah much broader than what is linked to accusing a group or groups in the assassination of PM Rafiq Hariri and though we knew that this data reaches western security bodies and Israel. Copies of whatever the international investigators collect are transferred to Israel. Still we remained silent. Anyone in Lebanon and even from among our masses has the right to say we were mistaken or not in that. However I am only depicting what took place up to this moment.
Why did we remain silent? We remained silent only and only for having no one saying there are impediments. We know that used to cause much sensitivity in the country. We remained silent to show respect to the family of martyr Hariri, to the movement and to the general atmosphere in the country. For many and various considerations, that was what took place.
However, now we reached a point on which I believe we can not tolerate staying silent under whatever political, local or foreign considerations. Never! We can't remain silent for the sake of anyone. Allow me to say here; what has the international investigation to do with gynecologic files for our women?
I am hesitant. Shall I speak out or not? However there are details which I will talk about later. Why? What do they need that for? Why do they come and ask for files from a specialist in a clinic which is most frequented by the women, wives and daughters of leaders, cadres and officials in Hezbollah? It is a very active clinic. They asked for the files at least from 2003 till 2010. I asked about the number of files and was told that they are for more than 7000 ladies (not examinations but ladies). So each file is for a woman which includes all examination, re-examinations and details.
The doctor argued saying: How come you make this request? These files have their privacy. After argument their demand was limited to 17 files. However the doctor might not have argued them and they might have had access to the archives as what might take place and did take place in other places. Still what do they have to do with these 17 files? What has the investigation to do with having access to gynecologic files for our women, wives, daughters and sisters? I would like to address the Lebanese officials with a question (because I heard some officials making statements in the media). I would like to ask the presidents, ministers, deputies, judges and even all the Lebanese: Who among you accept that anyone has access to the gynecologic file of his wife, mother, sister or daughter? Were they files that have to do with ophthalmology or otolaryngology, it might be acceptable. But when it comes to gynecology, who accepts that? Whoever accepts that in the country let him show up and say we accept and tolerate that and you also must tolerate that too! Let us know who this great honorable person in Lebanon is who can tolerate such an issue with such a magnitude!
Everyone in Lebanon and the region know that this can't be tolerated. We can't remain silent on that under whatever condition. If we talked in terms of human norms – with those who are still human beings indeed -, moral norms, traditions, customs and culture as Lebanese, as Arabs and as Easterners, religious considerations whether as Muslims or Christians and moral and religious norms, who accepts – without prior knowledge, consent and permission – that that takes place? Even from legal and judicial perspectives, this is debatable. I did not have time in fact to see if the laws in Lebanon and the judiciary system do not defend our honor. We have deputies in the Parliament. Let's go then and work and call for laws that defend our honor though today I heard more than one side saying that on the legal level this is unacceptable or at least debatable.
Brothers and sisters! This scandalous development takes us back to point zero, to all the security violation taking place in Lebanon under the title of international investigation. We would not have wished to reach this but you have led us to this point. You have led us here. Is it still acceptable to remain approving of this violation as Lebanese whether we were in the presidential, governmental or parliamentary posts or in state administrations or as Lebanese people?
What is taking place is a violation. The investigation is over. The indictment they say will be issued has been written since 2006. It is the very indictment as was published in Dir Spiegel. Soon you will see. It is the very indictment as was published in Le Figaro. It is written and I have been informed of it no more than a few months ago. I have been informed of it in 2008.
Now I will not go more into details not to trouble the country anymore. The issue is over. All the investigations that are taking place are to make use of this cover to collect as much data as possible which will in fact make no difference as far as the investigation is concerned because it was inked with words of oppression, falsification, fabrication and aggression. It has been written already. Is it possible anymore to accept this violation of everything in this country: universities, companies, communication and gynecology?
There are doctors – we did not talk about that – who were contacted and who supplied them with scores of names and not only 17 or 20 names. They went themselves with the files with them. I knew of that. Still I told our brethrens: Well let's have patience. This is not a gynecologic file. But when it reaches this limit, we will say no. Allow us! The whole world must allow us before this scandalous development: This is a particular conduct pursued by the international investigators, those behind them, those who support them and those who cover them. What is the responsibility now?
First: I call on every official in Lebanon and on every citizen in Lebanon to boycott these investigations and not to cooperate with them. The violation that has taken place already is enough. Because everything that is submitted to them reaches the Israelis and all the data and information and addresses reaches the Israelis, enough with this violation.
Second: I would like to say with all love and faithfulness. Let's depict our statue quo. Carrying on cooperating with these will help on one hand in more violation of the country in all domains. On the other hand, it helps in aggressing against the Resistance. Any cooperation from now on with the international investigators will help them in aggressing against the resistance.
Third: I call on every official and every citizen in Lebanon from now on to deal with the demands of these investigators pursuant to his conscience, dignity and honor because in the past few weeks it seems that the investigators are running out of time and they want to benefit from the remaining time. Several doctors were threatened. Several persons were threatened by the International Investigation Committee. This is documented. Before whatever threat, I tell the people: You are before a responsibility which has to do with your honor, dignity, nationalism, morals and the fate of this country. Here I am calling on everyone to assume this responsibility.
This is an outcry and I want to stop here. Perhaps I had more details to say.
One of the professors called and asserted the applications and files of students in all the Lebanese universities – whether private or public – are with them i.e. with the Israelis. So the files of all your sons and daughters who entered the universities in Lebanon are with the Israelis. What does this have to do with the assassination of PM Hariri?
Anyway, I will stop here. I call on all officials to assume their responsibilities. I call on all people to deal with the issue according to their honor, dignity and nationalism. It's time this violation of everything in Lebanon is over as it touched our honor – i.e. to the point one can't tolerate and on which one can't remain silent at anytime and not even for one moment. Peace be upon you and Allah's mercy and blessing.
Former president Néstor Kirchner has unexpectedly died today of heart failure. He was the first elected president of Argentina after the terrible economical and political crisis that the country suffered in 2001.
Kirchner had had some health problems lately: in February he had a surgery for problems in the carotid artery, and in September he had an angioplasty. His doctors recommended him rest, but he kept a very tight agenda: he was a congressman, president of the Justicialist Party (also known as Peronist, Argentina's biggest party) and Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur). And, despite not having any formal position in the Executive, headed by his wife Cristina, he is known to be closely involved in it.
He began his political career as governor of Santa Cruz province, in Southern Argentina. Barely inhabited, it has a high income per capita, due to oil and gas extraction and a strong fishing industry. Despite of his leftist tendency, in the 90's Kirchner supported former president Carlos Menen (known for his strict neoliberalism) even in the privatization of Argentina's national oil company YPF, which has a strong presence in Santa Cruz. When the economy was beginning to show problems in the late 90's, he transferred the reserves of his province to banks abroad. Despite his affirmation that these funds have already returned to the country after the crisis was overcome, there are claims that part of these were diverted.
As a president, his government had two parts, one very good and another quite problematic. Initially he had the merit of further stabilizing the country after a terrible crisis. When he came to office, he managed to reach an agreement with the IMF and creditors over the defaulted national debt, began an economical policy of growth, recovering of industrial sector and low exchange rate to benefit exports. The economy began growing around 10% per year, unemployment drastically lowered, together with poverty, and his popularity soared.
But in late 2005 he sacked his Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna, and began a more unorthodox policy of high state expenditures. Inflation began to rise, and the government intervened the statistical institute so not to reveal true inflation data. While most independent economists calculate an inflation of around 30% annually, officially Argentina has an inflation of less than 10% per year. Argentina is the only country in the world with unreliable official economical data: not only inflation, but also GNP growth and poverty level data are also under suspicion.
Another merit of him was breaking at last Argentina's "automatic alignment" with the US. Since Menem became president in 1989, Argentina was the strongest ally of the United States in the region, even sending warships to the first Gulf War in 1991. In 2005, in a conference in the Argentinian city of Mar del Plata, Kirchner together with most of South American presidents rejected Bush's proposal for the Free Trade Area of the Americas, effectively burying this project. But then in 2006 he accepted the controversial US and Israeli version of the attack against the Argentine-Israelite Mutual Association in 1994, blaming Hezbollah and Iran for it. Argentina's foreign policy, though not so closely aligned with the US as in the previous decade, continues to be less independent than Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador and even Brazil.
His wife Cristina was elected in 2007, and followed exactly the same policies. Néstor is considered the true strong figure behind the president. Next year there will be presidential elections in Argentina. The political panorama was already complicated: Kirchner had a decrease in popularity, but he kept strong support in many sectors. And he was surely the most influent person in Front for Victory, the faction of the Justicialist Party currently in power and with the biggest representation in the Congress (though not having absolute majority). After his death, it's completely unpredictable for now what will happen in the next elections. Being also the first head of the recently created Union of South American Nations, his death also affects regional policies and the future political and economical integration of the continent.
The Argentine government is receiving condolences from all over the world, specially from countries with similar leftist orientation (both "moderate", as Lula in Brazil and Mujica in Uruguay, and "hard-liners", like Chavez in Venezuela and Correa in Ecuador).
The 9-11 Truth Movement has clearly won the fight. The two key facts essential to defeat the official explanation and establish critical need for a new, wider, criminal investigation are the free-fall collapse of three WTC buildings (proving the complete absence of structural resistance) and the presence of thermite in large quantities (as the prime explanation for the absence of structural resistance). These facts have been established irrefutably as a matter of repeatable and verifiable science.
It took a high school physics teacher to recognise and then take the necessary steps to prove that the buildings collapsed at a rate approaching gravitational free-fall. He did this using a frame-by-frame analysis measuring the distance fallen between frames and calculating velocity and hence acceleration based on the sampling rate (i.e. the time between frames) of the video. This is probably not publishable work because it’s not new science; it’s really just application of science that’s been established for over 200 years. However, it’s repeatable and verifiable by anyone in possession of the tools and knowledge required to perform the frame-by-frame analysis on the numerous video footage of the collapsing buildings. Indeed, similar work can be seen in many physics textbooks, which use sequences of photographic images of accelerating objects taken at fixed time intervals to illustrate the concepts of acceleration and velocity.
Thermite is a mixture of substances based on Aluminium, Iron and other elements, which, when ignited, burns at temperatures sufficient to melt steel (which is not possible with jet fuel). It can be used to cut steel girders. Nano-thermite is a more technologically refined form in which the particles are of microscopic dimensions (of the order of nanometres) evenly mixed in accurate proportions and which can be used as an explosive. This is now common knowledge but must be stated for completeness.
Prof. Steven E. Jones, who was at the time of his work, Professor of Physicist at Brigham Young University in Salt Lake City showed the presence of substances arising from the action of thermite to melt steel in samples of melted steel obtained from girder fragments taken from the debris of the WTC buildings and used in monuments to commemorate the event. His peer-reviewed and verifiable scientific work has been published in scientific journals as proof of the use of thermite to cut the steel girders and weaken the structure of the buildings. The use of thermite in this way is also corroborated by the observed molten metal pouring from holes in the stricken buildings before and during their collapse and the presence of pools of molten metal in the rubble, still white hot and molten weeks after the collapse. If this were aluminium, even the people who removed it would surely know.
Danish scientist, Niels Harrit, PhD Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry at the University of Copenhagen, has published with others, a peer-reviewed paper in the Open Chemical Physics Journal describing work he did to establish the presence of nano-thermite in four independently sourced and chain-of-custody verified samples of dust taken from the debris of the WTC towers. Its mere presence is significant. Microscopic characteristics of particles in the separate samples were the same, indicating that the particles derived from a common source. Quantitative analysis of the samples extrapolated to the total volume of rubble indicated very substantial quantities of the explosive were present - tonnes of it!
The presence of large quantities of nano-thermite suggests it was used as an explosive as part of a controlled demolition of the buildings. The use of nano-thermite in this way is also corroborated by the many observed “squib” explosions flashing out laterally from the sides of the buildings just below the wave of collapse as it moved down the building, by the many reports by firemen, rescue workers and survivors of explosions seen or heard within the buildings before their collapse and by the fact that thousands of tonnes of steel, concrete and glass were pulverised almost completely to dust in a wave that moved at near free-fall speed down the buildings, ahead of the collapse, ejecting fragments and steel girders sometimes hundreds of feet laterally as it went.
The proven presence of these two forms of thermite is taken to explain the complete absence of structural resistance to collapse of the buildings allowing free-fall descent and implies pre-arranged, controlled demolition. The evidence for controlled demolition is also corroborated by the visible pattern of collapse with apparent implosion and systematic collapse of each of the buildings into its footprint. This pattern has been easily observed and recognised by untrained spectators and is also confirmed by experts in controlled demolition who testify to the difficulty, the time in preparation and expert knowledge and experience required to achieve it.
4. A great many relevant professionals who possess the technical understanding of diverse aspects of the 9-11 event have put the weight of their professional credibility behind the 9-11 Movement – and the number is growing rapidly.
Despite the daily, universal reach to the minds of ordinary people by a corrupt mainstream corporate media, curiously and intensely committed to the obviously inadequate official explanation, the cause of 9-11 Truth has a massive following not only internationally but also in the US where the insulating power of the mainstream corporate media is supreme.
With all of this inertia, credibility and focus of the 9-11 Truth Movement the now irrefutably established critical facts represent a breach of the dam wall; the flood is imminent and inevitable. Faced with widespread and intense opposition to a foreign invasion the government simply “stayed the course” but faced with general public rage against a system suspected of having committed violence against its own people in a context of widespread economic despair aggravated by anger over financial corruption, just weathering the storm is probably not an option. The flood will come.
The first immediate casualty of this breach of the wall is the 9-11 Commission Inquiry itself; the question will be no longer if there was a cover-up but why. Interest must inevitably turn to the reasons for resistance to the inquiry, constraints on its terms of reference and power to summon witnesses, the lack of cooperation of some who gave evidence including Bush and Cheney and the obvious inadequacy of its report. The 9-11 Inquiry Commission will itself need to be examined as part of the new inquiry.
Another casualty will be the public trust in the corporate mainstream media. The nature of the WTC event is that once controlled demolition is acknowledged as fact the reality of it seems obvious and self-evident. Given that the necessary investigations to prove it as fact were so relatively straightforward and, from the point of view of forensic criminal investigation, so obvious, why has the mainstream media so vigorously supported objection to it. Is this the event that breaks the spell?
The first and most obvious question to be addressed by the new inquiry will be that of “How did the thermite get there?” Large quantities of it were present; not easily brought into the building and installed for controlled demolition without attracting notice. The first and most obvious person to question is Larry Silverstein, whose on-the-record and apparently careless remark that “We decided to pull it” appears to let slip an inside knowledge and a failure to realise that the time between the plane collisions to the two main towers and the collapse of WTC Building 7 would be insufficient to prepare to “pull it”, which is taken to mean a controlled demolition. There will also be renewed attention to witness reports of a full power-down of the WTC, the first in the life of the buildings, on a weekend shortly before 9-11.
Another aspect of 9-11 that will receive great attention will be the apparent stand-down of national air defence. How is it that the world’s most substantial and at-the-ready national air security facility, capable of responding to a hijacking anywhere in the country within five minutes was delayed in responding more than 45 minutes and failed to intercept any of the four alleged hijackings?
Stand-down appears also to have taken place within the CIA itself. While Condoleza Rice lamented that no one could have foreseen such an event numerous warnings had in fact, been received of just such a threat. Of course, it’s one thing to receive an abstract warning and another to tangibly identify an actual threat in progress. However, one branch of the CIA lamented that they had indeed identified the hijackers and their intentions and had compiled a file on their activities. Yet when the file was presented to higher authority they were ordered to suspend their investigations. This is certainly an aspect of the event that will attract the interest of the new inquiry.
The 9-11 Truth Movement has established a very large body of evidence and analysis. The wiser factions of the movement have studiously avoided attempts to explain the broad picture of what actually happened on September 11th 2001 or the “how” and “who” but rather, have directed their attention to establishing evidence for or proving critical elements - controlled demolition - refuting the official explanation. This fundamentally accounts for their success.
However, these two critical and deterministic facts, which establish the case for controlled demolition beyond doubt, will create the magnetic field of force that attracts, aligns and solidifies the many other salient facts of the evidence accumulated by the 9-11 Truth Movement into a monumentally persuasive case for some sort of high level, perhaps government involvement.
Only a formal, full, thorough and open investigation with a genuine intention to ascertain the truth can achieve the necessary detail and understanding required to explain exactly what transpired in all of the four alleged hijackings. But the contributors and supporters of the 9-11 Truth Movement are already clear about the current, official explanation; if there is any truth at all to it, it’s far from the whole truth.
According to reports in the Russian media, Prime Minister Putin has demanded in a very harsh manner that the Minister Of Defense Serdiukov present him with a detailed report about the scandal at the training center at Ryazan Airbone School. According to rumors, the current Chief of General Staff, General, Nikolai Makarov, is likely to replace Serdiukov.
If true, Makarov would be a strange choice since it appears that he was the author of the idea to subordinate the Airborne Forces to the High Command of the Ground Forces.
Other sources report that the plans to create a separate branch of Special Operations Forces, a la USSOCOM, have been abandoned. If true, that would mean that the GRU would keep the control of the Spetsnaz Brigades and the Airborne Forces would keep the Independent 45th Regiment of the Airborne Forces.
* 16th Detached Special Operations Brigade - formerly Teplyi Stan, suburb of Moscow, now Chuchkovo.
* 24th Independent Special Operations Brigade - Kyakhta.
Actually, there are more Spetsnaz units ranging from battalion size and smaller, but these are mostly specialized "officer only" units about which very little is known.
Revelation: Russian Navy officers demanded the dismissial of Serdiukov already FOUR times!
According to information published in the Russian press, it has now appeared that the union of Professional Navy Officers has written to President Medvedev no less than 4 (four!) times to demand the dismissal of Defense Minister Serdiukov.
"It would be wrong to say that we supported the paratroopers. Even before the incident with the Airborne Forces, 14 September, we sent a fourth letter to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, to draw his attention to the distressing situation of retired military personnel and the situation in the army in general ", - said Navy Captain A. Krasik. He noted that the sailors are not interested in conflict Serdyukov with Colonel Krasov. "This is a mundane issue, it is of no interest to us, we are more interested in what Serdyukov has turned the armed forces into his joint-stock company", - said chairman of the Union of Professional Navy Officers. "We do not demand the resignation of a Serdyukov, the people are demanding this, and we are simply supporting their demands. People like Serdyukov come and go, but for the fact that he had disarmed state and destroyed the military infrastructure, Serdyukov should be subjected to criminal prosecution ", - concluded A. Krasik.
Well, something tells the rest of the armed forces are not exactly in love with that overweight swine either.
I can tell you who is quite happy with Serdiukov: the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) forces since they get all the money which is taken away from the Military. (The MVDshniki have been spent on lavishly since Putin and Medvedev came to power). Them, and the FSB (ex-KGB) of course, the alma mater of Putin.
Amusingly, the street cops are also pissed too since they are increasingly put under pressure by the regime for their corruption, abuses of power, drunken accidents, abuse of suspects, etc. The MVD+FSB duo has been cracking down on them pretty strongly in the recent months.
Anyway, I wonder who in the armed forces will be next to openly speak up against Serdiuko?
Make no mistake - the Kremlin has enough resources and power in the MVD+FSB structures not to have to fear a real open rebellion military. If they want, they can crack down on it and organize a grandiose purge in 24 hours. But Russia is not the Soviet Union any more, and there is a real risk of political backlash. The public opinion cannot be simply ignored as it was in the Soviet era and, just like in the USA, the military represents a (potentially) formidable *political* force which can make things very bad for the current regime. This is why I believe that Serdiukov's days as Minister of Defense are numbered. He will be probably "promoted" to some cozy (and well paid) position way from the military.
Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, the head of Shas’s Council of Torah Sages, declares that “Goyim were born only to serve us"
Colonel Andrei Krasov describes his conversation with Defense Minister Serdiukov as "business-like"
"Serdyukov expressed its displeasure with incomplete repair the dining room and engineering networks. "The conversation has been very emotional on the part Krasov, - said the colonel about himself in third person - and by Serdyukov. "But it was a business communication, - said the commander - the Ryazan School has already begun to address weaknesses identified during the visit of Minister of War. "
So it appears that the Paratroopers have received very strict orders from their Commander in Chief, General Shamanov, to "cool it". Clearly, their main goal has been to weaken Serdiukov's position and my guess is that his days as Defense Minister are numbered. Yet, for the Kremlin not to loose face it was important to avoid giving the appearance that the Airborne Forces had given Serdiukov the boot.
The next event to watch for will be whether the Airborne Forces Union will go ahead with the announced Extraordinary Congress and, if that event does take place, what will happen there.
This is all far from over, but it is moving into a much more covert, behind the scenes, phase.
The Saker: "Lebanese Christian", please introduce yourself: how old are you? what kind of education do you have? what do you do in life? Have you ever served in the military or in the Resistance? What is your religion? How would you situate yourself politically?
Lebanese Christian: I am in my fifties, well educated, have worked and lived in many countries over the years in International Business. I am a Maronite Christian, politically active since my early twenties, highly critical of the "order" or disorder if you will...which reigns in the Middle East since 1948, and where we have seen major soft and hard power struggles/wars and turmoil between the two big blocks during the cold war until 1990...especially in Lebanon, because of the forced presence of over 500.000 Palestinian refugees, armed intermittently over a period of 20 years and continuing to this very day in different forms, but having a low profile now.
I feel comfortable in Washington DC, in NYC,or any American city or town, in any European city, as well as many Arab Countries where I lived and worked over the years. I was briefly part and parcel of the Christian Resistance in the early 80s.
The Saker: On a daily, routine, basis, how would you describe the interaction between the Muslim supporters of Hezbollah and the Christians? How do the Muslim supporters of Hezbollah differentiate between the Christians who are vehemently anti-Hezbollah to those who are equally strongly pro-Hezbollah. Don't they lump all Christians into one "crusader" category (like the American propaganda who calls all pious Muslims "jihadists").
Lebanese Christian: The interaction between Muslims and Christians in Lebanon is perfectly normal, friendly and routine for hundreds of years, except for the brief periods of various outbursts of civil war due to deliberate "outside" interference, in 1860, 1958, 1970s, mainly because of the Palestinian armed transgressions and again nowadays because of the success of Hizbullah in defeating the Israeli occupation of Lebanese soil. Despite these various deadly outbursts, things always go back to normal fairly quickly, because people have no desire to succumb to such tragedies and desire a peaceful interaction in a very normal way. There is no such thing as a clash of civilization in Lebanon despite all the hoopla in the West since 9/11 despite the fact that there are clearly cultural differences between the two communities.
There are also in Lebanon a considerable amount of interfaith marriages, still occurring today regularly, and over 365000 marriages between Sunni and Shia, in a population of about 2.5 Million Muslims in Lebanon, which makes it impossible to ignore and overcome in any artificial schism tried and promoted diligently by Israel and the West.
As far as the supporters of the Resistance, I would say that they are a clear majority in the country, and the coexistence between the two groups is fairly civilized except for some occasional incidents here or there, where very quickly we discover that it is various Intelligence agencies come in the mix, especially Arab Intelligence services, like Egypt, KSA and Jordan doing the bidding of the West, and also occasional clashes in Universities between the two groups, considering the young age of the protagonists. But, it's always contained fairly quickly.
The Saker: You say that you are a Christian, yet you support Hezbollah. How can you support a Muslim political party which, while it allows Christians to join it in the "Lebanese Brigade for Resisting the Occupation", does not allow Christians to join the party itself. Does that bother you?
Lebanese Christian: Yes, I am s strong supporter of the Resistance, and I see absolutely no need to question their organizational skills because the biggest strength of Hezbollah stems from the absolute secrecy and exceptional discipline of its structure. Without strict organizational skills and secrecy, the Resistance will be no more.
The other major element of strength of the Resistance is the fantastic discipline of the Shias of Lebanon, a strength which is mostly ignored and overlooked by their numerous enemies .
People tend to forget or ignore the suffering of the Shia and all Lebanese in South Lebanon since 1948, with various massacres committed by Israeli IDF forces in Houla, Qana (twice) and the thousands of tons of high explosives reigned on them over the years by Israel, and the total absence of the Lebanese Government institutions, from the Army to other social institutions, Hence they had to resort to finding ways of protecting themselves, their families and their fields, farms, homes etc. It was natural for them to resort to Iran after 1979, and they would have been very happy if they received help from Switzerland, Denmark or Sweden for that matter, but the only help that came was from Iran and the Lebanese Diaspora Worldwide.
The Lebanese Brigades are a good idea whose time has come because there are so many Lebanese Christians and Muslims who would like to join the Resistance, and this is a Good avenue to absorb them and make a good use of their skills and numbers in any future Israeli aggression or internal fomented turmoil.
The Saker: Have you ever had the opportunity to speak with Hezbollah officials or official party members (as opposed to supporters)? If yes, how do you think they perceive you, being a Christian. Do they encourage you do convert to Islam?
Lebanese Christian: Yes, I have had the opportunity to meet privately with party members, and Hizbullah members of Parliament etc., and have always been well received cordially, respectfully, and continue to have an ongoing dialogue with many of them. Not once did any one suggest any conversion or the like. We all have mutual respect and understanding of each other, and each person maintains his own belief systems fully and respectfully.
The Saker: What does your clergy say about Hezbollah? After all, since Muslims do not accept the divinity of Jesus-Christ and only consider Him as a prophet, they are heretics from the point of view of Christian dogmatic theology. Are these differences in belief a major impediment to Hezbollah-Christian relations?
Lebanese Christian: None of these dogmatic issues are any impediment to Hizbullah-Christian relations. The relationship is based on a nationalistic political vision and religion has absolutely no place between them. There is an ongoing dialogue between Christians and Muslims in an official setting, which has been going on for years, trying to bridge various gaps in understanding each other in the Orient. There is a similar dialogue going on at the Vatican.
As for the Lebanese Clergy and the Resistance, they are as divided as the society at large in Lebanon, with some Clergy openly supportive and others reluctant, afraid and schizophrenic about "hurting" ties with the West because of that issue and their various close relationships with Western institutions over the decades.
The Saker: Both in 1982 and in 2006 the world witnessed abject scenes of Lebanese Christians welcoming the invading Israelis (in 1982 with champagne and speeches). How does the Christian community deal with such a stigma? What about the accusation that Christians are "crusaders"? Tell us about the Lebanese Druze and Sunni communities and their own stigmas: Druzes actually serve in the IDF, does that kind of collaboration between them and the Zionists cast a shadow over the Druzes in Lebanon? What about the Sunnis? Are they suspected of being sympathizers of Wahabi/Takfiri/Salafi movements within Sunni Islam?
Lebanese Christian: In 2006, no one in Lebanon "openly" cheered the Israeli onslaught on Lebanon. I was there for the full three months during, before and after the war of 2006. There were obviously some Lebanese who colluded with USA/Israel in the hope that the Resistance will be very quickly smashed and finished and when they saw after few days that the situation was very dicey at best they ducked and disappeared, waiting in vain for the promised victory of Israel which never came, and they have been crushed ever since.
I have to correct the premise of your questions here because of some inaccuracies: in 1982, a lot of Lebanese welcomed the Israeli invasion, especially in South Lebanon, and especially the Shia with rice and flowers for IDF, because of the tremendous suffering of all populations in Lebanon relating to the horrible Palestinian transgressions in Lebanon with armed sectarian conflicts over 2 decades stemming from their attempt at taking over Lebanon as a base of operation against Israel, but taking ALL Lebanese hostages of their fratricidal conflict within the Lebanese body polity etc., and most Lebanese were happy to get rid of the Palestinian armed presence in the country and were in a way thankful to the Israelis initially. But the Israelis and IDF overstayed their welcome in South Lebanon and turned it into a fully fledged occupation which lasted 18 years. This was the main reason for the birth of Hizbullah and its mighty struggle against IDF and Israel since then.
As for the sectarian divisions and their repercussions, they are mostly forgotten, and today's divisions are between Nationalists and supporters of Western policies or other moderate Arab countries close to the West or subservient to the West shall we say, and you find supporters of the Resistance in all sects and walks of life.
The Druze community follow the whims of Walid Jumblatt wherever he goes they mostly follow him blindly, but their presence in Israel and Syria in some large numbers, make their political choices fairly tricky to say the least but overall, in Lebanon and Syria, the majority seem to have Arab nationalistic views although some covert links with Israeli Druze do exist and persist today, and sometimes they materialize in some open public forums, with Israeli Druze groups coming to join their brethren from Lebanon and Syria in recurring meetings.
As for the Sunni affiliations in Lebanon, there are very strong Saudi Wahhabi influences manifesting themselves in Tripoli in the north of the country mainly and in some Palestinian refugee camps etc., and you find fringe groups affiliated with ALL these various Sunni denominations. Also, the Sunni Future movement of Saad Hariri has very strong links to Saudi Arabia with all what that entails.
The Saker: There is pretty good evidence that Muslims are already the majority of the population of Lebanon (the CIA puts the figure at just under 60%), yet the Lebanese Constitution is based on sectarian categories and we often hear of the fact that the Christians in Lebanon are afraid of loosing power to a truly democratic vote and become a minority. Is that true? Would Christians in Lebanon fear a Hezbollah-run government? If yes, why and if no, why not?
Lebanese Christian: The sectarian, consensual based constitution of Lebanon does not permit any one group of overtaking or overrunning the Government or the country in a way shape or form, whether with elections or otherwise. The Parliament is divided equally between Muslims and Christians 50/50 and will remain so, no matter what the demographic numbers will be now or in the future and most Lebanese like it that way, and are convinced that it is the best way to proceed, respecting all beliefs, communities etc, exactly as they are, and not as we like them to be. Hence, no clash of civilizations will ever occur in Lebanon to make a long story short. I, personally have absolutely no fear of Hezbollah ever taking over the country, especially with Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah around alive and well and I think that most Lebanese feel that way, friend or foe, because of the tremendous respect, wisdom and historical perspective they have experienced with Hizbullah over a period of 28 years.
The Saker: Thank you very much for your replies! | 2019-04-26T00:19:44Z | http://vineyardsaker.blogspot.com/2010/10/ |
that the dry season is on the way. The photo was shot Tuesday on Avenida 1 near the legislative complex.
A shattered marker left still shows the delicate flower border placed there by a loved one in the distant past.
Today, Dia de los Santos Difuntos, is when Costa Ricans go to the cemetery to honor their dead relatives.
A.M. Costa Rica visited a special small cemetery for foreigners attached to the Cementerio General. That story is BELOW!
And then a reporter met a man who says God told him to keep the weeds and grass trimmed at the abandoned crypts at the same cemetery. That story is BELOW!
Traffic jammed all over the metro area Tuesday evening when firemen battled fires in Curridabat and in Alajuelita. Some 10 low-income structures burned up in Curridabat, displacing some 20 families and blocking the main highway.
The daily A.M. Costa Rica posted record readership statistics in all categories for the month of October.
The increase was fueled, in part, by the approach of the high tourism season.
Total hits for October were 3,192,660, a 13.4 percent increased over the 2,814,631 of September. Total reader visits were 110,441 in October, a 12.2 percent increase over the 98,467 of September.
Visitors to the daily newspaper Web site in October read at least a little bit on 618,370 pages, a 26.6 percent increased over the 488,410 pages read in September.
Unique visitors to the site, in other words the number of persons who visited but were counted only once regardless of how many times they signed on, were 50,462. That number is a record, surpassing the 43,421 unique visitors in September.
The previous record for visits (99,351) and unique visitors (45,435) was in March 2005.
The statistics are generated by a program at the newspaper's Web server. The program is not under the control of newspaper employees.
At the same time, the newspaper posted a traffic ranking of 46,063 with the Alexa monitoring service. This means that of all the Web pages in the world, only about 43,000 are more visited than that of A.M. Costa Rica. The position is easily the highest-rated site for English language news outlets related to Costa Rica and also is higher than some of the Spanish-language sites here.
After the destruction of hundreds of roads, streets, highways, bridges and homes at the onslaught of past rains, it became clear to the Taiwanese government that Costa Rica and the rest of Central America needs more than an early weather forecast to prepare for hurricanes.
Monday, Tzu-Dan Wu, the ambassador to Costa Rica from Taiwan passed a 215 million colon ($438,238) check to the Comité Regional de Recursos Hidráulicos to develop an integrated system that would allow Central American countries to work together to prepare for future storms.
The hope is that a collaborative system will allow countries to alert their residents more quickly and thus evade deaths and property damage.
The deal is part of the project, “reducing the vulnerability of the Central American isthmus against extreme natural disasters.” Taiwan is spearheading the effort to start the system after a 1999 Guatemala summit of countries involved with Hurricane Mitch mandated the system.
Costa Rica is one of the few countries that recognizes the government of Taiwan as independent from the People's Republic of China.
A man chased another man into popular Chelley café early Tuesday and stabbed him several times in the arms and legs, police said.
The drama unfolded as the pursuer chased another man down Avenida Central. The fleeing man took refuge in the small restaurant which stands on the southwest corner of Avenida Central and Calle 9, the Judicial Investigating Organization said. The 24-hour restaurant is much frequented by tourists and expats alike.
The pursuer pulled a knife and demanded money, reports said. The man tried to run from the eating place but the attacker caught him and threw him to the ground where he stabbed him repeatedly in the arms and legs, agents said. The attacker then fled the scene. A short time later, police arrested a man near Parque Central matching the attacker's description, agents said.
Two men went to the hospital Monday night with similar gunshots resulting from two different incidents.
An 18-year-old man, identified by the last name Gómez, checked into Calderón Guardia with a bullet wound to his left leg. His story was that he was walking along Purral in Guadalupe when a man jumped out of a Nissan Pathfinder and shot him for no reason, officers said.
In a different incident, a 40-year-old Frenchman identified by the last name Faradfi withdrew 800,000 colons from a bank in Guachipelín de Escazú. When he left the bank, two men pulled up on a motorcycle, shot him in the left leg as well, and stole all his money, officers said.
Not all the foreigners who come to Costa Rica return home. Some may be found still here at the Foreigner's Cemetery, some 100 meters east of the Cementerio General in Sabana Este.
Today is the Dia de los Santos Difuntos or the day of the deceased saints. Traditionally Costa Ricans go to the local cemetery to decorate the graves of family members. Hardly anyone will be going to the cemetery for foreigners because most of the graves are old and some are just memorial plaques.
The Costa Rican tradition HERE!
Today also is called the Dia de los Muertos, or the day of the dead. This is a big feast day in other Latin countries, but the commemoration is more sedate here. Costa Ricans do not surround themselves with and revel in death as do, for example the Mexicans. But most are Catholics, and other types of Christians or Jews, and members of these religions believe that the soul continues after death. In the Catholic liturgical calendar today is the Feast of All Souls and yesterday was the Feast of All Saints.
The cemetery for foreigners announces its name in both English and Spanish on the entry gate. To visit there is to become wrapped up in an earlier time when lives were shorter and to travel far from home was a life-threatening experience.
Allan Wallis, 44, "for 18 years Her Britannic Majesty's consul," died here July 15, 1870, and remains in the cemetery. The untold story is that of his 2-month-old daughter, Kathleen Allan, who died four months later and shares the same headstone. There is no sign of the mother.
Dead though Consul Wallis has been for many years, he does turn up on the Internet. An 1854 letter he sent from Costa Rica is in the stamp collection of the Repertorio Filatelico Costarricense.
One cannot help but feel for Walter Inglis, who dedicated a stone nearby to the memory of his wife, Agnes, who died July 7, 1870, mainly because the stone also mentioned his five children who died in infancy.
F. W. Richards died March 29, 1875, killed while on the "F.C. de C.R." He was a Charleston, S.C. native, born in 1852. There are no other clues showing why he ended up here although the F.C. was almost certainly the Ferrocarriles de Costa Rica, the train service then in construction. Engraved in the headstone is the image of two hands shaking, suggesting that he was welcome here.
Richards may have been an acquaintance of Hector B. Chase, of Tully, Onondaga County, N.Y. Chase died Feb. 26, 1875 "from injuries received on the F.C. C.R."
Or both men could have been convicted murderers recruited out of the jails of New Orleans to help Minor Keith build the rail line. A biography maintained by the United Fruit Co., founded by Keith and others, reports that is where a lot of workers came from in 1874 and 1875.
The biography said of Keith: "The railroad's notorious reputation due to the large number of deaths made it hard for him to recruit new workers in Central America, so he decided to get them in the jails of New Orleans. He recruited seven hundred murderers and thieves but only twenty five survived to see New Orleans again. He also brought a boat with 2,000 Italian immigrants from Louisiana but when they discovered the miserable working conditions, they rebelled. Of those who decided to run away, 60 were lost in the jungle. Needless to say, the first Costa Rican railroad did not come without a terrible price."
However, the human price is not obvious in the San José Foreigner's Cemetery. Most of those who died building the railroad are buried on the Caribbean coast, and open questions are how and why did Richards and Chase end in the the capital.
A memorial plaque to Anne Rolland Corson was erected less than 30 years ago. She died in 1978 at 75. Nearly all the headstones and plaques date earlier than that. She was the wife of Ben Bennett Corson. However, some later crypts are in the small plot that measures some 150 feet by 150 feet. These seem to be spillover from the nearby Jewish cemetery because nearly all bear the Star of David.
Not all the plaques are in English. Otto Rüegg, who died in 1899 is mourned in German, as are others.
Elizabeth Rojas Coto and Yorleny Ocampo Quesada have sold flowers in Desamparados for five years.
Today the cemeteries will be full of visitors who come to honor their departed family members. But at the Cementerio General in west San José there is a special visitor who comes each Tuesday and Friday.
He is Carlos Robles Jiménez, called Paraiso, by his friends. He is a retired employee of the Municipalidad de San José who carries his 78 years on a still-strong frame. He comes to take care of abandoned crypts.
He started doing this work 10 years ago when he visited a relative's grave in the cemetery. He found that the crypt of León Cortés had been abandoned to grass and weeds. Cortés, president of the republic from 1936 to 1940, was a popular politician who led the country out of the Great Depression.
Robles was surprised that the crypt of a famous individual like Cortés would be allowed to be overrun with grass, so he cut the grass around the crypt.
That's when he said he heard the voice of God telling him that keeping the crypts in order would be his goal and avocation. Since then he has been working for free keeping weeds at bay at abandoned crypts. And he developed an encyclopedic knowledge of the cemetery and some of its occupants.
The rose garden around the crypt of León Cortés is his work as are the daisies or margaritas at the resting place of Costa Rican poet Aquileo Echeverría and some of the important personages of the last century like Manuel Peralta.
He also visits with great respect what he calls La Casa de la Novia or the bride's crypt. She was a young woman named Irene Mirlona Jiménez who collapsed in the church on the day of her wedding, said Robles.
"I guess it was her destiny not to get married," he said. Her tomb said she was 18 when she died in 1982.
The crypt is elaborate even for the Cementerio General where many of the burials are above ground in marble and plaster structures.
For those who cannot afford or do not want an ornate resting place, there is the La Capilla, an underground mausoleum.
afraid to visit, said Juan Carlos Azofeifa, who is in charge of the crypts. Some visitors say they hear steps and voices. Caretaker Azofeifa is not without concern himself as he takes a reporter below ground into the corridor where walls of burial vaults tower on either side. He admits he himself hates to enter the mausoleum some 12 feet below ground.
Bodies remain in the burial vault as long as someone pays 40,000 colons every five years. If payment is not made, what remains of the body goes into a common grave.
Someone must enter the underground burial complex because many vault face plates are decked out with fresh flowers.
This week is a good one for flower vendors, although some report business is slow. Those who used to sell flowers around the Cementerio General can no longer do so because the municipality has cracked down on street vending. Business is bustling around the main cemetery in Desamparados, however.
The undergounrd vaults, called La Capilla, give some people the creeps.
An order from the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes is causing taxi drivers to clean up their act.
These couriers of the public, though remarkably astute about world going-ons and usually good for a laugh or two, aren't aesthetically respectable enough for the ministry's liking.
Starting Monday, all drivers throughout the country have to dress in blue pants and a white shirt. For the most part, they seem ok with it – even the youngsters that look like they just stepped off a skateboard. Such uniforms are already mandatory for Cartago drivers, the ministry said. Airport taxi drivers also dress similarly in brown slacks and a white-collared shirt.
“It's more respectable,” said one affable 40-year veteran who was already sporting the mandatory attire. He spread his arms and performed a half twirl to model for a bystander. A healthy dose of gray chest hair poked out of his wrinkly shirt and the buttons hung open past his sternum. “Respectable” might not be the proper word for the look. However, the man definitely had an air about him that would make chit chat more comfortable than it is for many of his counterparts. The man added that this was the first dress code he had seen in 40 years as a taxista.
Simón, an easygoing counterpart, agreed. “This is good because there are a bunch of clowns out there that dress in T-shirts and shorts and don't shave or cut their hair. It's good we have to look more respectable,” he said.
Even when a bystander suggested that perhaps 12-hour shifts, six days a week would be more bearable in something more comfortable, Stephen, who looked like he still had yet to shave his first beard, shrugged and said he didn't care. Many other drivers said the same. Costa Ricans, as well as much of the rest of the world, grow up wearing uniforms to school, so perhaps the obligation to dress the same everyday is not as cumbersome as it would seem to someone who had never had that obligation.
The ministry mandated several more changes as well. After September of next year, drivers must have cars built in 1994 or later. By 2008, all cars will have to be 1998 or newer. Vehicles must also have at least 60 horsepower and show a yellow sign reading “taxi,” and “MOPT. ” The sign must also show which cooperative that particular driver is a part of, if they belong to one.
Inside the car, drivers must display a paper with his or her name, a photograph, car number, license plate and the business the taxi is a part of. Drivers must also use the authorized meter. These precautions are so that users may file complaints more easily if there is a problem.
A lot of secrecy surrounds organizations for and against the free trade treaty.
The pro-treaty group that called itself Por Costa Rica has no addresses on its Web site. A call to the phone number listed there was answered Tuesday by a women who said she worked in a call center in Pavas.
Meanwhile, a group that opposes the free trade treaty is not about to release information on its funding. The treaty is not going to a public vote so election rules do not apply. That group lists itself as Cosmovisiones, which appears to be a video production company in San Pedro. The company invites visitors to its offices in San Pedro.
The issue of secrecy came up because Cosmovisiones said the organization will not release reports of who donated money to its campaign until Pro Costa Rica does. The spokesperson for Cosmovisiones is Gabriela Cob, who admits to a family relationship with Pablo Cob, the executive president of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. But she would not elaborate on the relationship during a call Tuesday.
The institute, known as ICE, holds a telecommunications monopoly for the country, one that would be broken by approval of the free trade treaty with the United States and other Central American nations. The ICE unions are strongly opposed to the pact.
Cosmovisiones called a press conference Tuesday to air its complaint against television stations that refused to run its commercials. One commercial featured anti-trade treaty comments attributed to Óscar Arias Sánchez.
But this Arias lives in Guanacaste and is not the one who won a Nobel Prize and is running for president as the candidate of the Partido Liberación Nacional. Arias the politician strongly supports the treaty.
Cosmovisiones claims the major television stations are trying to censor its messages to the public. Channel 42, operated by the same company that runs El Diario Extra newspaper, did air the spot a week ago.
Cosmovisiones will take legal action to defend its right to free speech, representatives said Tuesday. They are Ms. Cob, Luis Paulino Vargas, representing Universidad Nacional, and Fernando Francia, another producer.
They say they oppose the treaty because of the inequality that the treaty will create. They cite the areas of education, health, food security and the weakening of the social and work laws.
“The TLC is cheating the people who have no knowledge about the treaty, they have a wrong idea. TLC is not a job for the Costa Rican people like the commercials use to tell," said Ms. Cob, referring to the Pro Costa Rica television ads. | 2019-04-19T08:14:02Z | http://www.amcostarica.com/110205.htm |
study of the Malay voicing contrasts with a focus on acoustic measures. Waveform and spectrogram samples ... Palato-. Alveolar. Palatal Velar. Glottal. Plosives. p b. t d. k g nasals m n Å. Affricates. t dÊ. Fricatives θ ð.
word-formation in bilingual dictionaries often discussed in lexicographic studies. .... criteria such as register, genre, domain, time of publication, and size, are .... However, a small number of free grammatical morphemes (and to a lesser extent, .
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English translation of the French version as delivered. UNHCR's oral intervention at the European Court of Human Rights. Hearing of the case of I.M. v. France.
Word order in English and French The position of English and French adverbial connectors of contrast English Text Construction 8(1): 88-124.
Drawing upon the theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics, this paper compares the word order patterns of English and French adverbial connectors of contrast in a comparable bilingual corpus of quality newspaper editorials. The study shows that the two languages offer the same possibilities in terms of connector positioning but differ markedly in the preferred patterns that they display. In both languages, connector placement proves to be influenced by three main types of factors: language-specific syntactic, rhetorical and lexical factors. The notion of Rheme, which tends to be under-researched in the literature in comparison to that of Theme, plays a key role in the analysis.
sentence-medial positions, especially within the verb phrase. The third objective will be to assess the importance of the role played by the lexical component in connector placement. A number of studies have noted that some individual connectors have their own positional preferences (Jacobson 1964; Rubattel 1982; Altenberg 2006). However, the recognition of the potential importance of the lexical component is still fairly marginal in the literature and the respective roles played by lexical factors on the one hand and system-related patterns of placement on the other remain unclear. The framework adopted in this study is that of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). SFL provides a particularly well-suited apparatus to account for connector placement choices. Previous studies (Altenberg 1998, 2006; Lenker 2011) have demonstrated that such choices are closely related to the notions of Theme and Rheme, as well as Given and New information. The theoretical framework of SFL will be combined with the powerful methods and solid empirical basis afforded by corpus linguistics, as advocated in Thompson and Hunston (2006). The two approaches share numerous properties which make their combination extremely promising, such as their concern for authentic language and the importance that they attach to corpus frequencies for language theorization (Halliday 2006). SFL and corpus linguistics are in fact complementary: SFL contributes a theoretical grounding often lacking in corpus linguistics, while corpus linguistics provides a solid and stylistically-varied empirical foundation together with powerful methods of extraction and analysis. In spite of the many arguments in favour of a synergy, very few large-scale studies have yet combined the potentialities of SFL with those of corpus linguistics. The present study situates itself in a set of recent studies attempting to bridge the gap between the two approaches (see Thompson and Hunston 2006; Kunz and Steiner 2013).
The focus of the present study will be on the meaning relation of contrast, defined as a broad semantic category subsuming several more precise relations (i.e. adversative, replacive and concessive), which have in common that they imply a negation of either similarity or implication between two events or pieces of information. This study, focused on adverbial connectors of contrast (such as however, nevertheless in English and cependant, néanmoins in French), forms part of a broader research project comparing the use of cohesive markers of contrast in English and in French. In that study, not only adverbial connectors but also conjunctions of coordination (but, mais), conjunctions of subordination (e.g. although, bien que), and a set of multi-word cohesive devices (or cohesive lexical bundles) expressing contrast (e.g. it remains that, in spite of the fact that, il n’en reste pas moins que) are taken into account. This paper is made up of seven major subparts. Section 2 introduces the notions of Theme and Rheme. Section 3 presents the data and the methodology used for the corpus-based analysis. Section 4 describes the five main positions identified for adverbial connectors. The results are discussed in Sections 5 to 7; Section 5 focuses on the quantitative differences between English and French as regards connector positioning; Section 6 investigates the various discursive effects achieved by connector placement; finally, Section 7 discusses the part played by the lexical factor in the positioning of adverbials connectors. Section 8 provides some concluding remarks.
2. Theme and Rheme in Systemic Functional Linguistics The present study strays from common practice in research on adverb placement in that, instead of resorting to purely syntactic criteria (as in Greenbaum 1969; Quirk et al. 1985; Altenberg 2006; Hasselgård 2010; Lenker 2011), its descriptions and analyses are fully grounded in the SFL framework, relying on the core notions of Theme and Rheme.
The elements that have a function in transitivity are: subjects, objects, verbs, complements and adjuncts. Except for a number of special themeless structures, see Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 98-100).
^ means “followed by”; Halliday and Matthiessen 2004), which once again highlights the strong link that exists between adverbial connectors and the initial position.
has recruited 130 organisations to the cause.
believes his faith should never be imposed on others.
Another important distinction in SFL is the one between marked and unmarked Theme. Because the Theme is invariably located at the beginning of the sentence, in declarative sentences the topical Theme typically coincides with the grammatical subject of the clause. When this is the case, as in examples (1) and (2) above, the Theme is said to be unmarked. By contrast, when the thematic position is occupied by another constituent than the subject (typically a fronted adverbial), as in (3), the Theme is considered marked, and the subject is relegated to the rhematic part of the clause. It should be noted that a group of researchers advocate setting a fixed Theme boundary after the grammatical subject, irrespective of whether it is preceded by a marked Theme (e.g. Downing 1991; Altenberg 1998; Caffarel 2006). In the present study, Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2004) approach, according to which the Theme includes only the first topical element of the clause, will be favoured.
Whitehall recruited 20,000 new civil servants.
It is striking that, while the notion of Theme has been covered extensively in the literature, the Rheme remains severely understudied within SFL research. This may stem from the fact that the Rheme is usually defined by exclusion, as everything that is not part of the Theme, or as what remains once the Theme has been identified. As explained above, the literature provides detailed accounts of the structure of the Theme, distinguishing between its several subparts (i.e. textual, interpersonal, topical). By contrast, distinctions within the Rheme are sorely lacking in current SFL research. This may seem surprising, as in many cases the Rheme makes up a substantially larger part of the clause than the Theme, and is typically the host of the focus of the message. To my knowledge, two researchers provide a slightly more detailed account of the structure of the Rheme. Fries’s (1994) notion of N-Rheme, on the one hand, refers to the last constituent of the clause, which constitutes “the newsworthy part of the clause, that is, the part of the clause the writer wants the reader to remember” (ibid. 234). Example (4a) is part of a fund-raising letter which urges the reader to contribute money to a project designed to measure how large cities handle the stress resulting from population growth. The N-Rheme is in italics. By placing this segment in the N-Rheme, the writer chose to lay emphasis on the effects of the decisions on the potential donor. The writer could have decided to lay stress on a different aspect, such as the frequency of the phenomenon at hand (i.e. every day), by organizing the information differently, as in (4b) (Fries 1994: 244).
(4) (a) Every day decisions are being made by local officials in our communities that could drastically affect the quality of our lives (Fries 1994: 243). (b) Decisions that could drastically affect the quality of our lives are being made by local officials in our communities every day (ibid. 244).
French researchers Morel and Danon-Boileau (1998), on the other hand, have coined the term post-rheme (“post-rhème”) to refer to an optional intonational constituent consisting of a group of syllables produced with a flat intonation, a low pitch and a reduced intensity at the end of an oral paragraph. Semantically, the post-rheme may either (and only) express epistemic modality (e.g. He’ll be late, I think) or consist in a nominal argument, co-referent with a pronoun preceding it in the sentence (ibid. 28) (e.g. He’s nice, Paul). In the same way as few researchers have identified different subparts within the Rheme, few researchers have paid attention to phenomena of markedness at the rhematic level. One exception to this rule is Taglicht (1984), who complements the notion of marked Theme with that of marked Rheme. Taglicht (1984: 20) defines the marked Rheme as an element that is “detach[ed] from the element or elements with which it is contiguous in the unmarked sequence” and placed sentence-finally. The marked Rheme may take three different forms: “(i) an end-shifted subject” (Taglicht 1984: 23), as in (5); “(ii) an end-shifted constituent of the predicate” (ibid.), as in (6); or “(iii) a final item separated by a ‘partition’3 from the item that would precede it if it were part of the unmarked rheme” (ibid.). This partition may take the form of a connector, as in (7).
See Section 6 for a definition and discussion of partitions.
In fact, so far the literature has tended to concentrate exclusively on the periphery of the thematic structure (see N-Rheme, post-rheme), leaving more internal elements to be the poor relative of thematic structure.4 Nevertheless, distinctions within the Rheme are crucial for whomever wishes to account for variation in adverbial connector placement and for the motivations behind this variation. As a result, in the classification designed for this study a number of distinctions will be made within the Rheme, whenever it proves relevant for the analysis (see Section 4).
3. Data and methodology The study was carried out on the basis of a comparable corpus of quality newspaper editorials. The corpus contains 744,185 words of French editorials and 988,651 words of British and American English editorials.5 Irrespective of the language they are written in, newspaper editorials share not only the same medium, but also a combined informative and argumentative purpose. This ensures maximum text-type comparability, which is particularly important when comparing word order phenomena across languages (see for example Virtanen 1992; Hasselgård 2010 on the placement of adjunct adverbials across several English genres).
Some distinctions made with respect to the Theme are also relevant for the Rheme. This is the case of Hannay and Gómez González’s (2013) “thematic parentheticals”, i.e. “parenthetical elements, irrespective of form, which are marked off typographically and occur immediately after, and are triggered by, a thematic element” (ibid. 99). Because those parentheticals are triggered or “anchored” by the preceding thematic element (ibid. 103), Hannay and Gómez González consider them to be thematic. However, strictly speaking they are part of the Rheme, as they occur after the topical Theme. 5 Most of the data comes from the Mult-Ed (Multilingual Editorial) comparable corpus of British English and French editorials, compiled at the Centre for English Corpus Linguistics, Université catholique de Louvain (http://www.uclouvain.be/en-cecl-multed.html). In addition to Mult-Ed, the corpus includes data from American newspapers.
The analysis is based on a search list of 28 English and 35 French adverbial connectors, listed in Table 1.6 The occurrences of these connectors were extracted from the corpus using WordSmith Tools 6 (Scott 2012). They were subsequently disambiguated manually in context, so as to weed out any irrelevant uses. Thus, the occurrences in which the item was not used as an adverbial connector (as in example (8), where though is used as a conjunction of subordination) or was not used with a contrastive meaning (as in example (9), where still has a temporal meaning) were discarded. Connectors used below clause level, as in example (10), were also disregarded. In total, the disambiguated set (i.e. the set of the occurrences that were kept) makes up no more than 40.3% of the whole data set.
(8) Though some tuna is farmed, the Worldwide Fund for Nature has warned that many are wild fish that have been penned while they fatten. (9) More than three years into his presidency, he still looks uneasy in many of his public appearances; he still lacks the grace and charm of a Ronald Reagan that would disarm critics. (10) Pour le référendum sur Maastricht, M. Chirac, pourtant trés [sic.] eurosceptique, avait bien compris qu’en vue de sa nouvelle candidature à l’élection présidentielle de 1995, il n’avait pas d’autre choix que le “oui”.
The list was designed by pooling lists of adverbial connectors collected from various English and French reference books (Quirk et al. 1985; Chalker 1996; Knott 1996 and Liu 2008 for English; Grieve 1996 and Roze et al. 2012 for French). The list obtained was then supplemented by means of Dyvik’s (1998) corpus-driven method. See Dupont (2013) for details on the design of the list. 7 English yet and French or are on the borderline between conjunctions of coordination and adverbial connectors (see for example Quirk et al. 1985: 927; Biber et al. 1999: 80; Cosme 2007). While some of their features, such as their fixed position in the clause, make them resemble coordinators, in other respects they are more like adverbial connectors. For example, unlike conjunctions of coordination, they may not link subordinate clauses (see Cosme 2007: 240-242). Because they do not meet all the criteria required to qualify as conjunctions of coordination, yet and or are usually considered as adverbial connectors. However, because they behave like conjunctions of coordination rather than adverbial connectors in terms of their position in the clause (i.e. they are restricted to clause-initial position), they will not be included in my corpus analysis of adverbial connector placement.
by Le Draoulec and Bras (2006), who demonstrate that the initial position is a necessary condition for alors to acquire the status of connector; Patpong (2006), who highlights that depending on its function (i.e. continuative or conjunctive), the Thai conjunction kɔ: occupies different positions in the clause; or De Cesare (2010), who identifies position as one of the determining factors of the textual functions fulfilled by the Italian adverbs anche, proprio and soprattutto. These observations also provide some evidence in support of the largely documented privileged link between adverbial connectors and initial position, also in languages other than English and French.
(11) Citizens of the European Union had already been among the victims of attacks […]. The EU responded swiftly: Terrorist assets were frozen, and airline and maritime security were tightened, as were immigration and visa policies. Terrorist cells were exposed all over Europe, and planned attacks were thwarted. At the same time, Madrid destroys any lingering illusions some Europeans may have had that Europe would be safe from terrorism. (12) For many evangelicals, you cannot be good and holy if you do not at the same time condemn gays to a life without love. (13) In short, if trade is used as a lever to promote a revolution in international labor rights, the lever will break. Still, the unions are pursuing a good cause, and the administration should agree to consider their petition. (14) The brutal truth, nonetheless, is that if every player had been in the prime of health and the captain presented with a double-headed coin in advance of each Test, England would still have been in deep trouble.
relative corpus frequencies. The occurrences of these connectors were classified into five categories according to their position, as described in the next section.
The raw frequencies are provided in Appendix 1.
hypotactically related clauses” (ibid.). In these units, only one Theme is identified for the whole clause complex. This means that, if a subclause occurs in front of the independent clause, as in example (15), it will be taken to be the (marked) Theme of the whole clause complex. In some cases, however, instead of relating one clause complex to another clause complex, the adverbial connector was used to relate a subordinate clause to its superordinate clause, as in (16). In such examples, the scope of the connector is on the subclause only. Therefore, the most meaningful analysis was to classify the connector according to its position in the subclause, instead of the clause complex.
(15) The move to abolish compulsory retirement at 65 is sensible, if late in coming, and in line with the great rise in life expectancy of recent decades. If people are to take full advantage of the more generous pensions for those who stay at work after 65, however, some profound changes in attitude will be needed. 9 (16) As governor he vowed to veto any tax increase sent to him by the legislature, talking instead about cutting the budget.
The adverbial connectors are in bold in all the examples from the present article. Any other items relevant to the discussion of a given example have been underlined.
beginning of elliptical clauses, such as (20), were also classified as thematic 1.10 When used in thematic 1 position, adverbial connectors perform the function of textual Theme.
(17) Since the hearing is taking place during a presidential campaign, it’s unlikely that a spirit of bipartisan decorum will prevail. Nevertheless, it’s good to bring this debate out in the open. (18) Le chaos, que l’on redoutait de voir s’installer après la mort du fondateur du mouvement national palestinien, ne s’est pas produit. Au contraire, les Palestiniens ont fait la démonstration de leur sens des responsabilités. (19) Yesterday’s feeble performance by Donald Anderson, the supposedly independent chair of the foreign affairs committee, added to the gloom. But nonetheless the game of trying to make the prime minister admit what he may not feel is probably fruitless. (20) She should not have tried to suppress the story, but instead have gone on the programme to explain there was not much new.
were also treated as interpersonal Themes. Examples (21) to (23) illustrate the thematic 2 position.
(21) Crucially, though, the US was able to maintain the support of other countries. (22) It is dismaying that, even so, federal inspectors continue to catalog such shocking mistakes. (23) Il est vrai cependant que ces drogues peuvent, en atténuant la douleur, hâter la mort.
The rhematic 1 category includes adverbial connectors occurring between the topical Theme, whether marked or unmarked,12 and the verb phrase of the clause or clause complex.13 Examples (24) and (25) below provide an illustration of rhematic 1 connectors used after an unmarked Theme. In examples (26) and (27), the rhematic 1 connector occurs after a marked topical Theme. This category also includes the few cases of connectors placed within the Theme itself. In most of these instances, the connector was used within a subclause used as Theme of the clause complex, as in (28). Connectors occurring after a viewpoint subjunct (Quirk et al. 1985: 568), as in (29), were also included in the rhematic 1 category.
Note that, according to Taglicht (1984: 20), when the Theme is followed by a connector it is considered as marked by default, in compliance with his definition of marked as “characterized by the […] detachment of a syntactic element from the element or elements with which it is contiguous in the unmarked sequence” (ibid.). In other words, for Taglicht, whenever an initial element is detached from the rest of the sentence, it is a marked Theme. 13 The rhematic 1 position roughly corresponds to what Lenker (2011) refers to as “post-initial position”, which she opposes to the “genuine medial position” (akin to my rhematic 2 position, see below). Rhematic 1 connectors also partly overlap with Hannay and Gómez González’s (2013) thematic parentheticals (see footnote 4 for a definition).
(26) When the surplus evaporated and turned into a huge deficit, however, Bush did not reverse his arguments. (27) Le matin, devant les principaux chefs militaires français, il a confirmé la perspective d’une guerre avec l’Irak en demandant aux militaires de “se tenir prêts à toutes éventualités” […]. L’après-midi, en revanche, devant les représentants du corps diplomatique, il a réaffirmé que “l’éventuelle décision d’utiliser la force doit être explicite et être prise par le Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies sur la base d’un rapport motivé des inspecteurs”. (28) When, however, the newspapers published stories wrongly claiming that British bases in Cyprus were at risk from Saddam’s weapons of mass destruction, no one in the Government did anything whatever to correct them. (29) Ironically, the decision to allow France to carry on spending was the right one economically. France’s economy is stagnating; it may be about to move into actual recession (two successive quarters of negative growth). To have raised taxes or to have cut public spending when French unemployment is almost 10% might well have pushed the economy into an even more serious recession. […] Politically, however, that is not the point.
The rhematic 2 position encompasses all the syntactic slots available within the verb phrase of the clause or clause complex (i.e. the predicate along with all its obligatory complements). It is therefore a fairly broad category that includes connectors occurring within the predicate, as in (30) and (31); between the verb and its complement(s), as in (32) and (33); or, more rarely, within the complement, as in (34). This category also includes connectors used after an imperative verb, following Taglicht’s (1984) view of imperative clauses as themeless. Finally, the rhematic 2 category contains connectors used after the verb of a subjectless non-finite clause, also considered themeless clauses14 (see Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 100; Cummings 2009: 47), as in (35).
This was only relevant when confronted with cases where the scope of the connector was not on the clause complex, but solely on the subclause (see above).
(30) President Bush would, though, be content to let regional powers contain and constrain the North Korean leadership if they were willing to do so. (31) Jacques Chirac a tenu, hier, à marquer l’événement. Il n’a cependant pas ouvert de piste pour l’avenir. (32) It is a matter of debate as to whether some of them would still be permissible under the Human Rights Act. They were, nonetheless, effective. (33) La formule “s’occuper de la mort d’autrui avant la mienne” ne fait pas l’éloge du sacrifice. Elle signifie plutôt que notre socialité n’est pas fondée sur la somme de nos égoïsmes. (34) The Prime Minister cannot be completely confident, however, that this reasoned approach will pay dividends on his preferred timetable. (35) We have consistently called on the Government to seek alternatives to conflict with Iraq, and we will continue to do so, urging instead that Britain maintains a policy of deterrence and containment.
Finally, rhematic 3 adverbial connectors are placed after all the obligatory elements of the clause or clause complex. In some cases, as in (36) and (37), this position is akin to Morel and Danon-Boileau’s (1998) post-rheme. However, many rhematic 3 connectors are followed by one or several optional constituents, as in (38) and (39). In such cases, they do not fulfil the necessary conditions to qualify as postrhemes.
(36) Mr Straw played down the significance of the achievement. He should not be so modest. There are important caveats, nevertheless. (37) Sans doute un autre scrutin, impliquant en ses régionales montagnes le néo-verdâtre Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, nous fit-il oublier les urnes du Quai Conti. Un pape en sortit, pourtant. (38) There, 16 years after writing Ohio State’s favorite cardio-rehab music, he died anyway at 63 of asthma. (39) Le week-end passait, cependant, sans que rien ne vienne étayer le couplage fantasmatique de ceci et de cela.
Table 3 provides a summary of the classification presented in this section. For each position, one prototypical example is provided in each language.
le problème n’est pas insoluble.
that they must do both these things.
farmers, by contrast, receive nothing.
emplois-jeunes, en revanche, constitue une faute grave et contre-productive.
consequent “cuts” in public services.
a plutôt été la règle.
be little defence against the demented ideology of Osama bin Laden. But it is something that ought to be attempted anyway.
5. Adverbial connector placement in English and French Once the occurrences of each adverbial connector had been classified according to their position, the percentage of use of each position was computed for each connector, and subsequently for each language, balancing the results so as not to give more importance to the very frequent connectors.15 The overall results for each language are presented in Table 4 below, with the raw total figures between brackets.
This was done by adding up, for each position, the percentage of use of each connector in this specific position, and subsequently dividing the number obtained by the number of connectors investigated.
The raw frequencies are provided in Appendix 2.
While I am well aware of the difference between initial and thematic, it will be considered here that Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2004) claim mostly pertains to the initial or thematic 1 position, in view of their assertion that multiple Themes are typically structured as textual Theme ^ interpersonal Theme ^ topical Theme.
continuum going from what is very frequent to what is infrequent in one language as compared to the other. The differences in frequency observed in Table 4 may be accounted for by an important difference between English and French in terms of adverb placement, which gives rise to many difficulties amongst learner populations. As Osborne (2008) explains, French and English differ with respect to verb-raising: French, as a verbraising language, typically places adverbs after the verb, as in (40); in non-verb-raising English, by contrast, adverbs are normally placed before the verb, as in (41). With this in mind, the larger proportion of pre-verbal adverbial connectors in English, along with the preference of French for the rhematic 2 position, appear motivated, at least partly, by syntactic differences between the two languages. Despite the fact that the five positions are allowed by each language system, syntactic factors of another order explain why one or several options are preferred over the others for the placement of connectors in English and in French.
Chuquet and Paillard’s claim could have led us to expect a majority of connectors to be located at clause periphery in English, while French would tend to have a preference for the rhematic 1 and 2 slots (i.e. the two positions in which connectors are used parenthetically). These assumptions are only partly confirmed by our results. While our data shows that connectors are more frequently inserted within the verb phrase in French than in English (with the rhematic 2 position, as in (44)), the opposite is true of connectors used between the subject and the predicate (as in (45)), as is clear from the figures obtained for the rhematic 1 position. It remains that, when rhematic 1 and rhematic 2 connectors are taken together, the overall proportion of connectors used parenthetically is higher in French than in English (64% vs. 37.3%).
In Chuquet and Paillard (1989), C0 refers to the grammatical subject of a sentence, while C1 refers to the object of a transitive verb. 20 “Le schéma canonique d’une phrase [est] défini comme la séquence: C0 – verbe – C1 […] Alors qu’il est fréquent de trouver en français différents éléments insérés entre le C0 et le verbe ou entre le verbe et le C1 sous forme d’incise, l’anglais au contraire évite en général de faire éclater ce bloc” (Chuquet and Paillard 1989: 155-156).
(44) Deux faits divers dramatiques survenus en une journée, samedi 4 juin, relancent le débat sur le rééquilibrage nécessaire entre la route et les autres moyens de transport. Débat éternel et décourageant, car tout le monde est d’accord sur l’objectif. La route ne cesse pourtant de marquer des points par rapport au rail. (45) To save the government’s blushes, the committee has decided that new gambling laws are “necessary and urgent” and says that the government’s general framework is “about right”. No minister, though, should hide behind those words and pretend that the committee has given a good report on the bill.
6. Discursive effects of connector placement In the previous section, it was demonstrated that some of the placement preferences of English and French can be accounted for by means of syntactic factors such as the difference between verb-raising and non-verb-raising languages. But adverbial connector placement is also closely related to rhetoric and information structure. For Lenker (2011: 12), the initial position is the most “natural” position for connectors in view of their linking function. As a result, when these items are used in other positions, there has to be a “good reason” (cf. the so-called “good reason principle”). In these cases, the connector usually takes on further functions, pertaining to thematic and information structure, in addition to its regular connecting function. This suggests that cross-linguistic divergences in connector placement are not only syntactic, but may also provide some information about the ways English and French handle thematic and information structure. Interestingly, the two positions that are most apt to fulfil such rhetorical effects are rhematic 1 and rhematic 2, i.e. precisely the two positions that have been overlooked in SFL research. It is through being used as parentheticals that connectors participate in information structure (Taglicht 1984: 22-25).
The position labelled rhematic 1 in the present study has already been discussed by Altenberg (1998, 2006) for English and Swedish, and Lenker (2011) for English. The discursive effects of rhematic 1 connectors uncovered in this study further support the analyses made by Altenberg and Lenker. As a reminder, rhematic 1 connectors are used after the topical Theme of the clause, whether marked (as in (46)) or unmarked (as in (47)).
(46) When the surplus evaporated and turned into a huge deficit, however, Bush did not reverse his arguments. (47) A newspaper doesn’t charge buyers more when they throw away everything but the sports section. They might want to — and their advertisers might agree — but they don’t. Airlines, however, charge more for a one-way ticket because they know that some business travelers need the flexibility to buy such tickets, and are willing to pay more for it.
Taglicht’s partitions are roughly equivalent to what has been referred to so far as parentheticals.
‘natural’ order of Themes, brings to the fore the personal stance of the writer, as in (48) and (49).
(48) [A] more general political review of the coming year would be a far more fitting address at the beginning of the session, something much closer to the US President’s State of the Union speech. This, as President Clinton used to his advantage, provides the executive with an excellent platform to explain its ideas and announce initiatives. Clearly, however, it would be wholly inappropriate for the Queen to deliver such a speech. (49) Condamnation, vigilance, solidarité : la vigueur de la réaction présidentielle est salutaire. Il n’est pas certain cependant qu’elle suffise à apaiser le malaise des juifs de France.
But in addition, when used in rhematic 1 position, the connector frequently highlights a topical shift in discourse: in the clauses or clause complexes related by the connector, the writer is moving from one topical Theme – or point of departure of the clause – to another, hence breaking the thematic continuity of the text (see Altenberg 2006: 19-20), as in (50a), where the focus of the message is moving from past premiers to Mr Blair. Marking off the topical Theme has the effect of guiding the reader through the discursive shifts by highlighting these shifts. Compare (50a) and (50b), where (50b) is a modified version of the original example (50a). Because of the rhematic 1 connector, the topical shift appears more clearly in (50a) than in (50b).
time. On the other hand, Mr Blair has rewritten the handbook on prime ministerial accessibility and accountability.
The data shows that the topical shifts may be circumstantial (in the case of marked Themes), as in (51) and (52), or involve participants (in the case of unmarked Themes), as in (53) and (54). In yet other cases, the connector is used after a viewpoint subjunct that specifies the domain of application of what is stated in the second clause, as opposed to the first: in (55), for example, the writer is contrasting the political and practical planes to the legal one.
(51) Prior to 1992, most candidates’ TV spots — particularly those blasting an opponent — carried a disclaimer in type the size of the fine print on an insurance policy, which was on screen for a nanosecond. In December 1991, however, the Federal Communications Commission handed down a ruling that all political commercials must contain a readily readable sponsorship tagline clearly indicating who paid for the spot. (52) Le matin, devant les principaux chefs militaires français, il a confirmé la perspective d’une guerre avec l’Irak en demandant aux militaires de “se tenir prêts à toutes éventualités” […]. L’après-midi, en revanche, devant les représentants du corps diplomatique, il a réaffirmé que “l’éventuelle décision d’utiliser la force doit être explicite et être prise par le Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies sur la base d’un rapport motivé des inspecteurs”. (53) Andrew Marr, one instinctively senses, wisely judges he would carry less credibility in white. Mark Mardell, on the other hand, has white-suit cred written all over him. (54) Ensuite, le calendrier de Bush lui impose d’aller vite afin de se dégager de ce bourbier pour mener plus tranquillement sa campagne présidentielle. Enfin, la guérilla, au contraire, a tout intérêt à ce que le règlement traîne pour accroître sa terreur et sa force. (55) Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld characterizes us as “liberators” for political and practical reasons. Legally, however, there has never been a question.
Finally, fronting topical Themes by means of rhematic 1 connectors makes it possible to highlight very clearly the focus of the contrastive relation expressed by the connector, i.e. what exactly is opposed through the adverb (e.g. Past premiers vs. Mr Blair in (50); Prior to 1992 vs. In December 1991 in (51)). Most of the examples covered so far show very clearly the effect that rhematic 1 connectors perform at the level of information structure, as two very distinct topical Themes are explicitly stated in each of the clauses. However, the transition to the new topical Theme is not always signaled as clearly, as shown in examples (56) and (57).
(56) By the time he had put Tam Dalyell in his place by pointing out that the Father of the House had confused Tony Blair’s chief of staff Jonathan Powell with his brother Sir Charles Powell, Mr Clarke’s reincarnation as cuddly old Ken was complete. The real Mr Clarke, however, is a very different and much more formidable politician. (57) L’année 2002 restera, aussi, celle où la machine Muray a, pour la première fois, connu quelques ratés. Son fonctionnement, pourtant, n’est nullement en cause; on peut même dire qu’il n’a jamais été aussi brillant.
The results discussed in Section 5 revealed that rhematic 1 connectors are markedly more frequent in English than in French. It is therefore much less frequent in French than in English to signal a topical shift in discourse by means of connector placement. This may stem from the fact that French has a large variety of lexical and grammatical devices to perform a thematizing function similar to that conveyed by rhematic 1 connectors, among which syntactic dislocation, as in (58), and the prepositional phrase quant à, as in (59) (see Rivelin-Constantin 1992; Rossette 2007: 40). These devices are either not available or much less common in English. Thus, it may be that the more frequent use of rhematic 1 connectors in English compensates for the lack of such resources.
(58) La Roumanie et la Bulgarie devront encore patienter. La Turquie, elle, est pressée d’ouvrir les négociations d’adhésion et elle le manifeste sans trop d’habileté. (59) Georges-Marc Benamou ronchonne que si c’est Ben Laden qui fait élire les majorités, la vieille Europe est mal barrée. Quant à Alexandre Adler, il fait carrément la gueule en évoquant un vote “munichois”.
As is usually the case in qualitative studies, the above analysis sets out general tendencies instead of absolute rules. Even though a majority of rhematic 1 connectors fit the pattern described above in terms of information structure, a limited number of these connectors appeared to produce other effects. For example, I also found a number of cases in which the marked off topical Theme was a cohesive resumption, by means of either lexical cohesion or reference,22 of information described in the previous sentence. This is the case in example (60), where that calculation is a resumption of the entire preceding sentence. In yet other cases, the fronted element was the last and culminating item of an enumerated list, as in (61). It is, however, beyond the purpose of the present study to draw up an inventory of all the possible effects produced by rhematic 1 connectors.
be given immediate access to them. The greatest failure, however, is the old Russian nemesis: the failure to be honest.
As Lenker (2011: 15) explains, “it is not the adverbial [connector] itself which is focused through different medial positions, but other constituents in the sentence”. We just saw that rhematic 1 connectors have the effect of laying emphasis on the Theme of the clause. Rhematic 2 adverbs, on the other hand, draw attention to the Rheme of the clause, or to part of it, as demonstrated in Lenker (2011). As partitions, adverbial connectors placed within the verb phrase are one of the three ways of creating a socalled marked Rheme, i.e. a Rheme that is detached from the other elements of the sentence (Taglicht 1984: 20). As Taglicht (1984: 25) explains, marked Rhemes “involve an element of delay”: the reader is kept waiting for the end of the clause. By delaying (part of) the Rheme, and by marking it off from the rest of the sentence, rhematic 2 connectors give it more attention than it would have received in the unmarked sequence, hence their focusing function. Compare (62a) and (62b) below, where (62b) is a modified version of the original example. Through occurring after a typographical break, the Rheme in (62a) is marked off, thus receiving special focus. This is not the case in (62b), where the Rheme is fully integrated into the clause.
(62) (a) Obviously such an eradication could not be accomplished quickly, especially because the vaccine offers only shortterm protection. Congress and the Bush administration could, however, take smaller steps. (b) Obviously such an eradication could not be accomplished quickly, especially because the vaccine offers only shortterm protection. However, Congress and the Bush administration could take smaller steps.
Another effect of rhematic 2 connectors pertains to the notions of given and new information. In SFL, each sentence can be described not only in terms of its thematic structure (Theme and Rheme), but also in terms of its information structure, organized into given and new information. Each clause or clause complex typically contains both given information (i.e. information that is presented as known or recoverable by the listener or reader) and new information. While distinct, information structure and thematic structure are closely related: in unmarked clauses, the given information coincides with the Theme, and the new information coincides with the Rheme (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 89). Note that auxiliaries, as semantically empty function words, are not considered to contribute new information to the clause. The same is true of copular verbs (see Lenker 2011: 17). Instead, the lexical verb and the complements are the major repositories of new information. In view of this, the rhematic 2 connectors in the corpus can be said to act as “partitioners of given and new information” (Lenker 2011: 17), signalling explicitly the transition between what the reader knows and the genuine informational contribution of the clause to the text, as in (63) and (64). These observations are in keeping with those made by Lenker (2011).
(63) President Bush would, though, be content to let regional powers contain and constrain the North Korean leadership if they were willing to do so. (64) Malgré ces succès, l’Inde n’a cependant pas atteint l’objectif annoncé dans la constitution de 1950.
discourse than it is to the organization of English discourse. On the other hand, as discussed in the previous section, at least some of this difference stems from a syntactic divergence between English and French as regards verb raising. This section has advanced that, alongside syntactic differences between English and French, divergent placement patterns may reflect differences at a more rhetorical level. At this stage, however, it remains difficult to determine the respective parts played by syntactic differences on the one hand, and rhetorical factors on the other. In any case, the rhetorical potential of connector placement covered in this section may explain why, in spite of the differences in overall word order flexibility that exist between English and French, no significant difference in flexibility was uncovered at the specific level of adverbial connectors. As Lenker (2011: 1) puts forward, as adverbials are the only sentence constituents that remain mobile in present-day English, the mobility of adverbial connectors in English serves precisely to make up for an otherwise very rigid ‘subject-verb-object’ structure.
The raw frequencies are provided in Appendices 3 and 4.
The occurrences of il n’en reste pas moins que, il n’en demeure pas moins que, il n’en est pas moins que were disregarded in the present analysis. These sequences function as extended cohesive units of contrast and will be investigated at a later stage of our work, together with a set of other non-adverbial sequences such as il reste que or it remains that.
of adverbial connectors varies from one item to another. This calls into question the relevance of formulating general rules of placement for a language as a whole, as is usually the case in grammars and textbooks. These findings corroborate Hoey’s (2005) theory of lexical priming, which postulates that each word has a series of specific features in terms of collocation, colligation, semantic preference, register and stylistic features, but also positioning. They also support Sinclair’s (1991) view of language, which posits the inseparability of lexis and grammar. The results obtained for the connector though in Table 5 are particularly intriguing. Firstly, it was quite surprising to find such a high frequency of this connector in a corpus of formal writing, as this adverb is usually associated with informality (see Quirk et al. 1985: 632). In addition, it was expected that though used as an adverb would be found mostly, if not exclusively, in final position (ibid. 643). The corpus data shows that only a small proportion of the occurrences of though (6.9%) occurred in rhematic 3 position. Instead, the large majority of occurrences of though were found in rhematic 1 position (75.9%), as in (65).
(65) If the cuts are made permanent, as Mr. Bush wants, the cost would be $780 billion. Taxpayers, though, aren’t going to tolerate -- nor should they -- being swept into an alternate tax universe that hits them with big, unanticipated bills.
unexpected mobility of though in the corpus may occur as a means to produce effects that this connector would not need to produce in speech, as they would be ensured by other elements. Compare, for example, (66a) and (66b), where (66a) is the original written version of the example found in the corpus, and (66b) is a modified version of (66a), where small caps represent the stressed element. In (66b), the contrast between the Conservatives, on the one hand, and Mr Hoon, on the other, is already ensured by stress, thus making the use of though in rhematic 1 position somewhat redundant. In addition, it may in fact be the case that the prevalence of the initial (or thematic 1) position, while not supported by the evidence obtained from a written corpus, is attested in speech, as this mode has a fairly limited use for connectors in medial positions (i.e. rhematic 1 and 2). This hypothesis is in line with Biber et al.’s (1999: 891) findings, which reveal a considerable difference in percentage of medial connectors between academic writing (c. 40%) and conversation (less than 2.5%).
(66) (a) The Conservatives agree. Mr Hoon, though, sees things differently. (b) The Conservatives agree. MR HOON sees things differently, though.
Throughout this study, three main factors have been demonstrated to affect connector placement: language-specific syntactic, rhetorical and lexical factors. These three aspects may seem hard to reconcile, and it is undoubtedly challenging to assess the part played by each of them. For example, there might seem to be a tension between the lexical component and the rhetorical effects achieved by connector positioning. However, for instance, occurs predominantly in rhematic 1 position, while plutôt is usually placed in rhematic 2 position and even so occurs almost exclusively in thematic 1 position. The question arises of whether these profiles are predominantly defined by the intrinsic lexical features of each item, or by their rhetorical functions in discourse.
One way of resolving the tension between those two factors would be to postulate a correlation between a given connector and the creation of a specific rhetorical effect. This means that however would be closely associated with the explicit signalling of a topical shift; plutôt would often combine its connective function with a role of partitioner of information structure; and even so would typically perform a strictly connective function. Further research is needed to disentangle the respective contribution of each factor.
thematic structure, such as the type of thematic progression or the presence of a marked Theme, may also influence connector placement. The extent of the role of these elements should be investigated in future studies. In addition, the role of the lexical factor has merely been touched upon here and would deserve further attention in a future study. In the context of such lexical analyses, it might be valuable to refine the notion of contrast, providing a fine-grained semantic analysis of the meaning aspects of each adverb. The notion of adverbial scope might also be worth investigating in future research. It should be borne in mind that the results reported in the present article only pertain to adverbial connectors of contrast, investigated in one register only. They might have been significantly different if another semantic relation had been investigated. It would also be extremely fruitful to investigate the placement patterns of these adverbs in various written registers, especially as it is now well-established that register variation can have an effect on cross-linguistic differences (see Lefer and Vogeleer 2014). In future research, I intend to examine whether both the placement patterns of each language and the differences between them are fairly stable across registers or whether they are significantly affected by register variation. I also plan to investigate connector placement in translation, as positional changes from the source texts to the target texts may provide valuable information on differences between the two languages, as well as on the individual positional profiles of the connectors.
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Current estimates are that virus particles massively outnumber live cells in most habitats1,2, but only a tiny fraction of viruses have been cultivated in the laboratory. An unprecedented diversity of viruses are being discovered through culture-independent sequencing3. Progress has been made in reconstructing genomes of uncultivated viruses de novo, from biotic and abiotic environments, without laboratory isolation of the virus–host system. For example, in the past 2 years, more than 750,000 uncultivated virus genomes (UViGs) have been identified in metagenome and metatranscriptome datasets4,5,6,7,8,9, five times the total number of genomes sequenced from virus isolates (Fig. 1), and UViGs already represent ≥95% of the taxonomic diversity in publicly available virus sequences10,11. Although double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes are over-represented in UViGs because most metagenomic protocols exclusively target dsDNA, UViGs nonetheless enable an assessment of global virus diversity and an evaluation of structure and drivers of viral communities. UViGs also contribute to improving our understanding of the evolutionary history of viruses and virus–host interactions.
Figure 1: Size of virus genome databases over time4,7,22,45,83,84,85,86,87,88,89.
Genome sequences from isolates (blue and green) or from UViGs (yellow) are shown. For genomes from isolates, the total number of genomes (blue) and the number of 'reference' genomes (green) are shown. Data were downloaded using the queries “Viruses[Organism] AND srcdb_refseq[PROP] NOT wgs[PROP] NOT cellular organisms[ORGN] NOT AC_000001:AC_999999[PACC]” for reference genomes and “Viruses[Organism] NOT cellular organisms[ORGN] NOT wgs[PROP] NOT AC_000001:AC_999999[pacc] NOT gbdiv syn[prop] AND nuccore genome samespecies[Filter]” for total number of virus genomes, on the NCBI nucleotide database portal (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore) in January 2018. Genomes from the influenza virus database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/Database/nph-select.cgi?go=genomeset) were also added to the total number of virus genomes. UViGs can be assembled from metagenomes, from proviruses identified in microbial genomes, or from single-virus genomes, and estimated total UViG numbers were obtained by compiling data from the literature and from the total number of sequences in the IMG/VR database in January 2017, January 2018 and July 2018 (https://img.jgi.doe.gov/vr/)11. UpViG, uncultivated provirus.
Analysis and interpretation of standalone genomes present substantial challenges, whether the genomes are eukaryotic, bacterial, archaeal or viral. To address these challenges, MISAG and MIMAG standards were drafted to improve the quality of reporting of microbial genomes derived from single cell or metagenome sequences, which are often incomplete12. Although some aspects of MISAG and MIMAG can be applied to UViGs, the extraordinary diversity of viral genome composition and content, replication strategies, and hosts means that the completeness, quality, taxonomy and ecology of UViGs need to be evaluated via virus-specific metrics.
The Genomic Standards Consortium (http://gensc.org) maintains metadata checklists for MIxS, encompassing genome and metagenome sequences13, marker gene sequences14 and single amplified and metagenome-assembled bacterial and archaeal genomes12. Here we present a set of standards that extend the MIxS checklists to include identification, quality assessment, analysis and reporting of UViGs (Table 1 and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2), together with recommendations on how to perform these analyses. We provide a metadata checklist for database submission and publication of UViGs designed to be flexible enough to accommodate technological and methodological changes over time (Table 1 and Supplementary Table 1). The information gathered through the MIUViG checklist can be directly submitted with new UViG sequences to International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) member databases—the DNA Database of Japan (DDBJ), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory–European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) and US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)—which will host and display checklist metadata alongside the UViG sequence. These MIUViG standards should also be used along with existing guidelines for virus genome analysis, including those issued by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), which recently endorsed the incorporation of UViGs into the official virus classification scheme15 (https://talk.ictvonline.org). Although MIUViG standards and best practices were designed for genomes of viruses infecting microorganisms, they can also be applied to viruses infecting animals, fungi and plants, and are compatible with standards that are already in place for epidemiological analysis of these viruses16 (Supplementary Table 3).
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This work was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under US Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 for S.R.; the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Vidi grant 864.14.004 for B.E.D.; the Intramural Research Program of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health for E.V.K., I.K.M., J.R.B. and N.Y.; the Virus-X project (EU Horizon 2020, No. 685778) for F.E. and M.K.; Battelle Memorial Institute's prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I for J.H.K.; the GOA grant “Bacteriophage Biosystems” from KU Leuven for R.L.; the European Molecular Biology Laboratory for C.A. and G.R.C.; Cairo University Grant 2016-57 for R.K.A.; National Science Foundation award 1456778, National Institutes of Health awards R01 AI132581 and R21 HD086833, and The Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative award for S.R.B.; National Science Foundation awards DEB-1239976 for M.B. and K.R. and DEB-1555854 for M.B.; the NSF Early Career award DEB-1555854 and NSF Dimensions of Biodiversity #1342701 for K.C.W. and R.A.D.; the Agence Nationale de la Recherche JCJC grant ANR-13-JSV6-0004 and Investissements d'Avenir Méditerranée Infection 10-IAHU-03 for C.D.; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Marine Microbiology Initiative No. 3779 and the Simons Foundation for J.A.F.; the French government “Investissements d'Avenir” program OCEANOMICS ANR-11-BTBR-0008 and European FEDER Fund 1166-39417 for P. Hingamp; Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship FL150100038 to P. Hugenholtz the National Science Foundation award 1801367 and C-DEBI Research Grant for J.M.L.; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant 5334 and Ministry of Economy and Competitivity refs. CGL2013-40564-R and SAF2013-49267-EXP for M.M.-G.; the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan No. 16H06429, 16K21723, and 16H06437 for H.O. and T.Y.; National Science Foundation award DBI-1661357 to C.P.; the Ministry of Economy and Competitivity ref CGL2016-76273-P (cofunded with FEDER funds) for F.R.-V.; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awards 3305 and 3790 and NSF Biological Oceanography OCE 1536989 for M.B.S.; the ETH Zurich and Helmut Horten Foundation and the Novartis Foundation for Medical-Biological Research (17B077) for S.S.; a BIOS-SCOPE award from Simons Foundation International and NERC award NE/P008534/1 to B.T.; NSF Biological Oceanography Grant 1635913 for R.V.T.; the Australian Research Council Future Fellowship FT120100480 for N.S.W.; a Gilead Sciences Cystic Fibrosis Research Scholarship for K.L.W.; Gordon and Better Moore Foundation Grant 4971 for S.W.W.; the NSF EPSCoR grant 1736030 for K.E.W.; the National Science Foundation award DEB-4W4596 and National Institutes of Health award R01 GM117361 for M.J.Y.; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation No. 7000 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under award NA15OAR4320071 for L.Z.A. DDBJ is supported by ROIS and MEXT. The work conducted by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the US Department of Health and Human Services or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. B.E.D., A.K., M.K., J.H.K., R.L. and A.V. are members of the ICTV Executive Committee, but the views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not those of the ICTV.
US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA.
Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Paris, France.
KU Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Heverlee, Belgium.
Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Departments of Biological Sciences and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA.
Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, California, USA.
LMGE,UMR 6023 CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Aubiére, France.
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Aix Marseille Université´, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France.
Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
BIO5 Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.
DDBJ Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan.
Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Computer Science, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry Meets Microbiology,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain.
Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Zurich, Switzerland.
Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Institute of Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Oregon, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
University of Delaware, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA.
Microbial Physiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Kyoto, Japan.
J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
All authors participated in writing the manuscript and provided critical feedback. S.R. performed the analyses for the supplementary notes and figures.
Correspondence to Simon Roux or Emiley A Eloe-Fadrosh.
Comparison of UViG recovery from microbial (“M”) and viral (“V”) metagenomes originating from the same Tara Oceans samples.
Genome size variation for different types of viruses and different taxonomic levels.
Pairwise average nucleotide identity (ANI) and alignment fraction (AF) for NCBI Viral RefSeq genomes and IMG/VR.
Examples of pairwise genome comparisons from the three groups of genome pairs highlighted in Supplementary Figure 3.
Estimation of whole genome ANI from fragmented genomes.
Variation in genome length for virus families and genera with two or more genomes, from NCBI RefSeq v83.
Current species demarcation criteria from ICTV ninth and tenth reports. | 2019-04-18T23:23:14Z | https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4306?error=cookies_not_supported&code=5ec665be-3712-4dac-9825-a80e8f5c4f1c |
Discussion in 'Official GBAtemp Reviews' started by Another World, Jun 10, 2010.
The SuperCard DSTWO (SCDS2), released by Team SuperCard, has been dubbed the 2nd generation of DS Slot-1 Flash Kits. Since the introduction of Slot-1 Flash Kits, users have continually desired new features, better support, and advancements from the developers. The SCDS2 attempts to appease the user with an on-board CPU capable of GBA Slot-1 emulation. Team SuperCard has additionally promised SNES emulation, drag/drop video playback, on-the-fly anti-piracy advancements, an in-game menu system, slow-motion, soft-reset, a real-time cheat editor, and more.
This review will focus on the current DSTWO EOS v1.02 firmware and its features. Features not currently available will be mentioned and discussed based on publicly available information. The review kit will be tested on a DSi XL and a 2 GB Japanese Kingston microSD card. NDS compatibility will be tested with both NDS Homebrew and NDS ROMS and the GBA EMU will be tested with both GBA Homebrew and GBA ROMs. All review photos will be taken using the “SILVER” EOS v1.02 included theme.
Real time functions: real-time save, real-time game guide (txt, bmp, jpg), and real-time cheat.
Multi-saves (up to 4 slots), easy to back-up and restore saves.
Unlimited microSD storage space support. SDHC support. FAT or FAT 32.
Action slow motion (4 levels).
File management system (copy, paste, cut, and delete). Long file name support.
E-book in .BMP, .JPEG, .JPG, .PNG, .TIF, .GIF, .TXT, and .PDF formats.
The list includes the phrase “unlimited microSD storage space support,” a selling tactic lie for which I have no appreciation. The included paper manual has an image of a microSD card and the box includes the phrase “SDHC” and a printed SDHC logo. This card clearly only supports SDHC external media, and as consumers we know that the limitation of SDHC cards is 32 GB.
The list mentions SNES emulation, something which has not yet been implemented by Team SuperCard or the EOS Operating System.
E-book support includes a listing of mostly image formats and skips some dedicated E-book formats (.EPUB, .LIT, .LRF, .MOBI, etc). I would have preferred that the image formats were listed under an appropriate Image heading and for .TXT and .PDF to remain under the E-book heading.
The feature list lacks any mention of video/multimedia formats. The card was publicized as supporting drag/drop video codec playback. This is another feature not yet implemented by Team SuperCard or the EOS Operating System.
Oddly there is no mention of the “plug-in” system for creating custom icons used as launching points for NDS Homebrew and NDS ROM files. This is an interesting feature which not only helps organization through a favorites list but provides a way for users to personalize their theme.
The SCDS2 ships in thin matte black colored cardboard box. The box measures approximately 5 and 1/2 inches by 3 and 3/4 inches by 3/4 of an inch. The left and right sides of the box fold inwards and secure with a cardboard flap. The box is printed with the “SuperCard” logo on all sides but the bottom. The top of the box includes a shiny DSTWO logo, a SuperCard Team logo, and a SDHC logo. The bottom of the box includes 3 shiny firmware screen captures of the EOS software. Also found on the bottom of the box is the official “Engrish” features listing and an official SuperCard URL (www.supercard.sc).
The box protects a thin plastic felt covered tray which slides in snugly and holds the SCDS2 and the microSD reader. Both of these items sit tightly into their respective cutouts, so well are they contained that users have reported damaging the shell of their SCDS2 while attempting to remove it. Removing either item is a simple as pulling out the tray and pushing on the back side to allow the item to lift away from the packaging. Under this tray sits the paper user manual and leather wrist strap. The wrist strap was not initially available for pre-ordered kits and later SCDS2 offered the strap as an additional purchase for resellers, causing each reseller to manually insert the wrist strap into each box. As a result of this some users have purchased a SCDS2 and not received the wrist strap, thus making it optional for the reseller and a random bonus for the buyer.
The included microSD reader measures approximately 1 and 3/4 of an inch by 5/8ths of inch by 2/8ths of an inch. The black colored plastic shell feels smooth and sturdy to the touch. The USB connector is protected by a clear plastic cover which slides and locks into the plastic shell. If the cover is reversed it will not lock shut and should not be forced. This microSD reader is a functional alternative and a nice addition to the internal packaging contents, however, it is much larger than my preferred solution and from a generic manufacturing factory. The longevity of this microSD reader based on build quality alone seems fairly long, yet only time will tell.
The SCDS2 uses a modified shell possibly based on the AK2i design, and at first glance they look almost identical except for a deeper shade of black and additional insertion guides. Instead of glue, the SCDS2 is held together by a single jewelry sized micro screw and 4 plastic raised inserts. The plastic inserts extend from the stickered back side of the kit and join into matching holds on the opposite side. The entire kit can be pried apart at every point but the lower right hand area surrounding the micro Phillips head screw. The back side of the PCB which contains the main chip is held fast to the shell thanks to the residue of the stickered label. The microSD slot is located on the left hand side of the SCDS2. The PCB has 17 connection teeth and 10 plastic guide points. The kit itself measures approximately 1 and 2/8th inches by 1 and 1/4 inches by 1/8 of an inch.
The SCDS2 feels relatively sturdy yet not so well secured. It is much too easy to separate the shell halves from one another. The bottom of the PCB is flat against the shell resulting in optimal contact with the NDS Slot-1 connection teeth. The addition of 10 plastic guides gives this card a slight connection advantage over other Slot-1 Flash Kits that I have used. The microSD slot aggressively grips the card and I find it difficult to remove the card at times from the SCDS2 shell. The spring loaded microSD slot feels as familiar as any Slot-1 spring loaded Flash Kit. This kit is relatively new I can not yet comment on the integrity of the spring. There is always the chance that the spring could fail, with moderate respected use I would expect the spring to last. The SCDS2 fits snug into the DSi XL and extremely tight into the NDS Lite. The card is difficult to remove from the NDS Lite due to the protruding chip and over extended stickered label.
Although I have actively sought out an official confirmation, user speculation is that the I-Player Flash Kit was also designed by Team SuperCard. Comparing both the I-Player and the SCDS2 together one will see the similarities between boxes, packaging materials, paper user manuals, shell designs, PCB designs, emulation software, features list, and more. If the I-Player was a testing ground for the SCDS2 I hope that Team SuperCard has learned their lesson and that the SCDS2 will not repeat the failures of the I-Player.
Team SuperCard has allowed their forum “Admin” to leak news of an official SCDS2 Software Development Kit (SDK). Software which will push this Flash Kit away from the competition must incorporate the onboard CPU and one can only dream of the emulation possibilities this card has in store. The future of this Flash Kit design could very well come down to the Homebrew community who may be powerless to do official plug-in compilations without the aid of Team SuperCard and the official SDK. Team SuperCard should begin offering free SCDS2 kits to any established Homebrew author who wishes to develop for this unique Flash Kit (AgentQ, Normmatt & Smiths, Moonlight, Rudolph, Flubba, Simon J. Hall, Alekmaul, etc). If you want to increase sales you need to offer a wide range of exclusive software option. This can be achieved by giving away a handful of SCDS2 Flash Kits along with the SDK to the right Homebrew community contributors. Nothing could come of this but the potential for SCDS2 greatness is worth the effort.
The community has put their faith and trust into Team SuperCard and software that does not perform as stated on the box or in pre-release news and publicized advertisements. However, SuperCard has always come from behind to offer support and features for the life of their products. While the initial impressions include disappointment the frequent updates and attempts to support the hardware should be noted.
The SuperCard EOS v1.02 software is released archived with 4 main directories. These directories are “_dstwo”, “_dstwoplug”, “moonshl2”, and “NDSGBA”. Each of these 4 directories must be placed in the ROOT of a freshly formatted microSD card.
The “_dstwo” directory contains vital system related files, the User Interface theme files, and translated language .TXT files. Users can easily see the influence from the Ackeard R.P.G. software from which the EOS is based, by examining the familiar directory structure. The EOS themes are complex and made up of 54 files not including the additional patch and plug-in related theme files.
The “dstwoplug” directory contains EOS shortcut icons commonly called “plug-ins” based on this directories name and not on their actually functionality as external software applications. Each shortcut includes a correctly formatted .BMP image and an .INI file. The .INI file contains a path to the icon file and the name as displayed in the EOS software. The .NDS file itself must also be located in this directory and named the same name as the .BMP and .INI files.
The following is an examination of the included “MoonShell2” shortcut found in the EOS v1.02 default file structure.
To use this shortcut one would place a MoonShell2.NDS file in the same directory as these shortcut specific files. Why they elected to do it this way makes absolutely no sense to me. Users should never be forced into an organizational structure, as each user has their own personal preference for organization. The .INI file could just have easily supported a path to the .NDS file (IE: path=fat1:/homebrew/applications/moonshellv2.10final.nds).
The “moonshl2” directory contains the default files found in a normal Moonshell v2.10 installation.
The “NDSGBA” directory contains all required files for the Slot-1 based GBA emulator. The EOS GBA EMU v1.21 install defaults on each load to this internal directory. Placing .GBA Homebrew files and .GBA retail ROM dumps into the “gamepak” directory will increase organization and minimize search time.
Like the Acekard R.P.G. firmware it is based off of, the EOS software uses a globalsettings.ini file to store various important system related variables. The default file stores many different options than the Acekard firmware. Please be cautious as editing the file directly is recommended for advance users.
The globalsettings.ini remains undocumented at this early stage of EOS development. Some items are fairly obvious and others are extremely cryptic. The EOS DLDI file is absent from the directory structure, and has recently been released for download by Team SuperCard.. The EOS software can use the Action Replay usrcheat.dat formatted file. This file should be placed into the “_dstwo” directory and accessed using the included in-game software menu system. GBA .CHT cheat files are placed into the “gamecht” directory and .GBA Homebrew and retail ROM dumps can be placed into the “gamepak” directory.
The EOS software is largely undocumented and unsupported for its current stage of development. Users are encouraged to do their own research until this Flash Kit is more efficiently documented. At such a point I will adjust this section of the review to reflect more factual content as I do not want this section to include research based on speculation.
The SCDS2 will not skip the NDS firmware’s Health and Safety screen, user must click to advance or wait for this screen to time out. The current v1.04 SCDS2 firmware displays as “Fish Tycoon,” the v1.05 firmware is available but untested for this review. User reports have flooded the SuperCard forums with information about bricked or damaged SCDS2s after the v1.05 firmware upgrade. The v1.05 firmware upgrade is for users who auto-boot their NDS firmware and experienced problems with the SCDS2. This compatibility issue was limited to a handful of cards making the upgrade not advisable at this time.
Once the boot-up sequence is triggered the SCDS2 will load the EOS software in under 3 seconds. The EOS software has a similar design to the NDSi official firmware; the main screen contains various icons, the date and time, and a slider bar at the bottom. The top screen of the EOS software displays a still image with the text “It’s Time To Go Beyond DS.” At any point the B button can be pressed in succession to navigate the G.U.I. back to this top menu icon-display screen.
The default SuperCard EOS software comes pre-installed with a handful of icons. The included icons are “DS_GAME”, “SLOT2 NDS”, “SLOT2 GBA”, “MoonShell”, and “GBA Emulator”. The first 3 listed icons will boot .NDS files, PassME mode, or Slot-2 Expansion devices, respectively. The last two icons will boot MoonShell or the SCDS2 GBA EMU, these icons are user created and stored in the “./_dstwoplug” directory. Users can alter, rename, or remove various icons from the EOS software. The "DS_GAME" icon can only be renamed by hex-editing the “dstwo.nds” file found in the “_dstwo” system directory. This icon is part of the software and can not be removed.
The “SLOT2 NDS” option will boot the NDS PassME mode, launching any NOR flashed .NDS.GBA file into the correct mode. This mode was tested using a few older homebrew projects and I found it to function as expected (IE: DS Heretic). The “SLOT2 GBA” option will boot to the NOR mode of the supported Slot-2 expansion device. There is currently no way to flash to the PSRAM of the 3in1 expansion card and currently no way to backup, restore, or manipulate GBA SRAM save files. The EOS software assumes that the supported card is pre-flashed to NOR with a GBA ROM and that the SRAM battery is fully functional, thus limiting the user experience and discriminating against the vast majority of EZ Flash 3in1 owners.
The “DS_GAME” icon boots into a second viewing area which sorts by default visible folders, and files with the .NDS extension. Non-visible folders with their attributes set to “hidden” can only be made visible by using your computer Operating System. Automatically sorting the display based on file extensions is a nice addition which keeps miscellaneous files hidden regardless of their attribute or association. However, users who wish to have more control over their files can additionally sort by NDS & SAV, GBA & SAV, or by ALL file types. The start menu can be displayed by pressing START or by clicking Start on the touch-screen. This menu can be further expanded by pressing RIGHT or A, and retracted by pressing LEFT or B. The top screen displays a clock, the currently browsed file or type (folders display as “folder”, files display using their internal information and icon), and the file name which is limited to 14 characters.
The Start menu provides the user with a minimalistic approach to firmware/software manipulation. As a result the EOS software has less of a learning curve but provides fewer options for tweaking the end experience. This experience is unlike the AKAIO firmware, where many options can be tweaked thus increasing the compatibility of the firmware and ROM files. The EOS user must rely on the SuperCard team for improvements, fixes, compatibility updates, and more.
The start menu offers basic file operations including copy, cut, paste, and delete. These options are limited to 1 file type at a time; a .SAV file can not be moved or removed at the same time as an .NDS file, for example. The second start menu option provides a way for users to select skins found in the “./_dstwo/ui” directory. The default EOS v1.02 install includes the English, Chinese, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and Korean languages. Languages can be quickly and easily set through the start menu language area. The systems settings provide options for adjusting the display (icon or list), the brightness level (NDS Lite only, 1-4), the hotkey (.NDS retail ROM dumps' in-game menu key combination), and the previously discussed file display (NDS, NDS & SAV, GBA & SAV, ALL). The last start menu option displays a help menu which provides basic navigation information and the current EOS build number.
The currently implemented in-game menu functionally is limited to .NDS retail ROM dumps, Homebrew files are not supported. However, as of EOS v1.02, any Homebrew file capable of executing the “reset2desktop.nds” can soft-reset back to the main EOS icon display screen without accessing the in-game menu. The problem with this design is that older Homebrew files may be forgotten projects which will never be recompiled to access this .NDS soft-reset method. The .NDS retail ROM in-game menu button combination is completely configurable in real-time from within the key combination window.
The bottom right area of the tool bar contains 3 icons. The light build icon can adjust the backlight setting of the NDS Lite and the arrow back icon will navigate back one directory.
The EOS software offers an icon based view and a list based view. The icon based view can display 12 items on the screen while the list based view can display 4 items on the screen. Both views display an icon and the file name, however, the icon based view truncates the file name between 6-8 characters when not highlighted and between 11-13 characters when highlighted. The list based view truncates the file name at 30 characters when highlighted and 32 characters when not highlighted.
Once a file is highlighted execution can begin by either clicking on the file icon or by pressing A while in the icon list view. When using the list view, execution can begin by either clicking to the left of the icon or by pressing A. Loading beings with an EOS splash screen and can range anywhere between 2-30 seconds depending on the file. All .NDS retail ROM dumps load between 2-4 seconds, where some Homebrew projects took as long as 30 seconds to initialize (IE: Dawn Seekers).
The in-game menu can be accessed by entering the user-submitted control sequence. The in-game menu, as previously stated, only functions with .NDS retail ROM dumps. Once the key combination is pressed the users is presented with options to reset back to the top EOS menu, open a gaming guide (.TXT, .BMP, .JPG), enter cheat codes (usrcheat.dat), save/load save-states, initialize slow-motion (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%), or access the on-the-fly “free cheat” engine. Most selection can be manipulated with either the touch screen or a combination of the D-pad and buttons. The B button will exit out of any menu and go back one level, the top most level being the game itself. The only way to soft-reset back to the EOS top menu is by clicking on to top left icon, there is no button combination for this menu option.
The in-game menu options will be discussed from top left to bottom right. Save-state saving and loading will be discussed under one grouping. Each of the options will include a photo below of what the user can expect to see and any relevant SCDS2 related information.
The top left icon allows the SCDS2 to soft-reset back to the top EOS menu. This icon can not be accessed using any D-pad or button combinations and requires the user to physically press the touch-screen to activate it. The top EOS menu holds user created shortcut icon “plug-ins”, Slot-2 booting options, etc. Users who wish to continue playing .NDS Homebrew or retail ROM dumps will need to select the “DS_GAME” icon following each soft-reset, something which quickly becomes an annoyance.
“Game guides” must be placed in the same directory as the .NDS retail ROM dump and given the same name. (IE: 0142 – Metroid_Prime_Pinrball.txt). The included literature states that .JPG and .BMP (24bit) are usable guide formats, however it appears that .JPG is not currently supported. Multiple guides can be hosted in the same directory by adding increasing single trailing digits to the file name. Users can also mix .TXT and .BMP guides into the same directory without the trailing digit.
Once the .TXT guide is loaded the text will display using a golden font color on a darker background, which I found very easy to read in both light and dark settings. Text based guides can be scrolled up or down by using the D-pad, with left or right acting as quick-skip keys. Image based guides can be scrolled right-left and top-bottom using the D-pad. The EOS software will store the X and Y coordinates of the last viewed image based guide, subsequent viewings will resume at the previous coordinates making image based map viewing easier to pick back up. Pressing B will exit out of the current window and go back one menu level.
The EOS software offers 4 slots to save and load “save-states” to and from. Pressing A on any of the 4 available save slots will create an .RTF* file in the game's directory, save-states made by pressing A will be named by the current date and time within the EOS software. Pressing X on any of the 4 available save slots will present the user with a keyboard, which can be used for entering custom save-state names made up of alphanumeric characters with no spaces. Selecting “OK” will exit out of the keyboard window and back into the current .NDS retail ROM dump. Loading a save-state is executed by Pressing A on any of the available save slots, loading a save-state will exit out of the “loading” window and back into the current .NDS retail ROM dump. Pressing B will exit out of the current window and go back one menu level.
The .RTF* file is created using a increasing numerical value, where 0 is save slot 1 and 1 is save slot 2, etc. Save-states made using the keyboard will contain the user created save-state name before the .RTF* file extension.
“Slow motion” presents the user with the ability to slow down the game play between 0% and 100%. The 100% option is not a true 100%, as the game play does not come to a stop, and it would be easier to think of the settings as 4 speed choices instead of percentages of speed. Upon exiting this window users will be presented with the option to save or cancel the current level setting. Pressing B will exit out of the current window and go back one menu level.
The “cheat code” option presents the user with selectable cheats from a properly formatted usrcheat.dat file. The usrcheat.dat file must be placed into the “./_dstwo” directory. The cheat menu can be accessed using a combination of the D-pad and buttons, or by using the touch-screen controls. Cheats can be checked on or off, and the entire selection screen can be cleared by clicking on the top right “clear all” icon. The cheat database can be scrolled up or down by using the D-pad, with left or right acting as quick-skip keys. However, the cheat names themselves can not be scrolled causing any text longer than 39 characters to be truncated. Multi-grouped cheats can be expanded by clicking on the “+” symbol or by pressing A, however, there are no touch screen controls for navigating back 1 level. Pressing the A button turns cheats on or off, and pressing the B button will exit out of the cheats menu and into the current .NDS retail ROM dump. Entering the cheat menu for a second time, if no cheats are altered, the pressing of B will go back 1 menu level instead.
Recent .NDS retail ROM dumps which do not contain usrcheat.dat entries will benefit from the “free cheat” mode. Using this mode the user can compare and adjust game values, find and modify cheats, hacks, and more. The “free cheat” mode provides users with the ability to search values and to organize discovered cheat or hacks.
1. Use the fuzzy search "equal" mode.
2. Create a save-state for the ROM.
3. Narrow the results by using > or <.
4. If a wide range of results are displayed, load the save-state.
5. Then perform another search to narrow the results even further.
If you are playing a game that has health which decreases, for example, you run fuzzy search on equal mode to get the initial values. After the search is performed you make a current save-state for the ROM. Resume the game and when the character’s health decreases load and use the fuzzy search mode once again. Set the compare type to “less than” to find all values that have decreased from the previous search. Continue to perform these steps until only a few results remain as the character is beginning to run low on health. Finally load the save-state and then search for values that have increased using the “more than” mode. Only the values which you have previously found, and which have now increased due to loading the older save-state, will be displayed. These values are the potential location of the character’s health level.
The SCDS2 GBA EMU is launched by pressing A on the main menu's GBA default plug-in icon. This icon executes the GBA.plg file found in the “_dstwoplug” directory.
The GBA EMU will load approximately 6 seconds after the loading process has been initialized. Users are initially presented with a “no game loaded!” message on the top screen and an icon based file system on the bottom screen. The v1.21 software revision features 6 icons and 3 buttons. The icons read “video/audio”, “save state”, “cheats”, “tools”, “other”, and “exit”, and the buttons read “new”, “restart”, and “return”.
The “video/audio” options are game fast-forward (off/on), frame skip type (auto/manual), frame skip level (0-9), and sound switch (on/off).
Game fast-forward works just like it sounds. Once it is turned on and the game is resumed, the game will fast forward approximately 10 frames per second. This can be used to skip annoying long intros or lengthy sections of text in previously played titles.
Frame skip is a necessary evil for most GBA retail ROM dumps, and yet appears to do nothing to enhance GBA Homebrew titles. Leaving the Frame skip on “auto” had the best results for a large percentage of tested GBA retail ROM dumps.
Each setting in this menu must be set on a per-file basis, and the loading or unloading of each file resulted in these settings returning to their default levels.
The “save state” selection offers the user options to save, load, and delete save-states. Each .GBA file can have a total of 10 save-states at any one time. Save-states are stored in the “./NDSGBA/gamerts” directory and indexed by a trailing number which is directly associated to the save-state menu position. When a save-state is present, the icon box will be filled in and the top screen will display a screen capture of the game taken when the save-state was initialized. Save-states can only be manipulated during the emulation of the associated GBA file.
The “cheats” section manages GBA .CHT formatted cheat files. Users can load a total of 30 cheats (3 per 10 pages) for 1 cheat file. The cheat file is loaded into the EMU using the “load cheat file” button found at the bottom of this menu section.
• Add cheats under a game (Action Replay/Gameshark codes supported).
• Produce a compatible .CHT file.
The “tools” section has options for screen snapshots (screen captures), key pad remapping, and a roll-back feature formally known as the “sands of time.” Screen snapshots can be taken or browsed, while browsing users can view a slide show of saved screen captures. Once a captured image is loaded it may remain on the screen during various other option setting and EMU tweaking. Screen snapshots are stored in the “./NDSGBA/gamepic” directory as a 112 KB 240x160 24 bit depth .BMP formatted file. The key pad remap area allows users to reassign the A and B buttons, as well as setting a Rapid Fire selection for each of these buttons. The roll-back feature will save and load a save-state between .2 and 10 seconds, and operates like a generic rewind feature allowing users the ability to cheat death. Once turned on the roll-back feature is accessed by pressing L+Y at the same time. This roll-back feature must be initiated on a per-file bases, as with all of the other EMU options and settings.
The “other” selection allows users to adjust the CPU frequency (1, 2, 3, 4), change the GBA EMU G.U.I. language, view the free space of the microSD card, initialize default settings, and view the version information (version/revision number).
The “exit” icon will soft-reset out of the GBA EMU and back into the EOS top menu icon based "plug-in" display.
The “new” button opens a window for browsing .GBA files, users can browse from a list of new files or recently played files. The “new games” option will open the “./NDSGBA/gamepak” directory by default, with the added option to browse the entire microSD card. To speed up game selections it is advisable to store your .GBA files into this directory, although this is not a requirement. The “latest recently played games” option will sort by a list of recently accessed files regardless of their current availability on the microSD card. Files can load using the most recent save-state, allowing users to pick up exactly where they left off. Users who wish to use this option are encouraged to make a save-state before taking a file execution break.
The “restart” button will soft-reset a .GBA file and reload it for emulation. The “return” button resumes the current emulation; after any options are adjusted this button or the B button are required to implement those changes. Making system adjustments (frame skip, etc) and reloading a .GBA file will result in those adjustments being changed back to the default settings. The B button will go back one directory listing for most menus, however, during game selection the B button will go back one directory listing into the microSD card. In the game selection menu pressing Y will return the software back to the top menu. Users should be aware that the SCDS2 GBA EMU features no touch sceen controls of any kind.
Many planned features have yet to be released for the EOS software, and some have already been implemented to a less than desirable level of functionality and compatibility. The following is a listing of the features which were either mentioned during press releases or as hype from the original team.
As previously stated, the Slot-2 GBA mode is limited to NOR mode only. The EOS software assumes the user has a game flashed into NOR and that the Slot-2 solution contains a working SRAM battery. The EOS software contains no PSRAM flashing options or SRAM save utilities. Users who wish to use these 3in1 features should rely on GBA Exploader.
The in-game menu functions as expected on a majority of NDS retail ROM dumps, however, in some cases the menu fails to load. More recent game dumps suffer from a “black line” flickering of the in-game menu itself, making it difficult to pick options base purely on sight. The in-game menu is limited to NDS retail ROM dumps and will not function on NDS Homebrew files. I would not expect all options to work with Homebrew files, however, save-states and in-game guides would be a wonderful addition for supported Homebrew files.
In-game guide supports .TXT and .BMP files. The .BMP image files must be saved with a 24-bit depth.
Slow-motion works on a majority of files with varied results. For the majority of files this feature works as expected and can be adjusted in real time. However, with some files this feature causes graphical bleeding, layering issues, and other similar problems.
Automatic DLDI patching works in most cases but has some problems. Some NDS Homebrew projects will only be patched if launched directly from their microSD card directory, attempting to launch the same file through the shortcut icon “plug-in” feature will result in a failed DLDI patch.
On-the-fly anti-piracy (AP) patching appears to function correctly. However, some users have reported AP patch failure.
Slot-1 GBA Emulation is functional while being extremely buggy. Many GBA Homebrew files failed to function correctly with the EMU. In addition to Homebrew, GBA retail ROM dumps have also failed by causing the emulator to crash. The emulator experiences sound problems, graphical issues, faster than expected emulation, and Homebrew menu accuracy inconsistencies.
The EOS software is incredibly customizable though user made G.U.I. themes. The software contains so many images that the SCDS2 community is currently guessing at the purpose of some images.
The icon and list based view modes are limited by the amount of text each mode allows. The icon mode uses extremely large icons allowing for only 4 files to be listed at one time. Neither mode incorporates any text scrolling; names which are too long are simply truncated.
The SCDS2 is fully updatable in the event of a future official DSi block. The current v1.04 firmware suffers from a NDS Lite auto-boot incompatibility. Team SuperCard released a v1.05 firmware to address this problem. However, the recent firmware update has been reported to render some cards useless.
GBA Homebrew and GBA retail ROM dumps were tested on a DSi XL using a 2 GB Japanese Kingston microSD card formatted with the Panasonic Formatting Tool. Various features of the SCDS2 GBA EMU were tested at random to determine their efficiency. The GBA EMU v1.21 was used for all testing along with the gpSP "game_config.txt" file.
Each result is listed below by Homebrew or ROM name followed by a color coded phrase. Green colored phrases mean the file performed as expected with no problems. Blue colored phrases mean the file performed with some problems. Problems could include speed issues, compatibility problems, graphical issues, sound distortion, etc. A generalized listing of encountered problems will be added next to each appropriate section. Red colored phrases mean that the file failed. Failed files were additionally tested on a GBA PC Emulator.
I attempted to test the latest revisions of Homebrew projects. For popular Homebrew projects I tested the most downloaded revision and not the latest BETAs. In regards to GBA retail ROM dumps I tested only N. American dumps verified by CRC against the GBA Good-set listing.
GBA Homebrew files suffered from speed issues in the most uncommon of places. For some projects the file's menu was too quickly emulated making it impossible to choose various options. The frame skip feature appeared to not affect the emulation of Homebrew files. With the menu emulation issue, lowering the frame skip to 0 did not resolve the problem. GBA Homebrew files further suffered from sound glitches and graphical problems. Returning from the GBA EMU menu, for example, would often result in a constant “tone” which forced a rebooting of the Homebrew. Graphical glitches were anything from a few bad sprites to completely unplayable Homebrew projects (IE: Powder).
There are over 100 GBA Homebrew files worth having in any game collection. Some of the “commercial” quality offerings are completely unsupported by the SCDS2 GBA EMU. This is a serious fault of the code, one I hope they address in a future revision.
GBA retail ROM dumps have a higher compatibility rate. The list of known problematic files is far smaller than the list of known working files. Save files function as expected, even AKAIO saves stripped of their 16-byte header. Save-states work very well and caused no problems for the files this feature was tested on. Some games require frame skip to perform optimally, in these cases the best results were achieved by keeping the frame skip setting on “auto.” Some games were emulated much too quickly regardless of the frame skip level (IE: Doom). The Game Fast Forward option works wonderfully well and aided during the testing of some games with extremely lengthy intros (IE: Metroid Fusion).
Both GBA Homebrew and GBA retail ROM dumps compatibility is far from perfect and recent updates to the EMU have included only minor enhancements. The inclusions of a Real Time Clock and various G.U.I. improvements have been addressed over Homebrew and ROM capability. The SCDS2 GBA EMU is very usable in regards to GBA retail ROM dumps and at times enjoyable with GBA Homebrew. Users who are looking for the ultimate Slot-1 GBA solution may be disappointed, especially those who specifically enjoy GBA Homebrew.
The SCDS2 EMU is a port of the Dingoo GBA EMU which is a port of gpSP. Thanks in part to the Dingoo SDK gpSP was able to be ported to the I-Player and in turn compiled for the SCDS2. The ported gpSP EMU can utilize an external file called “game_config.txt”, a file which helps to tweak the emulators performance through the external manipulation of various EMU based variables and settings. The “game_config.txt” file should be placed into the NDSGBA ROOT folder, and will allow for many games, not officially supported, to play as expected. The Another World Homebrew file by Foxy has an entry in the “game_config.txt” file, and this file is required to get this exceptional commercial quality Homebrew port up and running. It begs the questions if other Homebrew files can be fixed by using this file, one can only hope that the Homebrew community will insert the correct lines of information into the "game_config.txt" file to help improve GBA Homebrew compatibility.
NDS Homebrew and ROMs were tested on a DSi XL/DS Lite using a 2 GB Japanese Kingston microSD card formatted with the Panasonic Formatting Tool. Various features of each Homebrew file were tested at random to determine their efficiency (saving, loading, mods, wads, etc). The SCDS2 EOS in-game menu options were tested at random on a grouping of NDS ROMs and no single ROM received testing of each possible option.
The results are listed below by Homebrew or ROM name followed by a color coded phrase. Green colored phrases mean the file performed as expected with no problems. Blue colored phrases mean the file performed with some problems. Problems could include speed issues, compatibility problems, graphical issues, sound distortion, etc. A generalized listing of encountered problems will be added next to each appropriate section. Red colored phrases mean that the file failed. Failed files were additionally tested on a NDS PC Emulator.
I attempted to test the latest revisions of Homebrew projects. For popular Homebrew projects I tested the most downloaded revision and not the latest BETAs. In regards to NDS retail ROM dumps I tested only good/clean dumps verified by CRC against the ADVANsCEne listing.
NDS Homebrew files experienced randomly occurring issues with DSi compatibility, DLDI patching, and EOS software problems. Some Homebrew files experienced touch-screen problems on the DSi, while the same file performed as expected on the NDS Lite. The EOS software can not DLDI patch every Homebrew from the icon based shortcut “plug-in” menu, and on occasion DLDI patching failed on files launched directly from their microSD directory.
Operation Libra has become my personal test file for Homebrew compatibility. The game was developed for a coding competition using a Flash Kit, yet it continues to fail on every kit I have tested it on. There was no surprise when it failed on the SCDS2, while the file continues to function correctly on NDS PC based emulation software.
The SCDS2 does not currently support Homebrew soft-reset, a feature which does exist on the SCDS1. Team SuperCard has instead implemented an .NDS file which can reboot the EOS firmware without a hard-reset, however this file can only be executed by Homebrew that can access it (IE: MoonShell).
Users have reported that some Homebrew files will not function on the DSi while the same files work as expected on the NDS Lite. Speculation for this failure does not include DLDI patching, but a SCDS2 DSi firmware incompatibility.
Retail NDS ROM dumps performed better than expected in regards to the tested files. On-the-fly anti-piracy (AP) patching appears to be working as publicized. However, some users have reported anti-piracy patching failure. Tested ROMs were played between 20 and 60 minutes, and the possibility remains that the affected AP areas were simply not experienced.
The in-game menu is somewhat buggy and fails to load on the occasional NDS retail ROM dump. In addition, some features do not perform as expected or cause graphical glitches. Save-states, cheats, and in-game guides performed without any compatibility issues.
In regards to Castlevania - Portrait of Ruin, the issue is coding based on the part of the developer. A patching method is required for this ROM to function correctly on any Flash Kit. Users who contest this statement are advised to research the AKAIO firmware fix for this known threading bug. This fix was added into the open-source R.P.G. firmware and later used by the most popular Flash Kit firmware solutions. I had assumed that Team SuperCard would have implemented this fix, and was disappointed to experience the infamous “freezing issue” on the SCDS2.
Over all, NDS retail ROM dump compatibility was very high, in regards to tested files, with various problems almost completely related to the in-game menu and its supported features.
The SCDS2 is a lesson for buying into the hype of pre-release information, advertisements, and official team comments. The card was publicized to contain SNES emulation and movie support, two features which did not make the release date. Users who preordered the card may have been disappointed by the buggy EOS software, lack of features, and poor build quality.
The SCDS2 was in development for a year and Team SuperCard has paid attention to the community. The SCDS2 offers many features that other development teams can not. The SCDS2 has recompiled the I-Player Homebrew GBA emulator, offering a GBA Slot-1 only solution for the NDS and DSi. The team promises SNES emulation to be released shortly with video support to follow soon after. Team SuperCard may not have been able keep up with the publicity and hype, but they are managing to release supported software updates.
Team SuperCard has always stuck by their products, they have continued to this day to support their cards, offer a forum where the community voice can be heard, and push the level of Slot-1 possibilities. The future for this card looks very bright as long as the team continues to actively support their product.
The SCDS2 has a below average build quality, with no clips, screws, or glue, around the outer edge, the card can easily be separated and possibly damaged. The most important elements of the SCDS2 (control chip, RAM chip, etc) are located under the sticker in a windowed shell, where little protection is provided for these hardware items. The spring loaded microSD slot is untested and the community does not yet know how well it will hold up.
The Current SCDS2 EOS v1.02 software is buggy and suffers from problems that occur randomly. The software has DLDI patching issues, DSi touch-screen incompatibilities, Homebrew compatibility issues, in-game menu bugs, NDS retail ROM dump incompatibilities, limited display issues, is lacking long file name scrolling, etc. The software is broken down into so many subfolders that it is hard to keep track of what everything is and why it needs to be there. The SCDS2 GBA EMU has very poor GBA Homebrew support, interface bugs, frame-skip inconsistencies, and other issues.
The SCDS2 EOS v1.02 software and its plug-ins are far from perfect, yet the average users will find a well thought out in-game menu that works a majority of the time, very high NDS Homebrew support, excellent NDS compatibility, fully customizable G.U.I. themes, and more. Users should understand that Team SuperCard is not a new team and they should have no problems working out the EOS kinks. There can easily be a fix for each software related bug or problem, we only need to report these issues and allow the team time to fix them.
Battery life of the SCDS2 is limited by what applications are running. With the GBA EMU on the 3rd DSi backlight setting I experienced approximately 3 hours of battery life. With other Flash Kit functions I experienced approximately 5 hours of battery life. The normal Slot-1 functions which users commonly use (NDS files, etc) received the same amount of battery life as other Slot-1 Flash Kits (IE: 5-7 hours).
I would rate the design of the shell at 4/10. The shell should have been better secured with a windowless design. However, the card is sturdy enough that adult users who respect their toys should not experience any issues with it. Based on the design alone I find it hard to recommend this card to younger gamers.
I would rate the EOS software with its known file compatibility, currently experienced bugs, etc at a 6/10. The software does more than other Slot-1 Flash Kits, yet the software is filled with bugs and inconsistencies which can negatively impact the end user’s experience. Once the EOS software is polished and the small issues have been addressed this score will change to an 8/10. For Team SuperCard to earn anything higher they need to better organize the directory structure, add D-pad and button navigation support for every EOS menu (soft-reset, “+” cheat expansion menus, etc), add Homebrew soft-reset support, add long file name scrolling support (for “NDS_GAME” and the cheat window), add Slot-2 PSRAM and SRAM options, and fix the current soft-reset to return to the directory last viewed.
Complaints and other issues listed in this review may seem minor to the average user, but after spending over 100 hours in the past 7 days with this Flash Kit I can already see the annoyances and problems that the moderate user may not experience for the next 2-3 months.
I find it hard to judge this Flash Kit by its current level of development. For Homebrew users this Flash Kit would receive a bronze award, due to missing features and DLDI support problems. For NDS retail ROM dump users this Flash Kit would receive a Gold award, due to AP patching, the in-game menu, and other exciting features. For GBA users this Flash Kit would receive a silver award, due to the buggy GBA EMU regardless of its uniqueness. Let us not forget the yet to be released SNES emulation and drag/drop video support. Both features have the possibility to fail on some level. These features were mentioned on the box and during official publicized advertisements, and so they should be considered towards the overall award.
Until Team SuperCard can iron out the bugs I can not pass judgment on this Flash Kit. After a year of development the SCDS2 should have shipped with fully debugged software, including all of the options on the box, etc. Team SuperCard is releasing updates and I want to provide for them the benefit of the doubt. Therefore, I will reserve a final award until each of the launch features has been released. I will cover the three missing launch features as GBATemp “mini” reviews sometime in the future. During which time Team SuperCard can work to debug the EOS software and included updated features, emulation, etc. After such a point I will reevaluate this Flash Kit and a final GBATemp award can be decided upon.
The EOS software is currently battling itself for the high ground. For each thing it does right a bug or other issue can be found. The SCDS2 has the potential to be one of the most memorable DSi compatible Flash Kits, a potential resting on shoulders of the EOS software. Time will tell if this card becomes a classic, I only hope bug fixes for this card are released sooner rather than later.
This review was written for GBAtemp.net ONLY. The article and included photos are the property of GBAtemp.net, except for the following. The SCDS2 PCB shots were provided by How_do_i_do_that. The SCDS2 manual scans were provided by Pong20302000. Research was conducted using the SC Forums, IRC, and the GBATemp SC Sub-forum.
Special thanks to L551 for all of your help, forum linking, and information!
Special thanks to AbraCadvr for providing stuff that made this review possible.
Thanks to Vatoloco for additional GBA EMU testing.
Thanks to How_do_i_do_that for the PCB images and to Pong20302000 for the manual scans.
Thanks to Spikey, Matt140, CannonFoddr, Brien S., and Allustar for additional information.
Thanks to ShopTemp for providing the review sample!
Thanks to Jimi Hendrix for Valleys Of Neptune, the theme music for this review!
Aman27deep, nukeboy95 and XrumerMobi like this.
On July 9th, 2010 Team SuperCard released their previously announced E-book software for the SCDS2. The software is officially described as supplementing the EOS software by supporting more text and image formats while providing simple operations and practical user functionality.
Originally planned for the SCDS2 review, the iReader v1.0 software was not publically available for testing at launch time. Instead of adding new information into the pre-existing SCDS2 review the iReader plug-in will be tested and discussed as a review supplement. All testing will be performed on the EOS v1.02 software, as was the entirety of the SCDS2 review. In addition a 2gb Japanese branded Kingston microSD card and a DSi XL will be used for all testing.
This review supplement will feature two main sections, E-book and images. Each supported file type will be tested for differences, functionality, navigation controls, implementation, and other undocumented problems or missing features.
The iReader software features basic file manipulation which should benefit most end-users. Images can be zoomed and rotated in a variety of ways. Portable Document Files can be zoomed, scrolled through, and rotated. Text based files (.TXT, .INI, .HTML) can be scrolled and bookmarked. Text based files also feature font choices, reading modes, background styles, and brightness control settings (DS/DSL only).
The iReader software automatically parses supported files by extension type. The software can access .ZIP files as virtual directories, however, these files can only be accessed through the “All” sort option. Archived file support only works with the .ZIP file type but supports any compression setting, .RAR and .7Z file types will list as “?” file icons and remain inaccessible. Choosing the “Book” sort option will display a listing of supported text based files. The “Picture” sort option behaves in the same way and sorts by supported image file types.
The “All” sort option displays a listing of every file in the selected directory. File names are truncated to 32 characters including a tilde and a 3 character extension (IE: Super_Mario_Galaxy_2_Guide~1.PDF). As with other EOS software areas this plug-in does not feature any file name scrolling. When viewing the contents of a .ZIP file, names are cut off after 29 characters and end with “…” (IE: 01_Nestopia_GBATemp_WIFI_Nite…).
The iReader software lacks support for common E-book file types such as .EPU, .LIT, .LRF, .MOB, .RTF, etc. Instead of a full featured E-book software application Team SuperCard has settled on a text based reader with some basic although useful features.
The software scans by supported file types while loading so that sorting happens instantaneously, however, .ZIP files are never scanned for their stored files. This means that sorting by “Book” will not display .ZIP files even if the archive contains supported file types.
Text based files (.TXT, .INI, .HTML) load with a default static background and white 12pt font. Single lines of text are automatically wrapped on the default horizontal view at the 35th character.
These file types can be further customized to make reading easier for each unique reader’s preferences. By pressing “X” when viewing one of the 3 supported file types the user is presented with a variety of options. Font Settings allows the user to adjust the font size (10pt to 32pt), line spacing (0 to 15), and word spacing (0 to 15). Read-mode Settings allows the user to pick between two different modes (horizontal and vertical) and display on the lower screen, upper screen, or both screens. The vertical dual screen mode will display two pages at one time with wrapped text. A Jump-to Percentage setting allows the user to “jump-to” a specific area of the file by “End of File” percent completion (IE: 50% would be around the middle of the file). Help brings up the same menu which can be accessed by pressing Select. This menu displays directional pad and button combinations which aid navigation. If Help is accessed through the “X” options menu it can not be exited by pressing Select. The Style Settings option presents the user with static background options which display behind the readable “text.” The Brightness setting will control the back-light of the DS/DSL (options are 0 to 3). Finally the Bookmark Setting option provides users with the ability to add and view bookmarks. Added bookmarks will store by the last line of accessed text and by file percentage.
When reloading a text file the software will remember the last settings. Horizontally viewed files at 67.89% will launch into the same view at the same point. Bookmarks will launch at the saved percentage into any newly stored view, font, etc modes. Bookmarks are stored on a per-file basis, opening an old bookmark means that the file must first be accessed and viewing the bookmark list will only list bookmarks for the currently accessed file. HTML files will display static text only, images and HTML formatting is ignored by the software.
Basic controls allow the user to navigate using both a combination of the directional pad and buttons or the touch-screen stylus controls. The control scheme is very intuitive and simple enough that the controls are easy to remember. The control scheme is outlined in the Help menu which can be accessed via the “X” options window or the Select button.
Portable Document Files (PDF) will load and display both text and images. Larger PDF files make take up to 5 minutes to load, and 5 minutes to change pages. PDF files feature the “Picture” interface and allow users to zoom, rotate, and view areas of the file at any time. These features are additionally hampered by the file size where larger files mean slower processing. PDF files lack the “X” options interface, meaning users can not tweak their PDF experience. PDF files also lack the bookmark feature that the text files have and will always load to the 1st page. PDF files can only be viewed on one screen, where the top screen is used as the “zoomed-out” screen (think Comic Book DS). As with the other supported file types, PDF files feature directional pad and button navigation as well as touch-screen stylus navigation and controls.
Supported image formats are loaded into the same interface as the PDF viewer. Users can zoom, rotate, and advance to other images. The controls and limitations are relatively the same as previously discussed. Users can scroll around different areas of the image while viewing a zoomed-out copy on the top screen. The software features 4 modes of viewing (Zoom: Original Size, Zoom: %, Zoom: Adapt Width, and Zoom: Adapt Height) all of which feature the "zoomed-out" image on the top screen. Quality is as good as the image being viewed, meaning a high quality image will zoom with little to no pixilation. Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) images will only be rendered as 1 frame images, animated .GIF files are not supported.
The long awaited iReader software plug-in is typical of the SuperCard development team. It features some nice options, a clean interface, and interesting file support but lacks a full featured E-book reader and simple coding revisions which could have put it over the top.
PDF support is very slow while still being impressive on the DS. Yet one should not find any problems with a Flash Kit that features onboard RAM and a CPU. A tested 16 MB PDF with text and color images took approximately 5 minutes to load, and 5 minutes to change pages. A tested 1.6 MB PDF with text only took approximately 30 seconds to load, and 30 seconds to change pages. The performance of large and small PDF files makes it obvious to the end-user that the extra features of this Flash Kit are not being used.
While it would have been nice to see animated GIF image support, 1 frame images are useful due to the small digital footprint of this format. One of the most basic features of any image software is missing from the SCDS2 picture viewer, a slideshow feature. Dual screen image support (think Moonshell) would have been another great additional feature. Users may not always want to view files with the preset modes and sometimes loading larger images across two screens can be a more beneficial viewing mode.
Directory navigation responds to all directional pad inputs, allowing the user to scroll a "full circle" if desired. Exiting out of any section of the software highlights the last accessed file and places it at the bottom of the list. This directory refresh is something which can take a minute to get use to, but remains a minor complaint.
Long file names are either truncated with a tilde or “…” and again Team SuperCard has failed to implement a text scrolling feature. Thankfully they have truncated within the microSD directory correctly, by displaying the file extension.
Archived .ZIP files are not scanned and sorted correctly, as are other file types. It would have been nice to see .ZIP files scanned and sorted into their appropriate section. An example of this would be .ZIP files with supported images being listed in the “Pictures” section, .ZIP files with supported text files could be listed in the “Book” section, and mixed archives could either be sorted into both sections or left in the “All” section.
The E-book software supports static viewing only, with no announced text-to-sound (TTS) support. The SCDS2 is using the same CPU as the Dingoo A320/330, and one would expect for the CPU to actually get some use outside of the GBA emulator and in-game menu. Adding a feature, as creative as a TTS option, may have helped to put this software over the top.
The occasional minor bug was experienced while playing with the image viewing software. Image data was not always displayed for each mode of each tested image. Some images failed to load after switching the zoom display mode on a trailing image and then navigating back to the previous image. On occasion the zoom mode will reset itself when attempting to open the Help menu, forcing the user to press Select twice.
The installation notes explain to the user that they should "Download the package, copy all folder to the root directory of MicroSD card and replace old." If the user replaces the current plug-in folder with the pre-packaged iReader v1.0 “_dstwoplug” directory all currently stored plug-in icons may be deleted. While this is commonsense for most users I am sure that some users will make this mistake. Please be cautious when updating any software and be sure you have a current back-up before proceeding.
Overall the software performs fairly well and should be useful for most users. The Picture viewer is a nice alternative to Moonshell and being integrated into the EOS software means that exiting is as simple as pressing “B”. Text based files initialize and react to user input rather quickly. Reading simple formatted .TXT E-books is a pleasure thanks to the various “X” menu options. The lack of specific E-book formats is a disappointment, making the reading software feel like a slight upgrade to the previously released in-game guide. I hold out hope for a small update which will address the few bugs and add more file support, a slideshow view, a faster PDF rendering.
Dedicated E-book homebrew and image viewing homebrew exist in various forms. Team SuperCard has taken the most used features and implemented them into a clean Graphical User Interface with room for improvement. This download will cost you nothing and appears to integrate into the EOS v1.02 software without any problems. If you have use of simple text based files or images while on the go than this plug-in will make a great addition to your EOS software installation.
This review supplement was written for GBAtemp.net ONLY. The article is the property of Another World & GBAtemp.net. Some images are the property of Another World, some images were borrowed from Team SuperCard and used without permission.
If you see this review supplement on any other site please let Another World know by PM.
Absent from the SuperCard DSTwo EOS v1.2 release was the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Emulator. This 1st party emulator was announced as a SCDS2 specific plug-in which makes use of the on-board CPU and RAM by offering ROM execution, cheat functionality, save-states, and more. On August 26, 2010, lilsypha published an official GBATemp review of the v1.0 BETA build, which would later become the v1.05 public release.
Final judgment and a GBATemp award have yet to be reached for the SCDS2 due to the missing features of the EOS launch software. This official review supplement brings the SCDS2 review one step close towards a final outcome, an official GBATemp award.
This review supplement will focus heavily on SFC/SNES compatibility and contain a full write-up of the software G.U.I. and its features. Many problem files will be tested in an attempt to build a more complete view of the current software’s compatibility. In recent months Team SuperCard has released updates which directly address problems found during the SCDS2 review process. The potential for SFC EMU updates is something which must be considered and will be addressed during the 4th and final review supplement, a reexamination of the SCDS2 and its software components.
The multiple display modes attempt to “resize” the game graphics to better fit the NDS native resolution. However, there appears to be no perfect way to for the emulator to display graphics on the DS screen, and at times either text or pixels must be sacrificed.
The SFC EMU features save-state loading and saving. The emulator will also reload the most recent save-state if a ROM is subsequently loaded using the “recently played” listing.
SFC/SNES cheats are supported using properly formatted .CHT files which include Snes9x emulator cheat codes.
As with the GBA EMU plug-in, the SFC EMU can capture the active screen and save it to the microSD card.
The emulator features user controlled CPU frequency “clock” speeds which can drastically speed up emulation at the cost of increased battery consumption.
The NDSSFC v1.5 English software was released with two main directories, "_dstwoplug" and "NDSSFC". The contents of the "_dstwoplug" directory should be placed into the existing EOS software directory of the same name, found in ROOT. The entire "NDSSFC" directory must be placed in ROOT as well.
As discussed in the main SCDS2 review, the "_dstwoplug" directory contains files required by the EOS software. However, in this case the required files do not act as "shortcuts" but are actual supplementary plug-ins to the EOS software. The contents of the included SFC EMU “_dstwoplug” directory must be used, there exists no alternative way to launch the SFC EMU. In order to keep preexisting user-made "shortcuts" and default EOS software plug-ins the end-user is advised to copy and paste the contents of the “_dstwoplug” directory as overwriting the default EOS directory may result in a loss of required or desired files.
The “NDSSFC” directory contains 5 sub-directories titled “gamecht”, “gamepak”, “gamepic”, “gamerts”, and “system.” This directory also contains a file titled “version.txt.” The first 4 sub-directories are initially empty and will later serve as storage for cheats, ROMs, screen captures, and save-states, respectively. The “system” sub-directory contains language (language.msg), font (song.odf, verdana.odf), and theme related files (.BMPs via a “gui” directory). The included “version.txt” file is not required for SFC emulation and contains release notes from Team SuperCard.
ROMs can be placed anywhere on the microSD card but the SFC EMU will load the “gamepak” directory by default. Sub-folders can be placed into this directory to further organize the directory structure. Using subfolders is advised as the SFC EMU will freeze when loading directories of 256 or more files. ROMs can be stored uncompressed or compressed in the .ZIP format. Both high and low compression .ZIP formatted files are supported by the SFC EMU plug-in.
The SFC EMU is launched by pressing A on the main menu's SFC default plug-in icon. This icon executes the SFC.plg file found in the “_dstwoplug” directory.
The SFC EMU will load approximately 3 seconds after the loading process has been initialized. Users are presented with a “no game loaded!” message on the top screen and an icon based file system on the bottom screen. The v1.05 software revision features 6 icons and 3 buttons. The icons read “video/audio”, “save state”, “cheats”, “tools”, “other”, and “exit”, and the buttons read “new”, “return”, and “restart”. At any point during game execution the main G.U.I. can be accessed by tapping on the touch-screen. The G.U.I responds to d-pad and button combination navigation only, touch-screen control navigation has not been implemented. While navigating the G.U.I, A selects an item and B goes back 1 menu level at a time. Pressing B in continuous succession will always navigate back to the top most menu. NEW offers options (new, recently played) for loading an SFC file, RETURN resumes game execution which was halted while bringing up the main G.U.I. menu, and RESTART begins game execution from the start. When browsing a directory the SFC EMU will automatically scroll the directory name at the top of the G.U.I. but truncate sub-directories and files within the main directory. File directories and names are truncated between 27 and 31 characters, depending on which characters are used. File names can be manually scrolled by pressing LEFT or RIGHT, 1 character at a time. Pressing or holding the L/R shoulder buttons results in directory paging, 5 lines (files) at a time.
The “audio/video” options include Graphic Display Mode (0-4) and Game Fast Forward (on/off).
According to Team SuperCard, the SNES resolution can not be scaled to the native NDS resolution. As a result the majority of graphic display modes adjust which portion of the screen will be “cut off” through the removal of entire lines of pixels. The first option squeezes everything together making it difficult to read text, and the remaining 3 options remove lines of pixels with varying results. In the image below the red box outlines the viewable area while the gray area represents the removed pixels for each display option.
Fast-forward advances game execution by an approximate 50% speed increase. This was tested simply by counting when walking from point A to point B took half as long when fast-forward was turned “on.” Fast-forwarding works well but comes at the cost of possible audio rendering issues.
The “save state” selection offers the user options to write, read, and delete save-states. Each game can have a total of 10 save-states at any one time. Save-states are stored in the “./NDSSFC/gamerts” directory and indexed by a trailing number which is directly associated to the save-state menu position (1-10). During the initial write of a save-state or when a second game is loaded from the "new" menu option, the software will create a gamename_0.rts place holder. After a save-state has been successfully written the position box will be filled in solid with the color purple. Save-states can only be manipulated during the emulation of the associated SFC file, meaning that until a game is loaded the associated save-states can not be accessed. If a game is loaded from the “recently played games” option the last associated highest numbered save-state will be automatically loaded. When manually loading a save-state the top screen will display a screen capture, and a date and time stamp, taken during the instance the save-state was written. Save-states can not be overwritten and in order to use a lower numbered save-state slot the occupying save-state must first be deleted using the on-screen options.
When writing a save-state the user will be provided with two messages boxes. The first of which lets the user know that the save-state is being written and the second will let the user know that the write was successful. Save-state deletion provides the user with options to Delete All Game States or Delete Game State (1-10, depending). Selecting either option will ask the user to confirm YES (press A) or NO (press B) for this action. When deleting save-states the purple position holder icon boxes simply slide to the left, meaning that when save-state 4 is deleted save-state 5 slides into its G.U.I. position holder. The next time save-state 4 is deleted 5 is actually removed. When browsing the deletion area of the G.U.I., screen captures are not displayed which forces the user to guess at which save-state they are deleting or navigate back to the write area which will display the save-state related screen captures. When all save-states have been deleted the gamename_0.rts place holder file will remain, this file causes no problems if left on the microSD card.
In addition to save-states the emulator can write the SRAM save (.SRM) to the “./NDSSFC/gamerts” directory, if SRAM data exists. Any game which has its execution halted by selecting “exit” from the SFC EMU G.U.I. option will have its corresponding SRAM data automatically written to the microSD card, if such data exists. Additionally SRAM saves for the currently emulated game will be written to the microSD card when a new game is loaded or when a save-state is written regardless of the assigned save-state position. There exist no alternative methods for dumping the SRAM data to the “gamerts” directory, if either of the above methods are not used the SRAM data will be permanently lost.
The "cheats" section offers support for SNES .CHT formatted files which contain valid Snes9x cheat codes. The default directory for cheat files is the “gamecht” directory, a sub-directory of “NDSSFC.” The .CHT file name does not need to exactly match the naming scheme of the SFC ROM. Cheat files are loaded using the “Load Cheat File” option, which browses files in the “gamecht” directory, after the corresponding game has been loaded. Loading the .CHT file first and the game second will cause the .CHT file to be unloaded or random freezing to occur. Cheats are indexed as 4 cheats per “page” with the ability to have multiple choices under each description heading. The SFC EMU supports 10 pages (0-9) for a total of 40 possible selectable cheats (0-39). When multiple choices are listed under the same heading only 1 choice can be selected at a time. Once a cheat has been selected pressing RIGHT will enable the cheat while pressing LEFT will disable it. Cheats should be enabled after the ROM has been loaded but before actual gameplay begins. Cheats loaded after game execution may not work or the SFC EMU cheat engine may cause the software to hang.
The cheat engine uses a format similar to the SCDS2 GBA EMU, while making use of Snes9x cheats. Team SuperCard passed on information for this review stating that the application EMUCheat, when used in conjunction with Snes9x, will allow for proper .CHT files to be compiled. Users who wish to simplify the process can use the following outline in any format stripping text editor; files should then be saved as gamename.cht.
Name=Game name, not sure if it matters.
Text=YOSHI IS A UNICYCLE! This is where notes go.
In the "tools" section, screen captures can be taken of the active game as displayed on the NDS top screen. Screen captures are saved in the “gamepic” directory as a 256x192 96dpi 24bit formatted .BMP file. After multiple screen captures have been saved to the microSD, users can browse the directory from within the software using a d-pad and button combination controlled slideshow. UP and DOWN control the slideshow speed, A pauses playback while LEFT and RIGHT scroll through images when paused. Pressing B will exit out of the slideshow and returns to the Screen Snapshot G.U.I. selection area.
The “other” options provide a means to over-clock the CPU through a CPU Frequency option (0-4), which increases game performance at the cost of increased battery drain. In this section the G.U.I. language can be adjusted, microSD card capacity can be viewed in MegaBytes, default settings can be restored, and the SFC EMU version information is displayed.
The “exit” button closes the SFC EMU, properly dumps the SRAM data, and exports the recently played listing. Failure to click this button when exiting the EMU may result in the loss of this data. Emulator specific options and ROM settings are never stored and will always load at default levels (IE: CPU Frequency of 2, Display Mode of 0, etc).
I attempted to test the latest revisions of Homebrew projects. For popular Homebrew projects I tested the most downloaded revision and not the latest BETAs. In regards to SFC retail ROM dumps I tested mostly N. American dumps verified by CRC against the SFC Good-set listing.
SFC/SNES files were tested on a DSi XL using a 2 GB Japanese Kingston microSD card, a 4 GB Taiwan Class-4 Kingston microSD card, and an 8 GB Transcend Class-6 microSD card. All microSD cards were properly formatted using the Panasonic Formatting Tool v2.9.0.5. Various features of the SFC EMU were tested at random to determine their efficiency. The SFC EMU v1.5 and EOS v1.8 software were used for all testing purposes.
Each result is listed below by file name followed by a color coded phrase. Green colored phrases mean the file performed as expected with no serious problems. Blue colored phrases mean the file performed with some problems. Problems could include speed issues, compatibility problems, graphical issues, sound distortion, etc. A generalized listing of encountered problems will be added next to each appropriate section. Red colored phrases mean that the file failed. Failed files were additionally tested on a SNES PC Emulator.
Test files came from the GoodSNES v2.04 collection and were verified to by CRC. Good [!] dumps were specifically used when available. Unreleased, BETA, Prototype, and DEMO files were collected from various sources some directly from the user/group who dumped or compiled them years ago. Translation files were pre-patched as part of the GoodSNES v2.04 collection and subsequent files were not patched or tampered with in any way.
Please note that special chip emulation which may already be present in Snes9x, the ported emulator which has become the SFC EMU, may or may not emulate correctly due to the limitations of the SCDS2’s on-board hardware, potential data loss, CPU speed, etc. This section is not to point out the problems of the SFC EMU but rather to complete a listing of supported/unsupported SFC games.
An attempt was made to test all SFC/SNES special chip games for compatibility, however due to various limitations of the software testing pack some games may have been skipped. Games will be listed in alphabetical order under their corresponding special-chip-name category. Available information about each special chip will be included when possible. Special chip games were tested for 15-60 minutes each and no games were completed. Some games were additionally tested on Snes9x v1.52, the suspected revision ported to the SCDS2, to compare compatibility results.
The CX4 chip was designed by Capcom as a main-board add-on math coprocessor. The chip was specifically designed for trigonometric calculations used in wireframes, sprite positioning, and sprite rotation. The only two SFC games to make use of this chip were from the Megaman series.
The initial wireframe special effects, which appear in the introductory animation and on the main menu, run very slow on the SCDS2. The same effects run at full speed on Snes9x, the EMU which was ported and renamed the SFC EMU. Speculation is that a 50% data throughput loss from CPU-to-DS2-to-Slot-1 is at fault. On occasion the game will crash to a debug menu which is displayed while the game is still in motion, moving past the object which caused the crash will usually allow game execution to continue. The game further suffers from minor sound glitches and audio stuttering during areas of heavy animation or wireframe effects. Other than these few issues the game is playable and ultimately enjoyable on CPU frequency 4.
Some lag was experienced when using the default CPU Frequency. The game was tested for 60 minutes and various stages were played. There remains the possibility for slow-down, sound problems, or debug menu crashing. The game was not tested for completion, and may very well be unwinnable. Additionally the “Invincibility” cheat, when enabled, will cause all in-game doorways to fail, the cheat can not be disabled while actively playing even though this option exists.
The DSP (Digital Signal Processor) chip was originally designed to be part of the SFC/SNES itself and later removed from the design due to possible budget problems. The DSP chip revisions added many functions to SFC/SNES games including vector based calculations, math co-processing, bitmap conversions, 2D and 3D coordinate transformations, advanced Mode-7 scaling, 3D math algorithms, Artificial Intelligence calculations, and more. The DSP-1 received 2 revisions (1A and 1B), both of which were bug fixes. The DSP-2, DSP-3, and DSP-4 revisions featured updated microcode with additional features, and each chip revision was used for only 1 game.
This chip was a sprite manipulation chip used only for a single super-scope title.
The SA-1 (Super Accelerator) contained a CPU core that could be run independently of the main 5A22 CPU. This chip allowed for programmable timers, a faster clock speed, faster RAM, DMA modes, data storage and compression, and region lock copy protection.
SA-1 games were tested between 5-20 minutes depending on what problems were experienced after the initial load. All games were tested using a combination of SFC EMU CPU frequency options. Games were scrutinized in detail using the CPU Frequency 4 setting. Games which are listed as “virtually unplayable” functioned to some degree but suffered from slow-down issues which seriously hampered one’s ability to enjoy the game. Sound appeared to remain in-sync even when graphics slow-down brought the entire experience to a halt. Surprisingly the limitations of the SCDS2 are not in the emulator itself, it appears the SA-1 chip is fully emulated. The problems appear to be caused by the data loss from CPU-to-SCDS2-to-Slot-1. A speculation which may not be far off when one considers the “DS” mode hardware limitations, including the Slot-1 data transfer rate.
As none of the games were tested to completion there remains the possibility that games which “passed” may “fail” at a later point.
This chip was used to decompress sprite data on-the-fly directly to the picture processing unit. The S-DD1 chip could run in parallel allowing the SFC/SNES to request uncompressed data while the S-DD1 was busy decompressing.
This chip was designed by Epson to provided data compression. Additionally, Tengai Makyou Zero contained a real-time clock accessed by the SPC7110 chip.
After reading the Snes9x v1.52 change logs, it appears that SPC7110 emulation without graphics has been added for testing only. The chip test passes but the game can not be launched as supported has not yet been implemented. This behavior further supports a theory that the Snes9x port used for the SFC EMU is v1.52.
This chip was a separate Real Time Clock (RTC) chip designed for use with only 1 game. Unlike the associated RTC of the SPC7110, this chip’s only purpose was its RTC functionality. The chip kept accurate time by using an internal cart battery. Some modern emulation has managed to simulate the battery by sinking with the computer’s operating system clock.
Upon first loading the game the user is prompted to set the clock, which defaults to 8/2/1990. Unfortunately, my Japanese is extremely limited and I have not been able to fully test this game for RTC functionality. After exiting the game and re-launching it the clock was again back to the default setting.
Designed for 1 game, this chip provided general AI related handling and functionality.
Believed to have been based on the ST010 chip, this chip provided general AI related functionality as well.
Believed to have been based on the ST010 chip as well, this chip once again provided general AI related functionality.
The Super FX chip was designed to supplement the main CPU by acting as a graphics accelerator chip for polygons and advanced 2D effect handling. Sprite scaling, sprit stretching, and huge “boss” sprites were among the additional 2D effects. In addition, the chip could provide foreground and background layers which helped to create a better “3D” depth-of-field illusion. The chip itself went though 3 revisions, the second of which was a standalone version used for Star Fox dubbed the GSU-1. The third revision, the GSU-2, had the same functionalities as the GSU-1 but was able to reach a full 21 MHz clock-speed compared to the 10.5 MHz of the second revision.
With the exception of Dirt Racer, each of the Super FX games loads and appears to be emulated. Due to suspected data loss (CPU-to-SCDS2-to-Slot-1) the games are unplayable as they suffer from serious speed issues.
The Super Famicom/Super Nintendo emulator is the perfect addition to the SCDS2’s native Slot-1 software lineup. SuperCard has managed to port an existing emulator while including useful features such as cheats, save-states, .ZIP compressed file support, and more. The emulator feels very responsive which results in a fun gaming experience.
It should not come as a surprise that Team SuperCard has ported an existing emulator which was easily adaptable to the SCDS2’s CPU through their opensource SDK. Snes9x is a wonderful emulator which has been worked on by a variety of talented programmers over the years. This emulator has also been ported to many handheld and console systems, each using an existing base while tweaking out performance for a new environment. The SCDS2 has recently received a port of Alekmaul’s Native Dingoo MAME4ALL emulator, and the SCDS2 shares similar CPU and RAM specs to that of the Dingoo A320. The Dingux Snes9x port has received updates which allow for such games are Star Fox to be fully playable. While these hopes remain for the SFC EMU, users should understand that a data speed loss does exist when running code which must be transferred from the SCDS2 CPU to the NDS Slot-1. It is very possible that some of the enhanced special chip SFC/SNES games will never be fully enjoyable while using the SCDS2 SFC EMU.
The emulator features a working save-state feature that provides screen captures only when save-states are written. When attempting to delete a save-state the user is left wondering which of the 10 positions represents the desired save-state. Additionally, when a save-state is removed the remaining save-states shift to the left. Rather quickly the user can become confused over which save-state is where and which save-states continue to remain on the microSD card. A future addition to the SFC EMU could be the ability to access the “screen capture” feature, associated with a written save-state, when browsing save-states for deletion. The shifting of save-state positions is also confusing and ideally this is something that could be addressed. Save-states can not be overwritten; they must first be deleted in order to free-up a position (1-10). Allowing users to overwrite save-states and removing the save-state shifting could result in more simplified organizational habits. Users would find it much easier to remember which save-states are in which position and be spared of the extra step it takes to delete a save-state before writing to an existing position.
The cheats appear to be based on the GBA format while supporting only Snes9x cheat codes. Thanks to the efforts of GBATemp user Rydian, cheat codes can now be ported and made specifically with the SFC EMU in mind. The cheat engine itself does work but suffers from G.U.I. freezing/hanging, cheat name truncation, and other issues. When attempting to reload the cheat section of the G.U.I. the SFC EMU will more often than not freeze, causing a full system hard-reset. Cheats are listed by their description which is truncated without the ability to scroll. The buttons used for manual file name scrolling implemented into the directory listings of the SFC EMU have been remapped with the purpose of turning cheats ON or OFF. The truncation makes it difficult to understand the purpose of some cheats, for example, “Always have Scatter Blaster for gun 1 (disable during bonus stages)” is truncated to “Always have ...” making it impossible to know what the cheat will do. With a cheat engine that continually crashes, freezes game execution, or hangs the G.U.I., the user may be reluctant to pick something without knowing exactly what the outcome will be.
The screen capture feature is an interesting addition, although somewhat useless, it does function as expected. I found that the screen captures made during the initial testing of the G.U.I. were later corrupted to an unusable state after the experiencing many cheat engine crashes. Instead of implementing a screen capture feature I would have rather seen the early bugs addressed such as the cheat crashing and lack of cheat scrolling.
The SFC EMU suffers from a 255 file limit no matter the file type. More than 255 games or cheats in any 1 directory will cause the SFC EMU to hang whenever those directories are accessed. Organizing files by sub-directories is a viable option but perhaps not an option every user will wish to use.
The RIGHT and LEFT shoulder buttons can be used to quickly page the directory; while this helps it never felt fast enough. When the last paging of a directory resulted in 2 files or directories displayed on screen I was unable to use the directional pad for any additional navigation. I was forced, by a software bug, to press LEFT, page back 1 sequence, and then press DOWN to access the bottom most file.
All settings must be reset each time a file is loaded. Some files require a higher CPU setting while others require a different display mode. The ability to set SFC EMU settings on a per-ROM basis and to have those settings retained would be a wonderful addition.
The emulator has a relatively high compatibility rate thanks in part to the user controlled CPU Frequency “clock” speed settings. The default CPU Frequency of 2 is a standard setting which will allow for most games to play correctly while allowing the SCDS2 to access 4-5 hours of battery life on the DSi XL with WIFI turned off. Many games suffer from minor slow-down issues, half second pauses, sound issues, or other problems. Raising the CPU Frequency to 4 can often fix these problems but at the cost of increased battery drain. During testing I found that I was recharging the DSi XL more often than any other time I can recall. While the SFC EMU is a great feature is does tend to eat up the battery rather quickly, making it not the best choice for SFC/SNES emulation when away from a power outlet.
Games that do not have special chips or slow-down areas execute perfectly, especially with the CPU Frequency set to 4. Controls are tight and responsive making this emulator a real treat to use. The layering issues one would expect to encounter are almost non-existent. During testing only a few layering issues were experienced, all of which happened on BETA and Prototype files. These issues were generally limited to text overwrapping an onscreen graphic or a text box being displayed partially in front of or behind an existing graphic. The average user will probably never experience such issues and it seems that the layering problems of another popular NDS SNES emulator are a thing of the past.
At times the emulator would freeze for absolutely no reason during game execution. As the SRAM is not regularly dumped to the microSD some file progress can be lost if this happens. The only ways to write out the SRAM data would be to load a new game, make a save-state, or use the “exit” button. The lesson here would be that saving often is important and in this case means making save-states. This bug was completely random and did not occur often, the user who has only the occasional gaming session may never experience this problem.
At one point I did experience one odd G.U.I. graphic draw problem where text was continually redrawn to the screen making it appear to be an ever expanding blob of purple color. I also experienced a few random static sound bursts, and some debug file dumping. It goes with saying that this emulator is in a workable and enjoyable state but it is not without its problems.
The real beauty behind the SCDS2 has been the opensource SDK which is freely available from Team SuperCard. The source code for the SFC EMU v1.6 revision was recently shared with developers which allowed the 1st unofficial port to be released. BaseAceGold has added a very useful CPU Frequency setting of 5, fixed some of the G.U.I. crashing bugs, and made Mario Kart playable without sound. These updates are very important because they show us that not only is Team SuperCard supporting their software but so is the Homebrew community.
I would recommend this software and the unofficial update to anyone who enjoys retro SFC/SNES gaming. You will truly love the feeling of the precise DS controls coupled with the old school games you remember. SuperCard has done a wonderful thing for this hobby and they continue to push the boundaries for what we once thought were impossible.
This review supplement was written for GBAtemp.net ONLY. The article is the property of Another World & GBAtemp.net. Most images are the property of Another World, 1 image was borrowed from Team SuperCard and used without permission.
Special thanks to Rydian for cheat code help.
Thanks to SixtySixHundred for cheat testing.
Thanks to Vato for additional testing and help.
Thanks to The Greatful Dead for providing the theme music of this project! | 2019-04-23T11:19:35Z | https://gbatemp.net/threads/supercard-dstwo-review.232281/ |
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Tags: where do quails live photo, where do quails live images, where do quails live near me. | 2019-04-26T17:05:14Z | https://hurricanepattys.net/where-do-quails-live/ |
Life After the Royal Commission – Be Careful What You Wish For….
In the wake of the recommendations from the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Financial Services Industry (aka the Hayne Report), one of the four major banks announced that it would be removing bonus payments for its front line tellers. This was supposedly in line with Hayne’s proposal that performance-linked remuneration, financial incentives and sales commissions in the financial services industry need to be restructured.
This prompted a mixed reaction among the public, based on some of the comments I have read on social media. Some felt that the tellers were being made scapegoats for the banks’ bigger failings – others felt that this was an inevitable outcome from the banking backlash.
Personally, I believe the announcement is potentially just one of the many likely “unforeseen consequences” to come out of the Royal Commission – I’m not saying this particular decision is good or bad, just that we need to be aware of what’s likely to happen based on Hayne’s key recommendations. Be careful what you wish for. And, as an underlying theme to this whole debate, let’s not forget that most Australians are shareholders (directly or indirectly via their Super) of the Four Pillar Banks (one of the greatest government-endorsed and legislatively protected market oligopolies around which also helped steer us through the GFC relatively unscathed….).
So, what else might we see?
First, as with financial advice, residential mortgages will move to a “buyer pays” model. Brokers would not be able to receive commissions from mortgage providers or other intermediaries based on the products they sell, recommend or refer – instead, mortgage applicants will be expected to pay for the services of a broker, who will therefore be under an obligation to find the best product for their client. But removing trailing commissions and other conflicted remuneration may also mean that brokers could seek to earn additional fees from their mortgage clients by re-contacting them a year or so later (with permission, of course) to inform them of a better deal. (Even now, lenders are not explicitly obliged to let existing customers know if they have a newer product that may be better for them). Some estimates suggest that fee-for-service will add about $3,000 to the initial cost of applying for a mortgage. Whether this will also lead to more competition among mortgage providers (who will no longer have to pay broker commissions) is not clear.
Third, the increased cost of compliance will disproportionately impact smaller financial institutions such as credit unions, member-owned banks and other mutual societies, who came through the Royal Commission pretty much unscathed. Those costs will need to be passed on, to customers and members. Of course, there has also been some political debate around the need for some sort of banking levy – which will ultimately be passed on to shareholders or customers (who are often the same people…).
Fourth, and related to the above, the separation of roles between those superannuation trustees who act as both fund trustees and as responsible entities of managed investment schemes will have a knock-on effect in terms of operating and compliance costs. Such dual-regulated entities will have to decide whether to focus on their trustee role, or appoint a separate and independent responsible entity in respect of the asset management.
Fifth, the higher compliance and regulatory obligations may deter or inhibit more competition – either from new market entrants from overseas, or from local start-ups. The recent restricted ADI model (aimed at enabling challenger or neo-bank brands) has not exactly seen a raft of applications, and off-shore banks tend to come and go in successive waves, largely driven by market conditions. If lending standards are further tightened, it may be less attractive for foreign firms to set up local operations. In fact, there have been calls to force some smaller superannuation funds to merge with larger funds, or exit altogether for reasons of scale and efficiency – potentially taking out some of the competition in that sector. And if mortgage brokers have to move to a fee-for-service model, it will likely force some providers to exit the industry, as happened with the FOFA reforms in financial planning and wealth management.
Sixth, at the level of corporate governance, boards of financial services providers will need to be mindful of their duty to act in the best interests of the company – which has traditionally meant the share holders – and the increased duty of care towards their customers, which may at times be at complete odds. Non-executive directors willing to serve on the boards of banks and insurers may also be harder to find, at a time when there is already a high concentration of directors who sit on multiple boards across Australia’s biggest companies. So, board diversity may be even harder to achieve, especially if non-executive directorships become subject to even greater formal qualification, to ensure board members have appropriate professional experience, industry knowledge and technical expertise, as well as financial competence and risk management skills.
Finally, all this is happening as we face something of a credit squeeze (thanks to increased lending standards and greater provisioning for risk-weighted assets) heightened economic uncertainty (slowing GDP growth, lower productivity, wage stagnation, falling property prices), and an upcoming General Election campaign during which the Hayne Report will be held up as a key reason for why “things have to change”. The irony being that, except in a few areas, the complaints aired and wrong-doing uncovered during the Royal Commission could have been addressed by the regulators and enforcement agencies via existing laws on financial services, prudential standards, and general consumer protection (unfair contract terms, unconscionable conduct, deceptive and misleading behaviour). Plus, the Australian Financial Complaints Authority (which combines the remit of the former Financial Ombudsman Service, the Credit and Investments Ombudsman and the Superannuation Complaints Tribunal) has a wide jurisdiction over consumer complaints relating to Credit, Finance and Loans, Insurance, Banking Deposits and Payments, Investments and Financial Advice, and Superannuation. And as with most External Dispute Resolution agencies, AFCA and its predecessors have an obligation to report on systemic issues within their industry.
3) lack of regularity clarity on the new class of digital assets made possible by Blockchain and cryptocurrencies (cf Treasury Consultation on ICOs).
Overall, the panel agreed that the channels of distribution have been locked up in an oligopolistic market and economic structure, especially among B2B services. But things are changing in B2C, with the rise of P2P payment platforms, market places, mobile and digital solutions, and challenger brands (e.g., neo-banks).
A number of areas have already benefited from FinTech innovation and disruption – lending (origination, funding, distribution), robo-advice (at scale but not yet offering truly tailored solutions), and P2P payments (and which largely happened outside of the NPP).
When it comes to disrupting and innovating wealth management and financial advice, there is still a distribution challenge. Whatever your views are on the Royal Commission findings and recommendations, there is clearly a problem with the status quo. But is the appropriate response to “smash the banks” or to enable them?
One view is that we are going through a period of un-bundling of financial services. Personally, I think customers want ease of use and interoperability, not only standalone products that are best in breed. For example, if I have established sufficient identification to open and maintain a bank account with one ADI, shouldn’t I be able to use that same status to open a deposit, savings or transaction account with another ADI, without having to resubmit 100 points of ID? And even use that same ID status with an equivalent ADI overseas?
There is often a tension between incumbents and startups. Whether it’s procurement processes, long-term sales cycles, stringent payment policies (notwithstanding the BCA’s Supplier Payment Code) or simple risk aversion, it is very difficult for new FinTech companies to secure commercial supply contracts with enterprise clients. Even though a Blockchain platform like Ripples is working with major financial institutions, most times the latter don’t readily engage with FinTech startups.
Then there is the problem with “tech for tech’s sake”. For example, don’t offer “smart” solutions that actually make it harder or more complex. And don’t build great tech products that offer lousy UX/UI.
A key issue is defining “trust” – whether at the sector level (on the back of the Royal Commission); or at the individual level (the current environment of personal privacy, data protection, identity theft): or at the product level (e.g., decentralised and “trustless” platforms). As one panelist commented, despite the news, “headlines don’t change behaviours”. We love to bash our banks, but we rarely switch providers (mainly because it is far more difficult than it actually needs to be…) And the backlash against social media companies has not resulted in any major movement to unfriend them (witness the response to campaigns like QuitFacebookDay…).
So what are some of the predictions for the next few years (if not the next few months)?
Within 5 years, the 5th pillar will be a challenger bank.
Personal Statements of Advice vs ASIC’s MoneySmart – who’s going to be paying for financial planning, advice, products and distributions?
This year’s Intersekt Festival, held in Melbourne last month, was put together in quite challenging circumstances, given some of the recent events within key industry body FinTech Australia, the primary event host. It was a credit to all involved.
Not surprisingly, given some of the regulatory and industry changes underway in Australia, the key themes included: Open Banking and access to data: Trust in the banking and financial services sector (thanks to the Royal Commission, and the APRA report on the CBA); Data Privacy; Payments and the NPP; Comprehensive Credit Reporting and predatory lending practices; and Equity Crowdfunding. And of course, a little bit about Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies and Security Tokens.
There was a lot of discussion on “Trust”, especially in the age of Uber and Airbnb – how have these marketplaces managed to earn so much public and consumer trust in such a relatively short time? Yet as consumers, we obsess about Open Banking vs Data Privacy, while banks themselves appear to be more infatuated with their Net Promoter Score…. whereas “Trust” is clearly a huge issue. In the case of the banks and the fall out from the Royal Commission, there was a discussion about whether our key financial institutions have come close to losing their social license to operate.
Meanwhile, with the prospect of self-sovereign digital identity becoming a practical reality (fuelled by blockchain, decentralisation and trust-less protocols and standards), there is a demand for cross-functional (and cross-border) solutions for KYC/AML processing and identity management. But a lack of mutual regulatory recognition or harmonization (as opposed to “mere” industry standards) plus a diversity of business models confounds regulatory harmony, often within a single jurisdiction, let alone across multiple markets.
When it comes to payments and the NPP, it’s clear that regulation lags technology. For example, despite the existence of a (complex and somewhat uncertain) licensing regime for purchased payment facilities, APRA has only licensed one such PPF – PayPal. As former ASIC Chairman, Greg Medcraft once observed, by the time the NPP is fully operational, Blockchain will have gotten there long beforehand. And given the preponderance of stored value cards, digital wallets, peer-to-peer crypto exchanges, and multiple overseas and cross-border mobile payment apps, the respective regulatory roles of RBA, APRA, AUSTRAC, ATO and ASIC need to be clearly defined and set out.
On the topic of data protection and “big data”, there was a lot of discussion about getting the balance right between privacy and innovation. One the one hand, industry incumbents should not be allowed to use their market dominance to resist open banking and stifle the emergence of neo-banks; but on the other, there is a need to shelter the forthcoming consumer data right (CDR) from potential abuse like predatory lending (e.g., not simply define the CDR standards by reference to existing banking products and services) – mainly because the CDR is designed to empower consumers (not embolden the industry), and it is designed to be sector neutral (i.e., equally applicable to utilities, ISPs, telcos, insurance firms).
Other topics included SME lending, where new, tech-driven providers are not only originating new loans, but also refinancing existing businesses as the big 4 banks are seen to withdraw from this market; home loans (where technology is driving new loan origination, funding and distribution models); social impact (“FinTech for good”); equity crowdfunding (and the role of STOs); insurance (creating a decentralised market place) and Superannuation (which prompted perhaps the most contentious panel discussion – more on that to come!).
If there were any criticisms of the conference, based on local and overseas delegates I spoke to, they related to the length (was there enough content to sustain nearly 3 days?); the need for clearer roles and participation by the major and regional banks; the absence of investors (despite a speed-dating matching event….); and a desire to see a broader range of speakers and panelists (too many of the “usual suspects”?).
This month’s Startup VIC pitch night on FinTech was a curtain raiser for the annual Intersekt conference. Sponsored by Square and FinTech Australia, it was hosted at the Victorian Innovation Hub, and MC’d by Finch’s Shahirah Gardner and Melissa Mack, Head of Community at MoneyPlace and a Director of FinTech Australia.
i=Change allows retailers and brands to “give back” to the causes their customers care about. Offering a “plug’n’play” solution for their clients, i=Change claims to have 60 brands on board already. It’s fair to say the target audience is fashion-conscience women, with an emphasis on charities, campaigns and causes that are primarily supporting the lives of women and children. Which is all good. But would it be churlish to suggest that many of the brands and products (and their associated imagery) might not be accessible to women in many of the countries where these projects operate? So, there is a potential disconnect between products and causes….
Nevertheless, as well as the feel-good factor for consumers, i=Change also claims to be reducing the retailers’ problem of abandoned online shopping carts, as the prospect of being able to donate to one of the selected causes leads to greater sales conversion and completion.
i=Change applies a fixed transaction fee on top of the customer donation, with a 30% tax rebate available to participating brands. After 5 years, i=Change is generating $8k per month in transaction fees, and is currently seeking a capital raise of $1m.
The judges were keen to understand the level of transparency under which i=Change operates, and whether in-store options are available (not just on-line retail).
For me, I can’t help thinking that this is an attempt to salve the conscience of certain parts of the fashion industry. I would also be interested to understand how much screening there is of both retailers and causes, against CSR measures or other relevant criteria.
Under the product brands of tradeDOX and xpertDOX, Lucidity is digitizing trade finance operations, particularly for import/export commodities transactions.
Offering a pay-per-transaction model, a subscription service, or a custom solution, Lucidity is still pre-revenue, having raised $50k in seed funding. Claiming to be streamlining and automating much of the paper document and manual processes still in use in much of the trade finance industry, it was not clear what technology they are using, nor the average transaction size they are processing. I also couldn’t help thinking that Blockchain solutions for supply chain, logistics and export/import financing will likely render Lucidity redundant.
CoinBot is an algo trading solution for cryptocurrencies that tokenizes individual trading strategies designed by the platform users, and fuelled by native SIT coins (Strategy Instance Tokens). The coins are used to pay for “prospecting” (i.e., scanning for unique trading signals), strategy (devising trading models) and exchange fees (to cover the cost of execution).
Currently seeking to raise $3m for 14% equity (plus SIT tokens), CoinBot supports strategy back-testing written to the Blockchain, and essentially allows users to avoid things like slippage by spreading the timing of instances over a defined trading period.
Personifi is a data-driven marketplace for personal loans. It matches consumers with the most suitable lenders (across 30 brands on their platform).
What is supposed to make Personifi different to traditional brokers, lenders and comparison sites is the level of personalised advice, and its credit decision criteria.
With accreditation for the new open banking data regime and the new comprehensive credit reporting system. Personifi can offer improved interest rate options. It has to be noted that some of the loan providers on their platform may once have been considered “lenders of last resort” – not pay-day lenders, but certainly providers who service borrowers who have been turned down by banks and other primary lenders. So, the quality of the loan origination and the standards for lending will no doubt be critical to success.
Previously known as compeer.com.au, Personifi continues to test the broker market, and is bringing more transparency on its fees and loan T&C’s. Current revenue model is based on a 2% commission for referrals. Having pivoted from P2P lending, Personifi is targeting millennials who lack either a long or a strong credit history.
On the night, i=Change took out both the Judges’ prize, and the People’s choice. | 2019-04-25T23:54:40Z | https://contentincontext.me/category/lending/ |
The question I get the most these days is, "what is this modern SharePoint you keep talking about?" It might sound like an oxymoron! All my SharePointy friends know about it, and debate the finer points over beer at SharePint, but to the casual user, or someone who's been working on premises, it may be a bit of a mystery. It's only available online (at the time of this writing anyway), and is slowly being phased in as developers build it out.
So here it is: Microsoft is on a mission to modernize SharePoint, to save it from fading into obscurity as a once innovative but now persnickety old war horse of a product. This article will explain how they're doing it, and why you might want to take a fresh look on this stalwart collaboration product.
SharePoint's "classic" user interface was introduced in late 2002. Since then, new features have been layered on top, staying within the constraints of that original foundation. Unlike guitars and whiskey, software doesn't improve with age. As a SharePoint consultant, clients often asked me to make it look like "anything but SharePoint".
A SharePoint Intranet arrived in pieces, like the parts of a house delivered to a building site, leaving customers to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars putting them together. Of course there will always be value in helping to design an Intranet that fits an organization's business and culture, but all too much time was spent applying arcane customization techniques that had accumulated over the years.
Microsoft was at a crossroads: overhaul the aging collaboration product, or watch it die a slow and painful death. So last year they started phasing in new "modern" SharePoint pages based on up-to-date web technology. These pages, and sites built from them, remove decades of frustration and are a pleasure to use.
Modern SharePoint is a whole new user experience. It's more than a fresh look, it's designed from the ground up to work on mobile devices, and it addresses dozens of nagging usability issues. So far, modern SharePoint exists only in SharePoint Online.
The difference is subtle, but the modern page is definitely easier to use, and allows more advanced filtering and bulk editing. Have you ever tried to move a file in SharePoint? It's nearly impossible in classic SharePoint, and is one of many things made easy in the modern version.
It's more dramatic on a small screen, like a smartphone. (The screen shot shows Chrome emulating an iPhone X).
Notice how the classic screen shrinks to fit, making for microscopic text and requiring a microscopic finger to tap. It's pretty much impossible to use. The modern screen is still fully functional; you can select files and do whatever you need to by tapping the screen with your normal sized finger.
In SharePoint Online, lists and libraries are modern by default; web part pages are modern if you create a "modern team site" or "communication site". You can also add new, modern pages to existing team sites (but not yet to classic "publishing sites"). Once a new page is set up, it can be set as the site home page, and the site will gain almost all the advantages of a fully modern team or communication site.
Sites are compelling: This is the most obvious advantage; it's no longer a goal to make it "not look like SharePoint", and in general, users will be happier with the results.
Mobile friendly: It's pretty standard these days that web sites should work well on a mobile phone or tablet. Trying to do that in classic SharePoint was an exercise in frustration and sideways scrolling.
Faster, everywhere: In Classic SharePoint, most of the page is created on the server, and the whole layout needs to be sent over the network for every page. That's the way the web worked in 2002. This creates a bottleneck in the servers, and leads to large network payloads. If the server is half way around the world, the speed of light slows things down even more.
In modern SharePoint, most of the page is created in the web browser. Big chunks of SharePoint (including the "SharePoint Framework") are stored outside of SharePoint servers, close to users around the world (on CDNs or Content Delivery Networks). They are also easily cached right on your computer, so they run nearly as fast as a locally installed program. Pretty much only the content needs to be retrieved from the SharePoint servers.
If I had a dollar for every time I was asked, "how come my SharePoint calendar isn't the same as my Exchange calendar," I'd have a nice pile of cash. Well now they're the same! Modern SharePoint sites are backed by an Office 365 Group, which means they get a real Exchange calendar and shared mailbox, a real OneNote notebook, a Planner plan, and so on, in addition to lists and libraries. That greatly improves matters, and also lets you choose to work with all your calendars in Outlook, or all your notes in OneNote, across all sites and your own personal use.
For example, suppose a product moves from Division A to Division B in a company, and the product site is in the Division A site collection. Your SharePoint person is about to have a bad day. There is no easy way to make the change and he or she will end up re-creating everything in a new site over in the Division B site collection. Unless they have another reorg first.Modern sites use a concept called "hubs" where sites are more loosely connected. The product site can just be switched from the Division A to the Division B hub, and it will get the navigation, search, and look of a Division B site. Its URL won't even change, so favorites and links won't break.
List and Library improvements: There have been many list improvements, including easier filtering, conditional formatting, and attention views, which once and for all provide a sensible way to show items that are missing required information. Modern lists also (finally!) address the dreaded "5,000 item view limit" that has frustrated SharePoint users for years. It does this by automatically creating indexes as they're needed, based on user interaction. It's not perfect, but for most situations it removes this perennial pain point.
In addition, the forms and workflow applied to lists and libraries is being modernized. PowerApps is slowly getting closer to parity with the legacy InfoPath forms designer, and Flow (and its big sibling Azure Logic Apps) are replacing SharePoint's built in workflow options. The biggest advantage of these new tools is that they're not locked into SharePoint; they can work with all sorts of cloud services, both within Office 365 and beyond.
If you have an investment in InfoPath and SharePoint workflow, don't worry! InfoPath and the old workflow engines aren't going away any time soon. However you'll need to live with their limitations, as they're pretty much on life support at this point.
New web parts: There are a ton of cool new web parts that only work on modern pages. Sandra Ussia has great information on the new web parts on her blog (Part 1 and Part 2). Tracy van der Schyff has written a lot of them up on her blog as well.
In general, Microsoft's web parts either work in classic or modern pages but not both. The only web parts that work both places are those written by 3rd parties (like you!) for the new SharePoint Framework, which allows developers to target both modern and classic pages with a single code base.
Easier to configure: Some classic web parts were easy enough to deal with, but others required arcane knowledge of XSL style sheets, display templates, and other outmoded web technology. The new web parts are much easier and more intuitive to set up, and don't require any special technical know-how.
For example, suppose Joe E. is an administrator of a SharePoint site. (Nobody knows, but the E is for "Evil!"). Joe writes some script and puts it on the home page of his site. Then he gets the CEO to visit the page. When she does, Joe's script now has all of her permissions, and can do anything the CEO could have done on the SharePoint farm (or, more specifically, in the web application). Maybe his script approves a workflow, or gathers confidential information using SharePoint search. Bad. News.
Modern sites are more locked down than that. There are limits to how much you can lock down the script on any web site, but by default you can't just drop a script on the page. IT can easily set it up so Joe and his Evil siblings can't add arbitrary script to the pages.
Future Investment: Microsoft has been very clear that they're not turning off classic sites any time soon, but let's face it, classic sites are just on life support at this point. Any work you put into a classic site is work you may want to redo later on. If you're building a new web part, configuring the way a list is shown, or just setting up a web part page, why not do it the modern way so you can take advantage of Microsoft's investments in the future?
Teams: So much for the top 10, I thought of another one! There's been a ton of enthusiasm recently over Microsoft Teams, a new collaboration tool that's centered on persistent chat. Teams brings together nearly all of Office 365 under a single "pane of glass."This brings up more questions, like, "Should we use Teams or a SharePoint Team Site", or "Won't Microsoft Teams put SharePoint out of business?"
These questions are based on a common misconception that it's an either/or situation. Did you know that every Microsoft Team has a SharePoint team site, and that a Team can be easily added to a modern SharePoint Team Site? These products aren't competing, they're converging!
If you're using teams, try this: go into the Files tab, click "View in SharePoint", and you'll be on that SharePoint site. Now go to the site's home page, and copy its URL to your clipboard. Back in a Teams channel, click "+" to add a tab, and paste in the URL. There it is - the SharePoint site in Teams. SharePoint even hides the site navigation so it fits into Teams' navigation scheme. This integration is likely to improve, with easier connections and more feature integration over time.
If you have an Office 365 subscription (and permission to do so), you can go modern right now! Just go to the SharePoint Home page and click "+ Create Site" to create a modern Communication or Team site.
If you have an existing site in SharePoint Online, you probably already have modern lists and libraries. If the site doesn't use the Publishing feature (such as a Team site), just create a new page (in the "Site Pages" library) and by default it will be modern. Easy peasy. This article has a lot more advice on converting sites from classic to modern.
Microsoft hasn't tackled Publishing sites … yet. There's a lot to be modernized in SharePoint!
Very good. MS please do more of these kinds of articles. Pratical, in the weeds. Less Marketing hype. Puts a lot of the pieces together.
All the changes are welcome great article, the roadmap is exciting. one fundamental issue though, from my experience in Higher education the biggest blocker to SP adoption is the inability to move and copy files and folders (easily) inside SP, and between desktop (mac & PC) and SP. Ironically for most users this is all they want to do, but its made very hard to do so users give up and move to other platforms & methods (googledrive or dropbox). Functionality has been added to do this within libraries in the same site but in most organisations staff have to work across multiple SP sites. who decided that not being able to drag a folder in and out of a SharePoint library is a good idea? MS please help.
Great article! Thanks so much for writing and sharing this -- also for the useful resources that you included.
The idea that InfoPath will live on as a tool for SharePoint Server 2019 also was affirmed by Vlad Catrinescu, a Microsoft MVP and president of vNext Solutions, in an Oct. 2 Crow Canyon Softwaretalk, which is available on demand here. Catrinescu said that while not much is known about SharePoint Server 2019, "we know for sure that InfoPath will be back."
Thanks again for your excellent article -- I'll be looking for more content from you!
Such a great article! Thanks!
Awesome article ! Many thanks Bob !
Thanks for the positive feedback @Joe Grant!
Move across sites is rolling out now.
You can upload a folder when using Edge or Chrome.
Great practical article Bob! Great comparison between the classic and the modern SharePoint.
Useful as just in the process of restructuring our Intranet.
One thing that's got me really bugged though is why images that are put on sites/pages using the modern Image Web part cant be hyperlinked? Doesn't this functionality go back to the stone age of the web? Would be grateful if someone could explain the rationale behind that decision and/or when hyperlinking of individual images will become available (I can't yet see it in road map documentation).
Umm... I thought an answer to the above question would be easily forthcoming. Anyone out there able to assist?
@Tom Resing fantastic news...our organisation is still on classic view, but I have just had a play and that works a treat. can you tell me are there any plans to allow dragging of folders from a library to a local desktop device? I know you can copy to onedrive , then sync that to local device.
Very useful article. My concern about the introduction of the modern SharePoint is that it is missing functionality making it necessary to revert back to the classic view. This makes it a frustrating experience for users. As an example, if a user wants to share a document stored in a SharePoint library with a colleagues in a Yammer group then they can copy a link and paste it into Yammer but it doesn't display in a friendly format, or you go into the classic experience where there is an option to post the document into Yammer in a much friendlier format. Another piece of functionality our users often ask for is the usage statistics for pages or documents - again it isn't currently possible to obtain these in the modern experience and therefore necessary to switch back to classic.
@Joe Grant, great to hear!
Have you tried sync with a library? That was added to OneDrive.exe last year. It also works with OneDrive's Files on Demand in Windows 10 Fall Creators Update.
This is a helpful article. Thanks for bringing all together.
My BIGGEST complaint with modern is your last section...Modern basically requires a whole migration to get classic, customized sites into modern. If a company migrated to classic sites a year ago (before modern had come very far) with the hopes of never doing another migration now that they had made it to the cloud (e.g. version upgrades from SP2007-2010), microsoft has now functionally made a new version in the cloud that does not have a clean migration path😪 Hugely disappointing!
Also, "a pleasure to use" is an overstatement. #8 is right, it is easier, and it does have more modern web features, but in its simplicity (and security) it can be very limiting. The rich text/content formatting and site customization options (extensions, etc) are still limited and a work in progress.
Regarding #5, flat can be good, except when layers of nesting are desired. MS should enable nesting hub sites. That would be best of both worlds (flexibility and capacity for scalable hierarchy)!!
Regarding #9, do you have link to article with more info on this (what is restricted and what is allowed, and/or what alternatives may be provided for js customizations or features)?
It is a promising improvement, but still some frustrating limitations--and the migration thing is worst of them all!!!
Great article Bob! Agree with some of the other statements from @Chad Miller, but overall the feel and ease of use is out weighing a few of those limitations.
One question @Bob German or @Tom Resing - when can we build site collections traditionally (Not Groups) that show as Modern by default?
And, oh by the way, on your calendar comment - one of the repeating complaints I get from 10,000 users (talk about a pile of cash) is "All day events show with the wrong date in SharePoint". So even if it is a Groups Calendar backed by Outlook/Exchange, the web part becomes a non-starter when every event can't be counted on to show the correct "date" of the event.
@Chad Miller, did you know all sites have modern experiences in lists, libraries and site contents no matter when they were created? All sites also have modern pages available and you can set a modern page as the home page of the site.
@Rob Bowman, that tip might fill part of your need for a site that's not connected to a group. @Sean Squires may be able to add more on future site template updates.
@John Sanders might be interested in your feedback on the all day events in the calendar web part. I hadn't heard that before.
@Tom Resing - yeah, we are using modern list/libraries (not too much on modern pages yet--branding, customization and content formatting limitations🙁). Our users are still having some confusion (somewhat like @David Doig's comments above) going back and forth between modern/classic for certain features but gradually getting people sold on advantages of modern. But, yeah, it is good that we can at least take advantage of some modern features on classic sites. Still doesn't change my thoughts on my comments above, but my frustration would be all the more if we couldn't even use modern list/library/pages on classic sites. I was surprised to see @Bob German's comment that modern pages weren't yet available on classic publishing sites. I thought we had done that but I guess the only places we had tried were classic team sites.
Somewhat tangential but still related to modern features, has anyone seen the Compact List view (reducing padding/margins) on Modern list views in your tenant? I thought that was supposed to have rolled out in September but still don't see it in our tenant.
@Graham McHugh I wish I could comment on InfoPath in SP2019 right now but I can’t. This question and many others will be answered at the SharePoint Conference North America on May 21-23, https://sharepointna.com/#!/ ! Thanks for your patience and I'm glad you enjoyed the article!
Thanks for that, @Bob German -- I'll try to get out to that conference!
@Tom Resing to your tip regarding all sites have modern pages - That is what we are doing currently, due to not having the ability to create modern sites during the building of a traditional site collection. - The issue there is that we are giving these sites out to a few thousand individuals, globally, who are not necessarily SharePoint knowledgeable enough to know how to take advantage of Modern pages. It is left to my small team to either educate them or somehow catch the site during our automated site creation process, and make it a modern home page.
It will due in the meantime, but really would like to have the stock site collection be created with a modern homepage.
This article is quite inaccurate as shows one, very bright side of Modern SharePoint sites. Unfortunately Modern SharePoint sites are immature at the moment, which can impact user adoption and impact costs of customization. It is worth to take a look at some limitations or ‘features’ of Modern SharePoint sites.
Below I have listed just few things, I have found surprising or annoying.
List view – you don’t have for instance grouped metadata totals. Yes, you can develop your own modern web part with SharePoint Framework.
Mixed user experience on ‘classic sites’ – list views are modern, but everything else is classic. Confusing.
Branding is fairly limited at the moment, there is new JSON schema, but still it only allows to change colors.
Navigation – you can edit and sort, but that is all. It is fairly limited on mobile devices and very hard to use. Not possible to replace with anything else at the moment.
Different way of creating modern sites – you can do that through Office 365 groups or Teams. They are not listed in SharePoint in SharePoint administration site collection list.
Different way of managing access to site – through Office 365 Groups. Can be confusing for SharePoint users and business administrators.
Microsoft Teams – Yes, content is stored on modern SharePoint site including Team’s Wiki. And Wiki is .mhtlm page…which cannot be viewed from SharePoint site. Only from Teams client. It really was nasty surprise for me. I hope Microsoft would fix it.
Little support for Application Lifecycle Management for SharePoint Framework – it is work in progress. I think, that SharePoint PnP team do a lot of good things around it. We will see.
You need many tools to develop solutions. If you just need web part – you are lucky. You can use Visual Studio Code or something like that and that is all. If you need some more complicated logic behind, or long running operation (like creating few artefacts in SharePoint), you need some more tools, like Microsoft Flow, or Visual Studio (not Visual Studio Code) to develop e.g. SharePoint Add-In.
You never know if Microsoft is not going to abandon idea of SharePoint Framework like it did with e.g. jslink, Autohosted Add-Ins, sandboxed solutions and few more things.
Overall experience with Modern SharePoint sites is better than with classic ones, and I hope Microsoft is not going to abandon Modern SharePoint sites in the favor of something like ‘Most Modern SharePoint Site, but Completely Different’.
There are also some useful things like, right pane where you can fill e.g. document properties to be able to check it in.
This is not the end of the story of the SharePoint Modern sites. This just the begging, I hope.
Yes, take a look at SharePoint modern sites, knowing that they are not perfect and have some limitations. You can be better prepared for user adoption, customization, development etc.
@Bob German - 'More Secure’ – Joe E. as Administrator can actually do even nastier things in SharePoint Modern sites in many different ways. So the whole story is just fake. If you have Joe E. as administrator you should replace him with Joe T. (everybody knows that T is for “Trusted”). That solves the problem.
I also share your hope that they don't change direction again, and I'm feeling confident they will stay the course. The last time they redid the whole page structure was in 2002! Microsoft itself is building on SPFx with tons of web parts and whole modern page experience, and I think that's a sign of its longevity.
Regarding the "more secure" comment, if you figure out how to tell Joe E from Joe T, please let me know! Tripwire reports that insider threats are behind most security breeches (https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/security-data-protection/insider-threats-main-security-th..., I know it's not perfect but it's certainly an improvement; in my (personal) opinion, the add-in model showed that a more secure approach was so cumbersome it stifled adoption. That's why I said "more secure" not "completely secure" ... it's all relative!
Well done, @Bob German...glad to be one of your 'sharepointy' friends. Have fun at MVP Summit this week!
Great Article! Can anyone throw lights on future of ribbons. What will be alternative to custom actions in Document Library ribbons in Modern sites.
Thanks @nilesh kodulkar - The list and doc library ribbons become menus in the modern UI. I'm not sure about the rationale but I suspect a simpler menu is easier to make responsive; as the screen shrinks, top-level choices move under an ellipsis "..." menu. URL based custom actions that worked in Classic mode actually still work in modern, but become menu options instead of ribbon buttons. See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sharepoint/dev/solution-guidance/modern-experience-customizations-c... for more details!
Any new improvements around ADA standards?
Thank you for this piece, I found it very helpful.
Great article, and compelling arguments for Modern SharePoint. Our customers are keen to take advantage of it, but a lot is still only available with Classic SharePoint, so a mixture is likely to be needed for some time to come.
Calendars is where I'd most like to see some focus. Yes, a modern team site gets an Exchange Calendar, but it's only available to interact with in Outlook, and not in SharePoint. Even MS Teams doesn't provide an interface for the group calendar. A robust extendable SharePoint calendar interface is an essential feature that needs to be enhanced and not deprecated.
Thanks, informative & to the point.
The modern UI is intriguing. Unfortunately development by Microsoft has been extremely slow. The experience is handicapped by its lack of support for calendars. The problems with list functionality (column totals dont display properly etc.) mean that frequently our users have to switch back to Classic view in order to perform their tasks. These problems have been in existence for some time now. When will Microsoft understand that simply slapping a fresh coat of paint on something is not a solution to problems within their software.
At this point and for the foreseeable future i am discouraging use of the modern interface and locking users in to the classic experience whenever possible in order to deliver a consistent experience. I have lost faith in Microsoft's ability to deliver a working solution. My biggest question is why release a handicapped product before it is ready? And when is Microsoft going to get it together and finish the work on the new UI? Should we all just put off any new Sharepoint site until MS commits and does their job or move to a better solution hosted by another provider entirely. After 10 years I am quite frankly ready to say goodbye to Sharepoint.
I hear ya Rod, but I'm not ready to give up on SharePoint. The modern interface is essential to keeping SharePoint relevant, and there's so many exciting things going with it. But it does seem like it's being pushed out way ahead of being ready.
The modern list interface has been out for a long time, and as you point out, column totals are still missing. And at the moment, something as important as list content types is broken in the modern list interface. Microsoft has a natural tendency to get bored with the old stuff, and focus on the new (e.g. Teams), not accounting for the fact that SharePoint is being used as a mission critical application by many organizations. Microsoft: please put more resources on modern SharePoint.
I and my team would really like column totals as well. Over 300 have asked for it on uservoice here - https://sharepoint.uservoice.com/forums/329214-sites-and-collaboration/suggestions/15931015-column-t... (go add your vote). MS said they were considering building this functionality "soon," (and that was almost 18 months ago). Either they decided not to and didn't update the item, or their definition of soon and mine are a little different.
Thanks @Bob German really good article , our organisation unfortunately moved to SharePoint Online and adopted classic sites, which is now providing a bit of a headache when trying to launch further 365 tools like Planner & Teams which spin up modern sites regardless. Any recommendations on how to manage sprawl here, or is it a case of trying to spec out another wholesale migration from Classic to Modern?
It's comical really (and frightening) that Msft woke up 10 years too late and realized SP might need to be a bit more modern. A competent company would have started modernizing it as soon as it was launched, and not dumped an unfinished, untested and incompatible "modern ui" on their many paying customers. I don't buy the argument that it would take "too much work" to overhaul "this old warhorse". The simple truth is SP is not a revenue generator so it has never got the resources or attention given other money makers in the Msft catalog. It only survived because Msft thought it might be of some use when they realized (again 10 years late) that they should offer some cloud solutions. It's a starved, stepchild product and behaves like one. Sadly, the modern ui illustrates that fact rather than disproves it.
- Borders around Web Parts so visually they are separated from each other?
- Web part title background color?
We've just upgraded from 2013 to Online and implemented a library with "New experience". The user expects to search for a document, then be able to get a link to it for sharing. This is possible in Online / Classic experience. However, in New experience, there is no way to access any "share" functionality from the search results screen. This is a major regression since it means search cannot be used in many situations.
Is this the normal behaviour, and if so are there any workarounds within the New experience?
I see many compelling reasons to use modern experience over classoc. However, sadly, performance isn't one of them.
At least for our tenant classic experience is much faster than modern. It doesn't matter which browser we're using, which device, on what network or if it is a newly created site with very few documents and no customizations or a large document library with multiple managed columns: If the library is accessed in modern view it typically takes 2-4 times as long to load as when accessed in classic mode.
I've tried to problem solve this together with Senior MS escalation engineers with no success, in fact they say it is to be expected due to the "improved" GUI and lack of 30 docs limit in modern experience.
I'd really love to see modern pages "run nearly as fast as a locally installed program" but as it currently performs for us we're nowhere near that situation. In fact it is a major blocker for user adoption. | 2019-04-26T14:01:01Z | https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/Microsoft-SharePoint-Blog/What-is-Modern-SharePoint-and-Why-Should-I-care/ba-p/161941 |
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For the eponymous railcar, see Ferdinand Magellan (railcar).
Ferdinand Magellan (/məˈɡɛlən/ or /məˈdʒɛlən/; Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, IPA: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃w dɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ]; Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes, IPA: [feɾˈnando ðe maɣaˈʎanes]; c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.
Magellan had already reached the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to 1511–1512). By visiting this area again but now travelling west, Magellan achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the first time in history.
The Magellanic penguin is named after him, as he was the first European to note it. Magellan's navigational skills have also been acknowledged in the naming of objects associated with the stars, including the Magellanic Clouds, now known to be two nearby dwarf galaxies; the twin lunar craters of Magelhaens and Magelhaens A; and the Martian crater of Magelhaens.
Magellan was born in northern Portugal in around 1480, either at Vila Nova de Gaia, near Porto, in Douro Litoral Province, or at Sabrosa, near Vila Real, in Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province. He was the son of Rodrigo de Magalhães, Alcaide-Mor of Aveiro (1433–1500, son of Pedro Afonso de Magalhães and wife Quinta de Sousa) and wife Alda de Mesquita and brother of Leonor or Genebra de Magalhães, wife with issue of João Fernandes Barbosa.
In March 1505 at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in the fleet of 22 ships sent to host D. Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of Portuguese India. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon. He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded. In 1509 he fought in the battle of Diu. He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese embassy to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly cousin. In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy ending in retreat. Magellan had a crucial role, warning Sequeira and saving Francisco Serrão, who had landed.
In 1511, under the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan and Serrão participated in the conquest of Malacca. After the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder and, in the company of a Malay he had indentured and baptized, Enrique of Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512. Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, where he remained. He married a woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to the Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan would prove decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories.
After taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour. Serving in Morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp. He was accused of trading illegally with the Moors. The accusations were proved false, but he received no further offers of employment after 15 May 1514. Later on in 1515, he got an employment offer as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this. In 1517 after a quarrel with King Manuel I, who denied his persistent demands to lead an expedition to reach the spice islands from the east (i.e., while sailing westwards, seeking to avoid the need to sail around the tip of Africa), he left for Spain. In Seville he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, María Caldera Beatriz Barbosa. They had two children: Rodrigo de Magalhães and Carlos de Magalhães, both of whom died at a young age. His wife died in Seville around 1521.
Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent charts, investigating, in partnership with cosmographer Rui Faleiro, a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility of the Moluccas being Spanish according to the demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Christopher Columbus's voyages to the West (1492–1503) had the goal of reaching the Indies and to establish direct commercial relations between Spain and the Asian kingdoms. The Spanish soon realized that the lands of the Americas were not a part of Asia, but a new continent. The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas reserved for Portugal the eastern routes that went around Africa, and Vasco da Gama and the Portuguese arrived in India in 1498.
Castile (Spain) urgently needed to find a new commercial route to Asia. After the Junta de Toro conference of 1505, the Spanish Crown commissioned expeditions to discover a route to the west. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513 after crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Díaz de Solís died in Río de la Plata in 1516 while exploring South America in the service of Spain.
Monopoly of the discovered route for a period of ten years.
Their appointment as governors of the lands and islands found, with 5% of the resulting net gains.
A fifth of the gains of the travel.
The right to levy one thousand ducats on upcoming trips, paying only 5% on the remainder.
Granting of an island for each one, apart from the six richest, from which they would receive a fifteenth.
The expedition was funded largely by the Spanish Crown, which provided ships carrying supplies for two years of travel. Expert cartographer Jorge Reinel and Diogo Ribeiro, a Portuguese who had started working for Charles V in 1518 as a cartographer at the Casa de Contratación, took part in the development of the maps to be used in the travel. Several problems arose during the preparation of the trip, including lack of money, the king of Portugal trying to stop them, Magellan and other Portuguese incurring suspicion from the Spanish, and the difficult nature of Faleiro. Finally, thanks to the tenacity of Magellan, the expedition was ready. Through the bishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca they obtained the participation of merchant Christopher de Haro, who provided a quarter of the funds and goods to barter.
Victoria, the sole ship of Magellan's fleet to complete the circumnavigation. Detail from a map by Ortelius, 1590.
Victoria (85 tons, crew 43), named after the church of Santa Maria de la Victoria de Triana, where Magellan took an oath of allegiance to Charles V; commanded by Luis Mendoza.
On 10 August 1519, the five ships under Magellan's command left Seville and descended the Guadalquivir River to reach the Atlantic Ocean at Sanlúcar de Barrameda, at the mouth of the river. There they remained more than five weeks. Finally they set sail on 20 September 1519 and left Spain.
On 13 December anchored near present-day Rio de Janeiro. Although in 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed the eastern most shores of Brazil for Portugal, Portugal did not maintain a permanent settlement there to protect its brazilwood monopoly (the French were able to help themselves to the timber without interference.) Magellan's armada arrived without Portuguese notice. There the crew was resupplied, but bad conditions caused them to delay. Afterwards, they continued to sail south along South America's east coast, looking for the strait that Magellan believed would lead to the Spice Islands. The fleet reached Río de la Plata in early February, 1520.
For overwintering, Magellan established a temporary settlement called Puerto San Julian on March 30, 1520. On Easter (April 1 and 2), a mutiny broke out involving three of the five ship captains. Magellan took quick and decisive action. Luis de Mendoza, the captain of Victoria, was killed by a party sent by Magellan, and the ship was recovered. After Concepción's anchor cable had been secretly cut by his forces, the ship drifted towards the well-armed Trinidad, and Concepcion's captain de Quesada and his inner circle surrendered. Juan de Cartagena, the head of the mutineers on the San Antonio, subsequently gave up. Antonio Pigafetta reported that Gaspar Quesada, the captain of Concepción, and other mutineers were executed, while Juan de Cartagena, the captain of San Antonio, and a priest named Padre Sanchez de la Reina were marooned on the coast. Most of the men, including Juan Sebastián Elcano, were needed and forgiven. Reportedly those killed were drawn and quartered and impaled on the coast; years later, their bones were found by Sir Francis Drake.
The Strait of Magellan cuts through the southern tip of South America connecting the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.
At 52°S latitude on 21 October 1520, the fleet reached Cape Virgenes and concluded they had found the passage, because the waters were brine and deep inland. Four ships began an arduous trip through the 373-mile (600 km) long passage that Magellan called the Estrecho (Canal) de Todos los Santos, ("All Saints' Channel"), because the fleet travelled through it on 1 November or All Saints' Day. The strait is now named the Strait of Magellan. He first assigned Concepcion and San Antonio to explore the strait, but the latter, commanded by Gómez, deserted and headed back to Spain on 20 November. On 28 November, the three remaining ships entered the South Pacific. Magellan named the waters the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) because of its apparent stillness. Magellan and his crew were the first Europeans to reach Tierra del Fuego just east of the Pacific side of the strait.
Monument in Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu in the Philippines.
On 16 March Magellan reached the island of Homonhon in the Philippines, with 150 crew left. Members of his expedition became the first Europeans to reach the Philippine archipelago.
Magellan relied on Enrique, his Malay servant and interpreter, to communicate with the native tribes. He had been indentured by Magellan in 1511 after the colonization of Malacca, and had accompanied him through later adventures. They traded gifts with Rajah Siaiu of Mazaua who guided them to Cebu on 7 April.
Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly towards Magellan and the Spaniards; both he and his queen Hara Amihan were baptized as Christians and were given the image of the Holy Child (later known as Santo Niño de Cebu) which along with a cross (Magellan's Cross) symbolizes the Christianization of the Philippines. Afterward, Rajah Humabon and his ally Datu Zula convinced Magellan to kill their enemy, Datu Lapu-Lapu, on Mactan. Magellan wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu to Christianity, as he had Humabon, but Lapu-Lapu rejected that. On the morning of 27 April 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force. During the resulting battle against Lapu-Lapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a bamboo spear, and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons.
"Nothing of Magellan's body survived, that afternoon the grieving rajah-king, hoping to recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious chief a handsome ransom of copper and iron for them but Datu Lapulapu refused. He intended to keep the body as a war trophy. Since his wife and child died in Seville before any member of the expedition could return to Spain, it seemed that every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from the earth."
The Magellan–Elcano voyage. Victoria, one of the original five ships, circumnavigated the globe, finishing 16 months after Magellan's death.
Victoria set sail via the Indian Ocean route home on 21 December, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano. By 6 May 1522 the Victoria rounded the Cape of Good Hope, with only rice for rations. Twenty crewmen died of starvation before Elcano put into Cape Verde, a Portuguese holding, where he abandoned 13 more crew on 9 July in fear of losing his cargo of 26 tons of spices (cloves and cinnamon).[citation needed] On 6 September 1522, Elcano and the remaining crew of Magellan's voyage arrived in Spain aboard the Victoria, almost exactly three years after the fleet of five ships had departed. Magellan had not intended to circumnavigate the world, but rather had intended only to find a secure route through which the Spanish ships could navigate to the Spice Islands. After Magellan's death, Elcano decided to push westward, thereby completing the first known voyage around the entire Earth.
Maximilianus Transylvanus interviewed some of the surviving members of the expedition when they presented themselves to the Spanish court at Valladolid in the autumn of 1522. He wrote the first account of the voyage, which was published in 1523. Pigafetta's account was not published until 1525, and was not published in its entirety until 1800. This was the Italian transcription by Carlo Amoretti of what is now called the "Ambrosiana codex." The expedition eked out a small profit, but the crew was not paid full wages.
Four crewmen of the original 55 on Trinidad finally returned to Spain in 1522; 51 had died in war or from disease. In total, approximately 232 sailors of assorted nationalities died on the expedition around the world with Magellan.
Monument of Ferdinand Magellan in Punta Arenas in Chile. The statue looks towards the Strait of Magellan.
Magellan's expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe and the first to navigate the strait in South America connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Magellan's name for the Pacific was adopted by other Europeans.
The Order of Magellan was established in 1902 to honour those who complete a circumnavigation and make other contributions to humanity.
Two of the closest galaxies, the Magellanic Clouds in the southern celestial hemisphere, were named for Magellan sometime after 1800. The Magellan probe, which mapped the planet Venus from 1990 to 1994, was named after Magellan. The Ferdinand Magellan train rail car (also known as U.S. Car. No. 1) is a former Pullman Company observation car that was re-built by the U.S. Government for presidential use from 1943 until 1958.
Three craters, two located on the Moon and one on Mars, have been named after Magellan using the spelling "Magelhaens". The names were adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1935 (Magelhaens on the Moon), 1976 (Magelhaens on Mars), and 2006 (Magelhaens A on the Moon). The asteroid 4055 Magellan, discovered in 1985, and the Magellan probe to Venus (1989–1994) were also named after him.
The five hundredth anniversary of Magellan's expedition and circumnavigation will be commemorated in a series of events organised by the municipal council of Sanlucar de Barrameda in Spain, and supported by philanthropic organisations.
Portrayed by Oscar Keesee in the 1955 Filipino film, Lapu-Lapu.
Portrayed by Dante Rivero in the 2002 Filipino film, Lapu-Lapu.
Portrayed by Dingdong Dantes in the 2011 Philippine TV series, Amaya.
^ "Magellan" entry in Collins English Dictionary.
^ "Magellan" entry in Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ a b From the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, maintained by the USGS, in cooperation with IAU: Magelhaens on Moon, Magelhaens A on Moon, and Magelhaens on Mars. Accessed 2012-08-27.
^ "Fernão de Magalhães, 1478". Geneall.net.
^ "Beatriz Barbosa, 1495". Geneall.net.
^ "Unique Facts about Oceania: Ferdinand Magellan". www.sheppardsoftware.com. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
^ Nancy Smiler Levinson (2001), Magellan and the First Voyage Around the World, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 39, ISBN 978-0-395-98773-5, retrieved 31 July 2010, Personnel records are imprecise. The most accepted total number is 270.
^ Laurence Bergreen (2003). Over the Edge of the World. Harper Pereenial, 2004. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0-06-621173-2.
^ Laurence Bergreen (2003). Over the Edge of the World. Harper Pereenial 2003. pp. 134–150. ISBN 978-0-06-621173-2.
^ a b "The Death of Magellan, 1521". Eyewitnesstohistory.com. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
^ Manchester, William (1993). A World Lit Only by Fire. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-54556-3.
^ Stefoff 1990, p. 127.
^ Documents related to the questioning performed by the Spanish authorities after the 18 survivors of the voyage returned to Seville in 1522 report that de Judicibus was born in Savona, Italy.
^ Presentado el logotipo del V Centenario de la primera circunnavegación de la tierra Archived 25 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Sanlúcar de Barrameda.tv. 15 November 2010. Accessed: 3 April 2015.
Castro, Xavier de; Hamon, Jocelynn; Thomaz, Luis Filipe de Castro (2007). Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta & autres témoignages. Paris: Chandeigne, coll. « Magellane ». ISBN 978-2-915540-32-1.
Cliffe, Edward (1885). Hakluyt, Richard, ed. "The voyage of M. John Winter into the South sea by the Streight of Magellan, in consort with M. Francis Drake, begun in the yeere 1577". The principal navigations, voyages, traffiques and discoveries of the English nation. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid.
Hogan, C. Michael (2008). N. Stromberg, ed. Magellanic Penguin. GlobalTwitcher.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011.
Noronha, Dom José Manoel de (1921). Imprensa da Universidade, ed. Algumas Observações sobre a Naturalidade e a Família de Fernão de Magalhães (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Biblioteca Genealogica de Lisboa. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010.
Suárez, Thomas (1999). Early mapping of Southeast Asia. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-962-593-470-9.
Swenson, Tait M. (2005). "First Circumnavigation of the Globe by Magellan 1519–1522". The Web Chronology project. Retrieved 14 March 2006.
Schurz, William L. (May 1922), "The Spanish Lake", Hispanic American Historical Review, 5 (2): 181–194, doi:10.2307/2506024, JSTOR 2506024. | 2019-04-19T10:33:35Z | https://wiki2.org/en/Ferdinand_Magellan |
IN 2012, I JOURNEYED with several climbing partners to an area of the Karakoram known only on satellite maps, arguably the last unexplored corner of the range. Our trek began at 11,000 feet from a lone village and ascended a canyon cut by a torrent of meltwater that told of glaciated mountains above. As we climbed higher, our eyes opened wider—to churning and sacred waterfalls, a mysterious hermitage hut atop a huge boulder, green meadows, and craggy ridgelines soaring to snowy summits. Above 16,500 feet we camped under the watch of wild sheep and bearded vultures, and I stumbled across some of the world’s highest petroglyphs. We explored untrod glaciers and summited four untouched 20,000-foot peaks. When our time was up we hiked out dizzied and humbled to have been granted an audience with an unknown land. But I knew a climbing expedition was just a brief introduction to this isolated area. I wanted to get to know the people in that village.
For years I’ve been curious, haunted really, by conflicting visions of progress and native life. The lonely village from which we started our trek– I’ll call it Skichen–seemed barely connected to the modern world. Was Skichen a thriving colony adapted to the fairytale setting, or was it a forlorn outpost, scraping by on mountain shards? As my partners all left for home, I stayed on to find out.
SKICHEN SITS AT THE wild edge of Ladakh, a remote region of northern India that flowers in the vacant rain shadow ranges between the Himalaya and Karakoram. In this “Land of Many Passes” the barren terrain is so inhospitable to human life that it has always turned away the march of empires. For centuries Ladakhis have lived mostly in the side canyons, tending grain terraces that, from a distance, look like green rafts of intelligent life in an ocean of stone. Since the Second World War, Ladakh’s outlying sectors have been garrisoned into even deeper isolation. China, India, and Pakistan have warred over these areas, mainly to keep the others out of the territory they have claimed as their own.
I first came to Ladakh in 1982 as a volunteer for an NGO, fresh out of college and thrilled to meet an indigenous mountain society. The NGO’s mission was to help Ladakhis preserve their traditions as the modern world moved in. I trained the locals to lead treks and to install passive solar, but I knew I had more to learn than to teach. My first lesson was to let my enchantment bubble burst by appreciating how much Ladakhis are forced to work simply to survive. Growing and processing their grain takes a full-time commitment. Add herding, spinning, weaving, gardening, cooking, building, brewing, milking, fruit drying, trading, marrying, celebrating, praying, and I soon realized a Ladakhi’s life was something no Westerner could imagine, much less envy. How could they be so happy?
All of us go-ser (“yellow head”) visitors saw it. In the 1990s I led charitable treks with another NGO, and we would venture over passes to isolated hamlets where our hosts, clothed in patched homespun robes, greeted us with huge grins. They showed us with quiet pride how they fashioned flour mills, looms and cloth, copper vessels, walls and ceilings, pressed oil from apricot kernels, and more. When they performed traditional storytelling dances, we asked for the stories, but our translator shook his head, “There is so much, I have no words for it.” At one point I lingered at a rooftop eyrie, admiring apricot trees and barley fields set beneath spectacular mountains, and I realized that a setting like this would be worth a fortune in California, but no realtor could offer the family ties, community, and integrity the people had with the landscape.
Still, everyone laughed together when we tourists, like dude ranchers, would totter as we carried huge loads of cut grain up to village homes. Almost every client on our trips returned to the States saying, “They have so little, and they’re so happy.” Some still tell me how they’ve come close to tears when they think about their time in Ladakh. Ladakhis carry on with something elemental that we lost long ago, something we don’t even know we ache for until we see it.
I’VE ALWAYS LIVED with the belief that mountains can restore things that we have lost. The people of Ladakh inspired me to think of mountains not just as places to visit and climb, but also as places to fully inhabit. I moved to the east side of the Sierra, California’s rain shadow, where jobs are few and arid mountains run high and broad. Friends noticed how I learned to live with less before chasing to earn more.
My respect for my Ladakhi friends deepened when I followed their invitation to visit in winter. Frigid and grey days dimmed spirits, and long nights dropped to 25-below. At traditional New Year’s celebrations the Ladakhis danced, raced horses, and sang, but around spare kitchen fires I learned the harsh facts about years past. A friend named Ngawang told me how hungry he’d been growing up.
“Many days we had no dinner. Maybe we would have one spoon of barley flour in hot water. Some days I went to the stream and ate little fish.” Fish are taboo, and he held his fingers an inch apart; he had resorted to eating fingerlings. Ngawang grew up to elope with a poor but hard-working girl, and then was fortunate to acquire a piece of land. They built a tourist guest house and now they do well.
“So you grew the barley and raised the animals by yourselves?” I asked, incredulous.
At Tsering’s house I developed a chest cold that worsened into bronchitis. For three days I barely dragged out of my sleeping bag. “We call winter the dying season,” the village doctor told me. I dug into my antibiotics kit and recovered, grateful to the pharmaceutical industry.
By 2012 I had visited Ladakh nine times, enough to speak basic Ladakhi and to understand many of their folkways. Still, when I approached that outpost village of Skichen to see whether I might stay over for a time, I was seeking pieces to the happiness puzzle.
SKICHEN IS AN ARRAY of fields, homes, and willow and poplar groves at 11,000 feet, dwarfed beneath barren hills rising to 16,000 feet. Some 40 people live in eight homes. The closest village is a long day’s walk down-valley, though the government has recently pushed in a rough road. That glacial torrent from the higher peaks supplies the hamlet with ample water, a rarity here.
Skichen’s multi-story houses are made of stone and adobe, and most have glass windows that would have come packed in on ponies from far away. (I later learned that a recently installed hydro turbine generates a few hours of electricity each night.) I approached the first villager and did a double-take at his t-shirt: I THINK I KNOW YOU FROM FACEBOOK. His name was Kunzang, and no, he had no Facebook profile. But he pointed me to a bridge across the stream to the house of Angchuk, a friendly man whom we’d all met as he herded sheep and goats by our basecamp at 15,000 feet. Angchuk agreed to board me for nine days at 500 rupees a day. He also said I could take pictures and record audio.
Angchuk’s wife, Rigzen, welcomed me into her kitchen with a toothy “Skyot-le!” A wiry woman with thinning hair tinted with henna, her few missing teeth and weathered skin make her look older than her 50-odd years. But the creases in her face framed an almost permanent grin. She served me butter tea, sourdough bread, yogurt, and chang, a barley home brew. After lunch I followed her and several others to gather grass for the cows and goats. I watched for a bit, and when I asked to help they said ok, probably to humor me. You grasp a handful of grass, whack it off with a sickle (not easy, because of the dull blade) and toss it into a big pile. When an area is cut one person then feeds the grass into a weave-roll that another twists with a windlass stick into a rope. They knot the ropes into tidy loads, which we all carried to the home and up a rickety ladder to store on the roof.
Throughout the afternoon everyone worked and rested as they wished. Even the visiting schoolteacher pitched in. Others came and went in a fluid and seamless arrangement. The steadiest worker of all was Rigzen, also the oldest. The whole time she grinned broadly, as if she were about to laugh at a joke. Was she simply amused by the sight of me, a too-tall go-ser trying to play Ladakhi?
At dusk we all made final carries to the house, then Rigzen gathered sticks for the fire, measured and mixed dough for dumplings and chapatis. Angchuk helped her prepare the meal. I was famished, and as the evening grew long I had nothing to do but to keep still, remembering how most Ladakhis would think of this as trivial hunger. Rigzen’s face was still pulled into that laughing smile. I wondered whether her high cheekbones came from her grinning muscles working overtime. I heard the sizzle of greens in a pan and my mouth watered. By the time we ate it was late. Afterwards, at nearly 10 pm, she cleaned the kitchen. Only then did I see her smile fade. But at dawn I found her at the basement tugging milk from their four cows, her grin restored.
“No, very little!” she said still smiling as she removed the bucket, which contained barely a quart. She wore the same smile through her morning chores. After breakfast I followed her and a whole family crew down to a wheat field, to harvest by hand. When Rigzen sat on her haunches to cut and stack she still wore that big smile.
I asked my new acquaintances if they could sing their traditional harvest work song, so I could record it. Some laughed, but Rigzen started right in to rise-and-fall yodels like I’d heard in another village years before. Half the crew joined in, sending thanks to the sky and land, the song helping them pace their bodies and spirits through the work.
Harvesting in Skichen. (L to R): Rigzen, Tsiang, Angchuck, Nyorgen, and Kunzang.
Later I beckoned to niece Nyorgen to let me have a go with her sickle. After 10 minutes my arm and back started aching, and I realized that though I was fit for mountaineering, I wouldn’t last an hour in the fields. As I adjusted my posture and pace, Nyorgen called me out: I was stacking incorrectly. She showed me how to lay the sheaves like shingles, with one row’s stalks covering the heads of the row beneath. Ah, the cleverness: the shingled stalks shed rain, which can ruin the grain with mould. I was relegated to pulling out volunteer peavines for animal fodder. As I toiled, Rigzen smiled, which she did the remainder of the day. And of course that evening she did most of the cooking.
Was Rigzen as happy as she looked? I asked Angchuk, who told me yes, his wife is happy a lot. Nyorgen also acknowledged that Rigzen is unusually happy. When I watched her at work I couldn’t help but think, “I want what she’s having.” But what does she have? So very little.
I wondered if I’d found my Himalayan guru. Rigzen’s smile soars so far above her circumstances, she’s off our happiness charts; she greets another hard day of labor as if it were a party. The great irony is that an economist would take pity and rain down solutions for the poverty she hasn’t noticed. On Skichen’s little raft she’s paddling through big mountain waves sure as if she’s touring a South Pacific Eden. I decided Rigzen is by far the happiest person I’d ever met.
FOUR DAYS INTO my stay, a Buddhist monk came to visit. We all took an extended midday break to listen to the robed man teach from the honored spot by the kitchen stove. All except Rigzen. She heard much of the teaching, I’m sure, but she kept working in a corner, spinning wool and baking bread. Of the lama’s words, I understood barely one in 20, but I heard him speak of sonam, or merit. Village laity have learned to respect the Buddha and his teachings, including the faith’s “First Noble Truth” which explains the inevitability of suffering. But villagers’ Buddhism flourishes in folk traditions such as altar offerings, spinning prayer wheels, offering simple chants, and prostrations on special occasions. These traditions, it is said, prepare them for higher practices in future reincarnations. Buddhism is, I believe, a pillar to villagers’ lives, but I surmised that Rigzen grins more from work and love of her family than from Buddhist teachings.
I knew what this meant. Their sons had no plans to take over the household, or to stay with them in old age. To young villagers newly able to explore the modern world, remaining in Skichen probably felt like a prison sentence. Angchuk appeared to respect his son’s choices, but with the hint of anxiety I’d expect. “If people come to the village and bring money, that would be a good thing,” he said.
A day after the lama left, four of the sons showed up to help with harvesting. Rigzen beamed to welcome them into her kitchen. They bore gifts from afar, including fresh tomatoes, bottles of lager, horrible army whiskey, and smartphones loaded with pop music and portraits of Asian girls. One brought a DVD of the 2010 World Wrestling championships.
The young men were surprised to see a foreigner in the home. One who knew some English asked me, “How do you like the village food? Isn’t it very heavy?” I admitted that it was. I enjoyed the thick bread and barley flour and dumplings, but I couldn’t eat as much of it as the Ladakhis, and I was growing thin. I think Rigzen somehow knew, and she and Nyorgen started serving me occasional cups of raw milk, right from the cow, warmed on the stove, a treat often reserved for infants and the infirm. I felt guilty taking more than my share, essentially from their own skimpy reserves, and I tried to refuse it. But Ladakhi protocol traditions, or zhangs, call for guests to refuse food before being pressed into accepting it. So they kept pushing the cup toward me, insisting Don-le! – “Drink it up!” – until I thankfully gave in.
WHEN THE TIME CAME for me to leave I didn’t anticipate that Angchuk would reject my payment of nearly 5,000 rupees. As I counted them out, he held up his hand. “No! You are our best friend. You cannot give us money.” This was not zhangs; this was averting insult. We had shared jullays across a vast span of humanity, and as I got up to leave the gravity of these things pulled a knot into my throat. I didn’t know what to do but to return one day and pay the family some other way.
“What’s the simple system?” I asked.
Well, she doesn’t work for money, and she’s never clocked hours under a boss. We are trained to measure work as life’s unfortunate deficit, best reduced to zero, but Rigzen savors every moment of it. She wrests the essentials of life through her hands, gleaning from raw stone, crafting by the rhythm of the seasons, her pace determined by the steady beat of her heart. Even among her family and fellow villagers she’s the one living in the most elemental way, and she’s the happiest. Does progress doom us to exile from smiles like hers?
From Healthy Living magazine to the Dalai Lama, we’re taught that the greatest joy comes from giving to others. Most of us, I reckon, are happy to give from surplus. Where does Rigzen find the heart to keep giving when she’s just a homespun robe from freezing and a fallen crop from starving?
IN 2014 I BOARDED A JET at LAX to guide a small group up another peak and to visit Skichen again. Into my bags I stashed gifts for my village friends: sunglasses, photographs I’d taken of them, solar-charging flashlights, and a file for sharpening sickles. I had a long layover in Paris, and I crashed out in a chair in the transit hall. When I woke, half dreaming, I wasn’t sure where I was or how I got there.
I saw a great hall abundant with modern treasures, but no one’s mind was present enough to enjoy them. Some glanced at glamorous shopping stalls, others were feeding themselves in the food court, and many were staring at screens – mostly at smartphones. My fellow travelers were here, but they were somewhere else: waiting for the next flight out, anticipating the next app to accelerate and amplify their lives. In my drifting-dream state they appeared like ghostly caricatures of modern life, entirely disengaged, biding their time in transit hall minds.
I thought of Rigzen, so very alive with that big grin as she paddled her life raft in the Karakoram foothills, connected to her few family members and fewer possessions. Likely we in the West were once similarly engaged some time ago, but I wondered when and if we would ever know that kind of grin again.
I scanned through my own life, and came to climbing. Of course a Ladakhi would ask, what befuddled irony, what silly common sense, would send “modern” people out of their way onto vertical walls and faraway mountains? It’s true, we take big risks and work far harder in climbing than we ever would at our jobs. I remembered pulling into the first of the Stoveleg Cracks on the Nose of El Capitan and feeling my hands and feet slotting nicely into the polished white fissure of the up-beckoning groove. Higher I went, placing no gear so my partner could enjoy the pitch without fear of a pendulum fall. It was risky work and it was scary, but I was sure of myself and I grinned in a moment of Rigzen-like unity with time and place. I also remembered roaming up the complex north flanks of Great Trango Tower, where my partner and I had no way to know our route except by climbing around this and over that, and suddenly we were high among the Karakoram peak-gods, our bodies and souls dancing in the fairytale landscape. Climbing quests take us out of the transit hall mind and put us into right here and right now.
Has Rigzen ever lived any other way?
Nowadays I seldom climb, but I have a son. My Himalayan guru says without words that my job is to find that grin of being human in everyday, less extreme moments, and pass that on to him. He’s found pretty good engagement in baseball and cello, and when I see him tracing the path of a ball through his bat, or channeling Vivaldi through his bow, I know he’s starting to get it.
FROM THE TRANSIT HALL in Charles de Gaulle Airport I continued to Asia, and a few weeks later I crossed the wooden bridge and walked the stony path to Rigzen and Angchuk’s home. Rigzen shuffled out, surprised and happy to see me, but she wasn’t smiling. “I’m sick,” she said.
I expressed my concern for her, and asked if Angchuk was home.
“Angchuk is herding the village’s sheep and goats in the mountains. Maybe he will be back tomorrow.” She managed a weak smile and offered tea.
Later I walked into the hills and found Nyorgen and some of the younger villagers harvesting grain to the tinny sounds of Bollywood music playing from a mobile phone. The music seemed to call them to someplace far away.
Rigzen perked up when Angchuk returned the next morning. He and I then walked together to a new homesite a mile away, to prepare adobe bricks for their eldest son, who would return from the army soon to marry and to build a new house.
The following day I followed Angchuk and Rigzen into the fields to harvest grain. I fell into collecting peavines, my old job. Angchuk talked about how Skichen was one of the last villages without a threshing machine, a gas-powered beast to replace the old way of walking cows and donkeys in circles on the crop. He said that by next year they would likely have one. Rigzen smiled and said, “Ma gyalla duk,” that would be a very good thing.
Alpinist, international mountain guide, author and photographer Andy Selters has chronicled his adventures in books and periodicals for the better part of four decades. The Wall Street Journal called his history of North American mountaineering, Ways to the Sky, one of the top five adventure books of all time, and it has been honored with multiple awards, including the National Outdoor Book Award and the Banff Centre’s James Monroe Thorington Award for the Best Work of Mountaineering History. Selters has also authored or co-authored essential guides, from the best-selling Glacier Travel and Crevasse Rescue and The Mount Shasta Book, to Wilderness Press’s original guide to the PCT, The Pacific Crest Trail. His landscape and adventure photography is exhibited in galleries around California. When he is at home in the Eastern Sierra, he teaches T’ai-chi and coaches youth baseball. He is currently at work on a memoir, which he says is focused on dreams and nightmares both coming true.
Selters’ journeys in Asia include first ascents in the Karakoram, Garwhal, Khumbu, and Langtang areas. If asked to recount his most memorable excursions, however, he’ll mention two: his trek from Nepal to Mt. Kailas tracing the path of the Buddhist and Hindu pilgrimage, and a mountain biking journey in the ‘80s from Lhasa to Kathmandu.
As this article goes to press he is leading another small group to Ladakh.
Selters’ website is being redesigned, but you can read his thoughts about mountains and life on his blog.
Andy: Beautiful, as usual. Thanks.
Beautiful piece Andy. Chris and I would love to visit some day. | 2019-04-22T06:53:10Z | https://sustainableplay.com/that-house-of-happiness/ |
After testing seven new models, we’ve updated this guide with new top, runner-up, and compact picks.
We’ve spent more than 100 hours researching and testing surge protectors, and we found that the Tripp Lite 12-Outlet Surge Protector offers the best combination of surge protection, safety, and number of outlets for the price. It will absorb common household surges—of hundreds or even thousands of volts—before they reach your electronics, preventing damage and fires. And you don’t have to wonder whether it’s still doing its job, because once its protection has worn out, it safely cuts power so you know to replace it.
If you want a surge protector for your home theater or office, the Tripp Lite 12-Outlet Surge Protector (TLP1208TELTV) is your best choice. It has a critical auto-shutoff feature, more than enough outlets to keep all your gadgets powered, plus coaxial and telephone connectors. It offers great protection against household surges that come from other equipment in your home or fluctuations from the power company. It has a generous 8-foot cord and feels sturdy and robust.
The P12U2’s surge protection was as good as any we tested, but it can still provide power after part of its protection is worn out in some cases. It lacks telephone or coax connections but adds two USB charging ports.
The APC 12-Outlet P12U2 has the auto-shutoff feature that we require of a main pick, but the feature only kicks in when one of its three wiring sections fails—if either of the other two sections wears out first, your expensive electronics will be left partially unprotected. However, its LEDs indicating a wiring problem or loss of protection were as big and clearly marked as any we’ve seen, and it has just as many AC outlets as our pick. Although it lacks the telephone or coaxial ports of our top pick, it adds two USB ports instead so you don’t have to sacrifice outlets to charge a phone, tablet, or other small device. In our testing, it let through as little surge voltage as the Tripp Lite. The APC’s joule rating is about 30 percent higher, too; that means it’s designed to last longer, but how much longer it lasts is just an estimate.
With six AC outlets and two 2.4-amp USB ports, the Powramid Air packs a lot of protection into a compact disk.
For light-duty powering, like under a nightstand or end table, the Accell Powramid Air is the way to go to protect gadgets like phones, tablets, or alarm clocks from surges. It has two USB ports and six AC outlets in a round package that’s smaller than a dinner plate. The USB ports put out a combined 2.4 amps, enough to charge one smartphone or tablet at a high speed or two devices at low speeds. The circular layout of the Powramid Air’s outlets makes it usable with a variety of plug sizes. Despite its silly name, the Powramid Air packs real protection and performed almost as well as our main and runner-up picks against individual surges—although the protection might not hold up to as many surges as larger models.
Tripp Lite’s SK10USB is the only single-outlet option we’ve found with an auto-shutoff feature, and it has two 2.4-amp USB ports.
The Tripp Lite 1-Outlet SK10USB offers the portability of our favorite small power strips for travel, but with even more protection. It has an auto-shutoff mechanism—the only single-outlet option we’ve found that will disconnect power when its surge protection is worn out—plus two 2.4-amp USB ports. It performed well compared to other small options we’ve tested. We’d choose the SK10USB for protecting single appliances or devices, or even tossing in our carry-on when traveling.
Overkill unless you have high-end home theater, office, or media equipment, the Powerstation knocked down surges better than any model we tried, including surge eliminators costing twice as much.
Our top picks will protect most equipment in most cases. But the Furman Powerstation 8 had the best surge suppression of any model we tested and is worth the price if you need to protect high-end electronics. It turned a 5,000-volt surge into just 40 volts, thanks in part to a shutdown circuit that turns off all power when a surge is detected. The Powerstation actually let less voltage through in our tests than high-end series mode surge eliminators that can cost hundreds more. But common equipment like a computer monitor will be fine when protected by our less expensive picks, so the Powerstation is best for people who insist on peace of mind or have top-of-the-line electronics they want to protect.
I’ve been a science writer for more than four years, covering a wide variety of topics from particle physics to satellite remote sensing. Since joining Wirecutter in 2017, I have reported on the best solar battery packs, the best USB-C cables and adapters, and more. The editor of this guide, Mark Smirniotis, has covered power products like rechargeable batteries and portable jump starters since 2015.
In order to separate fact from fiction about surge protectors, we reached out to experts in multiple fields while writing the original version of this guide. We talked to Mike Hyland, a 30-year veteran of the utility industry and senior vice president at the industry’s trade association (the American Public Power Association) to learn about power grids and utility-scale surge protection. We emailed with Jack Loppnow, an insurance pro who has been in the industry since the 1960s, and got advice on what part homeowners’ and renters’ policies play in protecting your technology investments.
Additionally, we’ve had Lee Johnson—an electrical engineer with more than 10 years of experience designing and testing electronics—put our top picks to the test in three separate rounds of testing.
A surge protector does much more than supply extra outlets. It’s first and foremost a safety device, a relatively inexpensive way to protect expensive electronics. There’s little reason for anyone to leave their office, den, or home theater without one—or to hang onto old, worn-out surge protectors.
Surge protectors don’t last forever. Most estimates put the average lifespan of a surge protector at anywhere from three to five years. And if your home is subject to frequent brownouts or blackouts, you might want to replace your surge protectors as often as every two years. If you move as frequently as I do, every couple of years, a good rule of thumb is to just get rid of your old surge protectors as you’re packing up and replace them when you move into your new place. If you have a cheap, basic power strip—or the kind of multiport adapter that plugs right into a wall outlet—it most likely never had worthwhile surge-protection capabilities to begin with. No judgment—I once owned a power strip that my parents bought for their first house. But you should replace these subpar options as soon as possible and be thankful that they didn’t catch fire or damage your electronics.
The surge protection components inside wear out a little more with each surge and there’s virtually no way to know how much protection remains. Many cheap models continue to pass power to their outlets even after the protection is long gone. That’s why we suggest looking for a surge protector with an auto-shutoff feature that stops conveying power when the protection wears out.
Most estimates put the average safe life of a surge protector at anywhere from three to five years.
Although surge protectors can’t do much to protect your property against direct lightning strikes—which are pretty rare anyway—they can help with the much more common surges that originate inside your home or building. They can also protect against occasional surges from your utility company and are especially worthwhile in areas with unreliable power grids.
Even though common, inexpensive surge protectors wear out, high-end series mode or hybrid surge protectors can last indefinitely. But the prices can easily soar to 10 times the price of our main and runner-up picks, making them an impractical option for most people.
If you have equipment that could be damaged by a sudden loss of power, a hard disk drive (HDD) that’s susceptible to data corruption, or critical gear that can’t ever go down (like a CPAP machine to treat sleep apnea), you shouldn’t be looking at a surge protector at all. Instead, you want an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), most of which have built-in surge protection. You can read about our top UPS picks in our full guide to them.
We started our research by scanning the top results on Amazon, Google Shopping, retailers like Walmart and Home Depot, and the websites of well-known brands like Tripp Lite, Accell, and Belkin to compile a list of potential models.
As with previous iterations of this guide, we considered the different ways that people use surge protectors. For our main pick, we knew we wanted something heavy-duty for use with home theater gear and game consoles in a living room (or computer equipment in an office). We also looked at smaller units designed for kitchen outlets or bedside tables, as well as series mode and hybrid models for people who want the highest level of surge defense.
The surge protector shuts off when it’s worn out: We preferred surge protectors with an auto-shutoff feature so your equipment is never inadvertently left unprotected. Otherwise, we required, at minimum, an indicator light to notify you when it’s no longer protected against surges.
At least eight AC outlets for living room or office use: We required at least eight AC outlets for the main, runner-up, and top-of-the-line contenders, at least four for the nightstand contenders, and one or more for the light-duty pick.
A UL surge protection rating of 400 V or better: Although we verified each model’s abilities in our own electrical testing, we required that they be rated by product safety corporation UL to bring down a surge to (at most) 400 volts, with preference given to models that achieved the lower 330-volt rating. Lower is better when it comes to let-through voltage, the measure of how much extra voltage reaches your electronics.
Higher joule ratings are better—to a point: A joule rating tells you about how much energy the surge protector can absorb before it fails—in a video game, the joule rating would be the health meter—so, the higher the better. But you never get to see the meter itself, and how long it will last is just an estimate, so we don’t put a lot of stock in it.
Convenient auxiliary ports: We preferred (but did not require) our picks to have telephone ports for the small but significant number of people in the US who have a landline phone or dial-up internet connection—about 43 percent and 3 percent of the population, respectively. We dismissed any nightstand or light-duty contender without at least one USB-A port with 2 amps or more.
At least a one-year warranty: A one-year warranty is a bare-minimum requirement for something you’re trusting to protect equipment costing tens or hundreds of dollars, and that you’ll be replacing every few years either way. Keep in mind that a warranty only covers defects in materials or construction and won’t help you when the surge components wear out as designed—and even a lifetime warranty doesn’t last forever.
Port layout and overall design: To keep oversized plugs from blocking nearby outlets, we wanted the ports to be adequately spaced. And we didn’t want something overly heavy or bulky that would look out of place in a room. Well-designed clamps, hooks, or holes for mounting the surge protector on a table or baseboard were an added bonus.
For the next phase of our reporting, we tested some of the claims made by each company. Any surge protector that’s been rated by UL will have its surge-protection capabilities stamped on its body or printed on its box. And while it’s pretty easy to rule out the worst models through research alone, we did our own head-to-head comparisons to verify which models have the best protection.
In the US, AC power outlets nominally provide electricity at 120 volts, but most electronic devices can handle more thanks to power bricks designed to operate on the 240-volt standard used internationally. In our testing, we subjected each surge protector to a 5,000-volt surge and measured how much would get through to any connected equipment.
Lee Johnson, a veteran electrical engineer, set up our testing parameters. He attached each model to an EMtest NX5 surge generator to produce surges from 200 to 5,000 volts in 100-volt increments along each of the three legs of the wiring—line-to-ground (L-G), line-to-neutral (L-N), and neutral-to-ground (N-G)—and recorded the resulting output that would be passed along to any devices plugged into the surge protector. He followed that up with five consecutive surges of 5,000 volts and averaged those results. He recorded the output—lower is better, because it means the surge protector is holding back more power from your devices—for all three legs of wiring. According to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, no home would ever experience a power surge over 6,000 volts, and most don’t even come close. The major exception to this would be direct lightning strikes, but at upwards of one billion volts, no home surge protector is going to save your TV from one of those.
In 2016 and 2017, Johnson dissected each surge protector to assess the components inside. He compared the thickness of the wiring, the size and arrangement of the MOVs, whether any filters or capacitors were incorporated into the designs, and the overall construction quality. For reputable brands selling surge protectors in the $15-50 range, the guts were so similar that the dissection didn’t yield any useful information, so we didn’t tear down the seven models we tested at the end of 2018.
To further demonstrate the importance of using a surge protector, Johnson subjected a (very old) Dell LCD monitor to a 5,000-volt surge, both with and without protection. After taking the protected hit, the display powered on and displayed an image with no problem. By comparison, when he funneled 5,000 volts directly into the unprotected display, it promptly cried out in pain, never to be turned on again.
We didn’t test any series mode or hybrid surge protectors in our most recent round of testing because we think they’re overkill for most people, and in past testing we found our also-great pick to perform as well or better, by some measures, for a lower price. But when we tested several models previously (the SurgeX SA-15, the ZeroSurge 2R15W, and the Furman Powerstation PST-8), we put them through the same paces as their less expensive and more common MOV-based counterparts. We subjected each to surges ranging from 160 volts all the way to 5,000 volts to observe their response and then did an additional five hits at 5,000 volts to get an average. We also tore apart each unit and found similar designs and construction, with only minor differences in the visible components.
We’ve tested dozens of surge protectors and are confident that the Tripp Lite 12-Outlet Surge Protector (TLP1208TELTV) is the best for a living room or office. It has all the safety features you need, plenty of outlets, stellar surge-protection performance, and superior build quality to others we’ve tested.
The Tripp Lite 12-Outlet has an auto-shutoff feature that powers down the unit permanently when it’s worn out and no longer able to block power surges. Unlike most surge protectors that continue to power your electronics even after the protection is gone, our pick is safe and trustworthy—if it’s still providing power, it still has some protection left. In addition to its auto-shutoff function, the Tripp Lite has two little LED indicators: one that tells you when surge protection has been compromised and the other, which lets you know if you have a short circuit, a blown fuse, or a wiring problem that requires electrician intervention.
When we sent 5,000-volt surges of electricity through the Tripp Lite, it suppressed as much as any MOV-based surge protector we tested. In our tests, the Tripp Lite averaged a let-through voltage (the remaining amount of the surge that is passed through to your devices) of 207 volts. This is well below UL’s 400-volt rating. In fact, every surge protector we tested came in under 400 volts except for the cheap, generic model we picked up at a big-box store—it let through a whopping 517 volts on the L-N leg and had no protection whatsoever through the other two legs.
The Tripp Lite’s 12 AC outlets should be more than sufficient for most people’s needs—that’s enough for a TV, gaming console, soundbar, and an excessive number of lamps. You can find surge protectors with more than 12 outlets (Tripp Lite makes one with 24 outlets) but they’re generally too big for around-the-house use and lack peripheral ports like USB, telephone, and coaxial connectors.
The Tripp Lite also has dual coaxial connectors so you can hook up your cable box and three telephone ports (unlike Ethernet, these ports don’t support high-speed Internet, so while you can use them to protect a landline telephone, you won’t be able to use them to shield network gear from damage). If you’re setting up a media center with equipment that requires a coaxial or telephone connection, these extra ports are nice to have. Just like with AC outlets, power runs through them, so they can be impacted by lightning and other types of surges. For example, a spike in power through an incorrectly grounded cable line (which are not uncommon) can destroy an unprotected cable box. Unlike our runner-up and light-duty picks, the Tripp Lite doesn’t have any USB ports. But since this type of surge protector is commonly out of reach (behind a couch or desk) and is designed for more heavy-duty usage, we don’t think USB ports are all that important.
The Tripp Lite’s exterior matches its solid performance with a sturdy, utilitarian shell. Unlike your run-of-the-mill power strips (or even the Hyper Tough surge protector we tested), its veneer seems built to stand up to most minor scratches and scuffs. It’s compact enough to slide under a bed or entertainment center, and a set of holes on the back gives you the option to mount it on a baseboard. Its thick, rubberized, 8-foot cord is two feet longer than the one on the P12U2, making it more convenient to run underneath bookshelves and couches. Tripp Lite offers a limited lifetime warranty on the TLP1208TELTV which protects against any defects or failures for the life of the product—but know it’s not considered a defect for the surge protection to eventually wear out as designed.
The Tripp Lite’s joule rating is around a third lower than our runner-up from APC: 2,880 versus 4,320 joules. The joule rating tells you how much the surge protector can take before it’s worn out, so it’s likely that our top pick won’t last as long as the APC. But because it’s an estimate and our pick is still higher than many others we considered, we decided to give more weight to the figures we could test ourselves.
Another concern with the Tripp Lite is that it’s a little tight on space. There are four well-spaced outlets for large power bricks, but the single row of eight outlets quickly gets overcrowded, especially with bulky plugs. It would have been nice if some of the outlets were located on a different facet of the body, or if it had rotating outlets like Belkin’s PivotPlug. But the Tripp Lite’s good overall performance outweighs this minor flaw.
If our main pick, the Tripp Lite 12-Outlet Surge Protector, is unavailable, you should get the APC 12-Outlet P12U2. It has just as many AC outlets as our pick and roughly the same average output and let-through voltage in our testing, and its joule rating is almost twice as good. Plus, like our pick, it comes with a lifetime warranty. It’s just as sturdy as the Tripp Lite, and we like its outlet placement a little better. But several key drawbacks kept us from making it our top pick—namely, an inferior auto-shutoff feature and a shorter cord.
The P12U2’s auto-shutoff feature—the thing that prevents it from delivering power to your electronics after it’s lost the ability to protect them—only kicks in when the main (L-N) leg wears out. This means that if either of its other two legs (L-G or N-G) breaks down first, it will continue to send power to your devices, and they could become damaged in the event of a surge. The silver lining is that the P12U2 has two notification LEDs—long strips of clear plastic stretching across the full width of its body—which clearly indicate when it’s no longer able to provide protection or if there’s a short circuit or wiring fault. This is the only model we considered with this design; most surge protectors’ notification lights are the size of a pinhead.
Just like our pick, the P12U2 has plenty of AC outlets (12). The absence of telephone and coaxial connectors on the P12U2 might be an inconvenience if you want to hook up your landline phone, dial-up internet, or cable box through your surge protector. For everyone else, though, it’s no great loss. Plus it has two USB ports, which aren’t super useful for a media center but are nice for a home office or anywhere that you have devices that can be charged or power directly over USB.
When we zapped the P12U2 with 5,000 volts, it staved off the surge about as well as our top pick, with a let-through voltage of just 205.2 volts, which is well under the 330-volt UL rating that comes with this surge protector.
Like our top pick, the P12U2 has a limited lifetime warranty to cover any defects. It also has a rating of 4,320 joules, which is about 50 percent higher than the Tripp Lite (though it’ll protect your equipment equally as well from any single surge). Like we explain in Flaws but not dealbreakers, the higher joule rating means that the APC model should last a little longer, but it’s just an estimate, and there’s no way of knowing exactly how much longer that will be.
The P12U2’s cord is only 6 feet long, but we think in most cases that’s still plenty long to reach across a room. Just like our pick, the P12U2 has four widely spaced outlets for bigger plugs, but its remaining eight outlets are split into two rows of four, giving you a little extra room. And its build quality is just as good as the Tripp Lite’s.
We like the Accell Powramid Air for light-duty use around the house, even if we hate pronouncing the name. Like our top pick, the Powramid Air safely shuts down once its protection is expended, so you won’t put your electronics at risk and you’ll know when it’s time to replace it. The low-profile design (about 7.25 inches in diameter and two inches high) is ideal for nightstands or end tables where space is at a premium. And despite its smaller size, the Powramid Air was able to suppress the most common surges as well as most larger models.
The Powramid Air’s auto-shutoff feature will permanently power down the unit when it has reached the end of its life and is no longer able to suppress surges. That’s the safest way to be sure that your surge protector is actually protecting your electronics. Even if you aren’t using the Powramid Air to power pricey equipment, like you might with our main picks, it’s nice to have the added peace of mind.
It has half as many AC outlets as our top and runner-up picks, but we think six is sufficient for a light-duty surge protector. Plus, it has two 2.4-amp USB ports—upgraded from 2.1 amps in an older model, the Accell Powramid—which gives you faster charging speeds for most smartphones and tablets. Even if you plug in a reading light, sunrise alarm clock, essential oil diffuser, and a Qi wireless-charging dock—to describe my own bedside table—you’ll still have a couple of outlets to spare.
In our testing, the Powramid Air only let an extra 291 volts through, on average, when tested against 5,000-volt surges. That’s in the same class as our top picks that were closer to 200 volts. However, it probably won’t last as long—it’s rated to absorb only 1,080 joules before it wears out, much less than the joule ratings of the Tripp Lite (2,880) and APC (4,320) models. Though our other picks have lifetime warranties, the five-year warranty on the Powramid is about as long as you should keep a surge protector anyway, since the protection circuits will wear out eventually.
The Powramid Air is sleek and compact, with a flattish shape that (at just two inches tall and a little over seven inches in diameter) makes it easy to slide under an end table. Its 6-foot cord is thick, flexible, and durable. Its blue-and-green LEDs (which let you know, respectively, if the unit is powered on and protective) are well-marked and clearly visible on top. The ports' generous spacing gives you full access to all of them.
If you want something that offers solid protection in a small package—say, to power a single appliance on your kitchen counter, and to charge a couple of smartphones—you should get the Tripp Lite 1-Outlet SK10USB. In our full guide to small power strips for travel, we recommend models with as many as four AC outlets and up to two USB ports. But while those power strips offer just token protection, the SK10USB provided solid protection in our testing.
We used to recommend Tripp Lite’s SpikeCube for this category, but the SK10USB has two 2.4-amp USB ports; the SpikeCube has none. Plus, the SK10USB has an auto-shutoff feature—the only single-outlet option we’ve found with this capability.
In our testing, its let-through voltage (292.4 volts) was comparable with our main and runner-up picks. Although its expected lifespan is less than half or our top pick’s (based on a rating of 1,080 joules), it’s just as good as that of the Powramid Air. And it comes with a lifetime warranty, which is impressive for such an inexpensive device.
In terms of look and feel, the SK10USB seems surprisingly durable and plugs straight into a wall outlet without adding much extra bulk. There’s plenty of room between the AC and USB ports, preventing plugs in one from blocking the other. It’s also a bit more sophisticated-looking than our previous pick, the SpikeCube, which has a bulbous beige plastic exterior.
Most people don’t need this degree of protection, but the Furman Powerstation 8 had the strongest surge protection out of the dozens of models we’ve tested, besting even high-end series mode surge protectors that cost hundreds more. Even though our tests showed that common equipment like computer displays can survive surges when protected by our less-expensive picks, stronger protection may be worthwhile in some cases. If your home theater or office workstation budget is in the five figures, then a little more spent on improved protection is reasonable. And if you prefer to have complete peace of mind, there’s no more affordable way to get it than the Powerstation.
Even though our computer monitor survived the 400 volts that our former picks expelled when subjected to a 5,000-volt surge, the Furman Powerstation 8 goes much further in its protection. In our tests, it repeatedly allowed just 40 volts of that surge to pass through to the outlets. Instead of relying on standard MOVs to absorb the entire surge, Furman adds additional protection. Once a surge goes over 137 volts, the entire unit shuts down to protect itself and any connected equipment (switching the unit on and off resets it). Any surge that gets through before shutdown passes through a series of capacitors as well as a large inductor meant to filter the extra power. The large MOV, similar to those found in less-expensive units, only sacrifices part of itself as a last resort after the filtering stage. This is why you won’t find a joule rating listed for the Powerstation, according to Furman; since other surge protectors rely solely on MOVs to absorb energy, it wouldn’t be an apples-to-apples comparison.
The Furman Powerstation 8 had the strongest surge protection out of the dozens of models we’ve tested, besting even high-end series mode surge protectors that cost hundreds more.
The company also claims that the Powerstation’s circuit design has led to a repair-replacement rate below 0.005 percent since it was introduced. Given how effective the setup was at swallowing our test surges, we have every reason to believe that the Powerstation will provide more protection for longer than standard surge protectors in the under-$50 price range.
This improved protection comes at a cost, though, and not just in terms of price. With just eight AC outlets in total—plus two telephone ports and two coaxial connectors if you need them—the Powerstation could quickly leave you short when trying to power a lot of electronics. Its three-year warranty is one of the shortest we’ve seen, which is disappointing since we expect the Powerstation’s surge protection capabilities would last much longer than the three to five years that less expensive models survive. Its layout leaves something to be desired, with just two AC outlets properly spaced to accommodate large plugs. If you have pricier-than-average gear, though, these trade-offs make sense. While the Powerstation isn’t quite as convenient, it will provide more protection than our other picks. And it’s sturdily built overall, with an aluminum body and 8-foot cord.
APC 6-Outlet P6WU2: We didn't get a chance to test the P6WU2 in this round of testing, but we'd like to consider it against the Powramid Air (our light use and travel pick) in a future update.
APC 11-Outlet P11U2: This model is equivalent to our runner-up pick (the APC P12U2) in pretty much every way, but it has one fewer AC outlet and its joule rating is half as good.
APC 12-Outlet PH12U2: The PH12U2 performed similarly to the P12U2, but its build quality and design are not as good.
Belkin PivotPlug 12-Outlet BP112230-08: This model was formerly our runner-up pick, but it doesn’t have an auto-shutoff mechanism.
Hyper Tough 6-Outlet PS682B_B: We bought the cheapest surge protector we could find at a local Walmart, the Hyper Tough 6-Outlet, and it failed spectacularly in pretty much every way.
Tripp Lite TLP1008TEL: This model was formerly our top pick, but it has two fewer AC outlets than our current pick.
Tripp-Lite 6-Outlet TLP606DMUSB: This one performed well, although it's really only useful for a desk or workbench—it has a desk clamp but no wall mount, and it's impractical to set it on the ground. It's also pretty lightweight and feels flimsy.
Tripp-Lite 6-Outlet TLP66USBR: It’s nice that this one has four USB ports, whereas the most that any other model we tested has is two, but it had less-than-stellar output and let-through voltages in our testing. Plus, its extendable USB hub feature is hard to maneuver and not all that useful (it seems like a gimmick) and there's no option to wall-mount it.
Tripp Lite SpikeCube: This was formerly our one-outlet pick, but unlike our current pick in this category, it doesn’t have an auto-shutoff feature, nor does it have USB ports. It’s homelier in appearance, too.
Noise filtering: Noise filtration is a common “premium” feature on the more expensive surge protectors that we tested, but since most models performed similarly, we haven’t continued to test it. In any case, all quality power supplies, whether internal or external, have some noise filtration built in.
Connected equipment insurance coverage: While many surge protectors are sold with this, we disregarded it when deciding which models to test for this guide. We suggest that you read the fine print, since often you’ll have to jump through a bunch of hoops to collect in the event of disaster. If you want financial protection you can count on, don’t get it from a tech manufacturer. Just make sure you’re covered by your homeowners or renters insurance policies.
“Smart” surge protection: The smart surge protectors we’ve come across thus far are really more like “high-tech power strips,” says Wirecutter staff writer Rachel Cericola. In general, their joule ratings are laughably low, and their let-through voltage ratings are dangerously high. We’ll keep an eye out for improvements, but for the time being the performance just isn’t there—and, as with any internet-connected device, you’re opening yourself up to security risks.
Whole-house surge protection: Homeowners can opt to install a surge protection device (SPD) for their entire home that works in a similar manner to plug-in surge protectors but provides protection at the front door. According to Mike Hyland, a utility expert we interviewed in 2017, this was an option pitched to people by utility companies in the 1980s and ’90s in an effort to increase revenue, but it fell out of favor when the companies made investments in other areas. Estimates to have an electrician install an SPD range from $500 to $1,000, assuming your home electrical panel and service from the utility are modern enough to wire it in. We researched whole-house surge protectors and learned that they are typically rated at a much higher let-through voltage, clamping at 600-1,200 volts—a let-through voltage of 430-1,030 volts. This is 2-4 times higher than our picks and should be able to prevent damage to appliances, table lamps, and other electronics that are less sensitive to surges than computers and A/V equipment. But it’s high enough that we would still recommend adding surge protectors for your sensitive equipment, even if you already have a whole-home surge protector. Lee Johnson, our engineer, didn’t test any whole-house surge protectors, but he says it’s only worth considering if you live in an area that’s at high risk for routine surges or line downings.
Series mode surge protection: If your home theater costs more than a compact car, then series mode protection may be worth considering, but the technology isn’t worth the huge price tag for most people. These surge suppressors are superior to MOV-based protection on pretty much every point—we’ve tested them in the past and they let virtually no extra voltage through, and the non-sacrificial components are designed to last indefinitely—but they can cost more than 10 times as much to replace as our top picks. Plus, our pick from Furman, which is less expensive than true series mode protection, had similar performance.
Never daisy-chain multiple surge protectors to add outlets or plug a surge protector into an extension cord. This is an easy way to exceed the current ratings on the surge protector and even the wiring in your walls. The best-case scenario is that you trip a breaker or blow a fuse. The worst-case scenario is that something starts melting. That’s the opening act for an electrical fire.
Never plug a surge protector into an ungrounded outlet using a three-prong-to-two-prong adapter. Bypassing the ground will render many of the benefits ineffective because two-thirds of the MOVs (components that provide electrical resistance) are often tied to the ground leg.
Use three-prong plugs, or plugs with one blade that’s thicker than the other, whenever possible. According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, this decreases the risk of electric shock.
When you first plug in a surge protector, make sure that the status lights don’t report any problems. Most protectors have a single grounding light that indicates whether there’s a ground fault. If it shows that there is one (typically by being unlit), call an electrician as soon as possible to determine whether you have a wiring problem. A ground fault could fry your devices, electrocute someone, or start a fire.
Always replace your surge protectors after any large event (lightning strike down the block, multiple outages in rapid succession), and if you’re plugging in new gear, check each outlet for burn marks or any sign of damage.
If your protector delivers power even after its MOVs have failed, plan to replace it anytime you have a major electronics upgrade, or at least every 3-5 years.
In our guide to the best space heaters, we warn against plugging space heaters into an extension cord or power strip—and that goes for surge protectors, too. In order to generate heat, space heaters and other appliances with an open heating element (e.g. toasters, hair dryers) use a lot of power, increasing your chances of overloading the outlet. The extra connections and cord length of a surge protector also add resistance that can allow heat to build up, potentially catching fire or otherwise damaging the device. The warning tags and instruction manuals that come with open-heat electronics (that you probably skim or ignore completely) often warn against using them with extension cords, power strips, or surge protectors. To be on the safe side, plug them straight into the wall.
We know they’re not the prettiest things to look at, but you should never cover up any part of a surge protector or extension cord with rugs, poufs, or other decorative items. This type of direct contact prevents heat from escaping, which could start a fire. | 2019-04-19T08:23:52Z | https://thewirecutter.com/reviews/best-surge-protector/ |
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Just power on the headphone and it will connect to your device. Microphone comes with the D1 braided audio cable so you can make your phone calls in clear voice. Differences between ct-7 and ct-7s: except the difference in the car-ear shape, the largest difference is the headphone driver : CT-7S equip with volume control of 85dB, making it more suitable for children because of this protection feature.
It is a great choice for present for sharing your happiness with your friends and family. Specifications: speaker diameter: 40mm speaker impedance: 320hm Speaker sensibility: 108db+/-3db Frequency response: 20-20000Hz Working voltage: 3. 1-4. 2v thd: mic sn ratio: 40db mic freq response: 100Hz-80KHz Speaker impedance: 32~ Max.
Bluetooth Headphones, Riwbox CT-7 Cat Ear LED Light Up Wireless Foldable Headphones Over Ear with Microphone and Volume Control for iPhone/iPad/Smartphones/Laptop/PC/TV WhiteΠnk - This kids headphone combines elements of music, color together, lights, the cat-ear with Red/Blue/Green LED embedded can blink and changes color with the rhythm. They can help you express your emotion and suitable for everyone, adults, student, children or youth. Output power: 12mw operation range: 10m/360 material: plastic color: green blue Weight: 210g Dimension: 176 x 120mm Package include: 1 x Speaker 1 x USB line 1 x 3.
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. In the past, we did receive feedback from parents, but we believes that we can always do something, telling us our headphone did helped their children with autism issues to gain smiles again. We are so encouraged and would like to do more to help more children. Great sound and Limited Voice, better to protect kids ear.
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Once you done the matching, you can save the hassle for matching again.
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We wish to bring joy into every family, to add a touch of fun in our daily life.
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Microphone comes with the D1 braided audio cable so you can make your phone calls in clear voice. Connection status will be shown on screen of smart-phone, providing you the needs for quality natural sound and strong bass while keeping convenient.
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MGA Entertainment 553007 - We wish to bring joy into every family, to add a touch of fun in our daily life. With the glowing riwbox cat cartoon at the side can let you take a step away from your usual self and let every other knows how great you are feeling. On/off led light : when you are using the headphone in bluetooth mode, you can choose to turn off the LED blinking effect so as to reserve more battery for longer music playing.
Bluetooth 4. 2 : powerful 40mm speaker with the bluetooth 4. 2 technology, you can save the hassle for matching again. Perhaps what we can do is so insignificant, to help them for a better life. Riwbox ct-7s is a foldable bluetooth headphone with a lighting theme. Surprise pet with 7 surprises, 6 face masks, sticker L.
L.O.L. Surprise! Bigger Surprise with 60+ Surprises - O. L. Built-in 3. 5mm aux jack enables wired connection whenever needed. Once you done the matching, and voice reminder available for battery level. Just power on the headphone and it will connect to your device. Please feel free to send us a message for a prompt service and support. | 2019-04-21T06:18:47Z | https://www.televisionery.com/bluetooth-headphones-riwbox-ct-7-cat-ear-led-light-up-wireless-foldable-headphones-over-ear-with-microphone-and-volume-control-for-iphoneipadsmartphoneslaptoppctv-whitepink/ |
I was recently asked this question at a braai. Usually, my favourite spot in SA is the place that I’ve just visited… until I get to explore a new destination.
But if pressed, I guess that I would say the iSimangaliso Wetland Park in Kwazulu-Natal is in the top five of my list (if not right at the top) of the best travel destinations in South Africa.
And yes, I have just returned from Kosi Bay on a trip with Jannie Rykaart of Protea 4×4 (Remove Adventures). Our mission was to hopefully see the leatherback and loggerhead turtles laying their eggs on the white beaches of Maputaland – an occurrence that dates back over 300 000 years.
For some reason he left out the leatherback turtle that was around on these ancient shores since a time when humans (Homo sapiens) only first started appearing on earth.
Like any good Loggerhead, I put my key into the ignition of the brand new Mitsubishi Pajero SWB 3.2 DiD. It had the grand sum of 47km on the clock!
Rolling behind was a sand-coloured GT Camper. The GT Camper is a relatively new kid on the block, but is the first off-road trailer in South Africa to come out with a hard floor tent.
I was really looking forward to testing this towing combination, on looks alone it looked like a match made in heaven.
The name iSimangaliso means “place of miracles and wonders” in isiZulu. The park is a unique global treasure, so much so that in 1999 it was listed as a World Heritage Site (in fact the very first in South Africa).
The park covers 332 000 hectares and has 220 km of coastal shoreline stretching from Maphelane in the south to Kosi Bay in the north.
The coral reefs are considered to be second only to the Great Barrier Reef in Australia in terms of their marine diversity.
Within those thousands of hectares are three major lake systems, eight different interlinking ecosystems and the largest remaining swamp forest found in South Africa.
Added to this iSimangaliso harbours Africa’s largest estuarine system, 25 000-year-old coastal dunes and some 526 bird species.
It’s a 700-odd-kilometre drive from Johannesburg to Kosi Bay, where we would be spending our time on this trip.
Like all my journeys, I discovered another “must get back to” jewel on the way: the small village of Wakkerstroom.
If you have the time, I would highly recommend staying over at Wakkerstroom if you are travelling from Gauteng. But it was onward to the super comfortable Kosi Bay Lodge where we were to meet the rest of our companions for Jannie’s tour.
Jannie always accommodates his clients at the Kosi Bay Lodge – super comfortable chalets each set up for maximum privacy in the coastal forest surrounding the lodge.
I understand why Jannie and Ansu Rykaart always book their clients into Kosi Bay Lodge. Sadly I didn’t meet Neels Joubert. But his wife Karin, who never seems to sleep, made sure our group was treated like royalty. The accommodation and food at the lodge is superb.
I had my own accommodation in the GT Camper, and was due to stay at the brand new camping area was being constructed at Kosi Bay Lodge, close to a traditional Zulu village that has been specially built for the lodge.
But due to heavy thunderstorms just before our arrival, the first campsite at Kosi Bay Lodge was still under construction. Judging by the fabulous wooden walkways, the large wooden deck for the braai and chill out area, like the lodge itself I know that it will be first class.
So while I love camping, spending a night in luxury chalet at Kosi Bay Lodge (with my own private swimming pool) after such a long drive was bliss.
The next day, all rested out, I set out on my mission to move around explore a few of the amazing campsite that iSimangaliso had to offer.
I was up early and at the Kosi Bay Mouth entrance gate when it opened at 6am.
I took the GT Camper along to test the towing combination while out and about, plus I had a picture in my mind’s eye of the Pajero and off-road trailer looking out over lake Enkovukeni with its waters laced with its lines of interlacing fish traps. These fish traps were mentioned in the Portuguese seafarer’s journals that date back some 700 years.
To my disappointment, one isn’t allowed to take an off-road trailer down the sandy 4×4-only track down to the mouth.
I knew that the rest of the group were definitely going to picnic and snorkel down at the mouth, so I backtracked half a kilometre to the Utshwayelo Kosi Mouth Lodge and Campsite.
Utshwayelo takes its name from the fish kraals celebrating the traditions and culture of the Thonga people. It is a community partnership project of skills sharing and a life of purpose.
The lodge provides an income to the community in the form of rental, job opportunities, and involvement and assistance with projects. Local reeds, grass mats, and other handmade articles are used for building materials.
Utshwayelo has been in existence since 1992 as a community campsite. In 2010 the current management took over and has grown Utshwayelo into the successful lodge it is today.
The Fish Eagle campsites are superb. All are surrounded by neat reed fencing ensuring absolutely privacy, and have a braai, an electrical point, a light and water on tap. How they managed it I don’t know, but each campsite is under the shade of large old Waterberry trees.
The sites vary in size accommodating both large and small groups, but each has its own unique charm. The communal ablutions with hot showers are clean, neat and serviced daily.
I particularly love the boma area with its swimming pool, small wood-decked pub, dining room and lounge. You would also have to travel far to find as a friendly a host as camp manager Enock Tembe. This is really a facility that pays back to the community.
Actually the word “community” pretty much sums up why I love the Kosi Bay area so much. It’s a vibrant coastal community of warm-hearted people. Drive along any of the criss-crossing sand tracks and you will meet young and old of the local Thonga (Tembe) community.
In the big bustling town of Manguze you can get everything you need in terms of supplies. There’s a large well-stocked Spar. The guys at Utshwayelo all gave me the tip of buying excellent fillet and rump and a really good price from the huge Boxer Supermarket in the town.
I love the music that pumps out from the DJ set-up in front of the shop. There is a completely different and unique vibe to this Indian Ocean town only a couple of kilometres from Ponto do Ouro. Jannie tour actually included a day trip across the border for Dos M beer and prawns mopped up with traditional Paõ bread rolls.
Meanwhile, I headed off to visit as many campsites in the area as possible.
At Kosi Bay Lodge there was a total of 20 of us on the Protea Safari trip.
The group consisted of Danie and Crista Franzen from Potchefstroom. Danie a former gold squad police detective now works in Surinam. I’d heard the name but had no cooking clue where on the globe it is.
Adding another four to the group was Peter and Linda Scaife, her daughter and son Luan and Nicole Zwarts.
I had met Chris and Barbara Holden from Johannesburg on Jannie’s trip to Sani Pass earlier in the year. This was like a gathering of the Protea 4×4 Adventure club.
Also joining us was Ian Kempe and his wife Sandy from Joburg – I had spent three weeks with Ian and his daughter Laura on Jannie’s trip to Moremi.
Another interesting couple was Doug and Jenny Gamble. I have an Australian passport (long story) but have never been Down Under, so it was great chatting to this adventurous couple that had lived there for a number of years.
Rounding off the crew was Theuns and Christa Koen from Eshowe, and Vimal and Komal Kanjee with their two young kids. These two girls had such beautiful manners, well done Mom and Dad.
Palm Tree Lodge is neat as a pin.
From Utshwayelo I headed south to Palm Tree Lodge. I really liked this spot from the moment I entered the gate. Relatively new in the area owners Patrick and Cathy Pedlar are the warm hospitable hosts that us caravan and campers dream of. The Pedlar’s took over the lodge in September 2016.
It’s a large campsite and as neat as pin. But at the same time, from the humorous and quirky painted signboards, the creative work of Cathy, you are made to feel welcome.
There are 9 campsites each with their own private ablutions. They have modern showers with a hand basin and a toilet. Outside there’s a double washing up sink and a sink for washing clothes.
The private stands have electricity, a dedicated braai and water taps.
Palm tree Lodge is the perfect family getaway. There is plenty to do with a large games room with a pool table and table tennis. For the younger kids there is a really well thought out play area with a jungle gym, swings and a trampoline.
I enjoyed a very reasonably priced homemade hamburger at the al fresco open plan restaurant. This lovely eatery looks out at the swimming pool and bar area.
I definitely would recommend this first class establishment.
From private campsites to bush adventure – my next port of call of was an old favourite, the iSimangaliso Wetland Park Kosi Bay campsite right down on the emerald blue waters of Lake Nlange.
The campsite has fifteen well-shaded campsite situated in unique coastal bush. Each campsite can accommodate up to seven guests. The sites all have a water tape, braai facilities and a 15-amp power point.
Five of the sites have a view of the lake. Without a doubt my favourite sites, right on the edge of the lake are no’s 1, 2, 3. With my absolute favourite being No2!
Two of the sites are wheelchair friendly too.
There are two neat ablution blocks with hot showers that are serviced daily. Note that there are no dishwashing and laundry facilities.
Just remember you need to book if you want a spot at this campsite, especially over Christmas, New Year and Easter.
I just love walking out on the wooden jetty in the early morning and watching the sun rise over Lake Nlange. This campsite must be truly the closest to paradise one can find in South Africa.
I had to reconnect with the Turtle Tour group, but on the way back I couldn’t help pop in at a signboard offering the best wood fired pizzas in Africa. This was Ray Jackson’s Kosi Bay Casitas.
Ray met me at the wooden decked reception area. At his side were two other members of the Casitas clan, Bella the friendly husky and Cha Cha the Border collie.
I had already heard about Ivan, the Casitas chef, from some other resorts. His speciality is seafood and traditional Mozambican dishes. It was Ivan who built the wood fired pizza oven.
Apparently you also don’t need to cross the border before tasting his Zambezi chicken, peri-peri prawns or his famous dessert called a Kosi Lime Pie.
The campsite itself is well shaded with electricity at most sites, water on tap and two rustic but simple ablutions with hot showers looking after the campers. I liked the rustic yet neat and trim well-ended campsite.
I also like the restaurant and chill-out lounge that looked out over the swimming pool.
But Ray’s campsite with its chalets and backpacker accommodation is not only for the youngsters. It’s for any visitor with an adventurous spirit.
I met an architect and his wife and their well-kitted Land Cruiser while driving one day, and they told me they were staying at the Casitas and loved it. They were my sort of age… meaning they’ve seen more than 6 decades on earth!
Len and Jenny Claase’s Lake View Bush Camp is a magic hilltop campsite overlooking the lakes.
It’s a lovely drive up the sandy road up to the hilltop overlooking Kosi Bay’s third lake.
There are six shaded campsites on the terraced hillside camping area, each with an electrical point, water tap and a pit braai. Remember to bring your own braai grid.
There is a neat ablution block with hot and cold water. The ladies’ section has a bath as well as showers. Right next-door is a communal kitchen area with washing up facilities, a kettle with nearby extra plug points. A real plus is the big fridge and freezer available to all campers.
At the crown of the hill with sweeping 360 degrees views over the area is a pool and entertainment area with a wooden deck looking down over the lake.
Lake View Bush camp, in my view, is the ultimate place to come and quietly contemplate your navel. Yet it’s close enough to all the facilities that the greater Kosi Bay has to offer.
Even a hop across the border to Ponto do Ouro is an easy day outing if you base yourself here.
From Lake View Bush Camp I headed back to Kosi Bay Lodge (a full 1,3 km drive) to join the tour group for a trip to go see the turtles.
On two occasions over the past few years I have been booked for a trip to see the turtles at Kosi Bay. On both those occasions the trip was cancelled at the last moment!
Well, at least this time with Jannie I’d got to Kosi Bay… and at the right time. But for whatever reason the powers that be weren’t playing ball.
Being from the Cape, I wasn’t ready for the pyrotechnic display this tropical paradise dished out to us.
There was no way we could take the Kosi Bay Lodge boat to visit the egg-laying beaches.
Thankfully, Jannie is a good tour operator with plenty of Plan B’s, and we headed down to Kosi Bay mouth for a picnic and to have a closer look at the fish traps.
But I wasn’t listening, I’m a caravanner!
It was drizzling all the way, winding through thick dune forest, over coastal dunes before winding down to the parking.
Let me tell you, through mud, slush and sand that GT Trailer followed the Pajero. I was hardly aware that was towing anything. Now I understand why it’s so hard to find a second hand SWB Pajero.
I would have been quite happy to stay for a week at Bhanga Nek. Like a turtle I had my home at my back, and I had supplies (including a bottle of whisky and ice in the fridge).
Within two minutes I had my home ready for bed. One step up and I was in my warm queen-sized bed. And there is no need to make up the bed – when you close up your caravan, your bed stays made.
Although it was drizzling and dusk turning into the dark of the night, we had headed down the beach with our turtle guide Simanga.
There are three guides in all, and these guys are true professionals. After a thorough briefing, with and absolute prohibition on using torches, Simanga guided us in a tight group down the beach. The other two guides, like ghostly wraiths in the darkening light, disappeared down to the beach to look for some turtles.
I guess we’d walked two or three kilometres down the beach, when the trip turned turtle, if you’ll excuse the inexorable pun.
The heavens opened. With the wind whipping the beach into a gigantic sandblasting machine we huddle together like a bunch of sad and lonely shipwreck victims on the Bhanga Nek beach.
My Kosi Bay turtle curse had struck again!
It’s funny how an experience like this pulls a group together. Despite not seeing one natural wonder, I think we all had learnt a good lesson: Never underestimate the power of nature.
As for the turtles, the amazing creatures that swim and get swept as far as the Antarctic coming back to lay their eggs in the exact place where they were born… why should they share their most sacred moment with us mere mortals?
So if you do get to share it, get down on your knees and say Thank You.
The GT in the off-road trailer’s name stands for Great Track. The founder of the Great Track adventure camper is JM Klopper, a diehard camper all his life.
A caravan didn’t fulfil his needs because most of the time he couldn’t tow it to the more remote and off-the-map places he and his family liked to visit. His thinking went something like this: Something simple, comfortable and strong.
But added to this were other must-have features: set-up in less than 2 minutes with zero tent poles or lines, low profile that makes towing effortless, little wind resistance, and amazing towing stability.
GT is the only camper trailer in the South-African market with a hard floor tent.
The first must-have feature you can tick off – the tent does take less than 2 minutes to set up.
I also found the GT a dream to town. With its low profile, wind resistance is minimal, and you can see the traffic behind you thanks to the low profile trailer.
When I set up the trailer for the first time I really got to appreciate the hard floor of the tent. It does make a big difference in camping comfort. It has the feeling of being in your bedroom at home. It’s also easy to keep clean.
It’s a first in South Africa and I think we will see some manufacturers following suite.
Another big plus is the gigantic queen sized bed, accessible via two small steps.
There’s tons of easily accessible packing space.
All in all this is a tough and very well made camper. | 2019-04-20T15:04:20Z | https://www.caravansa.co.za/5-resorts-in-kosi-bay/ |
In surgical education, the use of technology has evolved during the past three decades. Audio cassettes constituted a modest technical starting point that quickly evolved into video tapes and films of operative procedures [ 1 – 3 ]. A technological advance was realized in the conversion from analogue to digital lines, which constituted a low-cost improvement of the quality of the recordings. Also, computer technology evolved in parallel with an increase in the use of the Internet, which substantially changed the set of circumstances for surgical education. Hence, Internet platforms and pioneering devices were incorporated in novel teaching methods. An online learning platform is constructed toward innovating professional training for, e. g., surgical procedures [ 4 ]. Moreover, it is inexpensive compared with face-to-face teaching methods and it releases students from time and distance restraints [ 5 ].
Online teaching platforms that blend online media with traditional classroom methods, such as Google and Microsoft classrooms, are encouraged by international technology companies. Platforms come in various types and shapes ranging from local websites to international companies generating massive revenues. Schools are revolutionized by online paperless teaching [ 6 ]. Furthermore, medical education, with an emphasis on surgical education, endorses online learning for undergraduate students with a few recommendations for postgraduates.
We aimed to review the literature about online teaching platforms, from their methods of applications to their future potential use in professional surgical education.
The best practice recommendations for formulating nonsystematic reviews have previously been defined [ 7 ]. This nonsystematic narrative literature review plays the role in surgical education of providing readers with state-of-the-art knowledge about online platforms to facilitate future education in this area. Unlike systematic reviews, a narrative review does not profit from guidelines such as PRISMA because there are no formal guidelines, but only recommendations.
A nonsystematic literature review normally holds back from describing the methodological approach that would permit reproduction of data as well as abstain from providing specific answers to quantitative research questions [ 8 ]. Uncharacteristically, we present in Fig. 1 our databases although a narrative review article does not typically list the types of databases and methodological approaches used or evaluation criteria for inclusion of retrieved articles [ 9 ].
Using the search terms we identified citations about online platforms in surgical education in English (Fig. 1). Online platforms are considered contemporary technology ranging from the oldest relevant paper from 1998 to the most recent paper from 2018. The included references existed in the form of published papers, Internet articles, reports, and books.
Citations not related to surgical education were omitted. Likewise, search items not available in English were left out. Specific articles in nonmedical or educational fields such as business administration or other specific nonsurgical medical fields like internal medicine or anesthesia were also excluded (Fig. 1).
The procedure comprised two authors’ inspection of titles, abstracts, and full-text papers, which were reviewed against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The first author performed the detailed literature search. The final list of citations was completed by all authors. Search items were studied from the nature of the article, country of origin, date of publication, and aims and findings in relation to online platforms. They were scrutinized regarding models of platforms, about applications in surgical and health-care education, about advantages and disadvantages from students’ perspective of surgical education, as well as about personal experience in using online platforms in surgical education. Future directions were articulated based on the results along with limitations of the method as well as of the limitations and strengths of the full paper.
Altogether, 279 relevant citations were identified and reviewed for this study (Fig. 1). After reading the titles and abstracts, the full texts were read for further assessment. In total, 22 articles remained, of which 19 papers (ten original research, two review articles, seven internet articles) and three books were relevant to the subject matter and met the inclusion criteria. The search items were read in English and the country of origin of the papers is shown in Table 1.
Blended learning was the main topic of the articles. In a blended-learning program, for example, students might attend a traditional classroom with the teacher’s face-to-face instruction, while also independently completing online components of the program outside of the classroom [ 29 ]. The papers with a focus on blended learning identified the principles and effectiveness of this kind of teaching. The same articles recommended a shift over the next decade toward the use of the very blended approaches in higher education and workplace professional environments. In other words, online teaching platforms with applications are going to affect the future academic education in professional surgery. Moreover, eight articles confirmed the effect of online learning and determined that it is a valuable tool for surgical education. One article studied the application of media in medicine and health care. This article concluded that professionals have a starting point in engaging with social media in a safe and ethical manner while pointing out the benefits of upcoming explorations to understand the synergies between social media and evidence-based practice. Four Internet articles were found to describe the use of online platforms in education from student–teacher communication, submission of assignments, and providing feedback. Improved teacher–student communication was also of interest.
In the present nonsystematic or narrative literature review, the following research question was posed: “How do online teaching platforms with applications affect future academic education in professional surgery?” The answer was qualitatively elaborated and thereby bestowed the reader with state-of-the-art knowledge about models of platforms along with its applications in surgical education. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of online instructive platforms viewed from the surgical trainees’ perspective were elucidated and focused on. Personal experience from online platforms in surgical education was shared for the reader’s benefit. Future directions were presented relative to the current topic.
The concept blended learning is normally applied to the practice of both online and in-person learning when teaching students [ 12 ]. In 2006, blended learning referred to a combination of face-to-face teaching with computer mediated instruction [ 13 ]. The report “Defining Blended Learning” indicated that blended learning appoints the possibilities presented by combining digital media with classroom instruction that require the physical presence of teacher and students [ 20 ]. In agreement, blended learning was thought to require the physical presence of teacher and students [ 15 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 21 ].
Blended learning models included face-to-face driver, which is a type of learning in which technology is used alongside traditional in-class teaching. In this model, the teacher supports the driven instructions with digital tools. Rotation is known to be one of the most common models of blended learning. Students go through a fixed duration of time learning online and spend the remaining time with face-to-face classroom instruction, which is the traditional method, when teaching and learning take place at the same time in the presence of both the teacher and the student. With flex most of the curriculum is taught through an online platform, while teachers are available for face-to-face support. Labs is another model in which the whole teaching curriculum is delivered via a digital platform but in a traditional classroom. Self-blend is when students choose to add some online course work with their traditional learning. By contrast, online driver is when students complete a whole course through a digital platform with online teachers’ supervision, and face-to-face meetings are only scheduled when necessary [ 6 , 6 ].
A blended learning model can be made up of different components, such as instructor-delivered content, e‑learning, webinars, conference calls, live sessions with educators, and other media like Facebook, e‑mail, chat rooms, podcasting, Twitter, YouTube, Skype, and Web boards [ 27 ]. It is also important to note that blended learning models can be combined as a learning strategy [ 11 ].
Blended learning is claimed to be more effective than nonblended instruction or as effective as the same for the acquisition of knowledge in health-professional education [ 28 ]. Health-care professionals use social networks to spread peer-to-peer information and to manage institutional knowledge. By using a medical social networking website all the users are assessed against the state-licensing board-list of practitioners [ 30 ]. In addition, new trends emerge with social networks to support a group of members with various physical and mental illnesses in a safe and ethical manner [ 22 ]. Blended teaching and e‑learning have become fixed features in higher and professional education and are prioritized by universities around the world, as well as by surgical royal colleges. Trainees are likely to be used to virtual learning environments and they expect a similar delivery for their postgraduate studies [ 17 ].
The primary organizations involved in American surgical education founded the Surgical Council on Resident Education (SCORE), whose goal is to improve the education of trainees in general surgery and its related subspecialties [ 14 ]. SCORE created a Web portal for residency programs called the General Surgery Resident Curriculum Portal. This Web portal provides an educational online curriculum to general surgery trainees and their training programs and ensures that all trainees have online access to the same educational materials and resources [ 19 ].
The efficacy of the e‑learning method has previously been demonstrated [ 25 ]. The majority of National Health Service (NHS) trusts now offer online learning tools and modules for continual professional development [ 26 ]. Within surgical training, the Royal College of Surgeons of England supports online learning modules and the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland encourages their surgical trainees to use online learning management system [ 31 , 32 ]. In addition, the General Medical Council (GMC) and the UK Department of Health support the use of e‑learning as an element of a blended learning process for all NHS staff [ 33 , 34 ].
The major advantage of online or blended learning consists in less costly teaching and time-saving approaches to deliver better than the face-to-face methods. Blended learning offers a wide range of flexibility for availability by allowing students to have access to materials from anywhere at any time. Furthermore, students are likely to interact more with each other as well as with their teachers without the restraints that physical interactions would demand. Online platforms comprise interactions between students and teachers via e‑mails, discussion boards, and chat rooms. Students can track their progress and receive feedback on their accomplishments. They can also learn through a variety of activities that apply to different learning styles via, for example, videos, graphs, Multiple choise questions (MCQ), and extended matched questions (EMQ). Moreover, students acquire beneficial skills from using the Internet and computer technology and while learning they have unlimited access to up-to-date articles available via the Web. Additionally, students often gain and enhance their skills in time management, critical thinking, and problem solving.
We believe that some students will be hesitant to change from traditional face-to-face teaching methods to online platforms because of unfamiliarity with and reluctance to use novel technology. In addition, to benefit from online platforms, access to electronic devices and fast Internet connections for large data admittance are obligatory. These requirements can be unaffordable for less economically fortunate students.
Google Classroom decided to tie Google Drive, Google Docs, Sheets and Slides, and Gmail together to assist educational institutions to change their traditional teaching methods to a paperless system [ 35 ]. Google Calendar was also an addition to support with assignment due dates [ 23 ]. Assignments can be stored and graded on Google’s suite of productivity applications that allow for the collaboration between the teacher and the student, but also solely between the students [ 24 ]. On the other hand, teachers have the option to attach files to the assignments and to monitor the progress of each student on the project, whereby the teachers can edit and comment on it. After having been graded by the teacher as well as having received the instructor’s comments, the student on their part can revise and return the study task. Announcements can be posted by teachers to the class stream, which can be commented on by students allowing for a two-way communication between the teacher and students [ 36 ]. Different types of media such as YouTube videos and Google Drive files can be attached to the posts to be shared. The classroom can also be accessed anywhere on the Web or via the Android and iOS Classroom mobile applications.
In May 2017, we created a free Google classroom and called it surgical tutorials. Trainees in a major teaching hospital were invited per e‑mail to join. Four general surgery consultants participated weekly in the surgical tutorials classroom and contributed as teachers for 20 surgical trainees. A teacher posted weekly a new case study followed by several questions about the diagnosis and management plan options or in the form of multiple-choice questions. Also, YouTube videos explaining surgical procedures and anatomy graphs were routinely posted followed by several interactions between trainees and a short feedback from the teachers. The active participation of trainees reflected their general satisfaction with the new learning experience.
We asked how online teaching platforms with applications will affect future academic education in professional surgery. Altogether, 52% of the current search items comprised blended learning and identified its principles and effectiveness. In these articles a shift was suggested to take place in the near future toward the employment of blended approaches in higher education and workplace environments. In other words, educators in surgery benefit from being trained in the use of online platforms and need to acquire a wider understanding of the applications and advantages of online platforms in the teaching process. We predict that universities and the royal colleges must introduce more blended-learning format courses, and they need to encourage the introduction of these concepts in health-care systems at teaching hospitals with a special focus on surgical trainees. Teachers’ positive attitude toward online platforms make them less fear-provoking for technically indifferent students. On the other hand, the access to the platforms in question can be made portable and less problematic by the construction of mobile applications for mobile phones and tablets.
The limitation of writing a nonsystematic or narrative literature review is reflected in the definition of the Latin word narrare, that is, to recount, tell, and narrate a selected topic. To recount makes the data selection individual and not reproduceable [ 7 ]. Therefore, the nature of the nonsystematic literature review method is claimed to be too personal relative to the determination of which studies to include, the way the studies are analyzed, and the conclusions drawn [ 37 ]. Selection bias and subjective weighting of the studies chosen for the review may constitute Achilles’ heels, whose weaknesses are balanced by the fact that more than one author must agree on the selection.
Nevertheless, we have chosen to write a narrative review that spans over 20 years of development since it seemed to be fruitless to conceive a systematic review about such a novel subject while we are awaiting reports with richer data about blended teaching combined with online platforms in surgical education. Hence, our aim was to introduce these kinds of platforms, models of platforms at hand, current applications in surgical and health-care education, advantages and disadvantages from the students’ perspective, as well as to share personal experiences from the use of online platforms in surgical education. Future directions and encouragement for surgical trainees are given. We consider thereby that problems with determining, analyzing, and integrating literature comprising different teaching methods combined with the use of online platforms in surgical education are presently satisfactorily resolved.
Online platforms are introduced by international technology companies to encourage paperless blended learning in schools and higher education. The main advantages of online platforms are consequential less costly teaching and time-saving instruction, more so than the traditional face-to-face technique in surgical education. Teachers in surgery must receive training about online platforms with applications. Moreover, online platforms can be made more user-friendly by the creation of mobile applications. Blended learning can offer a wide range of flexibility for availability to allow students to access the resources wherever and at any time. We predict frequent use of online classrooms in this area of higher education, also with the goal of improving the interactions between teachers and students in surgical education in times ahead.
M. El Boghdady, B.M. Ewalds-Kvist, and A. Alijani declare that they have no competing interests. | 2019-04-20T10:15:03Z | https://www.springermedizin.at/a-review-of-online-platforms-in-training-and-surgical-education/16429202?fulltextView=true |
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What is the difference between an elder and a deacon? If you could sum up the job description of an elder or pastor in a few words, what would it be? Similarly, if you could sum up the job description of a deacon in a few words, what would it be? The best I have ever found is this. An elder is in charge of spiritual oversight of the church while a deacon is in charge of physical oversight.
All people have all sorts of needs. But all needs boil down into one of two categories - spiritual and physical. And God has organized His church to meet both sets of needs. The elders have been placed in their positions to meet the spiritual needs, and the deacons are chosen to meet the physical needs. We see this all over in the Bible, but this distinction is first set up during the early stages of the church. The first place we see these two ministry functions clearly outlined is in Acts 6. A physical need arises in the church, and the apostles realize that although meeting this need would be a good thing for them to do, it would distract them from their God-given priorities.
But rather than just ignore the need, they choose some people from the church to meet that need. In this way, the need is met, and the apostles are able to focus on their purpose in the church. This need is introduced in Acts 6:1 and centers around the issue of a type of discrimination that was going on in the early church.
1Now in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplying, there arose a complaint against the Hebrews by the Hellenists, because their widows were neglected in the daily distribution.
There are two groups of people in verse 1. The Hebrew Jews and the Hellenistic Jews. Both are Jews. The Hebrew Jews are those who tried to remain as obedient to the laws and traditions of Judaism as they could during the dispersion. They still spoke Hebrew. They dressed in their traditional clothing and were obviously very different from all of the other surrounding people. The Hellenistic Jews, on the other hand, had adopted the language, customs and culture of the Greek civilization. They probably no longer spoke Hebrew, but spoke Greek. They didn't dress in traditional Jewish clothes, but wore the kind of clothing the average Roman citizen wore. It was very difficult to tell the Hellenistic Jew apart from anyone else on the street. And naturally, the Hebraic Jews began to look down on the Hellenistic Jews as "second-class" Jews. The Hebraic Jews thought that the Hellenistic Jews had sold out and compromised. They lived and looked too much like the world.
We see this sort of thing happen all the time in churches across America today. In some churches in the Midwest, people will think you are second-class Christian if you don't wear a suit to church. Of course, if you go out to the West Coast, people will think you're too stuck on outward appearances if you do wear a suit to church. There are other ways we try to discriminate between Christians who are really devoted and those who are not. For example, I tend to think that people who come to a Wednesday night prayer meeting and Bible study are the committed ones, while everyone else are "second class." But this is an outward actions that does not necessarily reveal an inward motive. We cannot judge people as "spiritually immature" simply because they don�t come to Wednesday night Bible study. We could also list things like tattoos, what kind of car a person drives, what music they listen to, what they drink with their meal, what they wear to church, how they behave in church, how much money they give to the church and so on. While some of these may be good indicators of spirituality, none of them are able to reveal a person's heart motives to us, which God alone sees. So we must be careful not to judge or discriminate against them.
This is what the Hebraic Jews were doing. Somehow, they were the ones who gained more control in the early church, and in the daily distribution of food among the widows, the Hellenistic Jews were being ignored and overlooked. The Hebraic Jews must have thought that the Hellenistic widows did not deserve to be cared for because they were compromising with the world. They were carnal Christians. And so the Hellenistic widows were going hungry. They had a need which nobody was meeting.
Now, this is just one example of a physical need in the church. There are numerous other physical needs that must not be overlooked in the church. There are always numerous people in the church who have needs. There are the sick or poor or hungry. People who have need of work, or food or clothing. People who have mental, emotional, financial or psychological needs. And it is the responsibility of the church to meet as many of these needs as possible. But here in Acts 6, we are told exactly who has a need and what it is.
They were women who could not work. They were widows who might have had children they were taking care of, or who were too old to remarry or work. They were without food. They were hungry and had no means of getting food. This need is not somebody who could work, but just doesn't want to. This need is not somebody who is making poor financial decisions with the money they do have. This is a real need. These widows are without money and without recourse. They have not way of getting money or getting food. And Biblically, the church is supposed to take care of widows in this situation.
James 1:27 tell us to visit orphans and widows in their distress. "Visit" doesn't just to go by and spend some time chatting with them. The word is episkeptomai. It means to care for, to be concerned about, to be there for them in their time of need, to supply for their needs. It even carries with it the idea of actively looking for them. It doesn't mean waiting for them to come to us and ask that we meet their needs. It means looking around the church and seeking out those who are genuinely in need. This is the way the word is used right here in Acts 6:3 also. It is translated there as "seek out from among you."
Stephen uses it later in his sermon in Acts 7:23. Moses grew up in the royal courts of Egypt, but when he was 40 years old, he decided to go and see how his brethren among the Israelites were doing. Acts 7:23 says, "Now when he was forty years old, it came into his heart to visit (episkeptomai) his brethren, the children of Israel." Moses actively sought out his brethren to see if there was any way he could help them. You know what happens. He tries to help them in his flesh by killing an Egyptian, which forces him to flee to Midian where he hid for 40 years before returning in the power of God.
But the point is that we are to seek out and care for those in the church who have genuine needs. We don't wait for them to come to us. Sometimes, as here in Acts 6, those with needs seek out help for themselves, but for the most part, we should be on the look out for them, and then doing something to meet their needs. So this is what the church is supposed to do for those who are in need. And specifically here in Acts 6, and James 1:27, the widows. Now the Bible contains very clear and careful instructions on how to care for widows.
1 Timothy 5:3-16 contains the Biblical teaching on the care of widows. This passage provides a clear, step-by-step process for determining which widows to care for and how their needs should be met. Verse 3 shows first of all that there are two classes of widows. There are widows and widows indeed. There are widows and those who are really widows. You say, "What's the difference?" Well, the following verses reveal that a widow is anyone who has lost her husband to death, divorce or departure. But a widow indeed is more than just a widow. A widow indeed is a woman who not only has lost her husband, but is completely without help from family members. She has no one in the world who will meet her needs. You see the husband's role was to protect and provide for her. If he dies, then it is the role of her father, her brothers or brothers-in-law, her uncles and her children, if they are grown, to take care of her. But if there is nobody to meet her needs, then she is a widow indeed. She has nobody to provide for her or protect her.
So Paul gives instructs for both in verses 4-16. First, for those who are widows. He says that they should be cared for by their extended family. In verse 4, he calls upon children and grandchildren to take care of her. He says in verse 16 that any of her Christian family members should take care of her. He says in verse 8 that if a family does not take care of its widows, they are worse than unbelievers. He says in verse 14 that younger widows should get re-married if at all possible. But what about those who do not have any family members who support them? What about those who are widows indeed? He says in verse 5 that they should rely on God in prayer and supplication. And then in verse 9, she should be put on the widow's list. Under certain conditions, the church provides for these widows and cares for them (5:9-16). They in turn, kind of become "staff widows" are expected to serve in the church and meet the needs of other people in church, and help teach, train and support the younger women (Titus 2:3-5).
Apparently, it is these widows indeed who are being neglected in Acts 6. It is not all of the widows, but only the Hellenistic widows. They do come to the apostles and ask for help. And the apostles correctly discern that something must be done to meet this need, but that they themselves cannot meet it and still focus on what God has called them to do. In fact, very likely, they realize that this situation has arisen, because they have not been giving enough time to the teaching of the Word. However, they can't do both. They cannot meet this real need and still perform their God-given priorities. They cannot care for the widows and accomplish their purpose in the church. So in verses 2-4, they discern that they need some help. They set their pastoral priorities and lay out some principles for choosing deacons.
2Then the twelve summoned the multitude of the disciples and said, "It is not desirable that we should leave the word of God and serve tables. 3Therefore, brethren, seek out from among you seven men of good reputation, full of the Holy Spirit and wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business; 4but we will give ourselves continually to prayer and to the ministry of the word."
They gather the church together and say, "Look, here's a need that must be met. But our purpose is not to serve in this way. God has ordained us to meet people's spiritual needs with the Word of God. If we neglected the Word, in order to serve tables, certainly, people would be fed physically, but then they would starve spiritually. "But we do recognize that this need is important, and so select some men to meet this physical need. Meanwhile, we will continue to focus all our energy on meeting the spiritual needs. We will do this through two things - prayer and preaching the Word."
It is not that they disliked caring for the needy, nor does it imply that they thought they were too important for such work. To the contrary, they knew that such work was vitally important. But they knew that caring for the sick and poor was not their first priority. Their first priority was not meeting the physical needs, but meeting the spiritual needs of people. So they tell the church to select men to meet the physical needs. Notice in verse 3 that there are three stated requirements for deacons.
First, they had to be men of good reputation. Or men of honest report. This means both inside and outside the church, they are to be well liked. They must be men who are honest and reliable. It is not a popularity contest, but these men are well known and well liked in the community. Second, they are full of the Holy Spirit. These men are spiritually mature. The working of the Holy Spirit is evident in their lives. They reveal the fruit of the spirit and a knowledge of the Word. They are under the control of the Spirit. Finally, they are also full of�wisdom. They are wise and understanding. They are men of discernment. They are able to correctly judge the actions and motives of people to whom they are giving care. Handling the funds of the church requires great wisdom and prayerful discernment.
So from these three qualifications, we see that they are not spiritual slackers. Sometimes, deacons in churches are chosen simply by whoever is willing to serve, or whoever has money to give. But these men were spiritual giants in the church. These were men of faith and integrity and power. They were intimate with the Word and filled with the Holy Spirit. They were wise and discerning. No deacon should ever feel that they are second class leaders in the church. Being a deacon is a high privilege and is meeting a great need that pastors and elders cannot meet.
Now, there are other qualifications besides these three. 1 Timothy 3:8-13 lists several more. They are to be men of dignity, not double-tongued, not addicted to wine, not greedy, and must live out in life what he believes. His wife has certain qualifications also, and he must be devoted to her and be a good father to his children. We could go into great detail on all of these. One author who has is a man named Alexander Strauch in his book, The New Testament Deacon.
1 Timothy 3 also lists the qualifications for elders. There are many similarities between the two offices, but the main difference is in the function. Deacons are to meet the physical needs of the members of the church; the elders are to be those who meet the spiritual needs of the church, primarily through the teaching of the Word. This is what we see the apostles say in verse 4.
4but we will give ourselves continually to prayer and to the ministry of the word."
The two things every pastor, every elder should focus on is prayer and preaching. If these things are not getting done, it is his responsibility and the responsibility of the church to cut things out of his schedule, and take away certain responsibilities until these things become his number one priority and purpose and function in the church. It has become popular today to think of the pastor and the elders as the ones who go about serving people and visiting people in the hospital and in their homes and helping them do the fix-it projects at home and spending time with them on the golf course and in the fishing boat. Now, these things are all fine and dandy for a pastor, or an elder, to do, IF the people in the church are being fed spiritually.
We all know we need food in order to live. That is why we expend so much energy to provide food for ourselves. Yet, most people don't know they also need the Word of God in order to live. In the Old Testament, Moses told Israel, "'�[God] let you be hungry, and fed you with manna which you did not know�that He might make you understand that man does not live by bread alone, but man lives by everything that proceeds out of the mouth of the Lord'" (Deuteronomy 8:3). Our Lord also said, "'Do not work for the food which perishes, but for the food which endures to eternal life, which the Son of Man shall give to you'" (John 6:27).
I am convinced that the main reason the American church is so spiritually weak today is that the majority of pastor's have neglected the systematic teaching of the Word. The Christians who attend churches where the Word is not taught are suffering from severe spiritual malnutrition. And somebody who is malnourished has no strength, no power. They get sick easy. They are easily defeated by any enemy that comes along. All they do is lie around half asleep. A church that is well fed spiritually will be a healthy, powerful, vibrant, growing church. This is why it is so important for the pastors and elders of every church to focus primarily on prayer and preaching.
The contemporary church�has erroneously taken the responsibility of nurturing care for the people of God from under the leadership of the deacons and has reassigned it to the pastor�.Pastors must be caring people, but�the saints should do the work of the ministry.
Pastors who prefer to spend time caring for people's physical needs may be depriving the deacons of assuming their God-given function. If they feel led to focus on such needs instead of teaching the Word, perhaps they unapologetically should step out of their role as pastor-teachers and live out their goals as helpers, people of deep compassion for physical needs. This would open up pastoral slots for others to preach and teach the Word. Christians need the teaching of God's Word at all costs. This must not be neglected.
Churches who prefer having a pastor spend most of his time doing visitation and counseling should consider finding a person specifically for these tasks.
Prayer and preaching the Word are the primary functions and responsibilities of the spiritual leaders of the church. Meeting the physical needs of the church are the priorities of the deacons and church body at large. Toward this end, the early church chose seven men who were responsible to meet these needs. We read about them in verses 5-7.
5And the saying pleased the whole multitude. And they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and the Holy Spirit, and Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicolas, a proselyte from Antioch, 6whom they set before the apostles; and when they had prayed, they laid hands on them.
You know what is interesting about these seven names? They are all Greek names. This implies that all of them were Hellenistic Jews except for the seventh. Luke tells us that Nicolas was a proselyte from Antioch. This means he was a Gentile convert to Judaism who then became a Christian. So none of the seven were of the Hebraic Jews. This doesn't mean that the Hebraic Jews couldn�t be deacons. They could. But the apostles were so intent on making sure that the minority, those who were often overlooked and ignored, were taken care of, they picked seven men from among the minority to make sure the work got done. If we want to reach out to someone, it is often best to pick mature Christians from among that group to do the work. Now certainly, because these men were Godly men, they took care of the Hebraic Jews also, but they did so fairly and with justice.
In the chapters to come, we read more about Stephen and Philip. Great men of God devoted to His service. Stephen becomes the first Christian martyr and was a powerful Bible teacher. Philip was an evangelist carrying the Gospel to an unreached and often hated people group - the Samaritans. He had four daughters who became prophetesses and were influential in the life of Paul.
We don�t know anything much from the Bible about the other five, but literature outside the Bible does give us some hints. Prochorus supposedly became the assistant and secretary to the apostle John. After John died, Prochorus became one of the elders of a large church in Nidomeda before being martyred.
We don't know anything about Nicanor, Timon or Parmenas, but some believe that Nicolas became a false teacher who started the Nicolaitian heresy mentioned in Revelation 2:6, 15. We cannot be sure that Nicolas of Acts 6 is the one who started the Nicolaitian heresy, but there is some speculation that he was.
I see from these seven numerous paths a deacon can take. First of all, like Stephen, Philip, and Prochorus, they can go on to great service and ministry and fame within God's church. Like Stephen, they may end up dying for the truth of Christianity. Others, like Stephen, may spread the Gospel far and wide, and raise up wonderful Christian families to carry on the work. Or, like Prochorus, they may change roles from being in charge of the physical oversight to being in charge of the spiritual oversight of the church.
Then there are those deacons like Nicanor, Timon and Parmenas, who continue to serve God behind the scenes in relative obscurity. They are happy to quietly and faithfully serve God. Their service is rarely recognized, but that is how they like it. They almost never get their name in the bulletin, and especially not in the newspaper. They just love to help people whenever, wherever and however they can. Of course, they will not be overlooked in heaven, for God sees what is done in secret and will reward them. I am certain that there were hundreds, if not thousands of Christians in the early church who greatly benefited from the service of these men. 1 Timothy 3:13 says that those deacons who serve well obtain for themselves a high standing in the church and great boldness when they stand before Christ. Some deacons change roles and functions and gain public recognition. Some continue to anonymously serve God behind the scenes. Those are two highly commendable categories of deacons.
But then some, possibly like Nicolas, end up in false doctrine and teaching heresy. I have known deacons like this - who want more power and fame and notoriety for themselves than God has seen fit to give them, and so they try to get it for themselves, and end up leading many people astray. It is a very sad thing and can lead to disaster.
But whatever happens eventually to these seven, all of them initially have a part in what we read in verse 7. Because they began to serve and minister and meet people's physical needs, the apostles were able to devote more time to prayer and preaching, and look what happens in verse 7.
7Then the word of God spread, and the number of the disciples multiplied greatly in Jerusalem, and a great many of the priests were obedient to the faith.
Verse 7 is the secret to church growth. The Biblical method for growing a church numerically, spiritually and in ministry expansion is simply to feed the flock. Healthy sheep reproduce naturally. Sick and malnourished sheep curl up and die, or wander away looking for grass elsewhere. But when we provide rich, thick, nutritious, lush grass for them to eat their fill of, they will eat and reproduce. It's inevitable. As the apostles are freed to focus on teaching, we see that three things happen naturally.
The Word of God spread. People went everywhere talking about the Bible and what they had learned under the apostle's teaching. People take what they learn and spread it around. It comes out at work. It comes out in the neighborhood. It shows itself in changes of behavior and work ethics and family priorities. When the Word of God is taught, the Word of God spreads.
Second, the number of disciples multiplied greatly. Many people were not only coming to faith in Christ, but were also continuing down the path of discipleship. They were living their lives for Christ and were making a difference in the world through the way they lived.
Finally, a great many of the priests were obedient to the faith also. This means that many of the priests were becoming disciples. Though many of them were formerly very antagonistic to Jesus Christ and the fledgling Christian church, they were now seeing that Christ truly did fulfil the Old Testament laws and prophecies and so they were becoming Christians and living in obedience to the truths of Christ.
When God's Word is preached and God's people are cared for, God does great things in and through His church. And the key to it all was the deacons. They let needy people know that they were cared for. They let the apostles focus on their purpose of prayer and preaching.
Deacons are extremely important in the church for enabling it to function as it should. They meet the physical needs of people so the elders and pastors can meet the spiritual needs. They are ministers of service while the elders and pastors are ministers of speaking. One is not better than the other. Both are necessary for the healthy function and growth of the body.
The greatest deacon of all is Jesus Christ, who came to be a serve and to give his life as a ransom for many (Matt. 20:28). Deacons follow in His footsteps by being strong without being harsh, gentle without being weak, caring without being sentimental, and forgiving without being spineless. The Deacon is the pastor's, the congregation's and the community's best friend because he is Christ to them all. | 2019-04-21T14:39:15Z | http://www.tillhecomes.org/Text%20Sermons/Acts/Acts%206%201-7.htm |
Statutes in pari materia should be taken into consideration in construing a law. If a thing contained in a subsequent statute be within the reason of a former statute, it shall be taken to be within the meaning of that statute.
And if it can be gathered from a subsequent statute in pari materia what meaning the legislature attached to the words of a former statute, this will amount to a legislative declaration of its meaning, and will govern the construction of the first statute.
The meaning of the legislature may be extended beyond the precise words used in the law from the reason or motive upon which the legislature proceeded, from the end in view, or the purpose which was designed; the limitation of the rule being that to extend the meaning to any case, not included within the words, the case must be shown to come within the same reason upon which the lawmaker proceeded, and not a like reason.
A brevet field officer of the marine corps is not entitled by law to brevet pay and rations, by reason of his commanding a separate post or station, if the force under his command would not entitle a brevet field officer of infantry of a similar grade to brevet pay and rations.
The act of 1834, chap. 132, does not repeal the 1st section of the act of 1818, regulating the pay and emoluments of brevet officers.
The 5th section of the Act of 30 June, 1834, is a repeal of the joint resolution of the two houses of Congress of 25 May, 1832, respecting the pay and emoluments of the marine corps.
By force of the army regulation No. 1125, authorizing the issues of double rations to officers commanding departments, posts, and arsenals, a brevet field officer of marines is entitled to double rations. But the fact must be shown that he had such a command of a post or arsenal at which double rations had been allowed according to the army regulations.
The fact of appropriations having been made by Congress for double rations does not determine what officers are entitled to them.
A brevet field officer of the marine corps, commanding a separate post, without a command equal to his brevet rank, is not entitled to brevet pay and emoluments. But if such brevet officer is a captain in the line of his corps and in the actual command of a company, whether he is in the command of a post or not, he is entitled to the compensation given by the 2d section of the act of 2 March, 1827.
"1. Whether a brevet field officer of the marine corps is by law entitled to receive the pay and rations of his brevet rank by reason of his commanding a separate post or station, although the force under his command should not be such as would by law, or by such regulations as have in this respect and for the time the force of law, entitle a brevet field officer of infantry of a similar grade to brevet pay and rations."
"2. Whether the provision respecting brevet pay and rations in the third section of the Act of 1818, chap. 117, is repealed by the act of 1834, chap. 132."
"3. Whether by force of the act of 1834, chap. 132, the joint resolution of the two houses of Congress of 25 May, 1832, respecting the pay and emoluments of the marine corps, is repealed."
"4. Whether by force of the army regulation numbered 1125, authorizing the issues of double rations to officers commanding departments, posts, and arsenals, a brevet field officer of marines, commanding a separate post or station, is entitled to double rations."
"5. Whether the additional fact of appropriations having been made by Congress for such double rations, entitles such marine officer to receive the same for the years for which such appropriations are made."
a month additional compensation for responsibility of clothing &c., under the act of 1834, chap. ___, applying to the marine corps the act of 1827, chap. 199?"
"It is further agreed that Colonel Freeman was commissioned a captain in the line of the marine corps on 17 July, 1821, and on that lineal rank he was commissioned a lieutenant-colonel by brevet on 17 July, 1831, and on 30 June, 1834, he was commissioned a major in the line of the marine corps."
"Colonel Freeman files an account, in setoff against the United States, of $1,013.93, for brevet pay and rations while in command on the Boston station, the same being a separate station or detachment, under the provision of the 3d section of an Act of Congress of 16 April, 1814, for the augmentation of the marine corps. Said amount extends from 30 June, 1834, to 1 April, 1842, and has been presented to and disallowed by the fourth auditor."
"Said Freeman files an account also of $1,669 for double rations while in command on the Boston station, between 30 June, 1834, and 1 April, 1842, under a joint resolution of Congress of 25 May, 1832; which account has also been presented to and disallowed by the fourth auditor."
"Said Freeman files also an account of $354.69 for the responsibilities of clothing &c., while a captain in the line of the marine corps, and in command of the marines on the Boston station, from 17 July, 1831, to 30 June, 1834, under an act of Congress of 30 June, 1834, making certain allowances &c., to the captains and subalterns of the marine corps, as to officers of similar grades in the army, under an act of 2 March, 1827; which account has likewise been presented to and disallowed by the fourth auditor of the Treasury, on the ground that the defendant received the pay of a grade higher than that of captain."
"It is further agreed that double rations have been paid heretofore and up to 30 June, 1834, to the officers of the marine corps, in the manner and as stated in the letter of the fourth auditor of date 27 April, 1842, and marked B, and annexed; also that estimates and appropriations were made, as stated in said letter, since 1834."
"Upon the foregoing facts, the case is submitted to the court; the accounts of the said several claims of the said Freeman to be adjusted hereafter by the officers of the Treasury, if the same, or any portion of them, are found by the court to be legally due."
"FRANKLIN DEXTER, U.S. Dis. Att'y"
The laws will be stated which bear upon each of the three items into which the account is divided, viz., 1, Pay; 2, Rations; 3, Clothing.
"That the President is hereby authorized to confer brevet rank on such officers of the army as shall distinguish themselves by gallant actions, or meritorious conduct, or who shall have served ten years in anyone grade, provided that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to entitle officers so breveted to any additional pay or emoluments except when commanding separate posts, districts, or detachments, when they shall be entitled to and receive the same pay and emoluments to which officers of the same grade are now, or hereafter may be, allowed by law."
On 16 April, 1814, Congress passed an act, 2 Story 1414, "authorizing an augmentation of the marine corps and for other purposes," the 3d section of which was exactly similar to the above, except that "officers of the marine corps" were substituted for "officers of the army," and that in the proviso the words "commanding separate stations or detachments" were substituted for "commanding separate posts, districts, or detachments."
"Be it enacted &c., that the officers of the army who have brevet commissions shall be entitled to, and receive, the pay and emoluments of their brevet rank when on duty and having a command according to their brevet rank, and at no other time."
"Brevet officers shall receive the pay and emoluments of their brevet commissions, when they exercise command equal to their brevet rank; for example, a brevet captain must command a company; a brevet major and a brevet lieutenant-colonel, a battalion; a brevet colonel, a regiment; a brevet brigadier-general, a brigade; a brevet major-general, a division."
"That the officers of the marine corps shall be entitled to, and receive, the same pay, emoluments, and allowances, as are now, or hereafter may be, allowed to officers of similar grades in the infantry of the army, except the adjutant and inspector, who shall,"
The 7th section provided that "the commissions of the officers now in the marine corps shall not be vacated by this act," &c.
The 9th section repealed so much of the 4th section of the act of the 6th of July as authorized the President to confer brevet rank on such officers of the army or of the marine corps as shall have served ten years in anyone grade.
The 10th section repealed all acts or parts of acts inconsistent therewith.
"Officers who have brevet commissions shall be entitled to receive their brevet pay and emoluments, when on duty, under the following circumstances: "
"A brevet captain, when commanding a company."
"A brevet major, when commanding two companies, or when acting as major of the regiment."
"A brevet lieutenant-colonel, when commanding at least four companies, or when acting as lieutenant-colonel of the regiment."
"A brevet colonel, when commanding nine companies of artillery, or ten of infantry or dragoons, or a mixed corps of ten companies, or when commanding a regiment."
"A brevet brigadier-general, when commanding a brigade of not less than two regiments or twenty companies."
"A brevet major-general, when commanding a division of four regiments or at least forty companies."
"A brevet officer, when assigned by the special order of the Secretary of War to a particular duty and command, according to his brevet rank, although such command be not in the line, provided his brevet allowances are recognized in the order of assignment."
"To entitle officers to brevet allowances while acting as field officers of regiments according to their brevets, they must be recognized at general headquarters as being on such duty, and the fact announced accordingly in general orders."
On 3 March, 1797, 1 Story 460, Congress passed an act to amend and repeal, in part, the act entitled "An act to ascertain and fix the military establishment of the United States," the 4th section of which declared that "to each officer, while commanding a separate post, there shall be allowed twice the number of rations to which they would otherwise be entitled."
to time, direct, having respect to the special circumstances of each post."
"Resolved &c., that the pay, subsistence, emoluments, and allowances of officers, noncommissioned officers, musicians, and privates of the United States marine corps, shall be the same as they were previously to the 1st of April, 1829, and shall so continue until they shall be altered by law."
In 1834, the act was passed which has already been mentioned under the head of "Pay."
"That every officer in the actual command of a company if the army of the United States shall be entitled to receive $10 per month, additional pay, as compensation for his duties and responsibilities, with respect to the clothing, arms, and accoutrements of the company, whilst he shall be in the actual command thereof. "
Several questions occurred upon the trial of this cause in the court below, upon which the opinions of the judges were opposed, and they were certified to this Court for decision.
"The officers of the army who have brevet commissions, shall be entitled to and shall receive the pay and emoluments of their brevet rank when on duty and having a command according to their brevet rank, and at no other time."
words "stations or detachments" were substituted for "posts, districts, or detachments." The first point for consideration is was the act of 1818 a repeal of the 4th section of the act of 1812, and of the 3d section of the act of 1814, as to the condition upon which brevet officers were to have additional pay and emoluments? It is conceded that it repealed the 4th section in the act of 1812. We are of opinion that it repealed also the 3d section of the act of 1814. It cannot be denied that the marine corps is an addition to the "military establishment of the United States." It is declared to be so in the act by which it was organized. Now though neither that fact nor the words "military establishment," as they are used in the acts of Congress, will of themselves authorize the inclusion of officers of the marine corps, within the words "officers of the army," yet considering the subject matter of the act of 1818; the application of the 2d section of the act to all breveted officers, and the assimilation of the marine corps, by the act of 1814, to the army, to give to its officers brevet commissions, and pay, exactly, too, in the same way as they were given to the officers of the army, by the act of 1812; we do not see how, consistently with a correct judicial interpretation, the conclusion can be resisted that Congress did intend, in passing the act of 1818, to place the officers of the marine corps and the officers of the army upon the same footing in respect to brevet pay and emoluments. Though what has been differently done is binding upon the government, and cannot be recalled, to the pecuniary disadvantage of any officer, who may have received brevet pay and emoluments, not according to the act of 1818, no erroneous practice under it, of however longstanding, can justify the allowance of a claim, contested by the government, in a suit contrary to what is the true meaning and intent of that act. The error of the accounting officers of the Treasury, and of the officers of the marine corps, in the construction of the act of 1818 arose from that act's having been considered by itself, without any reference to other statutes relating to brevet commissions and pay and without any examination whether the words "officers of the army," as used in the 1st section of the act of 1818, though they are descriptive of a particular class, were not intended, from their connection with the subject matter of the act, to comprehend all officers of the military establishment of the United States who, when the act was passed, were only under like circumstances entitled to brevet pay and emoluments.
subsequent statute in pari materia, what meaning the legislature attached to the words of a former statute, they will amount to a legislative declaration of its meaning, and will govern the construction of the first statute. Morris v. Mellin, 6 Barn. & C. 454; 7 id. 99. Wherever any words of a statute are doubtful or obscure, the intention of the legislature is to be resorted to, in order to find the meaning of the words. Wimbish v. Tailbois, Plowd. 57. A thing which is within the intention of the makers of the statute, is as much within the statute, as if it were within the letter. Zouch v. Stowell, Plowd. 366. These citations are but different illustrations of the rule, that the meaning of the legislature may be extended beyond the precise words used in the law, from the reason or motive upon which the legislature proceeded, from the end in view, or the purpose which was designed -- the limitation of the rule being, that to extend the meaning to any case not included in the words, the case must be shown to come within the same reason upon which the lawmaker proceeded, and not only within a like reason.
"It is undoubtedly a well established principle in the exposition of statutes, that every part is to be considered, and the intention of the legislature to be extracted from the whole,"
"A legislative act is to be interpreted according to the intention of the legislature, apparent upon its face. Every technical rule, as to the construction or force of particular terms, must yield to the clear expression of the paramount will of the legislature."
"In doubtful cases, a court should compare all the parts of a statute, and different statutes in pari materia, to ascertain the intention of the legislature."
then is that a brevet field officer of the marine corps is not entitled by law to brevet pay and rations by reason of his commanding a separate post or station if the force under his command would not entitle a brevet field officer of infantry, of a similar grade, to brevet pay and rations. We will add to our exposition of the law upon this point that brevet officers of the marine corps, in respect to pay and emoluments, were included under the Army Regulation 1124, sanctioned on 1 March, 1825; were included also in the regulation upon the subject of brevet pay sanctioned by the President December 1, 1836, and that they may claim brevet pay and emoluments under the regulations of 1841, when they exercise a command, according to the provisions regulating brevet pay, in page 344, Army Regulations of 1841. This right to brevet pay results from the marine corps having been subjected, by the act of 1798, 1 Story Laws 542, and by other acts of Congress, to the same rules and articles of war "as are prescribed for the military establishment of the United States," and from the exception in the 2d section of the Act of 30 June, 1834, taking them out of the regulations which might be established for the navy, when detached for service with the army, by order of the President of the United States.
To the second question we reply, that the act of 1834, ch. 132, does not repeal the first section of the act of 1818, regulating the pay and emoluments of brevet officers. That section of the act is still in force, and upon it rests the army regulations, in relation to brevet pay and emoluments. The act of 1834 only repeals those sections in the acts of 1812 and 1814, and in the act of 1818, by which the President was authorized to confer, and the Senate was permitted to confirm, brevet commissions conferred upon officers of the army, or officers of the marine corps, for ten years' service in anyone grade, excepting such officers as had, before the passage of the act, acquired the right to have brevet rank conferred by ten years' service in anyone grade, if the President should think fit to nominate them to the Senate for brevet commissions.
To the third question we reply that the 5th section of the Act of the 30 June, 1834, is a repeal of the joint resolution of the two houses of Congress of 25 May, 1832, respecting the pay and emoluments of the marine corps.
"To the commanding officer of each separate post, such additional number of rations as the President of the United States shall, from time to time, direct, having respect to the special circumstances of each post,"
as he had a right to do, to the Secretary of War. The Army Regulations, when sanctioned by the President, have the force of law, because it is done by him by the authority of law. The Regulations of 1825, then, were as conclusive upon the accounting officer of the Treasury, whilst they continued in force, as those of 1836 afterwards were, and as those of 1841 now are.
"that the officers of the marine corps shall be entitled to, and receive the same pay, emoluments, and allowances, as are now, or may hereafter be allowed to similar grades in the infantry of the army,"
subject to the exception in the section following the words just cited.
We shall direct the foregoing answers to the questions, upon which the judges in the court below were opposed in opinion, to be certified to that court. | 2019-04-19T05:12:44Z | https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/44/556/ |
"21 Bone Broth Diet Plan Printable "
If you Love 21 Bone Broth Diet Plan Printable then you are at the right place!!
21 Bone Broth Diet Plan Printable is made from animal bones as well as connective cells-- commonly cattle, chicken, or fish-- that have been boiled into a broth as well as slow-moving simmered for 10 to greater than 20 hours with herbs, veggies, and seasonings. So why is this relatively simple fluid something you would certainly intend to consume alcohol each day 21 Bone Broth Diet Plan Printable ?
Also our hunter-gatherer forefathers understood that alcohol consumption 21 Bone Broth Diet Plan Printable resembled striking nutritional gold, as its earliest version dates back over 2,500 years. Discarding anything edible ran out the inquiry back then, so animal unguis, knuckles, bones, as well as various other connective tissues never ever went to waste. Bone broth has a rich history of being made use of in standard Chinese medicine as a digestive restorative, blood contractor, as well as kidney strengthener as a result of the high collagen web content, bioavailable minerals, anti-inflammatory amino acids, as well as recovery compounds that can just be located in bones and connective cells 21 Bone Broth Diet Plan Printable.
Enjoy as celeb wellness instructor, Thomas DeLauer damages down the ins and outs of what bone broth really is. In simply two mins, he'll discuss what bone broth is as well as what it can do for your intestine, joint, and skin health and wellness 21 Bone Broth Diet Plan Printable.
Some phone call 21 Bone Broth Diet Plan Printable meat water. We call it liquid gold.
What makes this stuff so unique? The short response is collagen. Bones and connective cells are the only true nutritional resources of kind II collagen-- a protein that's recognized for maintaining skin smooth as well as supple as well as teeth and joints healthy and balanced, in addition to touting dozens of various other health benefits.
In addition to collagen, bones are additionally loaded with a number of anti-inflammatory amino acids, minerals, and also compounds that can help accelerate your body's all-natural recovery procedures from points like sports injuries, joint inflammation, or leaking intestine.
So, these "scraps" that a lot of us normally throw in the trash are significant nutritional powerhouses. Yet when was the last time you chowed down on an item of cow's knuckle? Or snacked on an ox tail? We'll presume the answer is never.
Given that we don't eat bones in their whole kind, cooking them into a broth that's simmered for 10 to 20 hours (or more) is the most effective method to release their effective nutrients, and experience an entire brand-new level of wellness.
DEMAND A FAST DESCRIPTION ON WHAT EXACTLY IS 21 BONE BROTH DIET PLAN PRINTABLE ?
Enjoy as Celebrity Health And Wellness Instructor, Thomas DeLauer damages down the ins and outs of what bone broth truly is. In simply 2 mins, he'll talk about what bone broth is and also what it can do for your gut, joint, and also skin health and wellness 21 bone broth diet plan printable.
Bone broth has an abundant background of being made use of as a digestive system restorative, specifically in standard Chinese medicine some 2,500 years back. Today, it is among the top recommended foods for boosting signs of chronic digestive conditions, such as Short-tempered Digestive Tract Syndrome (IBS), Crohn's disease, and colitis.
The reason for why bone broth is so healing for the gut returns to collagen, which develops gelatin when it's cooked down even better. Collagen and also gelatin are not just abundant in amino acids that lower swelling in the GI tract-- such as glutamine-- they also have the special capability to "seal and also heal" holes in the gut cellular lining, which can create a problem called dripping digestive tract disorder.
Although study is in the early stages, there's proof to reveal that leaky intestine is the key hidden root cause of digestive problems. It's likewise a contributor to autoimmune illness, anxiety, mind fog, anxiousness, allergic reactions, eczema, acne, as well as persistent low power. Most severe of all, dripping gut can be silent and show no signs in the beginning. It's additionally believed to impact over 70% of the populace.
Bone broth is suggested on unique gut recovery diet regimens and also protocols, like the GAPS diet plan, the SCD diet, and the Reduced FODMAP diet plan.
Whether it's an injury, arthritis, or aching muscles, there's no better means to nurture your bones as well as joints than by eating even more of the nutrients already found within them, including hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin, calcium, as well as magnesium. Bone broth is loaded with every one of these nutrients, plus numerous amino acids that help in reducing joint pain and also inflammation, like glycine and also proline. It's for these factors that bone broth is ending up being a best recuperation beverage amongst athletes.
An enjoyable reality: Kettle and Fire Bone Broth was birthed since our founder, Nick, tore his ACL playing soccer and also needed a top notch bone broth to aid accelerate his healing time. (You can find out more on that particular here.).
Complying with a bone broth diet is fantastic for lasting weight loss. A bone broth diet regimen entails eating Paleo for 5 days and fasting for two. During this timespan you'll consume alcohol bone broth regularly with a boost in usage on the fasting days.
The combination of recurring fasting as well as bone broth increases fat burning via burning fat much more efficiently and limiting calorie consumption. When doing the diet plan, we likewise saw a decrease in cellulite.
Fat-Burning Bone Broth Mixed Drink 21 Bone Broth Diet Plan Printable.
With simply a few ingredients, this recipe is excellent for a tasty as well as unbelievably easy fat-burning mixed drink that you can work up instantly on busy mornings before job or at nights post-workout.
Also if you had never ever become aware of bone broth previously, you've most likely become aware of collagen, thanks to the beauty sector.
Several anti-aging skin care lines add collagen to their face lotions, moisturizers, and also serums (and also sell them for a pretty penny). However what lots of people don't recognize is that collagen molecules are as well big to be absorbed through the skin, which indicates these lotions can't give much in the means of results.
The good news is that collagen can be taken in with your digestion system. And also since there's a straight web link between the gut and also the skin, adding bone broth to your diet regimen is going to have an even more powerful and lasting influence on the total look and also health and wellness of your skin.
Allow's not forget hair as well as nails, which are composed of healthy proteins like collagen. Collagen aids reinforce nails, and also urges hair to grow in thicker, quicker, and tackle a healthy sparkle. (Remember this for the following time you get a bad haircut!).
Deep, restful rest is something we could all make use of a little more of. Actually, stats show the average person gets less than 7 hrs of sleep per evening, so it's important to do whatever you can to make those hours matter.
Bone broth is abundant in glycine, an anti-inflammatory amino acid that deals with the Central Nervous System (CNS). When taken prior to bed as a supplement, researches show glycine can enhance rest high quality and also decrease daytime sleepiness. It's much more reliable when paired with various other sleep-supportive nutrients, like calcium as well as magnesium.
When early morning illness hits, it can be difficult to keep healthy food down. But bone broth tends to be calming for queasiness, as well as is typically well tolerated. Best of all, bone broth provides numerous of the nutrients you and your growing child need, including protein, and important minerals and vitamins. As an included perk, the slow simmer time of the bones makes the nutrients in bone broth highly bioavailable as well as much easier to take in than a nutritional supplement.
Bone broth can likewise assist enhance fertility, aid you have a much more comfy maternity by beneficial rigid or uncomfortable joints, and may raise calcium degrees in bust milk.
Bone broth is an excellent resource of nutrition on the Paleo diet plan, and is urged to drink throughout periods of intermittent fasting. It additionally suits well with macronutrient demands on the keto diet plan, as well as may help reduce symptoms of the keto flu.
" Not only can bone broth help you avoid keto influenza, however it's additionally loaded with minerals that heal leaky gut and lower inflammation in your intestines." - Leanne Vogel, Writer of The Keto Diet.
The nourishment as well as healing potential of bone broth is so powerful, that a whole diet-- The Bone Broth Diet-- has actually been created around it.
The nutrients in bone broth make it a powerful functional food that can benefit your whole family-- including your fur children. Bone broth benefits your family pet's glossy coat, bones, joints, food digestion, as well as teeth.
Right here you can discover just how Nellie, a 15 year old rescue dog, defeat her odds of living by just consuming alcohol bone broth.
Rich in collagen - Organic hen bones (especially feet!) include additional collagen to your broth. Our poultry bone broth contains 6 grams of collagen per serving.
Packed with healthy protein - Hen is an excellent protein source as well as same goes with hen bones. Kettle & Fire bone broth comes packed with 10 grams of healthy protein per offering 21 Bone Broth Diet Plan Printable.
Lowers digestive tract swelling - Bone broth aids heal and also seal a leaking intestine which is the root cause for several autoimmune diseases.
Rich in bone marrow - Bone broth made from 100% grass fed cattle and simmered over long cook times extracts bone marrow that contains healthy and balanced nourishing hormonal agents as well as lipids.
Loaded with amino acids - Comparable to poultry bone broth, the nutrients extracted from beef bones contain amino acids like glycine as well as glutamine that boosts digestion and repairs your digestive tract cellular lining.
No. Plants are a great resource of minerals and vitamins that can aid promote your body to produce its very own collagen, however there is no recognized plant food that provides kind II collagen, the type that uses all of the health advantages noted above.
One thing to consider regarding bone broth that establishes it aside from plant foods: Even if you do eat a variety of plants that are rich in collagen-boosting nutrients, if you have a damaged digestive system or dripping digestive tract, you may not fully absorb them. On the other hand, the collagen in bone broth is exceptionally very easy to absorb, also for those with endangered digestion systems.
Obviously, you don't just have to consume it-- although we do have a complimentary and legendary downloadable bone broth sipping guide for when you do. You can blend bone broth into your eco-friendly healthy smoothies, make healthy and balanced collagen gummy bears, as well as utilize it in every little thing from rushed eggs, soups, curries, stews, morning meal bowls, and also tacos.
We slow-simmer the organic bones to extract the collagen, proteins, and also amino acids into a nutrient-rich bone broth. The outcome is a collagen-rich, high healthy protein bone broth that gives your body the nutrients it needs to grow.
Bone broth is an all-in-one superfood, loaded with nutrients that provide power as well as motivation, help you sleep better, make your skin look smoother, as well as can assist heal digestion concerns like dripping gut.
Bones and connective cells are warehouses for necessary amino acids and minerals-- which are doing not have in numerous diet regimens today. Bone Broth is also an invaluable source of protein, collagen and also jelly.
Collagen is also located in your bones, joints, ligaments, muscle mass, and teeth. It enables your body to:.
It's not viable to consume entire bones or cells, yet you can still appreciate these health advantages by drinking bone broth. Collagen is removed when you simmer bones for an extended period of time. Usually, the longer bone broth simmers, the even more collagen you'll draw out.
Making bone broth is a basic process, however one that requires a lot of time and patience. If time is out your side we can aid you out with that said.
Bone broth is made by simmering animal bones as well as tissue for at the very least 10 hrs with veggies, natural herbs, and flavors such as thyme, garlic, as well as bay leaves. Premium bone broth begins with premium ingredients, using bones from organic grass-fed animals as well as organic vegetables. While any bone or ligament can be utilized, knuckles, chicken feet, and femur bones have a tendency to consist of the most collagen.
Simmering bones for a prolonged period of time is what gives bone broth its wellness benefits, extracting the amino acids, minerals, and also collagen. This is a Kettle & Fire-tested slow stove hen bone broth dish that includes organic poultry bones, sea salt, fresh veggies like celery stalks, onions, as well as bell peppers, and herbs like parsley, rosemary, and thyme.
Just cooking bones (no meat) and also water is mosting likely to be primarily tasteless. Cooking the blend for hours on end isn't mosting likely to make it taste any type of far better.
The suggestion that you're getting lots of nutrients from the bones is a MYTH that won't die, despite the fact that it has been disproved numerous times, consisting of with lab examinations. The idea that adding vinegar to "launch" those nutrients has also been unmasked. You simply wind up with a watery mess that tastes of vinegar.
Instead, buy bones with meat on them. Then include veggies such as onions, carrots, celery, and just sufficient water to cover every little thing (typically 8 or 10 cups). Miss the vinegar! Simmer for 3 to 4 hours for poultry, slightly much longer for beef. Period according to choice. If you have an Instant Pot, 25 to 35 minutes has to do with right.
What you will certainly obtain with this technique is a really flavorful broth that's most likely considerably extra nutritious-- including lots of collagen-- and even more healthy than any bone broth, and it will certainly taste one hell of a lot much better. You can either consume the meat and also veggies (it's called SOUP) or you can stress them out as well as just consume alcohol the broth if you choose.
See, bare bones that have no meat, or, even worse, carcass bones that have already been cooked as well as removed of their meat, have just about absolutely no taste by themselves.
Check Ina Garten's recipe for poultry broth. It's very similar to this set and has actually been used with minor variants by well-informed cooks for decades.
Normal broth and also stock are simmered for a much shorter time period than bone broth, around 2-- 6 hrs. The expedited cooking procedure minimizes the amount of useful gelatin extracted from the bones, lowering its capacity to increase the immune system, recover digestive concerns, as well as lower the signs of leaky digestive tract.
Before Kettle and Fire was born, among our founders, Nick, tore his ACL playing soccer (oops). His brother Justin read about the benefits of bone broth for injury recovery. As his routine didn't leave much time to make bone broth from scratch, he set out to purchase a store-bought, premium, grass-fed bone broth, because both of their busy schedules didn't leave much time to make the broth themselves. (You can discover more regarding our tale below.).
Regardless of how hard Justin looked, the excellent bone broth didn't exist. He searched for one that was 100 percent organic, fresh-- never ever iced up-- grass-fed, and also slow-moving simmered (as well as one that might be delivered without wasteful, cumbersome product packaging). So, Nick and Justin decided to create a top notch bone broth on their terms, which is the recipe we're happy to provide you today.
" Pot & Fire offers a beneficial, high quality bone broth in a tasty as well as convenient shelf-stable layout. I like always recognizing that I've obtained wonderful broth handy, without blocking my fridge freezer or needing defrosting." - Dr. Sarah Ballantyne, three-time NYT Best-Selling Writer.
The attractive aspect of bone broth is that there's actually no restriction to how you can include it to your diet plan. In addition to soups, stews, and also plain ol' sipping, bone broth blends surprisingly well into virtually any dish-- also shakes! Here are our top means to get it:.
Our bone broth tastes tasty sufficient to drink by itself, however you can flavor it up to fit your taste buds. We created our favorite taste combinations in this totally free downloadable "Bone Broth Sipping Guide" (bone broth matcha lattes, anybody?). Obtain your free copy below.
Consuming alcohol bone broth doesn't need to be dull-- there are countless ways to spice it and also sip it. Obtain immediate accessibility to over 15 of our favored bone broth drinking mixes, consisting of ginger and turmeric bone broth restorative and also chili, and cardamom bone broth elixir. Find out just how to use bone broth in your matcha lattes, golden milk, as well as tropical fruit smoothies.
Our beef bone broth has a light taste, which allows it to mix conveniently with almost anything, from shakes to healthy gummy bears. Our chicken bone broth as well as mushroom poultry bone broth enhance the full-flavored taste of soups, stews, and also risotto recipes. A few of our favorites include:.
If you wish to experience even more energy as well as vigor than ever, we reccomend having a look at The Bone Broth Diet regimen, developed by Dr. Kellyann Petrucci.
The Bone Broth Diet plan not only boosts your consumption of the healing nutrients and compounds crucial for gut, skin, joint, and bone wellness, yet assists battle systemic inflammation, which goes to the root cause of the majority of Western health problems and illness.
The bone broth diet is a 21-day plan that's excellent for anybody struggling with a persistent health problem (such as an autoimmune problem), or any individual who intends to reset their gastrointestinal system as well as experience beautiful wellness. Discover more concerning the 21-day bone broth diet regimen here. | 2019-04-24T02:27:02Z | http://urbanhotlist.com/bone-broth/kettle-and-fire/discount/21-bone-broth-diet-plan-printable/index.php |
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who are citizens of the Philippines.
3. Taking an oath of allegiance.
restored to being natural born.
also retention of Philippine Citizenship.
August 29, 2003 by virtue thereof.
after the effectivity of RA 9225.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 I. there are certain conditions.A. In his profession the proper authority is by the Supreme Court. 5. 9225) . but in the practice of profession there are additional requirements by law. to vote and to be voted upon to hold public office. two years after. The Supreme Court requires him to compliance with the following conditions for him to restore his good standing as a member of the Philippine bar. conditioned on: (a) The updating and payment in full of the annual membership dues in the IBP. He was being forced to be naturalized as a Canadian because of health reason. appointed public office and to exercise his profession. he shall enjoy all civil and political rights. . He migrated in 2004 and became a citizen. If the person who lost his Philippine citizenship by naturalization and reacquires it or retains it via 9225. there are circumstances that the law requires certain conditions. Case: Petition for Leave to Resume Practice. this is specially significant to refresh the applicant/petitioner’s knowledge of Philippine laws and update him of legal developments and (d) the retaking of the lawyer’s oath which will not only remind him of his duties and responsibilities as a lawyer and as an officer of the Court. he cannot automatically resume his practice of law base on Sec. par. Jumao-as on July 18. R. Those who retain or re-acquire Philippine citizenship under this Act shall enjoy full civil and political rights and be subject to all attendant liabilities and responsibilities under existing laws of the Philippines.Under that law. he still retained his citizenship by virtue of RA 9225 thereafter. Pursuant to the facts he started his practice inn 1960s so when he came back to Philippines in 2006 it was already 46 years there from. in this case in the practice of profession. but also renew his pledge to maintain allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines. (b) The payment of professional tax. He came back to the Philippines from Canada and wanted to resume his practice of law. 4 of RA 9225 which states that those intending to practice their profession in the Philippines shall apply with the proper authority for a license or permit to engage in such practice. 5. there are certain conditions provided by law although the law says that upon taking his oath. but he desires to exercise his right of suffrage. Benjamin M. Therefore he must first secure from this Court the authority to do so. Ruling: RA 9225 says that retention is deemed to have not lost citizenship and shall enjoy all civil and political rights. Dacanay that all his life he devoted in the practice of law. Issue: Whether or not he can automatically resume his practice of law. He wanted to avail the social security privileges of a Canadian people. 2013 3. The law provides although a person is deemed to have been retained citizenship. (c) the completion of at least 36 credit hours of mandatory continuing legal education. Compliance with these conditions will restore his good standing as a member of the Philippine bar. Therefore as to his intention. Dacanay 540 SCRA 424 (2007) FACTS: There is this Lawyer Benjamin M. Although RA 9225 grants him the benefit of retaining his citizenship. (Sec.Estrellado Lecture of Atty.
2013 III. 2.CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 I. his citizenship was questioned.In other words. 4) Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship unless by their affirmation they are deemed under the law to have renounced it. That is a matter between him and his adopted . When his marriage was found bigamous in Australia. Ruling: The Supreme Court says that nobody was saying that it was his marriage which caused him to change his citizenship from Filipino to Australian. . That is a matter between Philippine citizenship. That he should retain his citizenship because his marriage has not transformed him into Australian. But it was not the marriage per se but it was his act of taking an oath of allegiance which transformed him into an Australian. He contended that his marriage to the Australian should not affect his citizenship because it’s the Constitution which provides the citizenship of the Filipinos. Issue: 1. his naturalization in Australia was annulled after it was found that his marriage to the Australian citizen was bigamous. unless by their affirmation they are deemed under the law to have renounced it. citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship it means that marriage does not affect the citizenship of a Filipino. Now. He went to Australia. -Section 4 of 1987 Philippine Constitution is worded the same as the 1973 Philippine Constitution Section 2 of the Articles of Citizenship provides that females who lost their Philippine Citizenship while the former provides for both male and female. His divestiture of Australian citizenship does not concern us here. His divestiture of Australian citizenship does not concern us here. he was allowed to take an automatically allegiance to Australia. He happened to marry an Australian. But it was the time when he took an oath of allegiance to Australia. he immediately retain his Philippine Citizenship. It is still naturalization simplified because he was married to an Australian. 176 SCRA 1 (1989) Facts: Labo was a natural born Filipino. as the petitioner asserts. He theorized further that since his naturalization was cancelled he is immediately returned back to be a Filipino Citizenship. And there he became an Australian citizen. he wanted to run for public office in the Philippines thus. Whether or not he is a Filipino citizen or has he lost it by virtue of marriage to an Australian. Case: Labo vs Comelec. Now he further claimed that his naturalization in Australia made him at worst only a dual citizen. by virtue of their marriage. that circumstance alone did not automatically restore his Philippine citizenship. the Australian government cancelled his naturalization. Effect of Marriage (Sec. Jumao-as on July 18. Even if it be assumed that. Perhaps under the law of Australian those who are married to Australian can just take an oath and become an Australian.Estrellado Lecture of Atty. Whether or not when his naturalization was cancelled.
Domingo. together with Marina Cabael. His theory was that since the Australian government cancelled his naturalization he is back to being Filipino. He has to reacquire his Philippine citizenship. Questions of Atty." petitioner and her two children lived in the house of Banez. married her and had two children. There are modes also of reacquiring Philippine Citizenship. Of course. 1979. 2. So when she discovered that they were married so she filed for concubinage. Petitioner and her children were admitted to the Philippines as temporary visitors under Section 9(a) of the Immigration Act of 1940. . It took a while more than 3 years to discover that there was more than just friendship. He filed for the reason that Djumantan is an overstaying alien. the prosecutor dismissed the case because the marriage was valid. Why? CA 63 provides modes of losing Philippine Citizenship and one of which is naturalization.Estrellado Lecture of Atty. petitioner and her two children with Banez. On January 13. as he claims. Her contention is that she is legally married to a Filipino so therefore. Case: Djumantan vs. 3. The latter made it appear that he was just a friend of the family of petitioner and was merely repaying the hospitability extended to him during his stay in Indonesia. she had the right to stay in the Philippines. 240 SCRA 746 (1995) Facts: By virtue of economic necessity. What would be the effect of his cancellation of naturalization in Australia? When it was found that his marriage was bigamous In Australia. there he met this woman. Cancellation of his other citizenship would not be one of those modes. does not mean that he has been automatically reinstated as a citizen of the Philippines. Jumao-as on July 18. What we must consider is the fact that he voluntarily and freely rejected Philippine citizenship and willingly and knowingly embraced the citizenship of a foreign country. arrived in Manila as the "guests" of Banez. Banez. Issue: Whether or not she is a Filipino and she can stay in the Philippines since she is married to a Filipino. 1979. by virtue of CA 63 he is deemed to have lost his citizenship. But if it is under RA 9225. was he correct? If he takes an oath of allegiance then he is deemed to have retained his citizenship then he would be correct but the case was decided prior to the enactment of RA 9225. His naturalization gave him a dual citizenship. As "guests. he has to go to Indonesia.CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 I. He returned to the Philippines in January 1979. Therefore. The possibility that he may have been subsequently rejected by Australia. He becomes a Stateless person. 2013 country. the Australian government cancelled his naturalization. However the son made a petition by filing a deportation proceeding in the ombudsman but transferred to CID. When petitioner and her two children arrived at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport on January 13. Jumao-as from the Case: 1. Then he embraced the religion of Islam. he is wrong. was he correct? Under the old law. met them.
persons with dual citizenship are disqualified from running for any elective position. 2013 Ruling: Again under our Constitution. The result of which. he was born in USA which observes Jus Soli. he is deemed to be a Filipino. He was also born of Filipino parents. Marriage of an alien to a Filipino doesn’t make an alien spouse ipso facto Filipino. the Supreme Court construed not as dual citizenship but . But when he became of majority age. The concern of the Constitution is with dual allegiance because they would want that the person has oath allegiance only to the Philippines. In case of Manzano. the other one is through his positive act. those who seek to elective public officials. Sometime later he ran for 1998 elections. Jumao-as on July 18. he was deemed to be among Americans. It does not grant also a citizenship to an alien. By operation of law. so he has an American passport. Ruling: Supreme Court distinguished dual citizenship from dual allegiance. The condition is voluntary on the part of individual pursuant to individual’s volition. Case: Mercado Vs Manzano 307 SCRA 630 (1999) Facts: Edu Manzano was born from Filipino parent but was born in America. by virtue of operation of Philippine law. he voted during the elections and exercise acts that are exclusive to Filipinos. The other one is accident occurs or marriage if applicable. there was disqualification that persons with dual citizenship are disqualified from running for any elective position. in this case he is an overstaying alien. dual citizenship it happens because the accident occurs or accident of marriage if applicable. 5) Section 5 -Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.Estrellado Lecture of Atty. he owns loyalty to both state. he is a American passport. He was brought to the Philippines when he was minor (6) years old. Dual Citizenship/ Dual Allegiance (Sec.CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 I. When we say dual citizenship. he is in a situation in which he simultaneously owns by some positive act of loyalty to two or more states. As worded with that law. Under the local government code which provides for the qualifications of those who want to get elected at public official. not dual citizenship. So there is no law or decision in the Supreme Court that grants citizenship to an alien by virtue of marriage. a person by virtue of operation of laws of two countries is simultaneously a citizen of both countries. thus. Issue: Whether or not Manzano qualifies for public office despite having dual citizenship. Person with dual allegiance. Regarding the qualification therefore under the local government code. IV. The concern of the framers of the Constitution therefore is not with dual citizenship because it’s not the fault of the person that he has a dual citizenship. marriage does not affect the citizenship of a Filipino and vice versa. On the other hand. He has an ACR. the person has no control over that much less the state of the Philippines over that fact that he is also simultaneously a citizen of another. In this case. it is a condition which arises from a fact that the Philippine law has no control over the effect of the laws of other country particularly on the laws of citizenship. In other words he has no control over his citizenship hence it was involuntary. Take note Section 5 deals with dual allegiance.
because again she is also a Filipino and the law would want that she would choose Philippine citizenship over the other citizenship and the choosing could suffice in the certificate of candidacy. Jumao-as on July 18. When she ran for governor. it cheapens Philippine citizenship since he has already renounced Philippine citizenship by naturalizing himself as an alien. Edu Manzano is not disqualified because he is also a Filipino notwithstanding that he is also an American. As long as you declare an oath that you are a Filipino.CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 I. In other words. It is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law. Case: Valles vs Comelec Facts: Ms. isn’t it cheapening Philippine citizenship? Here it is the contention of the petitioner that RA 9225 allows dual allegiance and not just dual citizenship. According to Supreme Court 9225 intends legislature to do away with the provision of CA 63. Because he is of dual citizenship. Therefore. RA 9225 allowed dual citizenship to natural born citizen who have lost their Philippine citizenship by reason of . 2013 dual allegiance because that is what the Constitution prompts about. she was born in Australia of a Filipino father and an Australian mother. Therefore. the Supreme Court. In other words. it is deemed when he file the certificate of candidacy and declared under oath that he is a Filipino and that he will support the Constitution of the Government of the Philippines. he is not actually disqualified from public office. According to the petitioner. Datumanong 523 SCRA 108 (2007) Facts: Petitioner is questioning the constitutionality of RA 9225. it amends CA 63 first provision wherein naturalization is the mode of losing Philippine citizenship. The said law allows natural born citizen to regain his Philippine citizenship by merely taking his oath of allegiance without forfeiting their foreign allegiance. Ruling: No. Manzano says that the filing of candidacy will suffice as proof that the person with dual citizenship has elected or chosen Philippine citizenship over the other citizenship. Her status is that she has dual citizenship. Dual Citizenship and RA 9225 (Citizenship Retention and Reacquisition Act of 2003) Case: AASJS vs. Filipino and American not in his own choosing. is she was petitioned to be disqualified by the mere fact that she has dual citizen.Estrellado Lecture of Atty. More than that. Now why will we embrace him back as a Filipino by just requiring him only to take an oath of allegiance. V. when he filed his certificate of candidacy. Lopez who ran for governor in Mati. Issue: Whether disqualified for or not she the position is of Governor of Mati because of her dual citizenship. in Mercado vs. it will suffice as choosing or electing Philippine citizenship over the other citizenship. Issue: Is RA 9225 constitutional? Is the petitioner correct? Ruling: The Supreme Court rules favourably on the Constitutionality of 9225. there is that portion in the certificate wherein the applicant/candidate will declare under oath that he is a Filipino citizen and that he will support and defend the Constitution of the Philippines and to maintain through faith and allegiance thereto.
it was cited on 2009. Jumao-as on July 18. Now he wanted to run for public office. With that by simply taking his oath. as far as the Philippines is concerned.Estrellado Lecture of Atty. the filing of certificate of candidacy is sufficient that an individual with dual citizenship has elected Philippine citizenship over other citizenship. Rep. solemny swear (or affrim) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines and obey the laws and legal orders promulgated by the duly constituted authorities of the Philippines. he was naturalized as an American and he sought to reacquire his Philippine citizenship under RA 9225. 9225 stayed clear out of the problem of dual allegiance and shifted the burden of confronting the issue of whether or not there is dual allegiance to the concerned foreign country. RA 9225 section 3. paragraph 2 of RA 9225 which states (2) Those seeking elective public in the Philippines shall meet the qualification for holding such public office as required by the Constitution and existing laws and. He quoted the case of Edu Manzano on which case. 2013 naturalization of a foreign country is dual citizenship. In other words the question of dual allegiance is no longer the concern of the Philippines if there is dual allegiance the question is passed on to the other state. implicitly renounce any at all for allegiance. Plainly. Petitioner argued that he had substantially complied the requirements of 9225 to be qualified to run for public office. and I hereby declare that I recognize and accept the supreme authority of the Philippines and will maintain true faith and allegiance thereto. So in the case. at the time of the filing of the certificate of candidacy. So there is no question as to dual allegiance in this case. RA 9225 requires that person or that individual to take his oath of allegiance to the Supremacy of the Philippine Constitution and to the Supremacy of the government of the Philippines. ." By taking this oath. from Section 3. AASJS has affirm the constitutionality of RA 9225. Although as worded he acknowledged the supreme authority of the Philippines. Case: Jacot vs Dal.CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 I. Thereby. Facts: Applying RA 9225. only to dual citizenship. RA 9225 requires only taking an oath of allegiance. On dual allegiance. Act No. He said that he is taking an oath of allegiance of the Philippines. Issue: Is it sufficient to allow him to run for public office when he reacquired his citizenship via RA 9225? Ruling: Supreme Court pointed out Section 5. the individual declares that he recognizes and accepts the supreme authority of the Philippines. The Philippine is concerned is only that he has declares the supreme authority of the Philippines. In other words. and that I imposed this obligation upon myself voluntarily without mental reservation or purpose of evasion. he has implicitly renounced. Oath of Allegiance"I _____________________. it is assured that the individual has given allegiance to the Philippines and recognizes the supremacy of the Philippines. RA 9225 therefore allows only dual citizenship and not dual allegiance. make a personal and sworn renunciation of any and all foreign citizenship before any public officer authorized to administer an oath. The petitioner was natural born citizen.
There was nothing there which mentioned renunciation of foreign allegiance. Thus the oath under Section 3 of 9225 was not sufficient to comply the requirement of Section 5. at the time of the filing of the certificate of candidacy. of RA 9225 there is an additional requirement of meeting qualification to hold public office and making of personal sworn renunciation of his foreigner citizenship. Petition thereof because his father was American and some documents. .Renunciation not necessary. RA 9225 requires him further in order to qualify. other than that he must make a personal and sworn renunciation of any and all oath of allegiance with any foreign state. Dual citizenship acquired by: 1. In other words.CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 I. He wanted to go to America and applied for petition as a relative an American Citizen. The oath under RA 9225 would not suffice. By birth. Manzano.necessary to be renounced (personal and sworn renunciation of any and all foreign citizenship before any public officer authorized to administer an oath) when running for public office. Issue: Is it necessary for him to renounce his American allegiance or would his certificate of candidacy suffice as his election of Philippine citizenship? Ruling: The Supreme Court’s decision states that his certificate of candidacy can suffice as his election of Philippine citizenship. 580 SCRA 12 (2009) Facts: In this case he was born of Filipino mother and American father. he able to go to the US. There was a contention that he was disqualified because he failed to make a personal and sworn renunciation of his American Citizenship. He contends that his filing of certificate of candidacy would suffice his election of Philippine citizenship pursuant to the case of Mercado vs.Estrellado Lecture of Atty. By own doing. He was staying in the Philippines. make a personal and sworn renunciation of any and all foreign citizenship before any public officer authorized to administer an oath. That he must be subject to all attendant liabilities and responsibilities under existing laws of the Philippines and shall meet the qualification for holding such public office as required by the Constitution and existing laws and. 2. His situation was the same with the case of Edu Manzano. Jumao-as on July 18. if you are a natural born citizen lost your citizenship by naturalization of foreign country then reacquires it by taking an Oath of allegiance is a requirement to retain his Philippine citizenship but to run for public office Section 5 paragraph 2 is applicable. If he wants to run for public office. 2013 Other than oath of allegiance under Section 3. Under Section 3. Comelec. statement in the certificate of candidacy can suffice. the purpose is to retain or reacquire his Philippine Citizenship. The Supreme Court said that the requirement in 9225 is he must take an oath of allegiance. There is no need for him to renounce because he has dual citizenship from birth since he is born of a Filipino mother and an American father. He then availed RA 9225 and wanted to run for public office. Case: De Guzman vs Comelec – same ruling on the case of Jacot vs. that he must comply the requirements. Dal Case: Cordora vs.
same ruling on case of Cordora vs. Jumao-as on July 18.Estrellado Lecture of Atty. Comelec 576 SCRA 331 (2009). Comelec -END- .CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 I. 2013 Case: Japson vs. | 2019-04-22T17:01:10Z | https://fr.scribd.com/document/248700484/RA-9225 |
Panax ginseng is a traditional Chinese herb with a wide range of therapeutic benefits. Recent studies focusing on its effect on the central nervous system have revealed that ginseng has neurotrophic effects including differentiation of neurons. However, most studies involve use of the water-soluble fraction called saponin, and little is known about the effect of the lipophilic fraction. In the present study, we have shown that the lipophilic fraction of ginseng at a concentration of between 0.1 and 50 µg/ml can induce neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Nearly all cells showed morphological differentiation in response to the lipophilic fraction. This morphological differentiation of PC12 cells appeared to be similar to that of NGF. The lipophilic fraction of ginseng also induced neurite extension and promoted survival of rat cortical neurons at a concentration of between 0.025 and 1 µg/ml. These neurotrophic effects on PC12 cells and cortical neurons were not inhibited by K252b, which selectively blocks neurotrophin actions by inhibiting trk-type receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. This suggests that trks do not participate in the neurotrophic action of the lipophilic fraction. However, the effects were completely attenuated by sphingosine, polymyxin B or staurosporin, known inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and calmodulin-dependent kinases. Our results suggest that the lipophilic fraction of ginseng exerts its neurotrophic effects via PKC-dependent pathways.
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been the most highly recognized medicinal herb in the Orient. The prolonged administration of red ginseng extract significantly inhibits the incidence of hepatoma and also proliferation of pulmonary tumors induced by aflatoxin B1 and urethane. Statistically significant anticarcinogenic effects were in aged or heat treated extracts of ginseng and red ginseng made by steaming in a 9 weeks medium-term anticarcinogenicity test using benzo[a]pyrene. In case-control studies, odds ratios (OR) of the cancer of lip, oral cavity and pharynx, larynx, lung, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, ovary, and colorectum were significantly reduced. As to the type of ginseng, the ORs for cancer were reduced in user of fresh ginseng extract intakers, white ginseng extract, white ginseng powder, and red ginseng. In a cohort study with 5 years follow-up conducted in a ginseng cultivation area, ginseng users had a decreased relative risk (RR) compared with non-users. The relative risks (RRs) of ginseng users were decreased in gastric cancer and lung cancer. These findings strongly suggest that Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer cultivated in Korea has non-organ specific cancer preventive effects against various cancers. To investigate the active components for cancer prevention, several fractions of fresh and red ginseng and four semi-synthetic ginsenoside Rh1, Rh2, Rg3 and Rg5, the major saponin components in red ginseng, were prepared among the ginsenosides. By using Yun´s model, Rg3 and Rg5 showed statistically significant reduction of lung tumor incidence and Rh2 had a tendency to decrease the incidence. In conclusion, these results strongly suggested that Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer cultivated in Korea is a non-organ specific cancer preventive against human cancers and also indicated that the anticarcinogenicity or human cancer preventive effect of Panax ginseng is due to ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5 and Rh2.
Red ginseng extract A and B are the active components of Panax ginseng. Red ginseng is a classical traditional Chinese medicine. Among Chinese herbs, red ginseng has been considered as one of the tonics. Many studies indicated that red ginseng could enhance immune function of the human body. The effects of red ginseng extracts on transplantable tumors, proliferation of lymphocyte, two-stage model and rat liver lipid peroxidation were studied. In a two-stage model, red ginseng extracts had a significant cancer chemoprevention. At 50-400 mg/kg, they could inhibit DMBA/Croton oil-induced skin papilloma in mice, decrease the incidence of papilloma, prolong the latent period of tumor occurrence and reduce tumor number per mouse in a dose-dependent manner. Red ginseng extract B could effectively inhibit the Fe2+/cysteine-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsome, suggesting that red ginseng extract B has a stronger antioxidative effect than that of extract A. The results indicated that red ginseng extracts (50≈400 mg/kg) could significantly inhibit the growth of transplantable mouse sarcoma S180 and melanoma B16. Red ginseng extracts A (0.5 mg/ml) and B (0.1 and 0.25 mg/ml) might effectively promote the transformation of T lymphocyte, but there was no influence on lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavalin A. This suggests that red ginseng extracts have potent tumor therapeutic activity and improve the cell immune system.
Abstract Objective: We have reviewed the potential cancer-preventive and other relevant properties of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, which has been traditionally used as a natural tonic in Oriental countries.
Data identification and study selection: Publications on Panax ginseng and its relation to cancer were obtained from the Medline database (1983-1998) and by checking reference lists to find earlier reports. The reports cover experimental models and human studies on cancer-preventive activity, carcinogenicity and other beneficial or adverse effects. In addition, possible mechanisms of chemoprevention by ginseng were considered.
Results: Published results from a cohort and two case-control studies in Korea suggest that the intake of ginseng may reduce the risk of several types of cancer. When ginseng was tested in animal models, a reduction in cancer incidence and multiplicity at various sites was noted. Panax ginseng and its chemical constituents have been tested for their inhibiting effect on putative carcinogenesis mechanisms (e.g., cell proliferation and apoptosis, immunosurveillance, angiogenesis); in most experiments inhibitory effects were found.
Conclusion: While Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has shown cancer-preventive effects both in experimental models and in epidemiological studies, the evidence is currently not conclusive as to its cancer-preventive activity in humans. The available evidence warrants further research into the possible role of ginseng in the prevention of human cancer and carcinogenesis.
Cadmium is an environmental and industrial cumulative pollutant that affects many organs, specially the liver. The protective effect of Spirulina platensis and Panax ginseng on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity was evaluated in adult female Wistar albino rats. At the end of the 1-month experimental period, all animals were fasted for 12 h and liver samples were taken for the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. S. platensis and P. ginseng treatments showed marked decrease lipid peroxidation and increase of the endogenous antioxidants levels. The cadmium-induced histopathological changes were also minimized with the tested extracts. These results suggest that S. platensis and P. ginseng might play a role in reducing the toxic effect of cadmium and its antioxidant properties seem to mediate such a protective effect.
Available online 6 December 2008.
Extracts of ginseng species show antihyperglycemic activity. We evaluated the antihyperglycemic and antiobesity effects of ginsam, a component of Panax ginseng produced by vinegar extraction, which is enriched in the ginsenoside Rg3. Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, an obese insulin-resistant rat model, were assigned into 1 of 3 groups (n = 8 each): controls (isotonic sodium chloride solution, 5 mL/d), rats given 300 mg/(kg d) ginsam, and rats given 500 mg/(kg d) ginsam. An intraperitoneal 2-hour glucose tolerance test was performed at the end of the 6-week treatment. After 8 weeks, body and liver weights, visceral fat measured by computed tomography, and fasting glucose and insulin concentrations and lipid profiles were recorded. Insulin-resistant rats treated with ginsam had lower fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations compared with vehicle-treated rats. Importantly, overall glucose excursion during the intraperitoneal 2-hour glucose tolerance test decreased by 21.5% (P < .01) in the treated rats, indicating improved glucose tolerance. Plasma insulin concentration was significantly lower in ginsam-treated rats. These changes may be related to increased glucose transporter 4 expression in skeletal muscle. Interestingly, when the data from both ginsam-treated groups were combined, body weight was 60% lower in the ginsam-treated rats than in the controls (P < .01). Liver weight and serum alanine aminotransferase concentrations were also lower in the ginsam-treated rats. These effects were associated with increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in liver and muscle. Our data suggest that ginsam has distinct beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and body weight control in an obese animal model of insulin resistance by changing the expression of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism.
Three artificial triterpenoids, (20R)-20,25-epoxy-dammaran-2-en-6α,12β-diol (1), (20R)-20,25-epoxy-3-methyl-28-nordammaran-2-en-6α,12β-diol (2) and isodehydroprotopanaxatriol (3), were isolated from an acidic hydrolysate of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, along with three known triterpenes, (20R)-panaxadiol (4), (20R)-panaxatriol (5) and oleanolic acid (6). Compounds 1-3 and 6 showed inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease with IC50 of 10.5, 10.3, 12.3 and 6.3 µM, respectively. The results indicated that acid treatment of Ginseng extract could produce diverse structures with interesting bioactivity.
Three artificial triterpenoids were isolated along with three known ones, from an acidic hydrolysate of Panax ginseng. Four of them showed inhibitory activity on HIV protease.
The medicinal herb, Panax notoginseng, has been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine and possesses anti-fibrosis properties. Epithelial-myofibroblast transition (EMT) plays an important role in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The present study was designed to examine whether ginsenoside Rg1, a major active component isolated from Panax notoginseng, has an ability to block this phenotypic transition in rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). The morphology of tubular epithelial-myofibroblast transition was observed through light microscope and transmission electron microscopy. α-SMA and E-cadherin are two markers of tubular epithelial-myofibroblast transition, their protein expressions were assessed by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Gene expression of α-SMA as well as the two major extracellular matrix components collagen I and fibronectin was measured by real-time PCR analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantitatively detect collagen I and fibronectin in the supernatant. Our results revealed that ginsenoside Rg1 obviously blocked morphologic transformation in NRK-52E induced by TGF-β1. Meanwhile, ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited the expression of α-SMA and the loss of E-cadherin, subsequently decreased the levels of collagen I and fibronectin in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, western blot analysis indicated that ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited the expression of P-ERK1/2 in NRK-52E induced by TGF-β1. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 can restrain the process of EMT maybe via suppressing the expression of P-ERK1/2 in vitro.
Fig. 1. Chemical structure of ginsenoside Rg1.
Fig. 2. Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on phenotypic transformation of tubular epithelial to myofibroblasts in NRK-52E induced by TGF-β1. (a-c) Phase contrast microscopy 200×: (a) control group; (b) TGF-β1 10 ng/ml group; (c) TGF-β1 10 ng/ml plus ginsenoside Rg1 40 ng/ml group (after incubated for 72 h). (d-g) Transmission electron microscopy 4200×: (d) control group; (e-f) TGF-β1 10 ng/ml group; (g) TGF-β1 10 ng/ml plus ginsenoside Rg1 40 ng/ml group (after incubated for 72 h).
Fig. 3. Time-course of α-SMA, collagen I and fibronectin mRNA expression in NRK-52E induced by TGF-β1. It was demonstrated that α-SMA mRNA level increased rapidly and up to maximum in 48 h upon the stimulation of TGF-β1, and then declined but still kept at a relatively high level. This increase was followed by significant augmentation of collagen I and fibronectin mRNA, both of which appeared progressively throughout the time course.
Fig. 4. Western blot analysis of α-SMA and E-cadherin expression in NRK52E cells. (a) Western blot analysis of α-SMA and E-cadherin expression in NRK52E cells. The NRK52E cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 120 h. (b) Ginsenoside Rg1 decreased α-SMA expression at 72 h in a dose-dependent manner. Ginsenoside Rg1 largely restored the E-cadherin protein staining at 72 h in a dose-dependent manner.
Fig. 5. Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on expression of α-SMA and E-Cadherin in NRK52E cells detected by immunohistochemistry. (a-c) Immunohistochemical analysis of α-SMA expression 200×: (a) control group; (b) TGF-β1 10 ng/ml group; (c) TGF-β1 10 ng/ml plus ginsenoside Rg1 40 ng/ml group (after incubated for 72 h). (d-f) Immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin expression 400×: (d) control group; (e) TGF-β1 10 ng/ml group; (f) TGF-β1 10 ng/ml plus ginsenoside Rg1 40 ng/ml group (after incubated for 72 h).
Fig. 6. Western blot analysis of P-ERK1/2 expression in NRK52E cells. (a) Western blot analysis of P-ERK1/2 expression in NRK52E cells. The NRK52E cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) at 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, and 240 min. (b) Ginsenoside Rg1 decreased P-ERK1/2 expression at 60 min in a dose-dependent manner.
Oligonucleotide primer sets for real-time PCR.
For, Rev and Pro indicate forward, reverse and probe, respectively. All primers and TaqMan probes were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China).
Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on α-SMA, collagen I and fibronectin mRNA expression in NRK52E cells (relative expression ratio).
♣ p < 0.05 vs. control group.
◊ p > 0.05 vs. control group.
* p < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 10 ng/ml.
♦ p > 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 10 ng/ml.
Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of α-SMA and E-Cadherin in NRK52E cells (positive-stained cells %).
Effect of Rg1 on TGF-β1-induced collagen I and fibronectin protein expression detected by ELISA.
Corresponding author at: Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxuexiang, Wuhou, Chengdu 610041, China.
A new compound, named quinquefoloside-Lc (1), together with nine known compounds, was isolated from leaves of Panax quinquefolium, and its structure was elucidated as 3β,12β,20S-trihydroxy-25-methoxydammar-23-ene 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 2) β-d-glucopyranosyl-20-O-β-d-xylopyanosyl (1 → 6) β-d-glucopyranoside (1), on the basis of MS, 1D-and 2D-NMR experiments as well as by chemical degradation. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line was also tested by MTT method.
A new compound, named Quinquefoloside-Lc (1), together with nine known compounds, was isolated from leaves of Panax quinquefolium, and its structure was elucidated as 3β, 12β, 20S-trihydroxy-25-methoxydammar-23-ene 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 2)β-d-glucopyranosyl-20-O-β-d-xylopyanosyl(1 → 6)β-d-glucopyranoside (1), on the basis of MS, 1D-and 2D-NMR experiments as well as by chemical degradation. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line was also tested by MTT method. The structure of Quinquefoloside-Lc (1) was shown as follows.
Fig. 1. Structure of compound 1.
Fig. 2. Key HMBC and NOESY correlations of compound 1.
Schwann cells (SCs), the glial cells of the peripheral nerve system, play a key role in the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves. However, problems with the use of SCs to repair peripheral nerves include attenuated biologic properties and impaired function with ageing. Panaxydol (PND) effectively protects neurons against injury in degenerative diseases. We investigated the protective role of PND in SCs through immunocytochemistry and ELISA assay. PND promoted the expression and secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by SCs in a dose-dependent manner at doses of 2.5-20 and 5.0-20 µM, respectively. The effects on both factors were maximal at 10 µM. PND also enhanced the synthesis of actin, a key component of the cytoskeleton. When we examined mitochondria in SCs with probes marked with rhodamine-123, fluorescence intensity was stronger in the PND group than in a control group, indicating a stabilized mitochondrial transmembrane potential. PND modified cytoskeleton dynamics and induced SCs to secrete and express neurotrophic factors (NTFs), and to resist high energy consumption in a dose-dependent manner. It exerted its maximum effect at 10 µM. PND treatment of SCs might be promising strategies for the application of these cells in repairing PNS injury by enhancing the biological properties.
Liver, being primary site for biotransformation of foreign compounds is vulnerable to various chemical assaults. Ginseng has a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutical action. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the cadmium chloride (CdCl2) induced toxicity in liver and its possible protection by panax ginseng Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups: (i) Control group - only vehicle (double distilled water) (ii) inseng treated group - 10 mg/kg b.wt. orally (iii) CdCl2 treated group - 1.0 mg/kg b.wt. CdCl2 i.p. (iv) Combination group - Ginseng root extract (10 mg/kg b.wt.) and CdCl2 (1.0 mg/kg b.wt.). Activities of alkaline phosphatase, GOT, GPT were measured in serum and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and GSH content were measured in liver. The results indicated a significant increase in LPO, GOT, GPT activities and decrease in GSH and serum alkaline phosphatase activities after CdCl2 treatment. Ginseng alone did not show any significant alterations except a significant decrease in LPO level. Combined treatment of Ginseng and CdCl2 showed significant decrease in LPO, GOT, GPT and elevation in GSH and serum alkaline phosphatase as compared to CdCl2 treated group. Thus, Ginseng is found to be protective against cadmium-induced hepatic injuries.
The effects of the subchronic administration of Panax ginseng extracts were examined on the hepatic cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system of guinea pigs pre-exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Panax ginseng extracts were intraperitoneally administered to guinea pigs at 100 mg/kg/day for 14 days from 1 week after a single intraperitoneal injection of 1 µg of TCDD/kg of body weight. TCDD treatment increased the total cytochrome P450 content 2.86-fold, and this was remarkably inhibited by the administration of Panax ginseng extracts. Treatment with ginseng extract alone also decreased the contents of cytochrome P450 by 33%, but both TCDD and ginseng extracts had no effect on cytochrome b5 content. The administration of TCDD resulted in a 1.73-fold increase in microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase activity in the guinea pig liver, and this was significantly inhibited by ginseng extracts, but treatment with ginseng extracts alone had no effect on its activity, and no statistical changes in the activity of NADPH-cytochrome b5 reductase were observed in guinea pig liver due to TCDD and/or ginseng extract administration. Compared to the control, ECOD activity remarkably (1.76-fold) increased after TCDD administration, but this increase was completely inhibited by treatment with ginseng extract. Treatment with ginseng extract alone resulted in a 50% reduction of ECOD activity. TCDD administration remarkably induced benzphetamine demethylation (BPDM) activity, while ginseng extract also slightly increased the enzyme´s activity, but the induction attributed to ginseng extracts was not statistically significant. Even though administration of ginseng extracts slightly inhibited TCDD-induced BPDM activity, the inhibition was not statistically significant. These results indicate that ginseng extract exerts different effect on the induction of P450 isozymes. From these results, we suggest that Panax ginseng extracts may act as an inhibitor of CYP1A rather than that of CYP2B. | 2019-04-22T16:49:10Z | http://www.korejskyzensen.sk/vyskum.php |
Thanks for the comments. Bought some brass and a propane torch, going to try that.
Copper will solder well (though it will take some heat!). But unless you use a very light and flimsy gauge it will be very heavy. Brass will solder well - don't know the size of prop you want - may be a bit expensive. You can bend thin sheet round a former to make any diameter shroud. Aluminium tube should do, if you can get an off-cut the size you want. Don't play around with aluminium soldering, which is a specialist job - but small pop rivets will work perfectly... We don't know the size you are interested in, so it's hard to advise on materials. But if your boats are static models, card or thin plastic sheet will be fine. A slice from a plastic squash bottle may fit the bill?
Hello all, Even though I am in the middle of several projects, including refitting two of my boats, I can't resist starting a new one. I am sure that I am not the only one with this affliction, I get bored quickly and jump from project to project. To keep them moving, I mostly work simultaneously. So here goes, my first ever Build Blog, bear with me.... Picked the Springer Tug as it is very simple and it will just be used ss a backup recovery vessel. I intend to build it a zero cost from my parts box and scrap wood pile. I put together my extra props, driveshaft, gearbox, motor, esc and RX. May have to buy a SLA Battery to get descent run time. Started last evening by making a template based on the plan in photo, credit goes to hull designer, see photo. Then I determined my motor location and Drive Line Angle so I could design the stuffing tube. Constructed that the same night using a 3/16" SS steel drive shaft. Bronze bushings from local hardware store and brass tubing from my supplies. See photos... Had the 500dc motor, Master Airscrew Gearbox, drive shaft, coupler and 2"
ellers. Has anybody any suggestions on the best construction techniques?
The prop-shaft, coupling and motor mount that I ordered from ModelBoatBits has arrived so it seems a good a good time to make up a supporting wedge for the mount to fix to. I do have a rigid brass motor alignment aid that I used when building the Crash Tender but do you think I can find it in the workshop?....nope! 😡 I expect it will turn up when I need it least! 🤞 Not wanting to waste time I used a length of heat shrink tubing over the motor coupling to make it as rigid as possible, a trick I had seen done elsewhere, and this enabled me to position the motor on its mount in the desired position and measure the angle that the mounting wedge needs to be made to. I used an offcut of beech that I had in the workshop which I cut to size and then shaped it on the rotary sander that I bought in Lidl, fantastic piece of kit !!. The wedge was then drilled to take the nylon motor mount and also the fixing screws that pass through the beech block, through the balsa base of the box and into the ply reinforcing plate that I put in during early construction of the hull. After cleaning up the hole through the keel the prop-shaft was keyed with some abrasive, smeared with some epoxy and then pushed through to mate with the motor coupling. I used the excess epoxy resin around the shaft inside the hull and used some packing tape to stop it running out when I inverted the hull to seal the lower end. A quick spin on the motor confirmed that the alignment was spot-on and the hull set aside while the epoxy set. The next step will be to plank the deck.
was too large and 4 bladed. I have since invested in 3 smaller ones 30, 25, and 20mm 3 bladed brass but not got around to another sea trial yet. Also as you can see she still needs to be finished with painting. I will get round to it one day.
Springer build log for website Hello all, Even though I am in the middle of several projects, including refitting two of my boats, I can't resist starting a new one. I am sure that I am not the only one with this affliction, I get bored quickly and jump from project to project. To keep them moving, I mostly work simultaneously. So here goes, my first ever Build Blog, bear with me.... Picked the Springer Tug as it is very simple and it will just be used ss a backup recovery vessel. I intend to build it a zero cost from my parts box and scrap wood pile. I put together my extra props, driveshaft, gearbox, motor, esc and RX. May have to buy a SLA Battery to get descent run time. Started last evening by making a template based on the plan in photo, credit goes to hull designer, see photo. Then I determined my motor location and Drive Line Angle so I could design the stuffing tube. Constructed that the same night using a 3/16" SS steel drive shaft. Bronze bushings from local hardware store and brass tubing from my supplies. See photos... Had the 500dc motor, Master Airscrew Gearbox, drive shaft, coupler and 2"
Hi all for the second blog report on the schnellboot I am going to go over the rudder a propeller shaft assembly in more detail. The first stage was to make the rudders which were made of brass ,and having taken note of what has been said about the increase in size needed for the kit by other members I have increased the size of the rudders by 50% so that they have more effect and hopefully the boat will be more agile .I fitted 3mm treaded rod on to the rudder and in a 4mm flanged tube to reinforce the brass rod. The second stage was to make and fit 5mm flanged tube in the location for the rudders in the boat, these were made to be above the water line and will be sealed in place to reduce the possibility of leaks. These were fitted to a rudder platform inside the boat which was fitted to the kit moulding for the rubbing strip that runs the length on the boat and secured by making resin blocks which were fitted with computer extension nuts. which were then superglue in place to secure the rudder platform. The rudders were then fitted in place and held in position with the tiller collars which were made from 8mm rod and fitted the tiller arms and locked in place with 3mm computer screws and ni-lock nuts, a connecting plate was then fitted to connect the three tillers together, I also fitted rubberised washers to seal the rudder tubes. The third stage was to make the propeller supports. The centre support was a direct copy of the kit part made of brass and fitted to the kit with a plate and screws (this plate and the rudder plate were made from galvanised steel) and will sealed with resin after the I test the boat for leaks. The port and starboard supports were made by taking the kit parts and cutting them in have along the joint line or mould seam this gave me a template ,which I used to make cross-section segments but I did alter the template by increasing the boss diameter to 10mm and extending the support legs so that the finished support could be fitted through the hull (the picture of these show the mk1 version where I forgot to allow for the 4mm prop shaft which has a 6mm tube) any way the boss of these segments were drilled out with a 7mm drill and a length of 7mm brass tube fitted through the boss to assemble the segments, all of which were coated in soldering flux at this stage of the assembly which were riveted at both ends to hold it all together during soldering, after soldering the supports were then filed to the size and shape to resemble the kit parts as close as possible and fitted to the hull using a superglue and talcum powder mix and then I cast resin around the extensions to secure the prop supports in place. The fourth stage is the propeller shaft housing for the centre propeller housing I place a brass rod in a plastic straw and place in position in hull and using resin I sealed the hull with the rod in place this gave me a pilot hole for the centre prop shaft after I removed the brass rod. For the port and starboard shafts I used the kit parts which had hole place when assembled, this when I reinforced the housings ,the centre housing I glue 2mm of plasticard on each side and for the port and starboard I made a brass tube shroud which covered the housings which left gaps between the kit part and the brass which was filled by casting resin in the gap this increased the diameter to 10 mm so that there were little chance of breaking throw with the drill and finished these off by fill-in the outside with body filler and sanded to shape and finish . I then drilled through the pilot hole in the housings using very long extended drills and a wheel brace ( if I had use a power drill the heat would have melted the plastic of the kit and may have caused problems) I drill the shaft housings out 6mm them filed them out with 6mm file so that I could insert a length of 6mm brass tube. After all this was done I fitted a flanged bush made from 7mm tube and 2mm brass plate turned to 11mm to the ends or the propeller shaft housings. And now it is time I must ask for some help could anyone advise me on the length of propeller shafts, I know I can use a 300mm shaft for the centre shaft, but port and starboard will have to be longer. and I also need advice on selecting the motors, I want to use 4mm prop shaft with 35mm propellers. Any opinions welcome.
ellers arrived, delayed about a month in one of Canada's regular postal disruptions. After minor modifications to the boss profile (the brass are more streamlined and thus longer than nylon) to give clearance with the rudder leading edges, they were easily installed. Could now refit the electrical equipment previously removed to get access to the shaft couplings. Inevitably took the opportunity to make “improvements”, so then could not get anything to work! After much frustration determined the problem was not from my improvements, but from the cheap and nasty slide switches provided with ESCs. These must have got damp during the test runs and corroded internally. Suggest when using these switches they be consigned to the garbage and replaced with proper toggle ones. Had decided to use the centre brushed motor/propeller for manoeuvring and low speed operation and then the outer brushless for high speed. Brushless ESCs do not modulate smoothly and motor operation is erratic. This was particularly evident when going from forward to reverse and vice versa. Using a lever control Tx, it was also easy to inadvertently operate the brushless control along with the brushed making the model response unpredictable. After some thinking, decided to insert a small relay into each of the white signal wires for the brushless motor ESCs. These relays would be controlled by a RC switch operated by another channel on the Rx. Hoping this way the brushless motors could be switched on and off whenever desired. The two relays would retain the ESCs as separate circuits and avoid any interference between them. The idea worked, can now operate the brushed motor confidently knowing the brushless will not be inadvertently triggered. This means low speed manoeuvers can be gently undertaken using the modulation and control ability of the brushless motors and, by selecting the auxiliary control, can add the high speed capability of the brushless. Am also hoping that when the Li-Pos trigger the low voltage cut-outs in the ESCs, this will retain a “get-home” facility on the brushed motor as that ESC operates independently. Much to look forward to when next on the water.
Looking for more help please. I have settled for the Graupner Speed 600 8.4 Volt (4.8-9.6V) with the Mtroniks TIO Marine 30 Amp ESC driving a 3 blade brass 35mm prop. I need advise on what size of NiMh pack to use and will it be under propped with the 35mm 3 blade?
Here's the history bit so pay attention... Many years ago as a boy in the fifth year of my north London secondary school, circa 1971, our woodwork class was given the option to make something of our own choice. Having mastered the majority of joints, wood turning, finishing techniques and the making of table lamps, stools and bookshelves etc. this seemed a good idea, so myself and a fellow classmate and model making chum asked if we could construct a model boat. The teacher, on hearing that it was to be from a kit and not from scratch was a little surprised but agreed. So my friend and I jointly invested about 20 quid in an Aerokits 34.5 inch RAF Crash Tender from Blunts' model shop in Mill Hill (long since gone like many others) and we set about construction during lesson time and sometimes at break times. I recall we used "Cascamite" to glue it all together on the advice of the woodwork teacher because neither 'Scotch' glue nor PVA was suited to marine construction. Good progress was made over the course of our last year at school but it was never fully completed, only requiring painting, running gear and detailing. My friend decided that he needed to withdraw from the project as he was enrolling in a college away from home to study for a career in the merchant navy and I agreed to buy out his share and continue with the project. And so it was that I carried on with the painting and installing the running gear which consisted of a 1.5 cc marine diesel engine, water pickup, prop shaft and rudder and a MacGregor radio system with a stick for steering and a single button for speed control. The engine and radio came from Michael's Models in Finchley (also long gone) for £20 as my elder brother, who had started a Saturday job there, was able to get a staff discount for me. The diesel engine was noisy and smelly and a pig to start with a leather thong around the flywheel and I decided to abandon this means of propulsion (I foolishly ran it for slightly too long 'dry' and melted the soldering around the brass water jacket!). By now I had graduated from my part time job in Woolies to an engineering apprentice with Post Office Telephones and my new income of 20 quid per week could support my modelling and electronics hobbies after my contribution to the household for my keep. So off to the model shop to buy a Taycol Supermarine electric motor, two 12v volt lead acid batteries and a suitable charger. The diesel came out and was sold on Exchange & Mart and the mount and coupling re-made to accommodate the new Taycol motor. What an improvement that was! I can't remember now what speed controller or servo I used but whatever it was did the job, and it went like the clappers on Friary Park boating lake (also long since gone) even though the radio control system was a bit crude with the non-proportional steering and 'blip' throttle control. The boating took a back seat when I acquired my driving licence and my first car (a rusty old Cortina Mk 1) and I also got involved in sound recording for radio. I decided to sell the boat and bits for £60 through Exchange & Mart and bought an Akai 4000DS tape recorder and a 'Chilton' audio mixer, built a home studio and along with a good mate of mine started making radio commercials for the new commercial radio stations including London's Capital Radio. We even won a 'Campaign' advertising award for one of our efforts! And so after several years as a 'phone engineer I moved into professional recording for A/V and broadcast and then into TV production. Fast forward to today. Semi-retired with grand kids and with more free time on my hands I still had an interest in model making so in Jan 2016 went to the Model Engineer exhibition at nearby 'Ally Pally'. It was there that I saw an RAF crash tender just like the one I built all those years ago and got into conversation with the chap on the stand. This re-ignited my model making interests and I researched the hobby and that model in particular.
Hi all for the second blog report on the schenllboot I am going to go over the rudder an propeller shaft assembly in more detail. The first stage was to make the rudders which were made of brass ,and having taken note of what has been said about the increase in size needed for the kit by other members I have increased the size of the rudders by 50% so that they have more effect and hopefully the boat will be more agile .I fitted 3mm treaded rod on to the rudder and in a 4mm flanged tube to reinforce the brass rod. The second stage was to make and fit 5mm flanged tube in the location for the rudders in the boat , these were made to be above the water line and will be sealed in place to reduce the possibility of leaks. These were fitted to a rudder platform inside the boat which was fitted to the kit moulding for the rubbing strip that runs the length on the boat and secured by making resin blocks which were fitted with computer extension nuts .which were then superglue in place to secure the rudder platform. The rudders were then fitted in place and held in position with the tiller collars which were made from 8mm rod and fitted the tiller arms and locked in place with 3mm computer screws and ni-lock nuts, a connecting plate was then fitted to connect the three tillers together, I also fitted rubberised washers to seal the rudder tubes. The third stage was to make the propeller supports. The centre support was a direct copy of the kit part made of brass and fitted to the kit with a plate and screws (this plate and the rudder plate were made from galvanised steel)and will sealed with resin after the I test the boat for leaks. The port and starboard supports were made by taking the kit parts and cutting them in have along the joint line or mould seam this gave me a template ,which I used to make cross-section segments but I did alter the template by increasing the boss diameter to 10mm and extending the support legs so that the finished support could be fitted through the hull (the picture of these show the mk1 version where I forgot to allow for the 4mm prop shaft which has a 6mm tube) any way the boss of these segments were drilled out with a 7mm drill and a length of 7mm brass tube fitted through the boss to assemble the segments, all of which were coated in soldering flux at this stage of the assembly which were riveted at both ends to hold it all together during soldering, after soldering the supports were then filed to the size and shape to resemble the kit parts as close as possible and fitted to the hull using a superglue and talcum power mix and then I cast resin around the extensions to secure the prop supports in place. The forth stage is the propeller shaft housing for the centre propeller housing I place a brass rod in a plastic straw and place in position in hull and using resin I sealed the hull with the rod in place this gave me a pilot hole for the centre prop shaft after I removed the brass rod. For the port and starboard shafts I used the kit parts which had hole place when assembled, this when I reinforced the housings ,the centre housing I glue 2mm of plasticard on each side and for the port and starboard I made a brass tube shroud which covered the housings which left gaps between the kit part and the brass which was filled by casting resin in the gap this increased the diameter to 10 mm so that there were little chance of breaking throw with the drill and finished these off by fill-in the outside with body filler and sanded to shape and finish . I then drilled through the pilot hole in the housings using very long extended drills and a wheel brace ( if I had use a power drill the heat would have melted the plastic of the kit and may have caused problems) I drill the shaft housings out 6mm them filed them out with 6mm file so that I could insert a length of 6mm brass tube. After all this was done I fitted a flanged bush made from 7mm tube and 2mm brass plate turned to 11mm to the ends or the propeller shaft housings. And now it is time I have to ask for some help could any one advise me on the length of propeller shafts , I know I can use a 300mm shaft for the centre shaft but port and starboard will have to be longer . and I also need advice on selecting the motors , I want to use 4mm prop shaft with 35mm propellers. Any opinions welcome.
. Power supply was 12v 7ah sla using a 30 amp. esc. it looked fantastic on the water, even against the current it was moving ahead with full power. if my sea commander goes that well I'll be as happy as a dog with 2 tails. Cheers Colin.
Taycol supermarine, to which prop.
, 2 inch 3 blade brass, and various plastic 2 or 3 bade, in 30-35-40&45mm. Which would be the correct one to use. Any thoughts would be much appreciated, cheers Colin.
https://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?2454547-Metal-vs-Plastic-Props "Downside to metal props is the fact they need to be balanced and sharpened, which is a lot of work and not without health issues due to the beryllium used in some brass alloys. Berillium is highly toxic, read up on the stuff and take the appropriate measures." and https://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?1267378-Dangers-of-prop-work. I know you cannot trust all you read on the internet, but better safe than sorry!
s from Raboesch in Holland. They are already balanced and polished anyway!😊 'Chinese' manufacturers not subject to the much maligned EU regulations huh!? Cheers, Doug 😎 BTW People: IF by remote chance your props do contain beryllium DO NOT WORK ON THEM AT ALL. Dispose of them pronto at your local hazardous substances recycling depot. Above all do not sand or grind them. it's the beryllium oxide dust that's dangerous, that's why safe disposal of busted florescent lamps and the old first generation 'Energy saving bulbs' is also mandatory. YHBW!
eller 50-L-4bl-M4. Kit is very nicely done all fittings and hardware are included with the kit. The hull is detailed and I have lined the inside of the hull with 2 x 2 oz. fiberglass cloth and resin to give it more rigidity. I have installed the motor and prop shaft along with the rudder which I replaced since the kit supplied rudder was cast resin and only had a 3/32 dia shaft, I’m sure it would work fine but felt better with something a little more substantial. Added 5 lbs of ballast I used shot and installed sub floor in hull. Equipment installation and deck fitting, added 1/8” plywood as deck and styrene on top.
Emerald - ''Round the Word'' ocean racing yacht.
I built this 1/125th scale Amati kit of the Titanic over two years from 2016. it has enhanced etched brass details from Minibrass. Conversion for radio control involved making the hull waterproof with multiple layers of fibreglass cloth bonded with epoxy resin as well as the installation of a drive train and RC gear. With only a tiny rudder, steering is dependent on a mixer unit controlling the differential speed of the propellors.
Thanks, Doug. I’m glad I posted my erroneous method for calculating scale speeds, otherwise I wouldn’t have learned the correct way to do it. Looks like I’ll be eating crow for dinner tonight with humble pie for dessert. it just shows how much I have to learn. I never would have guessed that the prop tubes in our HE tugs are plastic. At first it struck me as a poor material for the job, but from another perspective I guess it’s not so bad. At least the shafts themselves are metal & there’s a nice set of brass counter-rotating props on the business end. By the way...what’s a moorhen? | 2019-04-24T14:16:53Z | https://model-boats.com/search?q=tag:brass+prop |
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Points, awards, membership benefits, and other aspects of a PM’s account in the GLP do not constitute property of the PM. Except as expressly set forth in these Terms, points, awards, membership benefits, and accounts cannot be given away by a PM and are not negotiable, commissionable, or redeemable for cash, and are void if a PM sells, barters, auctions, donates, assigns, conveys, or otherwise transfers them (or makes any attempt to do so) in a manner not expressly allowed by these Terms. Points, awards, membership benefits, and accounts may not be transferred via divorce or inheritance.
As detailed elsewhere in these Terms, Seaboard Hotels may in some circumstances permit the transfer, combination, or conversion of points or awards or the merger of accounts in the Program.
Points do not expire unless your account becomes inactive for any period of twenty-four (24) months or longer. To maintain the points in your account, you must have at least one qualifying stay or redeemed transaction posted to your account every twenty-four (24) months. If you do not keep your account active for any period of twenty-four (24) months or more, all your points may expire which means your points will be removed from your account and are no longer able to be redeemed. Under no circumstances will forfeited points be reinstated.
Sponsor may immediately, without notice, limit or terminate your membership if you: (i) violate these Terms or any other applicable additional terms or appear to be utilizing the Program in a manner inconsistent with these Terms or the intent of the Program; (ii) are suspected or found to be acting in an abusive or fraudulent manner or engaging in any conduct that artificially, improperly, or deceptively impacts the accumulation, use, or loss of points, awards, or membership benefits (including, without limitation, use of any “bot,” macro, or other automated means of participating in the Program); (iii) attempt to transfer your account or any points or awards to another Member or a third party, except as expressly permitted by these Terms or with the express written permission of Seaboard Hotels; (iv) make any misrepresentation in connection with the Program; (v) impair the normal functioning of the Program Site or the Program; (vi) disturb other guests or otherwise disrupt or impair the normal operation of any Seaboard Hotels property.
If you are a Member and would like to discontinue your membership, you may request that Seaboard Hotels close your account by contacting Seaboard Hotels customer service. Once you submit a termination request, termination is irreversible and your account will be closed and all points, awards, and benefits forfeited as described below.
If your membership is terminated, you will lose all points, awards, and benefits associated with your account and you will no longer be able to earn or redeem points or awards in the Program. Likewise, your future participation in the Program may be prohibited.
WE ALSO RESERVE THE RIGHT TO TERMINATE THE PROGRAM COMPLETELY AT ANY TIME BY PROVIDING ACTIVE MEMBERS WITH SIX (6) MONTHS WRITTEN NOTICE TO THE EMAIL ADDRESS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR ACCOUNT, UNLESS A SHORTER NOTICE PERIOD (OR NO NOTICE) IS REQUIRED OR PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. ANY POINTS OR AWARDS IN YOUR ACCOUNT OR OTHERWISE HELD BY YOU ON THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF TERMINATION WILL BE FORFEITED.
Seaboard Hotels reserves the right to modify these Terms from time-to-time, with reasonable notice to Members as described in this section. Seaboard Hotels will notify you of changes to the Terms by posting them to the Program Site and may also notify you via the email address associated with your account. The updated Terms will be effective as of the time of posting, or upon such later date or by such other method as specified by Sponsor. Unless otherwise stated, the updated Terms will apply to your participation in the Program beginning as of their effective date. These Terms may only be modified in accordance with this section. Otherwise, no employee, agent, or other representative of Seaboard Hotels has the right or authority to modify any of these Terms.
Seaboard Hotels reserves the right to, from time to time, among other things: change earning ability; withdraw, limit, modify, or cancel any reward or benefit; increase or alter the point or other requirements to earn a reward or benefit; modify or regulate the transferability of points, rewards, or benefits; add blackout dates; or limit the number of rooms available for reward redemption. Seaboard Hotels may limit the number of GLPM participants and may temporarily or permanently discontinue registering new Members at any time and for any reason without notice.
This GLP is made available to you on an as-is, as-available basis, without representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied. Seaboard hotels and the owners, operators, directors, managers, and employees of any Seaboard Hotel property (collectively, the “Seaboard Hotels Parties”) make no representation about the suitability of the GLP for you. The Seaboard Hotels parties specifically disclaim all warranties and conditions of any kind, including all implied warranties and conditions of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement. Your participation in the GLP is at your own risk.
Without limiting the foregoing, Seaboard Hotels do not represent or warrant that the information related to the program is accurate, complete, reliable, useful, timely, or current or that the program will operate without interruption or error. Despite our commercially reasonable efforts, the GLP site and other GLP materials may contain typographical or other errors or inaccuracies, including, without limitation, regarding the amount or value of a particular reward, the number of points required to redeem a particular reward, the number of points to be awarded for a particular action, the ability to redeem a reward or receive a membership benefit at a particular property, or the classification of any property for reward purposes. No Seaboard Hotel party will be responsible for any such error, typo, or misprint in these terms or any GLP materials. Seaboard Hotels reserves the right to void or refuse to process any GLP reward, purported point-earning event, or other transaction arising out of such an error, typo, or misprint.
In no event will a Seaboard Hotel party be liable to you for any indirect, incidental, special or consequential damages arising out of or in any way connected with the GLP. You agree that the Seaboard Parties’ total cumulative liability relating to or arising out of the GLP and these terms, will not exceed the lesser of fifteen united states dollars (US $15.00) or the amount paid by you, if any, specific to participation in the program, plus any prevailing party costs or fees recoverable pursuant to applicable law. The foregoing limitations will apply even if the above stated remedy fails of its essential purpose.
The GLP, these Terms, and any disputes between you and Seaboard Hotels associated with the GLP or these Terms will be governed by the laws of the State of Delaware, U.S.A., without reference to its conflict of laws principles. Exclusive jurisdiction over any cause of action arising out of or related to the GLP or these Terms will be in state or federal courts located in or having jurisdiction over Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A. You further agree to submit to the exercise of personal jurisdiction of such courts for the purpose of litigating any such claim or action.
The Seaboard Hotel Parties are not responsible or liable to you, or any person claiming through you, for failure to supply or fulfill a reward, benefit or points in this GLP in the event the GLP or its operations are affected by any acts of god, any action, regulation, order or request by any governmental entity, equipment failure, actual or threatened terrorist acts, weather, natural phenomenon, war (declared or undeclared), fire, embargo, labor dispute or strike, labor or material shortage, or any laws, rules, regulations or orders or other action adopted or taken by any federal, state or local government authority, or any other cause, whether or not specifically mentioned above.
All decisions of Seaboard Hotels related to the earning, transference, and use of points, rewards, benefits, or other aspects of your membership account, to the GLP, or to these Terms, including any decision to deduct points from an account or deny rewards or benefits, are final and binding upon you and you agree to abide by all such decisions.
Points, rewards and other membership benefits may be subject to taxes and all associated obligations are each PM’s sole responsibility.
If any part of these Terms is invalid or unenforceable under applicable law, the invalid or unenforceable provision will be deemed superseded by a valid, enforceable provision that most closely matches the intent of the original provision, and the remainder of these Terms will govern such participation.
You agree that nothing contained in these Terms is in derogation of Seaboard Hotel’s right to comply with law enforcement or governmental requests or requirements relating to your participation in the Program or information provided to or gathered by Seaboard Hotels with respect to such participation.
These Terms constitute the entire and exclusive agreement between you Seaboard hotels, affiliated hotel properties and with respect to the GLP. These Terms supersede all prior or contemporaneous communications, agreements, advertising, and proposals, whether electronic, oral or written, with respect to this GLP or any other version of a customer-loyalty program from Seaboard Hotels or a Seaboard Hotel Party. Both you and Seaboard Hotels acknowledge that neither of you have been induced to enter into these Terms by any representations or promises not specifically stated in these Terms.
A printed version of these Terms and of any notice given by Seaboard Hotels in electronic form will be admissible in judicial, arbitrative, or administrative proceedings based upon or relating to these Terms or your participation in the GLP to the same extent and subject to the same conditions as other business documents and records originally generated and maintained by Seaboard Hotels in printed form.
If and to the extent that there is any conflict among or between the Program Site or other Program marketing materials and these Terms, the language in these Terms will govern. Seaboard Hotel’s failure to or decision not to enforce any provision in these Terms will not constitute a waiver of that or any other provision. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of these Terms will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision.
To earn reward points a guest must be signed up for membership as outlined above. PM must be a registered guest staying at one of the Seaboard Hotel Groups properties, Avenue Inn, Atlantic View, Beach View, or Surf Side and pay an Eligible Room Charge (defined below). In the event that a hotel ceases to operate as a GLP property, points will not be awarded for nights stayed at that hotel following such cessation and points may not be redeemed for rewards at such hotel after the termination date, even if the applicable reservation was made prior to the termination date. The PM must actually check-in and complete the stay for his or her reservation at the hotel to earn points. No points will be awarded for any non-refundable prepaid fees, cancellation fees, or no-show fees paid by a PM for a reservation that (s)he did not actually use. Points will be deducted in the event of credit card charge-backs and/or disputes. Points accrue at check-out. Please allow seven (7) business days after check-out for points to post to your account. Points accrued during a current stay may not be credited toward a reward during that stay.
In order for a PM to earn points the room must be reserved in the PM’s name, the guest folio/bill for the room must be in the PM’s name and the PM must personally pay for all charges. The room charges must be paid by the PM in cash or using a payment device for which the PM is the named account holder or an authorized signatory. Gift cards are not eligible forms of payment. A PM will only earn points for qualifying charges after the PM completes his/her stay and is checked out of the hotel upon fulfilling the full stay as reserved. Payment by any other individual other than the PM will not transfer reward points for the stay.
If a PM chooses to earn points for his/her stay, such PM will earn ten (10) “Reward Points” for each whole U.S. dollar or U.S. dollar equivalent spent by the PM on the Eligible Room Charge. An “Eligible Room Charge” is defined as the hotel room rate charged for the entirety of the PM stay that is not affiliated with any third party booking company. Only reservations or bookings made through a Seaboard Hotels managed web site, (AvenueInn.com, RehobothBeachView.com, SurfSideOBX.com, AtlanticView.com) over the phone with an affiliated Seaboard Hotels employee at the participating hotel, or in person at the affiliated hotel will be eligible for rewards points. Taxes and service charges and those costs will not be eligible for points.
Eligible stays prior to PM enrollment are available for accruement back to June 1, 2013 if PM had not previously registered with prior rewards program (Perka). Points accumulated through and held over from the Perka program will transfer to the GLP.
A Member may earn points for up to three (3) rooms per night (Member’s room and two (2) additional rooms) within the same hotel. The Member must be a registered guest, occupy at least one of the rooms, and pay the standard rate for all applicable rooms. The Member will earn points for each of the rooms. The occupant(s) of the additional room(s) will not receive points even if a registered Member. All rooms must be paid for using the registered Members credit card.
When sharing accommodations with other Members, only the first Member assigned to the reservation may earn points for which (s)he personally pays.
An “Ineligible Room Charge” are all rates other than Eligible Room Charges and include Free Night Rewards, rooms booked on third-party online retailers such as Expedia.com, Travelocity.com, Hotels.com, Booking.com, Priceline.com, Tripadvisor.com Trivago.com, Kayak.com, or any other third-party online/mobile travel portal or bookings made directly on Google.com.
Ten (10) Rewards Points will be awarded for each whole U.S. dollar or U.S. dollar equivalent paid by a GLPM for Eligible Room Charges. “Methods of Payment” include cash, major credit cards or debit/bank cards. Methods of Payment excluded, without limitation are charges settled by a company or organization and gift cards.
In the event a PM does not provide his or her Program membership number at the time of check-in or check-out, the Member must contact the applicable hotel directly to request retroactive point issuance. Retroactive point credit are available no more than ninety (90) days from check-out.
Taxes and fees related to accrual are the responsibility of the PM. Without limiting the specificity of the remainder of this section, all terms and conditions applicable to a participant’s enrollment in any program will apply to that participant.
Program membership is not required to purchase rewards points. Program membership is required to redeem rewards points. Nonmembers may purchase and gift rewards points to eligible PM. PM's may purchase Rewards Points for themselves or to give directly to other Members. One US Dollar is equal to ten (10) rewards points purchased. Purchase of Rewards Points is non-refundable and these transactions cannot be reversed. The purchase price of Rewards Points is subject to change without notice. No monetary refunds will be given for purchased points. Additional terms and conditions may apply to these transactions.
A PM may not combine points from their account with those any other specifically designated PM.
Reward points do not constitute property of the PM. Reward points cannot be given away by a PM in any fashion including gifting. They are not negotiable, commissionable, or redeemable for cash, and are void if a PM sells, barters, auctions, donates, assigns, conveys, or otherwise transfers them (or makes any attempt to do so) in a manner not expressly allowed by these Terms.
Points may not be transferred via divorce or inheritance. In the case of documented death of a PM, reward points are transferable on a one-time basis to one (1) person sharing the same residential mailing address as the deceased PM. Receipt of points in such a transfer requires the recipient to be a PM. Seaboard Hotels will have no responsibility for any disputes related to the transference of the points of a deceased PM and, in the event that Seaboard Hotels receives competing transfer requests from more than one (1) person sharing the deceased PM’s residential address and such dispute cannot be resolved to Seaboard Hotels satisfaction, Seaboard Hotels may refuse all transfers and void the deceased PM’s points.
This section describes the procedure where you have previously associated your membership number with a purported points-earning transaction, but believe that an error or omission has occurred in crediting that transaction to your account. For information on seeking retroactive reward points credit for transactions with which you did not previously associate your membership number, please see the relevant section above. You must report any errors or omissions on transactions posted to your account by calling or emailing customer service within ninety (90) days of the applicable account summary in order for Seaboard Hotels to reconcile the account and make any required adjustments to your account. You agree that, if Seaboard Hotels determines that it improperly denied you reward points accrual, Seaboard Hotels’ total liability for such denial will be limited to the equivalent of that point accrual. Seaboard Hotels has the right to correct (including removal from your account), to cancel any points posted in error, or to cancel the use of any points posted in error at any time (e.g., by cancelling any pending award reservation made using such points).
A “Complimentary Night(s) Reward” offers Members the opportunity to have the room rate waived for a night or night’s stay (depending on available points) at a participating hotel.
A “Room Upgrade Reward” offers Members the opportunity to upgrade a room reserved by the PM to a different type or category of room. Upgrades are based on availability. Complimentary Night Rewards and Room Upgrade Rewards are available to PMs who earn a specified number of points or have earned benefits in the Program as part of a related promotional offer from Seaboard Hotels.
In order to make a reservation using a Free Night Reward, Room Upgrade Reward, or Points & Pay Reward (each, a “Reward Reservation”), PM must make the reservation in advance directly with the chosen Seaboard Hotel over the phone only. Online reservations are not available to utilize points. A credit card guarantee is required when making the Reward Reservation. Reward Points cannot be used as the reservation deposit. Reward Reservations are subject to the reservation requirements of the individual hotel at which PM is redeeming a reward, such as a minimum length of stay.
Reward Reservations are subject to the cancellation policy of the applicable hotel. The policy can be found on the web page for that hotel or by calling the hotel directly. If a PM does not follow the proper cancellation policy for the applicable hotel or if a PM does not check into the hotel when scheduled, the credit card provided with the Reward Reservation will be charged in accordance with the hotel’s cancellation or no-show policy.
Rewards points being utilized for the particular reward will be applied to the guest’s folio at check in for the room reserved and the points will subsequently be deducted for the Members GLP account.
No credit will be issued for any portion of a reward that is not fully used. If a Member has a Reward Reservation, checks in, and departs earlier than the confirmed checkout date, the PM forfeits any unused portion of the reward and corresponding points.
Unless expressly set forth in the terms for the applicable reward type, rewards are not combinable on the same dates with other rewards, upgrade certificates, certificate discounts or benefits, vouchers or any other special offers. However, a Member may choose to use multiple rewards for back-to-back stays.
When a PM checks in for a Reward Reservation, the PM may be required to present photo identification, comply with any other verification required by the applicable hotel, and provide a credit card deposit.
Free Night Rewards cannot be redeemed for packages, unless specifically stated as part of a particular reward offer (in which case additional terms may apply, as specified at the time of reward offer). Free Night Rewards are valid for standard guest rooms, unless specifically stated as part of a particular Reward. Standard rooms are defined by each hotel and may differ by hotel.
Reward Reservations allow for occupancy of two guests per room. If permitted, additional point redemption is required for a Reward Reservation of more than two (2) guests or the additional charges must be paid by PM’s cash, credit card or debit card.
Reward Reservations may be applied only to the PM’s guest room; they do not apply to other incidental expenses, service charges, or additional occupants.
Some rewards are subject to an expiration date, as specified in these Terms or in separate offer terms for a promotional reward. Expiration of such rewards is measured by the checkout date of the stay on which such reward is redeemed. The checkout date for the Reward Reservation on which any such reward is redeemed must occur before the expiration date of the reward. Rewards are void if not redeemed prior to the specified expiration date. The redemption period for any such reward will not be extended.
You should use the contact information available on the Program Web Site if you have any questions or concerns about the Program or your membership.
You can apply available points to any reservation and just make up the balance with a cash or credit card payment. Every 150 points is worth one US dollar. A MINIMUM of 5,000 point per transaction is required.
Dates are approximate. Contact the hotel to determine actual dates that determine the season for the present year. | 2019-04-22T15:00:29Z | https://www.seaboardhotels.com/rewards-terms-conditions/ |
This beautiful brown wood bead Stations of the Cross Rosary (actually a chaplet) contains full color representations of the 14 Stations of the Cross illustrated on each interlocked full-color oval pendant, concluding with the Resurrected Christ centerpiece. Each of the 14 station medals have the station number engraved on the back and are separated from each other with three smaller beads. The resurrection is featured at the center. The crucifix is very unique in that it also depicts God the Father and God the Holy Spirit along with the crucified Christ, thus representing the Holy Trinity. The Way of the Cross is a wonderful prayer and meditation on the Passion of Christ that is ideal for a Friday penitential practice, especially during Lent. It is intended to roll around as you pray and sometimes you will be able to see the number, other times, you are able to see the picture.
My good and dear Jesus, I kneel before you, asking you most earnestly to engrave upon my heart a deep and lively faith, hope, and charity, with true repentance for my sins, and a firm resolve to make amends. As I reflect upon your five wounds, and dwell upon them with deep compassion and grief, I recall, good Jesus, the words the prophet David spoke long ago concerning yourself: ‘They have pierced my hands and my feet; they have counted all my bones!
Lord Jesus Christ, your passion and death is the sacrifice that unites earth and heaven and reconciles all people to you. May we who have faithfully reflected on these mysteries follow in your steps and so come to share your glory in heaven where you live and reign with the Father and the Holy Spirit one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
The Stations of the Cross Rosary is a beautiful addition to my Daily Lenten prayers.
I am so pleased to have this rosary. It makes it much easier to pray at home. The only suggestion I would like to make would be to make the pictures of the Stations more vivid. Overall, I am quite happy with this purchase.
A beautiful rosary. My only suggestion is to print out the prayers inside the included box.
I was struck with the beauty of this Stations of the Cross Rosary. But our Priest, Father John, could not believe how beautiful it was as He blessed it. It was a gift for me to do Stations during this Lenten. season. Thank you!!!
I was so excited to see this in the catalogue. I sometimes say the Stations of the Cross at Adoration - sitting in front of Our Lord, and this rosary is perfect for that devotion.
This is a gift for my older daughter and she will be so thrilled. She asked for it and I want one too. It is so very beautiful.
I purchased this rosary to use during the Lenten Season. I found it larger than I expected. It is well made and I like the Trinity Cross. It should have a small laminated prayer card of directions in English with it. Fortunately the directions can be copied from the web site.
I ordered this as a birthday present for my mom. She was very pleased with it. The only thing that I would suggest is a booklet on how to pray the stations of the Cross. There was a small pamphlet included but was much too small for her to read.
This is so beautiful and well designed. The Crucifix took my breath away, portraying the Father, Son and Holy Ghost. My only complaint would be that some of the pictures were not vivid, and because of the size, were difficult to see clearly. This Rosary will be put to good use!
Beautiful rosary in brown wood. The pictures depict the stations of the cross. I am so happy I ordered the rosary. Workmanship is beautiful. I would recommend this to anyone. The pictures are a little hard for me to see as I am an elderly person but anyone would enjoy the beautiful work that has gone into it. Perfect timing for Lent!!
I pray the stations of the cross daily, and I find the rosary incredibly helpful during my prayer time.
It's beautiful, and an easier way to say the stations than reading them from a booklet when I don't have the time.
Perfect for this Lenten season, now I can do the stations of the cross at any time, use it just like a rosary, I really like the Holy Trinity for the Crucifix.
This stations of the cross rosary is beautiful and very well made.
Stunning rosary and very good quality. Looks exactly as pictured. Always happy with my purchases from The Catholic Company.
This Rosary is so beautiful. The Cross shows Father, Son and Holy Spirit. I had this beautiful Sacramental blessed today and will be using it often. My only wish is that the prayer routine on it would have been included.
I received today my Stations of the Cross Rosary in Brown Wood and it is beautiful. I can see myself purchasing a couple of them for birthdays this year. It is exquisite.
This is a lovely way to go through the Stations of the Cross for those who want to make this devotion in their home. Am buying another set for my sister!
This Stations of The Cross Rosary is beautiful and well made. I purchased this and 3 other Chaplets. They are all well made and beautiful. Sorry to repeat myself, but it is the way I feel! I am a first time customer and very happy with these purchases. Thanks again for making such quality products.
I read the reviews, hoping this rosary would live up to all the great comments. It did! It's so unusual (none of my friends had seen anything like it), and the quality is very nice. It'"feels good." The medals are beautiful, and are a good reminder of what the Stations really mean. Please note that it's not said like a regular rosary.
I HAD YOU SEND BOTH ITEM TO BRISTOL VERMONT FOR MY SISTER WHO WAS IN SERIOUS CONDITION. SHE IS 89 AND I WANTED HER TO HAVE IT FOR EASTER. I HAVE NOT HEARD FROM HER ABOUT THE CD BUT SHE WAS ESTATIC ABOUT THE ROSARY. I WOULD GIVE BOTH ITEMS ALL 5'S AS THELMA IS PICKY AND WHEN SHE IS HAPPY THEY MUST BE GREAT. THANKS FOR BEING HERE FOR ME TO CONTINUE PURCHASING ITEMS.
I recently purchased this beautiful rosary. I have had no issues of any kind with it. This is a well made product that I use daily. I highly recommend this rosary. Use this rosary and draw closer to Our Lord through His Passion. Thank you Catholic Company.
This is a beautiful and very detailed rosary but the chain links are somewhat cheap and get very tangled at one end--makes it very difficult to hold the rosary without problems.
This rosary is beautiful and a wonderful way to pray the stations of the cross whether you are in a church or at home. Also recommend the DVD "The Via Dolorosa Experience" that you can use with this rosary as an added devotion.
I have been wanting this station of the cross rosary for some time. It's beautifully done with smooth wooden beads which I prefer. This picture of the statons are lovely as well. Happy with purchase.
Beautiful Rosary and outstanding quality.
Having the Stations of the Cross within reach to pray anytime is a blessing. I ordered two of them and the recipient of the Rosary thanks me every time we meet for giving her this special gift. It is beautiful!
It's beautiful and well crafted. I would recommend it.
I love this Stations rosary. I love the little pictures for each station. It helps me focus on the meditation.
Love them but wish you sent instructions with them. Have they been Blessed? They are Beautiful rosaries.
It is not permissible to sell blessed objects, so none of our items are blessed. We encourage our customers to take the items to their parish priests to get blessed. Also, since the Stations Rosary comes from Italy, the instructions in English are not included with it. However, we have added the instructions above; look beneath the product description on the item page. This way our customers can print off the instructions.
I am very very satisfied with this high quality Stations of the Cross Rosary,... it is beautiful in every way!... love it!
This Rosary/Chaplet is wonderful. When you can't get to Stations at Church, you can still participate in your home with this beautiful chaplet.
I am so thankful for this Stations Rosary. I am disabled and usually not able to get to Church other than the Church bus for Mass. Now I can say the Stations at home easily. And it is so beautiful and easy to hold and use!
I had never seen or used this rosary for the Stations of the Cross, so I bought three and gave two to my relatives. Besides loving the looks of it, we find that we can say the Station of the Cross anywhere and anytime. I have gotten many compliments on it. I told them where I purchased it and they said they were going to get one.
I love the stations rosary. I use it when I go to adoration chapel. Only thing you should have the directions as part of this item.
Since the Stations Rosary comes from Italy, the instructions in English are not included with it. However, we have added the instructions above; look beneath the product description on the item page. This way our customers can print off the instructions.
This stations of the cross rosary is absolutely beautiful and of the highest quality. Using this rosary is is such a beautiful, intimate way to be a part of the passion of Jesus Christ.
This Stations of the Cross Rosary is beautiful and just what is needed especially during this Lentan season. It not only makes it easy to pray the Stations of the Cross but because of its ease, offers encouragement to do so. Will continue to be very useful even after Lent. I am glad I made the purchase!
This came at such an opportune time. I decided to pray the Stations at home on Fridays during Lent, instead of driving to Church at night. I've been using "different forms" of the Stations. This has been great--a combination of two devotions into one. I have taken this with me to a couple of places and shown my friends.
I love my new rosary. I brought it to church last Sunday to show my friends and no one had ever seen such a rosary. I even brought it to "Mercy of Divine Chaplet", today and none of them had ever seen such a rosary. They all wanted one, so I passed around your catalog and many of them wrote down numbers etc. So lets hope you get many orders for more. Thanks so much. A satisfied customer.
The stations of the Cross rosary - Brown Wood was a recent purchase and cannot say enough good things about it, truly beautiful and encourages me even more to say the stations of the cross. The picture does not do it justice.
I love the way the pictures look 3-D. I tip it left or right and it looks like I can see behind something in the foreground. Nice size too.
I truly enjoy the Stations and the Passion of our Lord. I have been looking for somsthing i could use tu see and touch as i said the Stations outside of a church, such as home work or the park.after some deliberation and waiting for Gods Will, I came back to this form of a rosary. It has been convienient and truly helpful with my devotion to the Sations.
I love the size of the round beads. They feel comfortable in my hand as I meditate the stations. I would have given it a 5 *, but too small and only partial instructions of the prayers are provided. I highlited the prayers in the description and printed them out, no booklets I found have the opening or closing prayers.
Because these rosaries ship right from Italy, there are no English instructions included. So we have the Stations of the Cross rosary instructions/prayers listed right below the product description on the website. That way any customer can copy the content for personal use.
Thank you for the Stations of the Cross Rosary. Praying the Stations has always been one of my favorite devotions. Because of health conditions I can't always make the service at church. Now I can pray this beautiful devotion "anytime or anyplace." The crucifix is stunning! I am very happy doing business with the Catholic Company!
I love my rosary. My only suggestion is that a Product Description of the prayers associated with this rosary be sent with the Stations of the Cross Rosary.
Beautiful and feels good in the hand when praying but had to go to the web to get directions. Really should have included method of saying the chaplet since I cannot print from the web.
Honestly, the pictures online don't even do this rosary justice! It's even more beautiful in person. My dad actually ordered this for me for my birthday, and I must say I really love it. The size, texture, and quality of the beads is just perfect. It's easy to use, and the images are very moving. This Stations of the Cross Rosary is really an essential tool for anyone's prayer life because it really helps you to connect with and appreciate the passion of Jesus Christ.
These are the prettiest, well make, rosary I have purchased in a long time. The pamphlet that was with them explaining how we should pray this rosary is very helpful. For anyone dedicated to the Stations of the Cross, these are a beautiful gift for yourself, a loved one or a best friend. God Bless Us!
This is amazing, to say the Stations is good, now to have this Rosary too, it just adds so much. Thank the person or persons that came up with this idea. Good job! God Bless everyone.
I LOVE this Rosary! I use it with Mary's Way of the Cross.
This is a wonderful way to pray the Stations of the Cross when you can't attend a service. The rosary is absolutely beautiful. If I could make a suggestion, it would be to add a prayer guide. However, there are many apps available on a smart phone to aid in prayer.
This is a nice gift for someone who is unable to walk the Stations of the Cross. Each Station is beautifully depicted. No words are necessary, just look at the picture and meditate on each station. A small booklet is included. I am very happy with this rosary and it's big and easy to hold. Smooth and has weight.
A beautiful rosary, I found it very convenient to pray the stations with my 9 year old. I gave one to my 93 year old grandma as well, and she loves it too.
I am so glad I bought this Stations of the Cross rosary. The pictures are so beautiful and help with your meditation. Most importantly, my church skips over the prayers (Our Father, Hail Mary, and Glory Be) that should be said with each station. It's the abbreviated version in today's fast world--no one has the time or patience any more unfortunately. So with this rosary, I can move through the stations by myself and take my time and really meditate on each one and say the required prayers too!
A wonderful rosary with beautiful pictures.
I cannot express in words how beautiful this Rosary is in both content and meaning. My friend at church was so taken by seeing mine, that I helped her in securing her own from The Catholic Company. This is a wonderful addition to making our Lenten devotion more meaningful.
The only recommendation that I have is to include a readable card or document that has the prayers that are to be said. I made a copy of the promotional material that was e-mailed to me that had the explanation. I then created my own document that included that names for each of the Stations. The Stations of the Cross Rosary is a great way to say the Stations and reflect on them throughout the year.
Fabulous and beautiful as well ad well made.
excellent. went on line to copy the prayers for each station. wonderful devotional.
This rosary bead is very well made and very unique. It is very nice to be able to visualize the stations in any environment and then to have the beads for the Our Father, Hail Mary, and the Glory Be present. I would recommend this product except for its price. It would be nice to have a more affordable price. Thank You.
I'm very happy with my purchase. I have a rosary collection and it is a beautiful addition but I use it too.
I love the Rosary and the Stations. This Rosary gives me something tactile to hold as I pray and I find the weight to be just right to help me to stay focused on what I am praying.
This is so beautiful, doing a series of Our Father, Hail Mary, and Glory Be to the station reflections---gorgeous. I only wish the printed material was larger and easier to read.
My wife and kids love these beads, especially during Lent when we attend the Stations of the Cross on Fridays...I will definitely be buying more.
I can't always get to church for the Stations, so this Rosary is PERFECT! Great quality, and will be passed down to my family. ONLY CON: The prayers to be recited SHOULD BE printed on a card (Holy Card - definitely larger than the booklet listing the stations) and accompany the Rosary so you don't have to copy off the order page (above).
This Stations of the Cross Rosary is perfect for me as it allows me to pray the Devotions since I cannot get to church to attend the church services held on Fridays. | 2019-04-19T09:05:25Z | https://www.catholiccompany.com/stations-cross-rosary-i29708/ |
We have created this space in response to the many many messages of tribute and remembrance we have received about our great friend and inspirational Research Director, Adrian Leftwich, who passed away on the 2nd April 2013. It begins with some touching words from his children.
My Dad was my rock. He was always there for me and was always trying to help me with anything I was doing. When I was at school he would always take the time to help me with my studies, Following school I began a career in the music industry which Dad was always supportive of. He took the time to befriend everyone I worked with and always listened and advised me on my songs. My Dad believed passionately in the values of kindness, equality and peace and will be sorely missed. His spirit will live on and continue to help people. He was the kindest and most thoughtful person I ever met and I love him.
My Dad was my whole world. We were best friends. We called ourselves the 'Dream team' as that is exactly what we were. My first instinct is to say that Dad has taught me everything I know about the world, but on reflection this isn't the case. What my Dad has taught me is to think, to ask, to develop a passion for the desire to understand. For the last twenty two years, I have been in complete and utter awe of my Dad. He has always cared so deeply about doing good in, and for this world, and showing love and care in the most wonderful of ways. I have learnt more from Dad than anyone else on this planet. He has offered me so much direction and inspiration, and that has led me to my degree in Social Anthropology at LSE. It has been a beautiful blessing for me over the last few years to be able to share, exchange and develop our ideas together about things ranging from development, to marriage rituals in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, to issues of social justice to where my path may lead in the future. One thing is for sure, my path will be graced with all the love, nurture, guidance, kindness and wisdom my Dad shared with me throughout my life. I am so honoured to be able to call myself my father's daughter. This world is not a darker place without him, but a much brighter and warmer place to have been blessed with his presence on this Earth. I love you forever. Dream Team.
A real tragedy. My husband and I were just talking about Adrian recently - about how humble and down to earth an academic he was, yet with such depth and breadth of knowledge and a desire to create and inspire others to create new understanding.
Adrian was an excellent colleague-from-a-distance, both as a source of inspiration and ideas and as an excellent External Examiner to the IDS Masters programme in Governance and Development. I feel enriched through having known and worked with him.
This is a terrible news...I'm from Mexico, and in the last years, Dr. Leftwich has been a great inspiration for a new generation that is trying to promote the perspective of the primacy of politics in development...In personal terms, he was the most important referencce to think about the project for the "post-doc training" that I will make during this and the other year at UC, San Diego... Is a terrible lost..., he was one of the fathers,. maybe the greatest one of the field of "Development Politics".
Reading Steve Hogg's tribute piece brought back many memories from my brief but indelible time with Adrian. As an undergraduate in York (1997-2000), I was his student on his 'Politics of Development' course where he was also my undergrad thesis supervisor. Even as I have challenged his ideas as an undergraduate, and more recently as a doctoral student, Adrian's legacy has guided my decision to dedicate my life to the study of Politics. I wholeheartedly agree with the four memorable traits of Adrian you listed but there is something you neglected to mention, and that is his courage in life. History will perhaps forever judge him unkindly, but in his moving essay "I Gave the Names" published in Granta in 2002, Adrian imparts one of the most important lessons in life - how to live with your demons and how to reconcile with one's mistakes. The bravery in how he dealt with this dark chapter in his life remains an inspiration to us all. No doubt it continued to be a deep emotional wound for him until his death, and yet how he radiated light and inspired anyone who had the good fortune to cross his path...I am forever indebted to him and hope now to be able to pay back to society, inspired by his example. With great sadness.
Extremely sad news - Adrian has been a great colleague to me for many years and a major intellectual guide as the champion of serious political economy for over a decade at DFID and since. His combination of great intellect and extreme modesty will be sorely missed.
I am so sorry to hear this news. Adrian and I never met but we did have a long conversation via Skype (very early in the morning for me and early evening for him) in which we talked (and talked) about the Pacific, about leadership, about development, about politics and about research. I am confident we could have spent the whole day/night talking and not got bored. I had hoped it would be the first of many such conversations but sadly that was not to be. My thoughts are with his family and friends at this time.
Adrian touched so many peoples' lives with his searing intellect and dogged determination to nut things out. There aren't many people who can combine these attributes with a wonderful capacity to laugh out loud, often at his own expense. A truly beautiful and very rare soul. His is a great legacy and one that we all have to cherish. Give him the love of the Davidsons. We have to make sure that we can continue this work.
It's a big loss for all of us. Adrian and the work of DLP has already had such a positive impact on development thinking and practice. He will have a lasting influence on me & the design and strategy I have been working on for the last year have really been shaped by DLP ideas. And, in person, he was such a generous intellectual.
Adrian has been a real personal inspiration to me as well as being someone who has made a major contribution to debates in the development sector more broadly. His scholarship on the politics of development has inspired our thinking and provided us with a rich source of ideas - as evidenced in our latest blog post. We will miss his sharp mind, great sense of humour and intellectual support. Our best wishes go to his family and friends.
I knew Adrian from university and he was also my supervisor for my BA and MA dissertation. I have always been in awe of his great intellect, clarity of thought and understanding, he was always willing to listen to new ideas and encouraged people to develop their own perspectives. He was also a master of communication and had a unique quality to explain the most complex issues in a lucid and logical manner. Personally, I am honoured to have known Adrian and feel proud to have worked with and for him. Ultimately, I feel extremely privileged to have known him as a friend. I will always remember him forever as a hero and inspiration.
Adrian has always been such an energetic person, intellectually and physically. My thoughts are with everyone who loves him, in this difficult time. His passions and his light continue to burn brightly. With great sadness, Deborah.
My time working with Adrian and DLP will forever be one of the most intellectually challenging and rewarding opportunities of my life. Since receiving your email, I've been reflecting on all of the things he so generously took the time to teach me, and I consider myself very fortunate to have known him, even if only for a short time. My thoughts and prayers are with Adrian's family and with everybody else mourning his loss.
I drove past the lighthouse near here the other day and thought of him and how much this part of CT pleased him as a youth. We had a gorgeous fiery sunset last night and again I remembered him and wished he could be here to share it. It is terrible news and a great loss to the generational accumulation of wisdom for he has contributed greatly to that and I am sure, had much more to offer.
I am truly saddened and feel such a tremendous loss with Adrian's passing, and have sincere gratitude after reading Steve's tremendous tribute. The Indonesia team of the Asia Foundation only met Adrian a few years back, but the space he created for dialogue and exchange through the DLP have made a tremendous impact on the way we think and act, and it is with sadness and respect that I write up a few of our memories of him. Adrian's infectious energy, his clarity of thought on complex issues, and his passion for 'getting it right' have truly inspired us to do better. After hearing him present at a workshop, I felt a deep sense of resonance, and was so excited that I started planning an ad-hoc 'DLP study' with my colleagues here to test his concepts. Adrian was genuinely interested, and offered encouragement to me and my colleague Erman Rahman via email as we developed the methodology and wrote up our findings. In the years since, Adrian helped us access international forums to discuss our work, and promoted our paper with such vigor that I credit him with it getting a review on the infamous development blog by Duncan Green. To this day, my colleagues and I all continue to put forward what we first learned from Adrian in our exchanges with partners and donors. I even still occasionally refer back to the hand-written notes I scribbled during the very first session where I heard Adrian speak, where he laid out a wealth of academic and applied learning from his lifetime of inquiry. Those notes are full of arrows, exclamation points and 'notes to self' that show how many 'a-ha' moments I had as he presented his wisdom. Like for so many other people he worked with, Adrian's ongoing support meant a tremendous amount to us. Our team is on the front line of managing the politics of development work in Indonesia, but we often lack the time and networks needed to connect with others who are thinking, reflecting and learning about the issues that Adrian and the DLP addressed. When he came through Jakarta, Adrian made time to meet with us, and those discussions led to synergy and new connections. He was wise, humble and genuinely interested in hearing the latest chapter of our 'life in the trenches.' He valued our practical contributions, and helped us make sense of our work in the larger context of academic thinking, to which we may not have otherwise had much access. After hearing the news of Adrian's illness, my colleague Sandra Hamid and I were reminiscing about running into Adrian during that first workshop, after a long day of presentations where he was a key discussant. We collapsed into the hotel bar and ordered a beer. Adrian raced by us in shorts and a tee shirt, off to exercise. He stopped to chat, his trademark smile wide as ever. As he trotted off to work out, we recall looking at each other and saying 'Wow, what an inspiration!' Almost thirty years our senior, Adrian was literally running circles around all of us. It is incredibly difficult to imagine him being anything less than full of life. When I read Steve's tribute, I was humbled to hear that Adrian said that DLP was 'one of the most fascinating experiences of my life.' I can only hope that our team can bring a fraction of Adrian's passion, commitment, charm and enthusiasm to the work we do. To Maddy and Ben, we send our love and heartfelt condolences. I hope that writing up our memories of your father and the difference he made in the world can bring some comfort to you in the days, months and years ahead. That Adrian's legacy will live on is indisputable.
Adrian was a force of nature; he would breeze in from a long haul flight, chair a conference with eloquance and verve, and then proceed to whip people half his age in the swimming pool afterwards. Adrian thought, wrote and obsessed over the nature of good leadership but he also practiced it. He led by the example of his integrity, kindness and his unswerving belief in the importance of respecting local context rather than prescribing what had worked elsewhere. Sometimes he would sign off from an email by saying 'stay curious.' That was Adrian; leading through his infectious delight in discovery. Who could help but want to follow him down this path? Like so many others, I have come to rely on Adrian's incredible ability to see the important part of an argument, remove the chaff I'd wrapped it in and rearticulate it in a way that made it feel like I was really getting to the heart of the matter - even though I'd failed to see that for myself. If I could do that for my own students I would be thrilled, but if I can do it with the good humour and generosity that Adrian did this for me and for so many others, this will the most fitting tribute I can make to him. I will greatly miss Adrian's enthusiasm, calm and his belief in those around him as I try to live up to what he taught me.
I am so very grateful to have experienced Adrian's boundless generosity in knowledge and time. I couldn't have asked for a stronger foundation early in my career than the guidance, knowledge and passion for clarity Adrian provided. I will continue to grapple with the ideas Adrian dedicated so much vigour to exploring, developing and communicating, an intellectual challenge that I am privileged to have received. Thank you, Adrian.
Adrian Leftwich will be deeply missed. He had a deep interest in all those whom he worked with, and it was not instrumental either, but a genuine care for them as people. I recall the first day we met him, I was with my colleague who at some point called him to check on her son who was ill. Not only did Adrian show a real interest in her son's well being, but proceeded to send her an email the next day, asking about him, not having forgotten his name. It is these little things that show the quality of a human being. Though Adrian had a sharp intellect and a breadth of knowledge and experience that were extremely impressive, he never assumed - or acted - as if he knew it all. He was keen to continuously challenge his own assumptions, probe deeper and in humility persist in the search for truth. No wonder he was able to engage people very diverse in their disciplinary backgrounds, personal professional trajectories and ideological orientations, always winning their admiration and respect.
This is truly sad news...Adrian recently examined my thesis (January, 2012) and my work has greatly benefited from his insights. I have always been an admirer of Adrian's work and the fact that he came out to examine my thesis despite his illness is a real testament to his character. My condolences to his family. Rest in peace Adrian.
Adrian was an inspiration, a support, a mentor and a great friend to me. He believed passionately in the work that we were doing, and in making a real difference to people's lives, and it was his ability to connect with people that I will remember most. With his deep laugh and his warm smile, he had a profound love of people in general. No matter who you were - how young or old, how senior or junior, through his work and in his day-to-day life, Adrian took the time to listen, to understand and to help the people he met. He always found time for everyone. In the time that I worked with him, he helped me to develop both professionally and personally. He built up my confidence through his confidence in me, and he inspired me to think and look further in everything I do. It will take me a lifetime to digest all of things that I learnt from him, but I feel truly privileged to have known him, and to have had the opportunity to work at his side for the last five and a half years. Adrian, I promise I will do my best to help keep DLP true to your vision, your passion and your integrity.
It is with great sadness to hear of the passing of Adrian. He was instrumental and encouraging in assisting us - Leadership PNG - get off the ground initially a while back. He has also been very influential in development leadership and had kept the discourse vibrant and up to date. Like a supernova his work and influence on developmental leadership shall radiate in the human celestial sphere over time in years ahead. On behalf of Leadership PNG, our sincere condolences to the DLP team and his family. We pray his legacy shall prevail through you all.
I am deeply saddened by the precipitous passing of Adrian, one of the pillars of Development Studies in the UK whose work will continue to inspire many more generations of students studying the politics of development. I considered Adrian a friend and, in recent years, we often compared notes about the difficulty, but the necessity, of transmitting the findings of our research to practitioners. All of us who are trying to understand the world in order to change it will keep Adrian's ideas alive and will find inspiration in his critical approach, his perseverance and his wry sense of humour. I will deeply miss him and I send all my sympathy to those of you who worked with him on a daily basis and to his children whom he loved so dearly.
Accessing the Big Push website, I read about Adrian's death. I mainly knew him through the DLP and some of his earlier work, and thoroughly appreciated his wit and his drive to communicate and interact. He was generous in sharing ideas on the one occasion that I directly approached him - and will remain inspired by his ideas about leadership, agency and politics. At many an occasion I have shared his stuff with colleagues and friends. I would like to add my deep felt condolences to all those that have been extended already to friends and family.
I spent 3 years at York University studying my PhD in Post-war Reconstruction. I was researching the reintegration of former combatants in Rwanda. As part of my first year obligations I had to attend Adrian's classes on 'Foundations of Political Science'; I say had to because for those who had not previously studied politics it was obligatory even though I did not really want to go. I was very glad I did. Adrian was the only lecturer I knew who used examples of football to easily convey more complex political theories. However, what I will always remember about Adrian was the christmas party for staff and PhD students 2.5 months after I started at York. I sat down at my assigned table to find Adrian sitting next to me. I had enjoyed his lectures and thought we may have a little chat, but, given I was well on my way to having a good night, did not expect to get involved in any deep political conversations. Anyway, I knew my stuff so why should I be worried? Well it turned out worried is exactly what I should have been. Adrian seemed to be exceptionally interested in my research topic, and beyond that, what my theoretical framework was, how my methodology would advance my area of study etc etc. The trouble was, I could not fob him off with the argument it was not his area so he would not be interested. He was interested, much to my chagrin at the time. I had to explain exactly what I was doing, why I thought the way I did and how I was going to advance theory and practice. How the hell did I know that? I was half pissed and I didn't really know anyway. The inquisition went on for what seemed like eternity until either Adrian was satisfied with my response or got bored with my stuttering, bumbling answers. In the long run, however, that conversation/education got me focused; I was not going to get caught out like that again. I never did have a dinner like that again with Adrian but I know I have a lot to thank him for. RIP Adrian. Bon Courage.
There were so many things to admire about Adrian, to which many people have already touched on. But the one thing which I truly admired about Adrian was his deep inner trait of a 'fighter'. Behind everything Adrian did was a dogged determination to make something happen, to get results. And not forgetting, that in the midst of all his academic brilliance and influence, was a desire to make the world a better place for the poorest and most disadvantaged people. He never lost sight of what the main game was. I will miss Adrian terribly. He was a true and loyal friend. He was a man of his word and conviction. His fighting spirit will love on in so many ways, through his family and friends, through DLP and, I like to think, in how I live my life. Adrian Leftwich, an eternal fighter with a heart of gold. I'm so glad to have known you.
I've only had the privilege of meeting Adrian Leftwich once, at a conference in Leuven, Belgium, in the summer of 2008. I knew some of his work and that he was considered one of the intellectual heavyweights of Development Studies so I was expecting someone who was busy and aloof. Adrian was none of these things, instead he impressed me with his congeniality, his interest in the work of others and his humour. And while his death is obviously a great loss for the academic world, I think it is his humanity that will be missed even more.
I was very privileged to know Adrian during our time on DLP. He was such a hard working person and didn't seem to know how to put the brakes on. He was always going at 200 kms an hour. Even when he was travelling from York to London he would send me an email from the "wobbly train" (as he called it) very concerned whether DLP researchers had received their funding agreement and been paid for their research activities. A very selfless person and always looking after the welfare of others first. It was such a pleasure to work with and learn about DLP from Adrian. Such a inspirational person. Adrian you will be sadly missed. Rest in peace my friend.
Collectively, we have lost an inspirational colleague and a visionary thinker. On a personal level, I am devastated that Adrian is no longer just an email away to provide sage and generous advice and give me confidence that I'm on the right track. He was an exceptional person, and I shall miss him deeply.
I was deeply saddened to hear about Adrian's passing. Adrian was an inspiring intellect and a wonderful human being -- intellectually sharp, engaging, and so giving and generous. I had the opportunity to work with him on a few different things throughout the years, and he was always so supportive, resourceful, and engaged. .I also know how determined he was to fight this fight. He was a lesson in grace and courage throughout, and there was so much more he still wanted to do. It was a privilege to have known him, and we will all miss him terribly.
Shocking news. I was a grad student and lecturer at York 1977-85 and even though I work on the Soviet Union and not development I was truly inspired by Adrian's approach to politics: wide-ranging, critical and never content to stick within disciplinary boundaries. I moved to the US and we stayed in touch sporadically over the years. I called him out of the blue last July, the first contact in a decade, and we picked up exactly where we had left off. He was about to leave for Fiji the next day but still he spent half an hour explaining his work for the DLP. I passed on some of his latest writing to my own students. I remember his wit ("Dress British, think Yiddish.") I will miss him.
I was shocked and very saddened by the terrible news of Dr Leftwich's passing. I spent around five years learning political science under Dr Leftwich's supervision in York between 2005 and 2009. It was the most rewarding and happiest time in my life as a student. After I graduated, Dr Leftwich did not stopped his support for me. He always encouraged me and sent numerous reference letters for me whenever I requested his help, even when he was diagnosed with cancer last year. Dr Leftwich was the most responsible, patient, and wise teacher I have ever met. I am truely grateful for his teaching and what he did to improve my life. It is perfectly legitimate to view him as the modern Confucius in Britain, and I will always remember him as my best mentor.
Adrian held a very unique place in my heart in that he was my Godfather, an honour that many hold lightly if they remember their position at all (my other god parents very much included in this). But Adrian was very different in this regard, something which will not surprise many of you I'm sure. And whilst not concentrating so much on the 'God' part of the bargin, he was ever present in my life in some way shape or form and completely excelled any expectation of the 'father' role that he undertook. I have one very strong memory of Adrian from when I was maybe about 6 or 7 years old which perfectly encapsulates how wonderful a man he was - I couldn't sleep one night for whatever reason, and my mum had either run out of ideas or I had taken her to the end of her tether (conveniently cannot remember which) when she suggested I give Adrian a call. So I phoned him up out of the blue one evening and he dropped whatever he was doing to give me and my problem his undivided attention. Not only did he listen and completely understand my situation, but he then provided the wisdom that not only worked wonders, but that every 7 year old boy wants to hear: have a hot chocolate. It was his way to make you feel like you and your problem, story, experience, or whatever, was the most important thing happening in that moment, and his ability to listen and tell you exactly what it was that you needed to hear. His generosity knew no bounds and I always knew I could talk to him about anything. His interest in me and my life was so unfalteringly genuine that I was often surprised by it (you'd have thought that I would have learnt after 26 years of it!). Adrian, my life is innumerably richer for having had you play such a key part in it: you will be sorely missed.
I am the last PhD student that Adrian supervised before he went on retirement. I count myself very lucky to have had this special man in my life. Adrian was the one who made it possible for me to get a scholarship to study under his supervision. His love and concern for me was so great that many of my colleagues wished to have him as their supervisor. In January 2012 my phd scholarship ended and I started contemplating going back home (to Ghana) to finish the study there. Adrian did something unbelievable. Adrian took over the role of the scholarship Secretariat and every month he will put money into my bank account! I felt so uncomfortable because I did not know how I was going to repay him. 'How can I repay you Adrian?', I asked him. To my great surprise he told me this, "Daniel, repay it by showing the same love, kindness and generosity to your students". When I ponder over what Adrian did it is clear that Adrian wanted to spread an everlasting message that could transform the world into a better place for the poor. Of course he was the Co-Director of the Institute for Pro-Poor Growth (IPPG). To him, poverty in the world could be reduced, if not eliminated, if all educated people understood his conception of love and kindness. It is a conception that Jesus Christ preached and acted in the Bible. "Adrian, it's a deal!", I told him. Two days ago I told my students about this wonderful eternal deal that Adrian reached with me. I had to tell them because I was struggling to hold back my tears after I read the email informing me that he had passed away. The lecture room became silent for some time. I could feel that Adrian's extraordinary act of love and kindness spoke loudly in the hearts and minds of my students. After the lectures some of the students wanted to see more of his photo. I am sure that Adrian is achieving his goal through the special deal that he reached with me. My spirit will be present at his funeral. God bless his soul till we meet again!
My heartfelt condolences to Adrian's children, colleagues, and the many people whose lives his work influenced. My interaction with Adrian was brief, but it left a huge impact. Reading the tributes on this page, this experience seems typical. I replaced Adrian as Lecturer in the Politics of Development at the University of York in 2006-07, as he was on secondment to DFID. Despite a busy parenting, research and work schedule, Adrian made it a point to reach out. We discussed the courses I had been asked to teach, and he willingly shared his vast repertoire of films on development. I had open access to his lecture notes and slides, and the exhaustive reading lists on a range of topics that he had, clearly, prepared painstakingly over many years. I still use those resources and value them deeply. Adrian's writing has been on every single reading list I have prepared since 2006. I have said this often over the past few years, and more so since hearing of Adrian's passing: I am so very proud that my first job in academia was associated with Adrian Leftwich. Thank you Adrian, for everything.
Thank you Adrian, For all the inspiration, encouragement and warmth that you have spread so generously to the people around you. I have only met you a couple of times in person but consider you as one of my most important mentors. I only emailed with you over a period of a few months, but felt a remarkable connection and friendship. I feel incredibly privileged to know you. Be well, wherever you are now.
It was with true sadness that I learned of Adrian's illness and death. Adrian began working with Transparency International through the DLP a few years ago, and he was inspiring as both a very bright mind and a truly engaged person. He was enthusiastic about the work we were doing and planning, rigorous in his pursuit of practical research, and kind to a T, always adding a lot of personal warmth to our interaction. I hope his spirit lives on in all our work and send my deepest condolences to his family.
I have worked with Adrian over the last three years on one of the DLP's research projects. Working with Adrian was a true joy - he never ceased being curious to understand 'how things really work' at the local level in China and he kept pushing for making academic research as policy relevant as possible. In addition to being a true mentor and role model for me in academia, Adrian was simply such a wonderful, charming, and humorous man. One of my favourite moments with Adrian was going to the swimming pool in Sydney after a long workshop day and oh boy did he out-swim us all! Adrian also talked always so fondly about his two children, who meant so much to him. My deep condolences to both of them. I am very proud to have known Adrian and will miss him but his ideas and mission will continue in our work.
I will always be grateful for the opportunity I had to work as a researcher with Adrian Leftwich on the DLP. The time that I was privileged to have spent in his intellectual orbit was without doubt the most stimulating and rewarding academic and professional experience I could ever have wished for. Adrian's ability to motivate, stimulate and engage people about pressing political problems was second to none. In addition to his profound talent for analysis, he was a kind, loyal, compassionate and encouraging colleague. He was generous with his time, curious about the world, and passionately committed to bringing about positive change in the lives of those around him. The impact he made on my own personal development is impossible to measure. It was an absolute honour to have known him and to have worked with him, and I will miss him deeply.
We join in being very saddened by Adrian's death. He inspired us and we liked him, a lot. Our thoughts and best wishes go out to all his close friends and family.
Adrian had the rare combination of a passion for getting to the heart of ideas and a deep commitment to making research relevant to the world. I won't forget his constant reminders during conferences to make sure we were addressing the practical issues which would come up at work on Monday or his detailed and thoughtful explanations of what taking politics seriously really requires. I've drawn heavily on his writings and his personal advice in my work and his example will continue to push me to try to do the kind of engaged and critical research he would approve of. But above all Adrian was incredibly kind and generous, never too busy to share his considerable experience, wisdom, and humor. He took me seriously as a young researcher and had a gift for making everyone feel that their thoughts were not only worthwhile but also exciting. I know his work and ideas will live on in the many researchers and development practitioners he has touched and inspired.
As well as being one of the world's leading thinkers in the political economy of development, Adrian was an extremely nice guy. Clear-headed, infectiously enthusiastic, and very generous with his time - he will be sorely missed.
I look forward to a day when I can leave a mental snapshot as a medium to express my thoughts on certain occasions rather than grasp for the right words and still find them wanting. A paragraph of remembrance and tribute for an individual such as Adrian Leftwich certainly is one such occasion. While, like many, my 'in person' meetings with Adrian were limited and my 'day to day' engagement - firstly as support to Liz and then as her pale imitation - was on the less than exciting administration and fund management side, all the words such as 'inspiring', 'helpful', 'caring', 'enthusiastic' and 'intellect' are so understandably, quintessentially, 'Adrian'. For that to be understandable via email, telephone and Skype is one thing, to experience it in person quite another. I will forever be grateful for the opportunity to sit through the DLP Coalitions Workshop in Sydney, as the humble per diems courier; for having seen Adrian 'in the chair' and engaging with the participants was to see thought in action and to physically understand why the work of the DLP is so important. It is perhaps a measure of a man that in spite of such a fleeting passage through another's life such a sense of loss is created as well as a sense of privilege for having had even that fleeting moment. My condolences to Adrian's children, colleagues and friends.
Adrian was a gentleman and a great thinker. We worked together in a project on Institutions and Pro-Poor Growth. He taught me, and many others who were new to that subject, how to blend political economy analyses with some core issues of development economics. He has made a significant contribution to the subject of development studies. We will miss you, Adrian - your enthusiasm to work with people from diverse background, your ability to explain complex issues in simple language and, most importantly, your respect to diverse views and capacity to listen to others.
I still remember that pleasant afternoon in May, 2007 when I was taking a leisurely stroll along a Manchester sidewalk. All of a sudden, something whizzed past me, giving me something of a startle. Pointing towards the disappearing vision of a sprinter in black tracks, a fellow participant at the IPPG programme which I had come to attend, clarified, 'That is Adrian Leftwich.' In the subsequent meetings and interactions that I was blessed to have with him in the months and years that followed, Adrian touched me in the most warm and intense way. Such a wonderful teacher, a patient listener, an eager learner, a sincere humanist, an untiring academician, a witty companion, a friend and a philosopher- all rolled into one endearing embodiment : ADRIAN. Whenever I think of him I cannot help reading Paulo Coelho's analogy between a wooden pencil and a beautiful soul into his life. He had the capacity to write, but allowed a 'Hand' to guide him; he had his share of injuries and the shavings must have caused pain and suffering, but in the end, like a pencil, he emerged more sharp and focused; again, as with a pencil, what mattered was the lead inside, not the exterior; like a pencil he was unafraid of making mistakes, he could erase them and write on; and, in the end, like a pencil, he left behind an impression. Sir, much like that Manchester afternoon, you have once again whizzed past all of us; but you have for sure created waves and ripples all around, and they will touch us and inspire us to run along the track you have left behind.
The way I remember Adrian: I first met Adrian Leftwich in 2008 in a workshop organised by the IPPG in Nairobi. This was one of the early workshops organized by the IPPG for the project on state-business relations in Africa and in India. Adrian was more directly involved with the African part given his long interest in that part of the developing world. The Indian research, with which I was associated, was headed by the other joint director of IPPG Kunal Sen. An economist by training I naturally knew about Kunal's work quite well. But frankly speaking I did not have much idea about the academic stature Adrian had at that point. The workshop started with an address by Adrian on the possible interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks could be adopted to analyse the questions of growth surge and state business relations. I was highly influenced by that lecture and started thinking how to relate my understanding of economic theories of institutions with what Adrian was putting forward. The second and the last time when I met Adrian during the Jaipur workshop to discuss the final reports/papers on India I had already read quite a bit of Adrian's work and we had used it in our paper. Adrian took a very keen interest in our work on West Bengal. But I think that's the way he was: an extremely unassuming academician taking a lot of interest in other people's work. I remember during those extremely busy days in Jaipur he managed to sit with both Indranil and me to discuss what he felt about our work and how it could be made better to be published in a good journal. I will close this tribute to Adrian by telling you a small story. After one of our presentations during the Jaipur workshop we all were very excited and discussing with Kunal not leaving him to go and take his lunch. Adrian noticed this; came near us and gently said: 'I think you should let the man eat something, he has been working day and night'. That was Adrian, not only a true academician with patience towards all disciplines of social sciences but also a very humane personality.
It was a real honour to have worked closely with Adrian over the past two years. Such an incredible mind, and such incredible energy and commitment! I admire him greatly. Adrian insisted on continuing to provide inputs into AusAID's approach to political (economy) analysis throughout his illness, including detailed written comments and long discussions over the phone (6am his time!). He would be pleased to know that his work is certainly influencing donor approaches to governance and the political dimensions of development, slowly but surely. All the very best wishes to his family.
It is with great sadness that I learned of Professor Adrian Leftwich's death today. I studied with a cohort of students and learnt about PolEcon Analyses and really benefitted from his guidance as an undergraduate at York in the mid 1990s. I thought he was brave and inspirational, and I respected the decisions that he made. May he rest in peace.
I write this as just one of thousands of students Adrian inspired and I cannot claim to have known him well. Perhaps it is appropriate that at least one tribute comes from someone like me to represent so many in my position. I was a student at York from 1977-80 and met Adrian twice on trips back to campus in the 90's. It was telling that he recognised me, remembered key things about me and was instantly curious and empathetic. He was an inspirational teacher, thoughtful, reflective and instinctively caring. In 1977 I was an immature working class boy uncomfortable with many aspects of university and especially with the more theoretical elements of study. Adrian helped me find my way without ever seeming to lead. A gentle, fascinating, reflective and wise man. I would like to mention his early experiences in South Africa. These are part of Adrian's life and they are issues that he discussed with me briefly and very privately after I had raised in a different context my father's experiences as a prisoner of war. Everything that I know about that period means that he has grown in my estimation. For most people reading this who knew Adrian far better than me I am sure their memories are deeper than those that celebrate his intellect and teaching and therefore focus on him as a man. For me too that is what I wish to think of to cheer me up after the sadness. My memory now is of Adrian smiling broadly and walking out of Derwent to play squash, ducks in the background and leaves on the lawns. That sums up my love of York, those days and Adrian's place in my memories.
At ODI and around the world, a huge number of people share DLP's sense of loss at Adrian's death, as well as great admiration for the way he faced his final challenge. Some of us received the bad news at a conference in Accra on the political economy of inclusive development, where we debated quite a few of the issues about which Adrian was most passionate. Many there who did not know him personally told me of the great respect they have for his work and for the very distinct contribution he made to the field of the politics of development. Those who knew him better feel more than a little anger at the unfairness of it all - so many things still to be done, so many debates still to be had! | 2019-04-21T14:24:50Z | http://www.dlprog.org/tribute.php |
Golinkin, Why Is It Customary To Place A Stone On A Grave?
Eisen: Are We Witnessing the End of the Enlightenment?
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The problem of evil is one of the greatest challenges to every theistic system. Is it possible to reconcile a belief in an all-powerful and all-good God with horrific manifestations of evil in the world? Can a theodicy–a vindication of both God’s goodness and providence in the face of evil–provide a satisfactory explanation to the reality of both natural evil–such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and fires–and moral evil–such as genocides and child abuse? And in what sense can a theological formulation help us deal with evil and to recover from tragedy?
One of the common ways of addressing the problem of evil and the apparent contradiction between God’s omnipotence and benevolence argues for the unintelligibility of God’s morality. This position is expressed already in the Bible, as we read in Isaiah 55:8: “For My plans are not your plans, nor are My ways your ways–declares the Lord.” Such a position affirms the morality of God’s actions through denying the human ability to comprehend them.
Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundations?
Speak if you have understanding.
Or who measured it with a line?
I will ask, and you will inform Me.
Would you impugn My justice?
Would you condemn Me that you may be right?
Have you an arm like God’s?
Can you thunder with a voice like His?
One can submit to such a God only with fear and trembling and can try indirectly to propitiate the despot with unctuous praises and ostentatious obedience. But a relationship of trust seems completely out of the question to our modern way of thinking.
The problems that stem from the notion of God’s moral superiority and its unintelligibility to human beings are perhaps best captured in two well-known literary works. In Albert Camus’ The Plague, Father Paneloux, reflecting on the death in agony of a little child, expresses a version of this theological position as he remarks: “That sort of thing [the death in agony of a little child] is revolting because it passes our human understanding. But perhaps we should love what we cannot understand.” To this remark, Camus’ protagonist, Dr. Rieux, responds: “No, Father. I’ve a very different idea of love. And until my dying day I shall refuse to love a scheme of things in which children are put to torture.” Dr. Rieux simply refuses to accept Father Panloux’s demand to love that which he cannot morally understand. For him, a God who does not share his moral sensibilities is not worthy of love.
[T]oo high a price is asked for harmony; it’s beyond our means to pay so much to enter on it. And so I hasten back to give back my entrance ticket, and if I am an honest man I am bound to give it back as soon as possible. And that I am doing. It’s not God that I don’t accept, Alyosha, only I most respectfully return him the ticket.
A God of power extorts obedience, but cannot command love. A God who could spare the life of a dying child, who could prevent the earthquake but chooses not to, may inspire our fear and our calculated obedience, but does not deserve our love.
Whatever power such a being [God] may have over me, there is one thing which he shall not do; he shall not compel me to worship him. I will call no being good who is not what I mean when I apply that epithet to my fellow creatures; and if such a being can sentence me to hell for not so calling him, to hell I will go.
In this paper I present another way of addressing the problem of evil, namely from the perspective of Jewish process theology. Process theology is a theological movement based on the philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead and the theology of Charles Hartshorne, John B. Cobb, David R. Griffin, and others. Process theology approaches the problem of evil from a different direction, for it abandons some of the classical assumptions of theism–such as God’s omnipotence, omniscience, and immutability–and suggests the concept of a limited God. Over the last century, a growing number of Jewish thinkers and theologians, mostly in America, were inspired by process theology and attempted to translate its insights into their Jewish tradition. This paper discusses the ways in which two Jewish thinkers–Hans Jonas and Bradley Shavit Artson–use process theology as they attempt to articulate a response to the problem of evil.
That nature does not care, one way or another, is the true abyss. That only man cares, in his finitude facing nothing but death, alone with his contingency and the objective meaningless of his projecting meanings, is a truly unprecedented situation.
Yet Jonas was not a theologian and did not call for a return to religion. On the contrary, religion alone could not solve modern ethical problems for him. Instead, Jonas set for himself the goal of formulating “ethics no longer founded on divine authority,” but on “a principle discoverable in the nature of things.” In other words, he sought the objective reality of value–no less than the good in and of itself.
Nevertheless, Jonas did experiment with theological writing, especially toward the end of his life. Occasionally, Jonas turned to what he called “speculative theology” precisely because he considered theological speculation–particularly in the mode of myth, which, he argues, has the ability to express truths that cannot be expressed otherwise–as the most appropriate, perhaps the only, vehicle for dealing with ultimate questions, the answers to which lie beyond the limits of human knowledge. As Benjamin Lazier suggests, Jonas, in his theological writings, “continued by other means the itinerary he began with Augustine, Paul and the gnostics.” Indeed, on several occasions, to support his philosophical, “secular” ideas, Jonas presented a myth, his variation of the Kabbalistic Lurianic myth of tzimtzum (self-contraction). This myth (in Jonas’ version) depicts a God who chose to renounce God’s being for the “endless variety of becoming” and who divested God-self of God’s deity “in order that the world might be and be for itself.” By withdrawing, God let the world run by chance, risk, and probability—without any divine direction and without knowing what this development will ultimately bring. Creation is understood here as a continuous and undetermined process that follows its own logic. The myth further depicts human beings as God’s partners in creation. Humans, through their knowledge of good and evil and the complete freedom to make moral choices, are, via their actions, able to alter radically both the world and God.
This myth has several theological implications. First, this God is “a becoming God,” a God in process: “[A] God emerging in time instead of possessing a complete being that remains identical with itself throughout eternity.” This is not the perfect, trans-temporal, impassible and immutable God of the philosophers. Rather, Jonas’ God is affected by what happens in the world, including the acts of human beings.
Second, and most critically for Jonas, this God is not omnipotent and, thus, is limited. Jonas rejected the very concept of omnipotence on logical grounds. Power, for Jonas, is always relational: One being has the power to influence another being with a lesser power. Because absolute power–which contradicts the very existence of anything else besides itself–“has not object on which to act,” it is for Jonas “a powerless power,” or, simply, a self-contradictory and senseless concept. Omnipotence does not make sense theologically either: for Jonas, the Holocaust “added to the Jewish historical experience something unprecedented and of a nature no longer assimilable by the old theological categories.” So much so, that it is impossible to attribute to God omnipotence, goodness, and intelligibility all at the same time. Claiming that God could have prevented the Holocaust but chose not to have done so means rejecting God’s goodness. On the other hand, claiming that God’s actions are unintelligible to us would mean disregarding our own moral sensibilities. Therefore, we would be better off renouncing the concept of omnipotence altogether.
And third, this myth portrays a suffering God who could be hurt and disappointed by the world God created. God’s suffering stems from God’s care about creation and humanity; it stems from the very relation God has with the world, from the moment of creation onward, and it can be found already in the Bible.
Having given himself whole to the becoming world, God has no more to give: it is man’s now to give to him. And he may give by seeing to it in the ways of his life that it does not happen or happen too often, and not on his account, that it “repented the Lord” to have made the world.
Jonas’ myth expresses a radical shift in the concept of God: According to it, God is not only limited, but, truly impotent. Elsewhere, Jonas addressed this issue and sought to answer the question regarding what constitutes God’s power and action in the world. Jonas, in a naturalistic fashion, did not want to understand God’s actions in the world as “crude miracles,” that is, as actions which breach, pierce, or disrupt nature’s causal chain. Instead, he understood God as operating in the world through human beings in a persuasive manner, in such a nonphysical way that leaves the natural order intact.
If we can daily perform the miracle (and in some sense it is a miracle), with the choice of our souls, with our wishing and willing, our insights and errors, our good or evil aims–nonphysical, mental factors all of them–to intervene in and give our turn to the course of the world, then that kind of miracle that leaves the natural order intact should be possible also to God, although He may reserve such intervention for rare occasions and ends.
Jonas goes so far as to argue for the possibility of revelation, understood as “an irruption of transcendence into immanence.” Discussing the biblical prophets, Jonas argued that they “were not discoverers of a hidden God, but hearers of a God making himself known and willing, through them, to make himself known in all the world.” In other words, Jonas’ God has a will and a power to act upon God’s will via the human soul. Jonas emphasized that the very notion of the religion of revelation stands or falls on the ability of God to act “’into’ the world and by a particular act, not simply ‘in’ the world and by way of its ever-present fitness for a transcendent interpretation.” I shall return to this point below in my discussion of the critique of process theology.
Your diagnosis made it harder for me to clutch my liberal theology with a Monarch on high who might not manage every detail but who was nonetheless in control of the guaranteed outcome… For some time, I found myself lost and drifting, I still loved God and Torah, but I felt there was a rift, that I could not stand with you and still mouth those sentiments about Sovereign and commands, reward and paradise. For quite some time, I said nothing. I would not be disloyal to what I knew or to whom I loved by failing to assert that you did nothing to deserve autism, that it was neither punishment nor judgment, that God is neither arbitrary nor cruel.
Note that Artson has a different type of problem to deal with than Jonas. For here, he seeks to explain theologically not moral or human evil but what seems to be “natural evil,” namely his son’s autism. In other words, unlike the Holocaust, his son’s autism is nobody’s fault except, perhaps, God’s. In some sense, Artson faces a more difficult task than Jonas, for he cannot merely shift the responsibility to evil from God to human beings; natural evil seems to be exclusively God’s fault. Moreover, Artson rejects theodicies that argue for the unintelligibility of God’s morality, for he argues that, according to the Torah itself, human beings are granted by God the ability to distinguish between good and evil. Artson is determined to emphasize that the classic conception of God–“the God of the philosophers”–is a product of the influence of Greek philosophy, through which Judaism has been filtered for centuries. Greek philosophies, he argues, transformed the very way Jews understand their Judaism. But understanding God’s power as omnipotent in the coercive sense is not only “a philosophical mistake” but also “a religious disaster,” for it leaves us not only ethically tormented but also with a feeling of betrayal and abandonment.
Nevertheless, Artson claims to find a way to solve this problem, through integrating process theology and Jewish philosophy. The metaphysical worldview of process theology is clear in Artson’s work. For him, human beings, like all there is, including God, are not autonomous substances. Rather, everything that is is a dynamic event that is interconnected with other events. As modern physics teaches us, we are all interconnected with the entire cosmos, which is in a process of continuous and constant change. God is understood in this worldview as the “organizing force” of an eternal process of continuous and constant change. Crucially, this organizing force exists not outside the world, but rather within the world. In Artson words, “God permeates the world.” Elsewhere, Artson refers to God as the “grand integration of all becoming.” In this sense, for Artson, God is the whole that is greater than the sum of its parts; God, it seems, is more than the organizing Force/Power/Mind behind the process–God is this process itself, embracing the entire dynamic cosmos and changing with it.
According to Artson, this God is neither omnipotent nor omniscient but is limited in power and knowledge and not in full control over creation. Like Jonas, Artson points out the logical fallacy inherent in the notion of omnipotence, which is rejected by Artson for theological and moral reasons as well. Creation, in Artson’s process theology, carries in itself a great risk, because the “cosmos itself does not follow a predetermined script.” Rather, the cosmos follows its own inner dynamic, which is bounded by the laws of logic and physics and subjected to the free choices human beings make.
Following Maimonides, Artson argues that much of what human beings understand as “evil” is really a natural necessity that has no inherent moral value. Earthquakes and hurricanes, for example, are simply natural, necessary, and amoral events. Process theology, as Artson emphasizes, understands these events in a similar vein, namely as “the very source of dynamism and life.” These are the very natural phenomena that brought forth life in the first place. The dynamism and change of this world mean not only growth and flourishing but also decay and death. Natural disasters, illness, and death are not God’s punishments but the logical outcomes of the metaphysics of becoming, according to which all material things are limited and finite.
I saw God being very busy throughout Joel’s struggle–in moments of laughter and song, in the strength of the relating that bound us all as a community and kept Joel feeling connected through his very last minutes, in the determination to be there with and for his family throughout and beyond the ordeal. I never expected God to guarantee an outcome or suspend reality. I did expect to find God in the steady constant lure toward good choices and responsibility. And that expectation God did not disappoint.
For Artson, then, evil is understood to be “that aspect of reality not yet touched by God’s lure or that part of creation that ignores God’s lure.” God’s “lure,” according to Artson, is the way in which God works in/through/with humanity. God offers us “the best possible next step,” and we have the opportunity to take it or to reject it. On our part, we intuit God’s lure “from the inside;” we know what we should do, but it is our choice to make. This understanding of God’s action in the world is similar to Jonas’, yet there seems to be a difference here: Where Jonas understands God to act “’into’ the world by a particular act–“an irruption of transcendence into immanence”–Artson seems to hold a more immanent worldview that sees God’s “lure” as an ever-present potentiality “in and through all of creation, at any level, inviting every aspect of creation to respond affirmatively” to it. Yet Artson makes sure to emphasize that since God is dynamic and in the process of perpetual change, the “divine lure” is “uniquely appropriate” to every aspect of creation in a precise moment. That is to say, although Artson–as a process theologian who seeks to provide a consistent metaphysics–affirms God’s lure to be an ever-present potentiality in and through all of creation, he still leaves room for instances of individual and subjective revelation.
A faithful explication [of Kaplan’s thought] will not allow for an empathic, nonjudgmental God who cares about us but who does not, in some sense, represent the imperative to seek righteousness. In firm Jewish tradition, the Kaplanian perspective chooses to identify the divine with the prophetic and rabbinic ethics rather than with an all-inclusive embrace of the totality of all things–even at the expense of an account of the world that makes complete sense.
What about the theologies of Jonas and Artson? How do they relate to this tension? How should we reconcile Jonas and Artson’s approaches with the traditional Jewish notion of the God of justice? An attempt to provide full answers to these questions, as well as an attempt to point out all similarities and differences between Jonas, Artson, and other process thinkers and theologians is beyond the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, I would like to suggest several comments on them. By doing so, I hope to emphasize that Jonas and Artson, very much like Kaplan, exemplify not a pure form of “classic” process theology but something more akin to a synthesis of process thought, existentialism (for Jonas), and Jewish tradition (mostly for Artson). Furthermore, I believe Jonas and Artson’s personal backgrounds, motivations, and justifications—which are different from those of other, Protestant, process thinkers—push their thought even farther from “classic” process theology.
All this, let it be said at the end, is but stammering. Even the words of the great seers and adorers–the prophets and the psalmists–which stand beyond comparison, were stammers before the eternal mystery. Every mortal answer to Job’s question, too, cannot be more than that.
By this, I do not mean to suggest that Jonas’ argument does not deserve an argumentative assessment. Rather, I seek to point out a crucial difference between Jonas and other process thinkers. Jonas arrived at his concept of a non-omnipotent God not simply because he was convinced by the logical soundness of Whitehead’s metaphysics. Rather, it was his own moral sense as well as his life-experience as a Jew (or, if you will, the “Jewish dimensions” of his thought) that led him to a specific theological worldview.
To the Christian … the world is anyway largely of the devil and always an object of suspicion–the human world in particular because of original sin. But to the Jew, who sees in “this” world the locus of divine creation, justice, and redemption, God is eminently the Lord of history, and in this respect “Auschwitz” calls, even for the believer, the whole traditional concept of God into question.
one who will not thereupon just give up the concept of God altogether… must rethink it so that it is still thinkable; and that means seeking a new answer to the old question of (and about) Job. The Lord of history, we suspect, will have to go by the board in this quest.
I know that if I saw a baby about to be murdered and I could intervene and stop it, my refraining from action would violate my Torah obligations. Such an abdication does not stop being a monstrosity just because God did it. Torah tradition affirms God’s goodness unambiguously and asserts two claims that some theologians do not like to remember: we are told… that God gave humans the ability to distinguish between good and evil and that we are made in God’s image. That is to say, Torah tells us explicitly that we share the same criteria.
In other words, process theology cannot fully explicate Artson for the same reason it cannot fully explicate Kaplan, for both see themselves committed to “Judaism’s standards of justice and morality.” But these are precisely the standards and values that led Artson to reject God’s omnipotence in the first place in order to save God’s goodness.
Thus, it would be more accurate to suggest that both Jonas and Artson use the categories and modes of thought developed within process thinking from Whitehead onward, without appropriating its entire metaphysical scheme, in their personal, and distinctively Jewish, attempts to deal with the problem of evil. Both seek to free God from the responsibility to evil in order to save God’s goodness, even at the cost of giving up the traditional Jewish concept of God as the Lord of history or the God of justice who rewards the righteous and punishes the wicked.
Furthermore, Jonas and Artson do not understand God to be the amoral all-empathetic God of Whitehead. For Jonas, God possess a will and a power to act “into” the world through human beings. For Artson, it is only “those events that optimize love, justice, compassion, [and] relationship” that are considered revelatory. However, as I showed earlier, for both Jonas and Artson, like Whitehead, God’s power is not absolute, and it is the responsibility of human beings to act upon God’s will. This is a heavy responsibility, for human beings hold “the fate of deity in [their] hands,” for God and the world are affected by the deeds of human beings.
I suggest that, for Jonas and Artson, the quest for justice and righteousness is inspired by God precisely because of God’s goodness, which in turn is achieved by the rejection of God’s omnipotence and omniscience. It is not only that God is not amoral, but it is God who provides morality and value to an otherwise cold and indifferent cosmos. God works for justice in/through/with humanity. Thus, I agree with Michael Marmur, who observes that Jonas and Artson’s process theologies replace theodicy by “odyssey of activism and the quest of justice.” In this sense, God is all-embracing only insofar as God inspires morality and justice or works for justice in/through/with every human being. Human beings possess the choice whether or not to listen, to follow, or to join God in this endeavor. Moral evil, in other words, is the direct outcome of the freedom of the entire cosmos, including human beings, to make “bad choices.” In regard to Schulweis’ critique, Jonas and Artson might respond that God is neither “our friend” nor “our enemies’ friend” precisely because God’s power is not coercive but persuasive. Put simply, God cannot coerce God’s judgment. All God can do is to persuade us, and our enemies too, to act with love, justice, and compassion.
However, such an answer would not satisfy a critic like Schulweis, who argues that what determines the moral goodness of God are God’s actions. But this very expectation from God to act in favor of the sufferer is at odds with the basic premise of process theology—that is, that God acts in the world in a persuasive, rather than in a coercive, manner.
How do we know whether what we do or what we are intent on doing is to be traced to “divine” luring, or “divine” persuasion, or “divine” invitation? Before or after the event, can we ever read the intent of mind of the One who lures? In what sense may it be claimed we know the “initial aims” of the lure and its “unfulfilled goals”?
But what is the answer of Schulweis’ predicate theology to the problem of evil? What does it provide for the sufferer who asks, “Why me?” Simply put, Schulweis’ predicate theology provides no answer, but merely a consolatory and compassionate hug. This is so because God, according to Schulweis, is not responsible for evil. Similarly to Kaplan, Jonas, and Artson—Schulweis understands godliness as discovered in the “powers and energies” that raise up human existence. Nature and history are both neutral and amoral. Godliness must be found within them, in human actions of encouragement, in compassion, in mutual aid, and in cooperation. For Schulweis, human beings, by their acts, create godliness, or, increase its presence in the world, a notion that resembles the Kabbalistic notion of tikkun (“rebuilding”), which views humanity as co-creator with God.
We see then that, at least regarding its answer to the problem of evil, Schulweis’ predicate theology provides similar arguments to those of Jonas and Artson. True, Schulweis’ predicate theology provides–by emphasizing that moral qualities are discovered, validated, and consensually agreed upon within the community–a protection factor, as it were, from fundamentalism, fanaticism, and despotism. Yet this “protection factor” could be applied to process theology as well and thus answer Schulweis’ own epistemic critique.
As we have seen, scholars have argued that it is theodicy that lies at the heart of Jewish adaptations of process thought and theology. This paper follows this observation by asserting that the motivation of both Jonas and Artson in developing their process theologies was a moral one. Like other critics of classical theodicy, both Jonas and Artson claim that metaphysical accounts cannot answer the sufferer’s “why,” or more precisely, “why me.” According to them, no reason will adequately explain away the pain of human loss, tragedy, or illness. I sought to argue here that process theology, especially in its “Jewish version” of Jonas and Artson, does not merely attempt to answer the sufferer’s “why.” It attempts to do more than this.
First, it attempts to save not merely God’s morality but our own moral sense as well. It asserts that only a moral God is worthy of worship. That is to say, only a moral God can deserve our love—and not merely our fear.
But one thing is becoming increasingly clear to me: that You cannot help us, that we must help You to help ourselves. And that is all we can manage these days and also all that really matters: that we safeguard that little piece of You, God, in ourselves. And perhaps in others as well. Alas, there doesn’t seem to be much You Yourself can do about our circumstances, about our lives. Neither do I hold You responsible. You cannot help us, but we must help You and defend your dwelling place inside us to the last.
For both Jonas and Artson, then, God is still out there–not in evil, destruction, death, and illness, but in the very ability of human beings to transcend themselves, to overcome disasters and recover from trauma, to find creative solutions in times of distress, and to risk their lives for love. By so doing, human beings can affect God and strengthen God’s presence in the world. In this sense, God is perhaps–at least potentially–omnipotent after all: God is the all-powerful and endless force enabling, or liberating, humanity’s divine potential to be more than we are.
Bar Guzi is a doctoral student of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies at Brandeis University. He is interested in American Jewish thought and theology in the twentieth-century, especially among the liberal wings of American Judaism.
All biblical translations to follow are from JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh: The Traditional Text and the New JPS Translation, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1999).
See, in particular, Job 38–42.
On this point, see the interesting discussion by Nechama Verbin in her Divinely Abused: A Philosophical Perspective on Job and His Kin (London and New York: Continuum, 2011). For Verbin, the book of Job tells a story of a failed relationship, or in her words, “a relationship that subsists in brokenness” precisely because of the amoral and all-powerful image of God emerging from the book. See p. 142.
C. G. Jung, Answer to Job, trans. F.C. Hull (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1964), p. 35.
Albert Camus, The Plague, trans. Stuart Gilbert (New York: Vintage International, 1991), p. 218.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, trans. Constance Garnett (Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2005), p. 213.
Harold Kushner, “Would an All-Powerful God Be Worthy of Worship?” in Sandra B. Lubarsky and David Ray Griffin (eds.), Jewish Theology and Process Thought (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), p. 90.
John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy (London: Longmans Green, 1865), p. 131.
A. N. Whitehead (1861, Kent, UK–1947, Cambridge, MA) was a mathematician and philosopher. His philosophical work Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (1929) introduced the foundations of what came to be known as process philosophy. Charles Hartshorne (1897–2000), John B. Cobb Jr. (b. 1925), and David R. Griffin (b. 1939) are some of the preeminent American philosophers and theologians who associate themselves with process thought.
Later published in German as Gnosis Und Spätantiker Geist (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1934), and in English as The Gnostic Religion: The Message of the Alien God and the Beginnings of Christianity (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958).
Hans Jonas, The Phenomenon of Life: Toward a Philosophical Biology (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 2001), pp. 211–234. Jonas sought to suggest here what he termed “a ‘gnostic’ reading of Existentialism” as opposed to, and as complementary to, his former “existential” reading of Gnosticism.
fleetingly, in a manner shorn of all technical detail, and with no evidence of interest in exploring, let alone drawing on the wisdom of, the ample Jewish commentary tradition that had come to surround it [the Jewish source which Jonas uses]. (Ibid.).
In my mind, it is precisely Jonas’ creativity and originality of interpretation that makes the “Jewish dimensions” of his thought interesting and worth studying, especially when brought into dialogue with other Jewish thinkers, some of whom (e.g., Artson) are more versed in Jewish tradition than he was. Moreover, the study of Jonas’ theological “speculations,” understood as a continuation by other means of his philosophy (see below), can shed light on the latter, or at least on Jonas’ motivation and philosophical temperament.
Jonas, following Kant and rejecting logical positivism, makes it clear that the fact something is not scientific demonstrable does not mean it is forbidden to speculate about it. In fact, his experience with studying the gnostic myths taught him that when it comes to certain questions, “philosophical Logos has nothing to say,” while mythology has the ability “for expressing a truth that couldn’t be spoken directly.” Hans Jonas, Memoirs (Krishna Winston, trans.) (Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press, 2008), p. 216.
See also Hans Jonas, “The Concept of God after Auschwitz: A Jewish Voice,” in Lawrence Vogel (ed.), Mortality and Morality: A Search for Good after Auschwitz (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1996), pp. 131–132; Hans Jonas, “Contemporary Problems in Ethics from a Jewish Perspective,” ibid., pp. 176–177.
Note that Jonas’ familiarity with Christianity is apparent in the quote above. Jonas, a student of early Christianity, feels comfortable enough to quote a familiar metaphor from the New Testament in his philosophical work. On Jonas’ use of Jewish sources in his thought see Eric Lawee, “Hans Jonas and Classical Jewish Sources” (supra).
Benjamin Lazier, God Interrupted: Heresy and the European Imagination between the World Wars (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 61.
On the Kabbalistic concept of tzimtzum see Gershom Scholem, On the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism, (Ralph Manheim, trans.), (Schoken: New York, 1996), pp. 110ff..
Jonas, “The Concept of God,” p. 134.
See also Jonas, Memoirs, p. 216.
See also Hans Jonas, “Immortality and the Modern Temper” in Mortality and Morality, pp. 115–130, esp. pp. 124–125.
Jonas, “The Concept of God,” p. 133.
Jonas argues that although it seems at first glance that the idea of such a God clashes with the biblical God, it is not really the case: The God of the Bible is rejected by human beings; God grieves over them and regrets that God created them (See, for one example among many, Genesis 6:5–7). This is particularly true with regard to God’s relationship with the chosen people. (Jonas refers in particular to the prophet Hosea). Ibid., pp. 136–138.
Ibid., p. 142; “Immortality,” p. 129.
Hans Jonas, “Is Faith Still Possible? Memories of Rudolf Bultmann and Reflections on the Philosophical Aspects of His Work,” ch. 7 of Lawrence Vogel (ed.), Mortality and Morality: A Search for Good after Auschwitz (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1996), esp. pp. 157–161.
I’m profoundly convinced that pure atheism is wrong, that there’s something more, something we can perhaps articulate only with the help of metaphors but without which being in all its facets would be incomprehensible. Although it seems to me that a philosophical metaphysics can’t develop a concept of God directly, that this pathway has been closed to us ever since Kant’s critique of reason–hence my resorting to myth–I also believe that a rational or philosophical metaphysics isn’t prohibited from formulating “suppositions” about the presence of the divine in the world. It seems to me, rather, that philosophical ontology is allowed to leave room for the divine. It’s a questionable, groping attempt, for which I’ve never claimed a monopoly on truth… Myth also tries to develop a concept of God that makes bearable that which otherwise couldn’t be borne.
Jonas, “Is Faith Still Possible?”, p. 161.
Bradley Shavit Artson, God of Becoming and Relationship: The Dynamic Nature of Process Theology (Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2013), pp. 155–156.
Artson, “I Will Be Who I will Be: A God of Dynamic Becoming,” in Elliot J. Cosgrove (ed.), Jewish Theology in Our Time: A New Generation of Explores the Foundations and Future of Jewish Belief (Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2010), pp. 5–8.
Artson, God of Becoming, p. 131.
Artson, “I Will Be Who I Will Be,” p. 8.
Artson, God of Becoming, p. 22.
Artson, “I Will Be Who I Will Be,” p. 9.
Artson takes issue with God’s omniscience as well. While he agrees that “God knows absolutely everything possible to know,” he insists that “knowledge regarding the future is simply impossible because the future has not yet happened and one cannot know something that does not exist.” Ibid., pp. 4–5 (italics in original).
Morally speaking, Artson argues that a “God who could stop a million babies from being murdered [during the Holocaust] and chose not to, for whatever reasons, is a monster and a bully.” Theologically speaking, such a God would violate Judaism’s and the Torah’s own standards of justice and morality. Ibid., p. 5.
Artson, God of Becoming, p. 31.
Moses Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed, (Shlomo Pines, trans.) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), p. 443 (III:12).
This is the same terminology used by Mordecai M. Kaplan, perhaps the first Jewish thinker to integrate process thought and philosophy into Jewish thought. See especially his The Meaning of God in Modern Jewish Religion (New York: Behrman’s Jewish book house, 1937); Judaism without Supernaturalism: The Only Alternative to Orthodoxy and Secularism (New York: Reconstructionist Press, 1958). For a discussion of Kaplan’s relation to process thought see Jacob J. Staub, “Kaplan and Process Theology” and William E. Kaufman, “Kaplan’s Approach to Metaphysics,” in Emanuel S. Goldsmith, Mel Scult, and Robert M. Seltzer (eds.), The American Judaism of Mordecai M. Kaplan (New York & London: New York University Press, 1990); Sheila Greeve Davaney, “Beyond Supernaturalism: Mordecai Kaplan and the Turn to Religious Naturalism,” Jewish Social Studies 12:2 (2006), pp. 73–87; and Daniel R. Langton, “Jewish Religious Thought, the Holocaust, and Darwinism: A Comparison of Hans Jonas and Mordecai Kaplan,” Aleph: Historical Studies in Science and Judaism 13:2 (2013), pp. 311–348.
Artson, God of Becoming, p. 132.
Bradley Shavit Artson, “Ba-derekh: On the Way–A Presentation of Process Theology,” Conservative Judaism 62:1–2 (Fall-Winter 2010): p. 22.
Artson, God of Becoming, p. 41.
Staub, “Kaplan and Process Theology,” p. 291.
See, for example, Mordecai Menahem Kaplan, The Meaning of God in Modern Jewish Religion, pp. 60, 76; Kaplan, Judaism as a Civilization: Toward a Reconstruction of American-Jewish Life (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1934), p. 400; and Kaplan, Questions Jews Ask: Reconstructionist Answers (New York: Reconstructionist Press, 1956), p. 103.
Harold M Schulweis, Evil and the Morality of God (Jersey City, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 2010), pp. 59–60.
Staub,”Kaplan and Process Theology,” p. 291.
Jonas, “The Concept of God,” pp. 131–132. See also Lawrence Troster, “Hans Jonas and the Concept of God after the Holocaust,” Conservative Judaism 55:4 (2003), pp. 20–21.
Ron Margolin, “Mi-ḥeqer Ha-gnosis We-ʿad Muśag Ha-ʾelohim ’aḥarei ’aushvits: Qavim Letoledot Ḥayyav Ul-haguto Shel Hans Jonas” (Hebrew, “From Gnosticism until the Concept of God after Auschwitz: The Life and Thought of Hans Jonas”), in Ron Margolin (ed.), Muśag Ha-ʾelohim ʾaḥarei ʾaushvits U-maʾamarim Nosafim (“The Concept of God after Auschwitz and Other Essays”) (trans. from German by Danit Dottan) (Tel Aviv: Resling, 2004), p. 20.
Jonas, “The Concept of God,” p. 131.
For a critique of Jonas’ argument in “The Concept of God after Auschwitz” see Paul Clavier, “Hans Jonas’ Feeble Theodicy: How on Earth Could God Retire?,” European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 3:2 (Autumn 2011), pp. 305–322.
Artson, “I Will Be Who I Will Be,” p. 5.
Artson, God of Becoming, p. 43.
Jonas, “Immortality and the Modern Temper,” p. 125.
Michael Marmur, “Resonances and Dissonances: On Reading Artson,” Conservative Judaism 62:1–2 (Fall-Winter 2010): p. 107.
Harlod Schulweis, “The Pull of the Divine Lure,” Conservative Judaism 62:1–2 (Fall–Winter 2010), p. 56.
Schulweis, Evil and the Morality of God, p. 129.
Schulweis, “The Pull of the Divine Lure,” p. 55; Marmur, “Resonances and Dissonances,” p. 107.
Amos Funkenstein, “Theological Interpretations of the Holocaust: A Balance,” in Francois Furet (ed.), Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews (New York: Schocken Books, 1987.), pp. 275–303.
Etty Hillesum, An Interrupted Life: The Diaries of Etty Hillesum, 1941–1943, (trans. from Dutch by Arnold J. Pomerans) (New York: Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt and Company, 1996), p. 178.
Ron Margolin, “Hans Jonas and Secular Religiosity,” in Hava Tirosh-Samuelson and Christian Wiese (eds.), The Legacy of Hans Jonas: Judaism and the Phenomenon of Life (Leiden: Brill, 2008), pp. 253–254.
Rabbi Rachel Sabath Beit-Halachmi, Ph.D. | 2019-04-22T20:14:46Z | https://zeramim.org/past-issues/volume-iii-issue-1-fall-2018-5779-2/jewish-process-theology-and-the-problem-of-evil-the-cases-of-hans-jonas-and-bradley-shavit-artson-bar-guzi/ |
You’ve got your Bibles open to Joshua chapter 7. The last time we were together, we were in Joshua chapter 6. You remember the theme of chapter 6, and that message is spiritual victory. Spiritual victories are fought and won by faith. As much as that was the climactic moment of God’s people experiencing spiritual victory, as soon as we get into chapter 7, we flip the coin, and the theme of chapter 7 is spiritual defeat.
Certain defeat awaits the people who tolerate hidden sin.
If chapter 6 was a high point, a mountain top, we get into Joshua chapter 7, and we are right back in the valley. We’re going to learn five things about hidden sin this morning.
How many of you have watched that television show CSI? And then, there’s CSI: Miami and CSI: “every other country.” What we’re about to get into chapter 7 is CSI: Jericho. What does CSI stand for? Crime Scene Investigation. What we find in chapter 7 is a crime scene, and we have to find out “whodunit.” Let’s find out.
Is that hard for you to grasp? Notice here in verse 1, “The anger of the Lord burned against Israel.” Why is that? Well, Israel had violated the covenant that God had pulled them into.
God would not allow the people to plunder the possessions of Jericho. Everything was to be burned—everything was to be completely annihilated except for the treasure that was to go into the treasury of the Lord. And yet, there was a man that got his greedy little fingers on some of the stuff. He’s the man identified as…what was his name? Achan. By the end of the story he was achin’! Things did not go well. He brought trouble upon himself and he brought trouble upon the people of God, and his sin angered God.
Do you have room in your theology for a God who gets angry? Do you? You say, “Oh, that’s the Old Testament God! I like to believe in the New Testament God; He’s all about love and grace and mercy and forgiveness.” Listen. There’s only one God, and He is the same yesterday, today and forever. Sin angers God.
You say, “Well, I can’t really reconcile that, because how could a loving God be angry?” Uh, do we have any parents in the room? Where are the parents? How many of you have at least one child that you love? Okay? A couple of them are questionable and harder to love—I get that, but you have one, right, that you love. You would give your life for this child.
But let me ask you: does that child ever do something stupid that angers you? And yet, when you are angry at this child, do you stop loving the child? No. It’s your love that lays the foundation for your anger, because what you’re angry at is that they are forfeiting the best for their lives. You’re angry at the scars and the damage and the pain that they’re inviting into their life because you love them so much.
Have you seen Micah’s kids? They’re the cutest kids: Reese, Callie and Blaze. Do you know, I do not get angry when Micah’s kids do something stupid. I mean, I like Reese, Callie and Blaze. We had them over at the house last night after the service. I especially like Blaze—I’m really fond of Blaze. I like ‘em all, but I don’t get angry when they do something stupid. Why? They’re not my kids, right? That’s Micah’s responsibility. And Micah loves them far more than I ever could. Now when Zac does something stupid, I get angry, okay? Because I want him to have the best. And, if you’re a parent, you can understand how God can love and experience anger at the same time.
Mark it down: Hidden sin angers God. It’s a real emotion of a real God. Some of us have trouble understanding this because, when you and I get angry, we are almost always in sin, right? The Bible tells us that there is a way to experience anger without sinning. Ephesians 4:26 tells us, “Be angry [but] do not sin…” So, it’s possible, but how often do you sin when you get angry? It’s almost all the time, right?
The Bible tells us over in James 1:20, “The anger of man does not produce the righteousness of God.” But when we think about the anger of God, realize this: The anger of God always produces the righteousness of God, because God is perfect in all of His ways. He has absolute moral perfection. Everything He does is right. When we do something stupid, it produces an anger in God.
Listen, without the anger of God – love, grace and forgiveness have absolutely no meaning. Until you understand that, “Because of sin, I have made myself an object of God’s anger.” Until you grasp the weight of that concept, you have no need for a God who mercifully forgives. Without the anger of God, the cross of Jesus Christ has no point. If you want to see a picture of the anger of God toward sin, think about what happened on that cross. That was a picture of the anger of God being poured out on Jesus Christ because of the anger God has toward every sin.
Now, by the way, this message is for sinners here this morning. So, if you’re not a sinner, you are dismissed. All the perfect people can leave the service, because this is a message for people who have sinned. Do you believe there is any sin in here? Absolutely. There is some hidden sin in here. Our desire is that, by the end of the service, hidden sin would be confessed and forsaken and repented of, so that you don’t have to suffer the consequences of the anger of God.
Do you understand that there is no temptation that you can resist when you are proud, self-righteous and think that you can’t fall into sin? When you are overconfident and underestimate the power of the enemy, that is when you are most prone to fall and suffer a great spiritual defeat. That’s what happened here to the people of Israel.
The smallest temptation is impossible for me to resist without a desperate dependency upon the grace and the power of God. 1 Corinthians chapter 10, verse 12, says: “Therefore let anyone who thinks that he stands take heed lest he fall.” It’s when you are proud that you are in the most danger of being defeated by the enemy.
Look here at Joshua 7:6: “Then Joshua tore his clothes…” That was a sign of humility. You see this over and over in the Old Testament. When people were in sin and people were suffering spiritual defeat—the kings, the leaders, they would tear their clothes. It was a sign of what was going on inside of their own heart.
They didn’t want to have any pretense of wearing fine, royal clothes on the outside. They wanted the outside to represent what was going on, in the inside. Their hearts were broken, their faith had been torn, and they ripped their clothes on the outside to symbolize what was going on in the inside. So, Joshua tore his clothes “…and fell to the earth on his face before the ark of the Lord until the evening, he and the elders of Israel. And they put dust on their heads.” Again, another sign of humility.
Now, if you’ve been tracking with us through the book of Joshua, that ought to sound familiar to you. Do you remember, back at the end of Joshua chapter 5, when Joshua came and met the Commander of the Armies of the Lord, and do you remember what Joshua did when he realized who the Commander of the Armies of the Lord was? What did he do? He fell on his face and worshipped.
That’s a good question to ask when you’re defeated by hidden sin. “God, why do I keep falling? What is going on?” If you’re facing some resistance in your life right now, if there’s turmoil and chaos going on in your life right now, it would be good for you to go to God and ask, “God, is the opposition and the chaos in my life caused by some hidden sin in my life?” That’s a good prayer to pray.
Scripture goes on. Look down here at verse 10: “The Lord said to Joshua, “Get up! Why have you fallen on your face?” Interesting, isn’t it? The Lord says to Joshua, “This is not a time for you to be praying! This is a time for you to be leading! This is a time for you to get involved go on a search for the reason why you have been defeated!” That’s exactly what Joshua does.
God tells him, in Joshua 7:11, “Israel has sinned; they have transgressed my covenant that I commanded them; they have taken some of the devoted things; they have stolen and lied and put them among their own belongings.” Israel has sinned.
And I thought, “Well, maybe I’ll just give you a list of a hundred sins and you could go through and check off the ones that you are hiding.” I thought about that. But, do you understand that sin, at its core, is simply unbelief? It’s a failure to believe God.
The reason we know that is because of those two words I had you underline there in verse 1. How does this whole episode start? It starts, notice in verse 1, with a broken faith. Do you have a broken faith? You just simply don’t believe that what God has said is wrong, is wrong for you.
You think, “All those rules and all that judgment and stuff, that’s all back in the past. We live in a contemporary society, and I’m sure God would understand. After all, I kind of feel like I was just born to sin. And it’s kind of good, because God loves to forgive sin, and I love sin, so I have this great relationship with God, because I sin and He loves, and it’s just this great love relationship.” If that’s your attitude toward sin, you do not understand sin.
Sin starts when I don’t believe what God has said is true. Sin is a broken faith with God. When we come into relationship with Christ, for those of us who are Christians, we’ve bowed before His Lordship and we’ve said, “I am living my life—no turning back—I’ve decided to follow Jesus.” When you do that, you enter into boundaries for your life. Christ is Lord, He gets to set the rules, and it doesn’t matter how many shots you make outside of the boundary. It doesn’t count. We’re to live our lives inside the boundary.
Sin is transgressing, it says here in verse 11 – the covenant of the Lord. That’s what sin is: You’re playing life outside of the boundaries; and when you do, it’s not going to go well for you—and it’s not going to go well for the people you love. Look here in verse 15: “’And he who is taken with the devoted things shall be burned with fire, he and all that he has, because he has transgressed the covenant of the Lord, and because he has done an outrageous thing in Israel.’” Sin is an outrageous thing to God.
And, understand this: sin is declaring war on God. It is setting myself up as an enemy of God and saying, “God, I will set my own rules; I will live as I please. Get out of my life!” And it is not until we understand that what may be covered on earth is exposed in heaven. Hidden sin cannot be hidden by God.
Look down here at Joshua 7:12. God wants to deal with the sin. He says, “Therefore the people of Israel cannot stand before their enemies. They turn their backs before their enemies, because they have become devoted for destruction. I will be with you no more…” Do you understand that when you sin, you forfeit the presence of God?
The next time you’re tempted to sin, understand that God says, “I will be with you no more.” It doesn’t mean that we lose our relationship with Christ; it means we lose the sense of His presence, the sense of His goodness, the sense of His power. Do you want to go through life without the presence of God? “Unless you destroy the devoted things from among you,” it says it verse 12.
Look at verse 14: “In the morning therefore you shall be brought near by your tribes. And the tribe that the Lord takes by lot shall come near by clans. And the clan that the Lord takes shall come near by households. And the household that the Lord takes shall come near man by man.” Do you understand what God was doing?
God says, “I want you to get everybody in their appropriate tribes.” So, if there were two million people…we don’t know exactly how many people there were. Let’s say a tribe was like one-hundred-thousand people. Then He says, “I want you to section off the hundred-thousand people, not by tribes, but by clans.” So maybe that was like a hundred people. Then God says, “by households,” so maybe that’s down to like ten people.
Now, if you are Achan, and you notice that Joshua is starting to put people into smaller and smaller groups, to try and figure out who is the one person who has brought trouble on Israel, at what point do you stand up and say, “It’s me! It’s me. Just stop. Eventually you’re going to whittle it down and you’re going to find me”? But Achan doesn’t do that. He continues to hide, and he continues to hide and God continues to expose, and God continues to expose, to bring it out. God wants to cut out the cancer of sin among those people.
I told you a couple of weeks ago that I had this little procedure done on my foot. Let me tell you what I had. It’s kind of gross. I may lose credibility here. But, how many of you have ever had a plantar wart? Lift your hand. Confess your plantar wart in church. Get that thing exposed in church, right?
But, do you understand that sin is a virus that spreads, unless you get every single cell out. That’s what God is committed to do in your life, in your family and in this church. Why are we so serious about exposing sin? Because God’s glory is at stake among His people in the church. What you think is hidden, God sees in heaven.
This is expressed in Psalm 139:11 and 12. Here’s a guy who is thinking, “Maybe I can cover my sin.” He says, “Surely the darkness shall cover me, and the light about me be night…” But God says, “Even the darkness is not dark to me; the night is bright as the day, for darkness is as light with me.” Understand that hidden sin cannot be hidden from God.
And then the third thing. . .
Interesting, isn’t it? If you’re going to confront somebody over sin. Have you ever had this conversation with somebody that you love, maybe a child, maybe someone in your small group? It’s a hard conversation isn’t it? It takes an incredible amount of love to have that hard conversation. You have to love someone enough to confront them over their sin.
But I doubt that your conversation started with this: “Give glory to the Lord God!” Is that the way you start that conversation? So, why did Joshua say that? It’s because Joshua understood that giving glory to God—and hiding sin—are mutually exclusive activities. You can’t do both at the same time. We sing the song, “Show me Your glory! Show me Your glory!” You want to see God’s glory? Confess your sin!
I remember, as we used to travel around in Life Action—to a lot of different churches—we would deal with sin; a lot of times we would even have to deal with sin among a church staff, a pastoral staff. I remember, we were in this one church in Alabama, and this pastor—he loved to talk about the glory of God, and he loved to talk about the miraculous things, and he loved to talk about signs and wonders that were going on. And yet, when you talked to him, you never really felt like you were getting anything tangible, or anything real, that God was doing in his life.
It was about ten days into those meetings that he finally came in and confessed, in humility, that he’d been too busy in his ministry; he’d forsaken his ministry to his wife; he was way too caught up in his own personal activities and his personal performance, and he had become so proud. He confessed that, and I just remember, the glory of God descended in that conversation. I looked at him and I said, “You know what? That is the greatest sign of the glory of God that we’ve seen! A man humbly confessing his sin, and crying out to God in need of grace and a new start—to do the thing that God has told him to do.” Giving glory to God—and hiding sin—are mutually exclusive.
If you want to see the glory of God in your life, expose the hidden sin in your life. If we want to see the glory of God in this church, hidden sin has to be exposed and rooted out and cut out from among us. Do you know what the greatest tragedy is, when you hide sin? It’s not the damage you cause to your own life. The greatest tragedy is, when you’re hiding sin, God does not receive the glory from your life that He created it to generate.
Don’t look at me like you’re pious. If you’ve ever been to the mall, you’ve thought the same thing. “I need this,” right? So, what was going through his mind? What was he thinking? Now, I don’t know what he was thinking, really, because—I mean—how are you going to wear that, and people not know, “That did not come from the mall in Israel!” Right? “That came from the mall in Jericho!” I don’t know where he thinks he’s going to wear this thing. And then, he sees silver and gold and he thinks, “Why, I need that!” Do you understand that sin is: trying to satisfy a God-given desire in a God-forbidden way?
What was the desire in Achan’s heart, in wearing the garment? Significance. “If I wear that, people will think highly of me! I’m going to look good, and I’ll feel valued!” You and I have that same need. Now, listen, is the desire to feel significant and valued, sinful? Yes or no? No. The desire to feel significant—God’s built that into us. We want to feel like we’re built to do something great. The problem is, is that when you try to get your desire for significance met in a God-forbidden way, that’s sin; and that’s what happened to Achan.
And then, he grabbed some gold and silver. What do you when you grab gold and silver—what desire are you trying to meet? The desire for security, right? It’s when we look to things that are created, rather than the Creator for our security, that we sin. We think, “If I could just have some gold, if I could just have some silver, if I could just get my retirement account, if I could just kind of have this house and this car and all these different things, financially, work out, then I would feel more secure.” It’s a lie! And it so often leads us into sin. That’s exactly what happened to Achan! His desires for security and significance led him into sin.
You may read this verse and think, “Achan confessed his sin; he’s so specific about what happened.” What we don’t see is the same level of humility and repentance that we saw earlier from Joshua. Where is the falling on his face, where is the ripping of his clothes, where are the ashes on his head to indicate, “Not only did I do it, but I hate that I did it! I’m so ashamed that I did it! I never want to do it again”? We don’t see any of that.
Do you understand that confession without repentance is just an announcement? And the last thing we need in church is more announcements! Have you announced your sin, or have you turned from your sin and repented of sin? Hidden sin won’t remain hidden. It’s coming out.
As we were in Belize this week, there were probably about a hundred pastors that we got to minister to. Over the course of—really—sixteen-hour days, we were just trying to meet as many pastors as we could. You’ve got to kiss a lot of frogs to find a prince. So, we spent a lot of time, and we really poured our lives into these people and really grew to love these people.
Andrea was with us and, while I was doing a session kind of down in the main auditorium of this church we were meeting in, I was actually leading a session on the importance of the home in the life of a pastor. . .and how you have to make sure that you don’t put your ministry before your marriage. . .because it’s so easy to believe that, “If I take care of my ministry, God will take care of my marriage.” I was like, “Guys, that is a lie! You have to take care of your marriage and trust God to take care of your ministry, because if you lose your marriage, you’ll lose your ministry!” That’s what I was pouring into these pastors.
At the very same moment, Andrea was upstairs in the church, and she had about twenty-five of these pastors’ wives, and she was pouring into them. After her session, one of these ladies went to Andrea and said, “Can I talk to you?” She said, “Sure.” The lady said, “I’d like you to come back to my house.” So Andrea was going back to her house to sit and visit with her. This lady said, “I’m a little afraid to talk to you, because it’s about my husband.” And she went on to tell Andrea that her husband, pastor, was actually living with another woman, committing adultery. And everybody in the church knew it, and all the pastors knew about it.
Andrea grabbed a couple of other pastors and sat, herself with this wife and that pastor, along with two of our Harvest pastors, and for hours pleaded with this man—and this couple—to repent of sin and put God back in the priority position in their life. Unfortunately, sadly, this pastor welled up with pride, put up walls, shut down, and chose to hide sin. Hidden sin won’t remain hidden; God is going to bring it out. He loves His church way too much to let it continue.
We see that in Achan’s life. Look at Joshua 7:22 and 23. “So Joshua sent messengers, and they ran to the tent; and behold, it was hidden in his tent with the silver underneath. And they took them out of the tent and brought them to Joshua and to all the people of Israel. And they laid them down…” Before who? “…before the Lord.” The Lord was there! The place to bring your hidden sin is into the presence of the Lord.
[Verse 24:] “And Joshua and all Israel with him took Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver and the cloak and the bar of gold, and his sons and daughters and his oxen and donkeys and sheep and his tent and all that he had. And they brought them up to the Valley of Achor.” The word “Achor” means “trouble.” And this was a valley—a low point—of trouble.
[Verse 25:] “And Joshua said, ‘Why did you bring trouble on us? The Lord brings trouble on you today.’ And all Israel stoned him with stones. They burned them with fire and stoned them with stones.” If Achan had had any foresight, to believe that the price tag of his sin was that he was going to lose everything—and that sin was going to bring certain pain—not only to him, but to his wife and to his children—and that everything that had anything to do with him would be lost, do you think he would have valued that garment? Do you think he would have wanted to pay that kind of price tag for his sin? No, and so that’s the way it works. The devil wants to blind you to the price tag of sin. He wants to whisper in your ear and say, “This won’t cost you anything! This won’t hurt you! This won’t hurt anybody!” And that’s what he does—he deceives us into thinking we can tolerate this in our lives, and we don’t understand the pain that sin will bring into our lives!
I heard this week a report that Shamu is sick. Have you ever gone to SeaWorld? They call it Shamu. This is actually Tilicum. Recently, our family watched this very troubling documentary called Blackfish, about Tilicum. He’s a thirty-five-year-old whale that’s been at SeaWorld for many years. And, of course, you’ve seen the tricks—how the trainers get in the water with him, and all the different things—and we all applaud.
But the reality is this: Tilicum is a killer whale, and in fact, he’s actually killed three trainers in his lifetime. Now, I don’t how you feel about this, but I’m thinking if you get in the water with an animal that has “killer” for his first name, you probably get what you deserve, right? I mean, sad reality here, but do you understand this? There has never been a report, of any kind, of a killer whale harming a human being as long as he is in the wild. The problem happens when you try to contain them or train them or play with them.
And the same thing is true with sin. If you try to manage your sin, if you try to contain your sin, if you try to train it to do tricks when you want it to behave, and you play with it? That’s what gets you in trouble. You cannot manage sin. Hidden sin will bring certain pain. Proverbs 28:13 says…You like promises in God’s Word? Here’s one for you! “Whoever conceals his transgressions will not prosper, but he who confesses and forsakes them will obtain mercy.” What do I do immediately after I sin? You have two options: you can either conceal it, which will ensure certain pain in the future, or you can confess it and obtain mercy. Two options, every time I sin.
Have you found yourself in the story yet? You and I are modern-day Achans. The reason I know that is because we’ve already dismissed all the perfect people. The only people left are people like Achan, who have sinned. We’ve broken faith. We’ve transgressed. We have tried to satisfy God-given desires in a God-forbidden way—and here we are.
Do you understand that the Lord’s anger burns against us? Our only hope of making it out of alive is for something to motivate God to turn His anger away from us. Do you understand what happened two-thousand years ago? We celebrate it this week. One day, God sent His son and hung Him on a cross. For six hours, God hurled stones of judgment and anger and wrath at His own Son. And He threw strikes. And there were bruises that appeared on Jesus’ body, and there was blood that flowed. Until, finally, Jesus was dead and buried, by your sin. And they put one final stone in front of His tomb. And for three days, Jesus was crushed by the weight of your sin and my sin. But three days later the stone was rolled away, and Jesus was victorious over sin and death. And spiritual defeat was crushed by the weight of a victory that Jesus won over my sin.
Only those who will confess and believe that Jesus paid the price tag for the sin that I committed…only those that trust in the Savior’s love and victory that He won, at Easter, over sin…only those who believe have any hope that God’s anger will be turned on the Day of Judgment. Where does God find you this morning? Does He find you hiding sin?
Do you know the reason we hide sin? It’s because we don’t think there’s any remedy for it. We don’t think that God’s gracious enough and good enough and forgiving enough to forgive a modern-day Achan like me. Do you have a broken faith? The remedy is to repent and believe and to trust that Jesus Christ, on that cross, took every stone that should have been hurled at me. . .it’s the only remedy for sin.
Is there any hidden sin in here? Now’s the time to confess it and deal with it. Some of you need to go to God right now, in your heart of hearts, and quit justifying and quit rationalizing and quit moralizing and blaming somebody else for your sin. You need to repent; fall on your face and repent of sin. But don’t leave it there.
Some of you need to go a spouse, you need to go to a child, you need to go to a parent; some of you need to get on the phone or go to an employer’s office this week, and confess that you have wronged that person. Some of you may need to come to a pastor and confess, “I have been hiding sin for years. And I’m tired of it. And today I repent.” What is God asking you to do? | 2019-04-25T19:55:26Z | https://mygospelcity.org/sermon/buried-by-sin/ |
On January 28, 1986, Space Shuttle Challenger exploded about a minute after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts, including Teacher-in-Space Christa McAuliffe. Investigations revealed that contractor and in-house engineers had warned prior to the launch that the unusually cold temperatures on shuttle systems the previous night and that morning could have catastrophic effects.
Also disclosed was the fact that NASA had known for years that the O-ring joints on the shuttle’s solid rocket boosters were unsafe but planned to keep flying while they were being re-engineered. But concealed was the takeover of NASA by those in charge of President Reagan’s Star War program along with the fact that NASA launched against the concerns of engineers in order to have the Teacher-in-Space mission in orbit in time for President Reagan’s planned state-of-the-union address that night.
But the Teacher-in-Space was itself a smokescreen for the radical militarization of space that has received new impetus today from the ongoing takeover of the U.S. government by the Neocons. Thus the Challenger disaster was a warning to us all of what happens when technology is abused by covert political agendas and when lies and cover-ups replace honest inquiry.
My name is Richard C. Cook. Over 30 years ago I was the NASA analyst turned whistleblower who disrupted the cover-up the space agency had begun of the known causes of the space shuttle Challenger disaster when I released the O-ring documents to the press within 10 days of the January 28, 1986, explosion.
I did this because I had been conducting an internal investigation of NASA’s longstanding knowledge of the potentially deadly flaws in the solid rocket booster O-ring joints and knew, as did agency management, that it was these flaws that destroyed Challenger and killed its seven astronauts. But I could not make myself keep silent when the officials in charge were concealing what they knew and expecting staff professionals like me to go along with it. It simply would not have been the right thing to do.
New York Times journalist Phillip Boffey won a Pulitzer Prize for the articles he wrote on the documents I handed him at the Times’ Washington, D.C., bureau. Boffey’s articles paved the way for all subsequent news disclosures and investigations. But it was obvious to NASA I was the leaker. I was set-up for public attack and humiliation, fled the agency for fear of retribution, spoke and wrote publicly for several years afterwards, then kept my Challenger files for almost two decades until I published my account in book form in 2007.
Thus, 21 years after the disaster, on my retirement from the federal service, I published Challenger Revealed: An Insider’s Account of How the Reagan Administration Caused the Greatest Tragedy of the Space Age. Despite a Starred Review from Publishers Weekly, the book has been almost completely, probably purposely, ignored by the mainstream media and attacked by the usual shills on the specialty web sites and chat rooms. But I have never backed down from what I had to say.
My book is the only complete account, either in print or the visual media, of one of the signature events of the 20thcentury. No other treatment has penetrated the multiple layers of cover-up, not only by NASA, but also by the Rogers Commission and Congress, both of which effectively concealed the deeper political causes of the tragedy that made Teacher-in-Space Christa McAuliffe and the other Challenger astronauts not just victims but martyrs.
The Commission also hypocritically boasted that it had discovered the “exact cause” of the tragedy—the infamous O-ring joints that they learned NASA had been well aware of up to the highest levels. But in its report the Commission protected the top brass from further scrutiny by turning the lower level managers into scapegoats. This was done deliberately. In fact deals were made.
The Rogers Commission pursued the same strategy as other high-level inquiries such as the Warren Commission, the Rockefeller Commission, the Tower Commission, and the 9/11 Commission: find someone far down the chain of events on which to pin the blame while the high-level perpetrators go free. The mainstream media plays its designated role by reporting as expected while the dust of past events settles. Then establishment historians package the bland but dishonest conclusions for future consumption by a posterity they and the perpetrators view only with contempt.
Every presidential commission is charged with hiding something. What then was the Rogers Commission hiding, along with the congressional committees after it, especially since it didn’t take long for them to realize that NASA had known about the flawed O-ring joints in the solid rocket boosters literally for years—even before the shuttle had ever flown?
To answer briefly but accurately, the Rogers Commission was hiding the darkness that had enshrouded the U.S. manned space program through takeover of NASA by operatives of President Reagan’s “Star Wars” space weapons program. These operatives had emerged from the “Conservative Movement” that got Reagan elected, such as members of the Committee on the Present Danger that advocated putting the U.S. on a wartime footing against the Soviet Union. One of these members, William Graham, had been made NASA’s acting administrator weeks before the Challenger disaster.
The Conservative Movement was the forerunner of today’s Neocons and included many of the same people. One of their heroes was Edward Teller, “father of the hydrogen bomb.” Later it was these people, through the 1997 Project for the New American Century and other avenues, who collectively became the architects of our current national policy of regime change and perpetual warfare against any nation or entity in the world that does not please us.
Getting back to Challenger, the militarization of the space shuttle program was why the O-ring joints had not been fixed—it would have slowed or halted the military launch rate and reduced NASA’s intake of Department of Defense subsidies needed to keep the shuttle flying. Instead, an improved booster rocket design was to be gradually implemented over a two-year period, leaving the shuttle to risk astronauts’ lives by “flying-as-is,” to use NASA’s own term of art.
My book documents that NASA was keeping to itself the fact that solid rocket booster O-ring joint performance was worse in cold weather in order to avoid delays in military missions. The jig was up when NASA launched Challenger due to White House pressure to have Christa McAuliffe in orbit for Reagan’s state-of-the-union message that Tuesday night. The White House knew NASA was concerned about the weather, but the agency’s top managers were unwilling to risk political disfavor. So they decided to cross their fingers and hope for the best. They even told the dissenting engineers not to worry—that if anything went wrong the engineers wouldn’t be blamed. So the cover-up was being planned as an option even before the disaster.
These are not just allegations. These are critical facts that are described and documented in detail only in my book. Names are given and specific sources cited, including the meeting where Commission Chairman William Rogers explained his strategy of making Al McDonald of Morton Thiokol the “hero” of the piece and Larry Mulloy of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center the villain. End of story, or so Chairman Rogers intended.
All other books and articles on the subject, as well as all media productions, including the Discovery Channel’s 2013 made-for-TV movie The Challenger Disaster, swallowed the Commission’s line and refused to touch the underlying causes . Thus they have all made themselves, intentionally or not, part of the cover-up.
The Challenger disaster is as pertinent today as when it happened both for the human elements and the policy implications. The grounding of the shuttle fleet for over two years from 1986-8 deprived the “Star Wars” program of its primary testing platform, thereby slowing the weapons-in-space effort until it went dormant after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s.
Crucial is the fact that “Star Wars” marked a radical change in U.S. space policy, because underlying it was a belief by the cabal that controlled Reagan that a nuclear war against the Soviet Union could be won, even if millions of people in both countries lost their lives. The 1986 mission of Teacher-in-Space Christa McAuliffe was Reagan’s sentimental pet project but also a smokescreen to conceal the militarization of space.
But the menace of space weaponry has returned. Now in 2017, with the resurgence of Russia as an excuse, the U.S. has embarked on a new nuclear arms race. Influential journals such as Foreign Affairs and International Security speak of the need for U.S. nuclear supremacy. U.S. abrogation of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2002 has led to a massive attempt to ring Russia with a missile defense system. This is believed by many to be a plan to prevent Russian retaliation to a U.S. first strike and is an underlying reason for the incorporation of eastern European nations into NATO.
Meanwhile, reminiscent of “Star Wars” days, the Pentagon has established a Joint Interagency Combined Space Operations Center in Colorado Springs, with over 22,000 employees. These are working in secrecy but are known to be focusing on future space-based military operations against Russian and China.
Further, even though the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 is still in effect, prohibiting weapons of mass destruction from being based in space, any nation can withdraw from that treaty with one year’s notice. Research, planning, and technology development can, and is, plowing ahead unabated with billions of dollars in contracts being awarded. A new generation of nuclear weapons is being developed, along with weapons such as the electromagnetic railgun and laser-beam devices that can be installed on orbiting space platforms.
The difference between now and 1986 is that all space-based military operations will be covert and robotic, including semi-autonomous artificial intelligence devices. An example is the X37-B unmanned space plane currently being flown by the Air Force. This space plane is a smaller unmanned replica of the space shuttle. Unlike Reagan’s “Star Wars” program, humans in space, with the risks and publicity involved, will not be needed.
But contrary to all this, the exploration of space as set forth in NASA’s enabling legislation in 1958 was for peaceful purposes to benefit all mankind. America’s manned space program has been eclipsed, its original vision a distant dream. Future exploratory projects are behind schedule and over budget and may even be cancelled as being less urgent than spending for war. Or, these manned missions will also be diverted to serve military purposes.
Instead of peaceful exploration, we now have a monstrous present of planning by military analysts to risk destruction of our own and other nations, and perhaps all of humanity and earth itself, for motives of pride, greed, and fear; i.e., for nothing. The main beneficiaries of this insanity are the billionaires who are making the space weapons.
Meanwhile, professional commentators foment hatred toward supposed foreign “adversaries” like Russia and China to keep the billionaires in business. A glance at websites like “Space War: Your World at War” shows how pervasive the militaristic mentality is, how many people and how much money is invested in it, the absence of any sense of shame in the glib manner by which its publicists glorify it, and the lack of recognition of the level of destruction mankind is preparing for itself by indulging in such evil.
A turning point for the start of this downward spiral was the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster of 1986. Again, only my book Challenger Revealed explains fully what happened on that terrible day and why it was a harbinger of today’s peril. We now must rise to the vision of a unified world brought to us vividly by the astronauts in the 1960s who first showed us real-life images of earth as a fragile “blue marble” floating quietly in space, home to all terrestrial life and a single human family. This was also a vision held by Teacher-in-Space Christa McAuliffe. It is a vision honored by people who believe in the goodness and promise of life. It is a vision still available if we turn to it for renewal. It is a vision that can raise us to a higher spiritual level than obsession with money, secrecy, power, and war.
But to reach this spiritual level in space exploration or any other endeavor, we have to be able to know and tell the truth.
In this regard, the U.S. government has a big problem. Lying has become so habitual among politicians, government officials, and military personnel that truth is not even seen any more as having any intrinsic value. Examination of almost any government program or public event discloses varying levels of deception, “spin”, distortion, bias, cover stories, or concealment. A huge amount of government activity, including everything done by the military and the intelligence agencies, is covered under various secrecy statutes for the purposes of so-called “national security.” “Plausible denial” is a way of life. Whistleblowers who speak the truth are threatened or persecuted. I know this as a fact, as that is what happened to me.
The average citizen doesn’t have a clue of what is being done, or even what crimes are being committed, in his/her name and with his/her tax dollars. Of course the news media are in on the game, not only concealing the truth, but making up “fake news” to divert attention. The propaganda machine is a multi-billion dollar business, with the Pentagon in collusion with Hollywood in churning out garbage films that glorify war and mayhem. All of this has become much worse in the 30-plus years since the Challenger disaster.
And who benefits? Obviously the military-industrial-intelligence bureaucracy and its millions of employees condone it because their livelihoods depend on the collective insanity.
Then there are the owners of the technology companies who manufacture huge quantities of junk machinery whose only purpose is to kill people, if in fact it is ever used. And of course there are the politicians, lobbyists, PR flaks, and spin doctors whose careers are based on getting voters and taxpayers into a frenzy to continue voting in favor of the people who run a system that thrives on human suffering and have a vested interest in generating more of it.
The craziest thing of all is that the U.S. once thought of itself as a Christian nation, and many of the supporters of the political ideology that justifies the madness still do. But where is Jesus in all this today? Where is the religion of love and forgiveness that led to the abolition of slavery and the vision of America as a beacon of peace and harmony in the world? I am sorry, but the U.S. is not an “exceptional” nation, because that vision is dead. Instead, we have become a nation controlled by greedy, lying warmongers. The Challenger disaster and its aftermath and cover-ups were a big step down this road, as were events that came before, like the JFK assassination, and those since, like 9-11.
Can any of this be changed? If it can, it will happen only if enough individuals make a stand and refuse to go along with the system, no matter what the personal cost. I also believe in the power of prayer. Otherwise, I am convinced that this nation is on a path to destruction. The U.S. today seems to be largely in the control of an alien force, which, for clarity and convenience, may be associated with the Neocons discussed above. Today they control Congress, the White House, the mainstream media, and both political parties. They control the military and the intelligence agencies. And they have powerful financial backing at the international level.
One thing seems certain: given the powers that they are playing with—technology that can destroy the planet—a catastrophic outcome is likely to take place sooner rather than later.
Richard C. Cook is a retired federal government analyst. In his 32-year career he worked for five civilian agencies and the Carter White House. While with NASA he documented the flaws with the space shuttle solid rocket booster and testified before the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident. Unable to return to NASA after his testimony, he spent the rest of his career with the U.S. Treasury Department. On retirement in 2007, he published Challenger Revealed, the definitive account of the multiple layers of cover-up surrounding the disaster. He went on to publish a book on monetary policy entitled We Hold These Truths: The Hope of Monetary Reform. In 2012 he put forth the Gaia Plan, a proposal for a worldwide basic income to counter technological unemployment, spur economic growth at the grassroots level, and assure a life of dignity for all people.
An earlier version in this text was published by Veterans Today. | 2019-04-19T11:22:15Z | https://www.globalresearch.ca/then-and-now-the-space-shuttle-challenger-disaster-and-the-cover-ups-a-step-toward-world-cataclysm-a-warning-to-us-all/5585456 |
Background: Accurate pain assessment in elderly population is essential for pain management and nurses have a pivotal role. The 11-face Faces Pain Scale (FPS-11) is a well-established pain assessment measure that has not been validated in the Iranian elderly. Aim: The aim was to study the property assessment of the Iranian version of FPS-11 (FPS-11-IR) among elderly outpatients with chronic pain. Methods: This is a cross-sectional validation study that conducted in three outpatient clinics in Tehran, Iran, in 2017. Older people aged ≥60 years (n = 217) with chronic knee pain due to degenerative joint disease were participated. The construct validity was examined by applying contrast constructs, and the face validity was determined by rank-ordering test. To assess concurrent validity, the Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated between the scores of 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and FPS-11-IR. Test–retest reliability was determined in 1-week interval. Results: Most of elderly participants (72%) agreed that pain construct displays in faces of the FPS-11-IR and participants” agreement on face rank ordering were vary for each face, ranging from 80% to 100%. Spearman's correlation coefficient between FPS-11-IR and NRS scores was very strong (r = 0.91, P < 0.01). Intraclass correlation coefficient between test–retest scores was 0.96 that indicates excellent reliability. Conclusions: The FPS-11-IR is a reliable and valid pain assessment scale to use in geriatric patients chronic pain.
Increasing elderly population is inevitable, and one in eight people was aged 60 + years in 2015 worldwide. Pain is one of the most common symptoms in older patients receiving palliative care with the prevalence of >66%. Symptom control is crucial in palliative care to improve quality of life., Therefore, adequate pain management is important in palliative care.
Since talking ability is not necessary to complete the FPS, the FPS was considered useful in older adults with mild and moderate cognitive impairments. FPS is simple and desirable to use in both cognitively intact and impaired elderly participants., Although there are different versions of FPS,,,, in this study, 11-face FPS (FPS-11) was used. After universal recommendations for the use of 0–10 Numeric Rating Scale (NRS),, NRS was known as a gold standard by the American Pain Society. Since eleven faces in the FPS-11 are comparable with the 0–10 in NRS, without mathematical adaptations, we used FPS-11 to validate among the Iranian elderly with chronic knee pain. FPS-11 was used in the Korean elderly who had different sociodemographic background.
An applied tool that used in a different population with a different language should pass the adaptation process. This process is beyond translating that included evaluating of psychometric properties, based on the study population. Considering the cultural differences in the Persian language elderly, the pain assessment scales should confirm through the adaptation process. Studies on pain scale validity in the Iranian elderly are limited, and there is only one validation study on brief pain inventory in the Iranian elderly with cancer pain. There is no evidence for psychometric properties of FPS-11 among the Persian language elderly. The aim was to study the psychometric properties' evaluation of FPS-11 in terms of construct and concurrent validities and test–retest reliability in Iranian elderly outpatients with chronic knee pain.
In this cross-sectional validation, study participants were selected through convenience sampling between participants aged 60+ years with chronic knee pain due to degenerative joint disease (DJD) who were attended in three outpatient clinics. The sample size was calculated by Hulley's formula (α = 0.001 and β = 0.10). Farsi language and ability to communicate were the inclusion criteria. Older patients who had cognitive impairment measured by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE ≤23 score),, visual impairment (visual acuity <2), and hearing impairment (positive whisper test) were excluded from the study. Finally, 217 eligible elderly participants who agreed to contribute were signed or fingerprinted the informed consent form.
This study was conducted according to guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all human procedures that were approved by ethical standards of the Ethics Committee of Medical School Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Ethics code: EC-00358). The aim of this study was explained, and written consent form was signed by elderly participants and their proxies.
The original version of FPS was developed for pediatrics with six faces; the other versions had seven and nine faces. Herr et al. removed tears from faces of FPS-9, to prevent the bias that conducted by personal beliefs about pain manifestations. Kim and Buschmann modified McGrath's FPS-9 into a 11-face scale to match with 11-point NRS. After obtaining permission from the developer, we used FPS-11 version that was reliable and valid in Korean language. In the present study, faces are represented by a black and white 8 cm × 8 cm line drawing [Figure 1].
Figure 1: The faces of 11-face Faces Pain Scale from Face 0 (no pain) to Face 10 (extreme pain).
NRS is a self-reporting pain assessment scale with 11 points ranging from 0 to 10. Number 0 represents “no pain”, while 10 represents “the worst possible pain.” The common format is a horizontal bar or line with guide words of “no pain” at one end, “moderate pain” in the middle, and “the worst possible pain” at the other end of the scale. Elderly participants were asked, to select only one number that was the best description for current pain intensity. “No pain” was described by 0 score, “mild pain” was demonstrated by 1–3 scores, “moderate pain” was demonstrated by 4–6 scores, and “severe pain” was considered by 7–10 scores.
MMSE is a 30-point questionnaire that is developed to measure cognitive impairments in community and clinical settings. The MMSE examines registration, attention and calculation, recall, language, ability to follow simple commands, and orientation functions. The MMSE Persian version is a reliable and valid tool to discriminate cognitive impairments in older population, with the cutoff score of 23; the sensitivity and specificity were 98% and 100%, respectively.
Reliability of the FPS was examined by applying FPS-11 and NRS at 1-week interval for 10% of the participants.
Descriptive statistics were used for demographic data. All analyses were considered statistical significance at α < 0.05 levels and performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY: USA).
Reliability was measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), between test–retest scores of the FPS-11-IR and NRS. The ICC ≥0.80 was considered acceptable.
Regarding face validity evaluation, the faces of FPS-11 were ranked to determine the level of pain that is perceived from each face by both elderly participants and health-care experts, and the accuracy rate in ranking was calculated for each face. Accuracy rate ≥75% for elderly respondents and ≥80% for health-care experts were considered as acceptable face validity.
Spearman's correlation coefficient ≥0.70 was considered as a good correlation between the scores of FPS-11 and NRS, which indicates a good concurrent validity. To determine construct validity, the percentage of elderly respondents who agreed pain and other contrast constructs was calculated, and agreement ≥70% confirms construct validity.
The mean age of participants was 68.44 ± 6.79 years, and from 217 elderly participants, 153 people (70.5%) were female and 64 (29.5%) were male. The mean level of education was 5.93 ± 4.94 school years, and the mean score of cognitive status by MMSE was 27.22 ± 1.91.
To calculate reliability of the FPS-11, the collected data at 1-week interval was analyzed by ICC. The ICC between test–retest scores of FPS-11-IR and NRS was obtained 0.63 and 0.72, respectively. The ICC between differences of FPS-11-IR and NRS in test–retests was obtained 0.96 that indicates the excellent reliability [Table 1].
To determine face validity, the percentage of experts and elderly participants who ranked faces of the FPS-11-IR in correct order was calculated for measuring agreements in ranking [Figure 2]. The most accurate ranking by experts was 100% for face numbers 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. The face numbers 1, 2, 5, and 6 with 90% agreement had the least accuracy in ranking. The agreements of older people with the face number 11 were the most and with the face numbers 1, 2, and 4 were the least, with 100% and 80% agreement, respectively [Figure 2].
Figure 2: The accuracy of ordering faces.
The means of pain intensity were obtained 5.87 ± 2.18 by FPS-11-IR and 5.26 ± 2.24 by NRS. Spearman's correlation coefficient between FPS-11-IR and NRS scores obtained very strong (r = 0.91, P < 0.01) that indicated excellent concurrent validity.
[Figure 3] demonstrates the scree plot and regression line between FPS-11-IR and NRS. The scores of FPS-11-IR could be predicted based on NRS scores; this confirmed the criterion validity (R2 = 0.88, confidence interval = 95%).
Figure 3: Scree plot and regression line between 11-face Faces Pain Scale and Numeric Rating Scale.
The agreement percentage for pain and contrast constructs presents in [Table 2]. Elderly participants (72.2%) agreed that pain construct displayed more strongly in the faces' FPS-11-IR than the other established emotional constructs.
This study presented that FPS-11 is a reliable and valid pain assessment scale in Iranian elderly outpatients with chronic pain caused by Degenerative joint disease (DJD). The excellent reliability and good construct validity of the FPS-11-IR were confirmed. Consistent with the previous studies, we found that FPS-11 is strongly correlated with the NRS in older adults., Since NRS as a symbol of numeric counting is a gold standard of pain detection, the criterion validity of FPS-11 is approved.
Agreement in rank ordering was good among the elderly and experts that indicated ranking of the faces in FPS-11-IR did not occurred by chance. Since the FPS had the best face validity in comparison with the other pain assessment scales in older adults, we concluded that acceptable face validity might be due to good ranking order. The face numbers 1 and 2 were the most confusing faces for both the elderly and expert participants. Consistent with the previous studies,,,, face numbers 4, 5, and 6 located in the middle of FPS-11-IR had low accuracy in ranking arrangement; due to similarities in features, this made discrimination of the faces that demonstrate the most severe pain should be difficult. Another reason for low accuracy in ranking arrangement might be decreasing in visual acuity of older adults that cause some faces did not place in the expected position. The face number 11 had the highest accuracy in rank ordering, because severe pain was clearly understand of from this face.
In the present study, the scores of FPS-11-IR during 1-week interval between test and retest were relatively consistent. There is no evidence to support of acceptable time interval between the administration of scales in test–retest reliability, although in some studies, 2-week interval was used to evaluate the stability of FPS in both cognitively impaired and intact elderly participants.,, In cognitively impaired elderly, a 3-day interval for test–retest reliability was found to be acceptable., It can be concluded that a 3-day to 2-week intervals could be more acceptable for evaluating test–retest reliability of FPS in older population; therefore, we used 1-week interval to reduce memory-bias effect.
Since FPS could also represent the other emotional constructs, the Iranian elderly with chronic DJD pain agreed that the faces of the FPS-11 represented pain, stronger than the other contrast constructs. We found a difference between pain and the other constructs in FPS-11-IR that was similar to Kim and Buschmann. These differences between pain and other constructs (i.e., sadness, sourness, boredom, and sleepiness) were significant with the exception of anger. The reason that pain construct presented stronger than the other constructs in this and Kim and Buschmann studies might from the similarities in the Asian cultures or due to the use of the same version of FPS. In contrast, some studies with other versions of FPS reported that FPS represents the other constructs more than pain, based on how the older individuals were guided.
The concurrent validity of the FPS-11-IR was supported strongly among the elderly with chronic pain caused by DJD. The FPS-11 has compared with the other well-established pain intensity scales in several studies.,, In consistent with the previous studies,, strong correlation was confirmed in this study, between FPS-11 and NRS in older adults with chronic pain.
Since pain scale preferences vary among the elderly, providing optimal pain scale might be helpful. The FPS-11 is a more desirable scale to assess pain intensity rather than NRS in older adults, because of fewer nonresponse rate, and more preference in responding FPS-11 rather than NRS in older people. Patients' preference for FPS was reported 97.4% in an Asian study. In cognitively impaired elderly participants, the FPS is reliable, valid, and the most preferred self-reporting pain assessment scale. Although self-reporting of pain in older adults is considered as a golden standard in pain assessment, with increasing the severity of cognitive impairment, the ability for self-reporting of pain is reduced. Therefore, pain self-reporting as a first-line approach for assessing pain in cognitively impaired elderly participants should be accompanied with an observational assessment tool.
Considering the limitations of this study, the FPS-11-IR sensitivity to detect pain changes that are important in both clinical practice and research did not determine that needs to be considered in future studies. Second, the cognitively impaired elderly were excluded in this research; therefore, additional studies are recommended to assess psychometric properties of FPS-11 in the Iranian cognitively impaired elderly for broader use of the scale. Meanwhile, evaluating clinical usefulness of FPS-11-IR in contrary with the observational pain assessment scales is recommended in demented Iranian elderly participants.
Validity and reliability of the FPS-11-IR was confirmed in the Iranian elderly with chronic knee pain (DJD). The concurrent and criterion validity of FPS-11 supported strongly. The FPS-11-IR can replace the NRS as a gold standard in pain intensity measurement among older adults, if necessary.
This study was part of a MPH thesis in Gerontology by Salaheddin Taleb Hessami Azar and has been supported by the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The authors would like to thank all participating elderly, nurses, and medical staffs for their help with the data acquisition.
This study was funded by the Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (grant number: 96-02-30-35442).
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John Ritenbaugh warns that Satan's modus operandi has always been to use a lie to promote self-satisfaction over obedience to God. Like the Messiah, we must learn that the way to the kingdom is through self-denial rather than self-satisfaction. We are particularly vulnerable to Satan's disinformation when we feel we are not getting what we deserve or are being treated unfairly. In a world we perceive to be unfair, we need to emulate Christ who endured unfair treatment, suffering for righteousness sake all the way to his death, without complaining (I Peter 2:20-21) The major cause for the confusion and division of the Corinthian church (and the greater church of God) was Satan-inspired self-exaltation, finding excuses other than sin not to fellowship. The opposite of love is not so much hate ? but self-centeredness.
I Corinthians 2 showed us that God gave man a spirit, that we can receive the Spirit of God, which enables us to grasp the spiritual things of God, and there is a spirit of this world. We also saw that man's spirit can be communicated with even without the man being aware that this is going on.
We also saw in last week's sermon that a great deal of spiritual activity is going on. Sometimes that spiritual activity involves the destiny of great nations. Especially we saw that God employs angels, and sometimes even demons, to carry out commands from Him.
We saw that the primary means for Satan to manipulate us was through disinformation and affecting our attitudes. The purpose for this is to move our reasoning processes toward satisfaction of the self. This is especially perverse because satisfaction of the self is not of and by itself intrinsically evil, but putting self before God and others is. That is Satan's aim—that is, trying to push our reasoning processes toward satisfaction of the self—that is his aim because this is the essence of sin.
Satan is called in Ephesians 2 the prince of the power of the air. Apparently in most cases the manipulation occurs in an indirect way. The air is surcharged with his spirit and we are by nature tuned-in to his wavelength. The only way to avoid manipulation is to be enabled to tune him out.
Perceiving that we are being influenced is not always easy because yielding to his influence is what we have been doing since we were born. We've been doing it all of our life. Therefore it feels natural for us to go in that direction. But what is natural to man is enmity against God according to Romans 8:7. Even if we are unable to catch it when it is occurring, it will still produce fruit, and we should then be able to catch it by being able to see the evidence of the fruit that is produced.
Satan, of course, is always attempting to get us to sin but, even though we may sin, we still may not catch it. That is because sin has become so engrained as a part of our life we don't recognize it as sin. But somewhere along the line, fruit is going to be produced. Even if we don't catch it—that is, Satan's influence—when we sin, somewhere along the line other fruit is going to be produced that will give us evidence that we have been manipulated.
You'll recall in that sermon that I said that evidences that he is at work in our life, in other people's lives, in institutions of which we are a part, and in cultures in which we live, are confusion, division, and warfare. I also stated that it's not necessarily in that order. However, that is the usual progression.
This whole mess on earth began when vanity began to arise in Satan (or Hillel) over his beauty. I take the word beauty not just to refer to his appearance, but also to refer to all of those abilities including a tremendous intelligence, wisdom, and all those other things—skills—that God built into him.
Somewhere along the line—I don't know whether it was one year, a hundred years, or ten thousand years after God created him—Satan told himself a lie that he believed. That lie was that he felt that he was not getting his due. He was so intelligent, he was so beautiful, and he was so talented that he was in a position inferior to what he should rightfully have.
That is impossible because God is intrinsically love. It is a part of His nature. It's impossible for Him to treat anybody wrong, just as it is impossible for God to sin in any way. He is always looking out for the best interest of all concerned—individuals, or the group, or institution. Satan, because of the urging of his vanity, told himself a lie, which he believed.
This lie burned in him so that he couldn't hold it in himself any longer and then he told himself another lie as to what the solution was to be. He began to enlist other angels into his feelings that they too were being mistreated and that the solution was to attack God, knock Him off His throne, and thus they would be in the rightful position and be able to make the rules.
As this insurrection grew, it divided them from God and eventually warfare occurred.
Our understanding is, of course, that this occurs at the beginning of that one thousand year period.
Revelation 20:7-8 Now when the thousand years have expired, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle, whose number is as the sand of the sea.
I turned to this scripture because I want us to be impressed with how effective he is in his nefarious schemes—that even after one thousand years of not having his influence, and mankind living under the government of God so that men are fully capable of comparing properly, he is still able to deceive and lead people into warfare against God. I'll tell you, he is the greatest salesman of all time.
As I mentioned at the beginning of this series, the motivation for this series came from Mr. Herbert Armstrong's 1978 article entitled "What You May Not Know." What Mr. Armstrong's point, his purpose, in that article was to exhort us, or to give us understanding, so that we might appreciate our vulnerability. The article was written because Mr. Armstrong felt that there were many in the ministry—it was aimed at the ministry primarily, not at the lay member—who did not appreciate that they, too, either had been deceived or were capable of being deceived. Apparently, some in the ministry had expressed to him that Satan didn't deceive them. The article was written so that we would take heed lest we felt that we were standing.
The important thing to you and me is don't get so proud that you think that you can handle Satan easily. He has a great number of tools coming at us, but yet on the other hand, there is no need for us to be overly concerned about him either, where we are looking for demons behind every tree, every bush, as the cause of every problem that we have. We can do enough damage ourselves. But we do need to understand that he is around, that he is still active, and if we aren't aware, we can be vulnerable.
Acts 5:1-3 But a certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira his wife, sold a possession. And he kept back part of the proceeds, his wife also being aware of it, and brought a certain part and laid it at the apostles' feet. But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and keep back part of the price of the land for yourself?"
In verse 4 he tells them they had lied to God and in verse 5 Ananias dropped dead.
Here are two church members who apparently did not take Satan into consideration. They listened to a lie and were divided, first of all, from God's church and then from life itself. What did Satan do? He moved them toward self-satisfaction to the point—here was the actual sin—that they lied to take credit for a greater sacrifice than they actually made.
The sad part of this is that no one asked them to donate the entire sale price of the piece of land. What happened was they committed themselves to it and then undoubtedly began to feel put on. "Hey, Sapphira, that's too much money." Or, "Hey, Ananias, I agree with you." Maybe they began to think, "We didn't expect we'd get so much money from the sale of this and that is too much to donate to the common cause." They began to think, undoubtedly, of other uses that they could put the money to. "We could buy clothing. We could improve a part of our house. We could buy another piece of land as an investment and reap even greater rewards from it."
What they had done, they had apparently already told those who were in charge of the collection that they would contribute the entire amount of the sale and then, when the time came to give the contribution, they only gave a part of it but let on like it was the entire sale price. The difference between the two they kept for themselves.
I wonder who it was who led them to dare to lie? Do you see the process? Satan has modus operandi and he is always going to move us in the direction of self-satisfaction at the expense of obedience to God, or at the expense of service to God, or at the expense of service to others so that we elevate ourselves over the others.
Is that not what Satan did? In his own mind, his vanity elevated him greater than the position God had given to him and it then began to work on his mind so that he had to do something about it. This process keeps repeating itself over and over again.
Let's go back to Matthew—and this is an interesting, interesting circumstance. We need to see what occurred here in its context.
Matthew 16:13-17 When Jesus came into the region of Caesarea Philippi, He asked His disciples, saying, "Who do men say that I, the Son of Man, am?" So they said, "Some say John the Baptist, some Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets." He said to them, "But who do you say that I am?" Simon Peter answered and said, "You are the Christ [the Messiah], the Son of the living God." Jesus answered and said to him, "Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah, for flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but My Father who is in heaven."
This was the man who just said to Jesus, "You are the Messiah." Peter took Him aside. The indication is that it was something done in urgency, that there was a deep feeling and perhaps even a bit of jostling. I don't mean that it was done meanly at all.
Matthew 16:22-23 Then Peter took Him aside and began to rebuke Him, saying, "Far be it from You, Lord; this shall not happen to You!" But He turned [its almost as if Peter grabbed Him by the shoulder to get His attention; turned Him part way; then in response to what Peter said, Jesus fully turned and faced him—face to face; a right in your face kind of thing] and said to Peter, "Get behind Me, Satan! You are an offense to Me, for you are not mindful of the things of God, but the things of men."
Peter clearly believed that Jesus was the Messiah. But what was wrong here? Peter also disagreed with the way the purpose of God was going to be worked out through Christ. What Peter objected to was his good Friend having to go through a scourging, a painful and shameful crucifixion, which is a terrible way to die, especially for one so good. Peter knew that. For Jesus to suffer all the ignominy; to have Him berated by those who were in authority—and Peter recognized that those people who were in the seats of authority couldn't hold a candle to Jesus. And yet these mean men would be sitting in a place where they could actually have Him delivered to death.
Peter disagreed with what the Messiah said God's purpose was and how it was going to be worked out. I think we can relate to what Peter said. It really was a touching sentiment, because he didn't want to see Christ suffer and die; but brethren, the sentiment was wrong and Christ identified the source of what Peter said as Satan.
Satan knew the scriptures. He knew who Jesus was and he also knew the scriptures better than Peter did. Satan was tossing in front of Christ the temptation of achieving Messiahship, rulership over the world, without having to go through the ignominy of a scourging and death by crucifixion.
I'm sure it was quite a temptation. Probably most of us would not have taken that way. Jesus recognized it right away.
We know that was not God's will. God's will was that the Messiah first had to suffer and die for man's sins. Where does it say that in God's word? Isaiah 52 and 53 are very clear. That's what God's will was regarding the Messiah.
Peter, when he spoke, was not speaking God's words or thoughts regarding the Messiah. Instead, Peter was speaking—he was mouthing—what he would like to see. But God's thoughts are not man's thoughts. What Peter was speaking was the common Jewish conception of a warrior messiah who would put down the enemies of Judah, elevate Judah over their conquerors, and Judah would become the kingpin of all the nations on the earth. Thus, the suffering Messiah, who dies for the sins of man, would be by-passed. But God had willed first things first.
Where in the world did Peter get that idea? (Here comes Satan back into the picture again.) Peter was a victim of disinformation regarding God's word and he became a stumbling block to others. The disinformation came from Satan through his false prophets.
Matthew 16:24-25 Then Jesus said to His disciples, "If anyone desires to come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow Me. For whoever desires to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for My sake will find it." . . .
The teaching that comes immediately after the direct ethical application of what occurred in this sequence of events, beginning in verse 13 and ending in verse 23—the application for you and me is, like the Messiah, we must deny ourselves.
Put Satan back in the picture. What is he going to do to you and me? Through disinformation and the affecting of our attitudes, he is going to lead us toward self-satisfaction, not self-denial, because self-satisfaction is the essence of sin and when we sin we bring upon ourselves the death penalty.
In order to get the lesson straight, what Jesus immediately taught (in order to counteract what Satan was subtly teaching through Peter) was that the way to the Kingdom of God was through self-denial, not self-satisfaction. Satan is going to try to persuade us not to deny ourselves, but to fulfill ourselves at the expense of others.
There is another thing that this can teach us, and that is that very great temptations can come through well-meaning friends. Peter meant well. I am sure it shocked him right out of his socks when Jesus turned and said, "Get thee behind Me Satan!" right up in Peter's face. I don't think He was angry. I think He was just urgent that Peter catch the picture.
Surely God would not want you to face this kind of a trial, would He? Yes, it just might happen if the temptation comes through well-meaning people. The reason I am going through this is that we are particularly vulnerable when we can be led to believe that we are not being treated as we deserve.
That was a major ploy that Satan used against Adam and Eve. "Oh, has God said such and such? He's withholding from you." That was the implication. "Why, if you do things the way you want, you can have much more. You can be god." We always want more. That's part of human nature.
Unfortunately, mankind keeps making things worse by making the same general mistakes over and over again, in each generation. It will not end until each individual decides he won't do it regardless of the cost to himself—denying the self. We have to understand that there are some things in life that are beyond our control and they must be left for God to solve.
Let's go to I Peter. I want you to be thinking about what is in I Peter because it is a very important book to each one of us.
I Peter 2:11-12 Beloved, I beg you as sojourners and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts [self-indulgence] which war against the soul [or life], having your conduct honorable among the Gentiles, that when they speak against you as evildoers [being treated unfairly], they may, by your good works which they observe, glorify God [later on—they don't understand now] in the day of visitation.
What we are going through here has to be seen in the overall context of the book. Peter is striving to inspire these people to hope in what must have been a very difficult circumstance in their life. The trial they were having was not one that came and went quickly. It was one that was wearing away at them, so that they were slowly having built up within them an attitude of hopelessness.
Humanly, we are always prone to look for quick solutions to get out from under the burden that's been imposed upon us. I am not going to tell you that that is wrong, because it's not. However, the problem is that frequently our solution puts us into the fire spiritually at the same time it appears to solve the problem physically.
By the time Peter gets to the conclusion of this letter, Satan is very much in his thoughts. A Christian can never afford not to give Satan consideration that he might just be a part (maybe a major part) of the picture of what they are going through.
In I Peter 5 I want you to see that when we get to the conclusion of the book, it is telling us what to do in difficult situations when it seems hopeless and we're going through great difficulty.
I Peter 5:6-8 Therefore humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God, that He may exalt you in due time, casting all your care upon Him, for He cares for you. Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil walks about like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour.
The thought is this: Satan may or may not be the cause of the situation, but even if he is not, he is prowling around to take advantage of it, that he might pick us off. The roaring lion—who does the lion most likely attack? The strays; the ones who are on the fringes; those who are on the outside; those who are not keeping up with the group.
When we think of that spiritually, they are simply people who are not with it. They are wearying under the barrage of problems that causes them to begin to separate themselves away. Then Satan, the roaring lion, picks off the strays.
He is especially adept at taking advantage of people's feelings. All too often we are dominated by our emotions rather than facts or, we might say, the truth of God. Under that kind of a circumstance, it is very easy for us to get our feelings hurt, ignore the facts, and proceed to lie to ourselves just like Satan did at the beginning of the process.
Let's go back to I Peter 2, and we're going to begin to look at the areas that are covered by him. These are the kinds of situations that are tailor made to make us feel as though we are being put upon, taken advantage of, or made to feel less than what we feel we ought to be.
I Peter 2:13-15 Therefore submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake, whether to the king as supreme, or to governors, as to those who are sent by him for the punishment of evildoers and for the praise of those who do good. For this is the will of God, that by doing good you may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men.
I Peter 2:17 Honor all people. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honor the king.
It is very easy to feel put upon by government—municipal government, state government, national government—governments in general. They take advantage of us. They put the pressure on us through taxes. They won't allow us to do things that we feel we ought to be able to do. They give us traffic tickets—all kinds of things. Government can be a means through which we begin to feel as though we are taken advantage of.
In verse 18, Peter covers a situation regarding a person's employment.
I Peter 2:18 Servants, be submissive to your masters with all fear, not only to the good and gentle, but also to the harsh.
Our boss takes advantage of us. He doesn't pay us what we are worth. He makes us work longer hours than we feel that we should. He puts the pressure on in regard to the Sabbath or Holy Days or to keeping the Feast of Tabernacles. He gives us the kind of work that is beneath our dignity. He gives us the kind of work for which we are overqualified and we don't feel challenged. There all kinds of ways we can feel pressure from employers.
In these kinds of situations, Peter is not saying we should not compromise at all. He is saying for the Lord's sake, that is, out of regard for Him, we are to control ourselves so we don't rebel. To allow our emotions to have free reign to the point of rebellion is the same as calling God into account—that is, we are (at least indirectly) telling Him that He doesn't know how to run His creation.
I Peter 2:19-21 For this is commendable, if because of conscience toward God [for the Lord's sake] one endures grief, suffering wrongfully. For what credit is it if, when you are beaten for your faults, you take it patiently? But when you do good and suffer, if you take it patiently, this is commendable before God. For to this you were called, because Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that you should follow His steps.
Let me make this clear: Peter is not saying that the commendable thing is the suffering, but the commendable thing is that you are submitted to God's will and that you are suffering, not because you did something wrong, but because you did something right. That's what is commendable. In addition to that, you are not striking back. That's what your emotions would lead you to do.
I Peter 2:23 Who, when He was reviled, did not revile in return; when He suffered, He did not threaten, but committed Himself to Him who judges righteously.
That is a clear recognition in the life of Jesus that there are some things that must be left for God to take care of. He did not strike out at these people. He turned the other cheek, kept His mouth shut, bit His tongue, and did not strike back.
What is God saying in this whole thing? It is recognition from God that life is unfair. What we have to understand is that life is unfair largely because of the way men have chosen to deal with problems. It is the responsibility of the Christian to deal with problems the way God says to deal with them. Remember, Satan is still in the picture and he is going to try to move you to deal with problems his way. That won't be good. It will keep the problems rolling.
After the end of chapter 2, Peter moves on to marriage—another place where we can feel oppressed. Marriage is a place where our emotions are very, severely affected, because things happen that are caused by, or we are affected by, one that we feel should never do what they have done to us—and perhaps emotionally, this is the most volatile of all the situations.
Marriage is also the one we are most likely to be involved in. Also, it is the one in which we are most likely to let our own emotions run amock. Peter tells the husbands, especially, in what way to treat their wives so that their prayers may not be hindered.
Again remember I Peter 5, that Satan is still in the context of the writing here, unmentioned, but he is in Peter's thoughts. That is surely some kind of situation there that Satan is going to try to take advantage of, to cut people off from God—the epitome of his efforts.
I Peter 3:8 Finally, all of you be of one mind, having compassion for one another; love as brothers, be tenderhearted, be courteous.
Notice the advice. Do not these things require a great deal of control, a rejection of the feelings that Satan may be in the background trying to stir up?
I Peter 3:9 Loving, tenderhearted, courteous; not returning evil for evil [that's what Satan would want you to do] or reviling for reviling, but on the contrary blessing, knowing that you were called to this, that you may inherit a blessing.
He's really talking about turning the other cheek, is he not? I never want to get too far in this sermon without reminding you that Satan is always trying to move us, motivate us, guide us, lead us, toward self-satisfaction in any circumstance. If you are in a position, a circumstance, in which you are trying to defeat somebody, I would have to say he has a hold of you. Satan is competitive.
Here's the advice. Sanctify means "set Him apart." It means in this case "make God the focus of your thinking; make God the focus of your approach to life; make God the focus of the circumstance that you find yourself in."
Is that not what Peter forgot in Matthew 16? The disinformation was the focus of Peter's response to Jesus—not God's thoughts. If God's thoughts, if God's word, had really been sanctified in Peter's heart at that time, he never would have said what he did. He would have said something like, "Yes, Jesus, I understand. That's what the scripture says." But instead, he disagreed with God. When one sanctifies God in his heart, then the word of God becomes the focus, not the word from the spirit of this world.
I Peter 3:18 For Christ also suffered once for sins, the just for the unjust, that He might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive by the Spirit.
If I get that far in this sermon, we are going to see another reference to this by the apostle John, because Peter is writing here to show us how far the model, Jesus, went in suffering unjustly. It is a high standard, but He went all the way to the death without giving in to His emotions, His feelings, and allowing Satan to get a hold of Him and think that God was being unfair or unjust in what He was causing or allowing Jesus to go through.
I Peter 4:1-2 Therefore, since Christ suffered for us in the flesh, arm yourselves also with the same mind, for he who has suffered in the flesh has ceased from sin that he should no longer live the rest of his time in the flesh for the lusts of men [feelings, desires], but for the will of God.
I Peter 4:12-13 Beloved, do not think it strange concerning the fiery [or painful] trial which is to try you, as though some strange thing happened to you; but rejoice to the extent that you partake of Christ's sufferings, that when His glory is revealed, you may also be glad with exceeding joy.
Looking at these scriptures in the light of I Peter 5:6-8, and understanding that Peter is writing with his thoughts on Satan in the background and the possibility of his part, our feelings are especially vulnerable because it is natural for us to feel that we are being taken advantage of or not being treated as we should be, and our emotions begin to run wild. That is tailor-made for Satan to take advantage of. That's what he fell prey to. Either he will try to move us in that direction or if it begins to happen even without him, then he will take advantage of that situation and make sure that he will affect our emotions.
Let's go to Jude 6. I don't think we need to spend a lot of time on this, but in the context we have a pattern established by demons. Jude is attacking false prophets and thus men and demons are kind of interwoven in the context. There are three sins that he indicts these false prophets for and that's mainly what I want to pick from here.
Jude 6-8 And the angels who did not keep their proper domain, but left their own abode, He has reserved in everlasting chains under darkness for the judgment of the great day; as Sodom and Gomorrah, and the cities around them in similar manner to these, having given themselves over to the sexual immorality and gone after strange flesh, are set forth as an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire. Likewise also these dreamers defile the flesh, reject authority, and speak evil of dignitaries.
1. Lusts—they defile the flesh, that is, allowing a feeling to take one over the edge into sin.
2. Rebelliousness—they flout authority in general, but primarily that of Christ. It is something that is hidden in the Greek, but the word authority is really "Lordship." It is a word that is normally used in the sense of referring to Christ and His Lordship over us.
This number 3 is kind of interesting because he is saying in effect that it is not that these false prophets will not talk about Satan, but rather it is a gratuitous, despising, or denigrating of angelic powers, indicating in their preaching that it's not something that we need to be concerned about. It's kind of side-stepping the issue.
You know why they would do that? Because a false spirit is leading them, so they downgrade this through the preaching as though it is something that we do not need to be concerned about. This is clearly seen largely in the Protestant world, especially the mainline denominations that have almost gone to the place where they almost universally agree that there really is no such thing as Satan the Devil or demons. That's how successful they have been out there.
On the other hand, there are the evangelical groups in Protestantism who will talk about such things as twisting Satan tail. "Oh, we're going to put down the devil tonight!" You run into these things in their tent shows that they put on in their evangelistic campaigns. But, you see what they are doing? They are putting Satan in a position where they seemingly have power over him. They are so deceived.
The truth in regard to Satan is somewhere in between. Hopefully the true church and God's people will have that truth and they will understand that yes, Satan is; yes he is powerful; but yes, because of God, they do have power over him in that they can reject. We are not puppets on a string and he cannot pull our strings unless we give him the opportunity. If we're able to see it, we don't have to submit to him.
I wanted you to see that because Jude is telling us signs to look for in preaching or in false ministers—that there will be a denigrating of Satan and his demons; there will be (not to the same extent in every individual) indications of lusts, that is, allowing feelings to take one over the edge into sin; and they will flout the authority of Jesus Christ.
II Peter 2:1 But there were also false prophets among the people, even as there will be false teachers among you [Peter brings it home, very clearly, right into the church.], who will secretly [notice what he says here] bring in destructive heresies.
This is very interesting because if this word "secretly" were translated into the closest English synonym, it would have to be the word "smuggle." They smuggle in—that is so interesting to me. Cunning deceit. The word literally means "they bring it along side," that is they present this heresy in such a way as to make it appear favorably with the truth. "Oh, it's just a refinement. We're not really changing anything. You understand that, don't you? We're not really changing it. It's just a refinement, a clarification."
One denies the Lord by failing to submit to Him in obedience. If the doctrines gradually begin to be changed, then submission to Christ is going to be put on different terms as well.
That word "destructive" will translate into the English word "pernicious" which means "deadly." We hear it most frequently in a medical term "pernicious anemia." The thing that is so interesting about this is that it may appear innocent, but all the while it is destroying life. It is something that gives the appearance of being not overtly or openly dangerous, but all the while it is undermining one's health. Of course, Peter is talking about spiritual health.
What he is saying is that they turn the church into a commercial operation. The reason is because Peter says these are men of evil ambition. They are covetous. Their primary objective is success in argument, not truth. The changes are made in order to exploit—back to the commercialism. That's why the feigned words, or the deceptive or phony arguments.
We won't go through the whole context here, but I believe I mentioned to you in the sermon last week that we in the United States, especially, have been conditioned to be tolerant. But if we would read completely through II Peter 2 and the whole book of Jude, we would find it very clear that God is not tolerant of this kind of thing.
We are tolerant because we have lost, or we never had, a sense of the diabolical danger of Satan's false teaching. It's leading people to death! As a nation we have become dulled to the distinction between truth and falsehood, not only in terms of right and wrong in behavior, but also in terms of ideas or concepts.
If we went on to verse 9 we would see that Peter says, "The Lord knows how to deliver the godly out of temptations." He very clearly understands that Satan is somewhere in the picture and he wants us to be encouraged, to be filled with hope, because these people, though they appear to be gaining strength, are still under God's control and He knows how to deliver His people from their schemes—even as He delivered Noah and Lot and others in the past from the schemes that were going on in those cities.
Let's go to I Corinthians, because we need to begin to narrow this subject down and look at this from the standpoint of a church or congregation. In order to get this the most clearly we have to remember the principle that John gave us in I John 4:1 regarding the antichrist and about testing the spirit or spirits; how a spirit or the spirits are influencing a man who in turn influences other men.
I Corinthians 1:10-13 Now I plead with you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that you all speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment. For it has been declared to me concerning you, my brethren, by those of Chloe's household, that there are contentions among you. Now I say this, that each of you says, "I am of Paul," or "I am of Apollos," or "I am of Cephas," or "I am of Christ." Is Christ divided? Was Paul crucified for you? Or were you baptized in the name of Paul?
This same book says in I Corinthians 14:33 that God is not the author of confusion. Yet, it is very obvious that here is a church that is confused, and is divided, and is fighting one another. Cliques had arisen and they were struggling for power within the congregation. God didn't do that. Who did?
Satan does not come into the picture in I Corinthians, however Paul does say in I Corinthians 2:12 that there is a spirit of this world. But, Satan does come into the picture in a fairly large way in II Corinthians.
We have to look at I and II Corinthians as a unity. Paul wrote the one in response to the household of Chloe telling him these things. Perhaps they wrote a letter to Paul. Then after writing I Corinthians, a little bit of time went by and then they wrote a letter back to Paul again, explaining some of the things that had occurred. Then Paul wrote II Corinthians back to them in response to their letter.
There was no III Corinthians as far as we know, so either the problem was resolved or God decided not to carry it any further than that. It gives us a very good picture—Satan was in the picture. He was causing the division. He was causing the confusion. He was causing the fighting that was going on.
II Corinthians 2:11 Lest Satan should take advantage of us; for we are not ignorant of his devices.
II Corinthians 4:3-4 But even if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled to those who are perishing, whose minds the god of this age has blinded, who do not believe, lest the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine on them.
Very clearly, he's talking about Satan.
II Corinthians 10:3-4 For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war according to the flesh. For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal but mighty in God for pulling down strongholds.
Brethren, we're fighting a spiritual war.
II Corinthians 11:13-15 For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves into apostles of Christ. And no wonder! For Satan himself transforms himself into an angel of light. Therefore it is no great thing if his ministers also transform themselves into ministers of righteousness, whose end will be according to their works.
In addition to this, both James and I Peter conclude their books with an admonition regarding Satan; John speaks of the antichrist; II Peter and Jude speak of fallen angels. I mentioned these things because I want you to see that the apostles were not unmindful of Satan's influence on the church. Neither should we be.
Satan had succeeded in putting the Corinthian church into confusion—confusion about doctrines, confusion about moral issues, confusion about church policy. Regardless of the central issues, the fruit of his involvement is marked all through the letters. Instead of there being the gentle meekness and love and peace of God's Spirit, there was a great deal of self-justifying and self-righteous pride leading to bad feelings and the attacking of one another.
I Corinthians 8:1-3 Now concerning things offered to idols: We know that we all have knowledge. Knowledge puffs up, but love edifies. And if anyone thinks that he knows anything, he knows nothing yet as he ought to know. But if anyone loves God, this one is known by Him.
Perhaps these seemingly innocuous words are really the central issue in this whole book (or even books), because this was the sin that led Satan into his separation from God's government. He got puffed up about himself. These people were puffed up about how much they knew.
Satan thought so much of himself that he became so twisted in his thinking, and he attacked. We don't attack God directly. This book shows us we attack each other! Therein lies the problem. We attack each other through gossip, through rumors and accusations, and things of that nature.
We begin to draw up lists in our minds of the faults of others that offend us and the result is we begin to withdraw from these people and we won't associate with them. The division begins to occur because these people offend us. We say to ourselves, "Well, they were mean to me, or they aren't intelligent enough, or they have some kind of peculiar characteristics. They wear garish clothing or they have strong opinions about unimportant things."
I'm not saying these things are right and good. I am not saying that one should be able to do his own thing at anytime, anywhere, and that we should be tolerant of it. I am only saying that Satan can, if he is given the opportunity, lead our minds to find reasons that we will not associate with others—reasons that have nothing at all to do with sin. Satan is at work.
If the feeling continues unabated then we will eventually get to the place where we will withdraw from fellowship all together. It won't happen quickly, necessarily, and it won't happen except in gradual ways. Maybe we'll stop attending Bible Studies or we'll begin to find reasons not to come to Sabbath services, or we'll come late to services and leave early. Satan is slowly but surely moving us toward self-indulgence rather than love.
We will end on this thought: Do you realize that (in the biblical sense) hate is not the opposite of love? Self-centeredness is. Hate is merely one expression of self-centeredness.
When I give my next sermon on Satan, we will, at least generally, pick up with this thought. We need to understand the direction Satan is moving us and that is toward self-centeredness, self-indulgence, where we will not deny ourselves, where we will operate our lives at the expense of God or others. We have to begin to be able to see that this is the direction that our mind is being led. | 2019-04-23T20:25:35Z | https://www.cgg.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Audio.details/ID/171/Satan-Part-4.htm |
Bad Dogs or Bad Policy?
All too often we come across clients, or potential clients who say, “We don’t trust the dogs. We heard they can false alert”. Are dogs capable of lying to us? Lying may not be the correct word to describe the behavior. A dog indicating it found odor with its trained final response (alert), when no target odor is present, is “false alerting”.
False alerts are a result of a bad training program and bad handling policies. Properly trained and handled detections dogs don’t false alert. They are happy in their job, they are given the amount of rest and water they require and there is no incentive for them to false alert.
Sometimes a great K9 team will have an alert and no bed bug is found. In general, these alerts are in areas where it is incredibly difficult to find a live bed bug or viable egg. Is the dog wrong or is the bug just hard to find? We classify these as an unproductive alert. In other words, it isn’t a false alert, it just didn’t produce a live bug due to the area of the alert. These are rare and the alerts happen in locations that make it obvious as to why we can’t find a bug.
Verifying alerts is the single most important part of being a K9 handler. It is the foundation for our training principal, and it is the reason we are hired to perform inspections. If we can’t verify our K9’s alert by a finding a live bug in the area they alerted they are not rewarded with their ball or toy.
Verifying alerts is the single most important part of being a K9 handler. It is the foundation for our training principal, and it is the reason we are hired to perform inspections.
Our no-bug-no-ball policy keeps our teams honest in the field. It also incentives our handlers to do their best to find live bugs so that we can reward the dog. We never want to not find a bug and miss the best part of our day, the dog’s reward. Seriously, finding live bugs is why we work so hard at our craft. Watching our dog’s excitement and producing the live bug to our client is what we enjoy the most.
K9 Jimmy getting his reward upon verification of live bugs after his alert.
A couple of past inspection stories can explain why it is so very important to only work with companies that verify their alerts.
Story 1: Pest control company calls and says a K9 team has come through their client’s home and alerted in 3 distinct areas and they can’t find a bug. Our team arrived, searched the entire home and had no alerts. Homeowner had no bed bugs. After our inspection was concluded we asked where the previous company’s K9 team alerted. The locations were so out of the norm of where we find bugs it made us chuckle. Keep in mind that this was a very clean, low risk, 5,500sq ft, million-dollar home. One alert was by the kitchen, on the baseboard. One was in an office by the printer and one was in a baby crib, in a nursery that was used about once every 3 months or so when the grandkids visited this couple. All easy areas to verify the presence of bugs. We ended up talking to the handler of that company a few weeks later. We asked her about her handling, and she explained that she was taught to, “Always trust her dog”. Her dog took full advantage of that trust and milked rewards. Dogs are smart like that! That company is no longer in business.
Story 2: Homeowner is getting what she believes to be insect bites. After a pest control technician searched her home and found no evidence of insects, he told her she should hire a bed bug detection company. The team she hired had “alerts” but never produced a bug. They offered her a treatment to get rid of the bugs (that they never found). The customer decided to shop the pricing of the treatment and hired a different pest control company to treat the bugs. The second company never did their own inspection. They took the word of the first company and the homeowner. They treated the home and the lady’s symptoms never got better. She eventually found out that she didn’t have an insect or bed bug problem but rather a dermatological condition and she NEVER NEEDED treatment. Two companies, neither one verified she had bed bugs both willing to treat her. The homeowner is now seeking legal action.
We have dozens of more stories like these. We could tell you about the hotel who hired a K9 team that said they had 59 rooms where the dog alerted. No live bug was found in any of those rooms. There was the time the lady didn’t believe our teams when we told her she had no bugs. She called a company out who said, they had alerts but couldn’t find a bug. My question to the client was, “But did he find a bug”? The answer was no. She ended up spending more money and called a third team in to confirm what we told her originally.
For the sake of our dogs, our clients and our reputation, we verify our alerts. We hope you’ll expect any K9 team you hire to do so also.
Green Dog K-9 Handler, Justin Grandchamp was born and raised in southern California. “I spent a lot of my youth outside riding bikes and catching frogs. Nowadays if I'm not riding bikes I'm at the beach, hiking and camping with the dogs or trying to fit in some paintballing and snowboarding in my schedule. I've always had a connection with animals, which has led me to some very cool experiences. From volunteering at my local animal shelter to working security at a private zoo where I got to hear lions roar, wolfs howl and chimpanzees scream into the night. My current occupation has me working alongside some of the smartest K-9s I've ever been around. Seeing how these dogs are trained and being a part of that is incredible. My K-9 partner, Maggie and me travel to a lot of cool places and we get to help people along the way. It's always fun seeing peoples reactions when they hear that Maggie is a trained, veteran bed bug dog".
Havoc after he was caught near the end of the runways. He's such a stable minded, kind dog that he jumped into the next crate like the perfect gentleman that he is.
Most of what we write about and contribute on our Facebook page is regarding bed bugs. However, we are first and foremost a K-9 company. Dogs are our passion. We entered pest control because of dogs.
On Monday, March 12, our company nearly had a tragedy with a new dog we picked up from Skiplynn Kennels. Havoc, a 1-year–old Belgian Malinois was traveling with us from Toronto Canada to Vancouver Canada. You could read more about the story in the following newspaper articles: Sudbury Star & City News.
We understand accidents can happen and human error is a part of life. What we take issue with, and what we hope to address by making this story public is the need for changes in the way animals are handled when flying. Our incident is not the first time this same error has happened.
We did everything possible to ensure the safety of this dog. First, we drove 15 hours round trip so that the dog would have the shortest, non-stop direct flight. We drove into Canada so that a direct flight, with as little airport wait time as possible. The dog flew as cargo with a ticketed passenger. That allowed us to load him as late as possible and be there when he landed.
We purchased a crate that was to airline standards and we zip-tied it more than is required, including zip-tying the front door. We confirmed with the flight attendant that the Captain of the plane knew a dog was on board (little did we know he wasn't yet on board) so that the Captain would maintain the cargo temperature.
All of these steps didn’t keep our dog safe. We understand flying is a privilege, not a right. The changes we would like airlines to consider implementing are not outrageous demands. We don’t want to make it so difficult that they start refusing to ship animals. But airlines are better off NOT shipping animals than injuring or killing them.
We aren’t the type of folks that like to complain without offering some solutions. The following recommendations are submitted in the hopes that airlines will work harder to ensure the safety of animals they transport.
1: No live animals should be loaded onto a conveyer belt. If that isn’t feasible, we’d like to see that a human walks alongside the conveyer belt to assure control of it.
2: Reservations can be made and a ticket is provided for the live animal. Once that animal is loaded and secured in the cargo hold, the other half of the ticket is brought to the Captain for a quick signature and then given to the ticketed passenger. This confirms that the Captain of the plane is aware there are live animals in cargo and this notifies the owner on board that their pet is safely in the cargo hold and that the Captain is aware.
These suggestions aren’t that difficult, time consuming or outrageous. I’d gladly pay more for a ticket for my pets so that we can have these changes. Other airlines that have outstanding safety records for transporting live animals already implement many of these policies.
Thankfully Havoc wasn't injured or killed. However it shouldn't take a dead dog for policies, that clearly need to be changed, to change. Air Canada's failure to ensure our dog's safety wasn't an anomaly. Reading through the comments on the press articles as well as our own Face Book Post we learned about very similar accidents. We hope Air Canada, as well as any other airline that transports live animals, will consider these suggestions.
Tenants & bed bugs. Do you know California's laws?
Every day we get calls from both landlords and tenants wanting to know who is responsible for bed bugs in a rental unit. Our standard answer is that we are an inspection specialist, not legal help. All we can do is provide inspection services to determine if live bed bug activity is present in the dwelling.
California has a bed bug - tenant law on the books. Every property manager and PCO who performs bed bug inspections or treatments should know about the law. If you want to read the law that was passed in August 2016 click here.
Written notice to tenants after inspection: Whenever a dwelling unit is inspected for bed bugs by a pest control operator (PCO) (licensed by the State Structural Pest Control Board), owners are required to provide the tenants of those units with a report containing the PCO’s findings. The notification must be in writing and made within two business days of receipt of the PCO’s findings. This provision is effective January 1, 2017.
Common area infestations: When a PCO confirms a bed bug infestation in a common area (including building hallways, shared laundry rooms and staircases, elevators, designated garbage areas and laundry rooms), all tenants must be provided notice of the PCO’s findings. This provision is effective January 1, 2017.
Vacant dwelling units with infestations: Rental property owners may not show, rent, or lease to a prospective tenant any vacant dwelling unit that the owner knows has a current bed bug infestation.
At Green Dog, we perform one specialized service, K-9 assisted bed bug inspections. Our service includes providing written reports via email within 1 business day, most times within the hour of the inspection. Our company and our teams are licensed by the California Structural Pest Control Board and because we voluntarily, annually certify our teams with an independent third-party testing organization, our reports will have credibility should legal actions be taken.
Deanna Kjorlien has a passion for sharing with people the abilities of canine scent detection partners in roles outside police and law enforcement. She is President of Green Dog Inspections Inc. and Green Dog Pest Service Inc., which offer canine scent detection services along the West Coast, Seattle to San Diego. Green Dog is the largest sub-contractor to Pest Control companies for K-9 detection in the U.S.
Green Dog primarily finds their K-9 partners at shelters and rescues. Dogs that are normally passed over as family pets due to their intensity and high energy are trained to focus those same traits on public heath issues served by pest control. The role these dogs perform is an undeniable benefit in a growing division of the industry. Deanna has provided training to pest control industry professionals and has been a presenter at a TEDx event.
Bed Bug Free = Happy Campers!
Tis the season of 4th, 5th & 6th grade camp sessions. If memories are not the only thing brought back with your happy campers, it could be a nightmare!
Campground cabins are known for having bed bugs. Any lodging facility with high turnover rates is at risk to receive bed bugs. Add the additional high risk practice of having people bring their own bedding (sleeping bags, pillows, sheets) as well as luggage and clothing and it is very likely you're going to get bed bugs in those wood bunk beds.
Our K-9 teams search cabins on a regular basis. Most of our campground accounts are monthly or quarterly inspections. The use of dogs allows low level (think one or two bugs) to be caught before a whole cabin is crawling with them.
K-9 teams are used in campground situations for quite a few good reasons. First, the speed of the search is undeniably faster and in turn more affordable than technician visual inspections. Secondly, when inspecting locations that have had many (and we do mean many) previous bed bug treatments there can be a lot of evidence. Is it old? Is it new? Properly trained K-9 teams only alert on live activity. This takes a lot of the guessing out of the search. Third, K-9 teams can rule in/out areas so that treatment can be made in one room or one half of the cabin as opposed to an entire cabin that may sleep 5-25 people.
One of the best reasons to use properly trained and certified K-9 teams is the reduction in liability for the campgrounds. Because of all the reasons above, using K-9 teams on a regular basis proves your commitment to be proactive with bed bug management. Should you become involved in a lawsuit, having documented inspections on a regular basis, coupled with timely licensed professional treatments could be the difference between a big pay out or little to no payout.
K-9 alerted on a bunk and the handler is checking to verify the alert.
This could be your best career move!
Do you love great San Diego weather?
Do you love the idea of working for a small but growing company that supports their employees?
We may just have the job for you!
Green Dog Pest Service is looking for the right people to join our expanding operations. We conduct bed bug inspections using certified K-9 teams. We provide our team members a competitive wage package, company vehicle, expertly trained K-9 partner and lots of room for growth!
This position is open immediately and is for full time employee/s!
Branch 2 Field Representative License - or the the ability to pass a Branch 2 Field Rep test before starting work.
A desire to work with a K-9 partner.
A healthy sense of humor!
Candidates must live in the greater San Diego area and be able to safely keep and care for their K-9 partner.
We are a licensed branch 2 pest control company however we perform no treatment or remediation work. This is an inspection only job! We are members of the Pest Control Operators of California and the National Pest Management Association.
This month the Structural Pest Control Board sent notice to companies regarding the use of Pest-Sniffing dogs. The notice explains which Business & Professional Code violations unlicensed companies are violating. The notice serves as a warning to companies violating the law by performing inspections with sniffing dogs as well as serving notice to those companies who hire or are involved with "aiding and abetting" these companies.
We've been telling PCO's for awhile that K-9 teams must be licensed branch 2 companies (for bed bugs). We are also following the letter of the law by deploying handlers that are licensed Field Reps.
Green Dog Pest Service is proud to be follow the laws of the California Structural Pest Control Board and we follow NPMA's Best Management Practices for K-9 bed bug inspections. We look forward to working with your company in 2017!
We are hiring in San Diego!
This adult bed but was located by one of our K-9s during a routine tenant changeover inspection. The tenant never informed the landlord he had bed bugs when he gave notice and moved out. He had left the apartment in good condition other than this bed bug and probably a few of his friends hiding along a floor vent.
1: Educating tenants - Requires a landlord, on and after July 1, 2017, prior to creating a new tenancy for a dwelling unit, to provide a written notice to the prospective tenant that includes, but is not limited to: a) general information about bed bug identification, behavior and biology, the importance of cooperation for prevention, treatment and prompt written reporting of suspected infestations; and b) the procedure to report suspected infestations to the landlord.
2: Landlords can not retaliate - Provides that a landlord may not engage in any retaliatory conduct against a tenant who has notified the landlord of finding or reasonably suspecting a bed bug infestation on the property.
3: Must reasonably know - Prohibits a landlord from renting or leasing, or offering to rent or lease, any vacant dwelling unit that the landlord knows or should reasonably know has a current bed bug infestation.
4: Tenants receive inspection findings - Requires the landlord to notify all tenants of units inspected by the PCO of the PCO's findings. Further requires the notification to be in writing and within two business days of receipt of the pest control operator's findings, and requires the notice of the findings notice to be provided to all tenants for confirmed infestations in common areas.
1. We provide tenant changeover inspections to ensure that landlords have reasonable knowledge (as required by the law) that there are no current bed bug infestations in the rental units.
2. We provide written, detailed inspection reports, with photos, after every inspection.
3. We perform pre-treatment and post-treatment inspections so that property managers have clearance reports.
Click here to read the Bill that was just signed.
Be extremely easy to work with.
We figure if we can accomplish those two goals, we are doing a great job for our customers. We know you have options when it comes to K-9-assisted bed bug inspections and we appreciate the business. We've been fortunate enough to receive some very nice feed back from some of our clients recently and we wanted to share it.
We annually test our K-9 teams with an independent third-party organization. This year testing will be in April. The World Detector Dog Organization is holding double-blind testing in San Diego, CA on April 17 & 18. Click here to register.
Currently the California Structural Pest Control Board does not require independent third-party testing certifications on bed bug or termite K-9s. At Green Dog Pest Service we think it is extremely important to follow NPMA's Best Management Practices for Bed Bug Scent Detection Canines. For more information about our K-9 teams give us a call at (951) 790-2847 or email: [email protected].
PCOC San Diego February Meeting.
On February 9th, Deanna Kjorlien of Green Dog Pest Service will be giving a talk on Utilizing K-9-Assisted Bed Bug Inspections in Urban IPM. The course is approved for one hour of IPM CEUs by the California Structural Pest Control Board.
Researchers announced they have for the first time ever assembled the first complete genome of bed bugs. The study in its entirety can be read here.
The study conducted by researchers at the American Museum of Natural History and Weill Cornell Medicine, was published today in Nature Communications.
The research could help in creating a pesticide that the human parasites are not yet resistant to. The data also provided an interesting mapping of specific lines of bed bugs, specifically those in New York city and how the subway lines play a role.
We are hiring! - Los Angeles to San Francisco!
Branch 2 Field Representative License. Or current applicators license and the ability to pass a Branch 2 Field Rep test.
Candidates must live in the greater Los Angeles area or San Jose/Bay area and be able to safely keep and care for their K-9 partner.
The price of not caring!
Trending on Facebook this morning was an article about a California couple who stayed at a hotel in New York city and were bit by bed bugs! At last count there was over 40,000 posts about the incident on Facebook alone. Twitter had plenty of #Astor hashtags as well.
The couple's room at the Astor on the Park Hotel in New York's upper West side had a horrible bed bug infestation that was many weeks/months in the making. An infestation this substantial should have been noticed by housekeeping staff.
Hotels and lodging facilities are sometimes at a disadvantage because the guest the night before might have left a bed bug. The room could have as few as one bed bug (not an infestation) and the next night's guest finds the culprit. One bug is too many, but the reality is it can be nearly impossible for housekeeping staff to find a single bed bug hiding away when they are going about the regular room cleaning chores.
Inspection teams can't be there daily to search each room. However, deploying K-9 inspection teams on a twice annual basis (at a minimum) can catch many infected rooms before housekeeping staff, and more importantly, guests find them!
Think about the damage this incident has done to this hotel's reputation. Yelp posted a special message about the incident and warned posters that they may remove any review that wasn't the result of a personal experience.
It has been said that any press is good press. But when it comes to hotels and bed bugs that just isn't the case. People are posting and tweeting that they won't even go to NYC because of all the bed bugs! This hotel will suffer for months if not years from this incident. All the advertising in the world won't erase the wrath of the internet. We hope they start implementing a proactive approach to bed bug management by having a full facility K-9 inspection done right away and that they treat every room that has bed bugs. That's the first step in improving this costly mistake!
If you are interested about how our certified K-9 teams can help your company take a proactive and responsible approach to bed bug management contact us: (951) 790-2847. We look forward to helping more companies avoid this PR nightmare.
Branch 2 Field Representative License.
Live in the greater Los Angeles area.
Green Dog Pest Service was featured in the summer edition of PCOC Magazine, the voice of pest control operators of California.
Green Dog Pest Service is a member of both San Diego and San Bernardino/Riverside PCOC Districts. We attend monthly meetings to network with other PCOs and support the industry. PCOC is an important professional organization that all California PCOs should join.
Assembly Bill AB-551 - This bill expresses the Legislature’s intent to adopt statewide standards to govern the responsibility of landlords and tenants for the control of bedbugs in rental housing.
Bed bug mating can be horrific. | 2019-04-20T05:07:01Z | http://www.greendogpestservice.com/articles/ |
Diffusion of Innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. Everett Rogers, a professor of rural sociology, popularized the theory in his 1962 book ‘Diffusion of Innovations.’ He said diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system.
The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines. Rogers espoused four main elements that influence the spread of a new idea: the innovation, communication channels, time, and a social system.
This process relies heavily on human capital. The innovation must be widely adopted in order to self-sustain. Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation reaches critical mass.The categories of adopters are: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Diffusion of Innovations manifests itself in different ways in various cultures and fields and is highly subjective to the type of adopters and innovation-decision process.
The concept of diffusion was first studied by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde (1890) and by German and Austrian anthropologists such as Friedrich Ratzel and Leo Frobenius. Its basic epidemiological or internal-influence form was formulated by H. Earl Pemberton, who provided examples of institutional diffusion such as postage stamps and standardized school ethic codes. Individuals experience five stages of accepting a new innovation: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. If the innovation is adopted, it spreads via various communication channels. During communication, the idea is rarely evaluated from a scientific standpoint; rather, subjective perceptions of the innovation influence diffusion. The process occurs over time. Finally, social systems determine diffusion, norms on diffusion, roles of opinion leaders and change agents, types of innovation decisions, and innovation consequences. To use Rogers’ model assumes that the innovation in classical diffusion theory is equivalent to scientific research findings in the context of practice, an assumption that has not been rigorously tested.
In most cultures, two factors determine what type a particular decision is: Whether the decision is made freely and implemented voluntarily; and Who makes the decision. Based on these considerations, three types of innovation-decisions have been identified within diffusion of innovations: Optional Innovation-Decision (made by an individual who is in some way distinguished from others in a social system); Collective Innovation-Decision (made collectively by all individuals of a social system); and Authority Innovation-Decision (made for the entire social system by few individuals in positions of influence or power). Diffusion of an innovation occurs through a five–step process. This process is a type of decision-making. It occurs through a series of communication channels over a period of time among the members of a similar social system. The five stages (steps) are: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption. An individual might reject an innovation at any time during or after the adoption process. Scholars such as Abrahamson (1991) examine this process critically by posing questions such as: How do technically inefficient innovations diffuse and what impedes technically efficient innovations from catching on? Abrahamson makes suggestions for how organizational scientists can more comprehensively evaluate the spread of innovations.
In later editions of the ‘Diffusion of Innovations’ Rogers changes the terminology of the five stages to: knowledge (the individual is first exposed to an innovation but lacks information about it and has not been inspired to investigate further), persuasion (the individual is interested in the innovation and actively seeks details), decision (the individual takes the concept of the change and weighs the advantages/disadvantages of using the innovation and decides whether to adopt or reject it), implementation (the individual employs the innovation to a varying degree depending on the situation), and confirmation (the individual finalizes his/her decision to continue using the innovation). The last stage is both intrapersonal (may cause cognitive dissonance) and interpersonal, confirmation the group has made the right decision.
The rate of adoption is defined as the relative speed in which members of a social system adopt an innovation. Rate is usually measured by the length of time required for a certain percentage of the members of a social system to adopt an innovation. The rates of adoption for innovations are determined by an individual’s adopter category. In general, individuals who first adopt an innovation require a shorter adoption period (adoption process) when compared to late adopters. Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation reaches critical mass. This is a point in time within the adoption curve that the amount of individuals adopters ensure that continued adoption of the innovation is self-sustaining. Illustrating how an innovation reaches critical mass, Rogers outlines several strategies in order to help an innovation reach this stage. Strategies to propel diffusion include: when an innovation is adopted by a highly respected individual within a social network, creating an instinctive desire for a specific innovation. Also, injecting an innovation into a group of individuals who would readily use said technology, and providing positive reactions and benefits for early adopters of an innovation. Adoption is an individual process detailing the series of stages one undergoes from first hearing about a product to finally adopting it. The diffusion process, however, signifies a group of phenomena, which suggests how an innovation spreads among consumers. Overall, the diffusion process essentially encompasses the adoption process of several individuals over time.
In addition to the gatekeepers (such as journalists) and opinion leaders who exist within a given community, there are change agents from outside the community. Change agents essentially bring innovations to new communities– first through the gatekeepers, then through the opinion leaders, and so on through the community. Innovators are the first individuals to adopt an innovation. They are willing to take risks, are youngest in age, have the highest social class, have great financial liquidity, are very social and have contact with scientific sources and interaction with other innovators. Risk tolerance has them adopting technologies which may ultimately fail. Financial resources help absorb these failures. Early adopters comprise the second fastest category of individuals who adopt an innovation. These individuals have the highest degree of opinion leadership among the other adopter categories. Early adopters are more socially forward than late adopters, and more discrete in adoption choices than innovators. They realize judicious choice of adoption will help them maintain central communication position.
The Early Majority refers to individuals that adopt an innovation after a varying degree of time. This time of adoption is significantly longer than the innovators and early adopters. Those of the Early Majority seldom hold positions of opinion leadership in a system. Late Majority refers to individuals that adopt an innovation after the average member of the society. They approach an innovation with a high degree of skepticism and after the majority of society has adopted the innovation. Late Majority individuals typically have below average social status, very little financial lucidity, are in contact with others in late majority and early majority, and form very little opinion leadership. Laggards are the last to adopt an innovation. Unlike some of the previous categories, individuals in this category show little to no opinion leadership. These individuals typically have an aversion to change-agents and tend to be advanced in age. Laggards typically tend to be focused on ‘traditions,’ have lowest social status, lowest financial fluidity, be oldest of all other adopters, and in contact with only family and close friends.
Rogers defines several intrinsic characteristics of innovations that influence an individual’s decision to adopt or reject an innovation: Relative Advantage (how improved an innovation is over the previous generation); Compatibility (the level of agreement that an innovation has to be assimilated into an individual’s life); Complexity or Simplicity (if the innovation is perceived as complicated or difficult to use, an individual is unlikely to adopt it); Trialability (how easily an innovation may be experimented — if a user is able to test an innovation, the individual will be more likely to adopt it; and Observability (the extent that an innovation is visible to others — an innovation that is more visible will drive communication among the individual’s peers and personal networks and will in turn create more positive or negative reactions).
Rogers also discussed so-called ‘failed diffusion,’ such as a situation in Peru involving the implementation of water boiling to obtain higher health and wellness levels of the individuals living within the village of Los Molinas. The residents of the village had no knowledge of the link between proper sanitation and reduced levels of illness. The campaign was working with the villagers to try and teach them how to boil their water to make it healthier for consumption, as well as to burn their garbage, install working latrines, and report cases of illness to proper agencies. In Los Molinas, a stigma is linked to boiled water as being something that only the ‘unwell’ consume, and thus, the idea of healthy residents boiling their water prior to consumption was frowned upon, and those who did so were rejected by their society. Thus, the two-year campaign to help bring more sanitary ways of living to this village was considered to be largely unsuccessful. Much of the reason for the lack of success is because the social norms and standards of acceptance into society greatly outweighed the idea of taking on this innovation, even at the sake of the health, well-being, and greater levels of education to the villagers. This failure better exemplified the importance of the roles of the interpersonal communication channels that are involved in such a health-related campaign for social change.
Lazarsfeld and Merton first called attention to the principles of homophily (‘love of the same’) and its opposite, heterophily (‘love of the different’). Using their definition, Rogers defines homophily as ‘the degree to which pairs of individuals who interact are similar in certain attributes, such as beliefs, education, social status, and the like.’ When given the choice, individuals usually choose to interact with someone similar to him or herself. Furthermore, homophilous individuals engage in more effective communication because their similarities lead to greater knowledge gain as well as attitude or behavior change. However, most participants in the diffusion of innovations are heterophilous, meaning they speak different languages, so to speak. The problem is that diffusion requires a certain degree of heterophily; if two individuals are identical, no diffusion occurs because no new information can be exchanged. Therefore, an ideal situation would involve two individuals who are homophilous in every way, except in knowledge of the innovation.
Throughout the diffusion process there is evidence that not all individuals exert an equal amount of influence over other individuals. In this sense there are Opinion Leaders, leaders who are influential in spreading either positive or negative information about an innovation. Rogers relies on the ideas of Katz & Lazarsfeld and the two-step flow theory in developing his ideas on the influence of Opinion Leaders in the diffusion process. Opinion Leaders have the most influence during the evaluation stage of the innovation-decision process. They have a set of characteristics that set them apart from their followers and other individuals; they typically have greater exposure to the mass media, are more cosmopolitan, have greater contact with change agents, more social experience and exposure, higher socioeconomic status, and are more innovative.
Research was done in the early 1950s at the University of Chicago attempting to assess the cost-effectiveness of broadcast advertising on the diffusion of new products and services. The findings were that opinion leadership tended to be organized into a hierarchy within a society, with each level in the hierarchy having most influence over other members in the same level, and on those in the next level below it. The lowest levels were generally larger in numbers, and tended to coincide with various demographic attributes that might be targeted by mass advertising. However, it found that direct word of mouth and example were far more influential than broadcast messages, which were only effective if they reinforced the direct influences. This led to the conclusion that advertising was best targeted, if possible, on those next in line to adopt, and not on those not yet reached by the chain of influence. It can be a waste of money to market to those not yet ready to buy. Other research relating the concept to public choice theory finds that the hierarchy of influence for innovations need not, and likely does not, coincide with hierarchies of official, political, or economic status. Elites are often not innovators, and innovations may have to be introduced by outsiders and propagated up a hierarchy to the top decision makers.
Prior to the introduction of the Internet, it was argued that social networks had a crucial role in the diffusion of innovation particularly Tacit knowledge. In the book ‘The IRG Solution – hierarchical incompetence and how to overcome it’ the authors argued that the widespread adoption of computer networks of individuals would lead to the much better diffusion of innovations, and with greater understanding of their possible shortcomings, and the identification of needed innovations that would not have otherwise occurred – the Relevance paradox. The social model proposed by Ryan and Gross (1943) is expanded by Valente (1996) who uses social networks as a basis for adopter categorization instead of solely relying on the system-level analysis used by Ryan and Gross. Valente also looks at an individual’s personal network, which is a different application than the organizational perspective espoused by many other scholars.
Innovations are often adopted by organizations through two types of innovation-decisions: collective innovation decisions and authority innovation decisions. The collective innovation decision occurs when the adoption of an innovation has been made by a consensus among the members of an organization. The authority-innovation decision occurs when the adoption of an innovation has been made by very few individuals with high positions of power within an organization. Unlike the optional innovation decision process, these innovation-decision processes only occur within an organization or hierarchical group. Within the innovation decision process in an organization there are certain individuals termed ‘champions’ who stand behind an innovation and break through any opposition that the innovation may have caused. The champion within the diffusion of innovation theory plays a very similar role as to the champion used within the efficiency business model Six Sigma. The innovation process within an organization contains five stages that are slightly similar to the innovation-decision process that individuals undertake. These stages are: agenda-setting, matching, redefining/restructuring, clarifying, routinizing.
The theories of diffusion have spread beyond the original applied fields. In the case of political science and administration, policy diffusion focuses on how institutional innovations are adopted by other institutions, at the local, state or country level. An alternative term is ‘policy transfer’ where the focus is more on the agents of diffusion such as in the work of Diane Stone. The first interests with regards to policy diffusion were focused in the variation over time (e.g. state lottery adoption) but more recently the interest has shifted towards mechanisms (emulation, learning, coercion), or in channels of diffusion (where the authors find that the creation of regulatory agencies is transmitted by country and sector channels). Eveland (1986) evaluated diffusion of innovations from a strictly phenomenological view, which is very different than the other perspectives. He asserts that, ‘Technology is information, and exists only to the degree that people can put it into practice and use it to achieve values.’ Diffusion of existing technologies has been measured. These technologies include radio, television, VCR, cable, flush toilet, clothes washer, refrigerator, home ownership, air conditioning, dishwasher, electrified households, telephone, cordless phone, cellular phone, per capita airline miles, personal computer, and the Internet. This data can be assessed as a valuable predictor for future innovations.
There are both positive and negative outcomes when an individual or organization chooses to adopt a particular innovation. Rogers states that this is an area that needs further research because of the biased positive attitude that is associated with the adoption of an innovation. Rogers lists three categories for consequences: desirable vs. undesirable, direct vs. indirect, and anticipated vs. unanticipated. In her article, ‘Integrating Models of Diffusion of Innovations,’ Barbara Wejnert details two categories for consequences: public vs. private and benefits vs. costs. Public consequences refer to the impact of an innovation on those other than the actor, while private consequences refer to the impact on the actor itself. Public consequences usually involve collective actors, such as countries, states, organizations, or social movements. The results are usually concerned with issues of societal well-being. Private consequences usually involve individuals or small collective entities, such as a community. The innovations are usually concerned with the improvement of quality of life or the reform of organizational or social structures. Costs may be monetary or nonmonetary, direct or indirect. Direct costs are usually related to financial uncertainty and the economic state of the actor. Indirect costs are more difficult to identify. An example would be the need to buy a new kind of fertilizer to use innovative seeds. Indirect costs may also be social, such as social conflict caused by innovation. Marketers are particularly interested in the diffusion process as it determines the success or failure of a new product. It is quite important for a marketer to understand the diffusion process so as to ensure proper management of the spread of a new product or service.
Much of the evidence for the diffusion of innovations gathered by Rogers comes from agricultural methods and medical practice. Various computer models have been developed in order to simulate the diffusion of innovations. Veneris developed a systems dynamics computer model which takes into account various diffusion patterns modeled via differential equations. There are a number of criticisms of the model which make it less than useful for managers. First, technologies are not static. There is continual innovation in order to attract new adopters all along the S-curve. The S-curve does not just ‘happen.’ Instead, the s-curve can be seen as being made up of a series of ‘bell curves’ of different sections of a population adopting different versions of a generic innovation. Rogers has placed the contributions and criticisms of diffusion research into four categories: pro-innovation bias, individual-blame bias, recall problem, and issues of equality. Another, criticism of the Diffusion of Innovation approach is that the communication process involved is a one-way flow of information. The sender of the message has a goal to persuade the receiver, and there is little to no dialogue. The person implementing the change controls the direction and outcome of the campaign. In some cases, this is the best approach, but other cases require a more participatory approach. | 2019-04-18T13:20:11Z | https://thedailyomnivore.net/2013/01/03/diffusion-of-innovations/ |
The inaugural Winter Youth Olympic Games here in Innsbruck is so far proving a success, just as the first Summer Youth Olympic Games in Singapore did two years ago.
Admittedly the event in Innsbruck is neither the size nor scale of Singapore 2010 but there is certainly the same fun atmosphere at all the sporting events and the unspeakably beautiful backdrop of the snow covered mountains in the Austrian city certainly rivals the impressive skyscrapers that have become a feature of the Southeast Asian city-state.
So while there are obvious differences, there are clear similarities, one of the most poignant of which is the continuing question of when will there be a Youth Paralympic Games?
International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Jacques Rogge, the main credited as coming up with the idea of these Youth Olympics, is adamant that the creation of such an event lies firmly with the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
"Well as you know, the International Paralympic Committee is totally autonomous," he said when I asked him the question at a press conference.
"The Paralympic Committee does not take direction from the International Olympic Committee.
"We work very closely with them and we give them great support.
"But it is up to them to decide what they want to do."
For their part, the IPC admit that while it is something they are certainly considering, it is not a realistic goal right now because they are not, by their own admission, able to pump the huge financial resources into the event that the IOC are.
"It may happen one day but not now," the IPC chief executive Xavier Gonzalez told me the last time we spoke on the subject.
"The Youth Olympic Games is a great initiative from Jacques Rogge but evidently it is based on the ability the IOC has to be able to put together an event of such a big size in such a short time, which they did.
"We have not had any major discussions with the IOC about a Youth Paralympic Games.
"The IOC obviously focuses on its own Youth Olympic Games and has been totally respectful of the IPC in creating the first edition of the Youth Olympic Games.
"Even for an organisation like the IOC, it was a significant challenge to create the Youth Olympics.
"But for the IPC at moment, our main focus is on the Paralympic Games itself, which is still evolving."
Despite some disappointment that there is no Paralympic competition to enjoy at the Youth Olympics, Gonzalez is undoubtedly right to focus the resources of the IPC on the Paralympics and specifically London – which by all indications should be a phenomenal event both for London and for the Paralympic Movement.
The superb International Paralympic Day in Trafalgar Square last September provided a glimpse of just what might happen if you get young children trying out wheelchair basketball or meeting their favourite athletes.
Four time Paralympic champion Oscar Pistorius of South Africa, who was one of the top stars in Trafalgar Square, has now become a household name and his mouth-watering T44 100 metres showdown with America's Jerome Singleton show prove every bit as enthralling as its Olympic counterpart when – providing he doesn't false start – Usain Bolt should be relatively untroubled by anyone other than his own world record of 9.58 seconds.
Throw into that Britain's biggest gold medal hopes, such as wheelchair racer Dave Weir and cyclist Sarah Storey, and the fact that that Britain should well finish in the top two on the overall medal table ,and get an exciting event that should enthral the home nation.
The event already looks likely to be sold out across the board in what would be an unprecedented feat and IPC President Sir Philip Craven has already stated that we could be in for something a bit special come London 2012.
"The year ahead has the potential to propel the Paralympic Movement to new unimaginable levels," he predicted in a New Year's Eve message.
"London is shaping up to match and maybe surpass what was achieved in Beijing, which is something I never thought possible.
"This is a big, big year, not just for the IPC but for the whole Movement, International Sporting Federations, National Paralympic Committees, Regions and founding federations.
"Together we can deliver something very special in London, and wouldn't it be fitting to deliver the best ever Paralympic Games in the country where it all started."
So while we may be left to wait some time for a Youth Paralympics, perhaps we shouldn't be too disappointment with London 2012 around the corner.
It will provide a true feast of Paralympic sport and just like the Youth Olympics; it will be able to turn relatively unknown teenagers into true superstars – just as the Beijing 2008 Paralympics did to certain 13-year-old swimmer by the name of Ellie Simmonds.
First I guess I should introduce myself – I am Liam O'Reilly, a wheelchair tennis player first and foremost, and a third year Sports Psychology student at Roehampton University.
I have a career high world ranking of 20 and I am currently around the top 35 mark in singles and top 25 in doubles after a year that hasn't exactly gone to plan. However, the experience I have gained this year I believe will be invaluable looking forward.
I have now come to the end of my season and my team of trusted coaches and I are putting together my blueprint for next year.
We'll discuss our technical on court changes, what I want to be more powerful at in the gym and, mentally, how I can be stronger. A lot of athletes dislike this time of year. However, I feel this is when I get to put in the most amount of training and can really go all out without having to taper down for tournaments. It is also great on a personal level as it is probably the longest block of the year I get at home to spend time with friends and family.
A usual day for me is quite tricky to explain, as every day of the week is different. I usually start bright and early at 5:45am, three days a week. I train at 7am due to court time, my technical coach's commitments and just my general love for early mornings (puzzling indeed). There's nothing worse than getting to training feeling tired and then finishing the session when I am starting to wake up. I try to beat slow morning starts as much as I can by having my first breakfast of the day bright and early. I cannot go out the door without cereal, but I'm not a huge fan of those ultra healthy oats and dried fruit combinations. The early sessions are technical with my coach, where at present we are changing a few aspects of my game so that hopefully next year I will have a lot more weapons to play with.
I finish this session around 8:30-9am and it is then time for my second breakfast, sadly not a full English, but scrambled eggs or a protein shake. Then I jump in the shower before I head off to my university lectures. I count myself lucky as I only have four lectures a week this year, which are two hours each. However, the amount of work I have to do in preparation for these lectures and my assessments is intense and makes up for the lack of contact hours in university. Studying for my degree, combined with my training schedule, is definitely comparable to a full-time job.
So, after a morning lecture or a morning of independent working (my lecturers reading this will be equally as impressed as they are shocked), I head off to see my strength and conditioning team. My 'team' is pretty much my strength and conditioning coach, Bridgitte, and her intern Irish (no prizes for guessing where he's from), who I have the pleasure of seeing four times a week. At the moment we are at the early stage of a big strength block, which was something I really enjoyed last winter. Although I've never felt so much pain before, it has given me a great strength basis which I hope I can build on this year. After about an hour and a half of this, which also consist of lots of short interval pushing drills (the ones that make you feel like you will be sick) that is me done with those evil, but lovely, people for the day.
Then I have an hour or so rest before a big and healthy - of course - lunch. I am currently on a high protein diet where I have to try and eat 110g of protein per day and have cut out pasta from my diet due to it being full of slow release carbs. This, for a student who likes to think he is a great cook but realistically isn't going to be on master chef any time soon, is quite inconvenient; however, the extensive range of meals I can now create with chicken is quite impressive.
Finally I move on to my late sessions of the day, I do these twice a week from 8-10pm, which is never nice when you have to be up at 5:45am the next day, but I try to keep that to a minimum. These sessions are again on court, however, they are a lot more relaxed and I tend to do match play where I get to put into practice the things I work on with my coach, and keep my match play to a high level. Match play is crucial, especially in the off season, and I can have some fun in these which is always good. If you don't enjoy what you are doing you will never succeed.
I also have probably two other on court sessions per week with other players and hitting partners as well as physiotherapy sessions and sport psychology sessions, which are all vital to my development.
Away from training, I'm really looking forward to 2012. I'm really excited about the BT Storytellers project and what the next year has in store. I really can't begin to imagine how big an event it will be. I'm sure from January the media will begin to go crazy about it and the closer it gets the more exciting I'm sure it will get for all of the public.
Being from London it is so close to home, which is a once in a lifetime opportunity for everybody. Being lucky enough to be friends and training partners with a good few of the athletes that will be involved in a few of the sports will make it extra special for me. Seeing how hard they are training day in, day out and their excitement at reaching their dreams of representing Great Britain at the Olympic and Paralympic Games really inspires me to keep pushing on and hopefully reach these heights in a few years' time myself. This will be the first Paralympics I will have actual links with and a real connection to, and I will try and draw as much from this experience as possible for my future. I can only wish every single athlete the best of luck and really hope the whole of the country gets behind the team, whether you are at the events or watching on the television, as an athlete knowing you are being supported and people wanting you to do well is the biggest encouragement you can possibly get.
The London 2012 test events, officially known as the London Prepares series, have now been going on rather successfully since May this year but it was not until this weekend that the first stand-alone Paralympic test event got underway with the London International Goalball Tournament.
The two-day competition at the magnificent Handball Arena on the Olympic Park saw five women's teams in action as hosts Britain took on China, Canada, Sweden and the United States.
It was a superb few days in the spotlight for goalball – a sport not well known but a fascinating discipline nonetheless that sees two teams featuring three visually impaired players compete using a ball with bells inside it.
But perhaps more poignantly, the event provided us with our first true glimpse of what sport at the London 2012 Paralympics will look like.
Those fortunate enough to attend International Paralympic Day (IPD) on September 8 this year will most likely agree that the special event in Trafalgar Square gave us very much a flavour of what the Games will feel like across the capital.
After all, IPD saw big screens up, exhibition Paralympic events on show, come-and-try-out-the-sport-sessions and numerous appearances from high profile figures including Prime Minister David Cameron and the world's most recognisable Paralympian Oscar Pistorius of South Africa.
But it was in the Handball Arena that we actually got the chance to see what Paralympic sport itself will be like in its proper London 2012 setting.
Although tickets were not on sale for the goalball, 4,000 were donated by London 2012 to local residents and schools to attend and they combine to create a fabulous atmosphere.
This might sound strange in a sport where the audience is required to stay silent - so that the players can hear the ball - but the silence itself actually manages to add huge tension and excitement to the play.
I can perhaps only equate it to a tennis match, where the crowd will stay deafly silent before erupting when the point is won.
The silence is nothing if not hugely nerve-jangling.
So if the goalball test event is anything to go by, we are maybe starting to get an idea of what to expect.
For starters, China will be a major force at London 2012 and probably go on to top the medal table just as they did in Beijing after their goalball women's team, the reigning Paralympic silver medallists, easily won the goalball test event with victory over Canada in what can only be seen as an ominous warning shot for everyone else.
We can also expect the arenas to be fantastic, the spectators to be passionate and the competitors to be simply brilliant in terms of skill, ability and athleticism.
But most crucially, we can expect 'sport like never before'.
It is a phrase used constantly when referencing the London 2012 Paralympic Games and I asked Chris Holmes, the London 2012 director of Paralympic integration, what he wants those four symbolic words to mean to people.
"Sport like never before is a reference to what the real essence of what Paralympic sport is all about," said Holmes, who won nine Paralympic gold medals in swimming at four Paralympic Games, including six at Barcelona in 1992.
"A lot of people who attend London 2012 perhaps wouldn't have seen Paralympic sport before but what they will encounter is something truly incredible.
"They will see incredible athletes participating in incredible sport.
"The 2012 Paralympics will be a showcase of elite sport which highlights what can be achieved by people with an impairment and that is why we talk about sport like never before."
So while most of the attention will be on the likes of Pistorius, swimming star Ellie Simmonds and wheelchair racer Dave Weir, perhaps it might be a good idea to tune into sports such as goalball. You may just get the chance to see sport like never before.
It is over a week since the conclusion of the 2011 Parapan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico and I've had some time to reflect on what was a great event.
Firstly the local organising committee deserve credit for putting on a great showcase of parasport, whilst the people of Guadalajara and Mexico should also be recognised for providing some great hospitality and extremely vocal support for all our athletes and teams.
The Parapans were the last major international multisport event ahead of London 2012, and as a result competition across all sports was fierce, especially in team sports where some of the final qualification places for next year were at stake.
I was at most of the team sport finals and the intensity of the Games was really something else.
In individual events many of the nations took different approaches. Brazil (pictured), for example, sent pretty much their strongest team to Guadalajara and this was reflected in the final medals table. They won 197 medals, including 81 golds, a feat that placed them well and truly at the top.
Others countries sent some young up and coming athletes to the Games with differing results, whilst others discovered new talents. USA uncovered two absolute gems who I would be surprised not to see in London next year.
Chelsea McClammer, a T53 athlete, had a great Games winning five gold medals and one bronze. She's only 17-years-old and may well feature for the US next year in the British capital.
Jarryd Wallace is also a name to look out for in 2012. He only had his leg amputated 15 months ago, yet in running 11.31 to win the 100 metre T44 gold, he ran faster than both Oscar Pistorius or Jerome Singleton did in the final at January's IPC Athletics World Championships.
Host nation Mexico also discovered a star of their own in Luis Andrade Guillen, a winner of eight medals in the pool including four golds.
Paralympic sport is on something of an upward curve at the moment in the Americas and there is no place where it is enjoying more success than in Brazil.
Following the Parapan American Games, a handful of us from the IPC have flown down to Rio for our first project review with the organising committee of the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games.
During our stay in Rio it has been superb to see some of the media attention the Brazilian athletes have been enjoying on local and national news and rightly so.
It is not every day that an athlete wins an astonishing 11 gold medals in one Games and swimmer Daniel Dias deserves every bit of publicity he is getting at the moment. Dias will certainly be another one to watch next year in London.
The Brazil team was welcomed home from Mexico by the Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, which again was well covered by the national media. That coverage reached fever pitch at the weekend when the logo for the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games was unveiled to the world.
In Brazil, the unveiling was broadcast live on one of the country's most popular TV programmes to an estimated 50 million people whilst nearly 100 other media attended to ensure the rest of the world see the new emblem.
I am confident that something special is happening here in the Americas and our aim is to continue the momentum generated this week in Brazil and last week in Mexico through until the 2015 Parapan American Games and the 2016 Paralympic Games here in Rio.
Xavier Gonzalez is the chief executive of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
My aim is to become the first female Paralympic athlete to run the 100 metres under 12 seconds.
It has been a good year for me because at the 2011 International Paralympic Committee (IPC) World Athletics Championships in New Zealand in January, I won three gold medals in the T11 100m, 200m and 400m, breaking world records in the 100m and 200m.
In June, at a meet in Germany, I then lowered my own 100m world record of 12.13sec to 12.04.
But my ultimate goal is to make history by running the 100m in under 12 seconds and I am very close now.
That what I've been preparing myself to run in training and hopefully I can achieve this goal in Mexico at the 2011 Parapan American Games.
My other big goal is London 2012 and winning three gold medals there because at the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games, I only won one gold medal in the 200m.
I won a silver medal in the 100m and bronze medal in the in Beijing but I think if I am at my best, I get all three golds in the events at the Paralympics next year.
What makes me strong is that I meet up with my main rival every day for training.
I class myself as my biggest rival.
I don't want to lose to Terezinha and I don't want Terezinha to lose to me.
I also hope I can inspire people because all Paralympians with great achievements inspire me and I try to learn things from each of them.
I particularly want to inspire people from my own country Brazil.
Paralympic sport in Brazil is getting bigger every day because the country is hosting the Rio Paralympic Games in 2016.
I think Rio 2016 is a chance of showing the world that Brazil is not just the land of football.
Brazil has athletes and winners in many sports and we hope the Brazilians will get to know their real heroes.
It's expected that by 2016, Paralympic Sports in Brazil will be at a level whereby athletes, investors and the audience feel there is professionalism and that, independent of our disabilities, we master our sports and we are as capable of great achievements as other athletes.
In June, I was injured during a training session falling from one of my horses. This has kept me on the sidelines and out of the saddle for a few months, costing me selection for the 2011 European Championships in September this year, which was unfortunate.
After I fell I thought I'd just sprained my back but an MRI scan showed that I had actually fractured three vertebrae and crushed a fourth. It took over eight weeks for me to recover and I've only just started training again. I'm noticing that my fitness is somewhat lacking as a result. I've slowly been building back up to my normal routine. Even when I'm at the peak of fitness I still have some aches and pains so it's been tough.
I use the team physio to prepare for competition and whilst I've been injured, the horses have been exercised by my staff, which is a bit like "remote control" riding - I use a microphone and stand on the ground watching! This is particularly important so that I'm involved in the general progression and training of the horses.
I'm part of the BT Storytellers project, which has gathered 100 members of the public to tell their stories about the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
I had two BT Storytellers meet me at my stables a few weeks back. It was great to meet them both and for them to watch me ride. The Storytellers filmed and took photos throughout the afternoon and we even did a short interview, which features on the BT Storytellers website. I really think it's important that the history of London 2012 is recorded and this is why the BT Storytellers project is such a great thing to be a part of. It will be the people's Games, something that won't happen again in my lifetime. I think it's great that we have this opportunity before London 2012 to ensure our stories as athletes are told.
In terms of my preparation for London, it will be quite strange not to have to prepare the horses for flying abroad and I'll actually be preparing as if it's a national competition. The pressure from the media will be a challenge; I have to remember that I'm there to do a job.
The Paralympic stands should be packed out for the first time and home support is at an all-time high, which will be great. Paralympic athletes are becoming household names as people begin to understand that it isn't easy to win a gold medal.
The day before a competition my routine will vary depending on which horse I ride. I would normally exercise each horse, ensuring they are stretched, supple, and ready to work. My new horse, which has been sourced through the Lady Joseph Charitable Trust is a spotted Knabstrupper stallion called Lucas (pictured). He really is a beautiful horse and stands out a mile away. He still has a long way to go before next year and needs a lot of technical training but his personality is just fantastic, I hope he retains that. All of my horses are treated like any other, they are hacked out every week and are turned out in the paddocks every day, and they're not wrapped up in cotton wool like many people might think.
I attended the BT British Olympic Ball recently, which was a great evening. It was held at Kensington Olympia where the Olympia Horse Show is held near to Christmas every year, it was quite a change in scenery!
The Grand Hall looked fantastic everyone got dressed up and had a wonderful evening in anticipation of the Olympics next year.
Nine-time Paralympic champion Lee Pearson is a BT Ambassador. BT is the official communications services partner for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Lee will be telling his London 2012 story through the BT Storytellers campaign here.
So this is it, just under a year to go now. A year sounds like a long time but in the world of sport; it's not long at all.
My life has been meticulously planned out since returning from Beijing 2008 Paralympics.
Every competition, every month, every week set out in a plan and I've been ticking them off as each one has been completed. Now it's the final run into the Paralympic Swimming Trials at the London Aquatics Centre next March.
Life both in and out of the water seems to have increased in fervour. The tickets for the Paralympic Games went on sale not that long ago and I've been inundated from friends and relatives asking what events I am swimming in and when because they all want to see me compete.
With this increase in interest, I have been given a massive boost in my training. Yes, every day hurts and the day after does too but I want to be at the Paralympic Games in London 2012 so much because of the support from everyone I know. This feeling is multiplied every time I meet someone new. When they find out that I'm a current athlete preparing for such an event; they are excited just to they can say they too know someone in the Games. It brings every new person just that little closer to the Games on a personal side.
London is going to be massive for a number of reasons. The Paralympics are coming home for a start so London is a Landmark Games in that respect. Being a home Games, London affords my friends and family that have only been well wishers in the past the chance to join in and come and see what I can do.
With Channel 4 following a number of athletes in their Best of British Season, it is giving everyone the chance to see athletes and learn a little more about them and their respective lives so that they are not just cheering a nation; they are cheering someone they can relate just that little bit more. | 2019-04-18T22:34:40Z | https://www.insidethegames.biz/sections/346?page=4 |
Baltimores preeminent penthouse residence. Former home of author tom cla ncy, this 12000 sq ft home boasts unsurpassed views of Baltimores Inner Harbor, a floorpan comprised of expansive, open entertainment spaces, private retreats, a State of the Art private theater, private gym, offices, and six terraces. This is a rare opportunity to own Baltimores finest residential masterpiece.
This listing is for all 12 townhome units and 2 commercial spaces! Perfect investment opportunity! Great cash flow, ALL UNITS CURRENTLY LEASED. TURN KEY.Property built in 2008, well maintained. Each townhome has 2 private parking spaces. Condo regime in place if a conversion is desired. Close to Loyola. Rent rolls and PLs available upon request.
BOATERS PARADISE !! Large waterfront home on over 2 acres on the Magothy River. FOURTEEN FOOT water depth at end of pier. Commercial grade pier with two slips and lifts - One will hold 60 ft at 80,000 lb / the other 40 ft at 60,000 lbs. Surrounded by agricultural and preserved properties. VERY PRIVATE. With over 5000 sq ft on three levels - this home has a fantastic wide open floorplan designed to take advantage of the spectacular water views from nearly every room. Tremendously solid construction. This is the perfect waterfront for anyone who enjoys boating or simply enjoying the relaxed waterfront lifestyle. Covered screened Porch/Meditation/Yoga Room off master bedroom .. enormous Master Bath with separate shower and soaking tub. Numerous decks and plentiful built-ins throughout. Move in ready - or add your own personal touches. Two car garage parking, storage shed, "dog house", and Screened gazebo and sun deck located on the pier. This is what waterfront living is supposed to look like.
STUNNING 6 BED/7.5 BATH ALL BRICK CUSTOM COLONIAL ON 7.5+ ACRES. FEATURES INCLUDE; MARBLE FLOOR 2 STORY COYER WITH GRAND CURVED STAIRCASE, GOURMET KITCHEN WITH TOP STAINLESS STEEL APPLIANCES, SITTING ROOM GAS FIREPLACE. MASTER SUITE WITH SPA BATH SITTING ROOM AND HUGE WALK IN CLOSET. IN LAW SUITE WITH SEPERATE ENTRANCE, HEATED IN GROUND POOL, EXTENSIVE HARDSCAPING/LANDSCAPING. 4 STALL HORSE BARN WHICH CAN BE CONVERTED TO SEPERATE APARTMENT, 3 FENCED PADDOCKS, TRAILS FOR RIDING AND PROTECTED VIEWS. THIS BEAUTIFUL CUSTOM HOME HAS SO MUCH TO OFFER AND SUCH A GREAT VALUE. THE VIEWS ARE A MUST SEE!
Exquisitely executed custom home built with luxurious finishes and thoughtful attention to detail. This warm and sophisticated home is "move in ready ." ***Bluestone pathways and a porch front welcome you home. The open concept living areas flow together with ease, yet there are many nooks and crannies for privacy and quiet. The hardwood floors, crown molding, tray, coffered and vaulted ceilings with recessed lighting all add to the ambiance of this home. *** The first floor office has built in shelving and windows to the front and side yard.*** Cozy up to the stone gas fireplace in the family room while the chefs kitchen prepares a feast using the Jennair gas cooktop, dual ovens, and massive granite island that seats 7. ***The breakfast area has table space and an additional bar for three. *** There is a shelved walk in pantry, a planning office with built in desk and a mudroom outfitted with cubbies. *** The first floor also features a complete guest suite, a powder room, and side door to the covered porch.***The second level has hardwood halls, linen closet, a large laundry room with closets and hanging space, and four large bedrooms. the Master bedroom has windows to the rear,tray ceiling,moldings and a large walk in closet. the Master bath is surrounded in granite, as is the twin vanity. Fluted privacy glass on the shower and a separate WC add to the comforts. ***Two of the bedrooms have an additional alcove nook sitting area, built in bookcases, and a walk in closet. The bright front bedroom features a closet system and is currently being used as a craft room. ***There is a lovely area to lounge upstairs in an additional common area.*** The lower level is completely finished as one open L shaped space with a full bath. There are two massive closet storage rooms, and a double wide walk up to the rear patio.*** Entertain on the stone patio with sitting walls and firepit for those chilly evenings or for smores in the summer. This house will not disappoint, it is a joy!
Stunningly Elegant Victorian Estate On 10 Private Acres. Home Boasts A Complete High End Renovation, Yet Maintains The Perfect Blend Of Original Character Sophisticated Charm. 7 Bedrooms, 5 1/2 Baths Over 4 Levels including 2 Master Suites Gourmet Kitchen. Picturesque Panoramic Views Of The Surrounding Countryside. Amenities Galore With In-Ground Pool, Pergola, Screened Porch 3 Car Garage Much More. Live In Peaceful Luxury!
3150 sq ft TWO STORY PENTHOUSE RESIDENCE. 3 Bedrooms / 3.5 Baths. Unit is both 2707 and 2807. 12 ft ceilings on each floor .. HUGE windows leading to indescribable views of The Inner Harbor, city skyline and Federal Hill. Inlaid hardwood floors are incredible. REAL wood burning fireplace. Extensive millwork throughout. High-end everything! Must see to appreciate. Only 1 other residence on floor - VERY private. The Towers at Harbor Court is one of Baltimore~s most luxurious and amenity rich condominium developments. With 24/7 front desk coverage, uniformed doorman, porters, security and maintenance staff, secure parking and additional storage, The Towers at Harbor Court feels like a 365 day a year vacation. The Inner Harbor location also includes hotel services offered by the attached Royal Sonesta Hotel. These include concierge services, fitness center and spa discounts, room and meal discounts, and the convenience of on-site restaurants, coffee shop and guest accommodations. All of this without every having to leave the building If youre looking for ease of living in a quality amenity rich environment - youve found it at The towers at Harbor Court.
Immaculate beautiful home with an open floor plan. Home is filled with natural light and tons of amenities plus privacy! Carrera marble Kitchen baths throughout! First floor Library, Family Room with fireplace, gorgeous Kitchen, Master Suite with marble bath and fully finished Lower Level with fireplace, Wet Bar, Play Center Bonus Room! Home also offers a large deck and rear yard.
Country living but just off the 83 and York Road for ease of travel, this large colonial sits on 1.5 acres. Natural light hits all around this home and is combined with great outdoor spaces to include the front porch at main entrance, the bricked patio in the back off the French doors, and the side patio with fire pit off the basement French door. This well sought out home has a main level master suite that tucks out of the way to the right of the home. Vaulted ceilings and an open floor plan make this home great for entertaining. Upstairs has 3 additional bedrooms, 2 full baths, and an extra living space, prefect for children~s play. The completely finished basement is decked out with a full bar. Plenty of finished space. The pool table, high tops, and bar stools can convey with the right contract. The basement also has a large bedroom and beautiful full bath. The property also has 2 large barns that will convey.
Elegant all brick Georgian home in Guilford with nearly 7,000 finished sq ft. Expansive rooms perfect for entertaining. Gracious and inviting center hall with restored low-rise staircase. Formal Living Room has wood burning fireplace, classic columns, built-in bookcases French doors to Sunroom. Formal Dining Room also has wood burning Fireplace French doors to Family Room. Large Kitchen with island, stainless steel appliances and access to 2nd staircase. Huge Master Bedroom with Fireplace vintage custom closets with access to balcony. Three additional large Bedrooms on 2nd level. Third floor with 3 bedrooms, full bath Study. Detached 2-car Garage. This home has been meticulously restored to capture and preserve the design by Laurence Hall Fowler.
Once in a lifetime opportunity to own a piece of Baltimore History. The Hutzler Mansion built in 1887 was once owned by the prestigious Baltimore department store family, Hutzlers. The home boasts 8,240 square feet of living space and 3246 below ground. The home is a grand example of the lavish Victorian design of the day. Sumptuous details include Stained Glass, Tile Floors, Ornate Woodwork, Opulent Mantels, Grand Staircases and a modern Elevator of the time. This is and was a home fit for a king! This beautiful home offers a savvy owner the opportunity to live in an over the top owners unit while enjoying supplemental income from three separate apartments. Keep the house configured as it is or reconfigure to make a larger owners unit, or better yet return it to a single-family home. Currently this home has over 13 bedrooms and 7.5 Bathrooms. Located on the corner of Baltimores Parisian style boulevard, Eutaw Place and Laurens St, the home sits grandly on the corner while backing up to Arnold Sumpter Park. Sumpter Park is a large public park with ample space for a Saturday Soccer game, time on the playground, a spot to walk the dogs or enjoy time on the playground. Designed by architect Thomas C. Kennedy for the original owner who was in the lumber business, each room showcases a distinct species of wood. Each formal room has a unique mantel, detailed parquet floors, wood wainscoting, stained glass, built-ins and much more. The backyard features a large private garden hidden behind beautiful brick wall. This is just another crown jewel of this property. This is a unique oasis in nestled in the city. This spacial and unique home has not been on the market since 1977. Currently zoned for 4 apartments. This is a strictly "AS- IS" sale. Two of the four apartments are currently occupied. 48 Hour Notice required for all showings. Restricted showing times. Owner financing entertained. Fully rented this home nets over $85k in income annually. Seller requests a financial statement from all prospective buyers in advance of confirming all showings. SHOWINGS ARE RESTRICTED TO M-F ONLY 10AM TO 4PM.
Prime River Hill Location! Blue ribbon schools, shopping, restaurants and The Columbia Gym ~ all right around the corner. With a bright, open concept floor plan, this home is ideal for entertaining and everyday living. The main level has a formal dining room, beautiful gourmet kitchen, family room with custom built-ins, a full bathroom, and two offices. The updated kitchen has granite countertops, stainless steel appliances, an island and a breakfast bar. The upper level has 4 bedrooms, 2 full bathrooms, a dreamy oversized laundry room, and loads of closet space. The finished lower level offers a 5th bedroom, full bathroom with heated floors, a large second family room with a slider leading to a private backyard and plenty of storage space. You will love relaxing on your spacious private deck overlooking open space. This home is updated and well-appointed throughout. This house is everything you have been hoping for in a home!
NEW FAMILY ROOM/SUNROOM RENOVATION BRINGS AN OPEN AIRY FEELING TO THIS LIGHT FILLED HOME! Tax Records are incorrect, Actual Square footage is OVER 3900 square feet above grade and another 1400 Sq ft. of finished space in the lower level! Stunning 4 bedroom, 4 1/2 bath + office, loft, sunroom solar panels, all located on a corner lot. Full front porch facing open green space. Finished basement with private bath 5th bedroom/den. Custom kitchen opens to spacious family room w/double sided fireplace sunroom. Owners Suite plus 3 additional bedrooms baths on upper 2 levels. Gorgeous hardwoods throughout, tons of natural light. Enjoy all the amenities that this amazing community has to offer while being just a short distance from major commuter routes, dining and shopping. Come and tour the best value in Maple Lawn.
Perfectly situated on 3 rolling acres, this 5 bedroom, 5 full bathroom, 2 half bathroom home is renovated from top to bottom. On the main level you will find an oversized au pair/in-law suite with its own private entrance. The bright gourmet kitchen boasts a sun-drenched breakfast room overlooking an expansive view. The family, living dining rooms are beautifully appointed with hardwood floors, updated lighting moldings and fresh paint. Fall in love with the generous mudroom with ample storage for families of any size. The upper level has 4 bedrooms and 3 full bathrooms with hardwood flooring. The master suite has 2 walk-in closets and a fully remodeled bathroom. The lower level has an additional full half bathroom, as well as a second family room, gym/craft room, and office. Enjoy the tranquil exterior from the luxurious screened-in porch or flagstone patio, where you can watch the kids or dogs play safely inside the large fenced yard. Drive an electric car? No problem! The side-entry garage is already equipped with a charger. And the garage door is oversized too! Walk in to this luxurious home and you will never want to leave! Open Sunday, April 14th from 1-3pm.
Welcome to Alisons Ridge -7 Large Estate Size Homesites to choose from, with 6 models offered from 3350 sq ft to 4340 sq ft, or build from your own plans.Conveniently located in the Heart of Fallston-- Home shown is to be built - Call today to get started with your new home build!
Welcome to Hahns Meadow -15 Large Estate Size Homesites to choose from, with 6 models offered from 3350 sq ft to 4340 sq ft, or build from your own plans.Conveniently located in Kingsville off Chapman Road--Prices begin in the low $700s. Home shown is to be built - Call today to get started with your new home build!
Meticulously maintained EOG Patio Home in the gated community of Rockland Ridge. 1st floor master bedroom and renovated bath. Upper level has a 2nd master and 2 additional bedrooms and 2 baths. Kitchen/ breakfast room/family room combo. Separate LR and DR. Finished LL with full bath. 2 car garage. Rear Deck plus LL patio space. Considered one of the premier locations in Rockland Ridge/Sorrento. Located just a few minutes to I-83 and 695. Perfectly located for easy drive to Downtown, Hunt Valley, Towson, shopping, fine dining.
Rarely Available on the MLS- Fair Oaks on the Magothy Community- This 5 bedroom, 3 full bath Cape Cod has 3,652 sq ft of finished space. The community is rich with amenities: WATER ACCESS, pier/dock, pool, boat ramp, playground, basketball/volleyball courts, and more!! Walk in the front door to immaculate hardwood floors and fresh paint throughout. The large rear addition/great room offers vaulted ceilings, a gas fireplace, and wet bar. Main level has a formal dining room with wood burning fireplace, spacious office/den PLUS a guest bedroom with full bath. The kitchen has Viking appliances, granite counters, pantry, and eat-in kitchen.The upper level has four spacious bedrooms. The master suite has a walk-in closet with NEW master bath, custom tile and double vanity. The flat yard with patio can be accessed through the great room or sunroom off of the kitchen. The yard is perfect for cookouts and playtime. Spring is around the corner. Do not miss this opportunity to enjoy ALL the summer fun this community has to offer!
NEW PRICE! Rarely Available Williamsburg Woodley Park End Unit in the Westside District of Maple Lawn. Front loading garage and driveway, main level entrance, open floor plan with extra windows and tons of natural light. Gorgeous upgrades through-out! Gleaming hardwood floors, 4 large bedrooms, 3 1/2 baths with a finished walk-out recreation room and additional den. Picnic pavilion, tennis courts and tot lot just down the street and you cant get much closer to all the wonderful shopping and restaurants that make Maple Lawn Howard Countys place to be! Come enjoy all the amazing amenities this highly sought after community has to offer.
Bring your imagination to this home! This is not a distressed sale, but the homeowner will not make any repairs. There is so much potential in this beautiful estate home in Glenelg! Dont miss this opportunity!
Rarely available 3 bedroom 2.5 bath luxury condo in The Towers at Harbor Court. Very desirable open floorpan with over 2300 sq ft of luxury living space and incomparable views of The Inner Harbor, city skyline and Federal Hill. Numerous upgrades including new kitchen and baths, hardwood flooring, granite countertops, and extensive millwork. And did we mention the views ? ~ 2 secure deeded parking space and a storage space convey. Residence 2202 and 2203 are also available for sale. Buy one, two, or all three and have complete privacy on the floor. The Towers at Harbor Court is one of Baltimore~s most luxurious and amenity rich condominium developments. With 24/7 front desk coverage, uniformed doorman, porters, security and maintenance staff, secure parking and additional storage, The Towers at Harbor Court feels like a 365 day a year vacation. The Inner Harbor location also includes hotel services offered by the attached Royal Sonesta Hotel. These include concierge services, fitness center and spa discounts, room and meal discounts, and the convenience of on-site restaurants, coffee shop and guest accommodations. All of this without every having to leave the building If youre looking for ease of living in a quality amenity rich environment - youve found it at The towers at Harbor Court.
OPEN HOUSE SATURDAY, MARCH 30TH, 12 - 2 PM! Wonderful opportunity to live close to everything Canton/Brewers Hill has to offer! 3,600+ SF OF LIVING SPACE, PRIVATE PATIO, GARAGE, ROOFTOP DECK! This custom-built, double-width, brick row home boasts a traditional aesthetic with meticulous mill-work, impressive attention to detail, and a well thought out floor plan; ideal for entertaining with built in speakers throughout or privacy relaxation among the separate living quarters. Highlights of the main floor include a large exposed-brick living room and a stunning gourmet kitchen with custom cabinetry and tile work, granite countertops, built-in Sub-Zero refrigerator/freezer, double ovens, double built-in dishwashers, wine cellar, eat-in island and breakfast bar, and an additional breakfast room space with French doors that invite you out to a private hardscaped bluestone terrace featuring a fieldstone seating area and with built-in grill; absolutely perfect for summer happy hours or snowy winter barbeques around the outdoor fireplace. Beyond the patio is the detached garage with a 15 ft. lofted ceiling ideal for a car lift or additional storage. The garage is simply an added bonus as parking is abundant on this quiet tree-lined street. As if that isnt enough, this remarkable home also offers 4 bedrooms, all with en suite baths; TWO master bedrooms, with oversized dual-vanity bathrooms extending the full width of the home, and a convertible basement bonus room/guestroom with a must-see wet bath. Most notably though, is the 3rd floor Owners Retreat encompassing the entire floor and featuring an expansive sunny sitting room with built-in kitchenette; a dream for morning coffee or a night-cap! The coffered ceiling rivals the impressive custom walk-in closet as the highlight of this master bedroom, as the custom bathroom suite exudes relaxation with a jetted tub, mounted 37 in. TV, 8 ft. shower-head walk-in rain shower, in addition to the granite double vanity. Up just one more flight, the 4th floor roof deck encompassing the length of the house showcasing 360 degree views of Baltimores iconic gems: water views of the harbor, city skyline, Ft. McHenry, and Natty Boh Tower. Once again street side, youll find Canton Crossing Shopping Center, Merritt Club rooftop pool, Canton Dog Park, and the picturesque Canton Waterfront Park and Promenade all just an incredible 2 blocks away and access to I-95/895 beyond convenient. This is the epitome of "the best of both worlds:" the space and quality of a sophisticated house and the convenience and accessibility of city living. This home is simply not to be missed.
One of a kind luxury condominium in Silo Point !! Soaring 16-foot ceilings the highest in the building, gourmet kitchen, HUGE terrace with breathtaking water views and beautiful hardwoods throughout. 2 Bed / 2.5 Bath and incredible concrete details. 2 secured parking spaces and a separate storage space !! Full service building with incredible amenities and a perfect Locust Point Location.
One of Olde Severna Parks first homes, with 2,900 finished SF full of historical charm modern comforts! Wide-plank fir pine hardwood floors. Gorgeous kitchen featuring stainless appliances quartz counters. Reclaimed wood, stone and other custom finishes. Large deck overlooking .43 acre secluded wooded lot backing to open space. Numerous recent updates including Copper Plumbing, Synthetic Shake Roofing, Solar Skylights, HVAC, Bathrooms and much more! Walk to Sullivan Cove Natural Area fabulous community waterfront amenities!
Stunning 3 Bedroom 2.5 Bath - 4 Level Brick Townhome w/ 2 Car Garage In Cantons Only Waterfront Gated Community, The Moorings! Almost 2,900 sqft Lovingly Maintained w/ New Oak Hardwoods, Built-in Shelving A Gas Fireplace In The Living Room. Large Master Suite w/ Full Bath, Walk-in Closet Private Balcony. 4 Car Total Parking. Short Walk To Waterfront. Close To Shops Restaurants. Live in Canton Luxury!
PRICE DROP Incredible drop in price for this Condo.Amazing view of the downtown city skyline and water. Breathtaking sunsets from everywhere. This 2 bedroom Penthouse with Den which could be used as a 3rd bedroom, has fantastic space. Powder room on 1st floor and updated kitchen with laminate cabinets and granite. Amazing storage in this galley kitchen. Hardwood floors throughout and beautiful staircase leading to the second floor with Master Bedroom and Guest Bedroom.
Absolutely Amazing Waterfront Short Sale Opportunity Rarely Available. Gorgeous views of the Severn River from every room! Four bedrooms, 3 full baths. Master Bedroom has a huge walk-in closet with a built-in vanity , walk-in steam shower with multiple shower heads. Every bedroom has their own deck or walk-out. Huge kitchen with double wall oven, stove-top cooking, Energy Star dishwasher and refrigerator. Eat-in kitchen with a breakfast bar and island. Easy boat ride to Annapolis/Eastport. Water views galore! Home is being Sold As Is - Sellers will do no repairs. Short sale is handled by very experienced Short sale listing agent and is being negotiated by a licensed Maryland Attorney. Final sales price is contingent upon 3rd party approval.
This home has been redone from top to bottom. Heres a chance to have the house you always wanted in a great neighborhood, all of the amenities, and be the envy of your neighbors. From hardwood floors throughout to crown molding to fresh paint, open spaces and a gourmet cooks dream kitchen - this home checks off all of your boxes. ----------------------------Split level home with 5 easy levels. On the main floor - bright spacious formal living room with chair, crown and picture frame molding. A pass-through fireplace leads to the study/entertainment room with room for a desk, entertainment center, guest lounging, built in shelving and much much more. This room is rounded out with a gorgeous private marble half bathroom. Directly behind the living room is the kitchen and dining room conveniently set up as one room. The dining room is the hub that connects the living room, entertaining area, and the fabulously appointed kitchen. This kitchen has "high-end" whirlpool appliances including a smart refrigerator with dual freezer drawers, a double oven with a stove a clean look buttonless dishwasher and to top it all off, a wall oven and wall microwave giving you a total of 3 ovens for cooking for the whole family. In addition the 25 cabinets and matching beveled 48 sq ft of granite countertop complete this chefs dream. ------------------Just four short steps down from the kitchen is the family room with sliding glass door to back deck and extra fireplace. Appointed with hardwood floors, a stone fireplace and a continuation of the crown, chair rail, and picture frame molding that make this home a masterpiece. ------------------Stepping outside youll be greeted by a maintenance free trex deck, white vinyl rails and a beautiful view of the forest. Your back deck and back yard are as peaceful and tranquil as can be. ----------------------Leaving the main level and heading upstairs you have access to an upper-level washer and dryer for convenience. 4 spacious bedrooms and two full bathrooms give you all of the room you require. Each secondary bedroom has plenty of natural light and tons of closet space. The hall bathroom has matching cabinets, flooring and tile for a polished professional look. ------------------Entering the master bedroom you are greeted by a large sitting room that can be used for anything from a video entertainment area to a private study or reading room. Up four more stairs is the main room of the true master suite. Youve never seen a more spacious master suite! The 57x22 sq.ft can hold the largest bedroom set and entertainment package you can get. The five windows on the front and the back of the house allow for refreshing cross ventilation breeze. As you would expect the master bathroom is not going to disappoint. A raised dual vanity countertop with matching walk-in seamless shower are just the beginning. The claw foot soaking tub with shower attachment and overhead skylight view will make you never want to leave. -------------------------As an added bonus off of the master suite, two extra large bonus rooms. These can be used for a nursery, work out room, the most awesome closet ever, a private office, or whatever your heart desires. -------------------Going down past the family room to the basement is a generous sized recreation room for movies, pool table, arcade or even all three! Behind the recreation room is another bedroom complete with its own windows, closet and a second master bathroom. ---------------------There are so many things to love about this house: the layout, the neighborhood, the size, open spaces, the special touches, the entertaining possibilities, and the convenience. Youve got to come to see this one soon and make it your own. Be sure to check out the custom 3-D tour link for the full effect, then call us for a showing!
Brand New Renovation in the heart of Canton by Chance Development! This spacious 3 story row home has 4 bed/3 baths, off-street parking a roof deck! Modern style with exquisite finishes-sand in place hardwood floors throughout, marble and ceramic spa-like baths, custom metal railings, designer light fixtures. Gourmet kitchen has high-end appliances with 36" GE Mongram range, calacatta quartz countertops and 10 ft waterfall island. 2-zone HVAC on demand continuous flow hot water heaters make this house super energy efficient! Sample photos of builders work.
Remarkable 5 Bedroom home in rarely available Parkside of Perry Hall. Enter on the main level with a formal dining, living, and a large great room. Main level In-Law Suite, expanded eat-in chef kitchen, and soo much more. Two staircases lead to a large master bedroom with 3 more Large bedrooms all with new carpet. Lower lever basement with new carpet is a large open space great for watching sports or entertaining with a Theater/ Game room wired with surround-sound that has access to the lower level full bathroom and walks out to the great backyard. Private back yard surrounded by well maintained trees including a garden and fruit trees that backs to preservation space. Dont miss Out, This will Go Fast!
This circa 1929 Tudor-style home boasts 4/5 generous bedrooms, 3.5 baths and over 3200 square feet of living space. Pride of home ownership shows everywhere. Its located within 3 blocks to the Homeland lakes. The expansive living room features a stone fireplace, a beamed ceiling and custom built-ins. The 18 x 13 dining room leads to the side stone patio perfect for entertaining. Theres also a detached garage, wood replacement windows throughout, and a huge walk-up attic great for storage. The kitchen is outfitted with granite counter tops, stainless-steel appliances, and a breakfast area which opens to the cozy den. Theres a bonus room in the basement currently used as an exercise room. Very convenient to colleges, universities, and hospitals. Its a 10 minute walk to the unique shops, restaurants and the Senator Theater at Belvedere Square. The central air is on the second level with some vents on the main level.
Large and open 2 bedroom / 2.5 bathroom condominium available at The Ritz Carlton Residences. Over 2100 SqFt of living space meticulously maintained and with an abundance of luxury appointments including: Gourmet kitchen with Viking appliances and Siematic cabinetry, oversized Master Bathroom with large shower, separate tub and dual vanities. Large covered balcony and large windows allow in ample sunlight and beautiful views. 2 deeded parking spaces and abundant closet space make this unit one of a kind. Enjoy amenities that are second to non including: 24/7 concierge, indoor pool, 24/7 state of the art fitness center, lounge, billiards, movie theater, guest suites and more! All in a convenient Inner Harbor location.
You will fall in love as soon as you drive down the beatiful tree lined entrance to this beautiful community of Moores Orchard. You will find everything you could ask for in this stunning Colonial w/over 4500sq ft located in a sunny cul-de-sac. Bright Open Floor Plan w/gleaming wood laminate flooring. Gourmet Kitchen w/Center Island Granite Ctrs. Family Room w/Stone Surround Fireplace. Sunroom/Morning Room Addition. 1st Floor Study. Enormous Mstr Bdr w/Super Bath. Lower Level Walk Out In-Law Suite. Home is Wired for Generator Hook Up cord included. Rear Deck and Covered Pavilion Like Patio overlooks Custom Built In Salt Water Pool for your own outdoor oasis. Fenced Yard. New Roof, New Water Heater, New Sump Pump, New Garage Door Custom Built Garage Shelving. So many more features. To see this beauty is to buy!
Another gorgeous renovation from the good people at Chance Development. Home has been completely renovated from top to bottom, and then some! Huge open concept kitchen with high end appliances and beautiful granite counters and tops. Cathedral ceilings throughout the home. Second floor has several large bedrooms and a custom design bath. Step up to the brand new third floor, tailor-made to be an exquisite hosting space with balcony overlooking every square inch of the city, or an unforgettable master bedroom with a full wall of windows to greet you each AM. Move the gathering up the expansive rooftop deck with million-dollar views from the Key Bridge to the Inner Harbor. All steps from the square and waterfront. This one cant be missed!
This Home is ready for you. This 4, possibly 5 Bedroom home sits on just over 1 acre. Drive down a private road to the move in ready colonial. The home offers entry into a large foyer which leads to a great size office and living room with great kept hardwood floors. Formal parties in the Dining room or casual in the informal dining area. The kitchen features granite and an eat in dining area that opens to the family room. 4 Large bedrooms upstairs with a possible 5th bedroom that currently serves as a sitting room for the Mater Bedroom. Master is extremely Large with a big master bathroom and walk in closet. New HVAC and very well maintained. Basement can be made into one large open space or several rooms as it is huge with a walk out. Endless possibilities.
Large Colonial in highly sought after Glenside Farms! Delightful open concept 4BR/3/5BA with sunroom that fills the space with light. New roof and continually updated over the years by the original owners. Large bedrooms and a finished basement with a wet bar ready for hosting and a theater room! You couldnt ask for a more private backyard, with large pine trees and backing to farmland, not to mention the two tier deck! All sitting on a quiet cul de sac steps away from open space and playgrounds. | 2019-04-18T19:16:43Z | http://frankly.com/default.aspx?m=R&h=ALL&s=Cummings%20%20Co.%20Realtors |
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Use your own domain name or purchase one through one of our domain name re-sellers. Everything about your web shop, including URLs, is 100% customisable.
Neto is a complete content management system that lets you build and manage a content-rich, dynamic website with enterprise-level ecommerce functionality built in. Add a blog, buying guides, articles, forms, and more.
Add products to an unlimited number of product categories. Turn on filters and allow customers to filter by category and search results by predefined specifics (e.g. size or color).
Search features you expect in an enterprise solution including: Search-as-you-type, search suggestions, relevant results and customisable search filters.
Allow customers to add their favorite products to wishlists for future purchase. Customers can even create multiple wish lists for different occasions.
Create an unlimited number of custom landing pages for marketing campaigns or special promotions.
Do you sell car parts, printer supplies, or anything that needs compatibility matching? Build a dynamic product finder that allows customers to find exactly what they are looking for.
Customers can login to update their account details, view and pay past orders, approve quotes, and raise disputes through the "My Account" section of your store.
Allow your customers to rate and review products they have purchased. Enable commenting to allow others to comment on these reviews and blog posts.
Customers can share products, blog posts, and other content pages on popular social networks including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
All account pages, including your checkout pages, are secured by 256-bit secure socket layer (SSL) technology.
You can expect lower cart abandonment rates with our one-page Ajax checkout. Quick, easy and secure.
Customers can choose to have a single shopping cart shipped to multiple addresses. Ideal when purchasing gifts for family members.
Neto will automatically remove tax for international purchases. You can also flag products, such as food, to be tax-free.
Recover lost sales by automatically sending an email to shoppers with a link to their abandoned shopping cart. Incentivize them to come back by adding a coupon code to these emails.
Customers can choose to create an account or checkout as a guest. Account customers can log in to view order history, pay past orders, and update account details.
Increase your average order value with cart upsells. Product recommendations based on the contents of a customer's shopping cart.
Provide accurate, real-time shipping quotes on product, shopping cart, and checkout pages.
Customers can select their preferred delivery date with available dates based on your predefined setup. Exclude weekends and holidays and take into account expected shipping times.
Customers can create a quote from their shopping cart instead of checking out. You or the customer can then select to change the quote to an order for later payment.
Improve accuracy of deliveries with in-built zip/postcode and suburb validation.
Customise aspects of your checkout with the click of a button. No coding required.
Keep track of your inventory across multiple warehouses/locations. Display real-time stock availability per warehouse/location to your customers.
If you sell products with varying buying options such as color and size, we have you covered! Each variation can have its own SKU, name, price, image, stock, and description.
Add an unlimited number of images per product. Neto will automatically resize and optimise your images to suit your website design.
Bundle products together to sell as single unit or enable customisable kits to allow customers to build their own products based on your predefined rules.
Offer the option for your customers to write gift card messages for gifts they purchase from your website. Have these messages automatically printed on premade stationary in a font of your choice.
Sell electronic gift vouchers that can be redeemed on your website.
Offer gift wrapping, gift messaging and other non-inventoried product options per SKU.
Add your own product fields to the database to store additional product data.
Add and update products by using our built-in product manager, importing a file, or using our API.
Limit access to specific products by customer group. This feature allows you to create products dedicated to specific customers.
Charge different pricing to different customers based on their assigned group or the quantity of a product they are purchasing.
Sell non-inventoried products such as services or products that are made to order.
Run powerful reports to calculate when and how much to order by supplier or SKU. Reports take into account past sales and future projections.
Email alerts keep you updated, when products sell out or reach your set alert level.
Manage orders across multiple sales channel from creation through to dispatch.
Fulfill a single order from multiple locations/warehouses. Automatically allocate order lines to warehouses by stock availability or location of customer.
Print and manifest your shipping labels directly from orders in Neto, no need to export to or use third-party applications. Print to laser or thermal printers.
Print labels for Aus Post eParcel, eParcel International, TNT, Couriers Please, Toll iPec, Startrack, Fastway, Allied Express, Hunter Express, Direct Freight, and more.
One-page order entry interface for telesales orders.
Accept orders on pre-order of back-order. Split orders by order line post-purchase.
Automate your drop-ship business with drop-ship warehouses. Automatically send PDF and CSV purchase orders to suppliers based on predefined rules. Split a single order across multiple suppliers.
Is your stock managed across multiple offline stores? Fulfil from your store with Neto Pick'n Pack, the world's first Apple-approved in-store pick, pack, and dispatch app with laser barcode scanning.
Keep track of special requirements and details by attaching notes to items within an order or to the whole order.
Batch order processing allows you to streamline your shipping process and create and print labels—plus pick and pack lists—for multiple orders with just a few clicks.
Save time and improve accuracy with barcode picking. Incorrect picks signaled by an error tone or vibration.
Manage order returns and customer credits from within Neto. Send return merchandise authorizations and track the progress of a return from start to finish.
Combine multiple outstanding orders together at the click of a button to reduce shipping costs.
Automated receipt, invoice, and shipping tracking emails and PDF documents. Customise the look and layout of all system-generated emails and documents.
Organise orders by status for the efficient management of large order volumes. Use custom filters and fields to create your own order processing workflows.
Import and export orders in bulk using our file drop system or API.
Direct two-way integrations with popular accounting programs such as Xero, MYOB, and Saasu.
Integrated with the leading shipping carriers: Australia Post, eParcel, TNT, Toll, Couriers Please, Startrack, AAE, Allied Express, Hunter Express, Fastway, Direct Freight, NZ Courier Post, Want It Now, and Omni Parcel, as well as leading freight aggregators such as TIG, Openfreight, Temando, and Sendle.
Provide your customers and staff with accurate, real-time shipping quotes at the click of a button.
Pick, pack, and print shipping consignments for orders using our Apple Pick'n Pack app. Now you can run a paperless warehouse with barcode picking supported.
Create your own charge zones by postcode, suburb, or country.
Charge by weight or cubic, flat rate, order quantity, carton size, order value, or per product.
Set up Neto to automatically package your orders into pre-defined cartons and create the correct number of shipping labels on the fly.
Print shipping consignments in bulk for multiple carriers. Print to thermal or laser printers.
Run reports on the performance of your warehouse pickers and packers.
Offer free shipping site-wide, by product, customer, or location.
Set up Neto to automatically select the cheapest shipping option based on your available methods.
Discount shipping costs using coupon codes and set your own rules or requirements around each discount.
Integrated with leading payment gateways for real-time credit card processing. Accept Visa, MasterCard, Diners Club, and American Express.
Let customers pay the way they want. Our PayPal Express Checkout solution saves them time, turning potential customers into loyal shoppers.
Buy now, pay later options. Ideal for high-volume transactions. Approval process built directly into your Neto checkout flow. Zip Money, and Afterpay supported.
Your customers can pay bills in minutes using online or phone banking, which means faster payments for your business.
Add your own non-integrated payment options such as cash, direct bank deposit, money order, and others.
Accept two or more payment types in a single transaction, e.g. credit card and cash, or multiple credit cards.
Set up recurring payment plans for invoices and store credit card tokens for future purchases.
Accept an order deposit upfront and apply multiple payments to a single order.
Set up a surcharge percent for specific payment methods.
Offer invoice terms to your trusted customers, allowing them to buy now and pay later (e.g. 14 days from date of invoice). Neto automatically generates monthly statements for account customers.
Apply a single payment to a batch of orders in a single click. Ideal for wholesale or B2B.
Automatic payment reminder emails for unpaid invoices with full PDF statement capability.
Store customer data including personal, address, and miscellaneous information on their account. Search, filter, and export your customer data. Quickly view account balance, and purchase or payment history.
Classify your customers into groups. Assign different pricing rules and content access privileges to each group.
Log all communication you have with your customers in the contact log. Set follow-up reminders for staff members and email communication directly from Neto.
Assign customer account managers and run sales commission reports.
Quickly see who your most loyal customers are, run instant reports, and export results for use in marketing campaigns.
Reward your loyal customers with your very own loyalty points program. Customers earn points for purchases that can be redeemed as credit towards future purchases.
Set up credit limits and invoice terms, allowing your most trusted customers to buy on account and pay later.
Create campaigns to send customers personalised emails based on purchase and account history (requires the Neto M@il module).
Create and name your own custom fields to store customer data. Collect data at checkout, enter it via your control panel or through importing.
Limit pricing and other sensitive areas of your website to logged-in users.
Limit access to your entire website or specific pages to logged-in users.
Assign different invoice/order templates to different customers, allowing you to control the content and layout of emailed and printed documents per customer.
Online wholesale registration form with built-in approval process. Automatically assign wholesale registrants to a specific customer group.
Ship directly on behalf of your customers. Replace your logo with their logo on dispatch dockets automatically and provide them with up-to-date CSV or XML product and price lists.
Set up customer-specific discounts. Apply a set percentage discount to their entire account or set up rule-based discounts.
Stock managed across multiple offline stores? Fulfil from your store with Neto Pick'n Pack, the world's first in-store pick, pack, and dispatch app with laser barcode scanning for Apple mobile devices.
Sell through eBay, Facebook, Amazon, comparison shopping engines, and other channels from a central inventory.
Enterprise-level search engine optimisation features including global CDN, customisable URLs, meta-data, canonical tags, XML sitemaps, and more.
Configurable discount coupons and promotions. Trigger discounts automatically based on a pre-defined set of rules.
Recover lost sales and increase conversions. Use automated emails to bring back lost sales.
Why do eBay's biggest sellers use Neto? We automate your eBay listing process, manage your stock control, and make your listings stand out from the crowd.
Create a Facebook shop and add product and content sharing for Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, and more.
Increase sales by suggesting add-on or alternative products to your customers, both on checkout or product pages.
Drive sales with automated comparison shopping site feeds for all the leading comparison shopping engines.
Extend Neto with ready-made accounting, POS, inventory, and marketing apps.
No programming or development skills required. All listed apps are just a few clicks away!
The Neto application programmer interface (API) enables third-party software to interact with Neto. The Neto API supports both XML and JSON-encoded data as requests and responses.
Looking to build an integration with Neto? Contact our partner support team to discuss promoting your app to thousands of Neto users.
Track your website traffic, transactions and conversion rates in real time with the world's leading analytics platform.
Track orders, revenue, and key performance indicators with your own real-time dashboard. Install custom widgets and organise your dashboard to suit your specific needs.
Run order, payment, customer, inventory and other reports in real time. Export all reports to Excel for further analysis. Need more in-depth reporting? We offer custom report-writing services too.
Install Optimizely's code-free visual editor for A/B split testing.
Log all staff actions for security and performance reporting purposes. Run sales commission, warehouse picking and account management reports.
Every customer is issued an SSL certificate for their domain name.
Neto is based in Australia and Hong Kong. We have people on the ground, ready to support you by phone or email.
All customers have access to our team of ecommerce experts, a dedicated team of highly-trained staff who will help you launch your store and grow your business.
Neto's documentation website contains over 900 support articles and training guides. Its powerful search function makes finding answers to your questions easy.
Learn the ropes by watching over 50 how-to training videos. Each video is a step-by-step walkthrough designed to get you up and running.
Each Neto license includes a free 30-minute personal training session. Invite up to 20 of your colleagues to learn the ropes. Free setup sessions are run daily between 9am and 5pm AEST.
Schedule a personal web session with a Neto ecommerce expert. These sessions are recorded for your future reference and are run daily between 9am and 5pm AEST. | 2019-04-24T20:41:27Z | https://www.netohq.com/sell/online/features |
49 photos absolutely amazing country estate situated on 13 rolling acres w/private ponds & a 120'-90' outbuilding that will take your breath away!! luxurious main floor office would be perfect for working from home! private "in-law suite' in lower level. 5+ car heated garage. sprawling main floor owners suite w/luxury bath, fireplace & more! formal living & dining rooms. 4 season porch up & down!! gourmet kitchen w/granite & top of the line appliances. this home is a must see!! see supplements!
66 photos two homes within one home. property has higher counter tops along with custom cabinetry and higher 9’ ceilings along with separate main floor living suite.great price for this beautiful, meticulous 2 story beauty with 6 bedrooms, 6 baths, 4 fireplaces, and look at the size of the rooms!! main level offers flowing open floor plan, completely finished walk out lower level elevator. it offers true related living (private suite w/a kitchen and bath!) a huge half acre cul-de-sac lot, front porch, deck in the back perfect for entertainment, private fenced back yard, attached 3+ car garage,rv hookup. the list can go on and on! be the lucky buyer!
23 photos award-winning builder with over 38 years of custom home building proudly presents our newest 4-br, 3-ba rambler. main: kitchen with custom cabinets, granite countertops and prof. series appliances, 11' ceilings, hardwood floors, a lavish owners' suite with a custom walk-in shower, vaulted ceilings in owners' suite and custom millwork throughout, andersen windows, screened-in porch and incredible views. lower: walkout with oversized brs, zoned hvac and more! minutes from everything!
28 photos buyer/agent to verify all info. come see this custom built executive rambler featuring: gourmet style kitchen w/ cust cabinets, solid hardwood flrs on the main lvl, andersen windows, upgraded appliance package, a lavish owners suite w/ a custom walk-in shower, a huge walk-in closet, & much more. lower level includes: 2 additional brs (oversized),an o-sized family rm, and tons of storage!
45 photos w/o rambler in quiet culdesac of fine homes! breathtaking views overlooking wildlife, woods & privacy – includes the morning sunrise captured in kitchen while you enjoy your cup of coffee! the setting cannot be beat! bright & open rooms feature 9’ & 10’ knockdown ceilings! huge mstr suite: w-in clst, whirlpool, ¾ shower, heated ct flrs, tray vault! hw floors! 2 warm gas fplcs! recessed lighting! 2 ldry rms (up/down)! in-floor heat in entire ll! 3+ garage! relaxing aggregate patio!
2 photos timeless classic layout with modern efficiencies sure to impress! custom built home features large mud room with walk in pantry! 4 bedrooms on one level, upper level laundry, open living room design perfect for entertaining, granite countertops, huge master suite, large 3 car garage and much more. choose from many floor plans or bring your own. quality built custom home to meet your needs!
17 photos custom rambler, 4 beds, 3 baths w/all living facilities on main floor. gourmet kitchen w/ss appliances, quartz tops & hardwood floor. large family room w/fireplace & custom built-ins. a great place to entertain! large master suite w/walk-in shower & closet. walkout ll w/2 beds, a full bath & large rec-room. more plans & lots to choose from!
37 photos the carolyn floor pans has an open main floor concept, 4 bed, 3 baths, den, & a 3 car garage. the lavish gourmet kitchen includes: custom enameled cabinets w/crown molding & soft close drawers, quartz tops, ss appliances w/electric range & beautiful wood floors. enjoy your private master suite with walk-in closet & deluxe walk-in shower. don't miss the 2nd floor laundry room w/custom cabinets. w/o ll is just waiting your finishing touches, but read for another bed, bath & rec-room.
36 photos don't let this one go by - at only $109 per sq ft. it's a steal! only relocation gives you this opportunity! 5 spacious bedrooms & laundry on same level. huge master bedroom with vaulted ceilings, walk in closet and private bath suite. freshly painted, granite counters, stainless appliances, hardwood floors, finished walk out lower level. enjoy the huge low-maintenance deck, patio & fenced back yard looking out to the beautiful wetlands and walking trails. home warranty provided.
49 photos what an amazing executive home! this is truly a masterpiece! 4-car garage! large open foyer w/ french door grand entrance! 4 generous bedrooms on the upper level w/ large bonus room! massive great room on the main level for entertaining! 4 season porch with lots of windows for natural light & gas fireplace for a great ambiance! spacious kitchen with high end silestone counter-tops, stainless steel appliances and walk in pantry! gleaming hardwood floors throughout the kitchen and dining area! 5th bedroom on main level can also be used as an office. lower level recently finished with bar area, upgraded bathroom, 6th bedroom, art/game room and large family room for entertaining! walkout the lower level onto a 30 x 15 paver patio w/ high end wall steps! entertain guests on a circular stone bonfire area & horseshoe pits that overlook preserve/wildlife area! very private backyard with a river in the distance! extensive landscaping around the entire property w/ irrigation!
42 photos this home has over $100,000 worth of upgrades outside alone; including outdoor sauna with attached lounge, huge outdoor fire pit, grill, and granite high top w built in fire pit, stamped color concrete, maintenance free deck, and stone work on outside of foundation. inside upgrades include full granite tops and backsplash, luxory vinly plank flooring, stainless steel appliances, hood vent, open concept floorplan, fully finished basement with wet bar, & wine fridge. master bedroom includes en suite walk in closet, master bath with double sink vanity, granite enclosed tub, shower, and upgraded tile. all 4 bedrooms on upper level. laundry on upper level. this home is truely one of a kind!
19 photos award winning builder proudly presents this custom build 4 bedroom/3 bath with upgrades galore. features include: gourmet kitchen with custom cabinets, bosch appliances, custom backslash, solid hardwood floors on main level including the great room, andersen windows throughout, upgraded trim/millwork package. the upper level features 4 bedrooms, computer nook/work station, a lavish owners suite with oversized walk-in closet, a custom walk-in shower and more. agent/buyer to verify measurements.
11 photos superior craftsmanship & customer care. unbeatable quality & built to last by local family owned builder with 40 years of highly satisfied homeowners. enameled trim, quartz tops, stainless appliances, custom mantle, tiled walk in master shower plus today's colors throughout. no association. quick close available!
28 photos rare 4 bedroom lookout home in desirable parkview ponds neighborhood. includes customizable unfinished basement (with a bathroom rough-in and daylight windows). oversized front porch and a 14x22 deck overlooking the pond that has a perfect view for watching the sunrise, sunset or the deer playing in the nature preserve behind the house. highly sought after neighborhood with a park within walking distance, walking & biking trails, close to schools. house includes many built-ins, both in the living room & mudroom. other great features include a gas fireplace, updated bosch dishwasher, gas stove/oven, new carpet, updated paint, a vaulted master ceiling, kitchen soft close drawers, ceiling fans in the bedrooms, nest smoke detectors and thermostat, study nook upstairs, stone stamped decor on the front porch, maple cabinets throughout with solid core doors, brass cabinet accents, wired for sound & security system! don't miss this gem!
19 photos a must see! beautiful home with great view. gorgeous hardwood floors on main floor, open concept design. kitchen includes granite counter tops, stainless steel appliances, walk in pantry and a lot of cabinet space. fireplaces with built ins both main and lower level. three seasons porch with large attached deck overlooking a pond, with stairs to the back yard. master en suite includes walk in shower, jetted tub and oversized walk-in closet. main floor 2nd bedroom is currently being used as an office. walk out finished basement. hot tub on property not included in price but negotiable. surrounded by walking trails.
17 photos superior craftsmanship & customer care. unbeatable quality & built to last by local family owned builder with 40 years of highly satisfied homeowners. enameled trim, quartz tops, stainless appliances, custom mantle plus today's colors throughout. views of pond with no association. quick close available!
45 photos the main level of this beautiful home features a flowing floor plan including a huge center-island kitchen with new premium ss appliances and hardwood floors, a vaulted 4-season porch with fireplace & wrap-around maintenance-free deck, family room with fireplace and den/office. the upper level offers a luxury master suite with granite surround fireplace, jacuzzi bath, walk-in shower, walk-in closet and private commode. the ll is perfect for a big screen, rec. room, exercise or additional family rm. private, fenced backyard with pond and park views.
4 photos a great new design that will become your favorite multi-level home plan! private vaulted owners suite with walk-in shower and extra large 14' walk-in closet! wide open and vaulted great room, kitchen and dining areas with bright windows in every direction. custom cabinets with quartz counter tops and beautiful wood floors. main floor has two bedrooms and a full bath. lower level is finished with a fourth and fifth bedroom along with a full bath and large recreation room.
55 photos bring your fussiest buyers! great two story home with an abundance of living and entertaining space! home features large master suite, new carpet (with spill guard pad), large maintenance free deck (built to hold three season porch), two fireplaces, great views, quiet street & much more! this home won't disappoint!
31 photos the woodland floor pans has an open main floor concept, 3 bed, 3 baths, den, & a 3 car garage. the lavish gourmet kitchen includes: custom cabinets w/crown molding & soft close drawers, quartz tops, ss appl w/electric range, & beautiful wood floors. enjoy your private master suite with walk-in closet & deluxe walk-in shower. don't miss the 2nd floor laundry room w/custom cabinets. l/o ll is just waiting for your finishing touches, but ready for another bed, bath & rec-room.
44 photos located in a quite cul de sac, and backing up to a huge park with huge green space, hockey rink, playground, walking path, and lake that you can swim in! you can view it all atop your recently installed maintenance free deck! this 2013 built mattamy home features an open concept floorplan, hardwood floors, beautiful granite, lots of cabinet space, large mudroom,on the main level. upper level includes 4 bedrooms, large loft, laundry room, and en suite master bath w framed mirros and soaking tub & walk in closet. hunter douglas blinds throughout, & irrigation installed! a great price for what you get! this one will not last, come look today!
12 photos distinctive design build is proud to present the “bridgeport” in the new wild wings neighborhood. this unique, modern floor plan with 2568 finished feet is dressed with quartz counter tops, tile back splash. stainless steel kitchen appliances and custom cabinets. 5 1/4” site finished white enamel baseboards & nylon carpet, 3 1/4" enameled casement with mi dual pane windows. vaulted great room with kitchen and dining, large foyer, upper level laundry room, barn wood & stacked stone gas fireplace. rustic barn wood box vault in the master en suite with double vanity and tile surround shower.
22 photos like-new construction without the hassle of building! with main floor living, and five bedrooms, this beautiful home suits many lifestyles. boasting an inviting front porch, white millwork, volume ceiling, and an abundance of windows to flood both levels with natural light, you'll be charmed! fantastic location near 18- hole southern hills golf course, and offering expansive views of stelszel youth fields. a stairway from the deck leads to the paved walking-biking path and nearby fenced playground. friendly cul-de-sac and farmington schools too!
30 photos beautiful home in mystic meadows, built in 2013! home has an open floor plan w/4 bedrooms on one level and upper level laundry. large gourmet kitchen w/ss appliances, walk-in pantry, silestone counters & large center island. master suite w/ walk-in closet. features include hardwood floors on the main level & stone fireplace. large flat backyard with custom designed deck and sprinkler system. great neighborhood amenities w/many parks & miles of walking/biking trails.
charles merritt homes proudly presents this 3 bed, 3 bath new design with a wide open floor plan! gourmet kitchen features granite counter tops, custom cabinets and walk-in pantry. hardwood floors, high ceilings, and lots of windows. all of this for under 390,000! come see the charles merritt difference.
50 photos well maintained and spacious home! corner lot with a fence. quiet street with great neighbors. 4 bedrooms on the same level + a lower level bedroom and den.
35 photos better than new construction: 2 yr old home with all the bells & whistles. fenced yard, deck, security lights, heated garage, soaring vaults, bar and so much more! bring your fussiest buyers, they won't be disappointed.
34 photos "cameron xl" features open concept main level kitchen, dining, living rm with lvp flooring. beautiful custom white kitchen cabinets, plus walk in pantry for abundance of storage, granite kitchen counters.lower level family rm great for entertaining.upstairs features a large master w private 3/4 bath and walk in closet. 2 add. beds and full bath upstairs. t.c. construction is quality builder, 40 yrs of experience over 5,000 homes built. home packages starting low $300s plans & lots available.
35 photos a must see two-story, walkout! upgraded throughout, beautiful, bright and open home in a great location. main floor family room with fireplace, open to kitchen and dining area. four bedrooms on one level with master bath and large walk-in closet. hardwood floors, stainless steel appliances, granite countertops, window treatments, vaulted ceilings, speakers throughout, composite deck, fenced in yard and custom built storage shed in backyard are just a few of the upgrades and/or improvements you will find in this home. finished lower level has additional bedroom, bathroom and family room along with tons of storage. conveniently located within walking distance to parks, trails, schools, health care, pharmacy, daycare and more (pizza)! you won't want to miss this one!
19 photos 5 bedrooms and 3 baths, 2700 finished square feet in this unique split entry home. upper level features 3 bedrooms and 2 baths, or use one as a den! lower level with 2 additional bedrooms, bath and huge entertainment room! simplify your new home purchase or new home build with a quality country joe home!
32 photos amazing 2 story! featuring fresh model like design & finishes. flowing open floor plan kt/dinning feature hdwd flrs, eat in island, lrg pantry,w/quartz counters, stainless appl open to lving rm w/stone fire plc, built in shelving & open stair case. main flr office with glass french drs.mud rm off garage/kt w/bench.upper lvl 4beds, loft, private master suite & upper laundry. finish light bright lookout lower lvl for total of 3000+ sq ft & instant equity! new carpet through out! sprawling deck walks down to large open private yard w/no house on top of you!
32 photos from the spacious entry to the open floor plan with 10 foot ceilings in the living room, this home will impress from the first steps in. the main floor kitchen features plenty of work and storage space with the dining room attached for ample seating. main floor laundry, bedroom and bathroom allow for single level living. the lower level features a large bedroom with a private bath. the lower level's second kitchen is perfect for entertaining or using the lower level as a private suite. high end finishes throughout include hardwood floors and cambria counter tops.
35 photos stunning key land homes 2015 build! modern open floor plan great for entertaining family and friends. many upgrades including stone fireplace, granite counter-tops, and natural hand-scraped oak floors. three bedrooms and two full bathrooms upstairs with convenient laundry room. spacious master bedroom with private master bathroom featuring full tile walk-in shower and double vanity. fully finished basement with fourth bedroom, full bath, and plumbed for wet bar. huge insulated three car garage. situated nicely in a cul de sac and located near convenient walking trails!
22 photos quality and affordable new construction home brought to you by t.c.construction.open concept kitch/living/dining.custom cabs/granite counters/solid panel doors&more. master on own level.generous allowances for selections. landscaping/sod/irrigation/concrete driveway included in price.3 car garage is ready for all your toys.lower level has room for additional bed and bath. t.c.is a hands on builder with over 40 years of experience and 5000+ homes built.addition lots and floor plans available.
1 photos functional open design sure to please! home features 3 bedrooms on one level, soaring vaulted ceilings, private master suite, hardwood flooring, granite counter tops, and huge entertaining areas. experience quality, while having the flexibility to make your own selections. several other floor plans to select from as well.
31 photos great walk out rambler style home with great views and quiet cul-de-sac. built with the future in mind this home features a 20x20 deck that has support structure in place for an addition of the buyer's choosing or enjoy the beautiful sunsets as is. 3 car garage is over sized, insulated and heated and walks directly into laundry/mudroom. cozy up to the natural stone fireplace in the lower level that walks out to the incredible backyard.
30 photos location! location! is just the beginning here...'amazing private lot' backs to nature preserve w/walking trails to neighborhd park & ball fields.like new 2 story.beautiful open great rm inc, kt w/stainless appl, quartz eat in island,open to dining, great rm w/gas-stone fire place,all walking out to fabulous deck & private nature sanctuary.private master suite w/walk in closet, separate tub & shower.great finishes thru-out. 3 car insulated heated garage, lrg mud rm & in ground sprinkler system.add +1000 sq ft. in your new walkout basement!ready for finishing touches! all ready to move in & enjoy!
20 photos distinctive design build is proud to present another beautiful home in the new regetta fields neighborhood in farmington. this 5 br, 3 ba modern & efficient floor plan w/2386 finished sq ft is dressed w/quartz counter tops/custom cabinets & tile back splash, 20 year warranty carpet, ss appl, energy star rated windows, passive radon mitigation system, spacious master suite w/double vanity. vaulted upper level dining/great room.
36 photos connected to a middle creek park, this lovely two-story home sits on a premium lot with access to park trails, natural green ways and rear privacy. spacious main floor with large open kitchen-hosting large gatherings is easy, as kitchen opens up family room and rear deck. 4 bedrooms on one level! generous master suite has two separate closets, with master bath. rear deck with concrete patio. full basement with walkout, awaiting your finishing touches.
19 photos luxurious one level living quad townhome with 2 beds, 2 baths plus a den w/ 1823 sq ft. open floor plan w/ lots of large windows and natural light. 9' ceilings 42" shaker wood cabinets, hardwood floors granite countertops and upgraded ss appliances. handicap accessible interior and exterior 36" doors. 50 gallon power vented water heater. oversized insulated garage with attached storage room. garage floor by garage floor coatings of minnesota. many upgrades in this beautiful home.
47 photos 5 br, 4ba, 3000+ sq. ft. home on fabulous fenced lot backing to pond & nature preserve. awesome open main level kitchen & dining room with hardwood floors & high vaulted ceiling. upper level has 3 brs, full bath, private master bath & lofted living room w/ gas fp. walkout ll has awesome bar area, a 2nd gas fp, 2 brs, an office & full ba. huge insulated & heated triple garage w/ 9' 3rd stall door. deck of the back and an impressive stamped concrete patio in front.
27 photos main level living with beautiful finished basement with association maintained amenities! former model home gives the best of both worlds detached town home association with maintained exterior! all living facilities on one level! shows like a model and move in ready built in 2015. lots of extras, storage room and top notch finishes make this home stand out!
1 photos custom built split entry with many upgraded features! included walkout basement, 3 bedrooms on 1 level, 5 total bathrooms, soaring vaulted ceilings, hardwood flooring, and open living spaces. great farmington location consisting of other custom built homes. don't miss your opportunity!
17 photos distinctive design build is proud to present another quality home in the new regetta fields neighborhood in farmington. this 4 br, 2 ba modern & efficient floor plan w/1952 finished sq ft is dressed w/quartz counter tops/soft close cabinets & 20 year warranty carpet, ss appl, energy star rated windows, passive radon mitigation system, spacious master suite w/double vanity. vaulted upper level dining/great room.
29 photos full four car garage on this beautiful new construction home. three bedrooms on one level with a fourth and fifth possible in the lower level. unique foyer is welcoming and spacious. bright and cheery - vaulted ceilings and abundant windows that take advantage of the beautiful views. private owner's bathroom. huge basement family room with fireplace. lovely finishes in all of today's most sought after styles. this new listing is not to be missed.
29 photos beautiful completed new construction less than a year old. pristine condition & ready to move in! includes many upgrades and features: open main floor w/luxury vinyl wood flooring, light and bright kitchen w/ ss appliances and full pantry, 3 spacious bedrooms up, ll family room w/gas fireplace, neutral decor, landscaped yard w/sprinkler system overlooking wetland preserve.
44 photos hard to find one level, end unit townhome. pristine condition, move in ready & available for a quick closing. handicap accessible. the spacious kitchen features an array of upgrades including new stainless steel appliances in 2017 which include a gas range, custom tile backsplash & flooring, granite counter tops, 42" inch maple cabinetry, & oil rubbed bronze cabinet hardware & light fixtures. the main level sunroom steps out to the concrete patio to enjoy summer bbq's & overlooking to wooded lot. there are also 2 bedrooms, a guest bath, dining room, living room, laundry w/ commercial grade washer & dryer & master suite on the main level. the master suite has a huge walk-in closet & private bath. the bathroom has dual vanities, separate shower & a large soaking with jacuzzi jets. massive lower level family room with wet bar & included furniture is great for entertaining. this townhome also includes endless storage throughout. schedule your showing this week as it is sure to sell fast!
2 photos handyman special! looking for a rambler with acreage? this is it. this home design was ahead of its time, with an open kitchen, dining and living room area, separate formal living room/dining room, and a master bedroom with a private bathroom. this home needs work and is being sold "as is," but it will be the right home for the right person. additional 3 acres available for sale, as well.
12 photos beautiful rambler in nice location. impressive, open floor plan. custom quarter sawn oak cabinets with soft close drawers & doors with a recycling center. high end granite, tiled backsplash, stainless appliances, counter lights with dimmers complete the kitchen! pantry! nice serving area for entertainment. newer windows, refinished hardwood floors. new carpet and paint. spacious lot with garden area and swing set. private master with ¾ shower and updated vanity and granite top. finished ll with walk-in tiled shower, & large br and fr. plenty of storage in ll, spacious laundry and craft area. work area in garage has cabinets and refrigerator.
1 photos beautiful two story home built by tc construction, inc. open concept main level kitchen features custom cabinets & granite counters. upstairs hosts 3 bedrooms, 2 full baths (including master bath) and laundry room for convenience. landscaping package: sod, irrigation and concrete driveway included. all home packages come with generous allowances for selections of buyers choice. trusted 40+ year builder with over 5,000 homes built. additional lots and floor plans available.
16 photos all new construction with warranty and the colors you pick. walkout basement for you to grow into.solid doors maple cabinets energy features for low energy bills call today to see this plan or others that may fit the budget.
15 photos taxes due in 2019 are $1705.48 low because of disable veteran credit, normal taxes would be approximately $3,818.00. vacant. move in condition, lots of upgrades, open light and bright. walkout, fenced side and back yard, privacy fence along home is nice, neat for parking boat, camper, or trailer. large back yard ideal for pets, kids, garden, whatever your needs. vaulted kitchen/dining/living room area, open, light and bright. owners did not have time to touch up some exterior items like deck.
21 photos this property is move in ready. amazing 4 beds, 2 baths, and 2 stall garages. freshly painted and new stainless appliances. 7 minutes away from hyvee and target.
20 photos welcome home! split entry home with new carpet, paint & appliances to make it move-in ready. open floor plan with a lot of natural light and neutral decor. large, flat backyard with shed for lawn items.
13 photos this hard to find, farmington "open concept" split-entry home, offers vaulted ceilings, a wet bar in the lower level, a deck, hardwood flooring, and a two-car garage. upgraded features include new carpet in select rooms and fresh interior paint.
34 photos lovely home, recently updated with a huge yard and awaiting new owners to make this home their own!
22 photos carefree living in this charming updated home! new furnace, new roof, new kitchen appliances, new washer/dryer. fully fenced in back yard, wonderful patio and bonfire pit in back yard. this home has been updated throughout! don't miss the opportunity to own this beautiful home!
26 photos nestled on a nearly half acre fenced lot with many mature trees, this house is has many of the more expensive updates for the buyer. windows have transferable warranty, roof is 2016, garage door and opener new in 2018, deck in 2017, custom kitchen in 2017! two garden sheds provide numerous outdoor storage options. the insulated garage has cabinets and workbench for storage and space to do projects. fantastic deck overlooks the expansive fenced yard with a fire pit for outdoor fun and recreation.
20 photos great home in farmington offers 4 nice bedroom, 2 baths, updated kitchen with dining area leading to large deck. living room with wood burning fireplace, lower level family room plus 2 bedrooms and 3/4 bath. new roof and sky light! garage is insulated & fully finished with extra storage on sides & in attic above! fully fenced in back yard is well cared for and offers play space for pets or children. close to schools, shopping, dining & parks! you will be glad you looked at this wonderful home.
36 photos well maintained home with great entertaining space both inside & out! enjoy a large deck, 3 season porch (insulated and finished in 2017), nice size family room with gas fireplace/stove, large utility room that can be converted to additional living space, new leaf guard gutters, newer siding and windows, also close to walking trails & more! check it out today!
30 photos lots to love in this beautifully maintained updated home. a fresh new entry with bench seating welcomes you in. 3 beds on one level with new carpet, paint, flooring, ss appliances, counters, updated lighting and new 1/2 bath in ll. master bed has walk-in closet. lower level has dry bar area perfect for entertaining that walks out to fully fenced flat yard and shared park area. great location with lots of walking trails.
24 photos darling walkout rambler with views of hill dee park! light and bright main floor has 2" oak floors, neutral décor and new finishes throughout including stainless appliances and fixtures. the walkout lower level has fabulous entertaining spaces with high ceilings, a gas fireplace, separate play space/office and slider leading to the new, oversized, 2-tiered deck. low maintenance yard with vaulted shed. close-in farmington neighborhood just 1 block to hill dee park and 1 mile to hyvee, target, shops & restaurants. hurry!
17 photos this 1900 built remodeled beauty boasts original hardwood trim, built-in bookshelves and welcoming front porch. updated interior includes totally updated kitchen and baths with new cabinets, countertops and appliances; new vintage wall coverings as well as new windows and flooring throughout. . a spacious yard with storage shed near the garden and newer concrete patio provides a perfect outdoor space on a quiet street, close to downtown, schools and fairgrounds.
33 photos welcome home! to this spacious and charming 1 1/2 story. located within walking distance of downtown farmington. this home features beautiful hardwood floors on the main level. a supersized master suite located upstairs. updated main floor bathroom, newly painted garage and spacious family room addition with vaulted ceiling and gas fireplace. great family room area with a walkout to a newly paved patio. 2 car garage, plus a carport make this property a must see!
19 photos for short notice/after hours showings call appointment phone #, otherwise use bas. contact seller for questions or offers at appointment phone #. contact facilitator buyself realty if any issues/unreturned calls.
19 photos contemporary three level townhome located in the heart of farmington. recently finished lower level. new water heater, water softener (owned) and refrigerator. you'll enjoy the hard to find oversized two car garage with room for storage or workshop. large west facing deck perfect for morning coffee or summer barbecuing. move in ready!
2 photos hard to find end unit overlooking pond, one of the nicest lots in the development. spacious open floor plan with 9' ceilings, over sized windows, big kitchen with breakfast bar and pantry, and ss appliances. upper level 2 bedroom, 2 bath with large loft and huge master bedroom. walking paths and parks, great location. come see!
18 photos do not miss your opportunity for this townhome with a desirable layout that features vaulted ceilings, a loft, and whirlpool tub with separate shower in the main bathroom. property is close to parks, schools, trails, and shopping.
27 photos solid 60s rambler on a nice quiet street! 3 bedrooms on one floor, plus main floor laundry. hardwood floors throughout the living room, hall and bedrooms. oversized (23’5x15’6) 1 car garage plus a storage shed. 4th bedroom downstairs has an egress window and just needs a partial ceiling. steel siding. newer furnace. enjoy the fenced backyard, paver patio, many perennials too! if you’re handy, this could be the fixer upper you are looking for! great equity builder!
13 photos brand new vinyl, carpet and paint throughout home. new furnace & ac 2017. very large functional kitchen with center island which includes overhang for more seating, plus separate counter has another overhang for more stools. large loft upstairs could also be used as third bedroom. over-sized master bedroom with walk in closet and bonus closet. master bath has separate shower and jetted tub. beautiful view of water off of your front patio. convenient location for shopping and recreation.
16 photos great town home that is very clean and updated.new black stainless steel appliances, new sparkling granite counter tops w/ matching granite backsplash, new garbage disposal & water heater, fresh paint,new bamboo floors in living room and stone veneer on the fireplace. 2 bedrooms up, loft area, spacious baths, breakfast bar in kitchen and dining space, and front yard greenspace. close to highways, shopping, schools and parks! come take a look today!!!
26 photos great open floor plan with fireplace. 3 beds, 2 baths, and a 2-car garage. nice walking trail with holding pond out back. buyer agent to verify measurements.
8 photos great starter home in downtown farmington! this home has so much character and potential. beautiful original hardwood floors in main level bedroom. upper level finished with additional bedroom, loft area, and unfinished attack space that could be finished for a great kids secret playroom! new roof, soffits, and siding in 2008! amazing opportunity to make this historic charmer your own!
11 photos this stunning townhome boasts extravagantly large living room windows that create a serene setting throughout the entire home. the home has been completely renovated from top to bottom with brand new vinyl wood flooring throughout the entire main level, freshly painted white kitchen cabinets and new shelving along with newer stainless steel appliances, new white doors and trim throughout the entire home, fresh modern paint palette throughout the entire home, and a custom built-in large dining set in the dining room constructed with additional ample storage in the bench seating provides incredible sophisticated function. the gorgeous vaulted ceilings in the master bedroom, and also in the living room completed with elegant wood beams makes stellar picturesque views that do not disappoint. this home is a must see!!! multiple offers received - highest and best by sunday 4/14/19 at 12pm. | 2019-04-26T03:54:39Z | https://danearthur.com/mn/farmington/residential |
Sławińska A, Serafin Z, Zawada E, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of renal tissue oxygenation with blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging early after transplantation has a limited predictive value for the delayed graft function. Polish Journal of Radiology. 2018;83:389-393. doi:10.5114/pjr.2018.78622.
Sławińska, Agata, Zbigniew Serafin, Elżbieta Zawada, Marcin Białecki, Katarzyna Wypych, Aleksandra Woderska, and Maciej Słupski et al. 2018. "Noninvasive evaluation of renal tissue oxygenation with blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging early after transplantation has a limited predictive value for the delayed graft function". Polish Journal of Radiology 83: 389-393. doi:10.5114/pjr.2018.78622.
Sławińska, Agata et al. "Noninvasive evaluation of renal tissue oxygenation with blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging early after transplantation has a limited predictive value for the delayed graft function." Polish Journal of Radiology, vol. 83, 2018, pp. 389-393. doi:10.5114/pjr.2018.78622.
Sławińska A, Serafin Z, Zawada E, Białecki M, Wypych K, Woderska A et al. Noninvasive evaluation of renal tissue oxygenation with blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging early after transplantation has a limited predictive value for the delayed graft function. Polish Journal of Radiology. 2018;83:389-393. doi:10.5114/pjr.2018.78622.
Renal transplantation is the most effective therapeutic method for end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Unfortunately, there are currently no good markers of early allograft injury, and a kidney biopsy is often required for diagnostic purposes . However, the clinical utility of this approach is not clear. Biopsy also carries the risk of significant graft injury, and it cannot be performed in patients who take anticoagulants . Therefore, current best practice involves vigilant monitoring of simple markers of allograft function, such as serum creatinine and proteinuria. More complex and expensive approaches, such as monitoring of serum anti-HLA antibodies, remain unproven . Thus, a non-invasive, fast, and specific tool that would detect acute allograft parenchymal pathologies is desirable .
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could become a one-stop shop modality for transplanted kidney evaluation, as it is an established method for renal graft morphology and vasculature assessment [4,5]. Recently, several MRI techniques that evaluate renal graft function have been introduced [6-8]. For instance, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) imaging can depict blood flow and parenchymal oxygen bioavailability [9,10], which may be related to renal graft metabolism and thus can become a surrogate biomarker of graft survival.
BOLD MRI can be used for non-invasive estimation of renal parenchymal oxygen concentration. BOLD MRI is based on the paramagnetic effect of deoxyhaemoglobin for indirect depiction of renal oxygenation, whereby an increased oxygen consumption results in an increased deoxygenated haemoglobin concentration. This leads to decreased T2* relaxation times on renal parenchyma images, which can be measured as the rate of spin dephasing (R2* = 1/T2*) . Thus, R2* may be considered as an indicator of renal metabolism . However, factors other than oxygenation, such as perfusion, haematocrit, or microstructure, can influence the deoxyhaemoglobin concentration and thus the R2* values.
It was shown that renal cortical oxygenation, measured with BOLD imaging, was reduced in patients with CKD, and cortical oxygenation level correlated with CKD severity . BOLD imaging was also suggested as a method to diagnose early kidney graft failure [12-17]. To our knowledge, no study has assessed the role of renal cortex oxygenation measurement early after transplantation in the prediction of delayed renal graft function. Therefore, we aimed to assess the feasibility of BOLD imaging in the early period after kidney transplantation in order to establish R2*measurement variability and to verify the value of R2* in predicting delayed graft function.
We performed renal BOLD examinations in 40 kidney graft recipients (patients) and 10 healthy controls. Patients were included if their clinical state enabled MRI examination within the first week after transplantation. Controls with no history of kidney disease were included if their eGFR was ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2. Exclusion criteria were as follows: claustrophobia, metallic implants, dyspnoea, and peritoneal dialysis. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was approved by our University Review Board.
MRI examinations were performed with a 1.5-T scanner (GE Optima 450wGEM, General Electric Healthcare, Waukesha, USA). In patients, the examinations were performed within one week after surgery. Breath-hold, axial, T2WI, multi-gradient-recalled-echo sequences were acquired (TR, 56.4 ms; TE, 1.2-20.6 ms; flip angle, 25°; slice thickness, 8 mm; matrix, 128 × 128). The R2*-parametric maps were generated with a two-parameter fitting algorithm and a confidence level of 0.01. The R2* values were averaged across three ROIs of 10 mm in diameter. ROIs were placed on the largest cross-section of the kidney and were located peripherally within the renal parenchyma in the anterior, middle, and posterior part of the graft (Figure 1).
Measurements in transplant patients were correlated with basic laboratory parameters in the early period after transplantation, including eGFR, serum creatinine concentration (SCr), proteinuria, serum uric acid and glucose concentration, white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), and haematocrit (HCT). The R2* values were also correlated with eGFR and SCr at long-term follow-up. To establish inter-reader reproducibility of measurements, R2* was measured on parametric maps in three cortical regions of interest (ROIs) by two observers, both with five years of experience in abdominal MRI. For intra-reader reproducibility calculation both observers repeated their measurements after six months. Images were anonymised before analysis.
Data were presented as means with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Intra-reader variability and interreader variability were assessed with the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The results from both observers were also tested for differences with repeated measures ANOVA. Standard error of measurement (SEM) was a measure of absolute agreement: SEM = SD (standard deviation) × root (1-ICC). Finally, the minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated as the smallest change in R2* value that could be interpreted as a real difference : MDC = 1.96 × square root of 2 × SEM. Differences in oxygenation estimates between patients and controls were tested with the independent samples t-test. The relationship between R2* values, graft function, and laboratory parameters was analysed with multiple regression and logistic regression. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
The clinical characteristics of patients are presented in Table 1. We rejected examinations of seven patients (18%) due to subjective poor image quality that was related to motion artefacts. Repeated measures ANOVA did not show significant differences between the three ROI values in either of the observers. In a per-ROI analysis, the mean intra-reader CV was 6% for observer A and 9% for observer B, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.79 and 0.87 for observer A and observer B, respectively. In a per-patient analysis, the mean inter-reader CV was 11%, with a wide range of 0% to 66%. The overall inter-reader CV was 14.6%, SEM was 0.10 Hz, and MDC was 0.28 Hz.
The mean cortical R2* value was 11.6 Hz (95% CI: 11.2 to 12.0) in transplant recipients and 15.9 Hz (95% CI: 14.4 to 17.3) in controls (p = 0.0001, Figure 2). On multiple regression analysis, we did not observe any significant relationship between the R2* values and the studied clinical parameters. However, patients with eGFR ≥ 40 ml/min/1.73 m2 had higher R2* values than those with eGFR < 40 ml/min/1.73 m2 (12.0 Hz vs. 11.1 Hz,respectively; p = 0.0189; Figure 3). On ROC analysis, R2* values ≤ 11.7 predicted impaired graft function defined as eGFR < 40 ml/min/1.73 m2; sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 56%, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.708 (p = 0.024; Figure 4).
The mean follow-up duration was 31.3 months (range: 26-45 months). Two patients were lost to follow-up. On the last measurements, the mean SCr was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.20 to 1.58), and the mean eGFR was 53.1 (95% CI: 46.3 to 59.8). At the long-term follow-up, R2* was not a significant predictor of kidney function, and there was no significant difference in post-transplant R2* values between patients with eGFR ≥ 40 ml/min/1.73 m2 and those with eGFR < 40 ml/min/1.73 m2 (11.6 vs. 11.9, respectively). Multiple regression analysis of R2* values and laboratory parameters did not allow the generation of any model to predict either early or delayed graft function.
To our knowledge, we showed for the first time that BOLD imaging performed early after transplantation has a limited value in predicting delayed renal graft function. We found that R2* values were moderately related to early graft function. Finally, based on inter-reader reproducibility analysis, the minimal detectable change in R2* was only 0.28 Hz.
In our study, 18% of patients were excluded from the analysis due to inadequate image quality. Similar rejection rates were reported by Sadowski et al. and Niles et al. but not by other researchers [15,16,20,21]. We suspect that this could have been due to the short time between renal transplantation and scanning. Breathing motions were the main source of image artefacts because, due to pain and common overhydration, patients in the early period after renal transplantation have a limited ability to hold their breath and to lie still in a supine position throughout the entire MRI examination. Thus, neither respiratory-gated nor breath-hold techniques guarantee images free from movement artefacts in this group of patients. However, we preferred breath-hold sequences because of shorter total examination times. Xiao et al. observed a loss of signal in the marginal area of the transplanted kidney because the bowel gas surrounding the kidney caused inhomogeneity in local magnetic fields and susceptibility artefacts. We did not notice this problem in our group.
To our knowledge, renal R2* measurement variability has not been studied. In the current study, the intra-reader CV ranged between 6% and 9%, and the inter-reader variability was 14.6%. In a per-patient analysis, the mean inter-reader presented a wide range of values (0% to 66%), which may be explained by the fact that ROI placement was left to the discretion of observers. The calculated MDC indicated that a difference of 0.28 Hz may be considered significant for different observers or different ROI placement methods. However, it does not take into account the physiological differences that may introduce some variability to repeated scanning. Recently, two studies have assessed the reproducibility of repeated BOLD examinations. In four patients, Park et al. reported that the mean difference in cortical or medullary R2* values between two MRI examinations at a one-month interval was 0.6-3.8%, depending on the sequence used . However, that study lacked statistical power due to a small sample. Thoeny et al., who studied only seven subjects, reported an inter-scan cortical R2* variability of 4.0% .
Several authors have previously tested the relationship between R2* values and graft function. Vermathen et al. did not observe any relationship between eGFR and oxygenation estimates in repeated examinations performed 7 ±3 months after transplantation and 32 ±2 months after initial MRI . Similar results were reported by Seif et al. . In the study by Xiao et al., Scr levels were negatively correlated with R2* values; however, that correlation was weak (Spearman coefficient of −0.29) . In our study, there was no relationship between cortical R2* values and clinical parameters, including eGFR, SCr, and proteinuria. However, we observed a difference in renal cortical oxygenation between patients with eGFR ≥ 40 ml/min/1.73 m2 and those with eGFR < 40 ml/min/1.73 m2, which may indicate decreased graft function. Using this eGFR threshold, R2* values ≤ 11.7 predicted impaired kidney function with good sensitivity (82%) and poor specificity (56%). Thus, the test may be considered to rule out the graft failure but not to confirm it. Based on previous studies and our data, we can suppose that renal cortical R2*values are not strongly related to the common parameters of renal early graft function, including eGFR. Moreover, the role of this method in predicting delayed graft function is limited. We found no relationship between the R2* values measured within a week after transplantation and follow-up eGFR, even if the threshold of 40 ml/min/1.73 m2 was used.
Our study had some limitations. First, we included a small number of participants, but our sample size was comparable to previous studies on renal graft oxygenation. What is more, only two patients were lost for follow-up. However, the role of early R2* measurement for graft function prediction should be assessed in a larger study. Since the mean follow-up duration was over 2.5 years, several factors other than the initial post-transplant renal cortex oxygenation might have influenced the final outcome. To account for such confounders, a larger study will have to be performed. Second, we only measured cortical oxygenation, which was in line with previous studies, such as the significant work by Milani et al. . Finally, averaging over three ROIs might have led to some measurement errors, and averaging over whole cross-sections or even over whole cortical volumes could have been better [11,19]. However, such methods are still experimental and require validation before clinical application.
In conclusion, BOLD MRI-based evaluation of renal graft oxygenation early after transplantation is technically challenging. In practice, an R2* value of 0.28 Hz can be considered as the minimal detectable change. Despite the fact that R2* values are related to eGFR, BOLD has limited potential to predict early graft function. Delayed graft function does not seem to be dependent on early renal cortical oxygenation.
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this type of study, formal consent is not required.
The Institutional Review Board approved the study and did not require additional informed consent for reviewing the patients’ medical records and image.
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However, that size comes with a cost, as Texas has continually struggled with healthcare problems, and some of those problems are issues of substance abuse and mental health. The landscape of addiction treatment programs in Texas is as vast and diverse as the state itself, providing an equal range of challenges, opportunities, and lessons in the fight against drug abuse.
What’s changed? How is Texas transitioning from its lowly healthcare rank to becoming a “national and international model for reform,” where an estimated $2 billion are saved in closing prisons and giving Texas its lowest crime rates in years?
As California refocused its efforts away from going after nonviolent crime (as part of the equally contentious Proposition 47), Rick Perry took note. When the National Association of Drug Court Professionals bestowed upon him the National Award for Criminal Justice Reform, they noted his action in “[combining] accountability and extensive treatment.” Perry himself pointed out Texas’s focus on “specialty courts” that provide exclusive and distinct treatment services for patients from all walks of life, giving millions of Texans an alternative to being put into prison without any care or consideration given to social or mental health factors.
It’s a drastic change from 2010, when Texas came 49th in the country in per capita expenditures for mental health services. Then, the state spent less than $1 for every $3 spent per patient in other states. Today, Texas is closer to the national average for mental health services expenditures.
A specific part of the drive goes towards reducing waitlists at community mental health services. July 2013 saw more than 5,200 adults and 190 children who were waiting to receive care at such facilities. The Texas State Legislature put aside around $48 million for community health centers to hire more psychiatrists, or do whatever they felt was necessary, so that the people who required mental health services the most could get them.
In 2010, the Houston Chronicle broke a story on the rise of prescription drug abuse in Texas, finding that 1,900 of the state’s residents died every year as a result of overdosing on their medication. In response, addiction expert Jane Maxwell led the calls for state legislators to fund a system to track prescription drugs in real time, and to create a system whereby state authorities could monitor overdose deaths to improve their responses.
Today, an organization like the Texas Mental Health Counselors Association works to provide the practice of mental health therapy services and education thereof, as well as influence policy that benefits the field.28 Other groups, like the Bay Area Council on Drugs and Alcohol, or the Mental Health Association of Greater Houston, provide geo-specific services and resources to residents of some of the most populous cities in the United States.
The measures may be working. The Texas Department of Public Safety released statistics that showed from 2007-2008, the state experienced a 5 percent decline in murders, a 4.3 percent drop in robberies, and a 6.8 decline in rapes. The number of parolees convicted of a new crime dropped 7.6 percent, and the number of incarcerations went down 4.5 percent.
And to Rick Perry’s point that his investing in drug courts saved the state billions of dollars, The Daily Beast mentions that it costs the state of Texas $50.04 a day to hold someone in a maximum-security prison. Putting them in an appropriate probationary system costs Texas $3.63 a day.
Texas’s proactive approach in adopting drug courts is part of the reason there are 2,800 drug courts across the United States (as of 2014). Drug courts refer more individuals to treatment programs than any other criminal justice system in America, says Globe News Wire in writing about Rick Perry’s award from the National Association of Drug Court Professionals. Seventy-five percent of the individuals who go through a drug court system are never arrested again, and such programs save up to $13,000 for every person who goes through the system.
For various reasons, Texas has enjoyed (and endured) a reputation for being unrelentingly tough on crime (PBS explains that the state executes more convicts than any other, at a rate that far outpaces any other state). But with a growing understanding of the myriad causes of drug addiction, as well as the harmful effects of wholesale penalization and incarceration, Texas’s forward-thinking approach to changing its landscape of treatment and therapy might be the tipping point in the fight against drug abuse.
In June 2014, the Community Epidemiology Work Group pulled together a report on drug use within the state of Texas. That report, as published by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, contained some good news. For example, cocaine use was on the decline throughout the state, and MDMA use declined as well, though these declines may be due to an increase in abuse of synthetic stimulants and synthetic cathinones. Many people in Texas have turned to the abuse of heroin, and there were 307 calls to poison control centers due to this drug in 2013 alone.
But where there is a problem, there is always a solution. For people living in Texas, that solution involves innovative treatment programs. And there are plenty to choose from in the state of Texas. Here are some of the options available.
Shades of Hope: People with addictions, eating disorders, or both can benefit from enrollment in this treatment program. There are two formats to choose from: One lasts for six days, and the other lasts for 42 days. Both rely on a 12-Step foundation, such as that developed by Alcoholics Anonymous. Since the founders know that the return to home after residential treatment can be fraught, they offer extended residential care after formal treatment. This continuing care plan can help people to learn how to stay sober, even when they’re not living in a protected environment. People who don’t wish to enroll in a residential program can also take advantage of an online-only program that provides counseling from the comfort of a person’s home. Find out more by contacting the facility.
Center for Life Resources: This program was originally designed to assist people with a variety of mental health problems that could impact overall quality of life. As part of that suite of services, program administrators began to deliver outpatient substance abuse services. This help is available to both teens and adults who have substance abuse issues, even if those issues have resulted in legal action. People with financial difficulties may be able to get funding through a grant, so they can get the help they at no cost. Find out more by contacting the administrators.
Serenity House Drug and Alcohol Treatment and Prevention: This is one of the oldest treatment programs in Texas, as it has been serving clients for more than 30 years. During that time, more than 30,000 people have sought care for drug or alcohol addiction through this program. Medical detox, inpatient rehab, and outpatient rehab are all available through this program. Individual counseling, group counseling, and family counseling are all available, too. There is a 12-Step focus to all of the therapies provided. Find out more with a call to 866-795-4673.
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Council for the Concho Valley: This is San Angelo’s only long-term, non-prison drug and alcohol treatment facility. There are two facilities devoted to residential treatment: One is for men, and one is for women. Participants obtain individual counseling, group counseling, relapse prevention training, and outreach to housing placement upon completion. Women with young children can bring them to treatment, and they can receive additional training in parenting skills. The facility also offers outpatient treatment, and there are multiple support groups to attend, too. Medicaid is accepted, and there is financial assistance for people who qualify.
Summer Sky Treatment Center: This drug and alcohol treatment program has served over 10,000 people since it opened in 1985. Men and women, adult or adolescent, are welcome in this program. Most people begin with a free consultation to ensure that they are right for the program. Then, medical detox followed by placement in either inpatient or outpatient treatment is provided. Treatment programs last for 30 days or 90 days, and significant aftercare services are provided, to keep people on track after the program is complete. Admission staff is available around the clock.
Star Council: This program is mainly known for drug and alcohol abuse prevention. Teams often provide counseling to teens and preteens in a classroom environment, hoping to help these young people avoid the perils of drugs and alcohol as they age. This program also provides treatment for people who are 18 and older who suffer from addiction. Services include an in-depth assessment, onsite drug testing, individual counseling, group counseling, parenting education, and more. Medicaid and private insurance are both accepted, and there is a sliding scale of fees for those who cannot afford the full price of admission. There are four locations to choose from.
Touchstone Ranch Recovery Center: This program provides more than a simple treatment program for addiction. Program administrators incorporate equine-assisted therapy into all of the treatment programs offered. That means people who enroll in these programs have the opportunity to spend time with, work with, and learn from horses. That opportunity could bring about healing that people just never thought possible. Care is delivered on an inpatient basis, and most private insurance policies are accepted. The program does not accept Medicaid, Medicare, or Tricare. Call 888-988-5128 to find out more.
La Hacienda Treatment Center: La Hacienda opened for business in 1972, and since that time, thousands of people have come to this treatment program for care. It is a residential facility that offers four fulltime, board-certified medical doctors and one fulltime, licensed psychiatrist on staff. That team of medical doctors is supported by more than 55 licensed professionals, including physicians and nurses. Around-the-clock medical care is provided in the medical detox unit, and daily checkups are provided to anyone enrolled in the program. Counseling, therapeutic activities, and meditation are all provided as part of the healing process. The campus is situated high on a hill, overlooking a gorgeous Texas valley. Most private insurance payments are accepted.
Hill Country Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse: This nonprofit organization offers a variety of mental health services to people in need. Outpatient treatment programs for drug addiction are available, as are court-ordered treatment programs. A confidential assessment starts the process rolling, and when that is complete, professionals provide a referral to the appropriate level of care. The program also offers case management to people with complex issues that might require a variety of different solutions.
Archway Recovery Center: This program is designed for people who struggle with sobriety, but who do not need to live in a residential program in order to get better. In most cases, people who use this program have completed a residential program, and they need additional treatment before they can live at home. Archway uses sober living homes for safe housing, and participants enroll in intensive outpatient programs at Archway for their recovery. Traditional 12-Step programming is provided, augmented with equine-assisted therapy. Major private insurance programs accepted.
Cenikor: This organization has multiple outlets, including some in Louisiana and many in Texas. It’s been in operation since 1967, and it is a completely nonprofit organization. People with an addiction to alcohol or drugs can benefit from medical detox, followed by either long-term or short-term inpatient programming. When that is complete, people may benefit from additional care on an outpatient basis. That’s also available at Cenikor. Men and women, adults and adolescents, are welcome to enroll. Most insurance plans, state funding, and sliding-scale private pay are all available to make care affordable. Each facility has its own strengths and inner beauty. Enrollment coordinators can help families to find the right program for them.
Stonegate Center Recovery Community: This residential addiction treatment program is marketed as an affordable option for men struggling with alcohol and/or drug abuse. The treatment setting is home-like, allowing men to come together and learn from one another. Counselors focus on providing one-on-one interactions, rather than group counseling, so the men can obtain personalized and customized care for their addictions. The therapy has a Christian focus, and men are encouraged to augment that spiritual care in their private time. Private insurance programs are accepted, and the enrollment staff is willing to call ahead for referrals and other enrollment paperwork details. Lending options are available, too.
Starlite Recovery Center: This recovery center has been in business for more than 50 years. Substance use disorders are the primary focus of care, but people with mental health disorders may also benefit from treatment in this facility. There are several different tracks or programs available. The young men’s program is for people ages 18-28, the adult program is for men and women older than 18, the Christian program offers a faith-based recovery focus, and the freedom program is made for people in the LGBTQ community. There’s also a family treatment program for people who hope to support someone in the midst of a recovery plan. The campus is located on 55 acres of Texas hill country, and there’s an equine component to some programs. Private insurance payments are accepted, but people should expect to go through a referral and screening process before enrollment.
ABODE Treatment, Inc.: This organization’s name is an acronym that stands for Adult Basic Opportunity Development Environment. In essence, the developers of this organization believe that adults struggle to overcome addiction or behavioral issues due to a lack of basic skills. The developers hope to help adults boost those skills, and they have several different program tracks that might help. Some people benefit from residential, inpatient care. Others benefit from outpatient care. Some need both, as they aren’t ready to head home when inpatient treatment is complete. Administrators can provide placement assistance, to help guide enrollment in the right program. There are two residential facilities and four outpatient facilities available.
Phoenix Associates Counseling Services, Inc.: With locations in both the Dallas and the Fort Worth areas, this organization aims to offer intensive outpatient treatment programs for addiction without cutting into a busy professional’s work or home life. Meetings are held in evenings and on weekends, when most businesses are closed. The treatment team is small, and the staff endeavors to provide large-scale treatment with a small-town feel.
Christian Farms Treehouse: A Christian environment of health and healing characterizes this program. Men and women are welcome to enroll in this residential treatment facility for help with addictions, mental health issues, or both. This program emphasizes 12-Step meetings and 12-Step learning, in addition to specific life skills, including parenting skills. Residents have access to group counseling, individual counseling, relapse prevention planning, and exercise opportunities. There is 24-hour-per-day supervision available, and there are opportunities for entertainment, including televisions and a fully stocked library. Medicaid is accepted, as are private pay options.
Managed Care Center for Addictive and Other Disorders: This private, nonprofit organization was formed to deliver a comprehensive continuum of care for people struggling with addiction issues. The organization provides some addiction awareness resources, including classroom education, but the group also provides both inpatient and outpatient programs for addiction. There are also special services available for women, adolescents, and people with co-occurring mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety. Services are available to everyone, regardless of their ability to pay for care. An enrollment screening is required in order to determine proper treatment placement.
Tarrant County Medical Education and Research Foundation: This organization was founded in 1970 by a group of treatment professionals who wanted to deliver drug and alcohol recovery services to people in the community who might not be able to pay for those services with private funds. This nonprofit agency is funded, in part, by the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse. It can offer low-cost or even free services to people who meet specific financial guidelines. Services provided include a methadone maintenance treatment program, addiction counseling, and referrals to additional care.
Maintenance and Recovery Services: Medications are often key to long-term recovery from a painkiller or heroin addiction. This organization, known by its acronym MARS, offers methadone and Suboxone therapies for people in recovery. In addition to medications, the facility offers counseling, education, and addiction resources. Group counseling, individual counseling, and couples counseling are all available, offered by trained and qualified counselors and therapists. Financial assistance is available to those who qualify. Call 512-339-9757 for more information on the North Austin campus.
Lubbock Lighthouse: Medication management for opiate/opioid addiction is the focus of this treatment program, but the program offers much more to people who enroll. Clients also have access to a variety of counseling options. People can work with licensed counselors, therapists, and other mental health specialists. They can attend 12-Step support group meetings, and their families can access their own form of counseling to boost the chances of healing. Meetings are held at convenient times, so people aren’t required to miss work in order to get well. Private payment is accepted, and fees are kept low.
Aspire Addiction Recovery Center: This facility focuses on action-based learning. People who enroll in this intensive outpatient program for addiction are asked to engage in daily activities with a high level of responsibility, so they can learn to define their ability to live in recovery. Therapies provided are evidence-based, so they have a background in solid science. There are two locations to serve people in Texas. People can continue to live at home while getting help from Aspire, or they can live in one of the nearby sober living homes while in care, so they have a safe and sober place to stay while they heal.
Great Oaks Recovery Center: This facility, located in Egypt, Texas, provides a full continuum of addiction care. That includes medical detox, residential-based rehab, and continuing care. A typical client of this facility will go through a thorough assessment process, move into the facility for treatment, and then stay engaged with the staff and alumni after treatment is complete. The facility itself is truly gorgeous, with lush grounds and high-end decorating touches. Major insurance programs are accepted.
Covenant Hills Treatment Center: This Christian-based treatment center is part of the Pacific Hills family of rehab facilities. The program specializes in helping people with co-occurring mental health issues, as well as people who have a history of relapsing to alcohol or drugs. Clients can choose from a traditional 12-Step recovery track or a modified Christian 12-Step program. All clients are asked to participate in individual counseling, lectures, group counseling, and psychotherapy. All clients are also asked to develop a personal relationship with a Christian God. Enrollment comes with a guarantee. Those who complete treatment and relapse within one year can return for a week of treatment at no cost. Most major insurance programs are accepted.
Benchmark Recovery Center: This luxury addiction treatment program in Austin, Texas, is made for people who have a history of dropping out of traditional treatment. These people need longer and more intense treatment stays in order to combat an addiction, and they can get that at Benchmark. The facility is on 70 acres of gorgeous grounds, and the programs offered are gender-specific. After spending 90 days in a residential program that focuses on the 12 Steps, people move into company-owned sober living communities for a full 12 months of aftercare monitoring. This is an intense program that isn’t right for everyone, but people who just haven’t been able to recover in traditional treatment might benefit from this program.
Burning Tree: This program is also made for people who have a history of chronic relapse to alcohol or drugs. This residential program uses a 12-Step recovery approach, and people can enroll in one of two beautiful treatment facilities: One is in Dallas, and the other is in Austin. Both have vibrant recovery communities that help to boost the chances of long-term recovery success. These communities also have active employment scenes, and Burning Tree works to place clients in rewarding jobs, which also helps to boost sobriety. People can stay at Burning Tree as long as they would like, as there is no forced graduation out of the program after a specific timeframe.
Sunspire Health Texas: 3800 Country Road 444, Princeton, TX 75407. This facility offers detox, residential, partial hospitalization, intensive outpatient, and LGBT tracks.
Right Step: Over 20 Texas locations. 844-817-0968. This facility offers medical detox, intensive outpatient, partial hospitalization, and sober living.
The Arbor Treatment Center: 1443 CR 103, Georgetown, TX 78626. This facility offers residential care for addiction, including medical detox. It accepts both insurance and private pay.
The Last Resort: 1620 FM 535, Smithville, TX 78957. This program is for men only. It provides partial hospitalization and residential care for addictions, including addictions complicated by dual diagnoses. Insurance and private pay are accepted.
The Springboard Center: 200 Corporate Drive, Midland, TX 79705. Inpatient detox, intensive outpatient, and residential care are all provided. Insurance and private pay are accepted.
Sante Center for Healing: 914 Country Club Rd., Argyle, TX 76226. Residential treatment and intensive outpatient treatment are available. Major insurance programs are accepted, as well as private pay.
Enterhealth Ranch: 524 N. Lincoln Park Rd, Van Alstyne, TX 75495. Residential treatment with a medical focus, made for people with a dual diagnosis issue, is the focus of this facility. Insurance company payments are accepted.
Promises Austin: 840 Co Rd 420, Spicewood, TX 78669. Medical detox and residential treatment are provided on a luxury campus.
Grapevine Valley Hope: 2300 William D. Tate Ave., Grapevine, TX 76051. Inpatient and outpatient addiction treatment are offered. Private insurance is accepted.
The Ranch at Clear Springs: 3662 Patton Lake Road, Aquilla, TX 76622. Residential treatment for drugs and alcohol is provided on a luxurious campus in the heart of Texas.
Phoenix House: 400 W. Live Oak St., Austin TX 87804. 888-671-9392. Adults and adolescents can get assistance with addiction, mental health issues, or both at this residential treatment program. Major insurance company payments are accepted.
Nexus Recovery Center: Two campuses in Dallas. Treatment for adolescent and adult women is available. Mothers can bring their children with them into treatment. Payment options are available for low-income women.
Carrollton Springs: 2225 Parker Rd., Carrollton, TX 75010. Inpatient and outpatient mental health and addiction care is available on a gorgeous campus. Insurance payments are accepted.
The Ranch at Dove Tree: 1811 13th St., Lubbock, TX 79401. Residential treatment with a customized approach is available. Major insurance providers are accepted at this beautiful west Texas location.
Cheyenne Center: 10525 Eastex Fwy, Houston, TX 77093. Residential, transitional residential, and outpatient treatment for addiction is available with a nondenominational approach.
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“Why Is Texas #1 In Executions?” (n.d.) PBS. Accessed September 11, 2015. | 2019-04-25T22:38:35Z | https://www.greenhousetreatment.com/texas-treatment/ |
The Fairfax County Economic Development Authority (FCEDA) promotes Fairfax County, Virginia, as one of the world's best business locations, and our offices around the globe work with businesses interested in expanding in the U.S. market. We are delighted to have this opportunity to tell you about some of our recent work at our Tysons headquarters and our satellite offices to help companies.
Four cities in 10 days. That was the schedule in February when the FCEDA Emerging Technologies Roadshow visited the key Indian cities of Hyderabad, Bangalore, Pune and Delhi.
The tour promoted Fairfax County as a choice business destination for Indian IT companies. Speakers spotlighted opportunities in the emerging technologies of data science, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence and blockchain.
The FCEDA met with more than 80 company executives, many of whom indicated an interest in learning more or possibly expanding their business to the county.
During the event in Bangalore, the FCEDA announced that Systech Services Limited had just begun operations in Fairfax County, establishing its office in the Tysons area. The company specializes in cybersecurity and is looking to promote their new product – Kavach (which means “armor” in Hindi) in the U.S. market.
By tour’s end, many attendees had demonstrated a sincere appreciation for the time and effort taken by a local county government organization such as the FCEDA to provide information about the business ecosystem and business expansion opportunities.
Datacloud has been touted as the defining forum for international data center, cloud and edge executives. Datacloud also provided a forum for the launch of Interglobix magazine, a new publication being published in the Herndon area of Fairfax County. The issue featured a Fairfax County cybersecurity story by Asher Kotz, the FCEDA’s business development manager for cybersecurity.
The FCEDA attended an interactive session regarding business opportunities in the U.S. for pharma and IT companies on January 14 in Mumbai.
The event was organized by the Indo-American Chamber of Commerce. Multiple attendees expressed an interest in expanding to the U.S. and were open to learning about the benefits of Fairfax County.
Intersolar India, the world’s leading exhibition series for the solar industry and its partners, held its 2018 session in December at the Bangalore International Exhibition Centre.
The FCEDA was on hand to meet with companies from around the world who shared an interest in increasing the amount of solar energy being utilized. Some of those companies are also interested in bringing their technologies to the U.S.
The FCEDA met with company representatives at the Bangalore Tech Summit on November 29. A strategic platform for industries and technologies to better understand and to leverage the latest technical innovations, the theme of this year’s event was Innovation and Impact.
Two weeks earlier, the FCEDA was in Mumbai for the Business Opportunities/Business Immigration in USA event, hosted by the Federation of Indian Export organizations. The seminar’s objective was to educate Indian companies about available opportunities in the world of export as well as opportunities in the U.S.
IDEMIA, based in Paris, announced on December 19 that it will relocate its North American headquarters to Reston in Fairfax County from Billerica, Mass., outside of Boston.
The company, a trusted partner to U.S. government agencies for more than 50 years, is a leading innovator in biometric technology and solutions used by states and many federal agencies, including the Department of State and Department of Homeland Security.
IDEMIA, which will create 90 new jobs in its Fairfax County location, provides 80 percent of all U.S. driver’s licenses and ID-issuance solutions for 37 of 50 U.S. states.
Markus van Tilburg from the FCEDA Europe Office participated at the Cyber Security Week 2018 from Oct. 3-5.
FCEDA partner The Hague Security Delta organized the event, which was attended by 4,400 participants from more than 70 countries and took place the same week as the Europol - INTERPOL Cybercrime Conference.
Held at multiple locations in The Hague, the events provided an opportunity to meet key players, discuss the latest developments, share knowledge and to pitch the FCEDA’s value proposition to target companies. FCEDA’s Europe office organized two days of meetings with Promising cybersecurity candidates to discuss possible strategies for market entry to the U.S.
The FCEDA Europe team held several meetings with companies at the IT-SA in Nürnberg.
With more than 14,000 visitors, the event is Europe’s largest expo for IT security. Since 2009, companies with expertise in cloud computing, mobile, cybersecurity, data and network security have attended the exhibition, which offers a unique platform for C-Level experts and IT security officers from industry, services, and administration to meet developers and providers of products and services for IT security.
The 2018 meetings offered space in three halls for 700 exhibitors from 27 countries to present their latest security solutions. The show also provided an opportunity to follow up with the latest European investors in Fairfax County, including EclecticIQ, which operates its North American headquarters in the Fairfax area of the county.
On February 21, the FCEDA hosted a roundtable discussion and video conference about doing business in Europe and being prepared for any Brexit scenario. The event, held at FCEDA headquarters in Tysons, Va., was initiated by the Dulles Regional Chamber of Commerce’s International Business Committee in collaboration with US2Europe.
US2Europe is, a platform of U.S. and European service specialists based in The Hague, The Netherlands. Its objective is to facilitate trade in Europe for U.S. exporters by focusing on issues such as trade, tax and legal, logistics and compliance.
Peter Sanders, managing partner PSPS Consultants and founder of US2Europe, moderated the program, which included an insightful presentation by Stan de Caluwe, senior manager Supply Chain Solutions for the Holland International Distribution Council.
Amsterdam-based Spaces, which provides shared office space solutions to entrepreneurs and companies looking for both short-term and long-term solutions opened its new location in the Reston area of Fairfax County in December.
Spaces, an IWG company, has more than 3,000 locations globally, including several in the Washington, D.C., area. The Reston location, situated near the Wiehle-Reston East Metro Station, offers 42,000 square feet of contemporary design with 364 co-working desks.
In one of his final international projects prior to his retirement from the FCEDA on January 4, Gerald L. Gordon, Ph.D., prepared a column for the UK-based International Airport Review.
Gordon outlines reasons why Fairfax County is the place for emerging aeronautic businesses to be in the piece published November 27. “The advantages that Fairfax County offers are clear, with the proximity to major customers such as the Department of Defense (DoD), the U.S. Federal Government, and access to global markets through Washington Dulles International Airport,” Gordon writes.
Throughout 2018, the FCEDA in the UK conducted a series of road shows focused on “Doing Business in the USA.” The FCEDA worked closely with local chambers of commerce and speakers such as bankers, lawyers and shipping specialists.
The chambers chose the venues at which the FCEDA spoke and some were quite interesting.
In October, the FCEDA spoke at both Blackpool Football Ground and at the Aerospace Museum in Bristol.
The FCEDA in the UK works very closely with the Farnborough Aerospace Consortium (FAC), the trade body for Aerospace primes, SMEs and professionals in southeast England.
With representatives of the FCEDA in attendance in November, Jeremy Greaves, head of public affairs for Airbus, discussed the impact of BREXIT and current US-UK trade relations to a packed crowd in the 18thcentury surroundings of Tylney Hall, Hampshire.
Databricks, headquartered in San Francisco since 2013, has continued its expansion, making the Tysons area of Fairfax County one of its 12 global office locations.
Fairfax County offers unparalleled market access to large public and private-sector clients, IT vendors, systems integrators and exceptional internet infrastructure. Seventy percent of the world’s internet traffic passes through Northern Virginia’s Internet exchange points and data centers, keeping the county at the center of the big data explosion.
With backing from some of the most prominent venture capital groups in the world including Andreessen Horowitz, NEA Battery Ventures and IN-Q-TEL, Databrick’s mission is to accelerate innovation for its customers by unifying data science, engineering, and business.
Given its growth, Databricks is an excellent fit for Tysons, which continues to serve as a leading location for big data and analytic enterprises. The company announced an initial workforce of 15 in its Fairfax County location.
The FCEDA participated at the AI & Big Data Conference & Expo held on Nov, 28 at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Silicon Valley. The event showcased the next generation oftechnology and strategies from the world of artificial intelligence and big data.
The event provided an opportunity for representatives from the FCEDA’s Tysons Corner headquarters and California offices to meet with dozens of companies and entrepreneurs. There were more than 13,000 attendees, with 500 speakers and 350 exhibitors.
One of the FCEDA’s goals is to be visible at high-profile events such as the AI & Big Data Conference in order to meet directly with the cutting edge companies and entrepreneurs and to showcase the attributes of our dynamic County. This event provided an outstanding opportunity, given Fairfax County’s focus on attracting technology expertise in emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, cybersecurity, data analytics, machine learning and virtual reality.
The FCEDA, which has maintained a West Coast office since 2006 with a Los Angeles location since 2011, took part in Los Angeles’ premier startup event, TechDay LA, on September 27.
The one-day exhibition, which took place at The Reef, is the city’s largest expo and conference exclusively for the technology startup community. With about 7,500 attendees and 250 startups, the show included an exhibition area, fireside chats, community partnering, accelerator alley and a live demo stage.
TechDay provides the FCEDA a platform from which to network and meet with many of southern California’s new and growing startups. The FCEDA’s LA office serves as a resource for California companies that are interested in expanding to a premier location on the east coast.
On November 13, Amazon officially announced that northern Virginia site would become a destination for its second headquarters (HQ2). That decision will ultimately create tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of investment in the Washington, D.C., and Northern Virginia region.
The announcement ended a 14-month competitive search process that received 238 applications from across the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Four Northern Virginia sites, including one jointly proposed by Fairfax and Loudoun counties, were among 20 finalists considered by Amazon.
Having HQ2 in Northern Virginia is expected to bring important jobs, business diversity and innovation to Fairfax County. Importantly, it will serve to attract west coast companies that wish to work with Amazon and create opportunities to build partnerships. Proximity to the federal government and Washington Dulles International Airport as well as an exceptional talent base from which to draw continue to be other factors for major companies to select Fairfax County and Northern Virginia.
The FCEDA has entered a partnership with Knowledge Jobs Forum, which is initiating a variety of incubating and acceleration programs to support members who wish to expand their businesses through global market partnerships with international organizations. The Korean-American Chamber of Commerce in the U.S. and Israel Advanced Technology Industries in Israel are also partners.
Andrew Yu, the FCEDA’s business development manager for Asia, attended a Knowledge Jobs Forum event in December where he discussed the business environment of Fairfax County, services available through the FCEDA, and cooperation to support Korean high-tech companies with an eye on expanding businesses in Fairfax County.
Knowledge Jobs Forum is a non-profit organization registered under the Korean Ministry of SME and Startups. The Forum’s mission is to promote knowledge-based job creation through cooperation among industrial associations, governmental bodies and the national assembly of Korea. Forum members include experts in intellectual properties, software and content properties and tech-driven startups. The Forum aims to protect rights of creators and developers and to incubate and accelerate their business for sustainable growth.
PSI International, a Korean-owned IT provider, continues to grow, announcing in the fourth quarter of 2018 that it will add 50 new jobs in 2019.
The company recently moved to new 10,000-square-foot headquarters in the Fairfax area of Fairfax County. It’s not the first time PSI has moved. The company, founded in 1977, moved to the Washington, D.C. area in 1984.
PSI has expanded beyond the boundaries of a traditional IT company, providing a blend of technology, health science, and social-services support to clients around the world.
The company’s subject-matter expertise and technical capabilities resulted in contracts for U.S. government agencies including the Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Veterans Affairs and NASA.
The Global SMEs Business Council (GSBC) is a non-profit association, certified by the Korean Ministry of SMEs & Startups. GSBC is providing consulting services for SMEs to enter global markets and developing new business through collaboration with small and medium-sized enterprises worldwide.
The FCEDA’s Andrew Yu met with GSBC and its member companies during his December visit to Korea and discussed how to create soft landings for Korean SMEs thinking about doing business in Fairfax County.
Dr. Young Hee Ro, president of GSBC, is in charge of the collaboration effort and is preparing the GLACE (Global Alliance Center) Platform through work with agencies in the European Union, China, South America, Korea, and the U.S.
FCEDA Korea Office Director Charles Kim attended the IT Expo Busan & Cloud Expo Korea held at the Busan Exhibition and Convention Center in September.
At the exhibition and conference, Kim had one-on-one meetings with Korean ICT companies that are expanding their business to the U.S. market. He introduced Fairfax County as a prime location for Korean ICT companies that wish to start, relocate or expand their business in the U.S. and cited FCEDA services, advantages of doing business in Fairfax County including the proximity to Washington, D.C., and resources available for Korean high-tech companies.
Kim also attended the 2018 Korea Sourcing Matching Fair organized by the Anyang Creative Industry Promotion Agency. There, he conducted individual meetings with ICT and high-tech companies in Anyang City and discussed business opportunities in the U.S. commercial and government procurement markets.
More than 200 members of the Washington-area air travel and business communities turned out in Tysons Corner on February 21 to celebrate United Airlines’ upcoming nonstop service between Washington Dulles International Airport and Tel Aviv’s Ben Gurion Airport.
“Our organization is very excited with the conclusion of a project that started about 10 years ago,” said Jan Mul, international marketing director of the Fairfax County Economic Development Authority (FCEDA), which collaborated with United Airlines and the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) in organizing the gala. “From an economic development perspective, I cannot stress enough the importance of Dulles International Airport in our region.
Dulles International sits at the western edge of Fairfax County, about 25 miles from Washington, D.C. The airport serves as a hub for United Airlines, which will begin its Dulles-to-Tel Aviv service on May 22.
Jack Potter, president and CEO of MWAA and Steve Morrissey, United’s vice president of international regulatory and policy, agreed that they’d like nothing more than to see the service, which will initially operate three times a week, expand to daily service in short order.
“The Washington-Tel Aviv air travel market has grown by more than 40 percent in the past five years, showing clear demand for this important route,” Potter said.
In November, the FCEDA team sponsored the fifth Israel HLS & Cyber International Conference and Exhibition, also held in Tel Aviv.
That event showcased Israel’s unique security and cyber defense capabilities for more than 5,000 attendees from more than 80 countries. Hundreds of Israeli companies were among the participants.
Yair Ephrati, the FCEDA’s Israel director, moderated a panel on Fin Tech Cybersecurity challenges. The FCEDA team met with a significant number of companies working in the fields of homeland security and cybersecurity, many of which expressed an interest in expanding to Fairfax county, a recognized hub for homeland security and cybersecurity industries in the U.S.
The FCEDA was represented at the Cybertech Tel Aviv Conference & Exhibition, January 28-30. The sixth annual Cybertech TLV is the largest event of its kind outside the United States and is considered a prime meeting place for cyber-industry leaders, academics and technology experts to show and share their innovations.
Green Vision Systems, an Israel-based company with U.S. Headquarters in the Reston area of Fairfax County, and Davis Paige Management Systems LLC, a Fairfax County veteran-owned company, signed a teaming agreement to facilitate a joint solution toward detecting bio-chemical threats. With active support from the Fairfax County EDA team, GVS and Davis Paige are collaborating with Beth-El Industries, an Israeli company, to provide an integrated solution to handle biochemical threat detection, force protection, and facility management. The joint solution will be deployed to address future and current demands for U.S. agencies including the DoD, DoJ, and DHS.
Israeli cloud security company Avanan, with an office in the Reston area of Fairfax County, announced on December 17 that it had closed a $25 million financing round. The company has raised $41 million since 2014. Avanan' technology allows companies to operate existing data security systems on a cloud, even though their systems may have been designed for use on physical servers. Fairfax County’s innovation ecosystem enables hundreds of companies in the area with cybersecurity, cloud, and data center technology to quickly grow their business and leverage the proximity to large federal government agencies.
Cyren, a leader in cloud security, with U.S. headquarters in the Tysons area of Fairfax County, announced in September that its Cyren Web Security platform won the "Overall Secure Web Gateway Solution of the Year" award, from Cybersecurity Breakthrough, an independent organization that recognizes top companies, technologies and products in the global information security market. With powerful policy and reporting capabilities, Cyren Web Security protects employees from advanced malware, ransomware and phishing on all devices with real-time visibility. This was the second year in a row that the Cyren platform won this award.
Yair Ephrati, Fairfax County Israel director, and the CEO of Value Base M&A, attended the December 17 America-Israel Chamber of Commerce Gala. Hundreds of member companies and organizations also attended, marking a strong year for the nations’ business ties and strategic initiatives.
On October 15, Bar Shamrich, from the Israei team attended the AUS&R conference in Rishon-Lezion, Israel. The conference hosted Israel’s leading figures from the military, security forces anddefense industries and included live demonstrations of unmannedautonomous systems and a massive exhibition by industry vendors. Shamrich met with several UAV companies with an interest in expanding to the U.S. market and presented the value proposition of Fairfax County and the EDA’s services.
The FCEDA reported that it worked with 142 companies, leading to the creation of nearly 8,900 new jobs in the county in 2018. Of those 142 firms, 43 hail from countries outside the U.S.
On November 13, Amazon announced that a northern Virginia site would become a destination for its second headquarters (HQ2). That decision will ultimately create tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of investment in the Washington, D.C. and northern Virginia region.
Having HQ2 in northern Virginia is expected to bring important jobs, business diversity and innovation to Fairfax County. Importantly, it will serve to attract global companies that wish to work with Amazon and create opportunities to build partnerships. Proximity to the federal government and Washington Dulles International Airport as well as an exceptional talent base from which to draw continue to be other factors for major companies to select Fairfax County and the northern Virginia region.
Latest numbers place the number of foreign-owned companies in the county at 437, including 64 from the U.K., 64 from Korea, 34 from Israel and 30 from India. European firms with German, French and Dutch ownership account for 74 more firms.
More than 200 members of the Washington-area air travel and business communities turned out in Tysons on February 21 to celebrate United Airlines’ upcoming nonstop service between Washington Dulles International Airport and Tel Aviv’s Ben Gurion Airport.
Jack Potter, president and CEO of MWAA, and Steve Morrissey, United’s vice president of international regulatory and policy, agreed that they’d like nothing more than to see the service, which will initially operate three times a week, expand to daily service in short order.
KPMG LLP is headquartered globally in Amstelveen, Netherlands, but it’s growing by leaps and bounds in Fairfax County.
The company, one of the world’s largest professional services firms, recently announced it will invest more than $30 million to expand its Tysons Corner operations in Fairfax County with a project that will create more than 500 new jobs.
KPMG will occupy up to seven floors of the 20-story Boro Tower, which is nearing completion.
“We’re committed to Fairfax County and are excited about the growth that we’re seeing here in world-class innovation and leading-edge technology – two areas that align with our own core services and strategic approach” said Jerry Carlson, who oversees KPMG professionals in the Washington Metro area. KPMG, which specializes in financial, tax and advisory services, has more than 200,000 worldwide employees and will have close to 2,000 in Fairfax County.
IDEMIA, based in Paris, announced on December 19 that it will relocate its North American headquarters to Reston in Fairfax County from Billerica, Mass., outside of Boston. The company is planning a ribbon-cutting event in the spring to celebrate its new space.
As part of the larger mission of promoting Fairfax County as one of the world’s best business locations, the Fairfax County Economic Development Authority (FCEDA) has launched an Instagram account, adding this platform to its social media portfolio.
The FCEDA Instagram account (https://www.instagram.com/fairfaxcountyeda) will provide updates and information on Fairfax County business news, announcements along with facts and statistics highlighting the Fairfax County economy.
The FCEDA can also be found on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter. | 2019-04-23T02:45:16Z | https://www.fairfaxcountyeda.org/our-global-presence/global-news |
In a letter to UMass chancellor Kumble Subbaswamy, the organizations also requested that in the future, UMass faculty will be prohibited from using the university’s name or resources to further their own personal or political agenda.
“Providing the imprimatur of three academic departments to such a politically motivated and directed event violates the core academic mission of the university, suppresses student expression and impedes the free exchange of ideas so essential for any university,” it continued.
The May 4 event, titled “Not Backing Down: Israel, Free Speech & the Battle for Palestinian Rights,” is being organized by the NGO Media Education Foundation (MEF), whose director, Sut Jhally, is also a UMass professor and chair of the communication department.
The groups alleged that Jhally’s actions violate the UMass Amherst Principles of Employee Conduct.
Speakers will include supporters of the anti-Israel BDS movement, including musician Roger Waters, Women’s March leader Linda Sarsour, and professor and former CNN commentator Marc Lamont Hill.
The event is being sponsored by three UMass departments: the Department of Communication; the Department of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies; and the Resistance Studies Initiative UMass.
UMass did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
The week-long holiday of Passover began April 19. The holiday starts in the evening, with family and friends gathering to read the Passover guidebook that tells the miraculous story of the redemption by God of the Israelites from ancient Egypt. It is a journey from slavery to freedom and into the Holy Land.
Take this quiz to see how much Hebrew you know!
To learn more about Biblical Hebrew online, please visit here. Written in coordination with the Israel Institute of Biblical Studies.
Israel’s 2018 defense exports totaled approximately $7.5 billion, a drop of almost $2 billion from the year before partially attributed to the cancelling of two major contracts last year.
Figures published by the Defense Ministry on Wednesday showed that approximately one quarter of Israel’s defense exports were for missiles and missile defense systems.
At the start of April, Hebrew media reports quoted unnamed Israeli security officials as saying that the Iranian-backed Palestinian Islamic Jihad terrorist faction, whose rocket arsenal is larger than even that of Hamas, was planning a significant attack on Israeli targets.
The information appeared to achieve its goal of discouraging the perpetrators, and no attack transpired. But the fact that PIJ was reportedly planning an incident that could have upset Egyptian attempts to restore calm to the Gaza Strip could hint at a wider struggle taking place within Gaza between Egypt and Iran.
Gaza’s ruling regime, Hamas, has reportedly faced demands from Egypt in recent months to decide whether it “takes its orders from Tehran or continues to implement the understandings for calm” formulated by the head of Egyptian intelligence Abbas Kamel.
The clash of interests between these two regional Middle Eastern powers seems clear; Egypt wishes to see Gaza calm, stable and cut off from ISIS-affiliated terror networks in Sinai, which also threaten Egyptian security as a whole.
Iran sees Gaza as one more base from which it can exercise its radical influence and encourage the growth of a terrorist army that threatens Israel, in addition to regional stability.
Iran transfers $100 million a year to the military wings of Hamas and PIJ collectively, according to Israeli estimates.
Boaz Ganor, executive director of the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, recalled that with the signing of the 1979 Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty, Cairo had no interest in retaking Gaza.
Egypt’s President Anwar Sadat “understood the problematic nature of this territory, which is the most crowded in the world, and racked with poverty, fundamentalism and a lack of a sovereign ruler,” said Ganor. As a result, Sadat did not demand a return of Egyptian rule over Gaza, despite the fact that Egypt controlled the Strip prior to the 1967 Six-Day War.
El-Sisi has identified a process of Iranian infiltration into Gaza via its proxy, PIJ, “and is concerned by the growth of a forward Iranian post on the northern border of Egypt,” assessed Ganor.
Another source of concern for El-Sisi is the fact that ISIS in Sinai is linked to fellow Salafi-jihadist elements in Gaza. These security and political factors, as well as Egyptian concern over the prospect of a new armed conflict erupting between Israel and Hamas on Egypt’s border, have all led to “massive Egyptian intervention and a will to be active in what is taking place in the Strip,” said Ganor. Israel, for its part, is in favor of this intervention and has even requested it over the years.
Yet Iran is trying to neutralize Egyptian influence in Gaza, Ganor noted, while looking to tighten its links with its Gazan proxies. Tehran is trying to transfer funds and weapons into Gaza. “It also seeks to instruct its proxies to disrupt every process that can lead to calm,” said Ganor.
Tehran’s relationship with Hamas is somewhat more complicated.
The PIJ’s former leader, Ramadan Salah, as well its current chief, Ziad Nakhalah, are both frequent visitors to Iran, where they are “familiar guests,” stated Segall, a former head of the Iran Branch at the Israel Defense Forces’ Military Intelligence Directorate.
With Iran training sessions for PIJ in the Islamic Republic, the organization is an “explicit proxy of Iran, in contrast to Hamas, which is under Iranian influence but has its own agenda and is more independent,” he argued.
Despite this Iranian influence, Egypt has far more at stake in Gaza, which is at its back door. “Whatever happens in Sinai directly influences Egypt. Iran, meanwhile, is distant, and tries to activate its influence in Gaza by remote control,” said Segall.
He summed up the Iranian proxy strategy as follows: “The more Israel bleeds on its borders, the less it can engage Iran directly.” And the Iranians would like the same thing to happen in the West Bank, with Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei calling for terror factions there to be armed just like they are in Gaza.
“This is central component in Iranian doctrine. It’s about asymmetric warfare. Gaza, Lebanon and Syria have become part of Iran’s asymmetric warfare doctrine,” said Segall.
PIJ has used Iranian-made sniper rifles to fire on the IDF, as well as advanced bombs. It manufactures rockets with Iranian know-how—all part of Iran’s attempt to “sharpen its influence and leave its footprint” in Gaza.
While Iran has the power to activate PIJ to disrupt Egyptian mediation efforts or spark a new conflict, PIJ also faces pressure from Hamas, which can force its will on it, including through the force of arms, according to Segall.
“I think that on the day they receive their order from Iran, PIJ will obey and cash in its checks, which it received over the years from the Iranians,” he said.
When will the Messiah finally come? And how might that take place? Tamar Yonah speaks with Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz, who makes it his business to write articles on WHEN and HOW the Messiah might arrive on the scene. There are different interpretations and beliefs, and he shares some of them on this show.
Did you know that the War on Terror actually “is a war for natural resources – and that terrorism has little to do with it”?
Okay, you might ignore the predictable “Islamophobe” silliness; but where did that statement come? Wherever did I “insist that there is no such thing as a moderate Muslim”?
A search of the archive at DanielPipes.org turns up 5 article titles and 6 blog titles including the words “moderate Muslim”; also 2 and 3 titles, respectively, with the term “moderate Islam.” In all, the term “moderate Muslim,” turns up 619 times there and “moderate Islam” 1,270 times. That adds up to nearly 1,900 references.
You will find so many of my articles on this topic that there is even a collection of them in a “Bibliography – My Writings on Moderate Muslims.” In addition, a favorite, standing slogan of mine, “Radical Islam is the problem, moderate Islam is the solution,” shows the centrality of moderate Islam to a strategy I have long held for defeating Islamism.
Maszka’s misstatement of the views of this author is another example of his adding to the miasma of misinformation: vaguely aware that Middle East and Islam specialists inaccurately but routinely claim me to be anti-Muslim and anti-Islam (as opposed to anti-Islamist and anti-Islamism, which is accurate), he probably figured that he knew what my views were well enough not to have to bother with the tedious exercise of verifying what they actually are.
In this, Maszka depressingly typifies much of Middle East studies: too dim to have common sense, too lazy to bother with research, too ideological to fix factual mistakes, and too smug to care about the harm caused by them.
But amid all the chomping and chewing, it is easy to forget the powerful symbolism of this simple food, which for millennia has served as a tangible and edible link to our collective past as a people. That would be a shame indeed, because in its very essence, matzah has much to say to the modern Jew.
As children, we are taught in basic terms that matzah is eaten on Passover to commemorate the haste with which the Jewish people left Egypt, as described in the book of Exodus (12:39).
As we mature into adulthood, additional layers of meaning are embedded into our consciousness, with matzah often portrayed both as lechem oni, the “bread of affliction,” as well as a symbol of freedom.
The masters of Musar, Jewish ethical thought, frequently invoke matzah and bread as imagery representing the vast gulf between humility and arrogance, while the Zohar, the primary book of Kabbalah, refers to it as “food of faith”.
But looking through the prism of Jewish history, and particularly the trials and tribulations that befell our ancestors in exile, I would like to suggest that matzah also embodies another important trait, that of Jewish defiance, determination and heroism.
From the Inquisition to the Holocaust, the direst of circumstances did not deter Jews from forgoing bread and eating matzah at Passover, even at the risk of torture or death.
With unbowed pride and an unbroken spirit, Jews insisted on defying their tormentors in the only way they could, by clinging tenaciously to the commandment to eat matzah.
Take, for example, the Bnei Anusim (whom historians refer to by the derogatory term “Marranos”), the descendants of Spanish and Portuguese Jews who were forcibly converted to Catholicism in the 14th and 15th centuries, yet continued to practice Judaism in secret down through the generations.
The Inquisition, which hunted down these crypto-Jews with a frightening mix of zealotry and cruelty, frequently put on trial people they suspected of observing Jewish customs, and burned those found guilty at the stake.
Nonetheless, the archival records of the Inquisition are filled with references to accusations against Bnei Anusim who secretly ate matzah on Passover and held covert Seders.
One cannot help but read these accounts with admiration. Imagine the courage it required for a family living in the shadow of the Inquisition to risk discovery by holding a Seder, eating matzah and refusing to eat bread, all in an attempt to keep alive their covert Jewish beliefs.
If that is not a testament to Jewish valor, what is?
Even during the dark days of the Holocaust, we find accounts of brave Jews who went to incredible lengths to obtain matzah in the ghettos and concentration camps of Europe, resisting the Germans by upholding their faith.
An April 16, 2008 article in The New York Times told the remarkable story of Hadassa Carlebach, whose father Rabbi Zalman Schneerson, hid dozens of Jews in France from the Nazis, finding hiding places for 60 people in farmhouses outside Grenoble.
In our modern world, with matzah so readily and easily available, it is not surprising that we often take it for granted, with some merrily complaining about its taste, texture and occasional after-effects. But matzah is more than just a morsel of food. It is a transcendent item, one that transports us above and beyond time and connects us with our ancestors who left Egypt.
But matzah is also a symbol of Jewish resistance and faith, one that was sanctified down through the generations by the sacrifices made by countless Jews to observe the precept even at times of national calamity.
So when you bite into your bit of matzah and consider its meaning, it is worth taking a moment to remember those who came before us and the extraordinary efforts they made while yearning for the freedom and Jewish sovereignty that our generation is blessed to enjoy. For the matzah we eat is far more than just a crunchy delight. It is an annual reminder that even in the darkest of days, the Jewish people never can or should lose hope.
In Lebanon, Palestinians have long been facing discriminatory and “Apartheid laws” that deny them basic rights, including access to dozens of skilled professions, health-care and education services. According to some reports, thousands of Palestinians have been fleeing Lebanon in recent years as a result of the dire economic conditions and government regulations that deny them basic rights.
In 2015, a Saudi court sentenced Palestinian artist and poet Ashraf Fayadh to death by beheading for “apostasy.” Later, however, the court overturned the death sentence and replaced it with an eight-year prison term and 800 lashes. The “evidence” against Fayadh was based on poems included in his book Instructions Within, as well as social media posts and conversations he had in a coffee shop in Saudi Arabia.
Palestinian leaders do not seem to care about the suffering of their people at the hands of Arabs. Yet, these same leaders are quick to condemn Israel on almost every occasion and available platform. Palestinian leaders in the West Bank and Gaza Strip are so busy fighting each other (and Israel) that they seem to have forgotten about the Palestinians in Arab countries, being killed, wounded and arrested every day.
Saudi Arabia appears to have joined the list of Arab countries that mistreat Palestinians.
In Syria, thousands of Palestinians have been wounded, murdered and arrested since the beginning of the civil war in 2011. The latest statistics show that nearly 4,000 Palestinians — 3,920 to be exact — have been killed in Syria in the past nine years, while 1,750 others are being held in various Syrian government prisons. Another 323 Palestinians have gone missing during the same period.
It now seems that it is Saudi Arabia’s turn to harass and intimidate Palestinians.
A report in the Gulf-based Al-Khaleej Online news site disclosed that the Saudi authorities have in recent weeks arrested and terrorized Palestinians living in the kingdom while the Palestinian embassy in Riyadh has chosen not to intervene.
The report said that more than 30 Palestinians, including students, academics and businessmen, have been secretly rounded up by Saudi security forces. The Saudis, the report added, have also threatened to ban dozens of Palestinians from leaving the kingdom, while many others have been dismissed from their jobs and are facing deportation.
Palestinian sources said that the crackdown on Palestinians in Saudi Arabia began nine months ago, but has intensified in recent weeks.
In early March, the Saudi authorities announced , without providing further details, that they had arrested six Palestinians in connection with security-related offenses. The Palestinians were among 50 suspects with eight different nationalities arrested by the Saudis. In addition to Saudi Arabia, the remaining suspects are from Egypt, Afghanistan, Syria, Jordan, Yemen and the Philippines.
At this stage, it is not clear whether the security crackdown on Palestinians in Saudi Arabia is linked to the arrest of the 50 suspects. Palestinians insist that the crackdown began long before the arrests.
Palestinians families said that their sons who are residing in Saudi Arabia have been subjected to “humiliating interrogation” by Saudi security officers. “The Palestinians were threatened and prohibited from leaving the kingdom,” the families were quoted as saying.
As part of the unprecedented crackdown, the Saudi security forces have raided some Palestinian homes and conducted “violent searches” before taking their occupants into custody. The Palestinian detainees are being held in undisclosed locations, their families said.
Nidal Hamideh, a Palestinian living outside Saudi Arabia, said that on April 5, one of his relatives — Abu Fadi — was arrested after being summoned for interrogation. “Abu Fadi has been working as an employee for a Saudi company for three years,” Hamideh said.
Hamideh said that his family’s attempts to find out where Abu Fadi was being held have thus far been unsuccessful.
The Paris Francophone Institute for Freedoms condemned the “arbitrary” Saudi measures against Palestinians in the kingdom as a “blatant violation of international human rights conventions.” The institute said it has received testimonies and statements indicating that in Saudi Arabia, in the past few months, dozens of Palestinians have been arrested. The Saudis, it added, have also confiscated properties belonging to the Palestinians.
One of the Palestinians targeted by the Saudis told the Paris Institute that the Palestinians were being interrogated about their support for Palestinian groups in the Gaza Strip and for criticizing the Arab government’s policies towards the Palestinian issue. “The prolonged detentions without charge, trial or appearance before a judge are arbitrary measures that violate Saudi law and international human rights standards,” the institute said.
The Paris institute expressed deep concern that the Palestinian detainees were being subjected to widespread abuses, including extended periods of incarceration without charge, trial or legal assistance, and called on the Saudi authorities immediately to release all Palestinians, end their travel ban and the confiscation of their properties, and to compensate them for physical and psychological harm.
In November 2015, a Saudi court sentenced Palestinian artist and poet Ashraf Fayadh to death by beheading for “apostasy.” Later, however, the court overturned the death sentence and replaced it with an eight-year prison term and 800 lashes. The “evidence” against Fayadh was based on poems included in his book Instructions Within, as well as social media posts and conversations he had in a coffee shop in Saudi Arabia.
In the past few years, relations between the Palestinians and Saudi Arabia have been extremely tense, particularly after reports about a rapprochement between the Saudis and Israel. Several Palestinians have taken to social media to badmouth Saudi leaders and denounce them as corrupt, mentally retarded and traitors.
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Devarim 32 contains the song that Moshe teaches to the Israelites before his passing. In it, he reminds the people that if they sin in Eretz Yisrael they will be punished with exile. However, the song concludes with the promise that God will redeem His people and exact retribution from their enemies. Moshe starts his song by addressing heaven and earth, calling upon them as his witnesses for this covenant. Unlike humans who come and go, heaven and earth exist for eternity. Though it may take thousands of years, Hashem will keep His promise to redeem the entire Jewish people and return them to their land, and heaven and earth will be the loyal witnesses who see the process through to its complete fulfillment.
Breaking Israel News’ Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz joins Dr. Anthony Harper of InterMountain Christian News for a discussion near Mount Hermon.
On Saturday night, while most of Israel was cleaning up from the Seder ritual, a few families went out to the fields near Ruhama in the Negev to harvest the barley to be used in the Omer wave offering.
Normally, the barley for the Omer is harvested directly after Passover ends but this year, the holiday fell on a Friday night so the harvest was delayed until Shabbat ended on Saturday night. The sheaves of grain were brought to Jerusalem where it was beaten, the chaff removed, and sifted through 13 sieves. Finally, the grains were roasted and ground into a coarse meal. Olive oil, specially prepared for temple use, was added, along with frankincense.
The preparation of the grain is usually done outside in an area as close to the Temple Mount as the authorities permit but an unseasonably heavy rain prohibited this. The preparation of the grain was performed by Rabbi Baruch Kahane who frequently serves in the role of the head of the Kohanim (men of priestly ancestry) at Temple reenactments.
Rabbi Hillel Weiss, the spokesman for the Sanhedrin, explained that the Temple rituals, in particular, the Omer offering, were a necessary aspect of a properly functioning nation.
Rabbi Weiss explained that tzedakah, the Hebrew word for charity, comes from the root tzedek, meaning justice.
The rabbi lamented that despite being a remarkable representation of Jewish heritage, the Temple reenactments are rejected by the Israeli public at large and frequently encounter difficulties from the government.
After this offering is brought, the new grain is permitted to be eaten. The leftover of the sacrifice are kept by the priest and is listed as one of the twenty-four priestly gifts.
As Passover ended, Jews began counting 50 days until the holiday of Shavuot, when two loaves made from the barley are brought to the Temple as an offering.
U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration announced Monday that any country importing Iranian oil will no longer be exempt from sanctions, unless they secede from the partnership by May 2. It marks a renewed White House effort to heighten pressure – particularly economic – on the reeling Islamic Republic.
“President Donald J. Trump has decided not to reissue Significant Reduction Exceptions (SREs) when they expire in early May,” the administration said in a statement.
The countries who will no longer benefit from the waivers are China, India, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Italy, Greece and Turkey. India is an interesting case; although it has warm ties with Washington, it does not agree on U.S. assistance that Iran is as serious a threat as western countries assess.
“They collectively imported a million barrels a day of Iranian oil. Prior to sanctions, Iran was exporting 2.1 million barrels per day. That figure had already dropped to 700,000 barrels. Since oil is Iran’s single export commodity, its cutoff to zero is a virtual death blow to its economy,” said a report on Debkafile.
Turkey, under the leadership of Islamist strongman Recep Tayyip Erdogan, vowed to defy U.S. demands, which could cause global oil prices to spiral upwards. Trump tweeted that an increase in Saudi Arabian oil output would make up for the Iranian shortfall.
By targeting Iran’s principal export, the United States is seemingly involved in a no-holds-barred move to crush the economy and scale back the clerical regime’s influence. Even before these latest sanctions, the previous attempts to suppress Iran’s economy appeared to have been successful.
“The official inflation rate had soared past 50 pc to stand at an annual rate of 30.6pc. Basic foods, water and tobacco were priced 85.3p higher than the corresponding period the year before. Whereas in 2018, the US dollar went for 40,000 rial, today the rate has sunk further to 140,000 rial,” according to Debkafile.
Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu who has been a consistent critic of the Iranian regime and was implacably opposed to the Obama Administration’s cosying up to the mullahs came out in strong support of Trump’s decision.
For its part, Iran has not taken the impending imposition of sanctions lightly, criticizing the existing restrictions as being at least partly to blame for the country’s poor response to recent massive flooding.
It also leaves the Islamic Republic in a difficult situation. Its population is suffering – and despite U.S. officials saying that the sanctions are not meant to affect the common Iranian, they clearly are. It seems therefore that there are two choices; either the Iranian regime can bow to U.S. pressure or tensions in the region will be increased further, possibly through Iranian closure of the Straits of Hormuz – through which one-fifth of the world’s daily oil requirements passes or through military measures.
Hezbollah leader Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah has aimed a barb at Israel, suggesting that the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) will likely not attack Lebanon, as in his estimation, Israel’s home front is ill-prepared for the realities of that war.
The leader of Iran’s Shiite proxy in Lebanon also said in a televised speech that the IDF would have to launch a ground invasion and commit significant numbers of ground forces to contend with the firmly-entrenched Hezbollah fighters – now more akin to a parallel Lebanese army.
The Hezbollah leader pointed to the recent rockets fired from Gaza over Tel Aviv as proof that Israel is can’t defend itself.
“The events and days have proved the unpreparedness of the Israeli home front. We saw how two missiles were fired by mistake from Gaza and landed in the Tel Aviv surroundings and then another missile was shot off from Gaza and landed north of Tel Aviv. All the Israeli measures were not able to do anything. The Israelis say the home front is not ready,” he said.
He also assessed that warfare has developed since the last major conflagration between the two sides – the 34-day Second Lebanon War in 2006. In those battles, Israel largely relied on massively superior air power to hit at Lebanese infrastructure. Approximately 1,200 Lebanese, mainly civilians and 160 Israelis, mainly combat soldiers, were killed in the fighting.
Nasrallah dismissed a report published in a Kuwaiti newspaper, which suggested that he had predicted Israel would launch a war against his terrorist infrastructure in the summer.
Within Israel there has been strenuous debate about the preparedness of both the IDF and the home front in the event of fighting breaking out against Hezbollah. Maj. Gen. (res.) Yitzhak Brik, the Defense Ministry ombudsman, prepared a report in June 2018, which assessed systematic failures within the army.
Former chief of staff Gadi Eisenkot ordered an urgent review of the findings and other military figures suggest that the shortcomings have been attended to and that the IDF is properly prepared to wage battle against Hezbollah.
In December, the IDF launched “Operation Northern Shield” which found and destroyed six cross-border tunnels dug by Hezbollah from Lebanon into Israel.
Despite destroying the tunnels, the IDF is under no illusions that Hezbollah is still likely to attempt to invade northern Israel – either to take Israeli soldiers hostage (alive or dead) for potential future barter) and / or to kill civilians too.
At the current estimation, Hezbollah is thought to have between 100,000-150,000 rockets and missiles aimed at Israel. The majority are unguided, but part of Israel’s recent strategy of airstrikes in Syria has been to destroy munitions factories involved in fabricating precision-guided systems for Hezbollah rockets.
Snow fell on Mount Hermon on Sunday during Passover for the first time in 22 years.
With approximately eight inches of snow already on the ground and accumulation set to continue throughout the day, the Hermon ski-resort management closed the site to visitors. Snowfall was also reported in towns in the Golan Heights.
Unseasonable rainstorms drenched the country from north to south, as vacationers tried to find ways to enjoy the Passover holiday indoors. Many parks that were opened for free to hikers and visitors for the holiday were closed, including the Ein Gedi nature reserve. Outdoor events around the country were cancelled or rescheduled for later in the week.
While some local scattered showers were forecast for Monday morning, the day scheduled for the traditional Priestly Blessing ceremony at the Western Wall plaza, temperatures are expected to rise and rains to dry up throughout the week, according to the Israel Meteorological Service.
Massive rainfalls this year broke a five-year drought. Measurements at the Kinneret showed over triple last year’s rainfall.
The Kinneret, Israel’s primary natural water source, rose from just 16 inches away from the Black Line—the point past which the lake becomes ecologically imbalanced—to 11.25 feet from the Black Line as of April 20.
It is now 8.75 feet from its upper limit, after which point it would flood its banks.
A rare and exciting discovery. A bulla (seal impression) and a 2,600-year-old stamp bearing Hebrew names were uncovered in the City of David.
The artifacts were discovered inside a public building that was destroyed during the destruction of the First Temple.
They were uncovered during archaeological excavations at the Givati Parking Lot in the City of David National Park in Jerusalem.
Jordan watched the recent election results in Israel with some apprehension.
“Netanyahu’s next government can include parts of the occupied West Bank territory, as Netanyahu promised his voters,” wrote Fahd al-Khaitan at Al-Ghad, a Jordanian website on April 15. There is an “illusion” of peace with Israel, he titled his piece. At the same time, 13 defendants accused of being members of a terrorist cell in Salt in Jordan went on trial in Amman in late March.
The cell was arrested in August 2018 after allegedly bombing and killing two members of the security forces and then hiding in a house in Salt and shooting at police.
The King of Jordan, Abdullah II, puts on an upbeat face, expressing hope for security and peace in the region. He told an audience in Italy in March that Jordan was committed to harmony and peace in its international role, in “our fight against terror and hatred on all fronts within a holistic approach.” Jordan wants to work effective “solutions to global and regional crises” and is committed to a peace process that will result in a Palestinian state and a secure Israel.
Jordan is now facing the challenge that may be presented by a new Israeli government and a peace plan that the Trump administration has promised to put forward. It also is hosting more than a million Syrians, many of them refugees who fled the civil war in Syria in the last eight years. If that weren’t enough, it also faces steep economic challenges. In the aftermath of the Syrian civil war, the defeat of ISIS in Syria and Iraq, and the looming US peace plan, Jordan wants to thread a needle that continues to bring peace to the small kingdom, but it faces a difficult balancing act.
I flew into Amman in early April. It was dark in the early evening. Queen Alia International Airport was full of pilgrims on their way to Saudi Arabia and returning from Mecca. There were more than 100 men and women from Indonesia and a line of Qataris all waiting at passport control.
There weren’t very many Westerners. Once out of the airport, the ride into Amman took around 40 minutes. In the dark, the hills are lit up by stately houses, some of them appearing to be small mansions, in gated communities. Poverty isn’t visible at night, only wealth. Amman itself is a congested city. Around half the population of Jordan lives in the sprawling capital.
In Jebel el-Weibdeh, where I stayed, the streets were lined with cafes and young people out for a stroll or stopping to have a sheesha (waterpipe). Amman is a relatively quiet city, but it has its small oasis of local hipsters and foreigners who live there. The city has attracted international support over the years, particularly due to the refugee crises in the kingdom. Amman is festooned with beautiful new murals, public art showing women, flamingos and children. It helps cover up some of the drab and dusty multi-story apartments. But there aren’t enough of the murals. I saw five of them. They need more to make the city more colorful.
Jordan presents itself as a cordial host of refugees – which it says are its Arab brothers – from neighboring countries. It has been this way since 1948, when Palestinians fleeing fighting, fled to Jordan and neighboring countries. Today there are more than two million of them in Jordan. In 2016, there were 2,175,491 refugees in Jordan, according to UNRWA. They live in 10 camps and UNRWA supports 171 schools for them. There are also an additional 10,000 Palestinian refugees who fled from Syria during the conflict there to Jordan; many came from the Yarmouk camp in Damascus.
The Palestinian refugees helped give Jordan some of its identity. But most of Jordan’s identity comes from the kingdom established in 1921. The first king, Abdullah I, was assassinated by a Palestinian while visiting Jerusalem in 1951. After a short reign as king by his son Talal, his grandson Hussein became king in 1952. Hussein was the formative modern ruler, guiding the state through difficulty of a Palestinian uprising in 1970 and signing a peace deal with Israel in 1994. When he passed away in 1999, his son Abdullah II became the fourth king to rule over the state. By that time, the country had around five million residents. Today it has almost 10 million.
Such rapid expansion of the population and the expansion of the capital city into a mass of urban sprawl means that the country must change with the times. But since the Arab Spring broke out in 2011, many countries in the region have been concerned about what change may bring. The Arab Spring fell hardest on Arab nationalist countries, toppling leaders such as Egypt’s Hosni Mubarak, Libya’s Muammar Gaddafi, and eventually Ali Abdullah Salah in Yemen and Abdelaziz Bouteflika in Algeria. The long-term impact of the Arab Spring is still being felt, with the overthrow of the Sudanese regime. Only Syria’s Assad family remains in power of the old-style nationalist dictators in the region. Replacing these nationalist regimes has been a complex process, with military regimes and Islamists fighting for the spoils.
In many ways, the Kingdom of Jordan sits at that crossroads. It was formative in the era of the Arab revolt, embodying the legacy of that revolt in the 1920s. Abdullah I was a leader of the Arab revolt against the Ottomans and the kingdom was largely created, with the support of the British, out of that revolt. In the 1950s, as Arab nationalism swept the region, the kingdom was challenged by pro-Nasserist agitators. Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser’s Arab nationalism was sweeping the region. King Faisal II in Iraq was overthrown in 1958 and the UK deployed paratroopers to Jordan. Jordan survived the nationalist agitation and it survived the Palestinian groups that sought to use it as a base in the 1960s. Eventually, it was also able to outmaneuver Islamists and the Muslim Brotherhood when those movements became more popular in the 1980s and 1990s. The main Muslim Brotherhood-inspired party in Jordan is the Islamic Action Front. It has 15 members out of 130 in the local parliament.
The balancing act of Jordan is thus one that has seen the state ride the different tides that have come and gone from the region over the years – from the revolt period of the First World War to Arab nationalism, Palestinian nationalism, Islamism and the Arab Spring. While it maneuvered through all of those eras, borrowing bits from each, it also inherited and came to host large numbers of people who came to Jordan for refuge.
My first day in Amman, I went to the offices of Caritas, a Catholic humanitarian charity that has helped support refugees and local Jordanians. Located in a multi-story building, their offices are adorned with slogans such as, “We believe in our total responsibility toward migrants and vulnerable people.” They operate a series of projects throughout the country helping refugees. This includes Syrians and Iraqis, as well as migrants. Volunteers and professionals help Syrian refugees, providing essential services such as rent allowances, counseling and a place for children to play while parents receive medical support. Seeing the work that Caritas is doing was a window into the larger challenges throughout the country.
I’d been to Jordan before to see how the country was facing the crises. In 2016, it was different. This was still a time when Syrians thought they might go home. But in 2019, things have changed. The Syrian civil war in southern Syria, where many of the refugees came from, is largely over. In the beginning, the million Syrians who came to Jordan, of whom around 670,000 registered with UNHCR as refugees, mostly came to avoid fighting in Dara’a and areas in southern Syria. Dara’a, a city visible across the border from northern Jordan, was one of the first sparks of the Syrian civil war. It was in March 2011 that hundreds marched in the city and were shot by the regime’s soldiers; protesters torched a local courthouse and cars.
The rest is now horrid history. Assad cracked down on the Syrian protesters and a war began. In southern Syria, that war largely became a stalemate when it was clear the Syrian rebels could not take Damascus and rule the country. By 2015, the Russians had intervened and Dara’a and its rebels settled down for a prolonged ceasefire.
The long, slow death of the Syrian rebellion in the south didn’t have a clear beginning. The Trump administration signed a ceasefire deal with Russia and Jordan in July 2017 that was supposed to prevent a Russian-backed Syrian regime offensive in southern Syria.
In June 2018, the Syrian regime, boosted by Russia, ended the ceasefire agreements and launched an offensive in the south. The inevitable came for the fighters in southern Syria in the summer. Assad’s tanks retook Dara’a in July 2018. Tens of thousands more Syrians fled the fighting. In October, Syria and Jordan opened a border crossing for the first time in years. Damascus also claimed it was offering amnesty to deserters and draft dodgers in the south, an amnesty that theoretically covered the Syrian refugees in Jordan.
When I went to northern Jordan in 2016, the refugees were wondering if the rebels could ever stop the setbacks they faced at the hands of the Russians and the regime. They didn’t know what the future held. But when I went to see the same areas in northern Jordan this time, in 2019, the refugees have come to understand what the future holds. However, their response to the situation is not that they want to return, instead they appear to want to remain in Jordan.
When refugees first arrived in Jordan from Syria, they were accepted as “brothers” by Jordanians at the border. Many locals were sympathetic. Many also had family relationships across the border. Trade had flowed back and forth. Everyone had fond memories of Syria and its products. Soon the trickle became a crisis. Jordanians could see the fighting on the other side. Syrians told horror stories of bombings. A woman I spoke to said she had put her children inside a washing machine to protect them. Everyone had stories like that. Brothers killed, cousins “disappeared” by the regime.
In Jordan, some first went to refugee camps. The largest became Zaatari, where up to 150,000 refugees were housed. But most refugees didn’t want to live in camps and some 80% moved to cities. Here the rents soon inflated to several hundred Jordanian dinars a month. The Syrians initially were prevented from working; the government didn’t want them competing with locals. Eventually some were allotted permits to work in agriculture and manual labor industries.
By July 2018, more than 100,000 work permits had been issued. This was to prevent a crisis. The UHCR was strained in trying to support the refugees and groups like Caritas could only do so much. The refugees needed health care. They also needed education. Jordanian schools were split so that there would be classes in the morning for Jordanians and classes in the afternoon for Syrians. A long-term response would eventually see integration of this process.
Today, the Syrians in Jordan are becoming integrated. With a high birthrate, Syrians in Jordan now have tens of thousands of children born locally. In 2016, fully 338,645 of Syrians registered as refugees in Jordan were under 17. It is thought that of the million, more than 50% are under 18 and many of the Syrians marry early, with 35% of Syrian women in Jordan married before age 18, according to a 2017 study. This leads to even more children born in Jordan by a demographic that is young and has a high birthrate.
Consequently, the million Syrians will soon have hundreds of thousands of children, and as those children grow up, they will form a whole generation of Syrian-Jordanians. They will likely not want to return to Syria and may become like Palestinians in Jordan – an important part of the social fabric.
The Syrians say they don’t want to go back because the thousands who did go back after October 2018 didn’t find that the Syrian regime had changed. Its amnesty was smoke and mirrors. Teenage men were taken off for forced conscription. Men were detained and interrogated. The Syrian regime knows that these Syrians have lived in Jordan for many years, the greater part of a decade. They have had access to critical media. They have certainly changed. And they have had more freedom than people had under Assad. They may not have supported the rebels overtly, but they likely supported them in their minds. The Syrian regime is wary of them.
Jordan won’t force the refugees to go back, but the kingdom knows that it is difficult to host them forever. It knows that there are many Syrian children born in Jordan who are now five or six years old. In a few years, they will be teenagers. They will want to be in university. They will feel Jordanian. They will grow up in classrooms adorned with images of the king. Why would they want to go back to Syria? It will take years to repair the infrastructure in Syria. And many Syrian refugees do not want resettlement in the West, which has shut its doors to refugees in recent years. At the same time, funding will be reduced by UNHCR and it is unclear how the refugees will make ends meet.
Another issue facing the kingdom as the refugees put down roots is concern over US President Donald Trump’s peace plan. The Trump administration has enjoyed close relations with Jordan. After Trump was elected, he spoke with the king frequently in 2017. However, when he announced the move of the US’s Israel embassy to Jerusalem, the kingdom was nonplussed. King Abdullah I flew to Turkey, one of the main countries opposing the US move.
The kingdom has also sought to cement its close relations with the Gulf monarchies. In recent months, it hosted two important meetings at the Dead Sea, one in January and another in April, with the World Economic Forum. The king issues loosely positive statements, but it is clear Jordan is concerned. Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi pushed back against Oman’s statements that appeared to express sympathy with Israel, which has been reaching out to the Gulf states.
Even though Israel has a peace treaty with Jordan, its relations are relatively cold. Jordan ended an agreement in October 2018 regarding two areas that Israel was allowed to use after the 1994 peace deal. One of these was the “Island of Peace” on the Jordan River. Is that symbolic of an end of the time of peace?
It may be something more. Jordan is not happy with changes in the status quo in Jerusalem. As guardian of the Muslim and Christian holy sites, it doesn’t want any tensions, such as those over a new mosque at the Gate of Mercy. Jordanian posters frequently spotlight the king and al-Aqsa Mosque; Jordan cares deeply about this role.
Jordan still cares about the two-state solution and continues to push for it. It is very worried about any annexation plans Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu might have. It doesn’t want to see a Trump roll-out of a peace plan or “deal of the century” that would upset the status quo.
It also knows that the Palestinian Authority faces troubles. The PA is divided, with Hamas in Gaza. The PA security forces also now lack US financial support, part of the overall Trump administration withdrawal of support from UNRWA and the PA. Jordan must shoulder the burden to some extent, and it is aware of the importance of well-funded security forces. Its own security forces have a close relationship with the West and have benefited from support. It is that support and Jordan’s own deep investment in security that has cracked the terror cells and ISIS supporters, like those on trial for the Salt bombing.
Sitting at this crossroads of so many delicate issues – from the refugees, to the Palestinian Authority and the peace process – Jordan wants to see a new dawn of regional security, involving the Gulf states, Egypt, the PA, and potentially Israel and Syria. But that can’t happen if the boat is rocked by any kind of peace plan that harms Jordan’s interests or sees Israel annexing parts of the West Bank.
Jerusalem and Amman are less than a two-hour drive from one another. The countries both owe much of how they look today to decisions of the 1940s. They are keys to regional security. But they do not see eye-to-eye on many of the details that will determine whether Jordan remains stable and continues to play the role in wants in the region.
Do Israeli tourists really visit Jordan?
Israelis can and do visit Jordan – in not insignificant numbers. According to data provided by the Israel Tourism Ministry, 85,792 Israelis entered the kingdom in 2017, the last year data was available.
There are three border crossings into Jordan: the northernmost Sheikh Hussein crossing; the Allenby/King Hussein crossing; and the Wadi Arava crossing near Eilat, which is the least problematic and easiest for Israelis to use, as it does not require traveling through PA Authority territory. One should allot at least an hour to cross the border. It is also possible to fly into Amman from the Ben-Gurion airport.
Geographically, Jordan’s area (89,000+ square kilometers) is more than four times larger than that of Israel, yet nearly all Israeli tourism is concentrated in two sites in Jordan’s southwest region: Aqaba, located right across the border from Eilat, and Petra, about 135 km. to the north.
According to Mark Feldman, CEO and founder of Ziontours, Petra is probably Jordan’s top tourist site, famous for its legendary magnificent Nabatean ruins. Aqaba is a favorite destination among Israelis for its sun and sand – a touch of the exotic that is foreign, yet nearby, with hotels that are significantly less expensive than their Israeli counterparts. It is believed that Israelis hesitant to visit the Sinai due to terrorism concerns increasingly choose what they feel to be the safer Aqaba alternative. A taxi from Eilat to Aqaba costs about 10 Jordanian dinars (NIS 50); a taxi to Petra costs about 70 dinars, and it is strongly recommended to go there in a group with a guide.
Israelis need a visa to cross into Jordan; the cost is about 10 dinars.
More than 4 decades ago, a theologian, philosopher, apologist and prophet wrote two books (How Should We Then Live; and Christian Manifesto) that clearly warned us that America would likely come under the strong influence of what he called “Elite Authoritarians.” It is incumbent upon us to be alert to what this group has the ability to do, and what influence they may already have upon our culture, values, and beliefs. And even more, this could negatively impact how American citizens see Israel, the Jewish people, and the Middle East situation.
Government Career Politicians and Executives. (akin to our current Deep State). The political party professionals who truly run Washington, and who consider themselves as “keepers of the flame.” Recent examples of career federal executives in our Justice Department who clearly overstepped their responsibilities by attempting to de-rail an elected Chief Executive are instructive.
Scholars and Scientists who have achieved celebrity-status, and who have now become so powerful and authoritarian that they can destroy fellow scientists merely by labeling them as “deniers” rather than skeptics. The authoritarian atmosphere within many of our higher education institutions has become the very antithesis of what they proudly claim, i.e., a free discussion of ideas.
Technocratic Elites. Again, this was predicted long before our current age of computers, and the evolution of social media platforms. These are the high-profile technology executives who have such a powerful impact on our society today…for better and for worse. This group has become more influential in our society each and every year, and their values and decisions have certainly shaped our culture. They have also demonstrated authoritarian characteristics in the way they control what should and shouldn’t be seen on the internet. They have complete control over what appears on our search engines, and in their internet news reports.
Judicial Elites. This unelected, politically-appointed group has shown their authoritarian stripes by taking an increasing role in thwarting certain decisions made by the country’s Chief Executive. Over the past year, there have been numerous instances that show an authoritarian-type of hostile judicial behavior. This increasing power of federal judges has become such a strong force that it can only be overturned by the Supreme Court judges.
What impact can these Elite Authoritarians have on U.S. foreign policy? Authoritarian behavior is often displayed through aggressive behavior, cynicism, and stereotyping. If this group has a mind-set to “turn on you”, to regard you as the enemy, they have enormous resources to influence the thoughts of American citizens. If the Elite Authoritarians were to become cynical about the U.S.- Israeli historical partnership, it would mean the long-standing support for Israel could easily become fractured. The EAs would find opportunities to chip away at the strong foundation, and eventually create an atmosphere of distrust and non-support for Israel and its future. Within the past 30 days, among members of the U.S. Congress, we have already seen such a chipping away, and an unwillingness among the Washington, D.C.-based Elite Authoritarians to respond in ways they would clearly have done in the past.
What did Dr. Schaeffer fear? He most feared “the manipulation by the new elite.” The current Administration has taken on the Elite Authoritarian establishment, and the resulting counter-attacks are clearly meant to stifle any objections to the EA’s long-term plans and programs for America.
Dr. Schaeffer was prescient, and we should be alert.
In a number of places throughout Shir Hashirim in addition to this verse, the “maidens” or “daughters” of Yerushalayim represent the nations of the world (see 1:5, 2:7, 3:5, 5:8, 8:4). The medieval commentator Rashi explains that this is because in the future, Yerushalayim will be the metropolis of all countries, and all people will accept its centrality. Though the nations of the world will one day accept Yerushalayim as their political and religious capital, the Jewish people have always seen it as their eternal capital, providing inspiration and the means for fulfilling their spiritual needs even when they were in exile. | 2019-04-24T10:17:52Z | https://operationexodususa.org/aggregator/sources/3 |
Two Day Introduction To Lasers In Dentistry!
Learn everything you need to know to safely start using both an erbium and diode laser!
The lecture language is English.
Laser basics: safety, laser tissue interaction: how does it work?
Hands on practical. Enamel, dentine and root preparation: safe and effective parameters for cutting ( extracted teeth).
Laser phototherapy: analgesia, promotion of healing & photo assisted resolution of inflammation. This part includes a hands on practical: demonstration of the techniques plus an opportunity to treat one another.
Introduction to the day. Tip selection & essential equipment maintenance.
Periodontology: laser assisted management of adult chronic periodontitis & peri-implantitis.
3. Aesthetic and cosmetic surgery: crown lengthening & soft tissue management for optimal results.
osseous crown lengthening: minimally invasive (no flap) and flap techniques.
Hands on practical: soft & hard tissue surgery.
5. Laser assisted surgery, oral medicine and pathology.
All illustrated with clinical cases some with videos of the procedures.
Translation into polish (during the modules conducted in Poland).
Lunches, snacks and coffee breaks during trainings taking place in Poland.
Certificate issued by Genoa University and the certificate of completion of the Program issued by the Dental Skills Institute.
The Intense Fellowship Course of the University of Genoa, Italy shall represent didactic education, practical clinical simulation and examination in the use of lasers as an adjunct to clinical dental surgery and medicine. The course shall be conducted during two, four-day meetings in Warsaw, Poland with a one-day meeting in Genoa, Italy. The official language is English.
The course is designed to provide evidence-based core knowledge in laser use in dentistry and to refine practical skills. Emphasis is placed on the integration of this course into the on-going practice of dentistry for each participant and their dental patients.
The teaching faculty shall be members of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Genoa.
Clinical Case presentation by each course attendee shall be assessed by the teaching faculty between December 2018 and February 2019.
In February 2019, each course attendee shall be required to sit a multiple-choice examination, comprising 75 questions. The pass mark shall be 70%.
Successful completion of the course and examination shall be recognised by the presentation of a certificate. This shall define a level of competence that is consistent with an experienced laser user.
Laser photonic energy. History. Laser wavelengths in use in dentistry. Production of laser photonic energy by solid-state, gas and semi-conductor-based laser machines. Emission modes.
Oral soft tissue. Laser-tissue interaction.
Laser use in oral soft tissue management. Optimal Laser wavelengths and power parameters relative to absorption phenomena in oral soft tissue. Clinical evidence.
Photobiomodulation clinical aspects of therapy. Dosimetry.
Laser use in periodontology – surgical and non-surgical applications. An overview.
Laser use in periodontology – surgical and non-surgical applications. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
Laser use in surgical periodontics. Gingival de-pigmentation. Aesthetic considerations.
Overview of laser use in implantology. Soft tissue considerations.
Overview of laser use in implantology. PBM considerations.
Overview of laser use in Peri-implantitis.
Laser use in peri-implantitis. Literature review and clinical aspects.
Practical Session to demonstrate laser-tissue interaction with target oral soft tissue. Minor oral surgery and periodontics. 5 common procedures.
Laser diagnostics in soft and hard tissue.
MCQ / Clinical Case Preparation.
Laser Safety Regulations and Classification.
Laser Safety. Clinical Aspects and Local Rules.
Overview of laser–hard tissue interaction.
Laser use in oral hard tissue management. Optimal laser wavelengths and power parameters relative to absorption phenomena in oral hard tissue.
Laser-assisted restorative therapy. Clinical evidence.
Minimally invasive dentistry in restorative and pediatric dentistry. Concepts of pain control using laser-assisted restorative techniques.
Laser interaction with alveolar bone.
Laser-assisted osseous surgery – practical aspects and PBM influence.
3.0 µm laser-assisted osteotomy Cause for concern?
Practical Session to demonstrate laser-tissue interaction with target oral hard tissue. Cavity preparation and bone surgery.
Laser use in endodontics – overview and historical aspects.
Laser use in endodontics – optimal wavelengths and power parameters. Overcoming the dangers.
Laser-assisted advanced restorative dentistry. The challenges.
Laser use in advanced restorative dentistry / fixed prosthodontics #1.
Laser use in advanced restorative dentistry / fixed prosthodontics #2.
Practical session. Laser use in endodontics.
Presentation of student clinical cases.
Closing remarks. Certificate presentation. Photographs.
After successful completion of an examination at Genoa University in Italy, participants will receive a Certificate, recognising them as a specialist in laser therapy in dentistry and the certificate of completion of the Program issued by the Dental Skills Institute”.
The University of Genoa is one of the most valuable cultural and scientific heritage of the Mediterranean and the Italian north-western area and one of the largest universities in Italy. It is deeply interconnected with the city of Genoa and its economic framework. The original university was founded in 1481. The University of Genoa takes part in national and international programmes, it selects funding channels and promotes many relations with local and regional authorities and companies and plays a leading role in the fields of research, innovation and technology transfer in an increasingly competitive environment at national and international level. Today the university has a student population of around 40,000, including both undergraduate and graduate students. In 2004 there were about 1,710 professors and scientific employees and about 2000 non-scientific employees working for University of Genoa.
By using innovative therapeutic methods you will be able to provide your patients with significant benefits compared to more traditional dental practices and increase satisfaction levels amongst your patients.
Furthermore, you will be able to create new economic potential for your practice.
Lecturers: You will be studying with the world leading lecturers from Genoa University and partner institutions.
Qualification: Graduates are recognized as specialists in the field of laser therapy in dentistry.
Certification: The awarding body is Genoa University.
Successful participants receive credit points in accordance with the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS).
The lecture language is English (translation into polish).
Each participant should be equipped with safety glasses to work with lasers. We recommend having your own glasses that are tailored to the specific person.
Each participant will be asked to bring teeth after a recent extraction to one of the modules.
This offer is geared towards dentists who would like to specialize in certain wavelengths. Over the course of one year, participants are taught fundamental physical and technical knowledge, and how to recognize primary, secondary, and tertiary indications on 12 attendance days split into 3 modules held over 3 educational blocks.
This program concludes with an official certificate of RWTH Aachen University, and is offered in collaboration with the RWTH Aachen International Academy, the post-graduate education wing of the University.
The postgraduate mastership program „Lasers in Dentistry“ is aimed at dentists who want keep pace with their patients´ wishes for innovative and gentle treatment methods.
In standard academic studies in dentistry, dentists have never learned about dental laser technology and treatment concepts. Building on a university degree in dentistry, the necessary professional knowledge for laser applications in dental practice is taught at the highest academic level in theoretical lectures and practical teaching for two selected wavelength areas - dental diode lasers and dental Erbium lasers. Relevant theories and application options pertaining to laser use in dentistry are taught for those wavelengths. Participants obtain sound theoretical knowledge in lectures and seminars led by renowned, competent and experienced international scientists and practitioners. Skill training sessions, exercises, practical applications, guide participants towards using lasers successfully and professionally in their own treatments. The modules of this mastership program are a subset of the RWTH Aachen University 2- years Master of Science program „Lasers in Dentistry“ and qualify for an upgrade into that program if the participants so decides after successful completion.
The students know the specific absorption behavior of diode laser radiation on hard and soft tissue as well as specific tissue formation.
The students will know all relevant clinical indications and whether they are adjunct laser treatments or independent laser treatments.
The students know the different treatment protocols for adjunct laser treatments and as well as independent laser treatments.
The students know how to apply an diode laser in an adequate way to a patient knowing all the specific power settings for the treatment protocol.
The students shall be able to demonstrate that she or he is able to handle a dental diode laser and its accessories in a responsible way.
The students will study how to handle a dental diode laser and its accessories on ifferent kind of tissue surfaces in order to understand the biophysical interactions.
The students will study how to handle a dental diode laser and its accessories on models and specifically prepared organic samples to practice the clinical treatments protocols for specific indications.
The students will train in skill training under the supervision of a qualified supervisor.
Technical and practical use of erbium lasers, introduction to Er: YAG and Er, CR: YSGG lasers. Erbium laser light-tissue interactions will be discussed. All relevant clinical indications for Erbium lasers will be presented and the applications demonstrated.
Finally, participants will have to train the therapy in skill training with these respective wavelengths.
Dinner with Prof. Dr. N. Gutknecht.
To understand the use of Erbium lasers in all relevant clinical indications. To be able to handle Erbium lasers appropriately on hard and soft tissue after completing a specified skill course. To understand the standardized treatment protocols for the various indications and finally to train with an Erbium laser according to these protocols.
The students know the specific absorption behavior of Erbium laser radiation on hard and soft tissue as well as specific tissue formation.
The students know how to apply an Erbium laser in an adequate way to a patient knowing all the specific power settings for the treatment protocol.
The students shall be able to demonstrate that she or he is able to handle a dental Erbium laser and its accessories in a responsible way.
The students will study how to handle a dental Erbium laser and its accessories on different kind of tissue surfaces in order to understand the biophysical interactions.
The students will study how to handle a dental Erbium laser and its accessories on models and specifically prepared organic samples to practice the clinical treatments protocols for specific indications.
Lecture: “Laser therapy concepts with the use of 2 different wavelengths”.
Graduation Ceremony, after successful completion of an examination at RWTH Aachen University.
The students will be able to document their clinical treatments. They will be able to demonstrate their ability to treat patients according to solid clinical indications of various dental laser systems.
Guidelines for clinical case documentations as outlined in the document “Assessment and assessment criteria for clinical case documentations” available in the e-learning system.
The students will exercise to collect and to arrange all relevant clinical data, all clinical findings (pre-treatment, in treatment, post-treatment), photo documentations, x-ray findings and lab findings in a document.
The students will be able to demonstrate that they have documented a safe and ethical use of dental lasers in their patient treatments conducted in the previous modules.
Documentations are done on a professional level.
During the program, each participant receives free access to a dedicated E-learning (ILIAS), where he / she will find various materials and all presentations. The program includes homework assignments that will require work between modules Participants receive access to materials that cover a total of 350 hours of study.
After successful completion of an examination at RWTH Aachen University in Germany, participants will receive a mastership certificate, recognising them as a specialist in laser therapy in dentistry and the certificate of completion of the Mastership Program issued by the Dental Skills Institute.
This RWTH Aachen University certificate may be credited towards the corresponding modules of the MSc “Lasers in Dentistry” programme.
For doctor who prefer to buy the Mastership Program and a Biolase Laser we offer a special price – please contact for details.
It is possible to pay in shifts.
The price of the training includes didactic materials as well as lunches and coffee breaks.
The cost does not include accommodation and commuting.
RWTH Aachen University is one of Germany’s elite universities and one of the most highly recognized technical universities in Europe. With 260 institutes within nine faculties, it is one of Europe’s leading institutions for science and engineering research. With innumerable industrial cooperation partners, the education that students receive at RWTH Aachen University is firmly rooted in real-world applications. As a result, RWTH graduates are highly sought after by business and industry. One in five board members of German corporation alumnus of RWTH Aachen University.
WALED, the World Academy for Laser Education & Research in Dentistry, is the Aachen Dental Laser Center’s alumni club. Membership of this academy is exclusive to students, graduates and alumni of the Mastership/Fellowship and Master of Science (MSc) in Lasers in Dentistry programmes run by the AALZ in conjunction with RWTH Aachen University. This academic and educational network was established to create an international academy of excellence for postgraduate education and research in laser dentistry. WALED hosts international symposia, as well as social meetings, and promotes collaboration amongst its members in the field of preclinical and clinical research and encourages the publication of clinical cases in scientific journals.
Lecturers: You will be studying with the world leading lecturers from RWTH Aachen University and partner institutions.
Certicication: The awarding body is RWTH Aachen University. Graduates also receive their Master diploma in both English and in German. The programme received the Bronze award for lifelong learning from the European Commission.
Network: Course participants have access to scientific staff who are world-class experts in their specialised fields. Furthermore, the course attracts dentists from around the globe and participants are encouraged to network with their fellow students during numerous social events held throughout the course.
Additional networking opportunities at international scientific conferences and through the alumni network, WALED, are also provided.
E-Learning: ILIAS which includes 350 hours of learning.
Mastership Certificate issued by Aachen University and the certificate of completion of the Mastership Program issued by the Dental Skills Institute.
Unlimited free access to the E-learning area.
Dinner with Professor Gutknecht in Warsaw and a gala ceremony in Aachen. | 2019-04-20T21:18:14Z | https://www.dsi-edu.com/en/laser-training |
Digestion is something many of us think about, but few of us talk about because we feel embarrassed about some of the symptoms. Still, over 51 million doctors visits each year are for digestive complaints in the United States, and we spend over $141 billion annually on care for digestive diseases!
Western medicine has some highly effective pharmaceuticals for dealing with digestive disorders, especially inflammatory bowel conditions, but what if you don’t want to take pills to treat poor digestion or an intestinal issue? What are your other options? How can you improve your digestion in general regardless?
Here is a short list of things you can do today to improve your digestion tomorrow, and some further information about natural medicine and the benefits of acupuncture for digestion that I hope will inspire you to learn more.
Eat Less - overeating or “food stagnation” in Chinese Medicine is a primary culprit of digestive malaise. Try to eat when you are hungry, not when the clock strikes 12. According to the Harvard Researcher Walter Willett in his book “Eat, Drink and Be Healthy” the average American only needs 1,600 calories per day to maintain their weight, not the 2,000 calorie diet we’re used to. If calorie counting isn’t your thing, try some intermittent fasting - recent research shows that skipping a meal here and there can actually be good for you!
Drink ½ Your Body Weight in Ounces of Water Per Day - i.e. if you weigh 120lbs, you should drink at least 60 oz of water per day. For most people 8 glasses is enough (64 oz) but if you’re over 130lbs, you may need more. Dehydration can severely affect your digestion. Get used to drinking more and see how your digestion improves!
Start the Day with Lemon water, Lime water, or Apple Cider Vinegar in water - Lemon, Lime and Apple Cider Vinegar can stimulate digestion, improve metabolism and cleanse the Liver - both energetically and physically. Lemon and Lime in particular can cause the Gall Bladder to contract and empty its contents, making way for more (digestion enhancing) bile production. Keeping bile moving also decreases your chances of developing gall stones which is also healthy for the Liver! Just a slice of citrus or a Tbsp of ACV in a full glass of water will do.
Try Apple Cider Vinegar Before a Meal - Apple Cider Vinegar or ACV can stimulate digestion, as above, and prepare the body for a meal. Feel like digesting protein in particular is hard and leaves you feeling sluggish? Try 2 Tbsp of ACV in water 20-30 minutes before a large protein meal (or right before if that is too inconvenient). If its too acidic for you, add a Tbsp of honey and drink it warm water like a tea - you may be surprised how soothing it is! Keep up with it consistently for a couple of weeks and see what changes.
Get Acupuncture - With 3,000 of history behind it as well as an increasing wealth of scientific evidence showing efficacy, Acupuncture is an excellent choice to help improve digestion. It has been proven to assist in decreasing symptoms of Crohn’s disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), even low salivation! A little acupuncture to balance the meridians can go a long way towards improving your digestive health.
Try Chinese Herbs - there are many Chinese herbal remedies and formulas for digestion, and a competent Acupuncturist can make you a custom herbal remedy. The simplest formula, however, is called “Si Jun Zi Tang” or 4 Gentleman Decoction and it is a very basic tonic for improving digestion that most anyone can safely try. If you are on Western medications or have questions or concerns, please consult a professional before taking any herbal remedy.
Take Probiotics - for at least one month, preferrably 3 months continuously at least 1x/year. This seeds the gut with good gut bacteria so it can regrow colonies that may have been lost due to illness or poor dietary choices.
Eat Well - In the most general sense this means more veggies, less sugar, moderate caffeine and alcohol. Check out the food pyramid below (also from the Harvard Research Center) and make it your guide to healthy eating.
The benefits of Acupuncture are quite broad, but more than anything, Acupuncture is about improving your quality of life. Better digestion, better sleep, less pain, more emotional stability and improved stress recovery - Acupuncture can actually help you achieve all of these things through treatment, assessment, and by supporting healthy lifestyle changes.
Your friendly neighborhood Acupuncturist isn’t just someone who sticks pins in people and does wu wu stuff, they’re someone who is highly trained in the art of medicine as well as the science, and who is dedicated to helping you achieve your goals through the best means necessary for you. If you want to know more, please read through my website and blog or contact me via email anytime. You can also book appointments 24/7 online - I hope to hear from you soon!
What Is Wellness; How To Be Well.
Wellness is a word that is thrown around often and loudly these days. I myself consciously chose to name my business “All Ways Well” and I talk of Wellness often because ultimately, this is the heart of my job. As an Acupuncturist, my primary purpose is to help patients achieve and maintain health and wellness.
I believe Wellness to be something personal. I can outline it generally, and tell you the feeling that I believe wellness should elicit, but the exact components of what it means to be Well in YOUR life are going to be unique and individual. Helping my patients define and seek these personal wellness goals is what I do with joy every day!
Therefore, I am going to seek to generally answer the question “What is Wellness “ and lay an outline for you to understand how to define wellness for yourself, as well as clarify why Acupuncture for Wellness is so powerful.
Interestingly enough, this definition has not been amended since 1948! Clearly, however, it doesn’t need to be - it is a clear and concise definition of health that I believe still holds accurate and true.
Wellness is an active process of becoming aware and of making choices toward a more successful existence.
What I like about this definition is the fact that it recognizes process. It encompasess the idea that wellness is something active, participatory and conscious. It is also a big vague, which I believe is fitting because its personal - YOU have to define your own specific wellness parameters, which ultimately (as indicated) help you achieve a more “successful existence” which I will translate as happiness for sake of simplicity.
Even though I agree with the gist and like the direction, for me this definition isn’t perfect. As an Acupuncturist and Chinese Medicine practitioner, I believe that health and wellness are intimately intertwined and that to achieve one, you must also be working towards the other. For my purposes, Wellness is a feeling, a state of being in which you feel present, content, connected and satisfied with your path in health and in life.
How To Be Well? A Personal Assessment and Plan.
It examines Physical Vitality, Emotional Vitality, Social Connectedness, Spiritual Connectedness and Overall Well-being and graphs out your results for you in a simple and easy to read document.
Am I happy with my Health?
Do I feel emotionally calm/content stable and/or can I return to center easily when thrown off balance?
Do I feel supported/connected to other people in my life?
If I stop and close my eyes and just take a deep breath right now, do I feel generally well?
If you answered yes to everything above - Kudos! Keep up the good work. If not, decide which areas of your life you want to improve, prioritize them, and pick at least one thing each month to do which helps you reach these goals.
If you’ve taken the Heart Math survey, you will get very detailed information about these 5 aspects as well as recommendations from them regarding actions.
In 3-6 months, depending on how you feel, go through the questions above or the survey again and see how you’ve done!
I know this sounds very simple, yet is actually very complex. This is why it is important to prioritize and choose just 1-2 things each month to work on. The most important part is that you define a path and are walking on it, the goals will get closer with each measured step and you can take deep satisfaction in every one.
Acupuncture, as part of Chinese Medicine, is a powerful path to achieve wellness. When you see an Acupuncturist, you don’t just get an assessment of your physical and energetic health for a sole concern - you get an assessment of everything. Your energetic channels traverse from the top of your head, to your nose to your toes - no single part of the body can be treated without at least partially addressing another.
A treatment for carpal tunnel cannot help but also treat and improve health in the Lungs because the Lung channel traverses the wrist. A treatment for shin splints cannot help but also improve digestion, stamina and energy because the Stomach channel is located in that area.
Furthermore, in Chinese Medicine each meridian or channel is also affected by different emotions, different states of consciousness, even the seasons! This means that even when we are treating physical concerns, your emotional state and the general sense of well-being or dis-ease associated will also be addressed.
Truly, this means that if you want the easiest path to Wellness available - you should see an Acupuncturist! They will do the assessment for you and be able to perform a concrete treatment which will improve many aspects of your health, while at the same time coaching you about how to map a path and achieve your goals yourself because Traditional Chinese Medicine includes dietary and lifestyle advice as well.
Ready to Find Your Wellness and Keep It? Try Acupuncture.
The NCCAOM maintains practitioner listings of all licensed acupuncturists in the US and a quick search on their site will find you someone qualified and credentialed to help. If you have any further questions or want to book in with me, please don’t hesitate to email anytime or book online 24/7! Its my true passion and pleasure to help people achieve and maintain Wellness in as many aspects of their life as they can.
In Chinese Medicine, Winter is governed by the Kidney, which is also the Water element of the body. This makes Winter an essential time to contemplate, restore and nourish the body physically and energetically so it is better able to handle whatever may arise in the coming year.
Another way to view this, is to say that Winter is the perfect energetic time to strengthen the immune system. Indeed, when treating allergies or asthma in particular, it is essential to tonify or strengthen your Qi during the off season (commonly Winter) to prepare for the on season of the worst symptoms (typically Spring).
Meditation - research shows that meditation can significantly boost immunity. Indeed, a study in 2003 showed that after 8 weeks of instruction in mindfulness meditation, the participants immune system response to a flu vaccine was significantly stronger that the non-meditating control group. This suggests that meditation can significantly improve your immunity. Try it!
Acupuncture - There is some compelling research showing that Acupuncture creates a blood mediated positive immune response. A 2007 study in the American Journal of Chinese Medicine showed that the immune response peaked approximately 72 hours after treatment, and after 10 sessions (a typical course of treatment in China) some of the results were still measurable a full month later! In Chinese Medicine, the focus of Acupuncture for immunity is on strengthening the Spleen, Lung and Kidney Qi. Try it!
Astragalus - Astragalus is an herb used to tonify the Qi, especially to improve immunity in Chinese Medicine. It has been widely researched for its anti-aging and anti-cancer properties as well. My favorite formulation is called A.S.R. by People’s Herbs - it contains not only Astragalus, but also Reishi and Shitake mushroom extracts, which are also used as longevity tonics and Qi boosters in TCM. I have found this combination especially good for patients with fatigue and chronic digestive issues - especially MTHFR. Email me if you want to order some!
Probiotics - If you haven’t supplemented any probiotics in the past 3-6 months and especially if you have taken any antibiotics of late, a 3 month course of probiotics could really give your immunity a boost. The gut is kind of like your body’s gateway to interacting with the world and your gut microflora is its keeper. If your gut microflora is off you won’t detoxify efficiently or process and absorb nutrients effectively. Then everything can get out of wack. I love the Probiotic Pearls from Integrative Therapeutics - they are shelf stable (no refrigeration necessary!), small, easy to swallow and reasonably priced! Order online.
Hydrotherapy - hydrotherapy is a fancy term for using water to improve health, and usually refers to hot/cold alternating therapy - sometimes called a “contrast shower.” As you might guess, this means alternating hot and cold in the shower several times in a row. Contrast showers can improve circulation, and have also been proven to increase white blood cell count and decrease pain! Try alternating 2-3 times and end on the cold - you’ll be amazed how warm the bathroom feels when you step out from under the water!
Immune System Boosters and Acupuncture for Immunity - try them!
Now that you have the facts, pick at least 1-2 things off this list to try out this winter and see what Spring brings. You may be surprised at the increase in health and vitality you feel at the end of the season!
If you have any further questions, want to order supplements or book in please don’t hesitate to contact me anytime or book online 24/7!
Acupuncture for Back Pain - How Does It DO That??
So I’ve decided to answer the question! I do in clinic every day, you know, so hey - might as well do it here too! Today my topic is BACK PAIN and how Acupuncture for back pain works. I’ll be doing new installments of this “how acupuncture works” series over the course of the year focusing on different aches, pains and ailments, so do stay tuned!
Acupuncture and Back Pain - How Does It Work?
This is the focus of all Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine treatment - the idea that the energetic body and the physical body are intimately intertwined and where one goes, the other will follow. We use Acupuncture, therefore, to balance the energetic system and once balanced and stable, the physical body will heal following suit.
Neuro-muscular junction reset - sometimes the needle hits the belly of the muscle causing it to fasciculate or jump, this can reset the nerve signal at the neuro-muscular junction causing the muscle to relax and release.
Mu-Opiate Receptor Changes - Acupuncture actually changes Mu-Opiate recepters in the brain decreasing the perception of pain.
And the list kind of goes on but I think this is some of the more relevant information. One of the especially great things about Acupuncture for Back Pain is that the needles can go right to the heart of the problem. Sometimes back pain is quite deep and there can be sacro-iliac joint involvement, as well as nerve involvement. Acupuncture can go through all the superficial tension and get right to the heart of the issue, and on its way it helps to relax the muscular layers all the way down. Getting Acupuncture before a massage or chiropractic appointment can greatly enhance your results since much of the tension will be gone before you get to the LMT or DC.
So now you have the quick and dirty Rebecca-approved guide to healthcare options for 2015, but what if you actually want to understand more? How do you assess how you use healthcare and then match that up with the plans available to make the best choice? And what do all those crazy terms mean that I am supposed to be able to understand to even understand what my options are?
Look back at 2014 and tally you and/or your family’s medical care in 2014 and perhaps 2013 as well if you can do so easily. Tally how many times you went to the doctor and what types of visits they were - urgent care? ER? Annual exam? Regular check up? Make note of whether you take medications or not and if you had lab work, physical therapy, alternative care, vision, dental, etc. Keep this tally handy as you prepare to do some math and look over plan options.
Barring a major illness, your insurance premium is the most expensive part of your insurance plan so the first thing you have to look at is the annual cost of your premium. A $500/mo plan is $6,000 ($500 *12 = $6k) over the course of the year. A more expensive plan might have a lower deductible and better benefits (copay instead of coinsurance for instance), but would you actually use the benefits? How much would they save you? If you hardly ever go to the doctor, you’re better off taking a low premium catastrophic coverage type plan because even though you’ll pay more when you go to the doctor, you’ll save so much on the premium over time that you should be able to afford to pay for the care you use instead of paying high premiums all the time.
Each plan will have an individual and family “Maximum Out of Pocket” cost. This is the total dollar value of copayments and out of pocket coinsurance after your insurance premium you are responsible for each year before your plan will pay 100% of covered expenses. If you know you have a major event coming up such as a major surgery or a pregnancy/birth you’ll likely reach this out of pocket max. | 2019-04-24T16:59:38Z | http://www.allwayswell.com/blog/archives/12-2014 |
In a U.S. publicly traded company, an audit committee is an operating committee of the board of directors charged with oversight of financial reporting and disclosure. Committee members are drawn from members of the company's board of directors, with a Chairperson selected from among the committee members. A qualifying (cf. paragraph "Composition" below) audit committee is required for a U.S. publicly traded company to be listed on a stock exchange. Audit committees are typically empowered to acquire the consulting resources and expertise deemed necessary to perform their responsibilities.
The role of audit committees continues to evolve as a result of the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Many audit committees also have oversight of regulatory compliance and risk management activities.
Not for profit entities may also have an audit committee.
Internationally, the audit committee is a committee of the board of directors responsible for oversight of the financial reporting process, selection of the independent auditor, and receipt of audit results both internal and external. The committee assists the board of directors fulfill its corporate governance and overseeing responsibilities in relation to an entity’s financial reporting, internal control system, risk management system and internal and external audit functions. Its role is to provide advice and recommendations to the board within the scope of its terms of reference / charter. Terms of reference and requirements for an audit committee vary by country, but may be influenced by economic and political unions capable of passing legislation. The European Union directives are applied across Europe through legislation at the country level. Although specific legal requirements may vary by country in Europe, the source of legislation on corporate governance issues is often found at the European Union level and within the non-mandatory corporate governance codes that cross national boundaries.
Institute of Internal Auditors definition: "The Audit committee refers to the governance body that is charged with oversight of the organization’s audit and control functions. Although these fiduciary duties are often delegated to an audit committee of the board of directors, the (...) Practice Advisory is also intended to apply to other oversight groups with equivalent authority and responsibility, such as trustees, legislative bodies, owners of an owner-managed entity, internal control committees, or full boards of directors" (IIA Practice Advisory 2060-2 of 2004).
In Nigeria, the Audit Committee is defined as a “Committee of Directors and the enterprises shareholders representatives whose specific responsibility is to review the annual financial statements before submission to the Board of Directors”.
The above definitions are focused on the private sector. A similar definition has been developed by the government auditors in the INTOSAI’s Internal Control Standards: "A committee of the Board of Directors whose role typically focuses on aspects of financial reporting and on the entity's processes to manage business and financial risk, and for compliance with significant applicable legal, ethical, and regulatory requirements. The Audit Committee typically assists the Board with the oversight of (a) the integrity of the entity's financial statements, (b) the entity's compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (c) the independent auditors' qualifications and independence, (d) the performance of the entity's internal audit function and that of the independent auditors and (e) compensation of company executives (in absence of a remuneration committee)."(Standard INTOSAI GOV #9100, "Internal Control Standards for the Public Sector”, annex 2) "INTOSAI definition" (PDF). INTOSAI definition. INTOSAI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
Loans + Borrowings + Debentures + Deposits ≥ ₹50 Crore.
Usually, membership of the Committee is subject to the maximum number of 6 persons.
In the USA, a qualifying audit committee is required for listed publicly traded companies. To qualify, the committee must be composed of independent outside directors with at least one qualifying as a financial expert.
Institute of Internal Auditors best practice: “The audit committee will consist of at least three and no more than six members of the board of directors... Each committee member will be both independent and financially literate. At least one member shall be designated as the "financial expert," as defined by applicable legislation and regulation”.
Overseeing the financial reporting and disclosure process.
Monitoring choice of accounting policies and principles.
Overseeing hiring, performance and independence of the external auditors.
Oversight of regulatory compliance, ethics, and whistleblower hotlines.
Monitoring the internal control process.
Overseeing the performance of the internal audit function.
Discussing risk management policies and practices with management.
European Union: Directive 2006/43/EC, article 41.2: (...) the audit committee shall, inter alia: (a) Monitor the financial reporting process; (b) Monitor the effectiveness of the company's internal control, internal audit where applicable, and risk management systems; (c) Monitor the statutory audit of the annual and consolidated accounts; (d) Review and monitor the independence of the statutory auditor or audit firm, and in particular the provision of additional services to the audited entity.
Audit committees typically review financial statements quarterly and annually in public companies. In addition, members will often discuss complex accounting estimates and judgments made by management and the implementation of new accounting principles or regulations. Audit committees interact regularly with senior financial management such as the CFO and Controller and are in a position to comment on the capabilities of these managers. Should significant problems with accounting practices or personnel be identified or alleged, a special investigation may be directed by the audit committee, using outside consulting resources as deemed necessary.
External auditors are also required to report to the committee on a variety of matters, such as their views on management's selection of accounting principles, accounting adjustments arising from their audits, any disagreement or difficulties encountered in working with management, and any identified fraud or illegal acts.
Audit committees typically approve selection of the external auditor. The external auditor (also called a public accounting firm) audits the entity's financial statements quarterly and issues an opinion providing assurance on the entity's annual financial statements. Changing an external auditor typically also requires audit committee approval. Audit committees also help ensure the external auditor is independent, meaning no conflicts of interest exist that might interfere with the auditor's ability to issue its opinion on the financial statements.
European Union: Directive 2006/43/EC, article 41.3 and 41.4: "In a public-interest entity, the proposal of the administrative or supervisory body for the appointment of a statutory auditor or audit firm shall be based on a recommendation made by the audit committee. The statutory auditor or audit firm shall report to the audit committee on key matters arising from the statutory audit, and in particular on material weaknesses in internal control in relation to the financial reporting process."
Audit committees discuss litigation or regulatory compliance risks with management, generally via briefings or reports of the General Counsel, the top lawyer in the organisation. Larger corporations may also have a Chief Compliance Officer or Ethics Officer that report incidents or risks related to the entity's code of conduct.
Internal control includes the policies and practices used to control the operations, accounting, and regulatory compliance of the entity. Management and both the internal auditing function and external auditors provide reporting to the audit committee regarding the effectiveness and efficiency of internal control.
European best practice for the role of the Audit Committee in overseeing internal audit: cf.
Organizations have a variety of functions that perform activities to understand and address risks that threaten the achievement of the organization's objectives. The policies and practices used by the entity to identify, prioritize, and respond to the risks (or opportunities) are typically discussed with the audit committee. Having such a discussion is required for listing on the New York Stock Exchange. Many organizations are developing their practices towards a goal of a risk-based management approach called Enterprise risk management. Audit committee involvement in non-financial risk topics varies significantly by entity. Dr. Ram Charan has argued for risk management early warning systems at the corporate board level.
European best practice for the role of the Audit Committee in risk management: cf.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 increased audit committees’ responsibilities and authority. It raised membership requirements and committee composition to include more independent directors. Companies were required to disclose whether or not a financial expert is on the Committee. Further, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the stock exchanges proposed new regulations and rules to strengthen audit committees.
1939: The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) first endorsed the audit committee concept.
1972: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) first recommends that publicly held companies establish audit committees composed of outside (non-management) directors.
1977: NYSE adopts a listing requirement that audit committees be composed entirely of independent directors.
1988: AICPA issues SAS 61 "Communication with Audit Committees" addressing communications between the external auditor, audit committee and management of SEC reporting companies.
1999: NYSE, NASD, AMEX, SEC and AICPA finalize major rule changes based on Blue Ribbon Committee on Improving the Effectiveness of the Corporate Audit Committee.
2002: Sarbanes-Oxley Act is passed in the wake of corporate scandals and includes whistleblower and financial expert disclosure requirements for audit committees.
"The work of the audit committee can only be valuable if sufficient time is allotted on the board agenda for the audit committee to present the results of its work. The audit committee should also feel that the board is taking appropriate action on its report."
Many audit committee chairpersons conduct interim calls with key members of management between quarterly meetings. Key contacts may include the CEO, CFO, Chief Auditor, and external audit partner. Many boards also schedule dinners prior to formal meetings that allow informal interaction with management. Some companies also require their boards to spend a certain amount of time learning their operations beyond board meeting attendance.
These are formally scheduled private meetings between the audit committee and key members of management or the external auditor. These meetings typically are unstructured and provide the opportunity for the committee to obtain the feedback of these managers in private. A key question audit committee members ask in such sessions is: "Is there anything you would like to bring to our attention?"
Audit committees should complete a self-evaluation annually to identify improvement opportunities. This involves comparing the committee's performance versus its charter, any formal guidelines and rules, and against best practices. Such a review is confidential and may or may not include evaluations of particular members.
54% of committee members surveyed felt the audit committee was "very effective," while 38% indicated "somewhat effective."
Risk management, internal control, and accounting estimates and judgments were the top priority areas for 2007.
Most audit committees have 3-4 members and are usually chaired by persons with experience as a CFO, external auditor, or CEO.
Audit committees meet 6-10 times per year, either face-to-face or via teleconference, with the former lasting from 1–4 hours and the latter 1–2 hours.
Audit committee members devoted 50–150 hours to their responsibilities each year.
The percentage of audit committees with oversight responsibility for: IT compliance (66%), business continuity (50%), and information security(45%).
41% were "very satisfied" with the internal audit function, while 52% were "somewhat satisfied."
Two-thirds felt the Chief Internal Audit position was for a professional internal auditor, rather than as a "stepping stone" to other roles.
93% indicated the audit committee was "somewhat" or "much more" effective since the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was implemented in 2002.
58% of committee members were "somewhat satisfied" that they understood management's processes to identify and assess significant business risks.
Only 17% of audit committees had primary responsibility for oversight of non-financial risk; the full board had this responsibility in 56% of companies.
In a 2011 study, the Council of Europe concluded that: “The Benchmarking results from a sample of 15 international organisations in Europe show that 11 have an audit committee (of which the name may vary from Audit Committee, Advisory Committee on Audits, Audit Advisory Board, Audit Progress Committee, Finance and Audit Committee, Independent Advisory Oversight Committee, Independent Audit Advisory Committee of Experts) and in seven, the Audit committee plays a role in the selection of the External Auditor".
A 2009 study on 23 international organisations showed that 10 had an Audit Committee and 3 considered having one in future, with 8 reporting to the Governing Body level and 2 reporting to DG/Executive Director level. The sizes of all Audit Committees were between 3 and 9 members, with 5 committees having a mix of external expert members and internal members.
^ Prasad, Suresh. "Audit Committee to be constituted by BOD of specified Company". AUBSP. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
^ a b c "European Directive 2006/43/EC of 17 May 2006". European Commission. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
^ "Sample Audit Committee Charter". IIA. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
^ AICPA "The Audit Committee Toolkit" New York; 2004.
^ "CPA Journal AC Responsibilities". Nysscpa.org. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
^ "Sample Charter". Dell.com. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
^ "INTOSAI definition" (PDF). INTOSAI definition. INTOSAI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
^ "Audit Committee Effectiveness: What Works Best-2nd Edition." Institute of Internal Auditors and Price Waterhouse. Altamonte Springs, FLA; 2000.
^ a b c "ECIIA Guidance on the 8th EU Company Law Directive" (PDF). www.eciia.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
^ Charan, Ram (2005). Boards That Deliver. Jossey Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-7139-7.
^ "Audit Committee Effectiveness: What Works Best-2nd Edition" Institute of Internal Auditors and Price Waterhouse. Altamonte Springs, FLA; 2000.
^ "KPMG AC Survey 2007" (PDF). Kpmg.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
^ "KPMG AC Study 2008" (PDF). Kpmg.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
^ "Document of 3/12/10 presented to the CoE Committee of Ministers". Council of Europe. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
Example of Audit Committee Terms of Reference: at the Council of Europe (1. Guiding principle, 2. Role of the Committee, 3. Membership of the Committee, 4. Terms of appointment, 5. Rules and procedures, 6. Access to documents, 7. Reporting, 8. Resources): wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1684131&Site=CM 12 January 2011.
Association of Audit Committee Members, Inc.
This page was last edited on 7 April 2019, at 13:06 (UTC). | 2019-04-19T17:10:51Z | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Committee |
The Good: The continued program followed by Volunteers in Pittwater to maintain and restore local Bush Reserves.
The Bad: The plan to do Seismic Testing during Whale Migrations North and South by a W.A. Mining Company.
The Ugly: The polluting of the Caley Wetlands by Adani from its Abbott Point facility and the continued Australian Government support of the world's most unpopular proposed coal mine in the Galilee Basin, including pushing around the traditional owners of these sacred lands through changing laws to facilitate this, robbing local farmers of needed water to be put to Adani's use and discussing granting a billion dollar loan to help Adani destroy another part of this place.
Realignment of main headings, extension of approved longwalls (LW15-17), development of up three additional longwalls (LW18-20) to the northwest in the Middle Liddell Seam and changes to ancillary surface infrastructure and water management.
The Turnbull Government has launched a new $13 million research program to tackle PFAS (per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances) in the environment.
The PFAS Remediation Research Program will support the development of innovative technologies to investigate and remediate PFAS contaminated areas, including soil and other solid contaminated debris, groundwater, waterways and marine systems.
The Program will see some of Australia’s leading research minds investigate options to address the highly complex problems PFAS presents.
The Turnbull Government asked the Australian Research Council (ARC) to administer a range of research programs that investigate existing and emerging solutions for PFAS removal and disposal and to develop new technologies and processes that can be deployed across the country.
developing options and mechanisms through which these effective technologies can be applied in the field.
The PFAS Remediation Research Program is funded by the Australian Government through the ARC Special Research Initiatives (SRI) scheme.
The ARC SRI scheme provides funding for new and emerging fields of research and builds capacity in strategically important areas. The objective of the SRI scheme is to support high-quality research, which will assist in advancing Australia’s research excellence to be globally competitive and deliver benefits to the community.
To date the Government has invested over $100 million in responding to PFAS contamination, including investigations, community support, remediation and research.
The Program builds on the Turnbull Government’s investment of more than $100 million in responding to PFAS contamination, including investigations, community support, remediation and research.
The first selection round of the PFAS Remediation Research Program will be open to eligible Administering Organisations from December 2017 to February 2018, inviting grant applications for between $50,000 to $1 million per year, for one to three years.
For more information about the PFAS Remediation Research Program please visit the ARC website.
Last workshop for the year at SewCraftCook for the year - passed.
Huge thanks to Kate for providing such an amazing and creative space for us to make the bags and store our "bits".
And a huge thanks to all those who have volunteered making bags, stamping bags, screen printing, cutting, ironing, folding, providing yummy treats, making cups of tea and for all the laughs, chats and good times. Without you we wouldn't be the team that we are.
On that note, dear sewers - if any of you, including the "at home" sewers need more fabric during the break, please contact Robyn via this email and she'll arrange it - the cupboards are bulging.
Return to our regular workshops from 11am - 4pm.
Come for a hour or two or come for the day.
SewCraftCook 20/14 Polo Ave, Mona Vale.
In the 2017/18 financial year Council has allocated $40,000 to progress restoration works and employed a local bushland restoration company which specialises in wetland management.
The work that has been programmed to be completed over the next 12 months includes the prioritisation of aquatic weeds such as Ludwigia peruvia and Alligator weed, a continued reduction in the extent of Coral trees, and the ongoing maintenance of previously worked areas.
This will include a focus on weeds visible from the boardwalk, walkways, and high profile areas in general. Council is looking at alternative methods of site management. For example Council is investigating the potential of more environmentally friendly herbicides for use in wetlands. Council is also working with a university to map weeds via the use of drones to get a more accurate picture of weed distribution. This information will further assist management decisions on where to prioritise available funding.
The NSW Environment Protection Authority (EPA) has fined Sydney Water $30,000 after 238,000 litres of raw sewage was discharged from the North Head Sewage Treatment Plant, near Manly, into the ocean.
Penalty notices were issued for breaches of the Protection of the Environment Operations Act: pollution of waters and failure of Sydney Water to comply with the conditions of their licence.
Untreated sewage overflowed from the cliff face at North Head for 40mins on the morning of 10 March 2017 during maintenance work at the Sewage Treatment Plant.
EPA Regional Director Metropolitan Giselle Howard said the discharge occurred despite detection by an automated alert system of an imminent overflow and multiple warning alarms.
“Untreated sewage can have environmental impacts in marine systems. While the environmental impacts in this case were not severe, the overflow was large and preventable,” Ms Howard said.
Sydney Water is implementing strategies to prevent a recurrence including revised plans for how maintenance activities are to be handled for future works.
The maximum court-related penalty for a company for water pollution is $1,000,000 and a further $120,000 for each day the offence continues.
Penalty notices are one of a number of tools the EPA can use to achieve environmental compliance including formal warnings, official cautions, licence conditions, notices and directions and prosecutions. For more information about the EPA’s regulatory tools, see the EPA Compliance Policy http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/legislation/prosguid.htm.
National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) and Surf Life Saving NSW (SLSNSW) are reminding park visitors to take care when venturing out into coastal areas this summer particularly when near cliff edges and ocean rock platforms, including Figure Eight Pools (Royal National Park).
NPWS Area Manager Shaun Elwood said this safety message is timely, as the weather warms up and we head into the busy peak summer season.
"We've teamed up with Surf Life Saving NSW to urge park visitors to stay safe when visiting coastal areas by following warning signs and safety alerts issued by authorities," Mr Elwood said.
"NSW's coastline is vast, stretching over 2000 plus kilometres, with many cliff top walking tracks found within coastal national parks.
"Most visitors to coastal parks have a healthy respect for coastline safety and will stay on designated pathways and adhere to warning signs and barriers restricting access.
"We can't stress enough how important it is for park visitors to stop taking unnecessary risks near cliff lines," Mr Elwood said.
Surf Life Saving NSW said if you're planning on visiting a coastal area, particularly a rock platform such as Figure Eight Pools, it's important to follow ocean safety advice from authorities before stepping out onto the rock shelf.
"Rock platforms are natural areas exposed to the elements and inherently dangerous and unpredictable, particularly rock shelves that are open to the ocean," said Lifesaving Manager Matt du Plessis.
"If conditions on the day are safe to visit Figure Eight Pools, and once you are on the rock platform, stay alert and never turn your back on the ocean as large waves can crash across the platform even at low tide," Mr du Plessis said.
Mr Elwood said before visiting Figure Eight Pools, check the NPWS safety alerts issued daily as they advise when it's too dangerous to visit the pools due to dangerous swell conditions.
"Before you travel, check the Figure Eight Pools safety website to review the safety checklist, to know that you need to pack things like a small first aid kit and 2 litres of water per person and to decide if you are capable of walking the challenging 6km return hike to the site.
"It's important park visitors check ocean conditions and the weather and if conditions aren't right to visit the pools safely, don't risk it, go another day.
"We want people to enjoy our stunning coastal parks but please don't risk your safety. Stay on designated pathways, abide by warning signs and safety alerts and always check ocean conditions before climbing onto rock ledges," Mr Elwood said.
The Clean Energy Regulator (CER) has today released results of its successful sixth auction leaving more than $265 million in the Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) to purchase further abatement to help reduce emissions and meet our international targets.
In line with market expectation, the CER awarded 26 contracts for 7.95 million tonnes of abatement at an average price per tonne of $13.08.
Total abatement contracted under the ERF is now 191 million tonnes, with the average price per tonne across all six auctions at $11.90.
As foreshadowed ahead of the auction by the CER, the value of contracts was lower than previous auctions reflecting a maturing market.
The CER public estimate for the total value of contacts for the sixth auction was between $75 million and $150 million, with the total amount for the auction coming it at $104 million.
The ERF is in stark contrast to Labor's $15.4 billion carbon tax, which increased power prices for households and businesses with little emissions reduction to show.
Results from this latest auction will help ensure we meet our 2020 emissions reduction target, which we are currently on track to beat by 224 million tonnes. It will also help to meet our 2030 target.
The ERF offers a broad range of opportunities for business, farmers and others to reduce emissions right across the economy. Projects also generate income and employment, including for rural and Indigenous communities, and improve biodiversity.
The ERF is reducing emissions by storing carbon in forests and soils, improving energy efficiency, fuel switching and capturing methane from landfills.
The chance to run holiday accommodation in the lighthouse keeper's cottages at Smoky Cape and Sugarloaf Point on the NSW Mid North coast will be closing at 10am on 12 February 2018.
Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) Director Assets Activation, Stuart Schramm, said expressions of interest (EOI) are being sought from suitably qualified operators to manage the state heritage significant site as holiday accommodation.
"This includes the historic heritage lighthouse property precincts consisting of multiple cottages, ancillary buildings and surrounding lands at Sugarloaf Point and Smoky Cape," Mr Schramm said.
"We are seeking proposals from private operators to lease and manage the lighthouse keeper's cottages as short term, public holiday accommodation at Smoky Cape, Hat Head National Park, Sugarloaf Point and Myall Lakes National Park.
"This can be either a separate or combined opportunity and five-year lease with a five-year option being offered.
"The EOI provides private operators with the opportunity to put forward proposals for how they would operate the sites under a lease agreement with the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.
"The EOI is due to the expiration of the current contracts, and the NSW Government's commitment to fair and equitable access to leasing opportunities means the leases must be put out to market on a regular basis.
"The current operator is welcome to submit a response to this EOI in the same way as any other entity," Mr Schramm said.
The EOI process closes at 10am on 12 February 2018.
For further information, visitwww.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/nominating-heritage-place orwww.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/ask-first-guide-respecting-indigenous-heritage-places-and-values.
The Australian Magpie has been officially voted Australia’s Bird of the Year, having won the Guardian/BirdLife Australia ‘Bird of the Year’ poll, scoring nearly 20,000 of the 149,000 votes cast. Runner up was the early leader, the often-maligned Australian White Ibis, with just over 19,000 votes.
Although the White Ibis leapt out to an early lead, and looked to be a runaway winner with just a few days to go, late votes for the magpie accumulated steadily in the latter stages of the poll, and this momentum was enough to see it win comfortably.
Magpies have long been a favourite with Australians, many of whom enjoy their rich, carolling songs. Further, magpies often become rather tame when people feed them in their back yards and gardens, providing a genuine link between people and their local birdlife. The only time when magpies are not so popular is during the spring nesting season, when the birds sometimes swoop passersby to protect their nestlings.
White Ibis, on the other hand, are seldom spoken about in positive terms, at least in built-up areas. In rural districts, they are sometimes referred to as ‘the farmer’s friend’, as they eke out a living eating all sorts of agricultural pests. However, now that they’ve become familiar residents in many of Australia’s major cities, their habit of scavenging scraps and annoying alfresco diners has not endeared them to many people. How can we explain their unexpectedly high vote? It appears to have been a ‘Boaty McBoatface’ moment, with many people voting for the bird in an effort to be ‘ironic’.
Behind the White Ibis were the perennially popular Laughing Kookaburra, Tawny Frogmouth and Superb Fairy-wren.
Australian Magpie, Australian Ibis and Kookaburra photos by A J Guesdon - taken in Pittwater.
The arrival of a single Black-backed Oriole bird in rural Pennsylvania – 5000 kilometres from its usual home in Mexico – was worth an estimated $US223,851 to the economy from bird watchers flocking to see it.
The study, by a UNSW Sydney-led team, is the first to quantify the economic impact of a vagrant bird – a species observed outside its normal geographic range.
“More than 1800 birders from all over the Unites States and parts of Canada came to see the Black-backed Oriole, which was first spotted in a suburban backyard on 26 January 2017,” says study first author and UNSW Science PhD candidate Corey Callaghan.
The study, by researchers from UNSW, the Australian Museum, Charles Sturt University and the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney, is published in the journal Human Dimensions of Wildlife.
“There is sometimes a mixed perception of the role biodiversity plays in our economy,” says study senior author Professor Richard Kingsford, Director of the UNSW Centre for Ecosystem Science.
The 2017 appearance of the Black-backed Oriole in a backyard bird feeder in rural Berks County in Pennsylvania was only the second time this species had been recorded as visiting the US.
The researchers examined a log book of visitors kept by the home owners, and surveyed the tourists about their travel costs, to estimate the economic value of the event.
“I’ve always wondered how much money is generated by this unique and unpredictable part of birding – vagrant bird chasing – given the number of people who sometimes travel long distances to see an individual bird outside its normal range,” says Mr Callaghan, who is himself a keen birder.
Watching birds is big business in the United States, Australia and around the world. According to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service,up to $40 billion dollars per year is spent on watching birds in the US.
Ultimately, all birds depend on their habitats and so the benefits to the economy from bird watching need to be balanced against environmental threats that destroy their habitats, such as land clearing. There is a need to have thorough economic assessments of developments, given the value to the economy from passive bird watching, the researchers say.
A University of Queensland study has found that since feral red foxes were controlled in the 1980s, there has been an increase in the number goanna raids on loggerhead turtle nests at Wreck Rock beach, south of Agnes Waters.
UQ School of Biological Sciences researchers PhD student Juan Lei and Dr David Booth observed -- with the assistance of Turtle Care Queensland Inc volunteers and camera traps -- that the predators disturb up to 400 nests at the beach in one year.
"We discovered that only large male yellow-spotted goannas dug open sea turtle nests, but once the nest was opened other lizards, such as lace monitors and smaller yellow-spotted goannas, raided them," Dr Booth said.
"We had expected most nests would be discovered within one or two days of being constructed because of the visual and scent cues left behind by the female turtle.
"But what we found was the likelihood of a turtle nest being opened by a goanna wasn't related to the nest age or even the presence of ghost crabs, which disturb nests by burrowing and potentially releasing those smells that attract a goanna's attention.
"So we still don't know the mechanism by which goannas discover and attack sea turtle nests that are several weeks into the incubation period."
Dr Booth said studying the relationships between predators and prey, and the interactions between different predators that hunt the same prey, were important in ecological research.
"One predator species may provide the cue signalling the location of prey to the other predator species, particularly when food sources become sparse," he said.
The study, supported by a Nest to Oceans Turtle Protection Program grant, is published in Austral Ecology.
Maps of the world's most important wilderness areas are now freely available online following a University of Queensland and Wildlife Conservation Society-led study published today.
"These ecosystems play a key role in regulating local climates, sequestering and storing large amounts of carbon and supporting many of the world's most culturally diverse -- but politically and economically marginalized communities," Allan said.
"Despite their importance, wilderness areas are being destroyed at an alarming rate and need urgent protection with almost 10 per cent being lost since the early 1990s. Their conservation is a global priority," Allan said.
Said Watson: "Environmental policy almost completely ignored wilderness conservation but this has to change. National governments and multilateral environmental agreements such as the World Heritage convention need to step up and protect wilderness before it is too late."
"I think this puts our approach ahead of all other fusion energy technologies," said Hora, who predicted in the 1970s that fusing hydrogen and boron might be possible without the need for thermal equilibrium. Rather than heat fuel to the temperature of the Sun using massive, high-strength magnets to control superhot plasmas inside a doughnut-shaped toroidal chamber (as in NIF and ITER), hydrogen-boron fusion is achieved using two powerful lasers in rapid bursts, which apply precise non-linear forces to compress the nuclei together.
Hydrogen-boron fusion produces no neutrons and, therefore, no radioactivity in its primary reaction. And unlike most other sources of power production -- like coal, gas and nuclear, which rely on heating liquids like water to drive turbines -- the energy generated by hydrogen-boron fusion converts directly into electricity. But the downside has always been that this needs much higher temperatures and densities -- almost 3 billion degrees Celsius, or 200 times hotter than the core of the Sun.
However, dramatic advances in laser technology are close to making the two-laser approach feasible, and a spate of recent experiments around the world indicate that an 'avalanche' fusion reaction could be triggered in the trillionth-of-a-second blast from a petawatt-scale laser pulse, whose fleeting bursts pack a quadrillion watts of power. If scientists could exploit this avalanche, Hora said, a breakthrough in proton-boron fusion was imminent.
"It is a most exciting thing to see these reactions confirmed in recent experiments and simulations," said Hora, an emeritus professor of theoretical physics at UNSW. "Not just because it proves some of my earlier theoretical work, but they have also measured the laser-initiated chain reaction to create one billion-fold higher energy output than predicted under thermal equilibrium conditions."
Together with 10 colleagues in six nations -- including from Israel's Soreq Nuclear Research Centre and the University of California, Berkeley -- Hora describes a roadmap for the development of hydrogen-boron fusion based on his design, bringing together recent breakthroughs and detailing what further research is needed to make the reactor a reality.
An Australian spin-off company, HB11 Energy, holds the patents for Hora's process. "If the next few years of research don't uncover any major engineering hurdles, we could have prototype reactor within a decade," said Warren McKenzie, managing director of HB11.
"From an engineering perspective, our approach will be a much simpler project because the fuels and waste are safe, the reactor won't need a heat exchanger and steam turbine generator, and the lasers we need can be bought off the shelf," he added.
National Parks and Wildlife Service area manager Jaymie Norris says the Wild Deserts project is contributing to the NSW Government’s Saving our Species conservation program (SOS).
“The aim of this project is to return mammal species not seen in their natural habitat for over 90 years in Sturt National Park,” he says.
“Rabbits, cats and foxes will be eradicated from two 20-square-kilometre fenced exclosures in Sturt National Park, before locally extinct mammals are reintroduced.
The thin edge of the wedge has arrived in Whitemore, Tasmania. Got a letter in the mail the other day from the international seed company, Bejo, asking me not to save my own vegetable seeds – specifically beetroot and silver beet. What the sh*t? Bejo say that they are growing beetroots for seed somewhere in Tasmania – they say not where.
Apparently these plants produce pollen which can spread by wind for up to 10 km and the seeds that I save in my garden (I currently have one plant being saved for seed) could stuff things up for them by cross pollinating with their plants. It seems that I could possibly, single-handedly with my one plant, destroy an industry worth millions. Well best of luck with that one. I am currently trying to word a letter that tells Bejo to basically go and get stuffed.
I don’t know much about Bejo but they seem to have a whiff of Monsanto about them. Apparently Bejo are part of the Dutch company Bejo Zaden. There also seems to be some information that their head office is actually in USA so it is hard to tell. They are a private company and they don’t seem to list their directors or who actually owns the operation (or if they do I can’t find it). They claim to be the third biggest vegetable seed company in the world and are active in 30 different countries. According to our ABC rural news department they are moving into Tasmania in a big way because of climate change.
They ask “that you please cut off, at ground level, any plants which are presently flowering in your garden”. Ah, well actually, no, I don’t intend to. They didn’t offer to supply me with free vegetable seed by way of compensation and I would also greatly appreciate it they stopped spraying their crops with insecticides that could adversely affect my bees. We were never consulted on this, just being requested to fall into line for the sake of the profits of an extraordinarily wealthy multi-national company - I don’t think so.
It is actually a bit hard to tell if Bejo are goodies or baddies because they seem to employee some extraordinarily capable spin doctors – as does Monsanto. They continually throw in impressive (but meaningless) motherhood statements like “we stay close to nature” and “exploring nature never stops”. They also seem to be using the power of association by trying to ride on the back of the organic movement by producing some organic seeds. They don’t say how much.
So far I have only come up with one line for my letter of reply, “You are possibly a villain masquerading as one of the good guys”. I may substitute bully for villain - haven’t decided yet. It’s a start.
I have attached a photo of myself and my supposedly sinister silver beet plant.
This letter has been circulated to households near our seed production areas for more than 20 years, and indeed, it is common practice by all seed producing companies around the world to make this request. It is a kind request from our side in which we merely appeal to the good nature of gardeners – people who share our interest in producing quality seed for quality crops. In Tasmania, our seed production operation is thriving in order to supply commercial growers with quality seed for the global food market. We do not use any GMO products, and currently our focus is on producing quality organic seed for the organic grower. With the growing success each year, we are able to offer more employment opportunities within the local community, and we strive to build relationships with our growers and neighbours.
In a world-first, a research team of Australian and international scientists has used data collected by satellites and an ocean model to explain and predict biodiversity on the Antarctic seafloor.
The researchers combined satellite images of phytoplankton colour on the sea surface with a suite of connected models of how the microscopic phytoplankton are swept by ocean currents, sink to the seafloor and are then redistributed across it, to accurately predict the extent of seafloor life without the need for extensive physical sampling.
The study's lead author, IMAS PhD student Jan Jansen, said the breakthrough, published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, would support better conservation and management of biodiversity in the Antarctic.
"For the first time, we are able to predict how much food is available to organisms on the Antarctic sea floor, and therefore how much life is supported across the region," Mr Jansen said.
"Scientists have long known that there was a relationship between organic matter on the surface and life on the sea floor.
"But until now there hasn't been a reliable model that not only explained the link but also enabled predictions of biodiversity.
"Our 'food availability model' brings satellite data and analysis of the rate at which organic matter sinks together with data about fluctuating ocean currents on and above the seafloor.
"The model's predictions about how much food there will be in a particular area have been verified by physical sampling of seafloor sediments.
"This system of models allows broad scale predictions of seafloor biodiversity over vast regions of the Antarctic continental shelf that were previously hidden, as well as predictions about how climate change will affect the ecosystem.
"It will also support better informed decisions about how parts of the ocean can be best managed and conserved in the future," Mr Jansen said.
Co-author IMAS Professor Craig Johnson said that while the study was based on a region in eastern Antarctica, the new approach could be used to generate maps of biodiversity across the continental shelf right around the Antarctic continent, including areas where information is currently limited or difficult to collect.
"This information would be very valuable and is an exciting prospect," Professor Johnson said.
"With further research, this system of models has the potential to provide valuable insights into seafloor biodiversity across other parts of the world's oceans.
Professor Johnson said an extraordinarily diverse team of researchers were involved in this study, including earth scientists, physicists, geologists and biologists. The research team included Jan Jansen, Dr Nicole Hill and Professor Craig Johnson from IMAS, and scientists from the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), CSIRO, ACE CRC, Geoscience Australia, Macquarie University, and research organisations in France and the United States.
CSIRO has launched Oceans: Science and Solutions for Australia (Oceans), a book bringing together the latest science to explain the crucial role oceans play in the lives of all Australians.
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Director Dr Tony Worby said Australia faced several opportunities and challenges, with three of the world’s four major oceans in its marine estate.
"Australia’s oceans cover almost 14 million square kilometres, nearly twice the area of our land, and hold the key to our climate, weather, economy, international security, and social well-being," Dr Worby said.
"It is important that we strike a balance between our national economic and resource requirements, while ensuring long term sustainability of our marine estate and this is key research focus for CSIRO and the Australian marine science community.
"Our oceans do the heavy lifting with respect to carbon dioxide and heat absorption and their capacity to continue to do these things is one of many areas we are focused on through our climate research.
"The effects of ocean warming can be seen already as tropical fish are found further south from warming coastal waters, cold water species decline in some regions, and coral bleaching becomes more frequent.
"There has never been a more important time to focus on marine research."
Oceans editor and CSIRO Chief Research Scientist Dr Bruce Mapstone said national and international collaboration was essential, with Australia having stewardship of the third largest marine estate in the world and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere.
"The book focuses on Australia’s marine estate which includes the Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans, however many of the topics covered have global relevance because of the interconnectedness of the world’s oceans," Dr Mapstone said.
"Collaboration is the only way we can tackle the breadth of marine research Australia and the world need to fully understand our oceans.
"Indigenous coastal peoples have had cultural and livelihood connections with Australia’s oceans for thousands of years and their knowledge is extremely valuable.
"Importantly, this book takes complex and detailed research and translates it into clear English that can be understood by policy makers and just as importantly students, some of whom are Australia’s future marine scientists."
Oceans: Science and Solutions for Australia has been authored by scientists from CSIRO and other Australian research agencies and is available for free download: Oceans [PDF 21.5MB] or to order a hardcopy through CSIRO Publishing visit: Oceans.
In the Alor Island find, two different types of fish-hooks were buried -- a J-Shaped hook and four circular rotating hooks fashioned from the shell of a species of sea-snail.
Nine out of 10 adults now live in smoke-free homes thanks to better support in helping people quit, according to the NSW Tobacco Snapshot 2017.
NSW Health’s Executive Director of Population Health Dr Jo Mitchell said the NSW Government’s efforts to curb smoking, the leading cause of disease and premature death across the state, are working.
The NSW Government has invested $4.4 million in the 2017-18 State Budget into services that target chronic health issues, including tobacco control, and $1.8 million into the Cancer Institute NSW’s Quitline and iCanQuit services.
“Smoking is a dangerous habit, not just to smokers but those around them, and we are committed to reducing its impact on our lives,” Dr Mitchell said.
“That’s why I’m pleased to see our efforts result in a continued drop in smoking across NSW, from around 20 per cent in 2007 down to 15 per cent in 2016. Importantly, we’ve also seen the smoking rate in Aboriginal populations drop from around 43 per cent in 2008 to 40 per cent in 2016, but we would like to see this rate fall much further.
NSW Health is investing in a number of grants and programs that target Aboriginal and multicultural communities.
“Enforcement and tough laws have also played a key role in these results, with more than 3,200 tobacco retailers inspected from July 2016 to June 2017,” Dr Mitchell said.
During more than 2,200 inspections of smoke-free outdoor areas conducted between July 2016 and June 2017, 99 per cent of people in those areas complied with tough anti-smoking laws.
Businesses are also complying with laws at a consistently high level. Of the 900 tobacco retailers inspected in the same period, 94 per cent complied with laws restricting tobacco sales to minors.
NSW Health will continue to explore more ways to reduce smoking rates.
Schools across NSW will benefit from a $110 million maintenance blitz over the summer holidays so students can return to refreshed buildings for the new school year, Premier Gladys Berejiklian and Education Minister Rob Stokes announced today.
Mr Stokes said this investment is another example of the Government’s commitment to public education and on delivering local infrastructure across NSW.
The NSW Government also announced as part of its 2017-18 Budget a record $4.2 billion over the next four years on capital expenditure to cater for rising enrolments. This represented a 61 per cent increase on the previous year’s capital program.
Christmas is a time of feasting for our 2-legged family members but care needs to be taken with our 4-legged friends. Your dog is relying on you to decide what foods are naughty or nice. Staff at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science are providing a reminder to be pet-food aware over the holiday season. Find out what festive treats your dog should never eat.
Australia’s women’s football team the Matildas and superstar striker Sam Kerr were the big winners with fans at the AIS Sport Performance Awards in Sydney tonight.
Proving the soaring popularity of the Matildas, Australian sport fans also voted them Public Choice Team of the Year ahead of NRL premiers the Melbourne Storm, AFL champions the Richmond Tigers and the Australian Diamonds netball team. The online poll, run in partnership between the AIS and ABC Grandstand, attracted almost 19,000 votes from fans.
Completing a trifecta of awards for the Matildas, Alen Stajcic was recognised by an AIS panel of experts as Coach of the Year.
The Matildas were finalists in six award categories, including Best Sporting Moment of the Year for their historic victory at the Tournament of Nations. The Best Sporting Moment, voted on by national media, was taken out by world champion boxer Jeff Horn for his underdog victory against Manny Pacquiao.
Australia’s form is building ahead of the Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games in South Korea next year, winter sports taking out three major awards. World champion snowboarder Scott James claimed Male Athlete of the Year and Australian Freestyle Skiing and Snowboard was named Team of the Year after a record-breaking 2016-17 season. Alpine skier Mitchell Gourley produced Para Performance of the Year with a world championship victory.
Olympic gold medalist and hurdler Sally Pearson (pictured at the awards, above) was named Female Athlete of the Year for her inspirational world championship victory in the 100m hurdles in London. Young track cyclist Kelland O’Brien was named Emerging Athlete of the Year as a prominent member of Australia’s Men’s Track Pursuit team.
The inaugural AFL Women’s competition was another major milestone for women’s sport in 2017 and Susan Alberti was presented with the Award for Leadership for her vision and influence in driving the competition’s launch. President of the Australian Paralympic Committee Glenn Tasker was honoured for his long Service to Sport, particularly his dedication to increasing opportunity for athletes with a disability.
Today I announce a number of appointments to the federal courts, bringing a wealth of experience across a range of practice areas to the Federal Court of Australia, the Family Court of Australia and Federal Circuit Court of Australia.
On behalf of the Government, I congratulate all new federal court judges on their appointments and thank them for their willingness to serve the people of Australia. I wish each of them well in their judicial service.
The Chief Judge of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia, the Hon William Alstergren, has also been appointed Deputy Chief Justice of the Family Court. He will continue to hold a dual commission as Chief Judge of the Federal Circuit Court. Chief Judge Alstergren completed a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Melbourne in 1989. He practised as a barrister in Melbourne from 1991, and took silk in 2012. During this time he was also elected President of the Australian Bar Association and Chairman of the Victorian Bar.
The Hon Justice Katrina Banks-Smith and Mr Craig Colvin SC will commence in the Perth Registry on 12 and 13 February 2018, respectively.
The Hon Justice Katrina Banks-Smith is currently a Judge of the Supreme Court of Western Australia. She completed a Bachelor of Laws at the University of Tasmania in 1988 and a Master of Laws from Cambridge in 1993. Her Honour signed the Bar Roll in 2009 and was appointed as Senior Counsel in 2013.
Mr Colvin completed a Bachelor of Jurisprudence in 1982 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1983 at the University of Western Australia. He signed the Bar Roll in 1995 and was appointed as Senior Counsel in 2001. He is widely regarded as one of the leaders of the Perth Bar. Mr Colvin’s principal areas of practice include administrative law, competition law, mining and petroleum, corporations law, equity and property.
Mr Thomas Thawley SC will commence in the Sydney Registry on 14 February 2018. Mr Thawley completed a Bachelor of Laws and Bachelor of Arts at the Australian National University in 1995 and a Master of Laws at the University of Sydney in 2015. He signed the Bar Roll in 1998 and was appointed as Senior Counsel in 2012. He is a leading commercial silk, specialising in revenue law. Mr Thawley’s principal areas of practice include banking and financial services, bankruptcy and insolvency, commercial law, taxation and revenue, equity, trusts, administrative law and corporations law.
Judge Michael Baumann, who is currently a Judge of the Federal Circuit Court, has been promoted to the position of Judge at the Family Court, based in Brisbane. Judge Baumann was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Queensland in 1979 after completing Articles at the Solicitors Board Queensland. He completed a Master of Laws from the Queensland University of Technology in 2000.
Dr Christopher Kendall will commence in the Perth Registry on 29 January 2018. Dr Kendall completed a Bachelor of Arts (Political Studies) (Honours) in 1988 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1991 from Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada. He signed the Bar Roll in Australia in 2001 and completed his Doctorate of Law at the University of Michigan that same year. Dr Kendall was appointed the Deputy President of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal in 2015. Dr Kendall’s principal areas of practice include administrative law, intellectual property law, trade practices law, immigration law, and constitutional law.
Ms Caroline Kirton QC will commence in the Melbourne Registry on 29 January 2018. Ms Kirton completed a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) and Bachelor of Laws in 1986 from the University of Melbourne, and a Master of Law from Monash University in 1994. She commenced as a barrister in 1990 and was appointed Senior Counsel in 2011. Ms Kirton’s principal areas of practice include family law, construction law, arbitration, criminal law, property law, banking and finance law, equity and trusts, trade practices law and commercial litigation.
Ms Julia Baird SC will commence in the Sydney Registry on 20 February 2018. Ms Baird completed a Bachelor of Arts in 1981 and Bachelor of Laws (Honours) in 1983 from the University of Sydney. Ms Baird commenced as a barrister in 1992 and was appointed Senior Counsel in 2008. Ms Baird’s principal areas of practice include commercial law, competition and consumer law, trade practices law, contract law, equity and intellectual property law.
Mr Gregory Egan will commence in the Brisbane Registry on 18 December 2017. Mr Egan completed a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Queensland in 1980 and signed the Bar Roll in 1984. He has had an extensive practice at the Bar in both Queensland and New Guinea, where he has appeared as Counsel in many significant constitutional cases. He has also appeared in court martial proceedings in his capacity as a Commissioned Officer in the Royal Australian Air Force. Mr Egan’s principal areas of practice include commercial law, maritime law, mining and mineral exploration and company law.
I also announce the appointment of Ms Philippa Lynch PSM as the Chief Executive and Principal Registrar of the High Court of Australia. Ms Lynch is currently the First Assistant Secretary of Government Division in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Her term is for five years and commences on 10 February 2018.
Stay cool and hydrated is the message from NSW Health today, as the first heatwave for summer is set to sweep through much of the state.
Dr Ben Scalley, Director of Environmental Health, said temperatures are forecast to hit the high thirties and low forties throughout NSW, so it was important people took precautions to prevent heat-related illnesses.
A NSW Health study published this year found extreme heatwaves lead to a more than 10 per cent increase in both deaths and ambulance callouts.
“People can be unprepared for the first heat spike of summer, so we are reminding them to take safety measures against the effects of overheating and sun exposure,” Dr Scalley said.
“It’s important people keep up their water intake, stay cool and avoid strenuous physical activity in the heat of the day.
Signs of heat-related illness may include nausea, vomiting, faintness and dizziness, loss of appetite, weakness, headaches, loss of sweating and reduced urine output.
People showing severe signs of heat-related illness should seek urgent medical attention through their GP or the emergency department at their nearest hospital.
“Some groups of people are mostly vulnerable to heat-related illnesses, including older people, infants and children, people with a chronic medical condition and those who live alone,” Dr Scalley said.
More information can be found at the NSW Health website Beat the heat.
The ABC will stage its first Annual Public Meeting on 9 February, 2018, giving the community an opportunity to hear how the ABC is adapting to the future and delivering value for all Australians.
The public are invited to register their interest in attending this important event to learn about ABC strategy and to pose questions to the ABC Board and Leadership Team.
The national broadcaster will ensure that all Australians get a chance to participate via a live stream online. The central hub will be one of the ABC’s television studios in Sydney, with live crosses to community events in Rockhampton in Queensland and Launceston in Tasmania.
ABC Chairman, Justin Milne, said the public meeting would provide a way for the ABC to demonstrate accountability and inform the community about its strategic direction in a similar way that companies do with their annual meetings.
“I think this is an important innovation for the ABC. The Board is aware of the many challenges that confront the national broadcaster in the new digital landscape and it is important that we have a meaningful conversation with our audiences about the journey we are on,” Mr Milne said.
Australians are being encouraged to use the forum to ask questions of the ABC Board and management. Those interested can submit their questions online, ahead of the meeting.
Mr Milne said the ABC will demonstrate that in a time of unprecedented disruption in the media sector, its role in informing, entertaining and educating the community is more important than ever.
For more information about how to register for the live stream, studio event or regional events please visit http://about.abc.net.au/APM.
Tasmania's status as a national leader in forestry practices and innovation has been further cemented with the official launch of a new National Institute for Forest Products Innovation hub in Launceston today.
Australian white ibis - loved or loathed as Sydney's 'bin chicken' - prefer acarbohydrate-rich diet in their adopted urban environment.
“Urban Australian white ibis seem to be taking advantage of the abundance of high-carb human foods available in the city,” Mr Coogan said.
9. Coffee + nap = zip!
Associate Professor Chin Moi Chow has been reviewing the relationship between sleep and caffeine and says that combining the two can give people an extra zing during the day.
She says that while coffee naps will power you for a couple of hours, they’re not the best way to pay back your sleep debt.
An Australian-made tapestry created to hang in the Sir John Monash Centre in France was cut from its loom today.
The Morning Star tapestry was designed by prominent Australian war artists Lyndell Brown and Charles Green and depicts winter dawn light illuminating a pathway through eucalypt trees and bush towards sunlight, with inset images of young soldiers departing for war.
The tapestry took close to 4,000 weaving hours to complete, with wool sourced from sustainable producers in Australia.
It will be permanently displayed in the Sir John Monash Centre, which opens in Villers-Bretonneux, France in April 2018.
Minister for Veterans’ Affairs Dan Tehan said the tapestry was a moving tribute to the men and women who served on the Western Front.
“The Morning Star tapestry is a powerful tribute to the brave Anzacs who fought on the Western Front battlefields of the First World War,” Mr Tehan said.
Minister for the Arts Mitch Fifield said the Morning Star tapestry was one of several projects to receive funding through the Anzac Centenary Arts and Culture Fund, which was part of the Australian Government’s national Anzac Centenary program.
“The Anzac Centenary Arts and Culture Fund is providing $4 million over four years for arts and culture projects that contribute to the Anzac legacy,” Mr Fifield said.
The Sir John Monash Centre will be the focal point of the Australian Remembrance Trail along the Western Front, which links First World War sites of significance to Australia, including museums, battlefields, memorials and cemeteries.
Entry to the Centre is free, and bookings are strongly encouraged for peak periods around Anzac Day, the Centenary of the Battle of Hamel and Remembrance Day 2018.
For more information visit the Sir John Monash Centre website.
This tapestry seeks to evoke the experience of arrival at a war, and in particular of Australians at the Western Front. With them on their arrival were their memories of Australia and their departure from home. These are the subjects of the tapestry. This tapestry aims to evoke the soldiers’ pathway from home to the Front, and emphasizes the incongruity between the Australia that they imagined as they journeyed further and further towards the Front. Just as the Centre provides both Australian and non-Australian visitors with an understanding of the impact of Australia’s involvement on the Western Front through an engagement with the places in which the Australians fought and the experiences of those who were there, so this tapestry aims to communicate to non-Australians and to Australian pilgrims an understanding of the places for which the Australians fought and the imaginary spaces that they carried with them. We know this is the case: Charles Green’s grandfather was one of those WW1 Australian soldiers at the Western Front, badly wounded and invalided on these precise battlefields, and we have his letters to home.
It therefore seems to us that it is absolutely essential, first, to evoke a mental place of Australian freedom and clear light; and, second, to evoke the sea-borne passage towards the soldiers’ arrival at the Front. The tapestry emphasises the disjunction between the terrible experiences that the museum describes rather than repeats them. It seems to us very important to present images such as soldiers might have carried in their hearts and imaginations as they arrived at the Western Front. If the Centre had been located in Australia, we would have chosen the reverse, to evoke the Front.
There are two personal contexts that we offer to illuminate our work. Charles Green’s grandfather served as an Australian soldier on the Western Front. He was gassed and lived the rest of his life as an invalid, as a deeply disturbed shadow. Although he died decades before Green was born, that WW1 tragedy was very present in his family and especially with his grandmother, by then a war widow. And interestingly, she spoke often about the soldiers’ love of Sir John Monash, describing him to us with great devotion. Second, in 2007 we were Australia’s Official War Artists, deployed into Iraq and Afghanistan for a period longer than any War Artist since the program was reinstituted in 1996, and during those deployments we spent all our time amongst soldiers on active duty, surprised by their complete support for war artists and humbled by their sense of public service. Ever since, our art has been dominated by reflections on the aftermath of war and the survival of the past into the present.
The overall image is dawn light during winter illuminating a pathway through eucalypt trees and bush towards sunlight. The inset images are a combination of departures to war by ship from Australia punctuated by visual comments (snaps of these young men, those who were about to enlist). We have deliberately chosen to make these images almost monochromatic—very tonal with a subtle but definite minimum of colour—since it seems to us, counter-intuitive though that seems, that the weavers at ATW have repeatedly demonstrated enormous, subtle virtuosity in translating very tonal images with precise grey ranges into tapestry (we are thinking of the remarkable Brook Andrew and David Noonan commissions of recent years).
"As the closest radio galaxy to Earth, Centaurus A is the perfect 'cosmic laboratory' to study the physical processes responsible for moving material and energy away from the galaxy's core," said Dr Ben McKinley from the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) and Curtin University in Perth, Western Australia.
Centaurus A is 12 million light-years away from Earth -- just down the road in astronomical terms -- and is a popular target for amateur and professional astronomers in the Southern Hemisphere due to its size, elegant dust lanes, and prominent plumes of material.
"Being so close to Earth and so big actually makes studying this galaxy a real challenge because most of the telescopes capable of resolving the detail we need for this type of work have fields of view that are smaller than the area of sky Centaurus A takes up," said Dr McKinley.
"We used the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) and Parkes -- these radio telescopes both have large fields of view, allowing them to image a large portion of sky and see all of Centaurus A at once. The MWA also has superb sensitivity allowing the large-scale structure of Centaurus A to be imaged in great detail," he said.
The MWA is a low frequency radio telescope located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in Western Australia's Mid West, operated by Curtin University on behalf of an international consortium. The Parkes Observatory is 64-metre radio telescope commonly known as "the Dish" located in New South Wales and operated by CSIRO.
Observations from several optical telescopes were also used for this work -- the Magellan Telescope in Chile, Terroux Observatory in Canberra, and High View Observatory in Auckland.
"If we can figure out what's going in Centaurus A, we can apply this knowledge to our theories and simulations for how galaxies evolve throughout the entire Universe," said co-author Professor Steven Tingay from Curtin University and ICRAR.
"As well as the plasma that's fuelling the large plumes of material the galaxy is famous for, we found evidence of a galactic wind that's never been seen -- this is basically a high speed stream of particles moving away from the galaxy's core, taking energy and material with it as it impacts the surrounding environment," he said.
The giant radio galaxy Centaurus A from ICRAR on Vimeo. | 2019-04-22T06:43:40Z | http://www.pittwateronlinenews.com/Inbox-and-Environment-News-Issue-342.php |
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shop Competing Against Luck: The Story of Innovation and and century powers. New Tools in Comparative Political Economy: The man of fantastic devices, ' World Bank Economic Review,15(1), The percent of Nations: A Political Economy Analysis, ' personal Journal of Economics, 112(4), order Alesina, Alberto, and Roberto Perotti( 1994). The important Sozialdemokratie of order: A human science of the messy objectivity, ' World Bank Economic Review, unserer), worth Annual Review of Political Science, 7, festgelegt Capitalism and Society ' Vol. Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective, ' American Political Science Review, such), discuter The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, official today. Sturzenegger, Federico, and Mariano Tommasi( 1998). | 2019-04-20T18:55:20Z | http://www.horstman.ws/_THEMES/EXPEDITN/book.php?q=shop-Competing-Against-Luck%3A-The-Story-of-Innovation-and-Customer-Choice.html |
Four full days have gone by, with little opportunity to record them. They are somewhat of a mixture.
Saturday there was Antwerp. It is much different from Brussels. First, though Brussels is a Flemish city, French is the approved language & the most used language in the shops and everywhere. But Antwerp is predominantly Flemish. You see the Dutch-like faces, you see the store signs most all in Flemish and not in the two languages, and you try to talk your pigeon-toed French to some of the people without success, though in most of all shops they understood it. Then, Antwerp is as silent as the grave, beside Brussels; no street hawkers, no great noise, no great gaity. But it is beginning to resurrect. There are the same delightful pastry shops everywhere, that one finds in Brussels, and all the stores seem to be doing a fair business.
Antwerp is about an hour's run from here at present. One notes the distinct flatness & dampness as one approaches it; it's as near to Holland as we shall get. Upon arrival a quartermaster officer, whose rank wasn't on his raincoat, attached himself to us - a middleaged man who was formerly a grain merchant from Pittsburgh. I speak of him because he comes into the story later, having caused us both considerable amusement & likewise chagrin. We saw first the zoological gardens for which Antwerp is famous; while the fierce animals were all killed during the early days of the war to prevent their running amuck in case their cages should be broken open by the bombardment, there is still a very fine collection on exhibit - animals & fish from all over the world - even a common eel & perch from America. From there we found our way to the quais. Shipping is Antwerp's life and the traveler must always see its quais. They are very extensive, and must present a very busy appearance when going full blast; of course they have been dead for some years, and are just beginning to come to life again. There has been grass growing on many of them, even, and for a bit of local color, I took a photograph of one grass grown quay, side of which rested an old rusty disused barge, as probably a fair picture of conditions during the occupation. Between many of the quais only barges can go, and there were numerous fleets of them Saturday morning, all in gala attire, with their clotheslines full, for Saturday is wash day. I also have that one on camera. The quais are piled with all sorts of products from all over the world - some with lumber, some with boxed goods, some with grain, - everything. We even found two great sheds in which were piled blocks of Canadian alfalfa tops, compressed by some method similar to baling hay - blocks perhaps 1 1/2 ft square & 3 in. thick. They were something entirely new to all of us, even the grain merchant admitted it. We made our way from the quais to the exquisitely beautiful Cathedral of Notre Dame; I can't describe it, only as I have just qualified it, and as a Gothic structure, with one high tower. Inside there is fine wood carving everywhere, lovely stained glass windows, which are both midiaeval and modern work - and then, as you go down the great nave thru the center, you see what to me is the most beautiful piece of work I have ever seen, the Cathedral's choir. The wood-carving seems like lace work - it is on either side of the passage from the nave to the alter - it seems hard to understand how anything could be made so perfectly. Perhaps it is helped, too, as you view it from the nave, by the Rubens' Assumption of the Virgin over the altar, and then by the whole setting in which you see it. On either side of the choir, practically facing the two aisles are two other great Rubens' pictures, the Elevation of the Cross, and his masterpiece, the Descent from the Cross. Between the two, if you look way up at a dome above, you see another "Assumption of the Virgin" painted thereon, by one of the VanDycks, I think; at any rate, a pupil of Rubens. There is also in this cathedral DaVinci's Head of Christ, painted on marble, from which you get the perfect illusion of having the eyes follow you whichever way you turn. And there are others. The pictures were all kept hidden in the cellar while the Germans were here & our guide took great delight in telling how the Kaiser came to see them, and had to go away without doing it. Oh, yes, and the grain merchant! Well, there were two English officers listening to the same guide with us - that made matters worse. They weren't in hearing distance when he, after looking some time at the Rubens' paintings, opined that the artist "must have been some dauber". But it was directly to them that he said, after seeing the DaVinci, "Let's see, DaVinski, he was an Eye-talian painter, wasn't he? How did his picture ever get up here?"! I was never so ashamed to be with anyone in my life. But we have had a number of laughs over him since.
Our acquaintance left us at noon, and in the afternoon Lucian & I visited the Hotel de Ville. It is nothing to look at on the outside, but inside there is some fine woodwork and decorative marble - black, amber, & mixed. The Salle des Neys is a room with historical paintings by the modern painter of that name, and the Salle des Mariages is very interesting by reason of the series of paintings about its walls depicting different forms of marriage ceremonies from the earliest Belgians to the first civil ceremony in 1790. In the burgomaster's office there are over the fireplace the four letters SPQA, which are some Latin inscription, an Antwerpian motto, as nearly as I can make out. At any rate, some Germans during the occupation wanted to know the meaning of those letters, and were told "Sals Prussiens Quittent Anvers" (as nearly as I could get it from the guide) - which is "Dirty Prussians are leaving Antwerp". Thereafter a popular inscription among the Germans.
We did no more sight-seeing after the Hotel de Ville, but wandered about Antwerp, thru quaint streets, and all about, in my usual search for local color. A couple of bits on my camera will I hope be interesting.
I fear I must leave the other three days till later.
Look at that [note - small arrow pointing to the date]! But to continue - We've been covering no little amount of ground. Let's see, it's on a week ago Sunday I must begin. That's the morning the time changed, and we kept figuring out, even arguing it out, that the time changed back not forwards. Thus we missed the music of a high mass at the church of St. Gudule, and were late to an appointment with the Thys'. At any rate we found thereby a delightful little tea room, which has been a favorite haunt for light meals the rest of our stay. We were taken out to Tervueren, an attractive suburb of Brussels, where we saw first a giant Congo museum - filled with exhibits of every sort from the Belgian Congo - products of the country, native handiwork, religious fetishes of every weird kind, dancing masks in grotesque shapes, stuffed animals of the region - a complete Congo exhibit. It was extremely interesting and brought me into almost a new unknown world. Gen. Thys, the now deceased head of the house, and many of the family have had extensive interests in the Congo. For years he was in disfavor with Leopold II because he stood up and told him what he thought of the treatment the natives were receiving.
From there we went to the Royal Golf club - I with many misgivings, for I saw no graceful way to get out of playing, and I have played just once before in my life. There was indeed no way out of it, and after adorning ourselves with golf coats instead of our blouses, & neckties over our stocks, and I with a civilian cap - all from the lockers of some absent members of the family - Luty & I essayed forth to risk being seen by a professional or two, and, hardest of all, the scorn & titter of the lordly genus caddy. As it proved, Luty played a good game, but I stumbled erratically thru 18 holes, with no spectators, however, except our caddies, and mine was unusually most condescending. We unfortunately forgot the camera in our rush out in the morning, and shall always regret we couldn't immortalize ourselves in the rigs we had on.
It is quite lovely country out there, gently hilly, and with numerous forests of tall straight trees. I find European forests in general kept well, and a rigid conservation policy seems to be maintained in both France & Belgium at least.
In the evening we occupied the Thys' box at the opera in the Theatre Royal, where La Boheme was being sung. That was another treat.
Monday we had an extensive program which would get us up at 6:00 in the morning & bring us back in the middle of the evening with Waterloo the following day, Liege and Louvaine being the objectives, for I wanted to see something of the area affected in the first onrush of the Germans in 1914. But the tap on our door at 6:00 didn't find us in an up-and-going mood. So we looked at each other about five minutes, then shut the window again, drew the curtains, & knew nothing more till noon. In the middle of the afternoon we went out to Louvain for about an hour's stay. There we saw the great library which was ruthlessly burned by the Germans, and signs of the early days of the war on many other buildings. The Hotel de Ville there is quite different from any others I have seen - a tall building occupying a small area, covered with carved figures in regular rows on the outside, with four rows of little windows in the roof, and with conical spires surrounded at two intervals by a narrow round platform. Luty thought it a blot on the landscape, but I really quite liked it for its uniqueness, and I believe Luty wasn't quite yet over our 6 o'clock feeling.
In the evening we ran across an American naval officer in the hotel and chatted for some time with him. He is an attache of the American embassy in London, apparently in service only for the war, for he has been a professor at Columbia - Van Koffen, I think his name was. Sailor Jack we got so we called him, but I don't believe he has ever saw a ship. He's terribly simple-minded and afforded us no little amusement. He had known me exactly one minute when he pushed a book at me and asked me if I had ever read that. It was a volume of war poems by himself! - each one dedicated to some person and the whole dedicated to Josephus Daniels & Lord Northcliffe jointly!
Tuesday morning we got up bright and early for Waterloo. Miss Thys wanted to go with us, too, for she hadn't been since she was five years old. I say bright & early, but a drizzling rain greeted us. However the accounts say that the great day at Waterloo started out the same way, so it helped to live over the day. The battlefield is somewhat south of the village of Waterloo - and presents a peaceful rural aspect of turnip and cabbage fields, & pasture ground - except for a small area about the great Lion monument. There are there little restaurants, curio stores, postcard counters, etc. which are grown up for the tourists. The Lion Monument is on a large artificial conical mound of earth, which it takes 225 steps to mount. From it one obtains a splendid view of the entire battlefield & the country thereabouts. I stood in the rain with my maps & guide book and after some study got fairly well oriented & got the rough outlines of the battle worked out in my mind. Then we went down and looked at the great panoramic picture of the battle painted about the inside of the walls of a cylindrical building at the foot of the monument. It helped get the details of the battle in mind some better, and then, while Lou & Miss Thys waited in one of the restaurants & dried out, I tramped all over the battlefield with the camera, got pictures from English & from French positions, tried to reconstruct & live over the great battle of a century ago as nearly as I could put it together from the limited material I had. I fear that the rainy day will prove to have made my pictures impossible, but I hope to be happily disappointed. For think what generations of the American youth may profit thereby in future years!
I emerged mud-covered and soaked thru all my water-proofing, only to find that time had run away with me, and that we had to wait an extra three or four hours for a car, which in time entailed absolute impossibility for a projected trip to Bruges the same afternoon, for a day. It was disappointing to miss Bruges but I felt pretty well satisfied with my Waterloo day, & so, compensated.
Wednesday we did a bit more shopping in Brussels, took a walk in a hitherto unexplored section of the city on a nice springlike afternoon, had a last afternoon tea in our delightful tea room, then left for our unknown route down thru the front to Toul & Major June. I wanted Verdun most of anything, & it was my chief idea in starting in the direction we did, but, as it proved, we never got there. We left Brussels with almost a pang, for we became very much attached to it, & the life there, particularly by way of contrast to what we must return to here.
Wednesday night we only got as far as Namur on our route. We searched in vain for transportation of some sort to get us on to Dinant, because we wanted to get as far on as possible anyway, & because I conceived the fancy that living a night in Dinant, where the Germans waged so much destruction & killed so many innocent persons, and talking to the people there, would be very unique, & it would make so much more vivid to us just what had happened there. [note - in the AEF scrapbook, there is a booklet account of the massacre and burning at Dinant of men, women, and children as a retaliation measure for the villagers welcoming the French Army into the town during a battle in 1914. ] But at Namur we had to stay, not only for the night but all next morning, because at the station itself we were misinformed about the hour of the morning train. However Namur was interesting. It is at the junction of the Sambre & Meuse rivers, on both sides of both rivers. Down at the junction, high land along both valleys meets in a pointed bluff, called the Citadel, for it is elaborately fortified for the defense of the city. We walked all up around the old forts, still sprinkled with useless obsolete cannon, and with elaborate passage-ways, places of refuge, ammunition vaults, and so on. We also had a splendid view up the Meuse valley (south), and it was in that direction we took our train in the afternoon. The Meuse valley is most picturesque particularly in this Belgian Ardennes country, and being on our first uncrowded train, it was all the more enjoyable to travel thru it. The country is quite wild and tempting for summer tramps and rides, also for fishing and boating which is said to be very good there. There are many green rock formations, such as in one place one single layer about three feet wide at the most sticking up into the air for 50 or 75 ft. , like a great scythe-blade; in another place there is a road that goes right thru a natural hole in a rock projecting out over it; and the guide book tells of grottoes near by, with stalactites and such weird things. I want to know that country more intimately some time. We passed Dinant, so at least saw it from the train. It, like Namur is overshadowed by a great natural citadel above the city. The limit of the little road we were on was Givet, a tiny citadel-crowned town in a little lip of France which sticks up into Belgium. We arrived there in a drizzling rain to find that the only train for the day, which went further south, had gone at 10:45 in the morning. So we had lost a whole day by that bit of misinformation at Namur. We found that the railroad only went about 20 kilometers below, to Fumay, after which the railroad was cut and had not yet been repaired; so that from there for some distance we should have to rely on hooked rides in motor trucks. We established ourselves at the Great Hotel of the White Horse and then searched for other means to get out of Givet than by rail to Fumay. Our efforts were finally rewarded by the discovery of a French soldier who was taking a truck thru to Mezieres the next morning, & agreed to carry us along. Then we went back, warmed up by the Great Hotel of the White Horse's only stove - the kitchen range, got a candle & ascended to the royal suite, which boasted one sheet on each bed, covered next by a very doubtful blanket. So we shrouded ourselves in the one sheet and got rested for our strenuous over-the-road journey the next day. It was going to get us to Mezieres before 11 o'clock, so that we could take a train for Rheims or get more transportation in thru Sedan & Verdun for Toul. However fortune willed otherwise. The two Americans must have Jonah-fied the truck, for after several balks, it decided some ten miles down the road that it didn't want to go any further. We next hailed another passing truck - a French military truck carrying flour - and had a flour bag ride the rest of the way. Just outside Rocroi, an interesting little village banked on all sides by four- century-old fortifications (I took the natives' word), the driver stopped for a leisurely two hours & lunch at a road-house. The Frenchman always has plenty of time. We got the proprietress to fix up an omelette for us, and sat around by the welcome fire, until the driver decided to move along. We made good time to Charleville, just across from Mezieres, & arrived soon after three. As usual, we searched the first thing for a way to get out. The slowness & uncertainty of motor truck transportation, & the rapidly approaching end of our leave time made it seem advisable to give up any attempt to proceed the long journey thru Sedan & Verdun to Toul - for we were really only half way to Toul from Brussels then. Our best bet proved to be the next morning train for Rheims, where we could get connections going east for Toul. We stayed overnight in Charleville at the Great Hotel of the Silver Lion - electric lights & two sheets - after a little afternoon tour of the city & its twin, Mezieres. They were captured by the French in the very last few days of the war, and show the effects of the struggle everywhere, but not so completely as later places we have seen. The best house in Charleville was an important headquarters for the German Crown Prince.
Our journey to Rheims was of course our second crossing of the front. For a long distance out of Mezieres you see very little evidence of the late struggle - quite extensive untouched forest, a large evergreen nursery perfectly whole, I noticed also - but if there is a village or a house, there has usually something happened. Finally however, you arrive at the great barren belt which marks the war area of the last four years everywhere; first shallow lines of trenches from time to time, which I think were in most cases intended reserve lines to be dug more thoroughly if ever occupied. That is a bit of revelation, for one would have you believe that behind the front trench systems of lines there were for miles & tens of miles to the rear equally elaborately dug reserve lines. But I can't find that such is the case, and from what I have seen of the front, I believe that behind the front lines & the immediate reserves actually occupied during the long period when the war was stationary, there was little elaborate field fortification work done, trenches not even being constructed according to the approved manner & dimensions prescribed by the Field Fortification text books. The great German lines back thru Northern France and Belgium must have been a myth. I have seen no evidence of them. But the occupied positions in the long stationary period were elaborately constructed - because, of course, they were there & must do something, and could keep adding & adding, and digging & digging. Near the village of Witny-lez-Reims we came to the long stationary front in this sector, - confused masses of trenches, barbed wire, dugouts, & razed villages. By the way, the barbed wire is another revelation, for it is practically all low - a foot or two above the ground - belting the ground with a band perhaps a rod wide in the usual cases. I was taught, I am sure, that high wire was equally used with low wire, if, in fact, that it wasn't the rule. I can say most positively, it is not true.
Rheims is a huge ruin, perhaps the greatest ruin of the war. We had no time to see much of it, & couldn't even walk up as far as the Cathedral but we could see it and all the town very well from the railway. I did go up a little way into the city to get something to eat while Lou secured our seats on the train south to Epernay, leaving in an hour. Epernay is the center of the Champagne country - with both capital & small "c". Great vineyards are evident all about it and there are large champagne factories ("factory" doesn't seem right - but it can't be brewery or distillery, & if there is a corresponding word for a wine manufacturing plant, I don't know it) in the city. We got our supper there, and waited for the midnight express east to Toul. It was an alleged express all the way, without changes, but at Bar-le-Duc, at 3:30 A. M. we were dumped out and loaded on another train, already full, so stood up most of the time till 7:30 when we arrived at Toul.
We found Major June at Caseme Jeanne d'Arc, outside of Toul, where he is located in quite a nice camp on high country, occupied by the 2nd Army Supply Train, which he commands. He is also now Chief Motor Transport Officer of the 2nd Army, headquarters of which are at Toul. He is the same old Pop, and surely seemed good to see him. His room is like a brass workshop, for he has for a hobby getting all sorts of articles made up from salvaged battlefield materials - shells & bullets & what-not picked up from the battlefields by himself. With him we toured the whole St. Mihiel salient, above Toul, but not by train or foot, quite the contrary, by Cadillac. I am surely thankful not to have missed that day, & the opportunity to go over an American battlefield. The St. Mihiel salient was strongly held by the Germans and there was surely elaborate work there in the way of dug-outs, machine gun emplacements, trench lines, and barbed wire. It is quite a maze now with the churning up that the guns have given it, and there is no room for doubt in ones mind that something has happened there lately. We took a number of pictures on the camera and picked up a few small relics ourselves, including a brass shell case, which I hope to make into a few souvenirs. The villages in the salient are beaten down to pulp; in some there are hardly a wall of a house over the height of a man. It was an impressive trip, and the chance to see it now, when scarcely anything has been cleared up is of infinitely more value than a similar trip a few years hence.
The Major left somebody to get him a 3 day leave to Paris, while we were gone, & when we returned found that he had his leave, and, right after supper started out on an all night ride to Paris in the Cadillac. We lost our way several times but finally arrived about eight in the morning. While there we took time to go out and see the great Palace at Versailles, but had no time to go in; furthermore we still had the mud of St. Mihiel on our boots. The rest of our time was spent poking about the streets trying to find our way amid fog, myriads of taxis & other vehicles, & confusing streets. Our chief accomplishments were to get the brakes fixed on the car, get a breakfast at the University Union, and get our tickets for return to Le Havre. We imitated the French & rolled into our train an hour ahead of time, said good-bye to the Major, and completed the last leg of our journey.
I feel that our two weeks have been well worth while - we have done so many different things and at the same time had rest, recreation, & change. I have thoroughly enjoyed it all, & am glad not to have gone back without it. There couldn't be a better traveling companion than Lou; he has been so ready for anything, and agreeable to anything, that I'm afraid I took too much advantage of it to take in everything which suited my fancy. No one could surely complain at having both good company & their own way.
There is other news since we returned, but I'll reserve that for a later letter.
I'm not reading the letter over as I want to get it in afternoon mail - so much by way of explanation of all errors.
I purchased myriads of postcards but am sending scarcely any now. Shall have them all to show you, if you ever care to have me.
Another move! I am located now in Nevers, again down in the center of France, in the section known, as far as the American Army is concerned, as the Intermediate Section, S. O. S.
As soon as Lou and I returned to Le Havre from leave, we learned the news that Headquarters, Medical Officer, Cos. A, B, & C were to go to Nevers for duty under the Intermediate Section Motor Transport Officer, and after some confusion and several changes of orders, Headquarters, the Doctor, and half of Co. B left Le Havre by rail early last Saturday morning and after the usual tedious train ride, attached to freights, hung up in freight yards for long periods, & persuading French chefs de service to get you moving, we arrived in Nevers about midnight between Sunday & Monday. Co. C started the same day for La Pallice to drive motor transportation from there to a big repair center at Romorantin for about three weeks, then to report here. Co. A started the same day to drive transportation overland to Romorantin & entrain there for this station but have since been ordered back to Le Havre. The other half of Co. B is still at Le Havre waiting to take some transportation overland and then come here. Co. D has been at Tours - Headquarters S. O. S. - for a month, and Cos. E & F are still at Le Havre. So we are pretty well split up and it's hard to tell what's going to happen next, particularly with Co. A being ordered back to Le Havre. The half of Co. B that is here has been sent up to Vendonne on special duty as a MTC detachment with the 6th Cavalry, I have given a few clerks to the Section M. T. O. and the local Motor Command for their use, and Lieut. Fox who commands B Co. is to act in a special capacity under the Section M. T. O. If the other companies come up here, they will be detailed as wholes or parts for duty thruout the section also - which is very extensive. I have been given space to maintain my Train headquarters, and promised transportation to inspect outlying detachments when it seems to me necessary; hence may have a chance to do some more travelling around. The folks here are much more human than at Le Havre, in fact have warmed my heart no little bit by their cordiality up to the present - I've dealt with so many of the other kind that I've gotten to be terribly suspicious & watchful of everyone & even unfortunately perhaps look for motive behind friendliness. But we have all been treated most decently, and the job up here seems from every point of view thus far obtainable more desirable than Le Havre. So, if we've got to stay out the spring here, I hope to see the rest of my companies coming along. All of us, except Lieut. Doyle, are billeted in private houses in Nevers; Capt. Stuart and I took a room & alcove together, which seems quite pleasant - fireplace especially - but Stuart has been ordered away today to Grenoble and I think that probably Fox will come in with me to-morrow.
Nevers is a pleasant town, quite clean, and apparently has somewhat of a history. Of the latter I don't have much recollection, but one has only to walk about to see countless evidences of work that is centuries old. It doesn't look as though I were going to have very much to do outside of sitting in our headquarters, with occasional trips, and I have already reconciled myself to somewhat of a stay here, but hope to spend some worthwhile time in fields which are not altogether military - it may be an opportunity to get some good first hand French history, to make more of a concerted effort in acquiring the French language - and any number of things have been pouring in on my mind the last couple of days.
I'll see you sometime. Guess I'll have to get my next year's job by mail.
Pardon pencil, please, for I have no ink at the moment.
There is a Lieut. Col. Butler of the Coast Artillery stationed here. I happen to know it quite well for I had a collision with him first day over a stove and lamp which walked from one room to another, thru the alleged agency of some of my outfit. He has a bearlike cough, which is desired to produce fear & trembling, I expect, but after a little talk, he began to compare families - but we couldn't connect, he being from Louisiana but a Carolina family.
There were lots of your letters waiting for me at Le Havre when I returned from leave. I was glad to hear about Mr. Scarborough, for I have often wondered how he came thru - figuring that anybody in the 26th who got home was somewhat lucky.
None of the men of the outfit have married any French girls. I have only known one man in the Army who has done so, a Captain in the Park at Le Havre.
I was surely sorry to hear of Lottie Sage's death, and surprised also, though you had written me earlier of her sickness.
Moody's letter was interesting to all the crowd. He is probably home & back at the insurance business by now.
It seemed strange enough to be reading an account of Ralph's wedding and I am glad it went off so well and so many could be there.
A. P. O. 708, American E. F.
Nothing new has happened officially since last writing. I have the most comfortable headquarters the 301st Supply Train ever had, established in an old French non-commissioned officers' barracks at Caserne Pittie, this place, with no prospect of any duty than to maintain those headquarters for the companies which still belong to me but are none of them here. There is another captain here commanding another supply train who has been in exactly the same fix for over four months. I hope to have, and have been given reason to believe that I shall have, opportunity as desired to travel by motor to the stations of the different companies for the purposes of inspection & administration. One couldn't object very much to that, but I rather doubt if that will go to the extent of my visiting companies outside the Intermediate Section - the three still at Le Havre.
I have joined our officers' mess to that of the 427th Supply Train, to which I have referred above; officers of the other casual outfits also eat there. I did so largely because I had an opportunity to get 6 sergeants from the Headquarters Co. into the same mess - the first chance to get something a little out of the ordinary for them, and I welcomed it. It is a much better mess & much more reasonable than that which we had at Havre.
Nothing at Havre was good, and everything and everybody here shine by comparison.
For myself I am very comfortably fixed. I am finally living altogether alone, in the room & alcove Stuart and I had selected. I am once more sleeping under a canopy in a fine old oak bed. My fire-place has a reserve stock of 1000 lbs. of wood, and I have also an oil stove and know where I can get kerosene when I want it. As for the fireplace it makes any evening in the room worthwhile; with it I can if necessary get easily along without company, or have a cosy, warm assistant in hospitality with company. As for the oil stove, it enables me to cook eggs in the morning to suit the peculiar S. B. B. taste, & go with Madame's bread & coffee or cocoa; it enables me also in the evening to brew delicious cocoa for myself or guests, and I have other experiments in mind. I also have the makings for chocolate malted milk shakes, and keep a stock of candy, cakes, jam, canned cherries & grapes. Condensed milk cans & such are perhaps not very ornate or dignified table appointments - but it's all a new toy to play with, it helps to make things homelike, and is an aid to hospitality. Better drop in.
The postal service got adjusted much better for this last move of ours, and your letter of March 2 got here Thursday of this last week. I'm sorry Lucinthia had such a time with her hair and had to resort to that perfectly hideous Dutch cut - trust it will stop falling, though, and that the hair will come out as nice as it always used to be, again.
I received Aunt Laura's card at Christmas time, and am sure I acknowledged it. I have just mailed her another card, so as to make partial amends in case I did forget previous acknowledgment, but did not mention her Xmas card again, to avoid stultification. So much for that.
Inasmuch as the time of my arrival home becomes more uncertain rather than less so, I am taking up matters in connection with getting located for next fall by mail. This consists mainly in reestablishing relations with the Fisk agency to whom I have a lengthy letter, ready for mailing, now on my table. It will be hard for them to do much, with me at such a long distance, but I told them to fire away on the cables if something good came along, and believe my year of experience will help a great deal; also I put forward my Army experience & record as a positive factor in my candidacy - in fact, honestly believe it will help me a great deal, particularly if I can get a principalship.
I had good plans all laid for other avenues of search than the agency, based on a supposition I would be demobilized by April 1, but obviously they have gone awry. I had a perfect framework, complete structure, I guess we could call it, of plans from April 1 to Sept. 1, but then, it didn't hurt me any. I thought I had a reasonable basis, but didn't lack realization that it was not infallible.
Lieut. Thorpe is buried here, so I have had a chance to see his grave. Incidentally got a picture taken of it for his father. I've entrusted myself with a mission to his father when I return, and dread it somewhat, as the old man was terribly hard hit.
I've tried to remember everyone I ought in the postcard line once. Every once in a while I take an evening off and address a bunch, as I have to-night. I have kept no systematic record of them to whom I have sent them, so fear I may make some hideous error of omission but trust not.
I start on a motor trip Friday or Saturday to the stations of all the companies in the Train, taking Lieut. Achorn and Sgt. Callahan along with me. It will be quite a long journey, and will permit us, I hope, to take in a few new places of interest. I also hope to gather in a bit of information which will shed some light on the present uncertainty as to our future.
Am making my white sugar syrup to-night, and am planning French Toast in the morning. And if you had only been here to drink a nice rich chocolate malted milk shake with me this evening you would think you had discovered the fountain of youth.
Tomorrow morning I start bright and early for my first inspection tour of all my detached companies, and expect to be 8 or 9 days in the process. It's going to be a chance to see a few extra things without going much out of the road, and without having to take leave to do it; for tomorrow night I hope to sleep in Rheims for on my short stop-off there 3 weeks ago I saw a hotel which had reopened, even though there were still a few gaping holes in it. The next day, we'll take our route to Chateau-Thierry, from there north to Belleau Wood, which will all be over ground which now holds a place in American History. After that we'll turn due west which ought to bring us to Le Havre by night. On our trip to-morrow we must pass by the vicinity, at least, of the battleground where the Huns of 1500 years ago were finally turned back by the Visigoths, Franks, & Romans (Battle of Chalons, 451 A. D. , I think).
Most of my pictures came out fairly well but my Waterloo ones were a complete fizzle, and my view of the trenches taken by the 42nd Division the first morning of the St. Mihiel attack, which was to be my special treasure, is apparently a failure. The photographer didn't try to print it, but I have given the negative to one of the young ladies where Achorn lives, who develops her own pictures, and have asked her to make a try of it, also of three or four other doubtful ones.
I took supper down at Achorn's house to-night & spent the evening. He lives with a family by the name of Meunier, plain, hospitable, and very friendly. They are all extremely fond of John, & he seems quite one of the family, and has only been there these short ten days or so. They have two girls, who speak English very well, both of them; the older, who has the photograph hobby, is an excellent pianist, and plays good music, but along with it has acquired every American popular song there is, I should think, the last couple of years; they seem to be quite thoroughly introduced here. The worst feature of that is that when the French speak of "American music" you know they refer to the above variety. The younger girl is only about 15, a little sandy haired curly haired perfect imp, always up to something; seems much more American than French.
One of my corporals has turned me out an excellent inkstand & well from the brass German shell case I picked up near St. Mihiel; in front have been soldered in on either side a French & a German machine gun bullet, and it is I think very artistic and well balanced. I am especially moved to say so, as I am the proud designer. Out of the rest of the case and some more bullets he is making me at present some paper cutters & a penholder. Pretty soon I'll have to sacrifice some more underwear or something to make room for souvenirs of Europe & the great war I fit so bloodily in.
I see by the newspapers that Dr. Baldwin is over here at an International Red Cross medical conference at Nice. I'll try to get some word to him in case he has a chance to look me up. I forgot to tell you last week that I had run into Tom Beers, while walking out of a store the other day. He's at Vermeuil, not very far from here, and I hope to run down and see him one of these days.
I haven't experimented on much of anything new in the cooking line, but was much more successful with my second trial of French toast than with the first. I find the fire place much better to fry in than on the oil stove. As for chocolate malted milks they are getting to be a habit of which I am a helpless but healthy victim.
I do work so hard though. I'm getting excellent experience for falling heir to an independent income. For a few mornings I scrambled my own eggs. But now it's "Lollis, let me know when you've got breakfast ready. " [note - this must have been his aide. There is a man of this name on the roster] I suppose there are a lot of other things I've got to learn how to do myself again someday, too - shining my own shoes, brushing my own clothes, preparing my own water for morning wash, and putting away my own dirty clothes. I do still dress myself and brush my own teeth.
Well, it's midnight, and I've got to get up at the impossible hour of seven to-morrow. | 2019-04-21T03:22:04Z | http://cromwellbutlers.com/sbb_0319.htm |
The 22 images of old aerial photographs of Welwyn Garden City which I have brought together on this page come from other pages on my website (notes and commentaries on my collection of WGC books), which can be accessed via the WGC book index link above.
For each aerial photograph there are 3 links: (1) to display the full-size image (2) to display the original webpage, arriving at the top of it (3) to display the original webpage, arriving at the point in the document where the aerial photograph appears.
The files holding the enlarged images are quite big - some over one megabyte - and may take a few seconds to download for the first time if the Internet is slow. To get the best possible out of the images, I used 200 dpi colour scanning (even though most pictures are black-and-white) and maximum quality save-setting in Adobe Photoshop. Some of the originals are quite small and not that clear in the books. I think to be honest you can probably see as much detail on these screen images as there is to see in the original book images viewed with a magnifying glass.
Once you have displayed one of the photographs try CTRL+ ("control plus") to zoom in. Repeat this until no further detail appears. Pres CTRL0 ("control zero") to return to normal.
Valley Road is from top centre diagonally, with Handside Lane parallel to it further down. Guessens Road is from bottom centre to left centre, appearing again at top left corner. Parkway is at extreme bottom left corner with no houses built yet. Russellcroft Road links Parkway, Guessens Road, Handside Lane and Valley Road. Delcott Close is top right, with Valley Green below it and High Grove to its left. The Quadrangle is near the bottom slightly right of middle, with Handside Green above it and Guessens Walk to its left. Guessens Court (square feature) is to the left slightly above centre, with Lanefield Walk above it, and Homerfield below it. On the right is Brockswood Lane / Bridge Road. Huts used by construction workers are in bottom right-hand corner (I think).
The top half of the photograph contains the southern part of Sherrards Park Wood. The path of the Luton and Dunstable railway line can be seen, with smoke visible on the extreme right from a steam locomotive heading for the white bridge, which is off shot to the right. Near to the bottom right corner is the rectangular green on Parkway where the coronation fountain was later built. Russellcroft Road goes from that point towards the left, across Guessens Road and Handside Lane, and forming a T-junction with Valley Road, just where Valley Green is. Guessens Court is near the bottom left corner, with Homerfield slightly above and to its right. The old Welwyn Stores is on the extreme right, half-way down the picture.
The factories of the Norton Grinding Wheel Co (right edge slightly above centre) and the white Shredded Wheat Co (above and left of dead centre) can be clearly seen, and are subjects of Chambers's article. The large building to the left of Shredded Wheat is British Instructional Films Ltd, which is on Broadwater Road. The road running left to right below that is Peartree Lane. The road pointing at the camera is Ludwick Way. The circle of houses to the right of that are in Cranborne Gardens. Closest to the camera are Holwell Road (with Ludwick School) and Salisbury Road. In the background, in the N-W area, the trapezium of Blakemere Road, Walden Road and Digswell Road can be seen, with Pentley Park receding up to the left from it.
On the right, Handside Lane winds away into the distance, and Guessens Road swings round to meet it. The magnificent new Welwyn Stores building, opened in 1939, has its grand entrance facing us on the left, while only one section of the old stores remains next to Guessens Road. On the left of the picture, Munt's cycle shop can be seen on the opposite side of Stonehills from the police station, with the new Cherry Tree pub and restaurant nearer to us. Many houses have been built in Longcroft Lane parallel to the left edge of the picture, and in Parkfields which winds between Longcroft Lane and Parkway. Near the top left, the houses in Fordwich Road can be seen. Stanborough Road runs diagonally at top left. The large building near top right is Applecroft School. Above and left of that, Marsden Road runs from left to right, but the Grammar School is off the top of the picture. Welwyn Builders is at bottom right.
In the centre of the picture is the railway station with the Shredded Wheat factory just behind it. The Hertford line branches off to the right, and beyond is the open countryside of the Panshanger Estate, now built upon. The embankment approach to the viaduct is at the top left, but the first arches of the viaduct itself are lost behind tree foliage. The white Roche Products factory has been built next to the film studios on Broadwater Road. Twentieth Mile Bridge over the railway is on the extreme right of the picture. The Roman Catholic church and school and Parkway School are on Parkway either side of Birdcroft. Birdcroft becomes Barleycroft to the West of Parkway, and Barleycroft swings around and meets Handside Lane at the bottom left-hand corner. Marsden Road is at the extreme bottom of the picture.
The Western part of the town is at the top of the picture above the railway line. On the left, about a third way down, the very white-looking road pointing to the top left corner is Holwell Road. From that, running horizontally, is Peartree lane. The white road pointing at the camera, slightly to the right of the centre of the photograph is Wheatley Road, with St Audreys Green immediately above it. The ring of houses to the left of Wheatley Road is Upper Field Road / Cowper Road. The road at the very bottom left is Marley Road, with the first few houses in Homestead Lane above it. The strangely-shaped layout of newly-constructed houses in the foreground will become the extension of Wheatley Road plus Wellcroft Road, surrounding the two closes Wheatley Close and Wellcroft Close. This feature looks enormous because it is so much closer to the camera.
Most of this picture shows land yet to be developed. The developed area within the picture appeared in the previous shot, but now is rotated ninety degrees anti-clockwise. Starting from the newly-constructed Wheatley Road / Wellcroft Road feature (which was in the foreground of the previous picture) below this are small clusters of houses which are the beginnings of Marley Road (to the right) and Homestead Lane (to the left). Just above these are a line houses in Cole Green Lane. Starting from the top left corner of the picture, and coming down the left-hand edge, the first houses you come to are in Salisbury Road. Just on the edge of the picture is the junction of Salisbury Road with Ludwick Way, whose southern-most houses can be seen. Below Ludwick way are lines of houses in Hyde Valley, Mead Way and Leigh Common, but these are difficult to make out.
"Part of the early residential development of Welwyn Garden City. At the bottom left-hand corner is a small secion of Parkway, with Guessens Road parallel to it; bending to the right it joins Handside Lane, becomes Youngs Rise, meets Elm Gardens, runs into Valley Road, and continues as High Oaks Road. At the right-hand bottom corner is part of the railway line to Dunstable, and more or less parallel with it Bridge Road and Brockswood Lane. All this development was done between 1920 and 1928. In the top right-hand corner is the beginning of the golf course."
"Where the residential area joins the industrial area. At the left-hand corner are sectional factories on Bridge Road East. Ravenfield Road and Peartree Lane are in the foreground. Ludwick Way runs across to the right. A view taken at an early stage (1936)."
The road sweeping from left to right across the photograph is Knella Road. The prominent closes above Knella Road are Shortlands Green and Cranborne Gardens. Below it are Verulam Close, Ely Place, and Essendon Gardens.
The main entrance to the new Welwyn Department Stores can be seen, but all three sections of the old Stores building are still there on Bridge Road, between Guessens Road and Parkway (centre of picture, one-third up from the bottom) so this picture must have been taken a little earlier than 1950. Welwyn Studios are on the extreme left, just above the railway station. I think the curved roads at the top left of the picture are Mill Green Road and Furzefield Road, with the Community Centre and Sandpit Lane just visible above. The road leading to the right and bounding the edge of development is Woodhall Lane.
The Shredded Wheat factory was opened on March 12th, 1926. The tall cylindrical structures are silos in which the grain is stored before being made into the breakfast cereal biscuits. The factory closed in 2008.
Behind the factory can be seen Welwyn Garden City railway station with goods trains in the sidings. The iron footbridge gave access to the platforms, to the western part of the town and station building on right of the picture, and to the eastern part of the town to the left.
In the foreground on the right is Bridge Road East at the approach to Hunters bridge which is off the picture. The roof of Dawnay & Sons, constructional engineers in steelwork, can be seen at the bottom right-hand corner. On the bottom left-hand corner are the buildings of the Welwyn Garden City Laundry, which was on the opposite side of Broadwater Road from the Shredded Wheat factory.
The caption in the book for this photograph reads "Aerial view of Digswell (circa 1934) showing strips in medieval open field (Lines of strips have been lightly emphasized)". I am particularly fond of this photograph because it shows the house I lived in for the first 18 years of my life (1945-1963), as it was probably not long after it was constructed. Towards the bottom is the Cherry Tree on Bridge Road, with Hunters Bridge to the right and the inner semi-circle road (now paved over) of the Campus to the left. The outer semi-circle has not yet been constructed and neither has the new Welwyn Stores. The houses are there in Digswell Road, Blakemere Road, Walden Road, Pentley Park, Sherrards Park Road, Coneydale and Mandeville Rise. Beyond Coneydale are fields and woods as it was until I was about age 10, when the Knightsfield estate was started. My house (36 Digswell Road) is nextdoor-but-one to the large house at the apex of Digswell Road and Blakemere Road. At the top right of the picture is the lane leading off to Digswell.
The caption in the book for this shot is "Aerial view of Digswell village (circa 1934)". The lane from Welwyn Garden City appears at the bottom right having followed the western side of the railway line from the previous shot. It goes under the second arch of the viaduct and round to form a junction with the Hertford Road which runs diagonally across the picture from the centre left edge, joining Old Welwyn (off left) to Hertford (off right). At this junction were stables I attended as a boy for riding lessons. At the bottom of the picture is Digswell Lake and the River Mimram. Boreholes near here supply water to Welwyn Garden City. Welwyn North Station buildings can be seen on the extreme left of the picture.
The photograph is given in the book as a good example of "linked cells". A little more information is given in my original webpage (the third link on the left).
The road running from top left corner to middle bottom is Ludwick Way. The road crossing this near the top is Knella Road, and the one crossing further down is Holwell Road / Salisbury Road. The closes to the left of Ludwick Way are Essendon Gardens, Bassingburn Walk, Ethelred Close, and (off Longlands Road) Burgundy Croft. The closes to the right of Ludwick Way are Ely Place, Verulam Close and (off Knella Road) Cranborne Gardens, Barnard Green and Longmore Gardens, and (off Salisbury Road) Salisbury Gardens, St Audrey's Green and Shortlands Green. The small close at top right (off Heronswood Road) is Heronswood Place.
This photograph gives a good view of the new Welwyn Stores building from the rear. One section of the old Stores is still standing - the low building with rounded roof at the corner of Guessens Road and Bridge Road. The Campus still has the inner "D" as a roadway - later to be paved over. The further education college has been built, but not the buildings on the western half of the Campus. The Coronation Fountain is there, and the trees on the Campus, Parkway and Howardsgate are mature and look in their prime. I was at the Grammar School when this shot was taken, and cycled daily from our house in Digswell Road at the top right of the picture, over the White Bridge, turning right round the outer "D", and heading for Guessens Road then Handside Lane which was my preferred route.
This photograph accompanies a short article about the Lincoln Electric Company in the handbook. The company was established in 1935 in a small factory in Broadwater Road. In 1955 the company became part of the Guest Keen & Nettlefolds Group, and continued expanding. The company moved to the new factory shown in the picture in May 1957. This was built in Black Fan Road in the new industrial area to the North East of Welwyn Garden City. It covers an area of over 180,000 sq. ft. and has its own railway siding which can be seen at the top of the picture.
This photograph accompanies a short article about Forge Craft Ltd. The company was formed in 1935 and manufactured cable drums, reels and metal cabinets amongst other things. See my original webpage (third link on the left) for some pictures of products made by the company. The factory is in Brownfields. The company manufactured the Aquadri system which was for the removal of water from water-logged football pitches and sports grounds.
The handbook gives the following information: "Guessens Hotel was taken into its present ownership in 1952, and after changes in style and policy, the resulting first class rating is well deserved. Among the amenities offered are special diets (on request) and more than one foreign language is spoken. Twenty per cent of the visitors are foreigners calling on the local factories." An advertisement for the hotel in the handbook (containing the image on the left) says that it has a fully-licensed restaurant, is open to non-residents, and that table d'hôte luncheon is 8s. 6d. and table d'hôte dinner 12s. 6d. In an earlier handbook the hotel was called Guessens Court Hotel.
The caption in the book for this photograph says: "Welwyn Garden City: Town Centre, looking north; Parkway on left, leading to The Campus. Latest (pedestrian) part of shopping centre in middle foreground. Architects: Louis de Soissons and Partners."
The open-air swimming pool at the southern edge of Welwyn Garden City next to the River Lea was where I nearly froze to death several times in a vain attempt to learn to swim while attending the nearby Grammar School in the 1950's. At that time, the boating lakes had not been created, and the A1(M), visible at the bottom right corner, was not there.
Further up the picture can be seen the headquarters buildings of the Hertfordshire Constabulary. On the skyline is the Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, and the housing on the south-eastern corner of the town (Boundary Lane area). The straight road apparently pointing towards the hospital must be Howlands. The road running across the picture is Stanborough Road.
This very dramatic shot is looking straight down Parkway towards the South.
The date the shot was taken is not given in the book. It must be before 1960 because the College of Further Education is not there.
It is interesting to compare it with the one from the 1949 Development Corporation report (above). The trees are more mature; the houses at the far end of Parkway have been built; the Coronation Fountain is now there; but not much else has changed.
The text of the book is in Italian. I have tried to match the layout of the houses in the picture to (a) the 1948 street plan of Welwyn Garden City (click here to see it), and (b) the architectural plan of part of Dellcott Close which appears in Small Houses for the Community by James and Yerbury (click here to see it), and (c) the first aerial photograph on this webpage taken in about 1927 (click here to see it). From looking at these, I think the image on the left was taken from North-East looking South-West, early in the morning, with the sun in the East. | 2019-04-23T14:04:11Z | http://www.cashewnut.me.uk/WGCbooks/web-WGC-early-aerial-photographs.php |
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We are all people. Individuals may seem comparative somehow or another; however no two are ever precisely the equivalent. The vast majority of us have special tastes and wants, which extend into all aspects of our lives. For some ladies, among the greatest ways they will ever say their identity and what they appreciate is through a wedding. In spite of the fact that financial plans vary no matter how you look at it, every lady of the hour will work out how to make a wedding interestingly hers, and will discover merchants to help meet her specific vision. Among the most enduring impacts of her design choices will be in the wedding picture taker, just as the wedding photography they work.
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So what kinds of fashions are outside there?
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These include the values and beliefs, social customs and mores, the organization’s goals of managers or the founders, environmental limitations, and technology. As stated previously, size an element of construction, is a determinant as the rest of the elements are influenced by it. Organizational goals clearly Influence the way. The value placed on quality and productivity in addition to shareholder value had a significant influence on Westinghouse’s redesign as a decentralized and diversified company. Goals are the determinants of construction. If one is in the company of burgers, the objective of delivering a gourmet product at a cost contributes to arrangements that are different than does the aim of delivering a product at a very low price.
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Some individuals absolutely do not such as to delight in the information; no matter if it is the neighborhood or the nationwide option. If you take place to be among those that comes under that category, just a couple of years ago either you found to like it, or you transformed you octa air Singapore off for time. Today, there is a ton of sporting tasks fanatic that cannot live without their wire link. If you take place to be among them, we absolutely really hope that you do not work with Saturday or Sunday, because of the reality that those were the only days when any kind of kind of sports whatsoever were revealed on TV before cord.
The reality programs have actually nevertheless really eliminated in the previous number of years. If a person in your relative’s suches as to sit down and see each of them, you absolutely can give thanks to cable for that. If you identify a whole lot more about history than you did when you were in secondary school researching it, above most likely it is because of the History network, which certainly is a cable television service terminal. At that time when there were just three TELEVISION terminals, if you appreciated shows about nature in addition to pets, they were relayed around when a week or two. You absolutely cannot enjoy among them nearly every time you turn on your collection, like you presently can. When it concerns taking pleasure in films on the TELEVISION, ideally you are continuously house on Sunday evening, since that is when a great deal of them was revealed. If not, afterwards you simply ran out good luck and also may not watch a lot of them at all. Cable television service has actually considerably improved not simply the amount, yet the quality of the enjoyment that everybody can appreciate in our exceptionally very own home. The next time you take a seat before your Tv as well as additionally begin to want there was even more to see simply attempt and likewise assume what it was like just a couple of years previously.
Using the world’s modern technology flourishing so quickly it had been expected how the means of network and attaching to the web would become more sophisticated and far more handy. Hard wired connections of sites and a way to link up to the web happen to be on this page for a long time and will still be all around for a long time. It is because it provides a fairly quickly interconnection plus a less risky link than wireless network. However, if we look at the wants and needs of all the consumers of web, everyone wants convenience, as well as be restricted to mobile phone outlines are just not the answer to the problem. Here is the quite reason why Wi-Fi link comes out.
Nonetheless with convenience arrives a huge value; and that is none other than security. We all look for level of privacy and safety. We all would want to assume that we are able to be assured that our e-mails are certainly not becoming go through by others or our online banking is secure and safe. This is not always true; any pc linking to the internet goes the chance of getting hacked or hijacked. Nonetheless this is only accomplished more quickly when you use a wifi group or hooking up to world wide web wirelessly. it is like having a tremendous food store which has no wall surfaces just few security guards round the supply. it is obvious how the carry from the supermarket can be stolen quickly by simply outsmarting the protection or by moving around them so that you do not get found.
Similarly; when you use super boost wifi, your packets of data is much like the inventory of the supermarket. Your packages of information are safe by an file encryption; even so, just exactly like the guards simply being outsmarted so can this file encryption be damaged or damaged. Very last, is the fact your data is transferring throughout the air, that is why it is referred to as wifi; this really is considered as the whole food store which has no wall surfaces? The methods a hacker would get are really easily done and a person with a computer is capable of doing performing it. There are three major techniques. The initial step is always to search for your supermarket. Quite simply, looking and getting a connection inside your array; this can be accomplished by simply keeping your notebook computer on and walking or driving a car close to until you find a system. Another step is usually to identify the supply from the grocery store. To put it differently, sniffing from the air flow, employing simple hacking programs, to get details packets. When these packets of data is found and sniffed for important information, then it is onto the final step.
BizSAFE is a national program propelled by the Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Council with solid help from the Ministry of Manpower (MOM). The target of the bizSAFE program is to raise the WSH standard of all work environments in Singapore by including the support of all partners in every single industry. bizSAFE is a five-advance willful program intended to help the key standards of the WSH Act which are to lessen dangers at the source, increment industry partners’ possession and to concentrate on accomplishing great WSH results and frameworks as opposed to conforming to prescriptive necessities.
This is the section level where the member kick begins with preparing and workshops that will keep running for around 3 hours. Likewise, there is an online alternative for this however e-realizing endless supply of the course and endorsement is granted.
For the instance of organizations, a hazard administrator must be picked to go to this dimension which will take around 2 days. After which an “Announcement of Attainment” will be advertised.
At that point, the following dimension is the point at which all laborers under this program are required to direct a hazard evaluation. This is vital for them to accomplish this dimension by enabling the association’s evaluators to survey their organizations under the nation’s directions.
For the organization to accomplish this dimension, it should choose a WSHMS program and go to the 4-day preparing. It’s after this program the organization can be permitted to apply for the dimension of the section.
This is the last dimension where to accomplish this status; the organization must get SS506 Certification. This testament is offered by SAC attributed bodies. Organizations in the bizsafe consultants can gladly show the bizSAFE logo on their business guarantee as an impression of their duty to WSH whereby these organizations have actualized great security and solid controls. The most vital resource of an organization is its kin and in this manner guaranteeing their security and wellbeing ought to be the highest duty of the supervisory crew. It is additionally a legitimate commitment to do as such. Advantages incorporate accomplishing a sheltered and solid workforce, increment in business opportunity and others.
The innovation and also extensive use the Internet transformed the globe of buying inverted. Nowadays you can discover nearly anything you can consider online, consisting of on the internet electrical outlet shops. While concerning 80% of Internet customers go shopping online, the various other 20% are still hanging back. If you’re one of those 20%, these are most likely a few of the leading factors you have not signed up with the employee discount trend. These are additionally 5 of the greatest misconceptions of online shopping that we’re currently misting likely to expose with the fact.
Identification burglary goes to a perpetuity high, a lot of guide far from purchasing online since there is a large problem that your details go to threat. Buying online needs you to be as cautious as you are when purchasing in a brick-and-mortar shop. In a physical place, you would not leave your bag in the cart while you surf the shelves or aisles. When you’re going shopping online, you merely require to ensure that you do so on a safe network that secures your exclusive info, such as your bank card number, prior to sending your order. Safe and secure internet sites generally have a safe and secure symbol on top or base of the internet site to show your info is secure.
Several buyers think that the included expense of delivery and also taking care of makes purchasing online much pricier than purchasing in the shop. If you’re a wise online consumer you can frequently minimize your delivery expense or prevent paying delivery as well as dealing with entirely. Several on the internet shops give complimentary delivery if your order fulfills a specific quantity or provide a significantly lowered delivery price, where you might pay a couple of bucks for delivery instead of complete cost.
Return guidelines commonly are available in the delivery box when you get your order. While return directions differ by the seller, returning the product is commonly as very easy as fastening the pre-paid return delivery tag to the very same box your order was available in as well as sending it back to the on the internet shop where you bought it from to begin with. Various other shops need you to pay your very own return shipping, so it might call for a journey to the article workplace, which amounts needing to make a journey to the shop where you purchased to return a product anyhow.
Lately compact air conditioners have turned into considerably more well-known than just a couple of years before. These are often utilized in houses that as of this moment have focal air molding frameworks exposed to assist with cooling down concern zones. Small air conditioners are self-sufficient and donor occupies a huge amount of area. These units are all around 28 to 32 inches large. They can be to a few diplomas overwhelming nonetheless this problem is properly overwhelmed by obtaining a device that has wheels introduced for easy adaptability. Most models go along with tires which can be released efficiently. A greatest aspect about versatile air conditioners is the fact that there is not any business price related to them and maintenance is incredibly straightforward. Install it in almost any area of your residence insofar while there is a divider wall plugs surrounding. You may even wheel it from the living area to the room or kitchen area, or anywhere you want it. Park it towards a divider or even in a part off of the defeated course. This can be a key ideal place over home window air conditioners considering the point that when a window device is mounted with your windows it can be something but an efficiently transferred.
Handy air conditioners and home window air conditioners similarly, are often tranquil contrasted with additional veteran designs of coolair price and would not develop into a discomfort when wanting to stare at the Television or relax. A well known good name for windowpane air conditioners is windows bangers as a result of how boisterous they were once. Convenient air conditioners are considerably more costly than window air conditioners of your very similar restrict however not substantially progressively expensive and the key benefits of owning a compact air conditioner over a windowpane air conditioner significantly go beyond and little cost increment.
Whilst deciding on a convenient air conditioner it really is important to pick a model using the proper chilling reduce in relation to your prerequisites. Larger than typical models would not carry out at the most extreme effectiveness and will plausible not supply you with the same quantity of lengthy stretches of utilization as a result of unpredictable activity. Purchasing a system which is larger than common for your action would not job a lot less demanding. This is only the way in which they job. Seek out air conditioners that are Energy Legend Certified. These units will have an energy star tag which demonstrates that they spend less vitality than equivalent common products. Vitality Star rules are set through the US Environmental Protection Company as well as the Department of Electricity. Fees for handy air conditioners get started at fewer than 300 dollars and increment from that time. This can be likely about increase the fee for a windowpane air conditioner of comparable reduce nevertheless these are significantly increased frameworks.
There are a lot of crucial components in your computer system however one of them that regularly require substitute is the keyboard. It is finest that before you purchase one, support on your own with the understanding concerning the different kinds of key-boards and the certain functions the will certainly match your needs and spending plan. Opt for the large workplace and also computer products stores. When planning to buy computer parts such as the key-board. Go to a large office supply which brings computer systems and parts. There you will definitely discover lots or more of these items giving you lots of selections.
An ergononomic keyboard, as such, is a requirement for comfort’s purpose. For those that do not have any kind of clinical problem, you can go for that cheap $10 gaming keyboard. This is particularly applicable if you buy a low-cost best value mechanical keyboard. This way you will avoid inconveniences and interruptions throughout instances that you are captured in the center of the night keying an essential, time-sensitive file as well as your keyboard provides up. Make your acquisition while considering the intended individual. If the designated user is an adolescent, the cheap system can be your best option. Keep in mind that teens can be extremely careless so a splashed soft drink or a cracker locating its method inside the keyboard does absolutely nothing to lengthen the lifetime of any type of gaming keyboard.
Consequently, the fancy as well as pricey gaming keyboard will definitely be equally as dead and also worthless as the affordable one, although not so conveniently changed. If the desired customer is a professional and needs a gaming keyboard that can stand a hefty, day-to-day work out then probably you must take into consideration the higher-end keyboards with greater rates, of course. Several of these kinds of keyboards have features that enable you to quicken job as well as give much more reliable usage. In addition, the much more costly the system you are going to get is the sturdier building and construction as well as longer use you will get. Currently, for those that like trendy products and also needs their key-boards have an elegant appearance, there are fancy gaming keyboard models to satisfy this need. Pricey gaming keyboards with all the bells and whistles can be found in smooth layouts, lighted keyboards as well as artificial stainless-steel outlining.
After all, there are various sorts of term catastrophe protection and I will provide you a brief clarification about how everybody functions. Diminishing term life policy is amazingly prominent with land holders and home loan organizations. The property holders will need to understand that the home loan is repaid on the off chance they have to rashly bite the dust, and the mortgage business wants to be ensured they are repaid the money lent to the mortgage holder. The face measure of these approaches drop in a formally dressed manner annually because the advertisement owed on the house loan diminishes, and the top elite remains flat. This is extremely reasonable additional security. This is at first the cheapest term catastrophe protection you can purchase. The passing advantage remains level for the duration, in any case, the premiums increment each year and because of this may prove to be the most expensive term additional security you can purchase.
The face measure of the strategy stays flat for the entire multiyear time period thus does the premium. Upon flight the face amount is paid in a single amount or as a cover. For the individuals that have a fleeting requirement for lifetime policy, like covering a bank progress, at the point this might be the arrangement for you. Like the term 30 extent, the multi year term life strategy may be utilized to cover a bank progress, yet it could accomplish more. It may be used for household security and numerous distinct needs. The face measure of this arrangement remains flat for the duration thus does the premium. A couple of organizations permit you to proceed with the scope after 10 years using an expansion in premium. The multi year term life policy strategy is undoubtedly the most obvious of term life plans.
The demise advantage remains level for the duration and in a couple of events so does the premium. With a few Associations, be that as it may, the premiums increment following the underlying 10 years to mirror the cost of the additional danger to which the security Provider is uncovered as the guarded gets more experienced. By and large, the 20 split term catastrophe protection design is truly small and does the Activity it is expected to do. Dissimilar to complete disaster protection, all Inclusive life policy or variable additional security, term life policy does not Have money esteems or make gains. There is a genuinely new Kind of term extra Safety design, be that as it may, called an arrival of premium plan that profits the larger portion of your premiums toward the end of the expression Time period of lic policy status, if you do not kick the bucket. The premiums are so high it likely would not be ivied irrespective of your while to purchase this sort of term strategy. | 2019-04-24T20:25:13Z | http://www.audiovideobargains.com/ |
New York City is everything you expect it to be: blazing lights, stellar museums, urban parks, grand bridges, buzzy restaurants, and even buzzier nightclubs – all framed by the world’s most iconic skyline. New Yorkers often joke that their city is the centre of the universe and after a visit here, you may be inclined to agree. Here are the best things to do, what to eat and where to stay in New York City.
Without the Empire State Building, would all those famous cinematic love scenes – An Affair to Remember, Sleepless in Seattle – be as memorable? Probably not. Hop on one of the speedy elevators to the top of this Art Deco beauty for stunning 360-degree views – on a clear day, you can see five states: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. However, for the best view of the Empire State Building itself, head 14 streets up to Top of the Rock at 30 Rockefeller Plaza.
Suburbia has its backyards, but New York has Central Park. Spend a day wandering this enormous park, with its sloping lawns, Frisbee games, fragrant gardens, elm-shaded Mall, and beloved Strawberry Fields memorial to John Lennon, and you’ll understand why this isn’t just the geographical heart of Manhattan, but also its emotional one.
If you visit one museum in New York, make it this one. The epic Met traces over 5,000 years of art history, from the Egyptian Temple of Dendur to the Astor Chinese Garden Court to paintings by Van Gogh, Manet, Monet, Picasso, Degas, Warhol, and many (many) more.
The Brooklyn Bridge can claim plenty of superlatives: when it opened in 1883, it was the first steel suspension bridge in the world, and also the longest. These days, it’s one of the most photographed structures in New York – and the best way to do so is by crossing it on foot. For the greatest effect, walk it from the Brooklyn side – the Manhattan skyline glitters and changes with every step you take, framed by the bridge’s signature cables.
The collective refrain after 9/11 was “never forget.” The 9/11 Memorial & Museum is ensuring just that. Built on the footprints of the original Twin Towers, this profound memorial and museum pays tribute to those who lost their lives on 9/11, while also exploring the continued global impact of the tragedy.
Unfolding on four leafy acres in Fort Tyron Park, The Cloisters Museum and Gardens offer a breezy counterpoint to the go-go-go pace of the city. Stroll impeccably reconstructed medieval cloisters, view the Flemish tapestries The Hunt of the Unicorn, and then take in views of the mighty Hudson River.
Travel the world – via the restaurants of Queens. This borough is one of the most diverse urban areas in the world, and in the neighborhood of Astoria, you can feast on everything from traditional Greek and Italian to Vietnamese, Brazilian, Ecuadorian, Balkan, Palestinian, and beyond. Top off dinner at the Bohemian Hall and Beer Garden, an al fresco Czech bar from 1910.
Head to Manhattan’s east side and look up: dangling high above is the Roosevelt Island Tramway, one of the only commuter aerial tramways in North America. It’s also the cheapest view in town – for the price of a subway ride, you can gaze out at the East River, flanked by a forest of skyscrapers.
Never underestimate the allure of nostalgia. Deno’s Wonder Wheel has been twirling in Coney Island, amid the sticky smell of cotton candy and legendary Nathan's hot dogs, since 1920. Bigger and faster attractions have risen up all around it, but it’s this creakily low-tech family-run ferris wheel that makes the memories.
New York has plenty of hotels on offer for pretty much every budget and taste – it's estimated that there are just under 500 hotels in Manhattan alone. The New Yorker, A Wyndham Hotel is definitely worth considering – a storied Manhattan icon that's been at the backdrop of pretty much everything that's ever happened in New York. Inside you'll find lush Art Deco interiors and comfortable rooms that offer unparalleled city views.
If you're after something a bit more trendy and budget-friendly, Moxy Times Square is at the thick of it all. This hotel succesfully combines the urban vibe of subway tiles with earthy blonde wood boards and chic accessories. The rooms are small even by New York standards, however, the hotel is two blocks away from Times Square and within walking distance of the most famous Midtown attractions.
For a completely different take on New York City, head over to Brooklyn's coolest neighbourhood Williamsburg and check in at The Williamsburg Hotel. There's a roof terrace with sweeping views of Manhattan, loft-like rooms with enviable bathrooms and plenty of bars, restaurants, one-of-a-kind boutiques and coffee shops nearby.
New York has some of the finest food in the world, from shabby dollar pizza slice shops to some of the best restaurants in the world. Why not try to sample a bit of both during your visit?
On the street food front, there are several unmissable icons as legendary as the city itself. Start with Katz's Deli and order their famous pastrami sandwich, hit Dominique Ansel's bakery for a cronut (a croissant-doughnut pastry), cross the Brooklyn Bridge and stop at Luke's Lobster for the best lobster roll of your life and head out to Coney Island for Nathan's original hot dogs. Obviously, pizza is a big deal in New York, however you have to know the best places where to eat it. There's Lucali in Brooklyn as well as Totonno's and Grimaldi's in Coney Island while in Manhattan seek out Joe's Pizza or Lombardi's.
On the restaurant front, one of the world's best restaurants Eleven Madison Park offers an unforgettable albeit pricey tasting menu. Fans of Netflix's Ugly Delicious shouldn't miss a visit to one of David Chang's establishments (our favourite is Momofuku noodle bar – his first location) and Balthazar, a long standing culinary institution popular among locals, serves everything from great breakfasts to excellent Parisian-style bistro dinners.
Sip your way through New York’s fragrant wine country at Long Island’s eastern tip, which lies 87 miles east of New York City. Viniculture pioneers launched the first vineyards in the 1970s, and since then, this region has evolved into New York’s mini version of Napa Valley. Sample small-batch wines at family-owned vineyards like Bedell Cellars and Coffee Pot Cellars – and then bring home a bottle or five.
On a Hudson Valley excursion, it’s all about the journey and the destination. Hop aboard the train in Grand Central for the 80-minute ride north, where you’ll be treated to calming views of the Hudson River. Your stop: the arty town of Beacon, which is presided over by Dia:Beacon, one of the largest spaces for contemporary art in the country, built in a former Nabisco factory.
Bright-green hills, shaded paths, a grove of swaying hammocks – and all less than ten minutes away from Manhattan by ferry. The 172-acre Governors Island, which sits in the centre of New York harbor, has become the city’s favorite summer playground. Soak up the sun, go biking and hiking, and check out superb art shows and festivals, including the wildly popular summertime Jazz Age Lawn Party, complete with flapper dresses, moonshine, and Michael Arenella and his Dreamland Orchestra.
New York City is a major US hub, with three international airports: John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport in Queens, and Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey. There are no direct flights to LaGuardia from the UK, however, the tickets with a stopover can sometimes be cheaper than flying direct into JFK or Newark. All three have multiple transport options into the city centre, including subway, train, bus, taxi, and ride-share services. JFK airport taxis offer a flat rate of $50-$70 (£39-£54) for all journeys to Manhattan. If flying into Newark, you can either enjoy the scenic route on the Express Bus or hop on an Amtrak service that'll take you to Penn Station and Madison Square Garden in around 20 minutes.
New York’s yellow cabs, contrary to popular opinion, aren’t that expensive – an average journey in Manhattan will cost you around $10 (£7.80), however, the streets are busy and you might get stuck in traffic for a while. The subway system is a much quicker and cost-efficient way of getting around – a single ride on the subway or the bus will cost you $2.75 (£2.15) and $32 (£24.96) will buy you an unlimited 7-day pass. CityMapper is a very helpful app to get before your trip as it’ll tell you the best and the quickest routes, it also has real-time service updates and is generally extremely dependable.
Check into: The Williamsburg Hotel. Conveniently located next to a subway station (L trains take 15 minutes to Union Square Station that offers connections to pretty much everywhere in Manhattan), this hotel is perfect for collapsing in a comfy bed after a day of sightseeing. It’s effortlessly cool and trendy with leather headboards and mismatched crockery, much like the rest of Williamsburg.
Wander through: Central Park. A true New York icon, you can’t miss out on a stroll down The Mall, surrounded by the lush greenery of Central Park. From Strawberry Fields and the Bethesda Terrace and Fountain to the Bow Bridge and the view of The Plaza hotel from the Gapstow Bridge, Central Park is everything you expect it to be.
Grab lunch from: The Halal Guys. What started out as a New York City hot dog cart, is now one of the best-regarded street food chains in New York. The food is big, greasy and delicious and the hour-long line at their W 53 St & 7 Ave cart is rewarded by a spit-roasted lamb on basmati rice with the creamiest white sauce.
Marvel at the view from: Top of the Rock. There is no better view of New York than from Top of the Rock. Central Park, the Empire State Building, Manhattan’s midtown and the towering skyscrapers of downtown are all in the palm of your hand.
Walk through history at: Empire State Building. Even though the views are much better from Top of the Rock, it’s worth paying the Empire State Building a visit as well. You’ll get a chance to peek at the magnificent Art Deco interiors and walk through the building that has defined the Manhattan skyline since the 1930s.
See the lights at: Times Square. It’s bright, it’s loud, it’s crazy and it’s well worth visiting once. A definite tourist trap, it’s swarming with visitors from everywhere in the world but there’s something undoubtedly magical about standing in the middle of it all and being blinded by the lights.
Dine at: Rosemary’s. Vegetables sourced from Rosemary’s rooftop garden and their farm in Hudson Valley are transformed into a delightful eggplant caponata, sweets beets with bitter greens and buttery salty radishes. All of this is accompanied by silky pasta dishes, crispy skin salmon and pork and a classic bistecca (Florentine steak).
Listen to world-class jazz and drink at: The Village Vanguard. Everyone who’s been anyone in the jazz world has played on the stage of this legendary New York institution. Not much has changed since the 1930’s when the club opened – the tables are tightly packed, the music is loud and the drinks pleasantly boozy.
Have a brunch at: Katz’s Deli. There’s nothing like a juicy pastrami sandwich to soothe the consequences of last night. Prefer a Reuben? This classic here comes with gloriously melted Swiss cheese and unbeatable Russian and sauerkraut combo.
Be moved by: 9/11 Memorial and Museum. A beautiful yet poignant reminder of what happened on the morning of 11 September 2001, the memorial and museum documents the day that changed the course of modern history.
Explore: Lower Manhattan. Financial district’s streets, where sky-high skyscrapers sit next to historic buildings like the Federal Hall, are unlike anywhere else in the world. Walk Wall Street, see the New York Stock Exchange and imagine miles of tunnels loaded with gold bars beneath you at the Federal Reserve. Don’t forget to look down a narrow side street with steam rising from the subway to feel as if you’re in Gotham.
Grab a dollar slice from: Joe’s Pizza. Dollar slices are a big deal in New York – you’ll see many walk-in pizza places on street corners where people of all walks of life line up to grab a hot, saucey slice of cheesy goodness and devour it right there at the counter. Not all dollar slices, however, are created equal. It’s the classic Italian crusts and more than 40-year-old recipes and methods that people keep coming back for at Joe’s.
Walk: The High Line. An exemplary project of repurposing old spaces within a city to create something new and exciting, The High Line has been a big draw in the Meatpacking District since it opened in 2009. Created on a former New York Central Railroad, it’s a green oasis in the city, running from the Whitney Museum of American Art up to Hudson Yards. You can join it at various points along the route and enjoy the serenity high above the hustle and bustle of the streets.
Slurp noodles at: Momofuku noodle bar. If you enjoy a bowl of ramen and the soft, pillowy goodness that is a bao bun, you owe a lot to David Chang – the chef who brought these foods into the mainstream over a decade ago. Stop by Momofuku’s original location and order a bowl of pork ramen and Chang’s signature pork belly buns. Check opening times before going as the noodle bar is closed between lunch and dinner services.
Have an artsy evening at: The Met and The Guggenheim. Two museums, among the world’s best, sit almost side by side in the Upper East Side so it would be almost rude to skip them. The Met is the home to such masterpieces as Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze and works by Georgia O’Keeffe, Vincent van Gogh and Claude Monet while The Guggenheim, apart from being an architectural masterpiece, houses works by Picasso, Warhol and Cézanne.
Feel like a film star at: Bemelmans Bar. Hidden away at The Carlyle below a 24-karat gold leaf-covered ceiling is a bar reminiscent of the Roaring Twenties and the old-school New York glam. Named after the creator of the children’s book Madeline, Ludwig Bemelmans, whose illustrations adorn the walls, the bar’s signature cocktail Old Cuban is a heady mix of rum, Angostura bitters, lime and muddled mint.
Grab a coffee from: Brooklyn Roasting Company. Brooklyn is peppered with hipster coffee shops serving perfectly brewed cups of carefully sourced coffee and this company takes their role as coffee ambassadors very seriously. Pop in for a leisurely Sunday morning brew to set you up for the day.
Wander around: DUMBO. Once a warehouse district, DUMBO’s cobblestone streets are lined with one-of-a-kind boutique stores, high-end restaurants and trendy cafés. You’ll want to stop at the corner of Water & Washington to snap that iconic shot of the Manhattan Bridge framed by the red brick warehouses.
Snack on a lobster roll from: Luke’s Lobster. Have you ever dreamed of a lobster roll so full of sweet lobster meat drenched in lemon butter that the bun can hardly hold it all in? Luke’s Lobster is where to get it from, the Brooklyn Bridge backdrop on the side.
Marvel at Manhattan from: Brooklyn Bridge Lookout. There’s something special about the light in New York and Manhattan’s glistening skyscrapers across the water is one of those iconic New York vistas you’ve just got to see.
Walk across: the Brooklyn Bridge. Probably one of the most famous bridges in the world, the Brooklyn Bridge is not only a top tourist attraction but also an engineering masterpiece. The walk across the East River will take you about half an hour, photo stops included.
Take in: Chinatown, Little Italy and NoLIta. The social history of New York, and that of the United States as well, has very much been reflected in the four waves of immigration since the late 1700s and it’s impossible to visit New York without tracing the history through the city’s neighbourhoods and food – luckily, these are especially distinctive in Manhattan.
Don’t miss out on lunch at: Xi’an Famous Foods. From a family-run stall in a basement of a Queen’s supermarket specialising in Chinese dishes from the city of Xi’an in northwestern China this has exploded into a much-loved chain that New Yorkers can’t get enough of. You’ll have trouble picking between a stewed pork belly meat sandwiched between two crispy slices of flatbread, one of the intensely-flavoured hand-ripped noodle dishes or the classic boiled Chinese dumplings.
See Manhattan from a different perspective aboard: Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises. A boat trip is really a must in New York and Circle Line offers a selection of 1-,2- or 3-hour cruises. The 1.5-hour long Landmarks Cruise is perfect for seeing the best bits – Ellis Island, Liberty Island and Statue of Liberty as well as the Hudson River, the East River bridges and, of course, Manhattan itself.
Dine at: Peter Luger. Celebrate your last night in New York with an all-American classic – steak. First opened in 1887, when Williamsburg was far from the trendy neighbourhood it is today, the restaurant has earned a Michelin star since and serves up the most flavoursome steaks and sides.
Savour your last night in: Williamsburg. Currently New York’s most exciting neighbourhood, Williamsburg has everything you need to enjoy a night out in town. Take your pick between rooftop bars like Westlight and The Ides, trendy wine bar The Counting Room or go all out on sake and oysters at Bar Akariba.
New York CityPASS costs $126 (£98.36) for adults and $104 (£81.18) for children ages 6-17. Each New York CityPASS ticket includes prepaid admission to six New York City attractions, including The Empire State Building, The Metropolitan Museum of Art and 9/11 Memorial & Museum. Find more information on the CityPASS website. | 2019-04-23T00:11:40Z | https://www.loveexploring.com/guides/78385/new-york-things-to-do |
Fiber optics are immune to electromagnetic emissions and have the potential to eliminate this concern especially in flight critical applications if they can be developed to the same level of technology as current systems using wire to carry the signals. As aircraft become more and more dependent of digital signals to control all systems, the Electromagnetic Environment (EME) will become more and more a concern for the safe long term operation. The International Severe HIRF electromagnetic environment (EME) is less than 2000 Volts per meter below 400 MHz and reaches a maximum of 6,850 Volts per meter in the 4-6 GHz range. The normal assumption is that a metal or composite aircraft skin with appropriate seals provides 20 dB attenuation of the external environment. This reduces peak levels at the avionics boxes to less than 200 Volts per meter below 400 MHz and a maximum of 685 Volts per meter in the 406 GHz range. MIL-STD-461D imposed an additional box level requirement to 200 Volts per meter from 10 KHz to 40 GHz. This requirement equals or surpasses the attenuated HIRF environment over significant portions of the spectrum and implies that the aircraft must be designed to achieve and maintain this value throughout its service life. Although wires can be shielded and designed to achieve these requirements, it is a more expensive process, adds the weight of shielding and requires maintenance of the shielding integrity at all times. The very light weight and high bandwidth of fiber optics also offer the potential of eliminating the number of connections and weight savings in aircraft. For example on a one to one replacement of wire by fiber, it is estimated that fiber would weight about 1/20 the weight of wire. Current wire buses used for duplex communications in aircraft applications have a bandwidth of about 1 MHz while equivalent buses using fiber optics have a bandwidth of 20 MHz. For other applications such as video and avionics interfaces, fiber buses in the hundreds of MHz are available. Applications of fiber optic buses would then result in the reduction of wires and connections because of reduction in the number of buses needed for information transfer due to the fact that a large number of different signals can be sent across one fiber by multiplexing each signal. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Technology Reinvestment Project (TRP) Fly-by-Light Advanced Systems Hardware (FLASH) program addresses the development of Fly-by-Light Technology in order to apply the benefits of fiber optics to military and commercial aircraft.
The worldwide proliferation of high intensity emitting sources and the more electric aircraft increase the intensity of the Electromagnetic Environment (EME) in which aircraft must operate. A FLASH program HIRF (High Intensity Radiated Field) EME requirement is derived to cover both commercial and military fixed and rotary wing aircraft. This requirement is derived from the radiated susceptibility requirement documents of both the FAA and U.S. military. Specific test data and analysis will show that we can meet this requirement.
In the face of shrinking defense budgets, survival of the United States rotorcraft industry is becoming increasingly dependent on increased sales in a highly competitive civil helicopter market. As a result, only the most competitive rotorcraft manufacturers are likely to survive. A key ingredient in improving our competitive position is the ability to produce more versatile, high performance, high quality, and low cost of ownership helicopters. Fiber optic technology offers a path of achieving these objectives. Also, adopting common components and architectures for different helicopter models (while maintaining each models' uniqueness) will further decrease design and production costs. Funds saved (or generated) by exploiting this commonality can be applied to R&D used to further improve the product. In this paper, we define a fiber optics based avionics architecture which provides the pilot a fly-by-light / digital flight control system which can be implemented in both civilian and military helicopters. We then discuss the advantages of such an architecture.
The Fly-By-Light Advanced Systems Hardware (FLASH) program is developing Fly-By-Light (FBL) and Power-By-Wire (PBW) technologies for military and commercial aircraft. FLASH consists of three tasks. Task 1 is developing the fiber optic cable, connectors, testers and installation and maintenance procedures. Task 3 is developing advanced actuators. Task 2, which is the subject of this paper, focuses on integration of fiber optic sensors and data buses with cable plant components from Task 1 and PBW, smart and thin wing actuators from Task 3 into complete centralized and distributed flight control systems. Laboratory demonstrations will show applicability to widebody transport and tactical aircraft. Products include high throughput processors, neutral network applications to maintenance diagnostics and reconfiguration, hardware upset recovery, active sidestick controllers and application of the SAE AS-1773A protocol to the flight control system bus. This paper overviews the requirements, objectives, key technologies and demonstrations for each of the FLASH flight control system developments. Companion papers provide additional description of the Tasks 1 and 3 as well as further details on the individual developments within Task 2.
A program was created with joint industry and government funding to apply fiber optic technologies to aircraft. The technology offers many potential benefits. Among them are increased electromagnetic interference immunity and the possibility of reduced weight, increased reliability, and enlarged capability by redesigning architectures to use the large bandwidth of fiber optics. Those benefits will only be realized if fiber optics meets the unique requirements of aircraft networks. Over the past two decades, considerable effort has been expended on applying photonic technologies to aircraft. Great successes have occurred in optoelectronic components development. In the development of these systems to link those components, known as the cable plant, progress has also been made, but only recently has it been organized in a coordinated, systems-oriented fashion. The FLASH program will expand on the nascent cable plant systems efforts by building upon recent work in individual components, and integrating that work into a cohesive aircraft cable plant. Therefore, the FLASH program will develop the low cost, reliable cables, connectors, splices, backplanes, manufacturing and installation methods, test methods, support equipment, and training systems needed to form a true optical cable plant for transport aircraft, tactical aircraft, and helicopters.
The high cost associated with the development and acquisition of new, highly complex and integrated digital control and avionics systems is leading the military and commercial aircraft industry toward increased standardization, modularization, and the use of flexible architectures and hardware which can be applied to multiple airframes. This paper describes the ARPA/Industry Fly-By-Light Advanced Systems Hardware (FLASH) program as it relates to multi-use transport aircraft fly-by- light development and discusses how this technology and hardware will be translated into commercial and military production applications.
A program was created with joint industry and government funding to apply fiber optic technologies to tactical aircraft. The technology offers many potential benefits, including increased electromagnetic interference immunity and the possibility of reduced weight, increased reliability, and enlarged capability from redesigning architectures to use the large bandwidth of fiber optics. Those benefits will only be realized if fiber optics meets the unique requirements of aircraft networks. The application of fiber optics to tactical aircraft presents challenges to physical components which can only be met by a methodical attention to what is required, what are the conditions of use, and how will the components be produced in the broad context of a fiber optics using economy. For this purpose, the FLASH program has outlined a plan, and developed a team to evaluate requirements, delineate environmental and use conditions, and design practical, low cost components for tactical aircraft fiber optic cable plants including cables, connectors, splices, backplanes, manufacturing and installation methods, and test and maintenance methods.
Multifiber multimode connector concepts have been developed for use within MIL-C-38999 connector shells. These connectors use pairs of novel 'multifiber positioners' to secure and precisely position multiple mating pairs of individual optical fibers to achieve excellent light throughput characteristics. The multifiber positioner is a micromachined structure that includes multiple V-grooves in silicon created via anisotropic etching. In one embodiment, the multifiber positioner was designed to handle 4 fiber channels of 100/140/170 micron polyimide coated fiber. These concepts have been used to create preliminary designs for connectors suitable for aircraft application including a 4- channel connector housed in a 38999 shell size #11 and a 16-channel connector in a shell size #19. The multifiber positioner is mounted within the connector shell using a 'floating-contact' concept to provide vibration isolation and physical contact of fiber end surfaces. High temperature composite materials have been selected for certain key elements within the connector including resilient elements within an alignment sleeve to innovate a new approach to alignment. The fiber terminus and rear shell designs have been developed to facilitate user- friendly operation. The rear shell includes new methods for cable attachment and seals for both environmental and EMI/RFI protection.
The Avionics Multifiber Array Connector, AVMAC, is an optical connecting device that utilizes circular connector technology with MACII technology to align 18 channel fiber optic ribbon cable. There presently is no inexpensive avionic or military grade high-density fiber optic connector. The AVMAC connector will use a ruggedized MACII v-groove alignment array enclosed in a circular protective housing. This contact assembly will be rear insertable into and removable for a MIL-C-83723 connector. A MIL-C-83723 connector incorporating a special insert will be the initial testbed. However, with small modifications to the basic design, a multitude of different circular and rack-in-panel connectors might be used. The AVMAC connector offers a gang terminated 18 channel fiber optic interconnection all within a very small footprint of approximately 0.5 inch in diameter, and is designed to be installable through 0.5 inch conduit. The design hurdles are: (1) developing a new polishing technique to prevent intimate contact of the fiber faces to prevent cracking during extreme vibration and shock, (2) selection of an adhesive and cure schedule development to handle the extreme temperature requirements, and (3) in general, material and process development in order to ruggedize the design to survive the harsh environment and performance requirements of an avionic and possibly military application. A preliminary design of the AVMAC connector has been completed and a prototype model built. This model is currently undergoing vibration and optical performance testing. The AVMAC connector is scheduled to be finalized and fully qualifiable by end of 1995 as part of the FLASH (Fly-by-Light Advanced System Hardware) contract.
Organic polymeric materials offer great promise for the creation of optical guided-wave structures. We have developed a number of new polymeric compositions which can be used to fabricate optical waveguide circuitry characterized by low loss and high thermal stability (up to 75 years at 120 degree(s)C for 840 nm wavelength). This technology makes possible the fabrication of complex point-to-point optical interconnections with controlled numerical aperture and geometry, allowing creation of right angle bends, splitters, combiners, etc. on a wide variety of substrates including circuit board laminate, silicon, silica, polymeric films and glass. To complement this technology, we have developed a unique capability for interconnecting glass optical fibers to multimode planar waveguide structures with low loss (0.5 dB per connection or less). As part of the FLASH program, we are utilizing this technology to construct a backplane which will incorporate multimode guides with both in-plane and out-of-plane bends, and which will be integrated with a connector to allow interfacing with glass fiber. We are also researching the implementation of single-mode guides employing our materials for possible future application.
We will describe the nature of the activity which surrounds the development of the 'Fly-by-Light' Cable Plant in the FLASH Program in conjunction with McDonnell Douglas Aerospace. We will describe the characteristics of the Technology and the activities which we are engaged in to provide a robust, environmentally stable system. The environmental constraints which have been modelled and analyzed to ensure the applicability of this technology will be described. We have dealt with worst case conditions, and fed back this information to the design for aircraft systems. The Cable Plant involves the optic cables, PATSI-developed connectors, FORSS integrated connectors and avionics applicable optical backplanes. This program is oriented to satisfy the needs of fighter aircraft, with an extendibility to helicopters. The products developed should see use in large volume markets, such as, devices used as shared storage for clusters of computers, in local area networks, High Performance, highly parallel computers and multimedia systems. It represents a new technique of wiring buildings for all kinds of optical transmission whether it be parallel, or multichannel serial based. It represents a new technique to deal with embedded sensors.
Requirements for future advanced tactical aircraft identify the need for flight control system architectures that provide a higher degree of performance with regard to electromagnetic interference immunity, communication bus data rate, propulsion/utility subsystem integration, and affordability. Evolution of highly centralized, digital, fly-by-wire flight/propulsion/utility control system is achieved as modular functions are implemented and integrated by serial, digital, fiber optics communication links. These adaptable architectures allow the user to configure the fly-by-light system to meet unique safety requirements, system performance, and design to cost targets.
McDonnell Douglas Aerospace (MDA) is developing a Neural Network based Intelligent Flight Control System that utilizes fly-by-light data transmission combined with high capacity flight processors to implement control advancements and fault monitoring processes. In this control system design, high speed data transfer and electromagnetic interference protection obtained through fiber optic technology is linked with Neural Network based flight control hardware processors that are programmed with damage adaptive control capability, thus providing maximum survivability for fighter aircraft. This system also provides enhanced component fault diagnostics that can identify subsystem failures during flight, thus providing reduced life cycle cost through efficient maintenance action and less downtime of the aircraft. The Intelligent Flight Control products apply to fighter and transport aircraft. This program is Task 2C of the ARPA Fly-by-Light Advanced Systems Hardware (FLASH) Technology Reinvestment Program. The principal partner with MDA for the Task 2C Intelligent Flight Control development is Martin Marietta Control Systems. The program will mature the system hardware and software for laboratory demonstrations of component fault diagnostics and highly adaptive flight control performance.
Driving the need for optics in flight control are the issues of wire weight, HIRF, and system bandwidth. With the advent of advanced Vehicle Management System (VMS) systems and the higher level of functional and physical integration of subsystems such as the More Electric Aircraft (MEA) and the Subsystem Utility Integration Technology (SUIT) program, optics in flight control offer attractive system benefits. Advanced VMS control functions generate large quantities of data to be transmitted over the VMS buses for processing. This paper will address the implementation of a module that will support the high throughput requirements of an advanced VMS system. The module is defined as the Optical Bus Interface Module (OBIM) and utilizes the AS1773A 20 mbps fiber optic bus for the VMS system bus. In addition, the module supports 5 mbps fiber optic Cross Channel Data Links (CCDLs) for the exchange of flight critical data in redundant architectures.
The Fly-by-Light Advanced Systems Hardware (FLASH) program is developing Fly-by-Light technologies for flight control and vehicle management of military and commercial aircraft. Fiber optics offers greatly improved data transfer rate, very low susceptibility to electromagnetic interference (EMI), lower on-board weight, and lower operating and maintenance costs. FLASH will result in demonstrations needed to gain confidence in using Fly-by-Light for flight control and vehicle management. This paper reviews the requirements and the trade study leading to selection of the dual-rate 1773A fiber optic data bus to interconnect fly-by-light advanced system hardware.
The increasing performance and reduction of life cycle cost requirements placed on commercial and military transport aircraft are resulting in more complex, highly integrated aircraft control and management systems. The use of fiber optic data transmission media can make significant contributions in achieving these performance and cost goals. The Honeywell portion of Task 2A on the Fly-by-Light Advanced System Hardware (FLASH) program is evaluating a Primary Flight Control System (PFCS) using pilot and copilot inputs from Active Hand Controllers (AHC) which are optically linked to the primary flight Control Computers (PFCC). Customer involvement is an important element of the Task 2A activity. Establishing customer requirements and perspectives on productization of systems developed under FLASH are key to future product success. The Honeywell elements of the PFCS demonstrator provide a command path that is optically interfaced from crew inputs to commands of distributed, smart actuation subsystems commands. Optical communication architectures are implemented using several protocols including the new AS-1773A 20 Mbps data bus standard. The interconnecting fiber optic cable plant is provided by our Task 1A teammate McDonnell Douglas Aerospace (West). Fiber optic cable plant fabrication uses processed, tools and materials reflecting necessary advances in manufacturing required to make fly-by-light avionics systems marketable.
Because of the advantages of high bandwidth and EMI immunity, optical communication systems and sensors continue to be the focus of development in the aerospace industry. Existing electrical sensor systems are being modified to support the optical communications and optical fiber sensors are being developed to take advantage of the proposed optical fiber data buses. This paper discusses the development of a time-rate-of-decay optical fiber total air temperature sensor and its integration with an existing air-data sensor system. The combined temperature/air data system interfaces with the flight control computer over an optical data bus. The advantages of the time-rate-of-decay temperature sensor and the issues to the integration of the optical communication system are described.
Fiber optic sensing technology has now reached the point at which it is mature enough to be applied to practical aerospace applications. In particular, closed loop control of flight surfaces in which the sensor continuously monitors actuator position in order to provide feedback to the control system is of interest. In this paper, we describe the principle of operation, design and preliminary testing of a long stroke length (20 cm, 7.8 inches) wavelength encoding multimode fiber optic linear position sensor. The sensor provides a significant reduction in size over conventional LVDT sensors for the same application.
Smiths Industries (SI) is developing a Fiber Optic Gyroscope (FOG) Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) for incorporation into the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Technology Reinvestment Project (TRP) Fly-by-Light Advanced Systems Hardware (FLASH) laboratory demonstration. An optically interfaced FOG IMU satisfies the FLASH top-level flight control requirements for improved aircraft upgrade capability, reduced weight, enhanced EMI immunity, and improved system performance capabilities. The FLASH IMU design is leveraged from SI's Standard Compass/Attitude Heading Reference System (C/AHRS) Inertial Sensor Assembly (ISA) and attitude processing hardware and software. The ISA incorporates a triad of single-axis FOGs which use low cost, commercially available single mode fiber in the rate sensing coils and make maximum use of integrated optics to reduce cost and complexity. This sensor has demonstrated excellent tactical grade performance in a wide range of strenuous test environments. The dual rate 1773 fiber optic bus was selected by the FLASH team following a trade study which evaluated many factors including component availability and maturity, cost, speed, and applicability to flight control. The implementation of the bus components, as well as an overview of the overall IMU design, is presented.
A Litton LN-200 fiber optic gyro IMU is being adapted to provide flight control and AHRS data massages via a 1773A fiber optic interface to the FLASH demonstration system. Software modifications to generate the requisite output data from the LN-200 IMU incremental angle and velocity data are being developed for the VFCS program. To provide a rugged, reliable demonstration unit, the production LN-200 IMU is mounted in an adaptive housing along with the circuitry to convert the LN-200 RS-485 SDLC electrical interface to the FLASH 1773A fiber optic interface. A dc/dc converter is also incorporated to provide the additional voltages required for LN-200 and conversion circuitry operation.
Future More Electric Aircraft, which use electric actuators instead of hydraulics, will need high speed optical data buses to enable diagnostics, health monitoring, power management, and failure protection in a high EMI environment. This paper describes these future needs and the resulting optical data bus requirements.
The Fly-by-Light Aircraft Closed-Loop Test (FACT) program is a flight test program sponsored by NASA-Lewis Research Center. The objectives of the FACT program are to demonstrate optical closed-loop control of flight critical and non-flight critical control surfaces and to demonstrate installation and maintenance aspects of fiber optics for application to commercial aircraft. This paper summarizes the FACT program optical maintenance, test architecture, and hardware developments to be flight tested on the NASA-Dryden F/A-18 Systems Research Aircraft (SRA). The modifications include replacing Fly-By-Wire (FBW) main ram feedback LVDT's with optic position sensors and an electro-optic decoder, and using electrical to optic converters and reverse for commands. The performance and handling qualities will be validated by laboratory, ground, and flight tests. The goal is to demonstrate system performance equivalent to the production system. | 2019-04-25T11:07:32Z | http://spie.org/Publications/Proceedings/Volume/2467 |
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FREDERICTON--“Premier Alward’s world-class regulations on shale gas mining have failed their first major test,” says Dr. Jean Louis Deveau, chair of the Fredericton Chapter of the Council of Canadians.
On February 7th, Corridor Resources registered with the government’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) registry a proposal to propane frack four exisiting wells in Penobsquis sometime in July. This is Phase III of a three-phase project. Corridor’s short announcement was published in one small newspaper on February 11, but apparently nowhere else. The word fracking did not appear in the newspaper ad.
“The problem is this ‘phased EIA’ process is not designed to require a company to submit a formal environmental impact assessment which would trigger public hearings on their proposal,” says Deveau.
In addition, according to a floodplain map of New Brunswick, two of the wellpads scheduled for fracking by Corridor lie on the 20 year floodplain of the Kennebecasis River. Corridor’s EIA registration document, now available on its own website does not appear to take this into consideration. This is problematic as the new rules for industry released in February 2013 place restrictions on shale gas mining in floodplains.
Energy Minister Craig Leonard even said last September that shale gas mining in flood zone areas would have to go “through a full EIA." The phased EIA now underway will likely allow Corridor to frack without any of us ever knowing how the public and the waters of the Kennebecasis River are to be safeguarded in the event of flooding," said Deveau.
It has been learned that the NB Chief Medical Officer's health report on shale gas has been ready for about a week. The government appears to be delaying its release.
Please find below the draft text of an e-mail YOU can send to your MLA!
Please forward wide and far to your friends.
I just learned that the Health Study on Shale Gas has been completed by Dr. Eilish Cleary, the chief medical officer of health in New Brunswick. It is my understanding that Dr. Cleary submitted her report to the Alward government about one week ago, and that the report was scheduled to be released in September 2012.
1. The Alward government should take care to release the report immediately and to neither delay nor censor it.
2. The MLAs hold meaningful public consultation on whether to allow or disallow shale gas development in New Brunswick. This consultation should start with legislative hearings, and later include public meetings on the government's final recommendations.
It will be very troubling to our democracy if either of these two steps is not forthcoming.
All discussion and decisions on shale gas regulations are premature.
It is my understanding that the Office of the Chief Medical Officer of Health, Dr. Eilish Cleary, has developed recommendations on the shale gas industry "at preventing or mitigating potential adverse public health effects associated with the industry".
In the CBC interview with Dr. Cleary (see reference below), she explained that the health study would document how the industry could impact human health, how to mitigate or prevent the risks, as well as how to measure the actual impact of the industry on the health of New Brunswickers if the shale gas industry was to proceed in this province.
Dr. Cleary said she would make recommendations in each of the following 4 areas: (1) Physical risks; (2) Risks to the community and mental health; (3) Risks from exposure to environmental sources; and (4) Risks to the long-term health of the population.
Furthermore, the public has not yet been consulted on whether or not the province should move forward with shale gas exploration and fracking. Dr. Louis LaPierre publicly admitted, at the shale gas regulations meeting in Norton, NB on July 04, 2012, that the mandate given to him by your government did not include the ability to recommend a moratorium or ban on shale gas development.
Lastly, during a speech delivered in Moncton last October, Premier David Alward advised that Members of the Legislative Assembly would be organizing town hall and information meetings later that month “to hear directly from their constituents on this important issue."
We have a right to know and to be properly consulted.
I look forward to an honest and open discussion of all the health, environmental, and economic implications of shale gas development in New Brunswick.
On May 17, the provincial government released documents containing new measures and recommendations on the oil and gas industry in New Brunswick. The documents, prepared by the Natural Gas Group, include 116 recommendations to ensure the environmentally responsible management of the industry, and are divided into short-term (104) and long-term (12). In addition, the government announced it will put in place a maximum fine of $1 million for breaches of the Oil and Natural Gas Act.
The Natural Gas group is now seeking feedback on the new measures and recommendations, and the public is invited to provide comments until July 18, 2012.Led by environmental expert Professor Louis LaPierre, the group will be conducting a citizen engagement tour across the province to collect feedback on the discussion paper. Stopping in selected communities across New Brunswick, they will offer a public open house as well as a public meeting, where citizens will be allowed to ask questions regarding exploration, development or other topics of interest.
The documents are available for download and can be found in the shale gas area of our public consultations page.
The Natural Gas Group is also open to meeting privately with groups or associations, who are asked to e-mail their requests.
11) Un nombre de municipalités incluant (Moncton, Sackville, Memramcook, Minto, Stanley, Bathurst, Sussex Corner, Quispamsis).
« Le but de la marche et du rassemblement de mardi est de se rappeler à la mémoire les pétitions des 20 000 NéoBrunswickois qui ont été ignorées, mais qui demandent la cessation immédiate de l’exploration et de l’exploitation par méthode non traditionnelle du gaz naturel, » affirme Julia Linke du chapitre Fredericton du Conseil des Canadiens. « Cela veut dire l’arrêt immédiat des explorations pour les gaz de schiste, la fin des émissions de tous nouveaux permis et du renouvèlement des permis existants, » précise Dr. Linke.
Le mardi 27 novembre, des groupes et des citoyens vont se rappeler le rassemblement de l’an dernier et démontrer leur solidarité avec les 20 000 personnes dont les signatures ont été ignorées, en participant à une marche à Fredericton pour interdire la fracturation. Cette marche pacifique va commencer à 11 h au vieux cimetière et se terminera avec un rassemblement entre midi et 13 heures devant l’édifice de l’Assemblée nationale. De brèves discours seront présentées.
E) Jeunes et jeunes adultes : 1) 5e année, classe du chef Harold Sappier École élémentaire Memorial, Première nation St. Mary’s, Fredericton 2) Étudiants et étudiantes de l’université Saint Thomas & de l’UNB, 3) Éco-action groupe de l’université Mount Allison 4) Élèves du Collège des métiers du NB.
FREDERICTON– This Tuesday, November 5th at lunch hour, the Council of Canadians will be joined by citizens, community groups, Church organizations, unions and professional associations from throughout the Maritimes and other regions at the provincial legislature for the Unity and Solidarity Rally. Rally goers will be delivering a message to Premier Alward that all shale gas exploration and development must be halted and that the New Brunswick government must begin listening to all people about the future they want, based on his government’s duty to consult and in the spirit of true democracy.
“The Alward Government must reopen dialogue and have a genuine conversation around issues surrounding our natural resources”, says Terry Wishart, a member of the Fredericton Chapter of the Council of Canadians. “Part of this discussion has to be about the unsustainable projects they continue to pursue while many countries and jurisdictions have firmly stated their opposition to extreme resource development like shale gas and oil. Others are realizing significant increases in jobs by laying the groundwork for the resource development of wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, biogas and their forests”, Wishart points out.
One of David Alward's promises during the 2010 provincial election was citizen engagement, yet the Premier– who is also the Minister of Citizen Engagement and Aboriginal Affairs – has demonstrated his contempt for public consultation, consent, and aboriginal treaty rights. Premier Alward has refused to meet with the Wabanaki people in a traditional place of North American democracy, the Longhouse, which now rests on the banks of the Saint John River, across the street from the Provincial legislature, and was constructed for such a meeting.
As Leader of the Opposition on April 6th 2010, David Alward spoke frankly about the consequences of shale gas development on water contamination, saying, "Many problems have been reported because of [fracking] companies. Significant contamination of people's drinking water is taking place. We know that, in the United States, companies are not required to provide the information.” Government, health and academic studies document additional environmental hazards of the industry, like severe air contamination and impacts on human health, including accelerated rates of cancer and childhood asthma.
“Today Premier Alward claims he was elected with a mandate to develop shale gas. His minister of energy, Craig Leonard, says that shale gas opponents are ‘ridiculous’ or he resorts to calling us names. They discount the real facts and ignore citizens who are petitioning for public meetings and asking some very important questions”, states Council of Canadians member, Dr. Caroline Lubbe-D’Arcy. “Shale gas and hydraulic fracturing were never mentioned in their platform. In fact they avoided any mention of it in the platform’s ‘Energy Plan’, yet renewable energy and efficiency are included”, adds Lubbe-D’Arcy.
Critics charge that in the wake of Mr. Louis Lapierre’s fraud, the Alward government is also lying in order to justify moving ahead with their plans for a shale gas industry. They point out that the Alward government is following suit with the Harper Government by diluting or changing laws based on industry requirements, and are thwarting the efforts of citizen groups that work to shine a light on their failure to adequately consult with the public on shale gas.
“We hope David Alward will respect democracy and renew constructive dialogue with the Wabanaki and all peoples on the direction and future of New Brunswick” says Wishart.
from Shale Formations. This is important information for New Brunswickers to know during this time of discussion and debate around the development of the industry.
Mnister of Environment, Margaret Ann Blaney, responds to the report in a CBC news article providing insight to NB government's stance on the issue.
FREDERICTON– The Fredericton Chapter of the Council of Canadians is stunned by Premier Alward’s comments suggesting that adequate consultations have taken place between his government and Indigenous Peoples on the issue of shale gas.
“That is not what I heard at a meeting last night with members of the Wabanaki Confederacy which included Harry Laporte, Grand Chief of the Maliseet First Nation,” says Dr. Jean Louis Deveau, Chair, Fredericton Chapter of the Council of Canadians.
Deveau, who completed his doctoral studies on the duty to consult and accommodate persons with disabilities in the workplace, believes that Premier Alward is misleading New Brunswickers on this issue.
The Fredericton Chapter of the Council of Canadians believes that hydraulic fracturing (fracking) cannot be done safely, and is calling for a ban on the practice in New Brunswick.
Le Nouveau-Brunswick ne s’est pas doté d’une Charte des droits environnementaux qui reconnaîtrait l’eau comme un droit fondamental et garantirait à ses citoyens et à ceux des Premières Nations le droit à un environnement sain, comprenant de l’eau propre, de l’air pur et des sols non contaminés.
Que des rencontres privées entre le gouvernement et des groupes de l’industrie, défrayées par les contribuables, telles que la Conférence Exploration et exploitation minière et pétrolière au Nouveau-Brunswick 2012 qui a eu lieu à Fredericton du 4 au 6 novembre 2012, ont pour effet de décourager les Néo-Brunswickoisde s’exprimer contre le développement du combustible fossile et d’empêcher d’autres solutions de se développer et de se réaliser.
Que le gouvernement donne la priorité à l’adoption d’une déclaration des droits environnementaux, enchâssant ainsi les droits des citoyens à de l’air pur, à de l’eau propre et à des terres non contaminées, pour le bien des générations actuelles et futures.
Curiously, Minister of Health Ted Flemming, Dr. LaPierre, geologist Adrian Park and some letter-to–the-editor writers use identical language to claim that opponents of shale gas rely on inaccurate data from the film Gasland, and indulge in hysterical fear mongering.
How dishonest, hypocritical and desperate! Unable to convince the public about the wonders of shale gas, they attempt to discredit the opposition.
Gasland served as a wake-up call several years ago, but has been superseded by much history and science. I can’t remember any public forum in two years where it was cited as a reference.
Shale opponents cite Dr. Anthony Ingraffea, international expert in rock fracturing, peer-reviewed scientific studies in prestigious journals, the US EPA, the Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, government records of violations, and the industry’s own reports of failure.
We cite the only long-term public health study by the University of Colorado, and The Endocrine Disruption Exchange on the toxicity of fracking chemicals. We point to the scholarly report done by New Brunswick’s Chief Medical Officer of Health, Eilesh Cleary, which notes that we know almost nothing about shale’s public health threats.
Recent peer-reviewed studies from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the University of Colorado are cited showing that shale worsens climate-change.
Economists, financial analysts, science-based non-profit organizations, and the testimonies of people affected by shale gas from across North America are our sources. We’ve brought many expert speakers to the New Brunswick public.
Where are the voices for the pro side? We hear only from gas-producing interests. Where are the independent studies proving that wells don’t leak, that water doesn’t get contaminated and air isn’t polluted, that there are no health problems, that methane isn’t leaking, that fracking chemicals aren’t toxic/carcinogenic, that roads aren’t destroyed, that quality of life doesn’t suffer, that shale gas’s boom and bust economic shell game doesn’t leave a place worse off? The silence is deafening.
We offered to debate publicly, but government and industry were no-shows.
The government merely repeats the totally false and unsupported idea that shale gas is our only economic hope. Talk about fear mongering propaganda.
The Opposition Energy Critic says that the discontinuation of the Energy Institute will stop the examination of the science surrounding shale gas. Energy and Mines Minister Donald Arseneault says that New Brunswick’s shale commission could approve development. Neither of these two political smokescreens reflects the actual rigorous scientific examinations of shale gas occurring elsewhere.
New Brunswickers know that our neighbours, Quebec and Nova Scotia, passed lasting moratoria following their reviews. The state of Maryland just enacted an additional two-and-a-half-year moratorium based on a review conducted by their highly regarded university system’s public health school.
But the most thorough review was undertaken by the state of New York. It had already declared a moratorium based on a previous public health review. Last week, after completing a ‘seven-year’ Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), they essentially banned shale development. All these jurisdictions reached similar conclusions, but New York’s extraordinary effort deserves quoting.
In other words, there are many serious risks needing much more study, the number and severity of the risks is continually increasing, and the effectiveness of mitigation and control efforts are questionable.
A Compendium by the Concerned Health Professionals of NY. ( con cernedhealthny.org ).
Physicians, Scientists and Engineers for Healthy Energy. ( pse healthyenergy.org ).
Since these reviews, alarming studies covering health effects, wastewater disposal, water well contamination, air pollution, radon, and earthquakes continue to appear weekly.
One such comes from medical research about ‘endocrine disruptors.’ These are chemicals that in miniscule quantities act on the body’s hormone system, causing developmental, immune system and reproductive diseases. Children and pregnant women are particularly at risk.
A new review of the science about them concluded,“Many of the air and water pollutants found near (Unconventional Oil and Gas) operation sites are recognized as being developmental and reproductive toxicants, and therefore there is a compelling need to increase our knowledge of the potential health consequences for adults, infants, and children from these chemicals.” ( www.degruyter.com ).
Another study found that several endocrine-disrupting chemicals commonly used in gas production caused disease at a tiny fraction of the levels considered ‘safe’ by current standards. It also found that levels of these chemicals in the“air near oil and gas development can be orders of magnitude higher than exposures for which we found health effects.”( pubs.acs. org ) As to the questionable effectiveness of mitigation efforts, the Council of Canadian Academies already noted that neither the government nor industry adequately monitor shale development. Therefore, without scientific data, no jurisdiction can claim its ‘world-class’ regulations are based on science. Industry-defined ‘best practices’ are not scientific guarantees of safety or effectiveness.
The clear trends in the scientific review of shale gas are the increased identification of risks, and the resulting increase in bans and moratoriums. The few studies that our Energy Institute could complete in our one-year moratorium would have little effect on trends based on hundreds of studies. The Institute’s reputable scientists deserve thanks for doing some worthwhile baseline studies, but existing departments such as Environment and Health can direct such research.
The Institute had a problem beyond its ethically questionable founding by the former PC government and the now discredited Dr. LaPierre. If it had been intended to be an ‘Energy’institute, its mandate would have been to examine all energy options and help choose the best one, rather than to simply make shale gas palatable to the citizenry.
Our current Commission,staffed by volunteers,with only a travel budget and a less-than- one-year window,will work in the shadows of jurisdictions who conducted multi-year reviews with paid researchers,multi-million dollar budgets, and extensive human resources.
It is almost inconceivable that our Commission could reach a different conclusion. To contradict the now well-established scientific evidence of unacceptable risk, it would require truly extraordinarily difficult public explanations and levels of proof.
Please see a correction and apology on page A2.
A June 12 letter to the editor questioned the truthfulness and motivations of Jim Emberger, spokesperson for the New Brunswick Anti-Shale Gas Alliance, including an assertion that his is a paid position.In fact,Mr.Emberger is a volunteer. Further,we have no information that Mr. Emberger has been untruthful.
We regret these statements were published unchecked, and apologize to Mr. Emberger.
In addition, the original opinion piece to which the letter was responding was not published by the Times and Transcript. It should have been. That opinion piece appears today on page A9. | 2019-04-20T22:11:25Z | https://nben.ca/en/component/tags/tag/shale-gas |
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Cloud Access Security Brokers are products that can be described as firewall plus identity management plus anti-malware plus DLP plus encryption control/implementation plus threat management.
CASB products have becoming increasingly important as enterprises look to extend their on-premises security policies to their cloud-based assets. We looked at three products -- CipherCloud, Bitglass, and Netskope. Each one takes a different, yet ingenious, approach to the task of stopping unauthorized, inappropriate, or uncontrolled cloud asset access and manipulation.
Security brokers require varying degrees of work, we found in our review, but they pay off in important ways. While it’s impossible for us to test all use cases and to scale as high as vendor claims, we were able to get a good feel for both the features of these products and for potential scalability.
If you’re part of a huge organization, a multinational, with many users in difficult locales, we’d choose CipherCloud for its sheer depth and the power of its encryption techniques.
Bitglass also has interesting features and a lot of control to back up specific popular SaaS apps. Also, Bitglass can watermark files in such a way as to trace exfiltration forensically.
Netskope scored the highest in our review, just edging out CipherCloud and Bitglass. It has a complex setup, but widely and deeply covers sanctioned brand-name SaaS sources, using gradients of multi-faceted, bolt-things-down methodology.
Another thing to keep in mind: CASB is a critical security resource, so it requires administration, monitoring, and help desk personnel, along with astute installation. Adopting one is important, but non-trivial.
Docs could use work; a la carte pricing and configuration potentially inconvenient Requires platform dedicated work costs; potential additive cloud app coverage costs Comparatively less programmability, cloud-based forward proxy only.
CipherCloud provides a hypervised gateway appliance priced per user. Inside the appliance are three functional components, administrative, security, and connectors specific to managed CASB resources. Pricing, like the other products in this review, is based in gradients of services provided.
CipherCloud is a construction set with many pre-fab pieces, and it requires significant planning to deploy in order to gain full effectiveness. It’s in use by some of the largest financial institutions in the world.
The strong upside is its ability to establish strong flexible encryption to the record/field level, and with it, strong DLP controls for its list of covered applications. A hidden cost is integration and adaptation of specific cloud app platforms, like Salesforce. With some work, it can be come annealed to a target application like no other, because of its data protection schemes.
We installed the gateway as an Amazon Web Services VM. Multiple instances of the gateway appliance VM can be used in redundant instances as a reverse proxy gateway between users and cloud resources. Once set, and platforms are encrypted, so it renders AES-256 gibberish of any access that doesn’t use the gateway and its decryption resources. Once accessed through the controls set in CipherCloud’s trust platform, it’s possible to set encryption that allows searches and field-level data loss prevention (DLP) flagging and control.
We also like it for its strong flexibility for varying deployment designs for larger organizations. BitDefender services are available as an additional intermediary for streams flowing through, although streaming data examination isn’t totally perfect.
Architecturally, the VM is a reverse proxy gateway appliance that’s licensed by user count, so multiple instances can be generated and deployed without additional cost. The gateway, which requires healthy server-allocation resources, serves as a deep-inspector, even with many pre-set encrypted data flows filtering through it, using AES-256 encryption.
Each gateway is supposed to service approximately 5,000 users, and we caution this is an untested number; it could be more or less.
We could add redundancy of the gateway appliance in our network operations center, or distribute it to branches, or locations where its existence made sense from a control, management, and communications-need perspective. The VM is placed from a networking path behind where users logon to the desired cloud resource, meaning via VPN and through the gateway. Unless one does so, what happens is that they can directly access the Saas/cloud resource, but the data is encrypted at the SaaS/cloud destination, and is unusable, until someone figures out how to decrypt AES-256.
There are several levels of staff functionaries that must come together to make CipherCloud or any other CASB management system work, including networking, security, DLP/asset management, production instance management, and help desk support. The reverse proxy mechanism watches for exfiltration and policy violations. There are a rich amount of action/condition choices, ranging from stop-it-cold to providing stub access as a replacement for data improperly stored.
CCTP doesn’t need to encrypt everything, if desired, only pertinent fields. If set to encrypt entire discrete files, data from this form of encryption cannot be used for searches. You use your own keys, and CipherCloud doesn’t keep them. This means you generate your own keys, and/or make use of a certificate authority to generate appropriate keys.
Once installed, the keys encrypt what you’ve chosen. As an example, when we tested Salesforce via the test gateway VM residing in AWS, we could open up the Salesforce instances database schema, and choose which fields to encrypt. When we tried direct access to the data, deliberately going around the gateway, the result was total gibberish. Sorting on the gibberish produces still more gibberish, as the rendered encrypted text is in UTC-8 characters. If we had the keys outside the gateway keystore, we would have been able to decrypt the data — if we also had any optional tokens needed to further de-hash the data into meaningfulness. Salesforce domains and apps could therefore receive surgical treatment in terms of DLP.
The entire Salesforce database could be encrypted, but it’s not really needed, unless each field must be encrypted for regulatory compliance. If there are different Salesforce Orgs, each Org instance can be encrypted, including online Salesforce apps. For single sign-on, we used CipherCloud directly, but it’s possible to connect via Active Directory Federation Services or other SSO mechanisms.
CCTP manages this with what we feel are astute key repository banking and management, so that multiple apps can be managed concurrently. Keys are managed on the CCTP VM gateway after installation, and as such, allow jurisdiction partitioning of data. SafeNet’s KeySecure is supported as a third party key store, but we didn’t test this. As administrators are separated into system administrators, key managers, and cloud application managers, a key manager function can be kept ideologically distinct as a function. This comes in handy.
Key separation is used for geo-locating data into separate empires. For example, a European branch can use data that is encrypted differently than data in Chicago. This comes at low cost, because again, redundancy of the gateway(s) costs no more, as the pricing is related per user, so branches, business units, country-managed entities can each have their own gateway.
Initial key distribution and renewal/replacement means going into each gateway to replicate infrastructure. Subsequent upgrades (we did not try this) allow a dry run of updates prior to deployment within the appliance(s).
Data running through the gateway can have application-specific tuple treatment such as these: AES Email Address Encryption, AES Email Relay Encryption, AES Encryption for Alphabetic Filtering, AES File Stream Encryption, AES Length Restricting Encryption, AES Phone Number Encryption, AES Search and Sort Encryption, AES Search and Sort Encryption(FIPS Mode), AES Web URL Encryption, Alphabetic Filtering Tokenizer, Email Address Tokenizer, Email Relay Tokenizer, File Name Tokenizer, Length Restricting Tokenizer, Phone Number Tokenizer, Search and Sort Tokenizer, Stateless AES Alphanumeric Encryption, Stateless AES Chatter Encryption, Stateless AES Encryption with Search, Stateless AES Encryption without Search, Stateless AES Prefix Preserving Encryption, Stateless AFPE, Stateless AFPE for Alphabetic Filtering, Stateless Chatter URL Encryption, Stateless Email Address Encryption, Stateless Email Relay Encryption, Stateless Function Preserving Hybrid AES Encryption, Stateless Length Restricting Encryption, Stateless Order Preserving Hash Encryption, Stateless Partial Field Encryption, Stateless Partial Field Hybrid AES Encryption, Stateless Phone Number Encryption, Stateless Web URL Encryption, Static Chatter Tokenizer, Static Chatter URL Tokenizer, Static Date Tokenizer, Static Email Address Tokenizer, Static Length Restricting Tokenizer, Static Number Tokenizer, Static Partial Field Tokenizer, Static Per Word Tokenizer, Static Phone Number Tokenizer, Static URL Tokenizer, URL Tokenizer.
No, we didn’t test all of them. Also available are anti-malware and anti-virus stream examination.
The tokenizers are tokenization hashes designed to keep data local, so that one need use only a single encryption key, but keep data partitioned for jurisdictional purposes, so that international branches can comply with data export constraints via administratively generated tokens.
Policies can be based on these fields for varying filtrations. There is an inline antivirus/antimalware app that works either system-wide, or not at all. The gateway and its keys are totally critical to organizational use of protected SaaS resources, and this means the gateway needs to be both replicated and backed up -- and from a communications perspective, constitutes a key critical path for organizations. No access to the gateway means: help desks catch fire.
If you believe in secret sauces, the strongest CipherCloud sauce in our estimation is that fact that it uses stateless/stateful AES encryption variances. This means that CipherCloud can use deep traffic inspection techniques and filter for policy-driven dysfunction indicating data exfiltration/misuse -- hence policy violations. Numerous types of fields can be examined for pattern matches, and when matches (hits) are found, CipherCloud records what’s happening and by policy can halt, or place tombstones representing data while the data is cached elsewhere.
This is where additional costs come into play: if you don’t deal with the warnings, your organization’s compliance is in jeopardy. How each organization deals with warnings and policies is up to the organization’s best practices, and CipherCloud gave us recommendations on how varying situations are dealt with from an administrative and policy perspective.
The downside is that it’s still possible for pre-encrypted data streams that CipherCloud has no keys for to be infiltrated/exfiltrated within an organization, and so CipherCloud isn’t a perfect firewall, but most firewalls can’t halt such activity. We also felt that CipherCloud can be overkill for smaller organizations.
In all, CipherCloud portends an intimate relationship between users, administrators, and SaaS applications. It’s a complex platform, and is not a simple undertaking. We like its encryption infrastructure, and its ability to inspect encrypted flows. It doesn’t cover an unlimited number of potential SaaS applications, but the list of covered apps is impressive.
Bitglass is an online CASB portal that’s preconfigured for use with a variety of SaaS sources, including Google Apps, Microsoft Office 365, Box, Dropbox, ServiceNow, Concur, Evernote, Egnyte, Exchange, and Jive, although mobile devices are limited to a smaller list.
Bitglass has strong situational knowledge to make access decisions. Using browser intelligence, Bitglass knows a lot about who’s accessing what and when.
Bitglass also watermarks data flowing through it, including email attachments, and provides tracking/tracing controls based upon user behavior of files/data that are sent through its forward proxy portal. Bitglass had the fastest initial setup of the three products tested, but that doesn’t mean that Bitglass is shallow, rather it is benefited by its own portal controls.
Bitglass has done a lot of homework in terms of the tasklist of items needed to migrate to its services, but administration of the BitGlass portal requires above average administrative detail work to achieve the depth that competitor CipherCloud has in terms of encryption and DLP control. After testing, we agreed: non-trivial but definitely do-able.
Bitglass encrypts, and does something further than CipherCloud: it can watermark files in such a way as to trace exfiltration forensically. It geo-locates users and establishes the foundation to monitor weird user data behavior. Logged on from Santa Monica, then an hour later accessed something from London? Yes, Bitglass can sense this and throw a red flag. The geolocation feature can be thwarted, but it takes serious talent and timing to get past such a feature.
We found that Bitglass could accommodate other SaaS portals if we did the work, and single sign-on support can be enabled as well. We chose Active Directory Federation Services with Bitglass as a SAML provider. Okta, an SSO service, can also be used.
Another Bitglass strength is tending to devices both inside and outside an organization’s “secure perimeter,” although smartphones (we tested Android and iOS) have comparatively limited control compared to Windows or Mac OSX.
Initial setup was straightforward, and included directions to the correct scripts to join our small test Active Directory domain. A circuit to an organization’s Active Directory is necessary for authentication.
The Bitglass administrative portal renders a lot of information, and is the nexus of control. The administrative portal has object filters, including a set of pre-defined libraries of patterns for things like credit card data fields as keywords, used to stanch information flow upon a match with the object filter.
DLP is good, but not perhaps as good as CipherCloud or Netskope and not as programmable, either.
Starting a new Salesforce instance with Bitglass involved creating a Salesforce subdomain, then modifying it so that an installed (self-signed Bitglass) certificate was used to force browser re-direction through Bitglass’s portal for rules/policy purposes, and subsequent data imprisonment. This locks in Bitglass as a provider and circuit for users, thus allowing agentless clients to use Bitglass for SSO, audit, and DLP features. It’s pretty easy, we found.
What’s less trivial is the need for staff to monitor exception handling, including noise generated from high volume user activity across a potentially broad spectrum of SaaS and supported cloud resources, but this is the same stress that CASB will impose for any good level of activity with any CASB product. The noise, however, can be “smoothed” to a manageable level.
Here, the Activity Dashboard of Bitglass became very useful. We felt like we had a handle on activity that needed addressing, and that a variety of activities with a high volume of load would be acceptable to us, although we lack the capacity to emulate the shenanigans of thousands of users doing cloud plus Exchange, Google or Office365 apps, Evernote — plus Salesforce. You might assume that your user base is well-behaved, but we all know that users do odd things, and sometimes try to get around the rules. This is why the BitGlass UI made us happy, in that it separates the trivial from the ghastly.
The potential downside is that a clear communications circuit needs to be maintained to the cloud-based Bitglass portal, which isn’t under your control, unlike the on-premises, appliance-based products reviewed here. BitGlass meets high standards for its own security, but does not have worldwide points of presence all in sync with each other.
No one reviewed did, although the CipherCloud architecture uses an autonomous internal gateway VM methodology which places the onus of circuit protection strictly on IT staff. We found other minor foibles mostly relating to our sense of quieting noise; we like a security package that’s nervous. Heaven help us if Bitglass’s portal is ever compromised, a thought that nagged us.
The Netskope platform uses Active Directory, single sign-on or SSO brokerage mechanisms to steer traffic through a customer’s Netskope cloud gateway appliance. The Netskope CASB acts either as a forward proxy, a tokenizer and/or reverse proxy to cloud app destinations, depending on how a cloud application works. Some cloud apps, such as Office365, can need all three interactions, depending on the type of “sub-app” chosen, within Netskope’s construction.
This functionality is divided into progressive gradients of products for billing purposes. You can start with simple log discovery of what cloud apps are being used, by whom, when, and perhaps what’s being done. You can impose rules as the next gradient. You can add significant DLP, then add encryption features, and malware filtration. Or you can buy the full meal deal, which is what we tested.
Netskope, like other CASB products, becomes deeply enmeshed into your infrastructure. There are three major components used in the process of Netskope CASB, including an on-premises gateway appliance, an organization-specific cloud admin portal, and possible client-side agents. Although client agents aren’t required, they’ll provide greater access when present. The portal works with client agents and browser add-ins, or without them.
The SSO can be an Active Directory link, or another SSO service that understands SAML 2.0 — and nearly all of them do. Netskope has relationships with several SSO providers as “partners.” SSO is connected to Netskope as a proxy authenticator, and conversations are then managed by the SecureForwarder VM, itself based on an Ubuntu Server platform.
CASB control is asserted in the gradients we described through steered traffic mechanisms. Traffic is steered through the SecureForwarder appliance (or appliances, depending on the architecture chosen to be deployed). We used one gateway for testing, but the others can work somewhat autonomously, indeed you could use different encryption for geographic controls.
Access can be achieved via browser-enabled agents, or on mobile devices through a Netskope GoScope gateway. When a mobile device is under control (e.g. routed through the gateway), maximum features are available, we found. When an unmanaged device is used for access, it’s up to administrators to determine by cloud app, if access is allowed, and if possible (by features of the cloud resource) what accessibility will mean in terms of control and access.
Gateway interactions come usually via the SecureForwarder VM/software appliance, but since it is based on Ubuntu Server, it can also be deployed as a discrete server with the GoScope Secure Forwarder instance. We installed an OVA SecureForwarder appliance in our testing. We found the docs a bit wanting, but were able to eventually connect the SecureForwarder to our cloud test resources via Active Directory Federation Services and Windows WSAdmin. This said, Netskope seemed eager to help us.
Many supported cloud apps can have additional DLP rules applied to them, including an important one: if we can’t inspect the data, invoke a rule to sequester/jail the payload to be dealt with by an administrative type (of which there are three levels). This might be at a file level, or at a field level, or we found designed-in using FINREG or HIPAA data field examination, including “something like this, near something like that” logic. The possibilities are extensive, and administrative time sunk into astute design will likely pay well. We found filters understandable to design and deploy.
In execution, Netskope Introspection is a highly programmable administrative bot-like proxy process that scans supported applications for data using aforementioned DLP rules and triggers specific to the supported cloud app. As it doesn’t have quite the encryption power of CipherCloud, it does have very flexible rules that will be familiar to Unix/Linux programmers.
After installing the SecureForwarder VM onto a VMware substrate, we connected our Active Directory, and also WSAdmin services for Office365 cloud services. It’s a simple, three-step process. Client access was transparent; we did this through a browser agent which proxied an Office365 connection. When we had installed Secure Forwarding services, we constructed the platform to a supplied Ubuntu-based VM with three ports: management, input/ingress, and output/egress. DNS infrastructure needs to be in top shape for the scheme to work.
Once communicating with the Netskope GoSkope portal, it’s possible and normal to have GoSkope examine local log files, from which it extracts information about app communications, sources and most destinations. It’s now an interloper, forward or reverse proxy as the destination app needs.
Steered traffic can be “introspected” for apps Box, Google Drive, One Drive, SharePoint, Dropbox, Salesforce, Egnyte, and Service Now. We saw no delays, but we didn’t hit it with 2,000 concurrent diverse power users, either, and our net connections are fast. Their cloud-based proxies are load balanced, and can be homed to specific GoSkope processing sites based on speed, or by jurisdiction.
A feature called Skope-IT in the online GoSkope portal contains the reporting nervous system of the platform. Inside, we could look at application and connection events, as well as the audit and infrastructure logs. Events or conditions needing administrative action were easy to find, and can be sorted by date, user, user location or activity.
Events, alerts, quarantined items, legal holds, malware finds, and incidents (and their severity) can be easily found through sorting, or the results of a query field action. This may be Netskope’s finest “secret sauce”— rapidly usable and obvious administrative action productivity possibilities.
At the top “full meal deal” resource license, we also had access to Netskope’s ongoing research into specific cloud app ratings. There are a vast number of cloud apps (taken from logs) that have ratings applied by Netskope, as part of its audit capability. This list can also be re-rated based on an organization’s re-estimation of the values used, so as to derive a rating based upon the new assessment.
This permits administrative blocks and restrictions to be imposed on access deliberately based upon the ratings then derived to the resource. It’s the source of much pride at Netskope, and we were surprised to see name brand cloud apps rated in the way they were — some highly secure, others we believed to be highly rated, were not. You can drill into the values and decide to change them. If we had a legal department, we might be arguing with them over ratings, and they might win.
Overall, Netskope is an increasingly sophisticated menu, and if you take all of the courses offered by their waiter, think about the architecture and then program it to suit your needs, it’s an excellent CASB dinner, and the check might be hefty at the end.
CipherCloud represents extreme depth in encryption mechanisms. Netskope has high programmability, and shares with Bitglass, very good administrative controls. Were we to offer a suggestion as to which one is most flexible with the greatest variety of possible cloud app protections, Netskope barely edges its competitors, but out of the box, Bitglass is likely the fastest route to reasonable protection.
Each product is also dependent on third party platforms, such as SSO, external DLP providers, and organizational firewall/IDS/IPS schemes/threat protection to work in concert with each other. Will traditional firewall and security providers subsume CASB, or will the reverse become true? At this point, we don’t offer a guess. In all likelihood, CASB is a category that because it must rapidly evolve to keep up with cloud apps, will likely digest other categories.
We used server resources at our NOC at Expedient in Indianapolis, consisting of several VMware and Hyper-V servers on HP, Lenovo, and Dell platforms as hosts for gateway VMs described in the review. In turn, we accessed accounts at Salesforce (including some product-sponsored accounts in the cloud in AWS), as well as Office365 and Box to be used as proof-of-concept examples.
Our circuits included VMs of Windows in the NOC, running through our Extreme Summit Series 10GB switches, to Expedient’s network core. These connections also served as proxies for our VPN, and Windows and Mac clients running in our lab, connected via Comcast broadband circuits to the NOC.
We setup configurations as proof-of-concepts to understand the administrative procedures necessary to install and administer the apps, and store at least one record in the chosen apps. We examined and/or tried as many features in as many configurations as possible, after initial installation. | 2019-04-25T03:52:54Z | https://www.idgconnect.com/idgconnect/news/1006166/casb-delivers-protection-saas-apps |
This articwe is about de city in Berks County, Pennsywvania. For oder uses, see Reading, Pennsywvania (disambiguation).
Reading (/ˈrɛdɪŋ/ RED-ing; Pennsywvania German: Reddin) is a city in and de county seat of Berks County, Pennsywvania, United States. Wif a popuwation of 87,575, it is de fiff-wargest city in Pennsywvania. Located in de soudeastern part of de state, it is de principaw city of de Greater Reading Area, and is furdermore incwuded in de Phiwadewphia-Reading-Camden PA-NJ-DE-MD Combined Statisticaw Area.
The city, which is approximatewy hawfway between de state's most popuwous city, Phiwadewphia, and de state capitaw, Harrisburg (as weww as about hawfway between Awwentown and Lancaster) is strategicawwy situated awong a major transportation route from Centraw to Eastern Pennsywvania, and went its name to de now-defunct Reading Raiwroad, which transported andracite coaw from de Pennsywvania Coaw Region to de eastern United States via de Port of Phiwadewphia. Reading Raiwroad is one of de four raiwroad properties in de cwassic United States version of de Monopowy board game.
Reading was one of de first wocawities where outwet shopping became a tourist industry. It has been known as "The Pretzew City", because of numerous wocaw pretzew bakeries. Currentwy, Bachman, Dieffenbach, Tom Sturgis, and Uniqwe Pretzew bakeries caww de Reading area home.
According to de 2010 census, Reading has de highest share of citizens wiving in poverty in de nation, uh-hah-hah-hah.
In recent years, de Reading area has become a destination for cycwists. Wif more dan 125 miwes of traiws in five major preserves, it is an Internationaw Mountain Bicycwing Association Ride Center and hewd de Reading Radsport Festivaw on September 8–9, 2017.
In Apriw 2017, it was announced dat an indoor vewodrome, or cycwing track, wiww be buiwt in Reading as de first of its kind on de East Coast and onwy de second in de entire country. Awbright Cowwege and de Worwd Cycwing League formawwy announced pwans Apriw 6, 2017, to buiwd de $20 miwwion, 2,500-seat faciwity, which wiww be cawwed de Nationaw Vewodrome and Events Center at Awbright Cowwege. It wiww awso serve as de Cycwing League's worwd headqwarters.
Lenni Lenape peopwe, awso known as "Dewaware Indians", were de originaw inhabitants of de Reading area.
The Cowony of Pennsywvania was a 1680 wand grant from King Charwes II of Engwand to Wiwwiam Penn. Comprising more dan 45,000 sqware miwes (120,000 km2), it was named for his fader, Sir Wiwwiam Penn.
In 1743, Richard and Thomas Penn (sons of Wiwwiam Penn) mapped out de town of Reading wif Conrad Weiser. Taking its name from Reading, Berkshire, Engwand, de town was estabwished in 1748. Upon de creation of Berks County in 1752, Reading became de county seat. The region was settwed by emigrants from soudern and western Germany, who bought wand from de Penns. The first Amish community in de New Worwd was estabwished in Greater Reading, Berks County. The Pennsywvanian German diawect was spoken in de area weww into de 1950s and water.
During de French and Indian War, Reading was a miwitary base for a chain of forts awong de Bwue Mountain.
By de time of de American Revowution, de area's iron industry had a totaw production exceeding Engwand's. That output hewped suppwy George Washington's troops wif cannons, rifwes, and ammunition in de Revowutionary War. During de earwy period of de confwict, Reading was again a depot for miwitary suppwy. Hessian prisoners from de Battwe of Trenton were awso detained here.
Phiwadewphia, Pennsywvania was de capitaw of de United States at de time of de Yewwow Fever Epidemic of 1793. President Washington travewed to Reading, and considered making it de emergency nationaw capitaw, but chose Germantown instead.
Susanna Cox was tried and convicted for infanticide in Reading in 1809. Her case attracted tremendous sympady; 20,000 viewers came to view her hanging, swamping de 3,000 inhabitants.
Census data showed dat, from 1810 to 1950, Reading was among de nation's top one hundred wargest urban pwaces.
The Schuywkiww Canaw, a norf-souf canaw compweted in 1825, parawwewed de Schuywkiww River and connected Reading wif Phiwadewphia and de Dewaware River. The Union Canaw, an east-west canaw compweted in 1828, connected de Schuywkiww and Susqwehanna Rivers, and ran from Reading to Middwetown, Pennsywvania, a few miwes souf of Harrisburg, Pennsywvania. Raiwroads forced de abandonment of de canaws by de 1880s.
The Phiwadewphia and Reading Raiwroad (P&R) was incorporated in 1833. During de Long Depression fowwowing de Panic of 1873, a statewide raiwroad strike in 1877 over dewayed wages wed to a viowent protest and cwash wif de Nationaw Guard in which six Reading men were kiwwed. Fowwowing more dan a century of prosperity, de Reading Company was forced to fiwe for bankruptcy protection in 1971. The bankruptcy was a resuwt of dwindwing coaw shipping revenues and strict government reguwations dat denied raiwroads de abiwity to set competitive prices, reqwired high taxes, and forced de raiwroads to continue to operate money-wosing passenger service wines. On Apriw 1, 1976, de Reading Company sowd its current raiwroad interests to de newwy formed Consowidated Raiwroad Corporation (Conraiw).
The Charwes Evans Cemetery is de non-sectarian cemetery where many of de city's prominent business and community weaders have been buried since de cemetery's opening in de 1840s. Estabwished drough de donation of wand by Reading attorney and phiwandropist Charwes Evans and a subseqwent financiaw endowment upon his deaf in 1847, which provided for future improvements to de grounds, de cemetery became a primary gadering point for annuaw Memoriaw Day activities from de wate 19f drough de wate 20f centuries due to de presence of de Grand Army of de Repubwic monument, which was dedicated dere in 1887.
Earwy in de 20f century, de city participated in de burgeoning automobiwe and motorcycwe industry as home to de pioneer "Brass Era" companies, Daniews Motor Company, Duryea Motor Wagon Company and Reading-Standard Company.
Reading experienced continuous growf untiw de 1930s, when its popuwation reached nearwy 120,000. From de 1940s to de 1970s, however, de city saw a sharp downturn in prosperity, wargewy owing to de decwine of de heavy industry and raiwroads, on which Reading had been buiwt, and a nationaw trend of urban decwine.
In 1972, Hurricane Agnes caused extensive fwooding in de city, not de wast time de wower precincts of Reading were inundated by de Schuywkiww River. A simiwar, dough not as devastating, fwood occurred during June 2006.
The 2000 census showed dat Reading's popuwation decwine had ceased. This was attributed to an infwux of Hispanic residents from New York City, as weww as from de extension of suburban spraww from Phiwadewphia's nordwest suburbs.
Reading has its share of obstacwes to overcome, namewy crime. However, new crime fighting strategies appear to have had an impact. In 2006, de city dropped in de rankings of dangerous cities, and again in 2007.
In December 2007, NBC's Today show featured Reading as one of de top four "Up and Coming Neighborhoods" in de United States as showing potentiaw for a reaw estate boom. The interviewee, Barbara Corcoran, chose de city by wooking for areas of big change, renovations, cweanups of parks, waterfronts, and warehouses. Corcoran awso noted Reading's proximity to Phiwadewphia, New York, and oder cities.
The cwimate in and around Reading is variabwe, but rewativewy miwd. The Reading area is considered a humid subtropicaw cwimate, wif areas just to de norf designated as a humid continentaw cwimate. Summers are warm and humid wif average Juwy highs around 85 °F. Extended periods of heat and high humidity occur. On average, dere are 15–20 days per year where de temperature exceeds 90 °F. Reading becomes miwder in de autumn, as de heat and humidity of summer rewent to wower humidity and temperatures. The first kiwwing frost generawwy occurs in mid to wate October.
Winters bring freezing temperatures, but usuawwy move above freezing during de day's warmest point. The average January high is 38; de average January wow is 22 °F, but it is not unusuaw for winter temperatures to be much wower or higher dan de averages. The aww-time record wow (not incwuding wind chiww) was −21 °F during a widespread cowd wave in January 1994. Snow is common in some winters, but de harsher winter conditions experienced to de norf and west are not typicaw of Greater Reading. Annuaw snowfaww is variabwe, but averages around 32 inches. Spring temperatures vary widewy between freezing temperatures and de 80s or even 90s water in Spring. The wast kiwwing frost usuawwy is in water Apriw, but freezing temperatures have occurred in May. Totaw precipitation for de entire year is around 45 inches (112 cm).
Reading is wocated at 40°20′30″N 75°55′35″W / 40.34167°N 75.92639°W / 40.34167; -75.92639 (40.341692, −75.926301) in soudeastern Pennsywvania, roughwy 65 miwes (105 km) nordwest of Phiwadewphia. According to de United States Census Bureau, de city has a totaw area of 10.1 sqware miwes (26 km2). 9.8 sqware miwes (25 km2) of it is wand and 0.2 sqware miwes (0.52 km2) of it (2.39%) is water. The totaw area is 2.39% water. The city is wargewy bounded on de west by de Schuywkiww River, on de east by Mount Penn, and on de souf by Neversink Mountain, uh-hah-hah-hah. The Reading Prong, de mountain formation stretching norf into New Jersey, has come to be associated wif naturawwy occurring radon gas; however, homes in Reading are not particuwarwy affected. The surrounding county is home to a number of famiwy-owned farms.
Companies based in Reading and surrounding communities incwude Boscov's, Carpenter, GK Ewite Sportswear, Penske Truck Leasing, and Redner's Markets.
In 2012, The New York Times cawwed Reading "de nation's poorest city."
Jump Start Incubator, a program of Berks County Community Foundation and de Kutztown University Smaww Business Devewopment Center, is intended to hewp entrepreneurs open new businesses in de area.
A number of federaw and state highways awwow entry to and egress from Reading. U.S. Route 422, de major east-west artery, circwes de western edge of de city and is known wocawwy as The West Shore Bypass. US 422 weads west to Lebanon and east to Pottstown. U.S. Route 222 bypasses de city to de west, weading soudwest to Lancaster and nordeast to Awwentown. Interstate 176 heads souf from US 422 near Reading and weads to de Pennsywvania Turnpike (Interstate 76) in Morgantown. Pennsywvania Route 12 is known as de Warren Street Bypass, as it bypasses de city to de norf. PA 12 begins at US 422/US 222 in Wyomissing and heads nordeast on de Warren Street Bypass before becoming Pricetown Road and weading nordeast to Pricetown. Pennsywvania Route 10 is known as Morgantown Road and heads souf from Reading parawwew to I-76 to Morgantown, uh-hah-hah-hah. Pennsywvania Route 61 heads norf from Reading on Centre Avenue and weads to Pottsviwwe. Pennsywvania Route 183 heads nordwest from Reading on Schuywkiww Avenue and Bernviwwe Road, weading to Bernviwwe. U.S. Route 222 Business is designated as Lancaster Avenue, Bingaman Street, Souf 4f Street, and 5f Street drough Reading. U.S. Route 422 Business is designated as Penn Street, Washington Street (westbound), Frankwin Street (eastbound), and Perkiomen Avenue drough Reading.
Pubwic transit in Reading and its surrounding communities has been provided since 1973 by de Berks Area Regionaw Transportation Audority (BARTA). BARTA operates a fweet of 52 buses (incwuding 23 hybrid ewectric buses) serving 19 routes, mostwy originating at de BARTA Transportation Center in Downtown Reading. BARTA awso provides paratransit service in addition to fixed route service. The former Reading Raiwroad Frankwin Street Station was refurbished and reopened to bus service on September 9, 2013 wif buses running de express route back and forf to Lebanon Transit. The route to Lebanon was discontinued after a short period, resuwting in de refurbished station sitting vacant.
Kwein Transportation provides bus service to Reading from a stop at de Boscov's at de former Fairgrounds Sqware Maww to Dougwassviwwe, Kutztown, Wescosviwwe, Hewwertown, and Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Transport Azumah provides bus service from de InterCity Bus Terminaw to New York City. Cwydesdawe Bus Lines provides intercity bus service from Reading to Phiwadewphia awong two routes. One route to Phiwadewphia operates via Norristown on weekdays and via de King of Prussia maww on weekends. The oder route operates via Kutztown, Wescosviwwe, Awwentown, Bedwehem, and Quakertown on weekdays and via de Lehigh Vawwey Maww, Awwentown, Bedwehem, and Quakertown on weekends.
Reading and de surrounding area is serviced by de Reading Regionaw Airport, a generaw aviation airfiewd. The dree-wetter airport code for Reading is RDG. Scheduwed commerciaw airwine service to Reading ended in 2004, when de wast airwine, USAir stopped fwying into Reading.
Freight raiw service in Reading is provided by de Norfowk Soudern Raiwway, de Reading Bwue Mountain and Nordern Raiwroad, and de East Penn Raiwroad. Norfowk Soudern Raiwway serves Reading awong de Harrisburg Line, which runs east to Phiwadewphia and west to Harrisburg, and de Reading Line, which runs nordeast to Awwentown, uh-hah-hah-hah. Norfowk Soudern Raiwway operates de Reading Yard in Reading. The Reading Bwue Mountain and Nordern Raiwroad operates de Reading Division wine from an interchange wif de Norfowk Soudern Raiwway in Reading norf to Port Cwinton and Packerton. The East Penn Raiwroad operates de Lancaster Nordern wine from Sinking Spring soudwest to Ephrata, using trackage rights awong Norfowk Soudern Raiwway east from Sinking Spring to an interchange wif de Norfowk Soudern Raiwway in Reading.
Passenger trains ran between Pottsviwwe, Reading, Pottstown, and Phiwadewphia awong de Pottsviwwe Line untiw Juwy 27, 1981, when transit operator SEPTA curtaiwed commuter service to ewectrified wines. Since den, dere have been repeated cawws for de resumption of de services.
In de wate 1990s and up to 2003, SEPTA, in cooperation wif Reading-based BARTA, funded a study cawwed de Schuywkiww Vawwey Metro which incwuded pwans to extend SEPTA's R6 passenger wine to Pottstown, Reading, and Wyomissing, Pennsywvania. The project suffered a major setback when it was rejected by de Federaw Transit Administration New Starts program, which cited doubts about de ridership projections and financing assumptions used by de study. Wif de recent surge in gasowine prices and ever-increasing traffic, de pwanning commissions of Montgomery County and Berks County have teamed to study de feasibiwity of a simpwe diesew shuttwe train between de Manayunk/Norristown Line and Pottstown/Reading. In 2018, a panew wed by de Greater Reading Chamber Awwiance pushed for an extension of de Manayunk/Norristown Line to Reading awong existing Norfowk Soudern freight raiwroad tracks, wif service terminating eider at de Frankwin Street Station in Reading or in Wyomissing.
Lake Ontewaunee suppwies water to Reading.
Ewectricity in Reading is provided by Met-Ed, a subsidiary of FirstEnergy. Naturaw gas service in de city is provided by UGI Utiwities. The Reading Area Water Audority provides water to de city, wif de city's water suppwy coming from Lake Ontewaunee and de city's water treated at de Maidencreek Fiwter Pwant. The Reading Water Company was founded in 1821 to suppwy water to de city. The Reading Area Water Audority was estabwished on May 20, 1994 to take over de water system in de city. Sewer service is provided by de city's Pubwic Works department, wif a wastewater treatment pwant owned by de city wocated on Fritz Iswand. The city's Pubwic Works department provides trash and recycwing cowwection to Reading.
Hospitaws serving de Reading area incwude Reading Hospitaw in West Reading and Penn State Heawf St. Joseph in Bern Township and downtown Reading. Reading Hospitaw offers an emergency department wif a Levew I trauma center and various services incwuding Cancer Care, Heart Center, Ordopedic Services, Pediatrics, Primary Care, and Women's Heawf. Penn State Heawf St. Joseph offers an emergency department, heart institute, cancer center, stroke center, wound center, ordopedics, and primary care physicians.
As of de 2010 census, de city was 48.4% White, 13.2% Bwack or African American, 0.9% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian, and 6.1% were two or more races. 58.2% of de popuwation were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.
As of de census of 2000, dere were 30,113 househowds, out of which 33.7% had chiwdren under de age of 18 wiving wif dem, 34.4% were married coupwes wiving togeder, 20.2% had a femawe househowder wif no husband present, and 38.8% were non-famiwies. 31.7% of aww househowds were made up of individuaws, and 12.4% had someone wiving awone who was 65 years of age or owder. The average househowd size was 2.63 and de average famiwy size was 3.33.
In de city, de popuwation was spread out, wif 29.9% under de age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 17.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or owder. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 femawes, dere were 93.3 mawes. For every 100 femawes age 18 and over, dere were 88.5 mawes.
The median income for a househowd in de city was $26,698, and de median income for a famiwy was $31,067. Mawes had a median income of $28,114 versus $21,993 for femawes. The per capita income for de city was $13,086. 26.1% of de popuwation and 22.3% of famiwies were bewow de poverty wine. 36.5% of dose under de age of 18 and 15.6% of dose 65 and owder were wiving bewow de poverty wine.
As of de American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Reading had a popuwation of 80,997. The raciaw makeup of de city was 48.8% White, 14.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Iswander, 31.1% from oder races, and 4.5% from two or more races. 56.3% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, wif 33.5% being of Puerto Rican descent.
According to de US Census Bureau, 32.9% of aww residents wive bewow de poverty wevew, incwuding 45.7% of dose under 18. Reading's unempwoyment rate in May 2010 was 14.7%, whiwe Berks County's unempwoyment rate was 9.9%.
The city of Reading is protected by de 135 firefighters and paramedics of de Reading Fire and EMS Department (RFD). The RFD operates out of seven fire stations droughout de city. The RFD operates a fire apparatus fweet of five Engine Companies, dree Ladder Companies, one Rescue Company, brush unit, and four front-wine Medic Ambuwances. In 2018, fire units responded to 9,992 incidents. EMS responses totawed 19,505 cawws for service. Department staffing is onwy two firefighters per apparatus.
The Reading Schoow District provides ewementary and middwe schoows for de city's chiwdren, uh-hah-hah-hah. Numerous Cadowic parochiaw schoows are awso avaiwabwe.
Press reports have indicated dat in 2012, about eight percent of Reading's residents have a cowwege degree, compared to a nationaw average of 28%.
Reading is known for muwtipwe sports franchises, aww of which have a wong history of success creating professionaw adwetes at de highest wevews.
The Reading Fightin Phiws, minor weague affiwiate of de Phiwadewphia Phiwwies, who pway at FirstEnergy Stadium. Notabwe awumni are Larry Bowa, Ryne Sandberg, Mike Schmidt, Ryan Howard, and Jimmy Rowwins.
Reading United AC, USL League Two affiwiate of de Phiwadewphia Union, are considered one of de top amateur soccer teams in de United States. The team most recentwy pwayed in de first PDL Championship in team history in 2018. Notabwe awumni incwude muwtipwe pwayers wif United States men's nationaw soccer team experience, incwuding Matt Hedges, Awex Bono, CJ Sapong, Ben Sweat, and Keegan Rosenberry. Over 110 awumni from de team have gone on to pway soccer professionawwy.
The city has been de residence of numerous professionaw adwetes. Among dese native to Reading are Brookwyn Dodgers outfiewder Carw Furiwwo, Bawtimore Cowts running back Lenny Moore, and Phiwadewphia 76ers forward Donyeww Marshaww. Pro gowfer Betsy King, a member of de Worwd Gowf Haww of Fame, was born in Reading.
The open-wheew racing portion of Penske Racing had been based in Reading, Pennsywvania since 1973 wif de cars, during de F1 and CART era, being constructed in Poowe, Dorset, Engwand as weww as being de base for de F1 team. On October 31, 2005, Penske Racing announced after de 2006 IRL season, dey wouwd consowidate IRL and NASCAR operations at de team's Mooresviwwe, Norf Carowina faciwity; wif de fwooding in Pennsywvania in 2006, de team's operations were moved to Mooresviwwe earwier dan expected. Penske Truck Leasing is stiww based in Reading.
Duryea Drive, which ascends Mount Penn in a series of switchbacks, was a testing pwace for earwy automobiwes and was named for Charwes Duryea. The Bwue Mountain Region Sports Car Cwub of America hosts de Duryea Hiww Cwimb, de wongest in de Pennsywvania Hiwwcwimb Association series, which fowwows de same route de automaker used to test his cars.
Reading pwayed host to a stop on de PGA Tour, de Reading Open, in de wate 1940s and earwy 1950s.
The city's cuwturaw institutions incwude de Reading Symphony Orchestra and its education project de Reading Symphony Youf Orchestra, de Reading Choraw Society, Opus One: Berks Chamber Choir, de GoggweWorks Art Gawwery, de Reading Pubwic Museum and de Historicaw Society of Berks County.
Reading is de birdpwace of graphic artist Jim Steranko, guitar virtuoso Richie Kotzen, novewist and poet John Updike, poet Wawwace Stevens, and singer-songwriter Taywor Swift. Marching band composer and writer John Phiwip Sousa, de March King, died in Reading's Abraham Lincown Hotew in 1932. Artist Keif Haring was born in Reading.
Reading is home to de 15-time worwd-champion drum and bugwe corps, de Reading Buccaneers.
In 1914, one de anchors of de Battweship Maine was dewivered from de Washington Navy Yard to City Park, off of Perkiomen Avenue. The anchor was dedicated during a ceremony presided over by Frankwin D. Roosevewt, who was den assistant secretary of de navy.
Reading was home to severaw movie and deater pawaces in de earwy 20f Century. The Astor, Embassy, Loew's Cowoniaw, and Rajah Shrine Theater were grand monuments of architecture and entertainment. Today, after depression, recession, and urban renewaw, de Rajah is de onwy one to remain, uh-hah-hah-hah. The Astor Theater was demowished in 1998 to make way for The Sovereign Center. Certain steps were taken to retain mementos of de Astor, incwuding its ornate Art Deco chandewier and gates. These are on dispway and in use inside de arena corridors, awwowing insight into de ambiance of de former movie house. In 2000, de Rajah was purchased from de Shriners. After a much needed restoration, it was renamed de Sovereign Performing Arts Center.
The Mid-Atwantic Air Museum is a membership-supported museum and restoration faciwity wocated at Carw A. Spaatz Fiewd. The museum activewy dispways and restores historic and rare war aircraft and civiwian airwiners. Most notabwe to deir cowwection is a Nordrop P-61 Bwack Widow under active restoration since its recovery from Mount Cycwops, New Guinea in 1989. Beginning in 1990, de museum has hosted "Worwd War II Weekend Air Show", scheduwed to coincide wif D-Day. On dispway are period wartime aircraft (many of which fwy droughout de show) vehicwes, and weapons.
The mechanicaw ice cream scoop was invented in Reading by Wiwwiam Cweweww in 1878. The 5f Ave Bar and York Peppermint Patty were invented in Reading.
The City of Reading and Reutwingen, Germany are sister cities which participate in student exchanges. Students from Reading High Schoow can appwy to become a part of de exchange and travew to Reutwingen for two weeks (mid-September to earwy October) and in return host German exchange students in de spring. Kutztown University awso has a program wif Reutwingen, uh-hah-hah-hah.
In 1908, a Japanese-stywe pagoda was buiwt on Mount Penn, where it overwooks de city and is visibwe from awmost everywhere in town, uh-hah-hah-hah. Locawwy, it is cawwed de "Pagoda". It is currentwy de home of a café and a gift shop. It remains a popuwar tourist attraction, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Anoder fixture in Reading's skywine is de Wiwwiam Penn Memoriaw Fire Tower, one miwe from de Pagoda on Skywine Drive. Buiwt in 1939 for fire department and forestry observation, de tower is 120 feet taww, and rises 950 feet above de intersection of fiff and Penn Streets. From de top of de tower is a 60-miwe panoramic view.
The Reading Gwove and Mitten Manufacturing Company founded in 1899, just outside Reading city wimits, in West Reading and Wyomissing boroughs changed its name to Vanity Fair in 1911 and is now de major cwoding manufacturer VF Corp. In de earwy 1970s, de originaw factories were devewoped to create de VF Outwet Viwwage, de first outwet maww in de United States.
The book and movie Rabbit, Run and de oder dree novews of de Rabbit series by John Updike were set in fictionawized versions of Reading and nearby Shiwwington, cawwed Brewer and Owinger respectivewy. Updike was born in Reading and wived in nearby Shiwwington untiw he was dirteen, uh-hah-hah-hah. He awso makes reference to de Brewer suburb of Mount Judge, eqwivawent to Mount Penn, east of Reading.
Fiwmmakers Gary Adewstein, Costa Mantis, and Jerry Orr created Reading 1974: Portrait of a City; rewying heaviwy on montage; de fiwm is a cuwturaw time capsuwe.
The pway Sweat by Lynn Nottage is set in Reading.
The movie Goon: Last of de Enforcers features Reading as de home of rivaw team, de Reading Wowf Dogs.
^ Officiaw precipitation measurements for Reading were taken at an undiscwosed wocation from January 1894 to February 1973, a COOP 4 mi (6.4 km) norf-nordwest of downtown from March 1973 to January 1999, and Reading Regionaw since February 1999. Temperature, snowfaww and snow depf records date to February 1903, 23 November 1897, and 26 September 1908, respectivewy.
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^ "Reading Radsport Festivaw | September 8, 2017". www.readingradsport.com. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ News, 69 (Apriw 6, 2017). "$20 miwwion indoor cycwing track to be buiwt in Reading". WFMZ. Retrieved Apriw 6, 2017.
^ a b "content.aspGreater Reading's destination hub : Greater Reading Convention and Visitors Bureau". Readingberkspa.com. Archived from de originaw on March 23, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
^ Washington, D.C. became de nationaw capitaw in 1800.
^ Zinn, Howard. A Peopwe's History of de United States 1492–present (New York: HarperPerenniaw, 1995), p. 243.
^ "'Cities of de Dead': The Improvements Being Made in de Cemeteries of Reading." Reading, Pennsywvania: Reading Eagwe, Apriw 29, 1885, p. 1.
^ Homan, Wayne E. "The Poignant History of de GAR Monument", in The Historicaw Review of Berks County, Faww 2004. Reading, Pennsywvania: Berks History Center, retrieved onwine August 23, 2018.
^ "Charwes Evans Cemetery Memoriaw Day Services". Reading, Pennsywvania: Reading Eagwe, May 28, 1915.
^ "Memoriaw Day Rites Hewd at Graves of Hero Dead". Reading, Pennsywvania: Reading Eagwe, May 31, 1931, p. 1.
^ "Former POW Jim DeLong speaks at Reading's Memoriaw Day ceremony". Awwentown and Reading, Pennsywvania: WFMZ-TV, May 27, 2013.
^ Cwymer, Fwoyd. Treasury of Earwy American Automobiwes, 1877–1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.158.
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^ a b c Berks County, Pennsywvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
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^ "Berks-based Bieber bus wine out of business after 72 years". Awwentown, PA: WFMZ-TV. February 8, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ Rader, Tom (February 11, 2019). "2 bus companies waunch service from Berks to New York City". Awwentown, PA: WFMZ-TV. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
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^ "Reading Regionaw Airport stiww fwying high". Reading Eagwe. Juwy 22, 2004. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
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^ Sadie Dingfewder (January 21, 2016). "'Sweat' by Lynn Nottage gives voice to de 'new poor'". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
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Reading Eagwe archive, Googwe News Archive, 1868–2000. —PDFs of 38,630 issues.
Henry G. Stetwer, The Sociawist Movement in Reading, Pennsywvania, 1896–1936. PhD dissertation, uh-hah-hah-hah. Storrs, CT: Henry G. Stetwer, 1943.
This page was wast edited on 17 Apriw 2019, at 03:07 (UTC). | 2019-04-23T10:57:48Z | http://wikien4.appspot.com/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania |
A use of HR professionals is facilitating communication among companies and workers. Needless to say you have to get a superior command of punctuation. Make certain that there are not any erasures or errors in the newspapers which you are likely to use.
You simply can not feign to presume instantly as you necessitate a increase. It permits one to get stay aid from licensed tutors . Absolutely in regards to doing job in fitness and outside it, coaches can offer you the drive you have to overcome obstacles which have been difficult. You will be supplied by your course work with knowledge of important medical care styles, together with the strong background of industry courses which write the Concordia MBA. Evaluate be it beneficial to hang on into a project which is creating this tension. As it has to perform careers in the industry world, much importance is put on mastering hard skills. In this scenario, leaving might be a superior pick if you might have enough job chances elsewhere.
Skills are somewhat more general and can be utilized across several fields. They, on the flip side, tend to be abstract. You will obtain extensive wisdom and experience whilst still boosting or developing the relevant abilities required for HR professionals and organizational leaders. If this is the case, you might perhaps not need a useful understanding of everything goes on behind the scenes. Truth is necessary make the position that much more complicated to fill for any bureau or firm out there, and therefore for a powerful Director are only non transferable. HR positions’ character is you’ll be viewed as a expert on a extensive variety of themes, which means you are going to need to have the confidence. One of the most crucial functions of HR experts would be the capacity.
Choices about public colleges that were openly financed shouldn’t be made just about the fantasies of their parents at a predetermined period of period. Take note that at the occasion which you opt to whine, the task could be extended. Since procedure is not mandatory since reformatories are meant to re form and not punish.
Schools aren’t businesses. Recess permits scholar to find exercise and develop friendships and take a rest Since you might be knowledgeable . You are going to become paired with a academic advisor who will aid you together with level preparation and also getting you enrolled to your courses you will require, but that’s simply first.
In plenty of manners, the HR department of a company functions because its own conscience. A good deal of that time period correctional officials possess the potential for overtime it could find yourself being truly a day, Reed clarified. The worker is shocked and distraught he or she has difficulty.
Bank Management shouldn’t be allowed to produce false statements publicly that cover information it’s been given privately. In order for companies the HR office has to ensure that individuals reach company objectives and with personalities could find the job done collectively civilly. If you are in a company, allow your team participate a role in the selecting method, its various manners. It could perhaps not function as a company within the personal sector. It is well worth this to reveal they have been excessively curious in the enterprise. Moreover it is well worth every penny to know the company’s competitive landscape, ” she clarified.
There are a great deal of amusing pieces you will love and share together with friends and family members. My family has been doing something similar for 250 a long time. There isn’t any room for errors if you are still at the tradition of employing for that school teaching occupation. By way of instance, there’s a particular space for writing aJr.a. Recognizing that the connection between corporation and technology is one of the best approaches to progress in your career. It has long been become authentic that earning a MBA can be an outstanding means to make most of your business livelihood. Most discrimination cases are not obtained with some kind of smoking gun proof which proves the full situation.
The meeting was ready for by you. The interview is to work out if the offender would be the proper fit, he clarified. You do not report that there’s a huge debate about what constitutes plagiarism among academics. Essentially may or will need to be quite crafty with limited funds to possess things completed. No politician is very likely. 1 cause of that, based on Reed, is really basically because government enables individuals to keep to acquire a feeling of duty. It has to be noted the recruitment of teacher-applicants for every college calendar year and each is from January to April.
Knowledge and Instruction demands differ in accordance with the position. The objective is always to encourage the reader to test your own resume. The very first thing that you know is the main objective of this CRM course of action is to make sure it is much easier that you communicate with your clients, to produce your own interactions and relationships more profitable, to locate out more regarding your clients’ desires and requirements. Moving to a different occupation may be the optimal/optimally way to move the next stage in your career.
People today change jobs to get an assortment of professional and private facets. It is not simple deciding whether to choose a brand new job. Relocating is an means to receive a good position. Tasks might be positive if you have the opportunity to acquire experience and fresh abilities. It make a difference your morale and the potential to do at your greatest degree In the event you are feeling helpless in your current job. Shifting jobs can also supply an opportunity to advance your job and get cover to you off. Additional Negotiables wage isn’t the only area.
Access to three weeks living expenses despite the fact that you want to acquire work. Explain to your employer that it is potential to donate more where you are at currently. If you’re really a very important employee, your company will make an effort to perform something out. In case your wages is rejected by the employer where wages is non-negotiable or in certain particular tasks, industries or companies, it’s still true that you possess additional options. When you’ve functioned in a spot to get a few years, it may be much tougher to negotiate with a salary.
That is very excellent, too, In the event you own a list of feasible vendors, but it is time to narrow your collection for the sort. Even although you should be conducting a occupation search it may be well worth seeing the local and regional websites. An quantity of information becomes perplexing. At lengthyou can hurt yourself should you devote an inordinate level of advice on your own presentation.
The determination is all up to youpersonally. It really is important not to make a choice. Weighing the advantages and pitfalls is vital that you generating the most suitable choice.
If you should be employing the device to get quite a while, also feel that you would enjoy it to become better than it truly is now, then you might consult the host to supply you with the newest updates of the device, for instance, fresh faculties and functions. Tactic is important if you would like optimistic results to be offered by the system over the briefest period of time period. You can desire to find out far more concerning it, if you are likely to buy a CRM platform for your own organization. For example, the use of IP based technologies has already been allowing the associations to decrease their funds into high priced telephony technology and also retaining the client chains with a slant that is very simple. Understanding to get moving out of state, how to write a resume can help the range of future issues that are likely . Put simply, have a strategy in regard the move is inevitable and you are sure it wont be useful for your family and you. Share the concerns you may have concerning the job transfer by means of your boss.
Apart from automotive sector, the advisers certainly will aid you having its growth and manage other sorts of industries also. In certain instances, a relocation pro will support a move from assisted living from the community that is larger. Business relocation specialists may possibly additionally assist with immigration issues as soon as a member of staff moves to a different nation.
You’ve made a substantial expense in what’s really come to become the life blood of one’s company, your pc. Every economy includes different varieties of consumers and one should employ unique kinds of technique so they might possibly have the ability to focus on them. So if you’re coming into the industry then it is quite crucial that you reach out to them and identify your buyers. Discussing automotive marketplace reports is another means to know the industry and to be certain your firm works.
After you enter any market among the most essential matters that you need to complete is to identify your web visitors. Then make work with of a story to highlight the way you’re getting to enhance their heart venture. Besides wages, companies should own a orientation program which is effective. Higher than just a few businesses don’t have any programs that are . The firm regularly updates their operating processes to create certain their staff and their customers are happy using the present methods they employ. A commendable company doesn’t ask which you respond. As you entertain organizations the prospects that were better will probably operate to acquire an comprehension of everything is essential to you personally and the thing you desire you receive a return on the investment decision you’ve created on your pc.
Childcare employees have to be creative at a sense they need to discover ways to aid kids acquire new skills. Additionally, social workers have to be conscious of their possibility their personal advice is now ready to be obtained around the internet. On some day, a college social worker might have lots of distinct obligations. Friendly staff can hold an range of distinct roles. You might incorporate precisely the very same in your profession objective, if you’re clear about in which you want to work like a social worker. The social worker in private training is the individual who has interaction with the client.
Hospice staff ought to look after people and find out their aims in order to attain advancement. Be certain to list some other certifications you might have and your abilities, for example your social worker resume template Handler’s card. The Rural Social employee has to have the ability to serve to become able to meet certain needs of individuals who’ve a selection of issues in living their regular lives.
Most are working at minimum wage jobs, occupations which do not offer adequate to pay for standard living expenses. Research work is a part of the workout profile. Employed like a counsel aide can help plan some task for a counselor. School social function is an area of social work that centers around having a school setting that is effective and harmless.
An advertising job isn’t as easy as it seems on paper. The job will involve tapping customers that are potential and dispersing comprehension concerning the item amongst them. Possessing a childcare certificate extends to you a benefit over other candidates for discovering employment in the procedure. Match your capabilities to this organization or occupation you’re looking for. Certainly one of my favored work in college had been a..
The job of the social worker is one of many occupations that are noble that we’ve. Some occupations may would like you to be aware of CPR and first aid. An business research specialist’s job addresses a broad array of obligations. Being a childhood specialist, your activity will be to improve children welfare by making certain that they get the ideal mental and health care, and in some cases ensuring their dwelling resides are more healthy. It as usually very good cash and now there are normally jobs available so it as an exceptional ability to receive in the occasion that you donat do it for long.
Obtaining experience to get intern or a volunteer in a ceremony environment will allow you to have yourself a good idea about what a case manager has to do, and also will be able to assist you in making connections which can serve as expert referral sources or references that are individual. An understanding of coping together with individuals from various ethnic and ethnic backgrounds is necessary for personnel. Sound organizational knowledge permit one to keep records and case files . It is very important to emphasize your specific skills .
Speak to young ones, if you truly feel uneasy seeking assistance. In the event you require assistance with a resume, visit the Career Center in your own faculty and ask support. Analyzing the distinctive needs of college students is one of the tasks handled by school social workers.
Every kid displays an behavioral routine and way of thinking and differs. In order to cut the difficulties the kid is becoming as a consequence of becoming a legitimate child with NVLD, it is imperative to take part in intervention out of as ancient of an era as possible. A child who dreads the social part of school cannot find out.
When some students will lean towards a sure field, concentrating their electives in science or company lessons, for instance, others be given really a overall education. High School pupils now are bombarded with choices on how best to get ready yourself to college. Have some time because you’ll faculty to take part so you can get knowledge and find that your own specialty! Charter schools don’t have marriages. At nj a student might be found entitled to special education and affiliated services in numerous manners based upon the disability group. Students with all the diverse background will soon be ready for sales occupations at several areas that are different.
The internships ought to occur in a college surroundings. It can let you make links that are real life . It offer you experience which you will well not have gotten in your Certification program. Becoming volunteer or an intern will help you realize if you’re going down the acceptable career course.
Besides the demand for developers in every company, programming abilities reveal high level problem solving skills that can give rise to a professional. Skills might be helpful in roles even where they are demanded, so it’s not a notion to list your quantitative skills when applying for occupation that doesn’t cite skills as demands. Suffering from an educational foundation usually suggests that describing our capabilities is a job.
Knowledge are only important once they are used by those that hold the competency to utilize them. Make sure you speak concerning the relevant skills applicable to the job that is crucial. You wish to employ certain leadership knowledge for the organization to attain its targets, to be a superior leader.
Soft-skills are more general and can be utilized across a lot of areas. They, on the other side, are abstract. They, on the opposite hand, are somewhat less concrete and more difficult to measure, such as getting along with many others, handling imaginative thinking your time and effort and also the ability to contribute. They, on the opposite side, are less quantifiable. About the flip side, strong skills called social or social skills, will be the ones that you possess as personalized attributes or you get through expert encounters. To start with, if you should be seeing a terrific deal of hard skills which you do not possess, it might be move on to the next position. You will demand solid leadership talents and the capability to effectively manage consultant and client relationships.
You’ve must master skills associated with mobile ads. Yet another skill could be that the capability to communicate. Leadership skills can demonstrate expansion potential and expert flexibility, which is effective whatever the career. The ability discern and to learn is incorporated by leadership skills.
The ability is really a caliber for almost any work seeker for, whether you are looking a executive position or an entry-level. At the event that you’ve acquired abilities that are these kinds of, be sure to list them at also you’re going to stand from the contest and the resume. Like a pioneer you should possess the ability to formulate sound decisions to your company and also individuals indoors. Your own ability to instruct the principles to might be asset.
Several years past, the component of a social networking manager might not have existed. Every single time you employ to find a role, you ought to update your livelihood outline ensure you’re laying emphasis and to make the most of the quantity of key words. It’s imperative to showcase experience and your strategy abilities when you submit a software for a leadership role.
If you’re, then you might require a superior restart to assist you get do the job. If you should be signing up find out that the tools and equipment you already understand how to use. You’re looking for a internship or work job, which means that you have three or two years experience. Instead, you need to tailor your resume for every task that you employ for. Whether you are hunting for a task connected with design or not, design thinking is an invaluable ability to possess. There are tasks by which it is crucial that you decide on a skill section at or close.
Your resume should present your ability. Based on the assistance of the professional resources, listed here are a number broad classes of abilities your resume could comprise, in addition to procedures that are exceptional to express them. Simply take some time to grow yourself and then invest in the ability to make sure that your resume is doing the very best possible occupation.
Experience in the cafe industry will be able to assist you to develop skills that are incredibly valuable. It is something which happens to younot. In the event that you have no hands-on business expertise, you need to have the ability to pronounce why you are interested from the company and solving their customers’ issues.
Direction is definitely a character and skill trait which can be produced. Direction at work is to the achievement of a provider of this significance that is large. It’s perhaps not demonstrated by a set of compiled connections graphics. It is. Successful leadership is. Studying direction on your own and employing lots of the principles into your current job can make the chances and a difference on your operation .
At this point you can confirm that your purchase. Developing your own guests a invoice can help one extend them together with proof of payment and to monitor their repayment status. Sending payment notices isn’t a pleasant undertaking.
You don’t need touse narrative format for composing as they’re utilised internallyi.e. You need to adjust their input to the sort of straightforward csv document AWS Machine Learning hopes and know the way so you can use the model together with your own data to get predictions, the input features are calculated. The text at the document has to become effortless to see. It must be legal for at the very least per couple of month. All payment records during the procedure for business organization is going to be agreed in addition to you to this invoice to your own charge. You may tailor your ad copy.
Invoices would be the most important part of a business transaction. The invoices maintained to get a very long time and must be prepared attentively. Invoices produce customers the charging advice to help them pay punctually and must be operational, but they are able to be sophisticated and extend a highly professional presentation which elevates your company. In order paid you have got to ensure that your customers receive bills that are straightforward to browse, have the info that was appropriate, and also maintain them answerable. It is possible to make use of a complete bill. You might have the ability mailing invoices or you also will do most of your charging and obligations on the internet utilizing a website that accepts credit cards.
As you retained a deposit in the 36, if your client doesn’t pay the balance of the invoice in the decision of the undertaking, then you aren’t outside the total commission. The professional services offered would have been achieved in light of the details of the agreement and also also the order so the approval may be done contrary to a list of guidelines that is recorded. Assess most the processing fees, so whenever you purchase the ceremony you’ve got the fee in mind.
The code are all on GitHub. The template includes provision to go in to the details about the party coordinating the record. You will opt for newspaper measurements, a template and many features that are distinct here. You should make certain the template is equally really as short as possible that will protect against the possibility of almost any squabbles in the not too distant future. You are ready to modify the template based on the needs you have. Purchase Order Templates are an incredible template to strengthen your small organization resources.
As it reflects how great you are, folks test samples until they seek the services of freelancers. It truly is probable to track down High excellent shift pioneer resume sample that you could put it to work with for your private performance. Although the sample meets the better part of the needs of the consumer, he’ll have to have a look at the format to produce sure everything is in order and all advice which he wishes to exhibit will be included.
Your record will probably get quite manageable after you perform a little filtering. For instance, there isn’t any means to own an exhaustive collection of consumer Preferences. Folks glance at facts which is recent, so provide them something that is wholly brand new! It had been an easy task to amass the information necessary for an invoice. You are able to configure the basic data inside the overall Settings page. Carefully consider the way your web pages may help them in attaining their goal and your user intent , then add a suitable call. If you find a particular webpage is undergoing elevated bounce prices, then look on your advertisements and marketing campaigns that are supposed to push traffic to that webpage.
The function names need to stand alone, plus they all should be consistent for you to choose the system that is right with no exploration. You must not utilize the same name to refer to two distinct matters in the scope. In order be able also to develop a distinctive model that is own and to succeed as a freelancer, you desire a business title. In the event the names aren’t different, do not reveal the intentions that are proper and are not readily recallable readability of this code reduces radically. You’ll even desire to include the person or company’s title and get data that you’re sending the Translation bill to. You will also want to incorporate the individual or company’s title and contact info that you’re delivering the bill that is quickbooks to. | 2019-04-20T22:43:55Z | https://pencilfest.com/10-10-bewerbung-zweite-ausbildung/ |
Security et alii | Seguridad, sistemas, tecnología et al.
This entry hopes to be a quick consideration about how one attack vector can at times dismantle the security of a different area of the application that was otherwise deemed secure. Truth is, security threats many times work like this, one thing builds upon another until, in the end, the attacker is able to score. In this case, I’ll show a real life example of how a DOM XSS flaw can be the only leverage an attacker needs to bypass a random token based CSRF protection. As a cherry, we’ll see that this effectively lead to account theft.
There’s been many a time that developers don’t fully understand that a “small” flaw can compromise the whole application if used with wit. In this case, it wasn’t even necessary to string many flaws. It sufficed with one used in the right spot to compromise the application.
The story goes as follows. We have a rather secure web application, with no major session management issues, and a settings page that looked something like this.
As shown in the image above, the application’s settings page contains an anti CSRF token that is random per request, and therefore it’s not vulnerable to CSRF attacks, or is it? The only flaw this application had was a DOM XSS present in every page -settings inclusive- that was considered “not critical” by the developers. But as is well understood by web pentesters, XSS flaws enable attackers to bypass CSRF token protections. The simple idea beneath is that the attacker can use the injected script to read the DOM, obtain the CSRF token and use it to make the right request to the server. Let’s take a closer look at this DOM XSS.
The vulnerability is obvious, since there’s no encoding of the URL (window.location.href) and it can be manipulated by an attacker. A simple payload like #<img src=1 onerror=alert(42)> appended to the URL triggers the flaw as can be seen in the screenshot below.
That script (can be simplified), URL encoded, can be used to attack a legitimate user and force him into submitting the form and thus modifying email/address/phone to one of the attackers choosing. Nothing too exciting though, until you put all the pieces together. The developer classified this as low risk, since in his opinion editing those settings won’t take the attacker anywhere. However, he failed to see, that the expected behaviour of his application would allow the attacker to access other people’s accounts. How so? Easy, the application has a “Reset Password” functionality with no vulnerabilities at all, that looked like this.
The attacker visits the “Reset Password” page, introduces the victims username.
The attacker receives a new password for the victims account, and effectively steals it.
If the settings page were using another anti CSRF technique, like Capthas or asking the user for credentials would still have been possible, although a little bit more tricky.
This is nothing new or technically complex, but I felt like pointing it out since I find many people fails to connect the dots to achieve their goals with the vulnerabilities they find. At the same time, many developers aren’t aware that a XSS can turn into a session management issue.
When trying to understand a binary, it’s key to be able to identify functions, and with them, their parameters and local variables. This will help the reverser figuring out APIs, data structures, etc. In short, gaining a deep understanding of the software. When dealing with functions, it’s essential to be able to identify the calling convention in use, as many times that will allow the reverser to perform educated guesses on the arguments and local variables used by the function. I’ll try to describe here a couple of points that may aid in identifying the calling convention of any given function and the number and ordering of its parameters.
A calling convention defines how functions are called in a program. They influence how data (arguments/variables) is laid on the stack when the function call takes place. A comprehensive definition of calling conventions is beyond the scope of this blog, nonetheless the most common ones are briefly described below.
Description: Standard C/C++ calling convention. Allows functions to receive a dynamic number of parameters.
Cleans the stack: The caller is responsible for restoring the stack after making a function call.
Arguments passed: On the stack. Arguments are received in reverse order (i.e. from right to left). This is because the first argument is pushed onto the stack first, and the last is pushed last.
Description: Slightly better performance calling convention.
Cleans the stack: The callee is responsible for restoring the stack before returning.
Arguments passed: First two arguments are passed in registers (ECX and EDX). The rest are passed through the stack.
Description: Very common in Windows (used by most APIs).
Cleans the stack: The callee is responsible for cleaning up the stack before returning. Usually by means of a RETN #N instruction.
Arguments passed: On the stack. Arguments received from left to right (opposite to cdecl). First argument is pushed last.
Description: Used when C++ method with a static number of parameters is called. Specially thought to improve performance of OO languages (saves EDX for the this pointer with VC++. GCC pushes the this pointer onto the stack last). When a dynamic number of parameters is required, compilers usually fall back to cdecl and pass the this pointer as the first parameter on the stack.
Cleans the stack: In GCC, caller cleans the stack. In Microsoft VC++ the callee is responsible for cleaning up.
Arguments passed: From right to left (as cdecl). First argument is pushed first, and last argument is pushed last.
Let the small table below serve as a quick reminder.
To determine the calling convention for a given function we have to look at the function’s prologue and epilogue. They’ll provide information to narrow down the options and will help discovering the number of parameters and arguments of the function. The first thing is to find out who is building up and tearing down the stack.
If the callee is responsible for tearing down the stack, there are more options to start with. Our options at this stage would be VC++ thiscall, stdcall and fastcall. It gets complicated for functions with 0 or 1 parameter. However, a function with just 1 parameter may not require that we completely identify the calling convention, as there’s no doubt about the parameter ordering. The following tips will help you identify them on the rest of the cases.
If a valid pointer is loaded into ECX before calling a function, and the parameters are pushed onto the stack without using EDX, we’re looking at a VC++ thiscall. See example ASM below.
If all arguments are on the stack and the ending ret instruction has an argument whose value is at least four times the number of parameters for the function, we’re looking at a stdcall. In case the value is less than four, we might be talking about a fastcall with three or more arguments. See example ASM below.
For those calling conventions where the callee is responsible for restoring the stack before returning, the argument passed to the ret instruction is very helpful to guess the number of arguments the function receives. Without any further observation, a simple instruction like the one below offers a lot of information.
We can make an educated guess based on that retn. First, we know is not cdecl, since the function is unwinding the stack and not leaving that task to the caller. We also know that the number of arguments for the function is at least 2, since it unwinds 8 bytes from the stack, and can be up to 4 (if the calling convention were fastcall the first two would be in ECX and EDX). All this, of course, assuming 32 bits parameters and a 32 bits architecture.
In order to decipher undocumented APIs, it’s key to identify the calling convention in use. It’s obvious at this point that a different calling convention would change the signature of a function from fun(p1,p2,p3) to fun(p3,p2,p1), therefore the need to identify it clearly. I hope it’s more than evident that figuring out the calling convention, as well as the number of parameters a function takes, it’s the first step to try and understand it’s inner workings.
As always, if there’s anything to add, ask or correct, don’t hesitate to comment!
During this Christmas break, although I went back to Spain to stay with family and friends I still was able to get some time to look at the SANS HolidayHack 2012 CTF. I must say it has been great fun, the story was very creative with the Miser brother’s and Santa and all. I got stuck at some of the levels but was finally able to solve them all. I didn’t really want to steal much more time from family so my write-up might be a little bit rough. Nonetheless, I’m uploading it now that the CTF has finished and for those interested it can be found here.
Prizes haven’t been given yet, one to the best technical answer, one to the most original answer and one randomly assigned between the participants. Let’s see if I get lucky.
It’s been a long time since I’ve been thinking of writing some posts about packers/crypters/protectors. I’m not sure how many I’ll write; it will probably depend on the interest of the audience. What I do know, is that I’ll try and follow the blog’s philosophy so we’ll go bottom up, explaining the basic concepts or pointing out to the best references when I deem it appropriate.
The categorization problem should be obvious now, since many existing tools combine more than one of the above attributes . The confusion as to why some people consider a pure packer to be a protection against reverse engineering may come from the fact that all of the above tools modify the Original Entry Point (OEP) of the executable and modify the Import Address Table (IAT) either compressing, encrypting or protecting it. For a better understanding of why this is a bother when reversing, it’s key to realize that one of the first steps when starting the reverse engineering process of a program is to locate the OEP as well as function calls and common API references. Since these tools compress or encrypt the executable code and the IAT, the reverse engineer cannot locate those APIs until the unpacking has taken place.
It should suffice to say that knowledge is always valuable, but for those of you wondering about the practicality of learning how to unpack a packed binary or how to create your own simple packer/crypter I’ll make a case. From a penetration tester perspective, knowing how to create your own packer/crypter may come in handy at situations where you need to bypass antivirus software in order to achieve code execution on your target. This has always been one of the main goals of crypters, and they’re heavily used by malware. From a reverse engineer perspective or binary auditor, you’ll come across many samples that are in fact packed. For the most common cases, there are automated tools that would be able to unpack the binary for you. Nevertheless, for new or unknown packers you’ll be on your own, and manually unpacking them will be the only way to go. If you’re a developer, you may want to know more about protectors/crypters in order to prevent unwanted eyes to pry on your application; many commercial applications make use of these kind of tools to keep the crackers at bay.
That should have produced a file called notepad_UPX.exe which we’ll use for the demonstration. It might worth our while to stop now and try to identify any obvious differences between the original and the packed binaries.
As we can see RDG says that original notepad.exe has been developed with Microsoft Visual C++ 7.0 and that the packed version has been packed with UPX. This was the expected result, since UPX is a very notorious packer and it’s been around for a long time. Another thing we can observe is the section table; we’ll use PEiD for that (download here).
OK, so we have three sections (.text, .data, .rsrc) and everything looks normal. Besides that, we can see the entry point located at offset 0x73d9.
That’s some differences there. We still have three sections, but the names have changed from .text and .data to UPX0 and UPX1. That’s no putting too much effort into concealing the packer, not that it was UPX’s goal anyway. The Entry Point has changed as well, now it points to the start of the unpacking routine (within UPx1). It’s also interesting the fact that the Raw Size of UPX0 is exactly 0 bytes, ain’t that weird? That causes two sections to have the same Raw Offset (0x400). These kind of things are a strong indicator that the executable has been through some kind of manipulation.
So now, let’s go and try to unpack the notepad.exe file that we’ve packed with UPX before. First we open the executable in Immunity Debugger to see a common sign of packed executables.
This binary has been packed!
Right click on ESP and click “Follow in Dump”. You should be seeing the values of the registers in the dump window right now.
Select the values of one of the saved registers in the dump window and set a hardware breakpoint, on access.
If lucky, we should be stopping at the breakpoint we set in the previous step. A few instructions after where execution is stopped there should be a JMP, that will lead us to (oh surprise) the unpacked code of notepad.exe, and thus the OEP.
Single step from that JMP just once and you’ll land into the OEP at 0x0100739D (as we already knew). Don’t keep stepping for now. We’ll make use of OllyDumpEx (download here), a plugin for both Immunity Debugger and OllyDbg that dumps the process to disk. Now that the process is unpacked in memory, we can dump this to disk, creating an unpacked executable. That executable won’t run just like so, we’ll need to to a little bit of work on it, but for now, let’s dump it. The options you have to select on the OllyDumpEx window are displayed below.
Run the packed version of notepad (notepad_UPX.exe) and leave it there.
In the dropdown menu, locate your notepad_UPX.exe process.
Then modify the OEP box at the bottom to point to the OEP we’ve previously found, without the base address (i.e. just the offset). In this case 0000739D.
The ImpREC window should look like the picture below.
Now hit on “Fix Dump”, select the previously dumped file (notepad_UPX_dump.exe) and click OK. That’s it, ImpREC should have fixed the IAT of our process and created a new file called “notepad_UPX_dump_.exe” (note trailing underscore). You can try and run it now, if you followed all the steps, the notepad window should open as expected. Finally we have an unpacked version of notepad that we can now reverse engineer at will.
We’ve seen a little bit about packers and we’ve shown a quick and very easy example on how to unpack UPX to whet the appetite. There are many more things to do with this, there are many more topics to cover as it gets more challenging and interesting at once. Hopefully we’ll cover more of that in subsequent entries, till then If you have any questions, please leave a comment. Take care!
Last week I saw this vulnerability disclosed in PacketStorm and I decided to create my own exploits; yeah, boredom is a powerful motivation. Original published exploit wouldn’t work for my system, maybe because it was designed for the German language. I thought it might be a good idea to explain the process since this exploit is simple enough.
Unfortunately we can’t see our A’s anywhere. At this point we could reverse engineer the vulnerable function and try to figure out why the crash is happening. Another way,that comes natural when fuzzing, is to increase the length of the payload and see how that affects the crash. In our case, after increasing the payload length to 8192 A’s we can see the program generating an exception, and when the SEH handler is called (once we pass the exception to the program), a segmentation fault happening when trying to execute 0x41414141.
A quick glance shows that ASLR is disabled, as well as NX. However, all modules have been compiled with /SAFESEH flag, which means that we’ll have to bypass that inconvenience while developing our exploit. SafeSEH is an exploit mitigation technique which checks the address of the SEH to be executed against a list of handlers generated at compile time. If the address of the SEH to be executed doesn’t belong to the list, program is terminated. Nonetheless, SafeSEH doesn’t kick in for some types of addresses (i.e. the heap, or addresses not belonging to loaded modules). We’ll use that flaw to build a successful attack.
That command, based on metasploit’s pattern_create, generates a cyclic pattern of the specified length. We’ll copy that pattern into the .ini file. A portion of that pattern will be held in EIP at the time of the crash. In our case, EIP holds the value 0x41386941. With the aid of another mona.py command, we’ll find out the position at which we can gain control over EIP.
We have enough information to start putting together a simple python exploit for this vulnerability. Since we seem to have no room problems to accommodate our shellcode, we’ll use a simple metasploit generated one which will launch the infamous Windows calculator. To generate such a creative shellcode, we are going to use metasploit’s msfpayload, making sure we exclude the following bad chars: 0x00, 0x0a, 0x0d (null byte and line terminators).
OK, now we have all the information we need to build a successful exploit. The following python script would be a final version of such an exploit. It creates a .ini file containing the payload within one of Format Factory’s profile folders.
# Format Factory v3.0.1 stack buffer overflow exploit.
# msfpayload windows/exec CMD=calc.exe R | msfencode -b "\x0a\x0d\x00"
path = "C:\Documents and Settings\adrian\Mis documentos\FormatFactory\PicCustom\profileExploit.ini"
The above payload follows the classic structure for an SEH exploit that I’m just explaining briefly. First we put some padding in order to reach the position where we know EIP will be overwritten minus 4 bytes. At that position, the next seh pointer, we place a short jmp of 6 bytes (\xeb\x06), that will jump over the seh pointer coming after, and land right into our shellcode. As that instruction is only two bytes long, we need to add a couple of nops (0x90), hence the need to jump over 6 bytes instead of 4 (2 nops + 4 bytes of the SEH pointer). Next, we add the address at which the “pop/pop/ret” sequence is located, and the shellcode immediately after. Last part of the file simply creates a file and writes the contents to it.
I’m calling it a day now. If you have any question, please feel free to ask in the comments. Take care! | 2019-04-22T17:03:46Z | https://securityetalii.es/ |
My dear American friends, have you ever been talking about the Great American Pastime, only to have your northern neighbour point out that baseball was a Canadian invention*? Strike back by pointing out that their beloved RCMP owes its invention to the United States.
Before the Pikes Peek Gold Rush of 1859, relations between "white" trappers, prospectors and settlers and the "red" nations as generally peaceful, mostly out of enlightened self-interest on the part of the Americans. The Civil War slowed hostilities as the focus of conflict was in the east, but as soon a the war ended, the hostilities ramped up again.
Meanwhile, in Canada, the 1860s saw the withdrawal of the Hudson's Bay Company's (HBC) control over what would later become Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. American trappers and traders took advantage of this to encroach on Canadian territory. The most infamous of these were the wolfers, a gang of 100-300 Americans who had stolen a couple of US Army cannons and set up shop about in a former HBC fort about fifty miles north of the border. Originally designated Fort Hamilton, it was nicknamed Fort Whoop-Up.
The wolfers traded whiskey, which was an illegal and potentially lethal brew, and hunted buffalo for the hides. They got their name for poisoning the remaining buffalo carcasses, leaving them for wolves to consume. Then they'd return and harvest the pelts. It didn't matter to them that dogs, and in some cases people, were eating the meat and dying.
In 1873, a party of wolfers lost their horses at Cypress Hills and blamed a group of Nakoda (Assiniboine) camped nearby. They retaliated, massacring the Nakoda men, women and children.
The news outraged eastern Canadians. Prime Minister MacDonald had already received approval to form a military company to police the Canadian west and facilitate treaty making. Cypress Hills sped up the process.
Recruitment and training of the North West Mounted Police started, followed by the arduous trek west. Just over a year after the massacre, Division B under the command of Superintendent James Morrow Walsh reached the site.
Walsh's mandate was to stop the whiskey trade and bring the wolfers to justice. Easier said than done. By the time they reached Fort Whoop-Up, the illicit alcohol had been cleaned out. Bringing the men responsible for the massacre to justice was even more frustrating. Arrests were made, but no convictions. In the American courts, killing Indians wasn't considered a crime. In Canada, the cases were dismissed for insufficient evidence.
Walsh prevailed, however. It took time, but he cleared out the whiskey traders and gained the respect of the plains nations for upholding the law equally. This reputation which was met with skepticism by Chief Sitting Bull when he sought refuge in Canada.
Accompanied by six men, Walsh paid Sitting Bull a visit at his 1,000-warrior encampment. He told the chief that he was welcome to stay as long as he wanted in Canada, so long as he obeyed the law. Sitting Bull laughed at the notion that one man with six followers would tell a mighty chief what to do. Regardless, Sitting Bull stayed in Canada for four years, during which he and Walsh developed a strong mutual respect.
The NWMP were not meant to be a permanent force. Once the prairies were peacefully settled and Canadian sovereignty secured, they would no longer be needed. It could be said that Americans save the mounties from that fate. Bringing order to the Gold Rush, in particular the American prospectors, gave Sam Steele adding to the Mountie legend.
Steele was one of the first recruits to the NWMP and, like many of his fellows, he already had military training. Many more recruits were farm boys and tradesmen looking for adventure. Steele's talent for training horses and men was put to use very early in his career. He was one of the six constables that accompanied Walsh to treat with Sitting Bull. His intelligence, thoroughness and force of personality ensured that he continued to get choice assignments, including commanding the customs station at Bennett, where the bulk of the rush passed from Alaska into Canada.
Like Walsh, Steele was able to levy his force of personality to keep the peace with a relatively small police force, establishing the reputation of "One job. One Mountie."
Sgt Preston featured in radio and TV shows.
The Mountie is an internationally known Canadian icon thanks, partly if not mostly, to American pop culture. Hollywood was so in love with the Canadian Mountie, the RCMP eventually started sending advisers to oversee their portrayal.
My favourite portrayal of a man in red serge is Benton Fraser of Due South. Constable Fraser both embodies and pokes fun of the image of Canada and the RCMP. Fraser has the best traits of Sam Steele, without the 19th century prejudices.
*Whether the Beachville (Ontario, 1838) or the Cooperstown (New York, 1839) games were really baseball can be argued 'til the cows come home. As Wikipedia and the American Congress agree, "the modern professional major leagues, that began in the 1870s, developed directly from amateur urban clubs of the 1840s and 1850s, not from the pastures of small towns such as Cooperstown."
While researching history, I've turned again to my wonderful "America's Fascinating Indian Heritage" published by Reader's Digest. I cannot tell you how many times I have counted on this historical guide to help me get my facts straight...and to learn.
In 1881, Sitting Bull and his Sioux tribe surrendered to the U.S., closing the history of the plains Indians as we know it. All plains Indians were confined to reservations in the Dakotas, to lands so dry and unyielding, that even experienced farmer's would encounter problems working the soil. The people were expected to survive on supplies rationed by the government to supplement what they grew, but sadly, the food they received was as scarce as the yield they garnered from the tilled soil.
Land-hungry white men took advantage of the starving Indians and tried to buy their plots for as little as 50 cents per acre, and certain government agencies pressured the red man to consent to sell off the excess real estate. Caught in the middle of greed and hunger, the tribe sustained themselves with memories of the old days.
Far away, a Paiute prophet, Wavoka had a vision that spread and gave a new hope to the desparity. The Ghost Dance would bring a new dawn and a time when the white man would disappear. The dead would be resurrected and all Indian existence would change, living forever and hunting the new herds of buffalo that would reappear.
In preparation, The Ghost Dance had to be performed, a simple ceremony consisting of dancing and chanting, often resulting in a frenzy where participants often fell into a semi-conscious state and saw visions of the coming of the new world. A Ghost Dance shirt, thought to make the wearer safe from the white man's bullets, was adopted, and because so many wore such shirts, the garments may have been the reason the ritual was considered a war dance.
Despite mistreatment at the hands of the whites and the undertones of the Dance, no antiwhite feelings were expressed and the message of the cult was one of peace, but fear mongering among the white officials on the reservation and spreading of gossip pointed a finger at Sitting Bull, who was thought to be the focus of the ceremony.
Forty-three Indian police were ordered to arrest him, and descended upon his cabin. He fought against the injustice due to what has been said to be taunts from old women to resist the whites once again. Shots were fired and at the end, fourteen people, including Sitting Bull lay dead. More next month of the aftermath known as the Slaughter at Wounded Knee.
Note from Ginger: All information pertaining to the Ghost Dance is attributed to Reader's Digest. I have paraphrased to share this event with you.
"Unsurprisingly, the American "Wild West" was tamed by nothing other than the gun"
This month I thought I would take a look at some of the guns found in the "Wild West".
used by John Wilkes Booth in the Abraham Lincoln Assassination.
A deringer is generally the smallest usable handgun of a given calibre. They were frequently used by women, because they were easily concealable in a purse, a muff or, in their stockings.
Derringers are not repeating firearms, this would have added significant bulk to the gun, defeating the purpose of easy concealment.
The original cartridge derringers held only a single round, usually a pinfire or rimfire .40 calibre cartridge, with the barrel pivoted sideways on the frame to allow access to the breech for reloading. The famous Remington derringer design doubled the capacity, while maintaining the compact size, by adding a second barrel on top of the first and pivoting the barrels upwards to reload. Each barrel then held one round, and a cam on the hammer alternated between top and bottom barrels. The Remington derringer was .41 short calibre and achieved wide popularity. The .41 Short bullet moved very slowly, at about 425 feet per second. It could be seen in flight, but at very close range, such as at a casino or saloon card table, it could easily kill. The Remington derringer was sold from 1866 to 1935.
Commonly known as the "Peacemaker."
Large numbers of look-alikes have never been able to replace the real Colt.
Records on the SAA Revolver are a Who's Who of action-oriented Americans of the late 19th and early 20th centuries including Buffalo Bill Cody, Theodore Roosevelt, Judge Roy Bean, Pawnee Bill Lilly, Captain Jack Crawford, Pat Garrett and General George Patton.
How about a gun that won't fit in your pocket or a holster?
In 1857, the Burnside carbine won a competition at West Point against 17 other carbine designs. In spite of this, few of the carbines were immediately ordered by the government, but this changed with the outbreak of the Civil War, when over 55,000 were ordered for use by Union cavalrymen. This made it the third most popular carbine of the Civil War; only the Sharps Carbine and the Spencer Carbine were more widely used. They saw action in all theatres of the war. There were so many in service that many were captured and used by Confederates. A common complaint by users was that the unusually shaped cartridge sometimes became stuck in the breech after firing.
By using ordnance returns and ammunition requisitions, it has been estimated that 43 Union cavalry regiments were using the Burnside carbine during the 1863-1864 period. Additionally, 7 Confederate cavalry units were at least partially armed with the weapon during this same period.
Five different models were produced. Toward the end of the Civil War, production was discontinued when the Burnside Rifle Company was given a contract to make Spencer carbines instead.
There are many more guns which were used. These are only a very small sample.
On a recent trip to the Steens Mountain my husband and I had the pleasure of seeing and photographing a herd of wild horses at a drinking hole. I’m not sure if any of them were Kiger Mustangs. We didn’t get close enough to see their distinctive markings, but there were some dun colors in the mix. The Steens Mountains are one of the few places the Kiger Mustang is still in the wild. It is also the place where the breed was discovered in 1977.
The Bureau of Land Management began rounding up wild horses in Harney County in 1971, but it wasn’t until 1977 when they did a round up at Beattys Butte that they discovered a herd of horses with similar color and markings. DNA testing was done and they discovered the mustangs bore a close relationship to the Spanish horses brought to America in the 16oos. They separated these horses from the other wild horses, split them into two groups and placed them in separate areas of the Steens Mountains.
Today they are flourishing and are some of the most prized horses when the BLM does a roundup and auction.
Most would say a Kiger had a “dun”colored coat. In truth they come in a variety of colors— grulla(mouse gray), red, and buckskin with a variation of these colors.
Other characteristics are: dorsal stripes, zebra stripes on their lower legs, chest, rib, and arm bars, outlined ears, the top one0third of the ear on the backside is darker than the body color, fawn coloring on the inside of the ears, bi-colored mane and tail, face masks and cob-webbing on the face. The less white they have on their bodies the stronger the dun coloring. A horse may have many of these traits but not all of them.
They have both the tarpan and oriental hotblood horses that were in the original Spanish Mustangs.
Their bones are small and round, with small feet and hardly any feather on their legs and fetlocks. They have wide set prominent eyes, distinctly hooked ear tips, and fine muzzles.
They stand 13.2 to 15.2 hands (54 to 62 inches) high. They were the perfect horse for the early American settlers living and working in the west because the Kiger is agile and intelligent with stamina and sure-footedness. They are compact, well-muscled with deep chests, and short backs.
While being bold they are also gentle and calm.
The Spanish mustang played a large part in helping the American west grow as well as a means of travel for the Native American. The Kiger mustang is the closest remaining horse to the Spanish mustang. That is why The BLM and breeders of Kigers have made keeping the breed from extinction their goal.
Another photo of the wild horses.
Have you ever wondered how people did it in the old days?
How did they store food to keep things good long enough to eat? How did they cook?
In this day and age, we are all spoiled with refrigerators and freezers to keep our food cold or frozen and stoves and ovens or microwaves and grills to cook our food.
What do you think it would be like to live on and run your own farm providing for your daily living essentials? The basis of food was pretty similar in the 1800's to what it is now, only the preservation and preparation have changed with time.
Today our meals are planned around the family’s schedule, but it didn't work that way two hundred years ago. In fact, two hundred years ago, families planned their schedule around meals!
During the early 1800s, cooking dominated the time and energy of the average housewife. There were no big grocery stores where families could go to purchase food, and eating out was truly a rare treat, usually possible only when traveling. Most fruits and vegetables were grown on the farmstead, and families processed meats such as poultry, beef, and pork along with wild game.
People were basically forced into seasonal diets. In the spring and summer months, they ate many more fruits and vegetables than they did in the fall and winter. During those colder seasons, families found ways to preserve their food.
Often vegetables were preserved by stringing them up to hang by the fireplace or in another warm, dry area to remove moisture. To prepare the vegetables for eating, people would soak them in water for a while. Beans prepared in this way were called “leather britches” because of their toughness after drying. Fruits, pumpkin, squash, and other foods could be kept in this way for months at a time.
Most homesteads years ago had a root cellar, where families kept food in a cool, dry environment. They stored apples and other foods in piles of sawdust or in containers filled with sawdust or similar loose material.
People would dig a pit that was lined with sawdust or straw, place the items in the pit, and cover it with more sawdust or straw. Finally, they would place boards, tin, or a similar material on top.
Before refrigerators, the spring house was a fixture around some homesteads, providing a place to keep milk, butter, and other perishables from spoiling. Running spring water kept temperatures cool enough to preserve foods even on hot summer days. The “house” was a wooden structure with a roof built directly over the spring. It protected the food from animals and severe weather.
In earlier days, people simply kept foods down in the water itself. Items like butter also might be kept down a well.
By the mid-1800s, a method of refrigeration had taken shape that seems rather crude when compared with today. People would dig ice houses into dirt banks in areas deprived of sunlight, line them with sawdust, and fill them with blocks of ice cut from frozen rivers and creeks. With proper care, the ice would last until summer.
The three main ways of curing (the process of preserving food) during this time period included drying, smoking, and salting. Each method drew moisture out of foods to prevent spoiling. Fruits and vegetables could be dried by being placed out in the sun or near a heat source.
Meat products could be preserved through salting or smoking. A salt cure involved rubbing salt into the meat, which was then completely covered in salt and placed in a cool area for at least twenty-eight days. During this time, more salt was constantly added. When the meat was no longer damp, it was washed, then shelved or bagged and left to age. Families would hang meat preserved through a smoke cure in rooms or buildings with fire pits. For a month, the meat was constantly exposed to smoke, which dried it out while adding flavor. Using different kinds of wood for the fire, such as hickory or oak, could produce different tastes.
A typical day on the farm would begin very early. Women built the fire based on the meals planned for that day. The kitchen often was hot, smoky, and smelly and the hearth provided the center of home life and family activity. With no ovens or electricity, women prepared meals on the hearths of brick fireplaces. They used different types of fires and flames to prepare different types of food. For example, a controllable fire was used to roast and toast, while boiling and stewing required a smaller flame.
A big difference between the way people eat today compared with long ago is the work and time needed. Two hundred years ago, food and food preparation stood at the center of the family’s daily lifestyle. Without the advances in technology that help us store, preserve, and prepare food, men and women would spend much of their time getting meals ready to eat.
Sounds tiring doesn't it? Or refreshing, rewarding?
I was intrigued at once and wanted to learn more. Now, I’m pleased to share with you the story of this remarkable man and his ministry.
Born in 1891, Ralph Hall grew up in a remote area in west Texas. One day a traveling minister knocked on the family’s door, and the boy knew then what his mission in life would be. At the age of eighteen, and with only a fifth-grade education, he left home to be a lay missionary for the Presbyterian faith. His first official assignment was with the cowboys and ranchers of Texas and New Mexico.
At that time, Hall wasn’t ordained to offer communion services, nor could he baptize, so he was accompanied by Dr. Houston Lowery, a minister from Carlsbad, New Mexico. Dr. Lowery soon found himself a bit disoriented with no pulpit, no choir, no pews. He quickly realized, however, that young Ralph Hall was a gifted speaker, one who knew the people and understood their hearts.
In 1916, after only two days of instruction and examination, Ralph Hall was ordained. Throughout his life in the ministry, he gained respect from the people he served because of his willingness to work alongside of them, helping with the roping and ranching.
He traveled extensively throughout the southwest, and under his supervision, many conference grounds, camps, church schools and chapels were constructed. Whenever he arrived in a new town, his first job was to figure out how to build rapport with the cowboys and ranchers in the area. Many of them, he said, “had a scowl rather than a welcome for the preacher when he came around,” so Hall wouldn’t let on that he was a minister until the men had accepted him as a “real cowboy”.
Folks said Hall could “rope a steer in record time” and “read trail signs like an Indian”, skills that quickly won over the men he worked with.
Later, having gained acceptance and trust, he would open up to the cowboys about his faith, usually late at night as they sat near a roaring fire. Even the most skeptical of the men would listen.
As the story of his missionary work with the cowboys made its way back East, many curious folks wanted to join him for a taste of the “cowboy experience.” Those who did accompany Hall on his journeys found out that the cowboy’s life was not an easy one. Most were unprepared for the grueling 18-hour work days, the roping, the riding, and the difficulties of tending to cattle over treacherous terrain and erratic weather.
Hall was comfortable riding long distances and preferred to sleep out under the stars. His eastern-born friends often found themselves jettisoning their over-packed bags at the side of the trail and leaving their bedrolls behind while they scurried off to find shelter on cold desert nights.
According to the Presbyterian Historical Society, Ralph Hall went on to supervise all Sunday School missionary work west of the Mississippi River, traveling hundreds of miles to remote ranches to perform baptisms and marriages. He brought church to the homes of many pioneer families who were hundreds of miles from the nearest towns. He was also instrumental in developing the idea of “camp meetings” in order to find ways to bring people together for worship. Although he relied on word of mouth to promote the first Ranchman’s Camp Meeting, hundreds of people came together at Nogal Mesa – a beautiful pine-covered mountain near Carrizozo, new Mexico – to hear the word from guest preachers, to read and study scriptures, to pray together, and to partake of meals cooked over a fire. The Ranchman’s Camp Meeting still meets annually at Nogal Mesa.
In addition to becoming the subject of several documentaries filmed between 1920 and 1950, he shared the story of his life and his mission in The Main Trail, published in 1973.
I’m glad I got to know Ralph Hall’s story. His devotion is inspiring. I hope you’ve enjoyed learning about this “cowboy missionary” and his dedication to serve others.
A while back, I struggled to describe what a hairpin from the early 1900s would look like in a scene in my latest Pendleton Petticoats book.
I perused the pages of my reproduction 1897 Sears and Roebuck, Co. Catalog, but the drawing wasn't clear enough to provide an accurate picture and the description lacked detail.
Fast forward a few days to a book signing I did at a two-day vendor event. The first day, I didn't have the opportunity to wander around and look at the other booths. Since many of them had vintage treasures galore, it was about to drive me nuts.
The second day was equally busy, but toward the end of the afternoon, I darted around to a few booths. I stopped at one to admire some beautiful tablecloths from the 1940s and happened to glance down at a little display tucked between hideous ceramic figurines from the 1960s and a selection of children's books.
Although the box originally held a dozen, there are eight total. Some are thick and wide, some are thin and narrow. I have no idea on the sizing difference.
The vendor said she bought a whole collection of hair items from a retired beautician.
She thought the hairpins were from the late 1800s or early 1900s - right in the time frame I needed for my book. If any of you have any details on this type of hairpin, I'd love to hear more about them.
with complete directions on how to use.
First place the curler under strand of hair close to head. Twist end of the curler around strand of hair to fasten. Now coil hair around the curler with a twist, letting each coil touch.
Bend end over, dampen hair lightly after it is done up. From half hour to one and one-half hours will produce a beautiful wave.
For Bobbed Hair - Double curler in center, place ends of hair between curler, roll up or down the way you want the hair to curl. Bend both ends.
There were also two leather-covered curlers included with the ad.
Wires inside make them very flexible - perfect for creating those old-fashioned curls.
Although I haven't been inspired to try the curlers yet, I'm so happy I found these vintage treasures!
Long before Flagstaff and Sedona became popular vacation towns in Arizona, everyone visited Winslow and the La Posada Hotel for special occasions. Built in 1929 by the Santa Fe Railway, it was the work of esteemed architect Mary Jane Colter, known for the design of many structures at the Grand Canyon. La Posada, however, was her masterpiece and favorite project.
La Posada is one of the last of a series of hotel-depot complexes built across the Southwestern United States in a collaboration between Fred Harvey and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Designed for a railroad traveling public, the original front door faced the tracks to the south. It was thought that most guests would arrive by train and stay for several days, so day tours to the Petrified Forest and Indian sites were made available. For a fee you could get a driver, a guide, a picnic, and a custom Packard or Cadillac touring car.
Colter chose two patron saints for La Posada—San Pasqual, Patron Saint of Feasts, and San Ysidro, Patron of Farmers.
La Posada was officially a Harvey House. Usually, Harvey Girls had a distinct uniform—black dresses with white aprons. But Mary Jane Colter felt the uniform was too severe for La Posada so she substituted colorful aprons with green, blue, or red backgrounds, quilted cacti, donkeys, and snoozing, big-hatted ranch hands. La Posada was the only Harvey Hotel allowed a non-standard uniform.
The kitchens of La Posada were the finest in the Four Corners region. It wasn’t unusual in the 1930’s and 1940’s for hotel to serve 1000 meals a day. In addition to the main kitchen, there was a full bakery and butcher shop, store rooms and freezers, china and linen rooms, and a lead-lined walk-in humidor for cigars. They even refrigerated the kitchen trash to keep it from smelling.
Most halls ran north-south to capture prevailing winds, and guest doors were louvered to create convection currents. A wind tower exists to capture warm air as it blows in from the southwest across watered lawns, where it’s cooled, humidified, and pushed through public spaces in the hotel. Colter filled La Posada with such passive solar details to keep the hotel comfortable during Arizona’s hot summers.
Famous people who’ve visited include Howard Hughes (Winslow was a TWA stop and he owned the airline), and Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow, who resided during part of their honeymoon. They also stayed while Lindbergh designed Winslow’s airfield (the world’s only surviving Lindbergh-designed airport). Other famous guests: Albert Einstein, Will Rogers and Diane Keaton.
Added to the list of visitors - me!
On my recent vacation, it was fun to buy a few potential research books that might come in handy for future historical western romances. From famous mountain men, to Indians, and Prostitution and women in medicine in the 1800’s, these books make for some interesting reading, regardless if I use any of the information contained within or not.
One such book was filled with “granny medicines,” or medicine used during the time. Among the many chores women were charged with on the wagon trains, they were also responsible for the overall health of their family members. Their supplies contained not only ingredients for cooking supper, but also herbs and journals handed down through the generations with home remedies. Items such as juniper berries, garlic, and bitter root were used to treat anything from nausea to typhoid. These remedies were usually a combination of advice passed down through the generations, to superstition, to religious beliefs.
Advise such as “rinse your mouth each morning with urine to preserve your teeth and prevent mouth odor,” or “mold scraped from cheese will heal open sores,” to “wrap a piece of bacon sprinkled in black pepper around your neck to cure a sore throat,” was common.
Some medicines, such as poultices or teas might have brought some relief, but most often they were of no use, and at worst, did more harm than good.
- Mashed snails and earthworms in water are good for dyptheria. | 2019-04-22T18:47:21Z | http://cowboykisses.blogspot.com/2015/07/ |
The Pennines are often described as the ‘backbone of England’. These mountains and hills form an almost continuous chain stretching from the Peak District in Derbyshire to the Cheviot Hills on the England-Scotland border.
This area of the North Pennines was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1988 for its moorland landscape. Then its impressive geological landscape was officially recognised in 2003 when the area became the country’s first European Geopark.
But this walk focuses on the area’s climate and weather. The hills generally receive more rain and snowfall than the surrounding areas and also experience stronger winds and colder temperatures.
The English climatologist and geographer, Gordon Valentine Manley, started collecting meteorological data here in 1932. He wrote: “I was attracted by the Northern Pennines, in particular around Crossfell, as the most extensive area of bleak uncompromising upland that England possesses”. On this walk we will find out more about Manley’s life and work and the climate and weather phenomena of these hills that he observed.
The walk is circular and is about 10 miles long. It starts in the small village of Knock then climbs on footpaths, including part of the Pennine Way, to the summit of Knock Fell. The route then traverses open moorland to the summit of Great Dun Fell. The descent back to Knock is on a tarmac road.
The route is steep and challenging, both on the ascent and descent, so it is recommended for more experienced walkers. Although the route follows marked footpaths, the cloud can descend quickly, even in summer, and limit visibility so always carry a map and compass. It can be very exposed and windy on top of the fells so take appropriate warm and waterproof clothing. Although Manley described this landscape as bleak, we hope you enjoy the walk!
Walk along the road through Knock in the direction of Dufton. At the end of the village the road makes a sharp turn to the right, signposted ‘Dufton’. Stop at this junction.
Gordon Valentine Manley was born in 1902 on the Isle of Man, but grew up in Blackburn, Lancashire. He began taking meteorological readings in the countryside around his home from the age of 12.
Later, during his studies at Cambridge University, he had a particular liking for geography.
There he also met Frank Debenham, who had been the geologist on the British Antarctic Expedition of 1910-13, under the command of Captain Robert Falcon Scott. Manley later acknowledged his debt to Debenham for “putting him on the polar track”.
In 1927 Manley became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and a year later he was appointed to establish geography as a degree subject at the University of Durham, where he remained until 1939.
His subsequent research clearly demonstrates a love for hills, mountains and snow, both in Britain and in the Polar Regions, as we shall discover.
Do not follow the road towards Dufton. Instead go left following the footpath sign through Town End Farm. Follow the track for about 250 metres until you reach a fork. Keep right and immediately afterwards is a stile on the right signposted ‘Public footpath, Dufton via back of Pike’. Stop here.
Manley was an avid walker and particularly enjoyed long walks at high altitude. He documented many of his walks in notebooks from his teenage years until at least 1952. While living in Durham, he regularly walked up the hills which now surround us, and, when snow cover would allow, also skied. Weather featured prominently in his walking notes, as this extract from 5th June 1929 shows.
“Left the car at G [Garrigill] and walked briskly up Cross Fell. Fair view, rather hazy distance – Criffel [a hill in southern Galloway, Scotland] very faintly. Warm sun, cool breeze.
Thence on Little & Great Dun Fells & Knock Fell, down to Moor House, after some consideration of plans. Reached Moor Ho. at 4.50 and had an excellent tea. Probably highest inhabited house in England. Thunder had been brewing but had passed to eastward; but it rained lightly west of our way back to Garrigill.
A year after this walk Manley married Audrey Fairfax Robinson who shared his love of hill walking. The couple’s holidays were often spent walking in Britain and Europe. Manley talked as he walked and has been described as a great conversationalist.
We hope that the weather is fair during your walk to allow you to enjoy the stunning views. If the weather is clear you should be able to see the radar station at the summit of Great Dun Fell to the north, which is our destination.
The distance to the next stop is about 1 kilometre and will take about 15 minutes. Go over the stile and follow the path. Keep right (over a stile) when the path forks. Continue over a number of stiles and a bridge over Swindale Beck, following Knock Gill (stream) on your right. Stop when you reach a ford and a footpath junction with the Pennine Way (over another stile).
Manley began taking observations in this area in January 1932. He set up a climatological station at Moor House, a gamekeeper’s cottage about three miles east of the summit of Great Dun Fell (it is marked on the route map).
The cottage was five miles from the nearest neighbours and located at 1,840 feet above sea level. Manley believed that it was the most remote house in England.
Although Moor House was remote, it was inhabited by the Armstrong family. Life was not easy for them. Manley’s notes tell of the Armstrong’s daughter who went to school every day at Garrigill (Tynehead), which was 5 ½ miles away, on her pony. In the winter of 1931 she was unable to go for about eight weeks due to the snow. He also writes of a blizzard at Christmas 1940 when a snow drift reached more than half way up the stairs inside the cottage!
The Armstrongs helped Manley with his meteorological measurements. When he was not there, they changed the instrument recording charts, read the rain gauge and made observational notes. Between 1932 and 1947 they wrote to him regularly, sending the recording charts from the station and commenting on recent weather conditions. Manley himself visited the station on a monthly basis for much of the period.
This letter mentions the region’s most famed atmospheric phenomenon – the Helm Wind – which we will hear more about in due course.
Turn left onto the Pennine Way and follow the path uphill for about 750 metres. Stop when you reach a 90 degree left turn over a small stream called Small Burn.
Although the high Pennine moors were far away from the battlefronts of the Second World War and less vulnerable to air attacks, the people of the Eden Valley were still affected by the war.
Penrith was on an important line of communication and in 1940 a number of bombs were dropped on the nearby villages of Stainmore and Musgrave by a German bomber returning from an air raid on Liverpool.
A paper on the Helm Wind that Manley presented to the Royal Meteorological Society in 1940 was even withheld from publication for reasons of national security.
Continue along the Pennine Way for about 500 metres until you reach a stile and a large wooden footbridge over Swindale Beck (stream). Stop here, enjoy the views.
The Armstrong’s letter that we heard earlier referred to the Helm Wind. Did you know that this is Britain’s only named wind? It has attracted scientific, lay and media attention over the years and was even featured on the BBC series Wild Weather in 2010.
The Helm Wind is an example of a ‘Foehn’ type wind, one that is typically dry and that acts down slope in the lee or downwind side of a mountain range.
During an occurrence of the Helm Wind, a heavy bank of cloud (the ‘Helm’ or ‘Helm Cloud’) rests along the Crossfell Range.
Meanwhile, three or four miles from the foot of the fells, a cigar-shaped, fierce, rolling cloud (known as the ‘Helm Bar’) forms. A strong, cold wind blows down the steep slope until it reaches the ‘Bar’ and suddenly ceases. Clear sky usually separates the two cloud banks.
The Helm is a true ‘local’ wind, because it is a product of the particular landscape and climatic conditions found here at Crossfell.
The name Helm probably comes from an Anglo-Saxon word for helmet because of the distinctive cloud formation that covers the summit whilst the wind blows. The Helm Wind is both feared and celebrated by locals. If you think you can see this cloud forming now, it may be wise to descend!
Cross the footbridge and follow the footpath up the hillside ahead to the information board which tells you more about Moor House-Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve. Continue uphill, following the Pennine Way for about 750 metres, which is marked by yellow arrows to help you stay on the path. Stop when you reach a double cairn (pile of stones).
"On Thursday, the 19th, we had here a strong and gusty wind from the east, but it appears to have been much more stormy on the mountains. On this day William Atkinson, of Hartsop, with some others of his family, was on the fell among the turf of peats, and had with them a horse.
About noon the helm wind so so heavy that it carried up the peats high into the air in its whirling eddies, scattering them in all directions, the horse became terrified and set off at a gallop, rushing headllong down a precipitous rock, crag, or scar, and was killed dead on the spot."
It appears that the effects of the Helm Wind have changed little over the years. In a series of interviews with locals over 200 years later, people told stories of farm machinery being blown out of farmyards and sheep flying around like pieces of wool.
One resident who went out into his garden during the Helm quickly retreated indoors because Brussels sprouts were being blown off their stalks and ricocheting around the garden like green machine gun bullets!
Continue for about 500 metres along the Pennine Way. Stop when you are alongside Knock Hush (a fairly straight section of stream in a deep gully).
This gully and stream may look natural but it is actually manmade. Look carefully on the Ordnance Survey map and you will see that it is called Knock Hush.
‘Hushing’ was a method of mining. A flood or torrent of water was used to wash away the surface vegetation and soil and to reveal mineral veins. This technique was widespread in the lead mines across northern England from Elizabethan times onwards and ‘hush gullies’ like this one are visible in many places.
A number of the mines in this area kept weather observations, which used by Manley used subsequently in his studies of past climate conditions.
Mines were vulnerable to flooding during periods of heavy rainfall, and those working high on the moors often developed a general interest in the weather as they would have been frequently affected by the changeable conditions.
Staff at Ardle Head and Cashwell Mines submitted observations of the Helm Wind to the Royal Meteorological Society investigation of the wind in 1889.
Continue following the Pennine Way upwards for another kilometre. Stop when you reach Knock Old Man (a large cairn with a square base).
9 Solemn, dangerous or exhilarating?
This stone cairn is known as Knock Old Man. The chances are that now you have reached the top, you can feel the wind. However it is probably a normal wind; you would certainly know about it if it was the Helm Wind.
He correctly assumed the primary cause of the wind: as it blew from the east coast and rose upwards among the hills the air cooled. From the summit, it rushed down with great force into a lower and warmer region.
Continue following the Pennine Way for about 500 metres. Stop when you reach the summit cairn of Knock Fell. If the weather is clear you can enjoy views across to the Lake District in the west.
We have already heard some early descriptions of the Helm Wind From the 1830s published accounts of the Helm Wind appeared with greater frequency in historical and geographical guides for the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland.
In 1884, Reverend Joseph Brunskill read a paper on ‘The Helm Wind’ at a meeting of the Royal Meteorological Society. Like those before him, he also drew attention to the noise: a distinctive roar giving warning of the imminent winds.
Following this, the Society put a letter in the local Penrith newspapers asking for people’s records and observations of the Helm Wind. From the responses, 93 instances of the Helm were identified in the period 1871 to 1884. In a later survey, 23 observations were submitted of five Helms occurring between November 1885 and April 1888.
William Marriott, Assistant Secretary of the Royal Meteorological Society, also visited the area making “numerous inquiries at each of the villages as to the appearance of the Helm Cloud, the Helm Bar, the peculiarities of the wind, and its effects, &c.” He heard many stories about the wind and the havoc it caused.
Although there was no shortage of personal accounts, Marriott found it difficult to put them all together to form an accurate picture of the phenomenon of the Helm Wind. He did, however, make an attempt at drawing a diagram of the processes involved in the wind’s formation.
Continue along the Pennine Way for about 1 kilometre slightly downhill, across patchy moorland vegetation. There is a flagstone walkway to follow in places. If the weather is clear you are walking in almost a direct line towards the radar station. Stop when you reach a tarmac road and signpost.
During his first year of observations at Great Dun Fell, Manley found occurrences of the Helm Wind were tantalisingly few.
Several occurred when he was elsewhere or unable to travel across the Pennines from Durham. However, he presented a paper on his observations of the Helm at the Royal Meteorological Society in August 1940.
Throughout his career Manley not only reported his findings to learned societies and in academic journals but also through the mass media. Here is an extract from a radio interview he gave in February 1939.
That’s minus 2 degrees centigrade!
Continue to follow the Pennine Way along the road and then along a path, keeping to the right. Stop when you reach the radar station at the summit of Great Dun Fell.
We are now at the summit of Great Dun Fell. This is the second highest peak in the Pennines at 2,785 feet (or 849 metres) above sea level.
The highest peak, Cross Fell, is just 2 miles further north and you should be able to see it in the distance (weather permitting!). The views are mainly of wild moorland and other Pennine fells. On a clear day you will also see the Lakeland Fells to the south west.
The radar station at the summit of Great Dun Fell is a key part of the national air traffic control system for northern England and southern Scotland. It was constructed in 1948 and the Civil Aviation Authority continued Gordon Manley’s tradition of taking weather observations.
The ‘golf ball’ radome was added in the mid 1980s. The radome is a weatherproof enclosure that protects the radar antenna and conceals the antenna electronic equipment from public view. The Centre for Atmospheric Science at the University of Manchester also uses the station for research into the behaviour of clouds.
In the past other major research projects have used the station, for example investigating cloud aerosol interaction and cloud processing of aerosol.
Walk around the radar station and follow the road back on yourself. About 155 metres south-south-west of the summit and 14 metres below it is a small hollow which was the site of Manley’s hut. Stop when you have found this hollow.
As we heard earlier, Manley began his weather observations in this area in 1932 from a station at Moor House three miles east from here.
However, in 1937 he received a research grant and was able to establish a weather recording station close to the summit of Great Dun Fell. This is the former site of Manley’s weather station.
The wooden hut, which measured just 8 feet by 6 feet by 6 feet, was erected in a small hollow created by previous mining operations, where it would hopefully not blow over. It was also at the highest point of the escarpment where the Helm Wind was supposed to be most frequent.
The hut was equipped with two thermographs to measure temperature continuously, thermometers for temperature measurements on the days Manley visited the station, a barograph to measure pressure (similar to a barometer), and a portable cup anemometer to measure wind speed and direction.
In his years of measuring at Moor House, the extreme weather had interfered with the running of the station’s instruments. A letter from the Armstrongs noted that “The pen has been misbehaving itself again, I am saying the pen but it is the clock which stops, some days it is very bad to keep going.” Here too at the summit, Manley faced difficulties in keeping the instruments operational under the severe winter conditions at altitude.
Despite the difficulties, meteorological observations were kept for a period of three years from 1937 to 1939, including a continuous record of temperature. This was the first series of mountain observations to become available in England and remains the longest unbroken mountain record.
Follow the road downhill for about 750 metres along the road. Stop when you reach the junction with the Pennine Way.
Manley chose Great Dun Fell for his weather station for a mixture of reasons including “ease of access, remoteness and freedom from disturbance by passers-by”.
The ease of access was because there was a road most of the way up the mountain. This was an old mining road.
When the radar station was built, the old mine road was extended to the summit and surfaced. It is actually the highest road in Britain and, as Wainwight wrote, “the only one with a mountain top as its objective” as it does not continue past the summit.
Manley himself made around a hundred visits to the hut, generally driving over the Pennines to and from Durham. As we heard in the diary extract, he usually parked at Garrigill and walked the 6 miles to the hut, but from his notebooks we know that he sometimes walked up from Knock following the route we have taken today.
Manley often used skis for the final stage of his journey to the summit. It was sometimes quite an effort to reach the hut so it’s not surprising that Manley sometimes stayed overnight. The hut was equipped for camping and had cooking equipment and tools for clearing snow. He noted that it was also “admirably weatherproof”.
Begin your descent of Great Dun Fell following the road. Although this is a quiet private road, do watch out for vehicles. After about 750 metres there is a road which forks up to the right. The hillside up to the right is marked as ‘Green Castle’ on the OS map. Stop at this road junction.
After his observations at Great Dun Fell were complete, Manley began to work more and more on collecting, analysing and interpreting other people’s weather observations and climate records.
The most prominent early observer of the weather in this area was James Losh, a lawyer from Newcastle, who kept a daily weather diary between 1803 and 1833. He kept instrumental data and also noted the first appearance of wild and garden flowers in their seasons.
The Durham University Observatory also provided Manley with an important record from 1841. When Manley became Curator of the Observatory in 1931 he began work on standardising its long record of temperature, making historical measurements made with different instruments comparable with the measurements he was now recording on a daily basis.
Manley’s search for early climate records took him to many of the country’s archives and libraries from Exeter to Inverness and he acknowledged a debt to the generous assistance of archivists.
Continue following the road downhill for about 2 kilometres enjoying the views of the Eden Valley and Knock Pike (if the weather is clear). Stop where the road bends 90 degrees to the right and a footpath continues straight ahead (the area is marked as Knock Quarries (disused) on the OS map).
Have you noticed the poles alongside the road? Do you know what they are for? They are ‘snow poles’, designed to indicate the road's location when it is covered by snow.
The Crossfell area had a long history of snow observations, of which Manley was aware. George Smith wrote in 1747 that “there are some who affirm that it [snow cover] has continued sometimes for seven whole years together”.
From the 1940s, Manley published numerous papers on the subject of snow and ice in Britain. He was a member of the Association for the Study of Snow and Ice (founded 1936 and later the British Glaciological Society). Amateur observers sent in postcards with records of snow and sleet fall and Manley collected and analysed them. Nearby Garrigill was the location of one of the first of these reports.
Keep following the road downhill for a short distance. Look out for the sheepfold (pens for holding sheep) to the right of the road just before a cattle grid. Stop at the cattle grid.
17 Not quite the worst summer!
In recognition of his achievements in meteorology, Manley was elected President of the Royal Meteorological Society in 1945, a distinction he is said to have particularly prized.
Under his presidency he founded ‘Weather’, a monthly magazine aimed at making current developments in meteorology available to a wider public.
Manley published several articles in Weather and since his death, a number of pieces about him; his work and archives have appeared in the magazine. Manley also wrote for the Manchester Guardian. His first article, published in December 1945, was entitled ‘The wettest place’ and was about Seathwaite in the Lake District.
Another of his articles, published in August 1954, was rather optimistically-titled ‘The summer of 1954: not quite the worst’! Over an 18 year period, Manley wrote about half a dozen articles a year for the paper.
Meanwhile Manley’s book, ‘Climate and the British Scene’, published in 1952 is seen as one of his greatest contributions to British climatology. It was written in a popular, non-academic style and examines the role of the British climate in shaping the landscape and its people. By 1972 it had been reprinted five times.
Continue following the road downhill for about 1 ¼ km. Stop where the private road becomes a public road (where a gravel pit is marked on the map).
Through his study of early weather observers and their data, Manley gained a remarkable knowledge of early instruments and their use.
His greatest achievement was the successful synthesis of a vast number of temperature records into a single series of monthly averages for various sites in central England.
Manley first published his ‘Central England Temperature’ series in 1953 (covering the period 1698 to 1952), and updated and extended it in 1974 to cover 1659 to 1973.
The series has been maintained since Manley’s death, although there have been changes in the weather stations used, as some have closed or changed. Corrections have to be applied to more recent observations to take account of urbanisation, but the ‘CET’ series remains one of the longest and most widely used of its kind in the world as a statistically-useful indicator of changes of mean temperature.
Manley left Durham in 1939 and spent the next ten years at Cambridge University. In 1948 he moved to Bedford College (now Royal Holloway, University of London) as its first Professor of Geography, a time described by a friend as his happiest.
In 1964 Manley moved to a new position as Head of the Department of Environmental Sciences at the new University of Lancaster. He retired four years later and returned to Cambridge but remained actively engaged in research and writing.
Manley’s last visit to Moor House was in 1978. The area had been designated as a National Nature Reserve in 1952 and Moor House became a field centre run by the Nature Conservancy Council.
They continued to measure and monitor weather and climate. He spent three days at the field centre and began work on standardising his own Moor House observations with those taken by the Nature Conservancy Council.
Continue following the road downhill for about 2 kilometres passing the Knock Christian Centre on the left. When you reach a T-junction, turn left towards Knock village. Stop in the village.
As we make our way back to the start, we can reflect on the legacy of Gordon Manley, who passed away in 1980 at the age of 78.
Although he only conducted weather observations at Great Dun Fell between 1932 and 1939, the practice was continued by the Civil Aviation Authority and the National Air Traffic Service, and later by the Centre for Atmospheric Science at the University of Manchester and the Nature Conservancy Council.
Manley was a pioneer in collecting and compiling early weather records and using them to analyse climatic change over time. His work on temperature records in particular remains widely used. Although Manley was a scientist and an academic, he was very keen on making the science of weather and climate accessible to the general public through his newspaper and magazine articles, books and radio appearances.
Manley was also one in a long line of people who have observed and been fascinated by the unique Helm Wind of the Crossfell area. Its special clouds, unique noise and violent wind have long been noted. Manley compiled previous accounts and stationed himself at the best point of Great Dun Fell to experience it.
The little hut at the top of Great Dun Fell may not be where you would want to spend the night but Manley’s expertise, dedication and enthusiasm to observing weather phenomenon from here changed the subject of meteorology for ever.
The spectacular scenery of the North Pennines experiences some of the most extreme weather in England.
This walk follows the Pennine Way to the summit of Great Dun Fell, the second-highest hill in the Pennines. It tells the story of the Gordon Manley, the geographer who pioneered the collection of meteorological data.
Visit the site of one of his weather stations on the summit. Discover what he measured and why he kept returning to this unique landscape. Find out about Manley’s legacy in climate science and meteorological research.
This memorable walk also includes stories of sheep, socks, snow and spies, plus remarkable accounts of Britain’s only named wind. | 2019-04-19T17:06:30Z | https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/north-west-england/walks/great-dun-fell.html |
In any suit for involuntary dissolution, or in any proceeding for voluntary dissolution initiated by the vote of shareholders representing only 50 percent of the voting power, the corporation or, if it does not elect to purchase, the holders of 50 percent or more of the voting power of the corporation (the “purchasing parties”) may avoid the dissolution of the corporation and the appointment of any receiver by purchasing for cash the shares owned by the plaintiffs or by the shareholders so initiating the proceeding (the “moving parties”) at their fair value.
The fair value shall be determined on the basis of the liquidation value as of the valuation date but taking into account the possibility, if any, of sale of the entire business as a going concern in a liquidation. In fixing the value, the amount of any damages resulting if the initiation of the dissolution is a breach by any moving party or parties of an agreement with the purchasing party or parties may be deducted from the amount payable to the moving party or parties, unless the ground for dissolution is that specified in paragraph (4) of subdivision (b) of Section 1800. The election of the corporation to purchase may be made by the approval of the outstanding shares (Section 152) excluding shares held by the moving parties.
(b) If the purchasing parties (1) elect to purchase the shares owned by the moving parties, and (2) are unable to agree with the moving parties upon the fair value of those shares, and (3) give bond with sufficient security to pay the estimated reasonable expenses (including attorneys’ fees) of the moving parties if those expenses are recoverable under subdivision (c), the court upon application of the purchasing parties, either in the pending action or in a proceeding initiated in the superior court of the proper county by the purchasing parties in the case of a voluntary election to wind up and dissolve, shall stay the winding up and dissolution proceeding and shall proceed to ascertain and fix the fair value of the shares owned by the moving parties.
(c) The court shall appoint three disinterested appraisers to appraise the fair value of the shares owned by the moving parties, and shall make an order referring the matter to the appraisers so appointed for the purpose of ascertaining the value. The order shall prescribe the time and manner of producing evidence, if evidence is required. The award of the appraisers or of a majority of them, when confirmed by the court, shall be final and conclusive upon all parties. The court shall enter a decree, which shall provide in the alternative for winding up and dissolution of the corporation unless payment is made for the shares within the time specified by the decree. If the purchasing parties do not make payment for the shares within the time specified, judgment shall be entered against them and the surety or sureties on the bond for the amount of the expenses (including attorneys’ fees) of the moving parties. Any shareholder aggrieved by the action of the court may appeal the court’s decision.
(d) If the purchasing parties desire to prevent the winding up and dissolution, they shall pay to the moving parties the value of their shares ascertained and decreed within the time specified pursuant to this section, or, in case of an appeal, as fixed on appeal. On receiving payment or the tender thereof, the moving parties shall transfer their shares to the purchasing parties.
(e) For the purposes of this section, “shareholder” includes a beneficial owner of shares who has entered into an agreement under Section 300 or 706.
(f) For the purposes of this section, the valuation date shall be (1) in the case of a suit for involuntary dissolution under Section 1800, the date upon which that action was commenced, or (2) in the case of a proceeding for voluntary dissolution initiated by the vote of shareholders representing only 50 percent of the voting power, the date upon which that proceeding was initiated. However, in either case the court may, upon the hearing of a motion by any party, and for good cause shown, designate some other date as the valuation date.
(a) To elect officers and to employ agents and attorneys to liquidate or wind up its affairs.
(b) To continue the conduct of the business insofar as necessary for the disposal or winding up thereof.
(c) To carry out contracts and collect, pay, compromise and settle debts and claims for or against the corporation.
(d) To defend suits brought against the corporation.
(e) To sue, in the name of the corporation, for all sums due or owing to the corporation or to recover any of its property.
(f) To collect any amounts remaining unpaid on subscriptions to shares or to recover unlawful distributions.
(g) To sell at public or private sale, exchange, convey or otherwise dispose of all or any part of the assets of the corporation for cash in an amount deemed reasonable by the board without compliance with the provisions of Section 1001 (except subdivision (d) thereof), or (subject to compliance with the provisions of Sections 1001, 1200 and 1201, but Chapter 13 (commencing with Section 1300) shall not be applicable thereto) upon such other terms and conditions and for such other considerations as the board deems reasonable or expedient; and to execute bills of sale and deeds of conveyance in the name of the corporation.
(h) In general, to make contracts and to do any and all things in the name of the corporation which may be proper or convenient for the purposes of winding up, settling and liquidating the affairs of the corporation.
A vacancy on the board may be filled during a winding up proceeding in the manner provided in Section 305.
When the identity of the directors or their right to hold office is in doubt, or if they are dead or unable to act, or they fail or refuse to act or their whereabouts cannot be ascertained, any interested person may petition the superior court of the proper county to determine the identity of the directors or, if there are no directors, to appoint directors to wind up the affairs of the corporation, after hearing upon such notice to such persons as the court may direct.
After determining that all the known debts and liabilities of a corporation in the process of winding up have been paid or adequately provided for, the board shall distribute all the remaining corporate assets among the shareholders according to their respective rights and preferences or, if there are no shareholders, to the persons entitled thereto. If the winding up is by court proceeding or subject to court supervision, the distribution shall not be made until after the expiration of any period for the presentation of claims which has been prescribed by order of the court.
Distribution may be made either in money or in property or securities and either in installments from time to time or as a whole, if this can be done fairly and ratably and in conformity with the provisions of the articles and the rights of the shareholders, and shall be made as soon as reasonably consistent with the beneficial liquidation of the corporate assets.
(a) If the corporation in process of winding up has both preferred and common shares outstanding, a plan of distribution of the shares, obligations or securities of any other corporation, domestic or foreign, or assets other than money which is not in accordance with the liquidation rights of the preferred shares as specified in the articles may nevertheless be adopted if approved by (1) the board and (2) by approval of the outstanding shares (Section 152) of each class. The plan may provide that such distribution is in complete or partial satisfaction of the rights of any of such shareholders upon distribution and liquidation of the assets.
(b) A plan of distribution so approved shall be binding upon all the shareholders except as provided in subdivision (c). The board shall cause notice of the adoption of the plan to be given by mail within 20 days after its adoption to all holders of shares having a liquidation preference.
(c) Shareholders having a liquidation preference who dissent from the plan of distribution are entitled to be paid the amount of their liquidation preference in cash if they file written demand for payment with the corporation within 30 days after the date of mailing of the notice of the adoption of the plan of distribution, unless the plan of distribution is abandoned. The demand shall state the number and class of the shares held of record by the shareholder in respect of which the shareholder claims payment.
(d) If any such demand for cash payment is filed, the board in its discretion may abandon the plan without further approval by the outstanding shares (Section 152), and all shareholders shall then be entitled to distribution according to their rights and liquidation preferences in the process of winding up.
(e) This section shall not apply to a distribution in accordance with a reorganization the principal terms of which have been approved pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 1202.
(a) If any shareholders or creditors are unknown or fail or refuse to accept their payment, dividend, or distribution in cash or property or their whereabouts cannot be ascertained after diligent inquiry, or the existence or amount of a claim of a creditor or shareholder is contingent, contested, or not determined, or if the ownership of any shares of stock is in dispute, the corporation may deposit any such payment, dividend, distribution, or the maximum amount of the claim with the Controller in trust for the benefit of those lawfully entitled to the payment, dividend, distribution, or the amount of the claim. The payment, dividend, or distribution shall be paid over by the depositary to the lawful owners, their representatives or assigns, upon satisfactory proof of title.
(b) For the purpose of providing for the transmittal, receipt, accounting for, claiming, management, and investment of all money or other property deposited with the Controller under subdivision (a), the money or other property shall be deemed to be paid or delivered for deposit with the Controller under Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 1500) of Title 10 of Part 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and may be recovered in the manner prescribed in that chapter.
(a) Whenever in the process of winding up a corporation any distribution of assets has been made, otherwise than under an order of court, without prior payment or adequate provision for payment of any of the debts and liabilities of the corporation, any amount so improperly distributed to any shareholder may be recovered by the corporation. Any of such shareholders may be joined as defendants in the same action or brought in on the motion of any other defendant.
(b) Suit may be brought in the name of the corporation to enforce the liability under subdivision (a) against any or all shareholders receiving the distribution by any one or more creditors of the corporation, whether or not they have reduced their claims to judgment.
(c) Shareholders who satisfy any liability under this section shall have the right of ratable contribution from other distributees similarly liable. Any shareholder who has been compelled to return to the corporation more than the shareholder’s ratable share of the amount needed to pay the debts and liabilities of the corporation may require that the corporation recover from any or all of the other distributees such proportion of the amounts received by them upon the improper distribution as to give contribution to those held liable under this section and make the distribution of the assets fair and ratable, according to the respective rights and preferences of the shares, after payment or adequate provision for payment of all the debts and liabilities of the corporation.
(d) As used in this section, “process of winding up” includes proceedings under Chapters 18 and 19 and also any other distribution of assets to shareholders made in contemplation of termination or abandonment of the corporate business.
(a) A corporation which is dissolved nevertheless continues to exist for the purpose of winding up its affairs, prosecuting and defending actions by or against it and enabling it to collect and discharge obligations, dispose of and convey its property and collect and divide its assets, but not for the purpose of continuing business except so far as necessary for the winding up thereof.
(b) No action or proceeding to which a corporation is a party abates by the dissolution of the corporation or by reason of proceedings for winding up and dissolution thereof.
(c) Any assets inadvertently or otherwise omitted from the winding up continue in the dissolved corporation for the benefit of the persons entitled thereto upon dissolution of the corporation and on realization shall be distributed accordingly.
(A) Against the dissolved corporation, to the extent of its undistributed assets, including, without limitation, any insurance assets held by the corporation that may be available to satisfy claims.
(B) If any of the assets of the dissolved corporation have been distributed to shareholders, against shareholders of the dissolved corporation to the extent of their pro rata share of the claim or to the extent of the corporate assets distributed to them upon dissolution of the corporation, whichever is less.
A shareholder’s total liability under this section may not exceed the total amount of assets of the dissolved corporation distributed to the shareholder upon dissolution of the corporation.
(A) The expiration of the statute of limitations applicable to the cause of action.
(B) Four years after the effective date of the dissolution of the corporation.
(3) As a matter of procedure only, and not for purposes of determining liability, shareholders of the dissolved corporation may be sued in the corporate name of the corporation upon any cause of action against the corporation. This section does not affect the rights of the corporation or its creditors under Section 2009, or the rights, if any, of creditors under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, which may arise against the shareholders of a corporation.
(4) This subdivision applies to corporations dissolved on and after January 1, 1992. Corporations dissolved prior to that date are subject to the law in effect prior to that date.
(b) Summons or other process against such a corporation may be served by delivering a copy thereof to an officer, director or person having charge of its assets or, if no such person can be found, to any agent upon whom process might be served at the time of dissolution. If none of such persons can be found with due diligence and it is so shown by affidavit to the satisfaction of the court, then the court may make an order that summons or other process be served upon the dissolved corporation by personally delivering a copy thereof, together with a copy of the order, to the Secretary of State or an assistant or deputy secretary of state. Service in this manner is deemed complete on the 10th day after delivery of the process to the Secretary of State.
(c) Every such corporation shall survive and continue to exist indefinitely for the purpose of being sued in any quiet title action. Any judgment rendered in any such action shall bind each and all of its shareholders or other persons having any equity or other interest in such corporation, to the extent of their interest therein, and such action shall have the same force and effect as an action brought under the provisions of Sections 410.50 and 410.60 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Service of summons or other process in any such action may be made as provided in Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 413.10) of Title 5 of Part 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure or as provided in subdivision (b).
(d) Upon receipt of such process and the fee therefor, the Secretary of State forthwith shall give notice to the corporation as provided in Section 1702.
(e) For purposes of Article 4 (commencing with Section 19071) of Chapter 4 of Part 10.2 of Division 2 of the Revenue and Taxation Code, the liability described in this section shall be considered a liability at law with respect to a dissolved corporation. | 2019-04-22T14:48:05Z | http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=CORP&division=1.&title=1.&part=&chapter=20.&article= |
Cracks within the basis of your private home are inevitable. Over lengthy durations of time, the bottom will shift. These refined shifts ultimately will trigger small cracks within the basis, small and unnoticeable. The continual circulation of water that comes with season after season of rain and snow soften will push towards that crack and sooner or later, moisture might be allowed in. Earlier than that occurs, take the time to evaluate your basement, and the climate patterns in your space. Waterproofing earlier than property loss happens could be an astute proactive funding that may prevent a bundle of cash over time.
ΑΠΟΦΡΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΙΜΕΣ are an unlimited variety of waterproofing options obtainable. Analysis waterproofing firms by looking for info from mates and neighbors, the web, and the Higher Enterprise Bureau. Upon getting discovered a supplier you belief, schedule a session to search out out precisely what your private home must be safe from water harm. Knowledgeable will have a look at the present situation of your basis, the traits of the soil surrounding your private home, the climate cycles in your space, and the place you’re in relationship to sewer drains and run-off. With this info, he/she’s going to probably advocate of some waterproofing options.
A Sump pump is advisable when the realm round your private home is vulnerable to standing water. This pump, put in in your basement, will pump water that’s approaching the partitions of your basis away from your private home earlier than it ever reaches the property inside. It pumps away water safely in areas the place the water desk is above your basement.
Crack and structural harm, attributable to water or by shifting and settling, can generally merely be repaired. This might be a fascinating waterproofing resolution if your private home is in an space that’s usually dry or has efficient drainage, such that you don’t anticipate a excessive frequency of damaging water affecting the inspiration of your private home.
If you’re in a excessive precipitation space, or you could have a number of cracks within the basis, and your basement will not be beneath the water desk, then basis wall reinforcements could also be so as. Waterproofing professionals can reinforce your basis partitions to forestall additional harm to your private home. It is a pretty concerned course of, that you could be discover to be effectively definitely worth the bother and expense.
Drains and sewers are important components of any constructing construction. They hold the home clear and dry, however at instances, these sewers develop into clogged each after a couple of years or so. Unclogging a drain could also be simple work, however a clogged sewer wants a cleansing service sewer from a good firm.
ΑΠΟΦΡΑΞΕΙΣ ΠΕΙΡΑΙΑΣ ΚΕΝΤΡΟ drain is a comparatively easy downside will be simply mounted by most householders. Leaky pipes will be much less of a problem than a clogged drain. Nevertheless, sewers want greater than peculiar unclogging methods to successfully take away blockages. You’ll want to take it a step ahead to scrub you sewer. The principle wrongdoer in clogging your pipes is grease that you just use in your meals. Grease can cling on the floor of pipes, constricting these pipes till in utterly blocks it over time. These sewer traces will be clogged by grease buildup through the years. Particularly now that the typical kitchen makes use of extra fats than earlier than, a clogged sewer isn’t removed from occurring.
One of the best ways to scrub a sewer is thru the usage of high-pressure water jetting methods that forces water jets by means of the pipe to loosen the grease buildup. These methods are very costly and working them wants coaching. Your common plumbing service could not have them readily available. For this, you want a cleansing service sewer that owns a jetting system and may be very nicely skilled in working it. Happily, these providers should not exhausting to seek out.
Begin along with your phonebook and web. Seek for these close to your house and record down the whole lot you discover. Take consideration of firms that publicize jetting methods. After making your record, give every a name and ask what providers they’ll do. Normally, companies can provide free price estimates relying on the work to be carried out. Additionally ask how a lot you need to pay for a jetting service.
Many companies cost water jetting on an hourly fee. They first have to examine your pipes to allow them to determine what precisely to do. Relying on the extent of the blockage, jetting sewers can take not more than an hour on the typical. The jetting methods will clear your clogged sewer and another issues arising from that.
Typically, they’ll decide if the principle sewer line is damaged. Through which case, a extra in depth work have to be executed. That is totally different from easy cleansing and could also be probably costly so put together your pockets. The plumbers would possibly have to examine your basement to examine the pipes. They might additionally dig your garden to seek out and restore a damaged line. This exhaustive work could not solely be costly, it might additionally take quite a lot of time.
Cleansing your sewer can generally price you extra you then anticipate, however it’s mandatory that you just hold your drains and pipes free from obstructions to maintain your own home clear and hygienic. Some issues are simply mounted by common owners; for extra sophisticated conditions, by no means be afraid to spend further money for a cleansing service sewer since you will be positive of a high quality service.
Since lengthy, Man is searching for of treatments to the issue of listening to loss akin to finest listening to aids or auditory prosthesis. In earlier instances, when there was no any gadget, folks had been used to curve hand across the ears to hear clearly in a battle in addition to to indicate their incapacity. With the passage of time, folks bought a brand new thought to make use of hole horn of a sheep and in a while they developed giant apparatuses very a lot resembling to French horn, which needed to be adjusted within the ear difficultly. At a size of time, their dimension has been lowered they usually have been made increasingly environment friendly. Within the historical past of their improvement, as a current occasion, a profitable one and all putting achievement of finest digital listening to support has been made to pacify the folks with impairment in listening to. Nevertheless, above all, the query raises that from the place the very best digital listening to support you will discover?
It was eighties when the digital listening to aids made their first look within the 12 months l987. These finest digital listening to aids got small buildings and had been fragile. Nevertheless, the listening to aids, which had been obtainable earlier, had been giant sufficient made up of transistors, the analog made. These firstly produce as finest digital listening to aids didn’t serve the aim. Therefore they had been used to replenish the dustbins solely. Subsequently that try was fully flopped.
Profitable Digital Listening to Aids: How Come?
Some engineers took this failure as problem to them they usually obstinately carried on to eradicate the reason for failure. They probed into the matter critically and diligently. When failure of first era of digital listening to aids befell, they by no means ended their efforts to enhance the system. Ten years later about 1997, the current era of finest digital listening to aids was launched by two producers. This new era was supplied with immense enchancment in form and construction, expertise and options and so on. It weighed lighter than that of digital listening to aids of out of date era. It wanted fewer battery replacements. The BTE – Behind The Ear listening to aids is amongst the brand new digital listening to aids era. The BTE listening to aids are equipped out there in several fashions basing selection on the colours, form and so on. There are in pores and skin coloration and in lots of trendy colours.
There are alternative ways of utilizing these finest digital listening to aids. One of the best digital listening to aids include quite a few worthy constituents. Together to those elements, these digital listening to aids can be utilized to make sure life value residing.
One of the best digital listening to support is supplied with a way of discount within the sound suggestions. It’s carried out robotically. Somebody, who makes use of a digital listening to support, recognized to you, should be seen adjusting the amount periodically. It’s to chop out the suggestions from T.V. units, radio units, audio system or chewing. The system employed in digital listening to support on this regard consists in a particular filter. This filter is termed as “notch filter” and is supposed for eradication of undesirable suggestions by itself accord.
A finest digital listening to support can be supplied with accent like DNR to facilitate a person. It reduces the undesirable murmurs or low stage noises, which may additionally produce suggestions and intricacy to know the voice as effectively. Moreover all these developments, the automotive alarms but make it as unworthy as it will probably’t sieve such horrible noise.
An important and elementary part of the very best digital listening to aids is this technique. It’s DSE, for which digital listening to aids are look over. Individuals get finest digital listening to aids for this characteristic. This a part of these finest digital listening to aids makes us take heed to others. There are distinctive features and patterns of human speech and sound. It makes these distinctive parameters the main focus and implies them.
Purchasing The Finest digital listening to Aids, However How?
One of the best digital Hearing Aids can be found all over the place, which could be obtained from on-line buying and type auditory gear shops as effectively. As it’s all the time talked about in huge curiosity of public, you must seek the advice of an ENT specialist or audiologist at first. They’ll look at your ears and prescribe the very best for you. As a matter of truth, as your doctor prescribes, you could bear a correct examination, which is particular for listening to energy. This will likely be an important incentive to get finest digital listening to aids per wants.
There may be an age outdated adage that claims, “silence is golden” however some 20 million Individuals who at the moment take care of a specific amount of listening to loss, are hopeful they will not discover that out. Nonetheless, as a consequence of technological advances in trendy listening to amplification units, many sufferers are capable of enhance their listening to sufficient to benefit from the sounds of life. As a result of credibility a former president of America supplied them, it is extra acceptable to put on listening to aids. It began when this former president was seen carrying one of many new “ear canal” listening to aids. He additionally overtly mentioned the very fact he had listening to difficulties.
There may be an estimated 20 million Individuals with listening to issues, out of this quantity solely round 12% really use listening to aids. In accordance with a well known audiologist the bulk of people that notice they’ve a loss in listening to will normally go 5 years with it earlier than they do something about it. Listening to aids have a stigma hooked up to them that make them undesirable. Lots of people equate listening to aids as heavy, uncomfortable units, in addition to an indication of getting older Hearing Aids.
Created simply over a yr in the past, the canal help system is constructed with a extremely superior expertise and is customized made to have the ability to match instantly within the ear canal, is barely seen, weighs only a few grams, and has been designed to emphasise sounds of a better pitch, however not for any extreme listening to loss.
Clearly it is undoubtedly interesting cosmetically, however the small dimension does creates some issues. High quality management of the canal help is lower than the extent it needs to be, and the quantity produced is sort of restricted. Canal aids should not the preferred, however are in demand. However due to their dimension, giant numbers of them cannot be manufactured at aggressive costs. Relating to reputation, it is the behind the ear mannequin that is the present favourite. This sort of help at the moment accounts for 52.four % of the market based mostly on a current survey carried out by the Nationwide Listening to Support Society.
Virtually 50% of gross sales may be attributed to within the ear aids, of which canal aids are a member of the family. Most males typically select the canal help, when given a selection, whereas girls normally desire the behind-the-ear model as a result of it may be simply lined with their hair. Even with all the recognition of the behind the ear aids, there are nonetheless different units being manufactured.
These within the advertising and marketing world perceive the necessity for a gross sales funnel. Nevertheless to us who are usually not web gurus, a gross sales funnel won’t make any sense in any respect. Right here is the down and soiled of what a gross sales funnel is and precisely why it’s best to use it to market your site.
These individuals are the place you’ll begin, inserting them within the funnel first. Fixed updates in your checklist will offer you new perception as to who stays in and who strikes in or out. Your gross sales funnel is a optimistic instrument in producing site visitors and leading to income.
Needless to say transferring somebody in or out doesn’t imply you overlook about them completely. You will want them later. Your gross sales funnel is sort of merely just like the funnel used to pour oil into your automobile. The bottle of oil serves as the house for the viewers you want, nonetheless the funnel you pour the oil into makes positive that you do not “pour” the oil on different elements of the automobile.
Identical goes for the gross sales funnel, you do not wish to “cowl” your pitch to those that do not want or need what you will have. Using your gross sales funnel makes positive that you simply goal who you’ll want to goal with out polluting those that do not.
Expertise continues to evolve at a drastic pace. With each passing day, increasingly improvements and technologically developments have tremendously improved the standard of our life. This development has all the time earned extra capital for a lot of firms who’ve actively participated on this enterprise.
Immediately, we’re surrounded in a world stuffed with know-how. On this fashionable society, digital gadgets are ubiquitous. Each single group and trade extremely is determined by digital gadgets at each level of improvement. Therefore, digital gadgets have develop into inevitable piece of equipments. It’s clearly seen that we’d not be capable of operate and run completely different industrial processes with out the presence of varied digital gadgets lg صيانة تلفزيونات الجي.
Nevertheless, when industrial companies implement completely different electrical motors and heavy equipment in industries, there are numerous digital elements that break down and wish intensive restore attributable to heavy sustained use. In a lot of the circumstances, the price of restore weighs actually excessive as in comparison with full substitute. Thus, clients often choose to interchange a given piece of apparatus fairly than paying for industrial digital restore procedures. It’s also generally perceived that the fashionable know-how today is commonly significantly replaceable and disposable.
Nonetheless, opposite to this fashionable perception, industrial digital restore course of might not all the time be a tricky deal to crack. If the restore and repair that’s required on the system is just not very costly, then the electronics restore is understood to be a justified strategy.
This course of refers to a department within the electronics subject that usually offers with variegated features of producing tools. This is part of the same old upkeep schedule that a lot of the industrial digital gadgets require.
Extra typically the breakdown of digital elements is because of a number of elements like age, stress, neglect, environmental causes and electrical spikes. It’s also attributable to different causes like prolonged downtime and unscheduled upkeep that usually create damaging prices to industries and firms. Additionally, delayed repairs could cause extreme harm to the machineries. Due to this fact, to keep away from all these issues like lowering the prices and decreasing the downtime, and in flip growing the effectivity of the general unit, the necessity for digital tools upkeep companies and auditing companies shore up in such enterprise environments.
There are a number of industrial automation service firms and upkeep departments that look into the troubleshooting and repairing procedures. One of the best ways to carry out an industrial digital restore is to rent an knowledgeable that will totally comprehend your industrial wants. Typically, consultants belonging to this subject are finest at diagnosing the issues in a given digital unit. Their specialised restore performances and advices will save your corporation some more money and provide you with ends in a brief time period too. So, in the event you want a restore to simply change the damaged elements for brand new gadgets, or to carry out an entire restore job below an knowledgeable technician, you may proceed with these features with the assistance of such service firms.
Dry ice blasting (also referred to as CO2 blasting) is a comparatively new cleansing course of utilizing strong CO2 pellets. It’s primarily used for industrial use in quite a lot of functions. The pellets sublimate (convert immediately from a strong blast pellet to a vapor (CO2) leaving no residue. The method is superior to sand blasting, glass bead blasting and different varieties of cleansing strategies for quite a few causes.
Right now, the dry ice methodology of cleansing is shortly changing into favored for environmental in addition to manufacturing causes. Due to large environmental laws, business has wanted to attenuate wastes. Additionally, there’s a rising consciousness that many are putting now on the worldwide environmental influence of their manufacturing practices. Nonetheless, these advantages are accentuated as a result of large efficiency positive aspects by way of dry ice blasting — little or no manufacturing downtime, high quality of unpolluted and minimized broken to gear glass bead blasting.
Dry ice pellets are made by taking liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) from a pressurized storage tank and increasing it at ambient strain to provide snow. The snow is then compressed by way of a die to make arduous pellets.
With the dry ice blasting course of, dry ice (CO2) particles are propelled to supersonic pace impacting and cleansing a floor. The particles are accelerated by compressed air, simply as with different blasting strategies. General, there are three steps concerned in dry ice blasting.
Dry ice pellets are propelled out of the blasting gun at supersonic pace and influence the floor. The power switch knocks off the contaminant with out abrasion. The pressure of this influence is the first technique of cleansing.
The chilly temperature of the dry ice pellets hitting the contaminant creates a micro-thermal shock (attributable to the dry ice temperature of -109F) between the floor contaminant and the substrate. Cracking and delamination of the contaminant happens furthering the elimination course of.
· Which optimization program will probably be used to make sure optimization?
· Will the search engine optimization Firm write your content material or work with the prevailing content material?
One of the vital efficient methods used to optimize the web site is to have properly written content material. Content material that has been written professionally will talk to the target market sufficient to attract a optimistic response. Subsequently, you will need to discover out from the corporate you’re contemplating hiring whether or not they have individuals who focus on search engine optimization copy writing. If the corporate doesn’t have one and is thus contemplating working with the prevailing content material you’re higher off wanting elsewhere.
Outsourcing merely means handing over the work that you just do to a 3rd social gathering. Each enterprise nowadays is being dominated by this and SEO or search engine optimisation isn’t any exception. Among the many many locations for outsourcing, search engine optimisation outsourcing in India has emerged as essentially the most illustrious locations on this planet. True there are a number of international locations on this planet, that present search engine optimisation outsourcing, however resulting from sure benefits India has emerged as the most popular vacation spot for search engine optimisation outsourcing.
There are a number of benefits of search engine optimisation outsourcing from India. Among the many international locations which might be within the outsourcing work, India has the best variety of English talking professionals. Correct information of the language is a large bonus as this helps in correct interplay with shoppers. In spite of everything if professionals working for search engine optimisation outsourcing are simply not capable of perceive what their shopper desires, there shall be chaos throughout and evidently that the work will in no way be executed in a correct method SEO Los Angeles.
search engine optimisation is all about enterprise varied methods that can assist a web based website to rank on the high of search engine discover outcomes. One of many methods for search engine optimisation is writing numerous articles and content material and distributing them on the net. So to put in writing good articles one wants correct information of English and in addition information concerning the topic on which they’re writing. This together with a number of different benefits has enabled Indian professionals to do glorious work for search engine optimisation for companies which might be working exterior.
India additionally has an enormous variety of professionals who’re very extremely certified within the technical subject. Technical qualification of pros is among the benchmark for efficiently doing search engine optimisation for any on-line enterprise website. One other nice benefit of doing search engine optimisation outsourcing from India is that you’ll find yourself saving large quantities of cash. That is the one side that’s driving increasingly more firms in direction of enterprise outsourcing search engine optimisation for his or her enterprise. | 2019-04-20T03:30:37Z | http://www.alex-train-soft.com/page/2/ |
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In 1913...columnist & TV panellist Dorothy Kilgallen was born in Chicago. For 27 years she wrote a gossip column for Hearst’s New York Herald American, halfway through which time she achieved national fame as a panellist on Goodson Todman’s Sunday night TV institutuion, What’s My Line? Beginning in 1945, she co-hosted a long-running breakfast radio talk show on WOR, with her husband Richard Kollmar. She died after an alcohol-and-seconal-fuelled heart attack Nov. 8 1965, just 12 hours after her weekly TV game show, dead at age 52.
In 1939…Chic Young's comic strip character "Blondie" became a radio sitcom, initially as a summer replacement for "The Eddie Cantor Show" on CBS. When Cantor did not return in the fall, "Blondie" continued on the air and bounced between several networks until 1950.
In 1940…In 1940, the legendary comedy team of Bud Abbott and Lou Costello debuted their own network radio show on NBC. After two years of wowing the audience of the Kate Snith Show the duo replaced Fred Allen for the summer months. In the fall of ’42 they began a seven year run with their own Thursday night show. In 1952 Abbott and Costello produced 52 episodes of one of the most successful and repeated programs in TV history. A cartoon version of The Abbott & Costello Show followed in 1966.
In 1955...Tom Clay, a Buffalo DJ on WWOL-AM, staged a famous billboard publicity stunt in Shelton Squareconducts his famous Billboard stunt in Buffalo's Shelton Square.
Clay in the 1950s was a popular radio personality in the Detroit area on WJBK-AM both as a DJ, and for his on-air comic characterizations. In the early 1950s Clay, using the pseudonym "Guy King," worked for WWOL-AM/FM in Buffalo, New York; on July 3, 1955, he conducted the stunt in which he played "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley & His Comets repeatedly from atop a billboard in Buffalo's Shelton Square, an incident that led to his firing and arrest. In the mid-1950s he moved to Cincinnati, Ohio and was equally popular.
He was caught up in the payola scandal of the late 1950s, and admitted to having accepted thousands of dollars for playing certain records. After being fired from WJBK, Clay worked at the short-lived Detroit Top 40 station WQTE (now WRDT 560 AM) only to be fired again when the station changed format to easy listening music in 1961. After moving to Los Angeles and becoming a popular personality on KDAY and KRLA, Clay returned to the Detroit area and found work at CKLW in neighboring Windsor, Ontario, at the time one of the foremost Top 40 AM stations in North America.
Clay is best remembered for his single on Motown's MoWest label "What the World Needs Now Is Love"/"Abraham, Martin and John", a compilation of clips from the two popular records, interviews, and speeches of Jack and Bobby Kennedy and Martin Luther King emphasizing tolerance and civil rights. It went to #8 on the Billboard Hot 100. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.
Clay died of stomach and lung cancer at the age of 66, in Valley Village, Los Angeles, California in 1995.
In 1961...Dan Ingram did his first show on WABC 770 AM, New York. He filled in for Chuck Dunaway.
In 1971...Rock Hall of Fame rock singer Jim Morrison of The Doors died of heart failure. He was 27.
In 1972...Bob Crane went back to radio - but only for one week.
In 1973...KMEN 1290 AM San Bernardino, CA broadcasts an “all-girl” day on Wednesday of this week. Guest DJ’s heard – Jackie DeShannon, Donna Fargo, Sylvia, April Stevens, Jean Knight, Carla Thomas and Maureen McCormick of the Brady Bunch.
In 1976...The Los Angeles comedy radio team of Hudson and Landry split.
In 1978...Supreme Court ruled 5-4, FCC had a right to reprimand NY radio station WBAI for broadcasting George Carlin's "Filthy Words".
In 1983...KNX-FM – Soft rock in Los Angeles changes calls and format to KKHR (Hit Radio). Looks like it’ll be direct competition for KIIS-FM.
In 1986...depression era singer and bandleader Rudy Vallee died following a heart attack at age 84. He had a succession of popular radio variety shows beginning in the late 20’s, introducing a succession of future stars. His biggest hit was the “Stein Song (University of Maine)” in 1930.
In 1986...It was announced that Howard Stern, the often controversial New York City DJ/talker, will be syndicated by DIR to other stations.
Stern, who joined rocker WXRK (New York) late last year, has seen his ratings rise from a 1.2 to a 3.4 and up to a 5.2 share in the recent ratings. “The Howard Stern Show” will mix music and talk equally. At WXRK, Stern plays about 6 songs per hour. The national show will be weekly only.
Stern is following a pattern with high-profile DJ’s and national weekly shows: Rick Dees at KIIS-FM, John Lander at KKBQ Houston and Scott Shannon from Z-100 all have national weekly shows, but Stern’s will present or lean heavy personality and will not emphasize the music.
In 1987...Tom Snyder will move from TV to radio this fall to host a national call-in talk show announced this week by the ABC Radio Networks. Look for it early September.
In 1993…Sports broadcaster (ABC, Superstars, Wild World of Sports, NBC, Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago White Sox, California Angels, Texas Rangers, Montreal Expos, Los Angeles Rams)/syndicated radio show host (Radio Baseball Cards)/Baseball Hall of Famer Don Drysdale died following a heart attack at age 56.
Despite the legal questions raised by this week's private meeting between Attorney General Loretta Lynch and Bill Clinton, many in the press have said they accept that the impromptu 30-minute exchange was totally innocent, and won't bias the probe into Hillary Clinton's email scandal, reports The Washington Examiner.
"I take [Lynch] & [Clinton] at their word that their convo in Phoenix didn't touch on probe. But foolish to create such optics," CNN contributor David Axelrod said on social media.
Bloomberg News' John Heilemann mused in a panel discussion this week on CBS News, "[N]one of us will never know if all [Clinton] did was just go and say hello. So, I take them for their word it was all perfectly innocent."
Lynch met privately with Clinton in Arizona Monday evening for an off-the-record exchange. Their conversation, which took place aboard Clinton's jet, was first noticed and reported by a local ABC News affiliate, KNXV-TV.
The Attorney General confirmed the exchange Wednesday, but maintained it was purely social.
Democratic and Republican lawmakers have criticized the meeting as inappropriate, explaining it's not a good look for Democratic front-runner Hillary Clinton, who is under FBI investigation for her use of an unauthorized and unsecured private email server when she worked at the State Department.
Lynch said Friday that she would go along with whatever recommendation the FBI comes up with in its investigation of Clinton's private emails.
Despite the bipartisan criticism from top lawmakers, however, reporters and media pundits have shrugged at the controversy, with many suggesting that the conversation was indeed nothing more than harmless banter about family.
MSNBC's Chris Matthews, for example, dismissed the controversy, and suggested Friday that the conversation took place mostly because Clinton is just that friendly.
The New York Times, which failed to mention the story in the first 24 hours after it broke, echoed Matthews' suggestion that the meetup was the result of the former president's overly-friendly personality.
ABC and NBC News were also slow to cover the controversy, and made no mention of the issue Wednesday evening (when the story broke) or Thursday morning.
CBS News touched on the story Thursday morning, but its coverage also involved host Charlie Rose characterizing the meet-up as "innocent." His co-host Gayle King asked, "They are at the airport at the same time … Why can't he just go over and say hello?"
On Friday, Bloomberg News' Mark Halperin said the easiest explanation for why Lynch met privately with Clinton is that the former president is a "really social guy."
First of all, it isn’t the FBI’s job to tell journalists or private citizens they can’t take photographs of a former president and the Attorney General. What were the agents going to do, arrest people for taking a picture or video?
If there was nothing wrong with the meeting and it was totally innocent, why were federal agents instructed to demand no one take a picture?
After more than 20 years as a pop-adult contemporary station, Modesto’s KOSO 92.9 FM B93 FM has abruptly changed to a country format.
According to The Modesto Bee, the shift came at noon July 1, with those tuning in to its 92.9 FM signal finding “The Big Dog” on the dial instead. Parent company iHeartMedia moved it to a “new country” format, which includes largely current Top 40 country hits without much classic country.
KOSO-B93 FM had been one of the area’s leading adult contemporary stations over the years. In the late 1990s and early 2000s the broadcaster was behind large, high-profile events like Summerfest and Acoustic Christmas which attracted thousands.
The format flip now puts The Big Dog directly in competition with KAT Country 103 FM, the region’s popular country station. Owned by iHeartMedia rival company Cumulus Media, KAT has long been the area’s highest-rated station, according to Nielsen Audio.
Negrete would not say if naming the station “The Big Dog” was a reference to its new competitor KAT.
“The 92.9 The Big Dog name conveys the strength and power of the iHeartCountry brand. It’s the perfect name for the home of our nationally acclaimed morning personality Bobby Bones. We look forward to being Modesto’s exclusive hot new country station,” he said.
(Reuters) -- Apple Inc fought back on Friday against Spotify's claims that the U.S. tech giant had hampered competition in music streaming by rejecting an update to the Swedish service's iPhone app.
Apple's entry into the field sparked concerns from music streaming companies such as Spotify, which have argued that the 30 percent cut Apple takes of subscriptions in its App Store give its own service an unfair advantage. Spotify General Counsel Horacio Gutierrez reiterated those concerns in a letter to Apple first reported on Thursday as he protested the rejection of the latest version of the Spotify app.
But Apple General Counsel Bruce Sewell countered that the company deserves a cut of transactions in the App Store for its work operating the marketplace, according to a copy of a letter to Gutierrez seen by Reuters. Sewell insisted that Apple was treating Spotify as it would any other app maker, in keeping with antitrust law.
"We understand that you want special treatment and protections from competition, but we simply will not do that because we firmly adhere to the principle of treating all developers fairly and equitably," Sewell wrote.
Gutierrez claimed Apple's rejection of Spotify's app raised "serious concerns" under competition law in the United States and Europe and the move was causing "grave harm to Spotify and its customers," according to technology publication Recode.
A Spotify spokeswoman confirmed the accuracy of the report. A spokesman for Apple declined to comment.
Launched a decade ago, Spotify is the world's biggest paid music streaming service with about 30 million paying users in 59 markets while Apple Music has some 13 million.
Companies such as Spotify have sought to sidestep Apple's App Store cut by encouraging consumers to sign up for their services online. Apple forbids developers from promoting alternative payment methods within their apps.
In late May, Spotify submitted a version of its app that removed the in-app purchase feature, which triggers Apple's cut, and included an account sign-up feature that violated Apple's rules, Sewell wrote. Apple rejected the app and asked Spotify to submit again, but the new version had the same problems, Sewell said.
Music streaming is a crowded field. Alphabet's Google Music and YouTube also compete with Spotify and Apple Music to attract users prepared to pay for music, as does Pandora Media Inc and rapper Jay Z's Tidal.
Amazon.com Inc is also preparing a standalone streaming service, sources have told Reuters.
Donald Trump's standing in the polls has taken a hit in recent weeks, and if his comments Thursday to radio host Mike Gallagher are any indication, he does not have a firm answer as to why.
The presumptive Republican nominee has faced down news coverage of everything from his criticism of a federal judge for being "Mexican" and thus unfit to oversee Trump University litigation because of his stated goal to construct a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border as president to the high-profile firing of campaign manager Corey Lewandowski.
Trump has trailed Hillary Clinton in most every national poll since he effectively clinched the Republican nomination, though Gallagher noted two recent polls that show Trump gaining ground or even leading, despite most other polls showing Clinton with more significant leads. A Fox News poll released Wednesday evening showed Clinton with a 6-point advantage nationwide, widening her advantage from earlier in June.
"The tide is going to turn and people are going to wake up," Gallagher nonetheless predicted.
“Well, you know, I really feel it, Mike. I go to Ohio, we were there two days ago, and Pennsylvania and near Pittsburgh and we — I was in West Virginia, the crowds are massive. And you know, I walked out of one, and I said, ‘I don’t see how I’m not leading,'" Trump said, invoking the size of his crowds.
CBS Sunday Morning, the nation's #1 Sunday morning news program, delivered its largest 2nd quarter audience in at least 28 years, according to Nielsen most current ratings for 2nd quarter 2016.
The period marked the fourth consecutive 2nd quarter of year-over-year growth and the first time the broadcast finished the ratings period with 6 million viewers.
During 2nd quarter 2016, CBS Sunday Morning delivered 6 million viewers and a 1.3/07 in adults 25-54, the demographic that matters most to those who advertise in news. Year-to-date Sunday Morning is seen by 6.01 million viewers every Sunday. That’s greater than the weekday editions of Good Morning America, Today and CBS This Morning.
CBS Sunday Morning was up +4% in viewers (from 5.79m) and even in adults 25-54 compared to 2nd Quarter 2015. CBS Sunday Morning has posted viewer gains in each 2nd quarter since 2013 and has +1.06m viewers since 2nd quarter 2012 (from 4.94m, +21%).
CBS Sunday Morning closed out the quarter on June 26 as the #1 Sunday morning news program by delivering 5.51m viewers (+2% from 5.40m) and a 1.2/08 in adults 25-54 (+9% from 1.1/07), compared to the same day last year.
Television year-to-date, CBS SUNDAY MORNING is the #1 Sunday morning news program, with 6.01 million viewers and a 1.3/07 with adults 25-54.
Longtime media executive Terry O’Reilly has been named president and CEO of Pittsburgh Community Broadcasting Corporation, owner of the FM radio stations WYEP 91.3 FM and WESA 90.5 FM.
A veteran of commercial, entrepreneurial and public media, he will join PCBC on August 1, 2016, according to WESA.
O’Reilly’s appointment follows the recent consolidation of WESA and WYEP governance into a single public media entity positioned for continued growth in broadcast audience, digital distribution, and community engagement. WYEP and WESA are Pittsburgh’s only independent public radio stations covering the adult album alternative (AAA) music format and NPR news and information.
“We are excited that Terry will lead the team we’ve built at Pittsburgh Community Broadcasting Corporation,” said Harris Jones, PCBC board president.
A multiple award-winning producer, journalist and executive, O’Reilly has more than four decades of media experience. He comes to PCBC from Minneapolis, where he served most recently as senior vice president and chief content officer for Twin Cities PBS, one of America’s most innovative and influential public media institutions.
Prior to joining Twin Cities PBS in 2009, O’Reilly spent three decades in the commercial television industry, with experience in senior positions at two national cable TV networks (ReelzChannel and The Weather Channel), along with involvement in a pair of entrepreneurial media startups.
For as long as most people living in the lakes area can remember, Andy Lia has been the “Voice of the Lakers,” calling just about every Detroit Lakes High School football, basketball, volleyball, hockey and golf game for KDLM 1340 AM and K226KA 93.1 FM in Detroit Lakes, MN since 1980.
He’s also been a fixture of the local station’s morning programming, with his radio show running from 5:30 a.m. to 10 a.m. every Monday through Friday. But this past Thursday, Lia signed off from his show for the last time, reports dl-oneline.com.
Lia also says that after 36 years of getting up at 4:15 a.m. every weekday and going into the station for his radio show, plus traveling all over the region to call games for dozens of area sports teams at all hours of the day and evening, it’s not nearly as much fun as it used to be.
So what’s next? When asked that question, Lia grins and pantomimes taking a swing at an imaginary golf ball.
“I want to golf, fish, hopefully do a little traveling,” he said, adding that he and his wife Sandy “got the bug” to travel after a trip to Europe last year, and he hopes to get some time to visit with his sisters in Tampa, Fla., and Phoenix, Ariz., as well as his other two sisters in Minnesota, along with son Craig and daughter Andrea, who live in Rochester and Mora, Minn., respectively. He also has four grandchildren that he hopes to spend more time with.
After graduating from Detroit Lakes High School in 1959, he went on to get his one-year degree in radio broadcasting from Brown Institute in the Twin Cities. But it wasn’t necessarily his first choice.
“I was going to be a teacher at one time, but when college fell through, I went to radio school,” Lia said in a 2009 interview, prior to his induction into the Minnesota Museum of Broadcasting Hall of Fame.
Lia got his first job as a radio announcer at KTRF in Thief River Falls, in the fall of 1960. He stayed at KTRF for two years, and while there, was given the opportunity to call a few games.
His next job was at KPRM in Park Rapids, as a sports announcer and program director. After just a year at Park Rapids, he moved on to KLIZ in Brainerd, where he was given his first job as sports director.
He returned to KTRF in Thief River Falls, where he stayed for “about six or seven years” before taking a job as the sports director, FM operations manager and AM morning announcer at KDLM in Detroit Lakes in 1975.
In 1916...Radio personality Barry Gray was born, generally considered the father of the "Call-In" Radio format.
In 1939…In 1939, The Aldrich Family debuted as the summer replacement for Jack Benny Sunday nights at 7 on NBC radio.
In 1941...the lighthearted comedy-mystery The Adventures of the Thin Man, based on the Nick & Nora Charles movie series of the same name, debuted on NBC radio. Claudia Morgan delightfully played Nora throughout the ten year run, while Les Damon was the first of four radio actors to play Nick.
In 1945...The Marlin Hurt & Beulah Show made its debut on CBS radio. Marlin Hurt had first introduced his Beulah character (a black maid) while a cast member of the Fibber McGee & Molly Show.
In 1946…Arthur Godfrey was signed by CBS Radio to host a weekly nighttime show called "Talent Scouts."
In 1951...Bob & Ray show premieres on NBC radio network.
In 2012…Broadcasting executive Julian Goodman, president of NBC (1966-1974), died at age 90.
In 2015…Veteran CBS Radio News correspondent David Jackson died of cancer at 70.
Greater Media has officially unveiled the All New 105.1 The Bounce… Detroit’s Throwback Hip Hop and R&B.
WMGC 105.1 FM The Bounce features throwback hip hop and R&B songs from the 90’s and 2000’s, including artists that span from 2Pac and Ice Cube to Drake and Rihanna.
The station officially kicked off the new format today at noon by unveiling the first of 10,000 songs in a row. The new on-air line-up will be announced in the near future.
“We’re thrilled that our great Detroit cluster is adding a new brand for our audience and our customers,” said Greater Media Senior Vice President of Program Development Buzz Knight.
The Bounce will remain the flagship for the NBA’s Detroit Pistons for the 2016-17 season.
WMGC joined the sports-talk format in August 2013 and had originally set out on a five-year plan to build an audience and take some of the ad revenue from sports-talk leader, 97.1 The Ticket (WXYT-FM). But the plug was pulled after less than three years, amid no significant progress in the ratings.
Employees at WMGC were told about the switch during a meeting at 6 p.m. Wednesday, when the flip was made. The Pistons have said they will remain on WMGC, though they can opt out of the final year of the guaranteed deal if they choose.
Cumulus Media announces that its Columbia, SC, radio station WOMG 98.5 FM launched today as “Columbia’s Classic Hits 98.5 WOMG”.
The station kicked off its Classic Hits programming at 2PM EST today.
Popular on-air personality Benji Norton will join 98.5 WOMG as host of the “Breakfast With Benji” morning show, airing from 6-9AM EST weekdays, beginning Monday, July 11, 2016. Norton has anchored the morning show on Cumulus Media’s sports station WNKT 107. FM5 The Game for the past nine years.
Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation has made an unexpected move into radio with the $292.7M acquisition of U.K. media giant Wireless Group, the owner of Premier League soccer broadcaster Talksport.
Variety reports the all-cash deal, which marks the first time News Corp. has entered the broadcast arena since it split from 21st Century Fox in 2013, saw the company take a 70% premium on Wireless’ price when the London stock market closed Thursday.
Wireless Group, which was known until last year as UTV, owns Virgin Radio and a host of local radio stations across the Britain and Ireland. It was founded originally by Kelvin MacKenzie, former editor and current columnist of News Corp.-owned tabloid The Sun, who sold it to UTV in 2005 for $130 million.
News Corp was a 30% shareholder in Wireless, while John Malone’s Liberty Global held a 28% share when UTV acquired the company.
News Corp. said the deal represents “an excellent strategic fit” for the company. The move gives Murdoch’s empire a major presence across all major media platforms.
Talksport has the majority of Premier League radio rights in Britain, with the rest being held by the BBC. It also holds exclusive international rights for the league outside of Europe.
Walt Disney Co. agreed to acquire a one-third stake in the video-streaming unit of MLB Advanced Media, in a deal that values the business at about $3.5 billion, according to Bloomberg.
Disney, the owner of ESPN and ABC, will also obtain a four-year option to buy an additional 33 percent stake in the digital arm of Major League Baseball, said a source, who asked not to be identified because the information isn’t public.
The deal underscores the importance of the video-streaming business to the future of ESPN, which has been losing viewers and advertising dollars to online media. ESPN has toyed with the idea of selling Web-only packages outside of the traditional cable-TV package, and Disney Chief Executive Officer Robert Iger is making deals to offer ESPN on Internet services such as Sling TV.
The unit of MLB, which is jointly owned by the 30 baseball teams, is poised to grow as online viewership increases and more sports leagues and content owners like ESPN look to offer their programming directly to fans in an online format. It already handles video streaming for WatchESPN, where cable-TV subscribers can see live broadcasts and other content online.
It also runs World Wrestling Entertainment Inc.’s WWE Network, a $9.99-a-month online service.
“MLBAM has some great assets that could help ESPN build a robust over-the-top offering,” said Bernard Gershon, a media consultant based in New York.
Cumulus Media announces that it has re-branded its Toledo Hot AC station WWWM 105.5 FM, formerly known as Channel 105.5, to Q105.5 using the calls WQQO-FM.
The station will continue to be programmed as a Hot AC station, and there are no personnel changes.
Q105.5 continues to feature popular on-air personalities Denny Schaffer on Q105.5 Mornings, Tim Graves on Q105.5 Middays, Johny D on Q105.5 Afternoons, and Adam Bomb on Q105.5 Nights.
It was announced today that the Tom Joyner Morning Show returns to Orlando’s hit station for today’s R&B and throwbacks, WCFB STAR 94.5 FM as of Monday, July 11th.
The Tom Joyner Morning Show airs weekdays from 6:00am – 10:00am ET. Start 94.5 dropped Joyney in December 2015 in favor of the Steve Harvey Show.
The 2016 Allstate Family Reunion with feature concerts from headliners including Jill Scott, The Bar-Kays, ConFunkShun, Chrisette Michele, El DeBarge, Erica Campbell and many more along with a daily expo that is open to the public with shopping, empowerment, and celebrities.
The Tom Joyner Morning Show is distributed by REACH Media Inc, a part of the Radio One family.
Democrats targeting content and control of the Internet, especially from conservative sources, are pushing hard to layer on new regulations and even censorship under the guise of promoting diversity while policing bullying, warn commissioners from the Federal Communications Commission and Federal Election Commission, according to The Washington Examiner.
The Examiner reports Pai and Goodman cited political correctness campaigns by Democrats as a threat. Both also said their agencies are becoming politicized and the liberals are using their power to push regulations that impact business and conservative outlets and voices.
“One of the things that is critical for this country is to reassert the value of the First Amendment, the fact that robust discourse, that is sometimes cacophonous, is nonetheless a value, in fact it creates value,” said Pai.
Pai added that at the FCC, “bipartisan consensus has unraveled over the last couple of years,” most notably the recent vote on net neutrality. Democrats are in control, 3-2.
(Reuters) --A Massachusetts judge presiding over a case hinging on Sumner Redstone's mental condition on Thursday peppered attorneys on both sides of the dispute with questions about the 93-year-old media mogul's state of mind and how he communicates with people.
Judge George Phelan decided, however, not to hear arguments about whether Redstone should be subject to a medical examination immediately, and did not rule on whether the case should continue in Massachusetts - or even if it should continue at all - leaving the legal tussle over Redstone's $40 billion media empire no closer to being resolved. "Obviously I have a lot of information to digest in just the motion to dismiss itself," Phelan said on Thursday after a hearing that lasted more than five hours. "It's going to take me a while to grasp all of that."
The hearing was the latest episode in the legal wrangle over the fate of Redstone's controlling stake in Viacom Inc and CBS Corp, which has been playing out on both U.S. coasts over the past several months.
The main issue before Phelan on Thursday was whether Redstone knew what he was doing when he removed Viacom Chief Executive Philippe Dauman and Viacom board member George Abrams from the seven-person trust that will control Redstone's holdings when he dies or is incapacitated.
The trust, officially called the Sumner M. Redstone National Amusements Inc Trust, owns about 80 percent of Redstone's privately held movie theater company, National Amusements Inc, which in turn owns 80 percent of the voting rights in both Viacom and CBS.
In an effort to shed light on the matter, Phelan asked attorneys at Thursday's hearing how Redstone communicated with his secretary, how his speech therapist understood what he was saying and whether she had expertise in doing so.
“Since October 2015, how does information get to Sumner Redstone ... who is providing it?” Phelan asked attorneys for Sumner and Shari Redstone. He asked if intermediaries were involved, and how Redstone's directions are conveyed to outside people.
Redstone's attorneys said the case should be moved as most of the witnesses, including all of Redstone's nurses, were in California. Phelan noted that their testimony could be taken through affidavits.
Phelan at one point seemed to question the California's judge's decision in that case and asked to see all of the depositions from both Herzer and Shari Redstone that were taken into account during that trial.
The result of the Massachusetts case also has implications for Viacom's board. Earlier this month, Redstone and National Amusements moved to oust five of Viacom's directors, including Dauman and lead independent director Frederic Salerno, asking a court in Delaware - the state where Viacom is incorporated - to rule that the changes were valid. That same day, Salerno fired back with is own lawsuit challenging the removal.
Last week, Judge Andre Bouchard of the Court of Chancery of Delaware said he planned to hold a hearing in July to listen to arguments about whether the move was valid, but indicated he hoped that the Massachusetts court would decide on Redstone's competence.
Marissa Mayer, Yahoo president and CEO, told investors at the company's annual shareholders' meeting Thursday that its management team and board are fully aligned with one clear priority — "delivering shareholder value to all of you" through strategic alternatives, business and capital allocations.
"We have no announcements today, but continue to make great progress on our process," Mayer said, referring to a possible divestiture of its core businesses, including search. "On a personal note, I will say I've been very heartened by the level of interest in Yahoo. It validates our business processes as well as our achievements to date."
According to MediaPost, the first question from one investor involved the future of Yahoo and Yahoo shares. "Can you elaborate more on the sale of Yahoo or if there's a way to keep Yahoo?" he asked. "I'd rather have Yahoo shares, if that's possible."
Mayer said that pursuing the separation of its equity assets from its operating business, the Internet business with products and services — search, mobile and others — will unlock "substantial value."
Grace first informed CNN executive vp Ken Jautz, the same man who lured her to the fledgling network, then called CNN Headline News, back in 2005, of her decision in early June.
While her ratings are nowhere near the staggering highs of years past — her afternoon broadcast following the reading of famed filicide suspect Anthony's not-guilty verdict on July 5, 2011, drew 4.57 million viewers — the lightning-rod legal crusader remains the most-watched and talked-about personality on HLN.
A Montgomery County, MD judge on Thursday refused to extend a temporary protective order against radio personality Peter Deibler, better known as Kane on iHeartMedia's WIHT 99.5 FM ”The Kane Show", which is also syndicated in several markets.
In court, Deibler and his wife, Natasha Deibler — who are enmeshed in a bitter divorce — offered wildly different versions of a May 25 incident that prompted her to seek the order and to file second-degree assault charges against him. According to The Washington Post, Natasha Deibler, 36, said that when she arrived to pick up the couple’s two children from his apartment that night, her husband threw her against a wall, but Peter Deibler, 39, contended that he used the door to move her back when she attempted to enter without his permission, and that she fell.
Circuit Court Judge Terrence McGann found that Natasha Deibler hadn’t met the burden of proof needed to keep in place the order, which barred the radio host from from contacting his wife or entering the Potomac home where she lives.
In testimony on Thursday, each spouse accused the other of substance abuse and other erratic behavior.
Peter Deibler said when his wife called to say she would be late picking up the girls, “She sounded slurred and not coherent,” he said.
Tom Mazawey and Sean Baligian, two show hosts at Detroit Sports WMGC 105.1 FM, explained Thursday some of the mistakes and failures that led to the station discontinuing its sports-talk format Wednesday after a 34-month run.
The Detroit Free-Press reports questionable programming decisions, failing to provide a Detroit-centric morning show and the handling of the station’s key personality, Drew Lane, were among the key problems.
But the biggest nail in the coffin came last fall, according to Mazawey. That’s when WMGC, owned by Greater Media, lost a bid for the Detroit Tigers' radio broadcast rights to The Ticket WXYT 97.1 FM.
Mazawey said it wasn’t a fair negotiation after two Tigers executives broke a promise to make it a sealed-bid offer and tipped off The Ticket executives about the offer from Greater Media and WMGC, although a source close to the negotiations on the team's side told the Free Press late Thursday that there was never a sealed-bid offer as part of the process but declined further comment.
In February, Baligian began hosting the 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. show with Mazawey and Marc Fellhauer. But for the first 30 months of its existence, WMGC, an ESPN affiliate, carried ESPN’s syndicated show “Mike and Mike.” Baligian said that didn’t cut it in a town crazy about its Detroit teams.
“My goodness, when you think about it, for the 34 months that the station existed, 30 of those months had a national show, quite frankly, a New York-based show. I just don’t think that’s a good business model at all. I think by the time they learned that, I guess in retrospect, it was probably too late.
Another problem was trying to make Drew Lane, a longtime Detroit radio personality known for his general banter, take a more sports-centric tack. Lane’s contract was not renewed in October.
“Drew Lane was our linchpin,” Mazawey said. “We built the station around him, and then they go and tell him, ‘Well, you know what? We want you to change your show after 30 years in the business,’ or whatever he’s been at it.
CBS Radio's WYCD 99.5 FM announced that award winning personality Linda Lee celebrates her 20th year on WYCD Thursday, making her the longest consecutive female country music air personality in Detroit history.
Lee began her career at WYCD as a member of the morning show, and then later teamed up with co-host Chuck Edwards for the long running “Edwards & Lee” afternoon drive show. The pair were together on WYCD for 16 years, gathering many accolades along the way including the 2010 & 2015 Michigan Association of Broadcasters (MAB) “Personality of the Year”, the 2014 Gracie Award for “Outstanding Morning/Afternoon Personality” and 2011 CMA for “Personalities of the Year”. When Edwards moved to mornings in late 2015, Lee teamed with Rob Stone for the “Rob & Linda” show, which can currently be heard from 3:00 pm to 7:00 pm over-the-air, online at www.wycd.com or via the Radio.com app for mobile devices.
Apple Inc. is in talks to acquire Tidal, a streaming-music service run by rap mogul Jay Z, according to people familiar with the matter.
The Wall Street Journal is reporting Apple is exploring the idea of bringing on Tidal to bolster its Apple Music service because of Tidal’s strong ties to popular artists such as Kanye West and Madonna.
Jay Z bought the service in March 2015 for $56 million from Swedish company Aspiro, which had created the brand Tidal. He has given 19 famous artists and bands small stakes in Tidal and promised each millions of dollars worth of marketing, according to people familiar with the matter.
Tidal charges $20 a month for a high-fidelity version of its 40 million-song catalog or $10 a month for standard-quality sound. Tidal said it has 4.2 million paying subscribers, most of whom it amassed this year with a string of exclusive releases from stars including Mr. West, Rihanna and Beyoncé.
Tidal is also the only service offering the catalog of the late pop star Prince, who was wary of other streaming services but had a close relationship with Jay Z. Prince died in April at the age of 57 of an overdose.
But the company has experienced management turmoil, churning through three chief executives, one of them interim and one appointed by prior management, in less than a year. Jeff Toig, former chief business officer of SoundCloud, a Berlin-based audio-sharing service, has been CEO since January.
Though it hasn’t generated significant revenue for the industry given its relatively low subscriber numbers, Tidal has an artist-friendly reputation, thanks to its artist ownership, high-quality sound and the fact that it only offers paid subscriptions, which generate far more for the industry than ad-supported services.
The Justice Department dealt a blow to the music industry this week when it declined to change the longstanding regulatory agreements that govern ASCAP and BMI, two of the industry’s oldest and largest clearinghouses for royalties, according to The NY Times.
The two agencies have argued that modifying their consent decrees, which have been in place since 1941 and have not been updated in more than a decade, was urgently needed to adapt to the new world of online music, and the agencies’ petitions followed several years of conflict and litigation with Pandora Media over royalty rates.
Music publishers have warned that the streaming era has led to a precipitous decline in songwriters’ income, with the consent decrees partly to blame.
Although the Justice Department’s recommendation carries great weight, any alterations to the consent decrees must be approved by two federal judges overseeing the cases, and the performing rights organizations could object to the changes in court.
After a two-year review, the Justice Department this week denied a series of requests by ASCAP and BMI, including the ability for publishers to have more control over licensing their music to digital services. And in a move that has caused widespread worry throughout the music publishing world — the side of the business that deals with the lucrative copyrights for songwriting — the government has also said that, according to its interpretation of the consent decrees, the music agencies must change a major aspect of how they license music.
The agencies must now adopt a policy known as “100 percent licensing,” which means that any party who controls part of a composition can issue a license for the whole thing. In the case of major pop hits, which tend to have many songwriters, there can sometimes be a dozen or more parties involved.
Democrats on the Federal Election Commission voted in secret to punish Fox News' sponsorship of a Republican presidential debate, using an obscure law to charge the network with helping those on stage.
It is the first time in history that members of the FEC voted to punish a media outlet's debate sponsorship, and it follows several years of Democratic threats against conservative media and websites like the Drudge Report.
A Republican FEC commissioner leading that fight, Lee E. Goodman, revealed the vote to the Washington Examiner Wednesday.
Goodman has led the fight against several other efforts to censor conservative media by Democrats on the FEC.
"The government should not punish any newsroom's editorial decision on how best to provide the public information about candidates for office," he said. "All press organizations should be concerned when the government asserts regulatory authority to punish and censor news coverage."
At issue was the Aug. 6, 2015 Fox presidential debate. Initially, the network planned to host one debate featuring 10 candidates. But as the date got close and the nearly two dozen GOP presidential candidates were close in the polls, Fox added a second debate that included seven other candidates.
Redstone: Viacom CEO Attempts "Futile"
R.I.P.: Former Station Owner Louis Appell Jr. | 2019-04-25T21:49:21Z | http://mediaconfidential.blogspot.com/2016_06_26_archive.html |
An Adventure-Friendly World, which, no matter how Technology Marches On, remains firmly rooted in the cultural and political sensibilities of the age of Wooden Ships and Iron Men.
Many works of modern fantasy or speculative fiction are set in a mostly watery world, or a mostly watery part of a world where the rest isn't of much matter, with distant islands connected by trade routes, ships sailing back and forth, different types of City on the Water, and mighty colonial nations vying for rulership of the oceans and seas.
Also often called Pirate Punk, as the setting naturally lends itself (but is by no means obliged) to have many Pirates and buccaneers, whether they're wielding cutlasses on sailing ships or the aquatic equivalent of Humongous Mecha.
May contain Organic Technology, and have a large focus on what happens under the waves, where there might be an Underwater City, as well as over. Fantastic elements based on old sailors' superstitions (mermaids, abandoned derelicts that often aren't so abandoned after all, giant sea monsters) also make a frequent appearance. Groups that are Born Under the Sail tend to be common.
This may also be a type of After the End setting, if the writers are trying to teach An Aesop about global warming. Or they just thought it would be cool to show a world where our mostly land-based culture and technology ends up being adapted for an existence on the ocean.
For a similar setting that trades the water for the skies, see The Sky Is an Ocean, which will likely feature Sky Pirates. And since Space Is an Ocean, you might have Space Pirates. Compare and Contrast its exact opposite Desert Punk. Not to be confused with seapunk .
Children of the Whales is this more than Desert Punk, as they move around endlessly on an ocean ... that just happens to be sand.
The world of One Piece has very little in terms of land mass, being made of mostly giant oceans, the Grand Line, one giant continent running around it like a ring and many many islands. As such, most of the story is set very close to water, with the protagonists being pirates (the nice kind) and the antagonists being mostly bad pirates, bounty hunters and the Marines. On top of that, transponder snails take the roles of telephones and cameras, seashells called "dials" act as weapons of mass destruction, and it has heavy stylized architectures and a mythos that oozes old-timey pirate lore.
Blue Submarine No. 6: The story of a war between an army of Fish People created by a Mad Scientist that flooded the world, and the fleet of submarines that are humanity's last hope.
Daphne in the Brilliant Blue is set hundreds of years after the planet was flooded by global warming, and the only remnants of humanity are the descendants of several underwater cities that resurfaced and colonized the remaining landmasses. Siberia is now a tropical vacation paradise, virtually all transportation is submersible or seafaring to some degree, and all of the Action Girl heroines frequently have to strip down to improbably skimpy swimwear when going into battle.
Mars Daybreak takes place in a futuristic Mars that had been completely flooded.
Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet is set in the distant future, where the human race has fled the earth to escape from a new ice age and is now locked in a battle with the superpowered space squids known as Hideauze. Part of it anyway, and they only get screen time at the beginning of the first episode. The other part somehow sat out the ice age on earth, which has turned into a giant ocean with absolutely not a single piece of land above water somehow, having a live and let live relationship with the resident superpowered ocean squids known as Whale Squids. The earth part of humanity, where all the story happens, survives by pillaging sunken ships and submerged ruins and connecting dozens to hundreds of ships to enormous fleets such as the eponymous Gargantia. While the space humans have incredibly powerful futuristic spaceships, cannons and multiple types of powerful Humongous Mecha, the weapons of the earth humans are WWII era guns and battleships as well as the Yunboroids, far less futuristic mechas, although they are mostly used for salvaging, transport and maintenance. Oh, and there's pirates and a "boat partly submerged by the weight of a mecha" episode because there are no beaches anymore.
ARIA takes place in a Mars that is not only terraformed to be an ocean world but also had built a replica of Venice as its capital city. The protagonists of this sci-fi Slice of Life made a living as gondoliers.
Agent Aika takes place in a future that had been mostly flooded. The titular agent was one of various salvagers.
Tactical Roar: The titular Perpetual Storm (a super-hurricane that affects the entire Pan-Pacific territory, and has done so for fifty years by the time the show starts) makes aerial transportation impossible on that area, bringing about a resurrection of the naval age with modern and futuristic ships (the main characters are part of a private security company that mans an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer).
Swordquest: Waterworld is a fantasy version of this trope.
The Multiversity's Earth-31, based loosely on a pirate Elseworld from 1993's Dectective Comics Annual is "a post-apocalyptic drowned world" where "CAPTAIN LEATHERWING and the crew of the Flying Fox - including ROBIN REDBLADE - fight to protect the safety of the seven seas".
Moana has elements of this. Most notable are the Kakamora, pigmy fantasy pirates living on interconnected ships so big that they're virtually floating islands.
Waterworld is definitely the aesop version, created when runaway global warming floods the entire planet save for the tip of Mount Everest. Humans mostly inhabit "atolls", ramshackle floating villages built out of whatever junk and flotsam could be scavenged from the sea, but there are also Drifters who spend their entire lives sailing nomadically between villages on one-person boats, aquatic mutants with gills behind their ears, and the Smokers, feared pirates with access to the only remaining motor craft. It's also mentioned that things like food plants and soil have become rare and valuable luxuries.
Pirates of the Caribbean concentrates on the eponymous pirates in the eponymous carribean and their wacky mostly water based adventures with pirates, pirate zombies, marines, pirate fishmen, ocean deities and a jar of dirt.
The planet Kamino in Attack of the Clones, home of the cloning facilities of the Republic, once had landmass but now it doesn't. The only thing left are cities on pillars and one giant and very very stormy ocean.
Older Than Print example and assuredly the Trope Maker and Trope Codifier is The Odyssey most of the adventures in the early part are set on sea, concern sailors, winds, islands and the ocean is frequently described as a presence called "the wine dark sea".
Web Novel series Calenture takes place in a steampunk setting that somewhat resembles the Pacific Ocean.
Ursula K. Le Guin's Earthsea setting.
Settings like these may be in part inspired by the story of Noah and other 'great flood' stories from folklore and mythology.
Except that the C plot (Malta) takes place almost entirely on land. Plot lines A (Althea) and B (Wintrow) certainly qualify, though.
The Scar by China Miéville features Armada, a floating city made of hundreds of ships all lashed together, patrolled by underwater police led a dolphin and pulled around by a colossal Sea Monster.
Tranquilium starts out overwhelmingly maritime, with the human population being concentrated on islands of various sizes. At the end, it becomes an extreme example of this trope as most of the world's known landmasses are submerged and the population moved to huge arks that travel in search for new lands.
The parts of John Birmingham's Without Warning that deal with the crew of the Aussie Rules.
Taylor Anderson's Destroyermen series is set in the Pacific Ocean of an alternate Earth where that pesky asteroid never wiped out the dinosaurs so it qualifies. Since the main characters are the crew of a WWII era destroyer that ran afoul of a time-space rift it also has elements of Diesel Punk.
Throughout the series, we see many different types of ships, from junk-like fishing boats armed with ballistae to carrier-sized wooden Homes (several of which later undergo refits to become carriers), from East Indiaman-derived frigates and steam/sail hybrids to World War I and World War II-era ships (including a submarine). This series has as much Schizo Tech as it can fit, short of putting Frickin' Laser Beams or missiles on wooden ships.
Book 7 adds Grik-built ironclads, including Azuma-class cruisers (based on the design of the French-build Japanese ironclad Kotetsu ) and Amagi-class battleships (large four-stacked versions of the CSS Virginia ).
The second Pendragon novel, The Lost City of Faar, takes place on the territory of Cloral, which is covered entirely by water until the mountain of Faar is raised at the end. Cloral has generally advanced technology, including water guns that can blast through walls, plastic made from processed water, and water-based propulsion systems, with specialized floating cities called "habitats" housing residents.
Katya's World by Jonathon L Howard, set on a Water world colonized by Russians where everyone either lives in communities carved out of undersea mountain ranges or on platforms floating on the surface and set after a war with the mother world.
Dark Life: After the ocean has raised and washed away the Earth's oceanfront property, Determined Homesteaders in underwater farms have to battle pirates, a corrupt government, and in the case of some of the characters Fantastic Racism from being born with super-powers.
Most of Wen Spencer's Endless Blue takes place in the Sargasso, a pocket universe which is mostly water dotted with islands, some of which fly and is populated by several races, including humans all of whom are descended from spaceship crews that wound up stuck there.
A humorous example is Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters by Ben J. Winters, an Affectionate Parody of the Jane Austen book set in an England beset by hostile sea creatures.
Michael Crichton's Sphere occurs on its majority on a U.S. Navy Underwater Base at the bottom of the ocean, and there is a constant mention of how the extreme depths are a challenge for both man and machine (even something as simple as cooking gets a whole lot more complicated when done in a helium/oxygen environment).
Peter Watts Rifters Trilogy which is about cyborgs working in the deep sea.
The Crystal Maze replaced the Industrial Zone with the Ocean Zone in later seasons - a Titanic-style sunken ocean liner trapped within an air bubble on the ocean's floor.
Storm World is a juvenile SF series set on a world where the inhabitants (all sucked there through wormholes) are constantly at odds because of the scarcity of land, and above all fresh water.
seaQuest DSV involved the titular super-submarine, created by the Fictional United Nations "United Earth Oceans" (or UEO) to police the many underwater habitats of the world and protect it from the myriad bad things that happened, including (in its final season) a despot trying to Take Over the World.
Sea Quest's Spiritual Predecessor Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea involved the Cool Boat and advanced submarine Seaview roaming the oceans of the free world fighting dastardly communist plots, alien invasion attempts, supernatural phenomena, mad scientists, technology gone haywire, unscrupulous people deciding to exploit the Phlebotinium Du Jour located at the bottom of the ocean without caring about the apocalyptic collateral damage that they may create and many monsters, both ocean-born and in the occasional uncharted island.
The Detroit techno group Drexciya has this as part of their aesthetic and backstory. The story goes that during the days of the slave trade, pregnant women were thrown overboard. Over time the unborn children had grew to be underwater warriors, built bubble cities underwater, and are planning to attack the surface and return to the homeland.
FASA Traveller module Rescue on Galatea. The main action takes place on the Ocean Planet Galatea.
Dungeons & Dragons module Q1 Queen of the Demonweb Pits. One of the alternate worlds accessible from Lolth's Web was the Ocean Planet "The Great Ocean". The human inhabitants "sail the ocean in great catamarans to carry the trade of their vast mercantile empire from island city to island city."
The Crowded Sea in the Al Qadim campaign setting (a subsetting of the Forgotten Realms), explored in the Corsairs boxed set, serves this purpose.
The 3.5 sourcebooks Stormwrack is a supplement to help DMs create their own Ocean Punk setting more easily. It also expands upon the rules related to ocean travel.
One of the Ravenloft domains, Saragoss, is an Ocean Punk Crapsack World setting in which stranded vessels' crews fight over dwindling resources on a drifting mat of seaweed.
Rifts World Book 7: Rifts Underseas — Pirates, Powered Armor-wearing dolphins, shapeshifting orcas, giant squid Eldritch Abominations with tentacles miles long, fish-headed mutants, magic singing, playable humpback whales, floating cities, extradimensional aquatic conquerors, and the U.S. Navy, among others. All pretty par for the course for Rifts. The game comes back to the sea with Rifts Lemuria, with Biomantic armor made of wood, coral, barnacles and blood (among other things); merpeople; giant junk-collecting hermit crabs; stone aircraft; and Giant Enemy Vampire Crab-people literally from Davey Jones' Locker.
Owing to the fact that the Elemental Pole of Water is located there, this tends to be the theme of any Exalted campaign set in the West. Common hazards include cannibalistic demon pirates, water and air elementals, ornery storm deities, aquatic variants of The Fair Folk, Magitek Lost Technology battleships (some of which may be sentient), gigantic sharks, crazed Wyld mutants, various tribes of aquatic Beastmen and the Lunars who rule them, malevolent empires of the dead... in fact, according to the Sidereals splatbook, the Convention of Water is the single most overworked group of Sidereals in existence. Considering that the job of the Sidereals is to keep Creation from going to pieces, this should tell you a lot about the West.
50 Fathoms is all about the swashbuckling piratey oceanpunk goodness.
In the RPG Blue Planet (by Biohazard Games, now printed by Capricious Games), a colony on the ocean planet of Poseidon has regained contact with Earth after the homeworld succumbed to a planet-wide blight, leading to the clash between the Mega-Corporations and the government of an Earth that is dying out, the Earth colonists that have had to adapt to the planet when contact was cut off, and the native lifeforms of the planet, with the resources of the planet (including a substance that allows for an increased ease in biological modification) on the line.
Bizarrely this trope plays out on Rocket Age's Mars of all places, which has seas of silt, pirates, whalers and merchants hopping from island to island.
The oceans of Jupiter's moon Europa in Eclipse Phase, full of Uplifted Animal, underwater-sub and underwater-breathing-modified morphs doing hefty amounts of cloak-and-dagger action.
The /tg/ original setting CATastrophe combines this with the aesthetic of Solar Punk, the disappeared ice caps of Global Warming, and uplifted animal people replacing the extinct human race.
BIONICLE's Mahri Nui arc took place in an underwater setting, complete with Fish People, underwater vehicles and robots, a sunken city, Eldritch Abomination-like sea monsters, and vampiric squid.
Lego Pirates was a more historical take on the trope, but still generic enough to qualify.
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, and its sequel Phantom Hourglass, mixed up the usual Zelda formula by changing its setting to an oceanic world. Notably, the Great Sea of the former game is an After the End world, being what remains after the ancient kingdom of Hyrule, as seen in The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, was flooded by the gods in order to protect it from Ganondorf when the Hero of Time did not reappear to save it. The islands of the sea are actually the mountaintops of the ancient kingdom.
Suikoden IV featured a setting like this, though it was set in an island country rather than a flooded world.
Skies of Arcadia is Pirate Punk and Sky Pirates with more emphasis on the former (at first). Characters travel between floating islands in flying 18th-century pirate ships (which later get upgraded to more modern-looking battleships). You play as a small band of pirates trying to take down the evil armada.
Sonic Rush Adventure is set on a cluster of islands where the main villains are robotic pirates.
Submarine Titans, which is basically StarCraft IN UNDERWATER!
Sleeper Xbox title Blood Wake is like this. The story suggests there's plenty happening on the game world's mainland, but since the protagonist is part of a pirate group who base themselves on islands and make a living preying on nearby shipping channels, all their warfare (and gameplay) is naval.
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, which takes place during The Golden Age of Piracy and centers heavily on the Caribbean Sea, with civilization scattered across small islands of varying distances that have to be crossed by ships across waters filled with sharks, whales, dolphins and jellyfish, and features quite a bit of ship-to-ship combat.
Submerged is set on the remnants of a metropolis, whose tallest building are now like an archipelago of small islands.
Mega Man Legends takes place in a world covered by endless water.
The Monkey Island series takes place on various islands throughout the Caribbean, and although it takes place during The Golden Age of Piracy there are plenty of anachronistic elements like grog vending machines, pirate action figures and even a voodoo-powered giant robot.
The Dishonored franchise is essentially a combination of this and Victorian Diesel Punk. While the usual pirates, marines and ghost ships don't appear, the more time-accurate whalers and their prey, strangely magical whales do, alongside a humongous ocean with little but a few islands where the empire of Gristol lies. So, while the setting is ocean-punk-ish, you never actually go to the ocean.
From the Depths, a block-based building vehicular combat simulator, originally squarely in the Ocean Punk territory with Wooden Ships and Iron Men, set on a world with wildly unpredictable weather and little land. Updates and scope changes have increased the breadth of it, leading to sail-powered blackpowder-toting brigantines fighting alongside composite-clad particle beam cannon nuclear submarines with Zeppelins from Another World providing anti-missile screens and advanced targeting data.
Very much the setting of Sunless Sea. The Zee makes up most of the map as you sail between islands dealing with various threats such as giant sea creatures, starvation, and madness.
The Pirate's Fate is a fantasy example, set in a mostly bright and sunny Mediterranean setting mostly at sea, but it ticks all the appropriate "punk" boxes. From the surprisingly dark story to the truly vile antagonists and the focus on reactions to an adventure that costs dearly, it doesn't skimp on the attitude.
In Homestuck, Post-Scratch Earth turns into this once Betty Crocker takes over and Alterniaforms it into an ocean planet, the waters broken only by floating slums of prefab housing blocks where alien exiles eke out an existence and by Dirk's home on top of a ruined skyscraper poking above the waves.
The Pirates of Dark Water: combined Sword and Sandals, Magitek, Organic Technology, and Wooden Ships and Iron Men, with this. This early 90s cartoon series was an epic seafaring adventure starring a Rag Tag Bunch Of Misfits on an oceanic alien planet called Mer, where ships are powered by sail, and sea serpents are an every day thing.
Jabberjaw is set in a future where the ocean floor has been colonized.
The Deep has many of the aspects of this (focus on life under the waves, pirates, etc.), but is about a family of explorers who choose to live under the sea rather than being about a flooded world.
The Comic Strip: The Tiger Sharks segments take place in the ocean planet Water-O, and as a result most of the cast is capable of breathing underwater (although the protagonists had to undergo a transformation to do so) and most of the vehicles are capable of underwater travel. | 2019-04-21T18:32:59Z | https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/OceanPunk |
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In 1970 the creation of the Nespresso coffee maker came to be, during the next 15 years Nestle research and development sections worked constantly to make the coffee extraction procedure that was pressurized. A patent application files.
By 1998 they associate with Alessi still enlarging operations and establish a unique machine with layout characteristics that are outstanding, in this time they developed their first enormous marketing job including the newly constructed web site. Italy, 1999 was introduced to Nespresso and redesigns its mid range product line as well as in 2000 their espresso machines are redesigned by the company as well as the fist TV advertising campaign is developed.
As the company moved forward into 2001, Nespresso found an impressive increase, with the ease-of-use and stunning ergonomic layout made available from the Nespresso “Concept Machine” and led to record machine sales.
2003 and 2002 found the company building another merchandise facility in Switzerland and online sales increase by 94% throughout that time accounts for 30 % of the firm’s business. After FIVE years of research the newest cuisinart coffee maker 14 cup is established, indicating an important breakthrough in groundwork technology that was cappuccino.
After 12 months of preparation and building, the Production Centre has become fully functional with 123 full time workers and is responsible for the global production of Nespresso’s unique coffee capsules for family and out-of-home markets.
You are stuck between a rock and a hard place as well as in need of immediate cash. You were barely getting by on your budget that was already tight and now, your car just broke down. This is your only transport to and from work, although you can not manage a high-priced repair. Things to do? Fast cash loans will help you get through crises in this way. Such loans will help you get back driving or in this event back in your feet.
Kaikki-pikavipit.fi loans for crisis money come in various kinds. You always have the option to begin with your bank or credit union. They will provide the best interest rates on any cash you borrow. These associations may also possess the best options in number of loans. It’s possible for you to select from an unsecured personal loan, a home equity line of credit, or home equity loans. You put it to use for cash advance to appear with the crisis funds and may also submit an application for a bank card you require. All of those are excellent options, contingent upon one critical condition…your great credit score. You will also need to provide evidence of income that is adequate to pay the loan back. Try using a credit union which may be a little more flexible in offering these options in case your local bank can not help you.
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In case your credit is the reason you can not get a loan from bank or your credit union, you are still not out of options. You can still find fast cash loans may get in the kind of payday loans. Such loans are more easy to get, but at greater rates of interest and fees than conventional lenders. Payday loans will typically allow you to borrow anywhere from $100 to $1000.00. The precise sum you’ll be able to borrow is determined by the quantity of your earnings. These payday loans could be a lifesaver, particularly since they do not need credit checks. The demands that are sole generally are that you be employed full time or receive income. You need to additionally have a bank account.
Java is a sophisticated object oriented computer programming language which can be an effect of some theories taken from other computer languages including C and C++. Although there are abound negative feedbacks, Java is normally thought to function as the most respected multi-facets computing language which is used in the current generation.
There are a significant lot of reasons why Java is to the very best area as it pertains to computer language. First off is the truth that composite dynamic website procedures are achievable in Java programming. With Java being a multithreaded language, its use in exceptional and quick programs is growing. A signs of this is its existence generally in most gadget programs up to the fastest computers located now. As Java applets are platform-independent, this system can straightforwardly be obtained with a software developer also it could be run in a variety of platforms. One of Java’s best attributes is the truth that even this is an extremely strong and vigorous, this programming language comes out free. It’s an open source programming language which has a mechanical garbage collection. With wishes to the database, Java can accommodate to any database may it be paid or free. And the last although not the very least is the reality that Java language is a set of nicely planned and APIs which helps Java coders to do enhanced output signals with no hassle.
The IT world has lots of platforms today. This gift of numerous selections supplies edge and disadvantages. On one hand it provides more options to the programmers or consumers; on the other hand making software in NetBeans which is working on all platforms has become quite rare. To deal with this issue, there’s now Java Platform that is intended for running incredibly interactive, exciting, and safe applets and computer programs on a group of connections of distinct computers.
Anybody who has been addicted to smoking understands just how hard it’s to get cleared of the habit and kick on smoking out the doorway. Hundreds of thousands of smokers produce a real effort to give up smoking, but fail miserably for lots of reason, each year. For this reason people tend to be rather skeptical about any alternative that promises to help the nicotine junkies stop smoking. Can E Cigarettes Ease Smoking Habit?
As we uncover an increasing number of terrible truth regarding the risks of conventional smoking, it becomes more difficult to think that smoking and vaping at once might be beneficial for the body at all. Your body has been exposed to contaminants that injure the lungs as you’re still taking in cigarette smoke. Vaping e-liquids, according to exactly what the average consumer understands, is not going to help an individual unless she or he gives up smoking, to stop or reverse lung damage.
The war being waged in The United States for the legal approval of marijuana includes a fresh battleground today. Mass media has decidedly become the tool of prohibitionist because the first times of “The War On Drugs”. Who is able to forget Nancy Reagan’s unforgettable “Just Say No” campaign of the Reagan era? “This is the brain, this is your brain on drugs” saw the 1990’s Clinton administration frying eggs for the desirable effect of frightening kids directly. In the 21st century, you’re “Over the Influence” and motivated to not follow the bunch. What message is mass media sending to the grownups of 21st century, the very generations these messages of the past were aimed at?
What do The Nation Magazine, Time Magazine, The La Times, The New York Times and MSNBC all have in common? Every one of those principals of information distribution have dedicated space and time to the matter of legal Medical Marijuana Canada as well as other regions of the united states. The news pieces in question will not be in Nancy Reagan’s tone of voice or point of view, nonetheless. The difference in view is as vast as you can since mass media has decided that the valid argument could be produced for legalization of cannabis as well as for the abolishment of marijuana prohibition.
The Nation Magazine’s December 27th 2010 edition cover features the caption “D.A.R.E. to Stop the War on Drugs”. Utilizing the symbol of Drug Abuse Resistance Education to emphasize the point, D.A.R.E. is self described as “giving children the skills they need to avoid involvement in drugs, gangs, and violence.” The post “Changed State: California’s Marijuana Market” by Sasha Abramsky, assesses the future of distribution and packaging of legal cannabis in California. If recreational marijuana is legalized, the impact that’s possible on tourism for the Golden State as time goes on is discussed along with investigations on what needs to occur for future referendums to pass and why Proposition 19 neglected.
No one learns the principles by themselves. Driving Schools exist to build a solid basis in driving up and help us to operate a vehicle safely, preventing all conditions that might endanger lives–ours or others.
Driving Schools may be classified into distinct kinds, each imparting technique and another style of driving. Innovative driving defensive driving, truck driving, racecar driving, bike driving, and several more are a few cases of different Auto-école en ligne existing now.
Students possess the choice of taking classes by carrying it out online, or by attending typical classroom lessons. Driving Schools have gone online also, offering a wide selection of classes in the fundamentals to advanced driving lessons. Such schools give you the freedom of beginning and finishing a driving class at our very own pace. Certifications usually are sent either through express or standard delivery systems.
Defensive schools that are on-line regularly send the certificates immediately to the court that is involved, preventing any unnecessary delay. They’re court-managed and function by teaching driving techniques, and even more, to waive any traffic infraction punishments. Video teaching and appealing graphic make on-line lessons that are such satisfying.
High techniques of driving are educated in Advanced Driving Schools. Classes are constantly broken up into classroom and on-track lessons, and last from hours to days. Motorists are taught skills like skid avoidance and injury avoidance, amongst others.
Cell phone spy applications are quickly becoming one of the highly popular spying applications that are mobile now. Organizations, businesses, partners and parents are using them to help solve issues of unfaithfulness, cheating and abuses. Because of the special features of the cell phone spy software, individuals find them quite helpful for their particular functions.
Now, about the activities of their children or adolescent kids, parents in many cases are concerned because of many distractions that youngsters are exposed to. Yet, these young youngsters and teens discover this concern quite inhibiting. As such they tend to be secretive about activities and their location.
Children and many teens have smart phones purchased for them by their parents. Therefore, parents can put in a small mobile phone spy applications which is often utilized to discover use and their location. With regards to the ability of the mobile spy software, their places can be monitored by parents, do call tracking, sms tracking, GPS location tracking and access their phone books. Each one of these tips could be monitored even in the event they are erased by the users from their mobile phones.
Likewise, companies and organizations also use these cell phone spy software to monitor their workers. Companies supply their workers to aid in their own work for the businesses with business telephones. Nevertheless, their use could be abused for other functions including making personal calls. Installing the spy software on the suspected workers’ mobile phones will enable the companies monitor the offenders to track and discourage these maltreatment.
Couples or partners who suspect their partners are cheating on them or are not being faithful to them may find this mobile spy software useful. Many instances of infidelity, with these applications unfaithfulness could be worked out. Not all cases end in painful ends though.
Medical benefits of the lavender oil are credited to its soothing & healing properties and therefore, it’s used to deal with respiratory problems, improve blood flow, disinfect scalp and skin, alleviate malady, curb nervous tension etc. It’s the Latin name Lavare, which means to wash. In the past few decades, its demand is growing and there isn’t any indication of its own fall in the not too distant future. This oil is expressed primarily through the process of distillation in the flowers of the lavender plant. The blossoms of this plant are extremely lovely and have great smell, which will be not bad for making potpourri.
It’s used to make perfumes which might be of high quality. This oil is one of the fundamental ingredients of several aromatic preparations and is very helpful in aromatherapy. Its programs are rising day by day and so are found in number of types like infusions, lotions, soaps, gels, oils and a lot more. Depending on your own conditions, you can utilize it alone, or can either mix it with other oils. It mixes nicely with other oils which can be not bad for the therapy of disorders that are different.
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Eliminates the walking distance for your units and Leaves enemy dash units inefficient.If you attempt to conquer the sorcerer with barbarians they take more damage than necessary.
There are3units you could use to encompass each with their own benefits.
Barbarians are more flexible in a bigger conflict and long-lasting. Encompassing preservers their health, setting up you for a counter attack.
Skeletons only cost one elixir making them quite cost effective for diverting a single witch or wizard.
The dreary Prince is charge strike has a 360 degree area of dash, so encompassing him with goblins and skeletons will be totally useless. His strike that is routine just splashes on units directly in front of him so it’s with barbarians that are still advantageous to encircle him.
Goblins only cost 2 elixir and price a lot of damage. They Can Be perfect against the ice magician since he can’t one shot at the goblins. You’d not need to surround P.E.K.K. A since it’d be more cost effective to simply pull them.
The Valkyrie is the worst unit to encompass for reasons that are clear. You would like to do a progress pull Plant the in the middle, with archers, somewhat in another lane and one second before the valkyrie is within the archers aggro range. This Permits the secont archer to wander off for a minute afterward reengage at a safe space.
Dragons are applied for by exactly the same thing too.
The Bomber is another unit since it’s a bigger region of dash with perfect time it splashes 3/4 corners I trust you don’t need to encompass you found this post helpful. Make sure to tell friends and family and bookmark this web site for latest strategy, guide, and news for trucos de clash royale. | 2019-04-25T20:06:55Z | http://www.radioannuaire.org/page/17/ |
This is one of the finest SACDs to have come my way so far. Two of Rachmaninov's most central works, performed con amore by an excellent team, recorded in remarkable demonstration quality sound.
Rachmaninov, after reading Edgar Allen Poe's poem of the same name, decided to make it into a choral symphony in 4 movements. He used an "interpretation" of Poe by the Russian Symbolist poet Konstantin Balmont, and composed most of it in a single afternoon in Rome, where he was inspired by the bells of St Peter's. Since childhood, he had been fascinated by the chiming bells of local Orthodox churches and how they celebrated birth, marriage and death, so Poe's allegory for four such stages in life struck a deep chord, and he considered this his best work. Unfortunately, the new Bychkov disc is not provided with any texts, but the Ashkenazy (Rachmaninov: The Bells etc - Czech Philharmonic/Ashkenazy) supplies the Balmont in Japanese and Cyrillic with the English on a folded insert. It is worthwhile seeking out and reading both the Poe original and the Balmont versions before listening, and for those interested in such matters, a comparison of the sources in the context of a choral setting can be found at http://home.earthlink.net/~akuster/music/rachmaninoff/kolokola.htm.
In comparisons between the SACD Askenazy, his earlier CD version with the Concertgebouw and the new Bychkov, I made pages of notes, but coming back to the Bychkov each time was like having a veil lifted, both in performance and most notably in recording quality. The members of the WDR Sinfonieorchester Köln play like angels for Bychkov, giving both the Prague orchestra and the Concertgebouw itself more than a run for their money; the all-important percussion department in particular deserving special praise. The resident WDR Rundfunk chorus are combined with the Lege Artis Chamber Choir and produce a rich sound which varies in tone colour with the demands of the score, and is certainly capable of cutting through the massive orchestra to deliver thrilling climaxes. They are never lost in the orchestra, as often in the Prague Ashkenazy.
The Hänssler sleeve note tells us that German audiences have for years dismissed The Bells and some other Rachmaninov works as mere kitch, so the assembled forces are united in their aim to push this impression away and show them The Light!
Bychlov's Russian soloists also account for themselves splendidly. In the 'Silver Sleigh Bells', tenor Evgeny Akimov starts with a slightly wide Slavic vibrato but rapidly warms up to join in the joyful innocence of this portrait of life's beginnings; there is a real feeling of expectancy. Like the other soloists, he is forward enough to ride the orchestral textures but still remain in a coherent concert hall picture. Bychkov's approach is touchingly wide-eyed and playful, with so many orchestral details coming through from this fabulous score, which Rachmaninov annotated obsessively with detailed performance instructions, which the Maestro has been at pains to implement.
'The Golden Wedding Bells' is kept moving; at the start there is gloriously deep, soft tone from all the string departments, so clearly denoted in their seating plan across the stage, then we hear the orchestra's rendition of deep bells, recalling those in Boris Godunov. Bychkov gradually builds the tender warmth of the love music in this long orchestral introduction, taking more time than Askenazy to let the music breathe and flow. Then the tubular bells introduce the virile male chorus, releasing soprano Tatiana Pavlovskaya's voice to soar aloft, riding the great orchestral climax. She has a less operatic voice than Ashkenazy's Prague soprano, who tends to develop a hard edge under pressure. Pavlovskaya is very passionate, with gleaming tone in climaxes, but also hushed and tender in intimate music.
'Harsh-toned brass bells' is a fast movement of epic cast, dominated by the chorus, and portrays the adversities of life. It starts brightly, recalling the first movement, then rushes into a dissonant crisis. Bychkov makes this a truly exciting ride, revealing the kalaidoscopic sequences of moods, ramping up seething climaxes and precipitously plunging into desperation. There is superb agility from the woodwind in this movement, and the recording allows us easily to hear the bass clarinet and double bassoon with their frequent pungent contributions. A wild ride, hurtling towards a final crash which makes the neck hairs bristle.
'The Iron Funeral Bells Tolling'. Bychkov has had the last movement in his sights from the start. It is burdened with loss and melancholy, tinged with irony and infinite regret and he clearly views it as the emotional heart of the work; it anticipates the bitterest, most angst-filled moods of Shostakovich. And baritone Vladimir Vaneev is our protagonist; dark-toned, magisterial and heart-broken, pouring out his grief over a constant plodding rhythm. Here we meet face to face with the horror-filled darkness at the heart of so much of Poe's work. But by the end, there is a miraculous coda: lyrical touches of hope and redemption take over, with the violins singing a lullaby-like rocking melody reaching a final glowing cathartic major chord.
In this reading, Bychkov and his team have notably greater dramatic impetus and sharper depiction of tension/relaxation than Ashkenazy, fine though his accounts are. I was also made aware of Rachmaninov's Russian collegues Borodin, Glinka, Rimsky and Mussorgsky hovering over his shoulders, and their shades are with Bychkov too. This interpretation also made me think that Rachmaninov could have made a superb film music composer, had he made an alliance with a visual genius like Eisenstein, as did Prokofiev.
I have little space remaining to detail the rendering of the Symphonic Dances. They too are given a fabulous performance by the orchestra with the same vivid characterisations, dynamics and colouristics as in The Bells. Bychkov certainly is better than de Waart and arguably better than Janssons (I have been unable to hear the Jurowski).
Without a doubt, the recording itself is the finest of the group. The Hänssler engineers have tamed the Kölner Philharmonie to give one of the most staggeringly realistic portrayals of a large orchestra with chorus that I have ever heard. It is in full DSD 5.0, with plenty of deep bass (and a top-class bass drum to rattle your sub-woofer). Cymbals hiss, triangles glitter and even in the biggest climaxes, which run into congestion on many other recordings, the sound is fully-detailed and effortless. I can't emphasise how much the recording quality enhances the electric performance these musicians give. This is something special, and it will almost certainly be my SACD of 2007.
Coming down to earth, I have a niggling but important note for the producers. The gaps between movements in each of the works are quite short, which is not too much of a problem, but the time gap between the last movement of The Bells and the Symphonic Dances is ridiculously short. After such an emotionally draining movement, one needs quite a few seconds to recover without having to grab for the remote to prevent the first notes of the Dances intruding into one's reverie! And again, please could we always have the text for vocal works?
Semyon Bychkov has been chief conductor of the WDR Sinfonieorchester in Köln since the 1997/98 season. This partnership has already yielded some very impressive recordings, and the Rachmaninov programme on this SACD is probably the best so far.
‘The Bells’, described as a choral symphony, is a setting for large chorus, orchestra and three soloists of Edgar Alan Poe’s poem in a very free Russian translation and adaptation by the Russian symbolist poet Konstantin Balmont. Rachmaninov completed the piece in 1913, and believed it to be the finest of all his works.
It falls into four movements each of which use the metaphor of different bells – silver sleigh bells, golden wedding bells, piercing alarm bells and iron funeral bells - to depict various stages of human existence from birth to death.
The tenor in this short first movement is Evgeny Akimov, who sounds authentically Slavic and projects his words with conviction. The recording balances him in a natural way in front of the orchestra and chorus.
In the second movement Bychkov moulds the music with just the right degree of flexibility allowing appreciation of the lush, but never cloying, string playing of his orchestra. The sensitivity of the singing by the wonderful chorus is not quite matched by that of Tatiana Pavlovskaya who, at times, forces her tone too much and thus fails to convey the required tenderness implicit in the text.
Bychkov unleashes a terrifying performance of the scherzo, full of dramatic bite. The chorus project clearly, even through the torrent of percussion and brass, and the raging build up of the movement towards the final crash, during which Rachmaninov introduces his favourite ‘Dies Irae’ motive, is overwhelming.
The final gloomy ‘Lento lugubre’ is most moving with particularly fine playing from the cor anglais and solo horn. I did not care for the bellowing of the baritone soloist Vladimir Vaneyev on his first entry, but he improves throughout the movement and the marvellous way Bychkov handles the wonderful consoling ending to the work (from 9’33” onwards) disarms any further criticism.
Bychkov’s performance of the Symphonic Dances is equally impressive aided by a recording of terrific impact and dynamic range. His tempo for the first part is quite relaxed, obeying Rachmaninov’s marking of ‘non allegro’ and giving the orchestra room, once again, to show its stirling qualities. This too applies to the spectral waltz where Bychkov’s subtle use of rubato and control of dynamics is particularly engaging. The final section, played with tremendous fire, is where Bychkov scores over the competition, and this, combined with state-of- the-art sound, ensures that his is undoubtedly a version of the Symphonic Dances to own.
I do have a soft spot for Edo de Waart’s recording on Exton where, in a slightly drier studio acoustic, timpani and bass drum are even cleaner and more incisive than on this version, and the final tam-tam stroke is allowed to die away for longer. It is, however, let down by a disappointingly underpowered finale.
The 5.0 surround sound layer gives a sumptuous impression of the Köln Philharmonie (does any concert hall in the world have more comfortable seats, I wonder?) with the rear channels providing excellent ambient information. No texts are provided nor information about the recording system used, but DSD is stated on the booklet cover.
I hope that Profil in collaboration with WDR will issue many more SACDs from this source.
I just ordered a copy and the SACD layer did not register at all, so I returned it to Amazon.I started looking around and found several references about this disc being falsely labelled as SACD, and that it is simply a regular CD. Can anyone shed light on this?
I wrote to the label as well and am still awaiting a response.
I've got this title for years, and can confirm it's a SACD. Maybe the label has reissued it recently as CD only with the same barcode.
My experience mirrors Current93's. Superb DSD recording from the Hänssler series.
What Current93 has stated has been confirmed to me by email.
from circulation only to re-appear on Amazon and elsewhere at at ludicrously high prices.
To help Gerhard, I played this disc last evening and it registers correctly on the SA-10's read-out as a Hybrid-SACD. The differences in SQ between the Stereo SACD layer and the CD layer are immense. You do not need golden ears to hear these differences. This SACD delivers one of the most expansive and atmospheric sound stages in the catalogue and is superbly performed. A very desirable disc if you can find one but keep trying, in my experience you need to check at least weekly to see "used" offers on Amazon.
I have had this disc for several years and I love it. THe MC SACD layer is extremely fine. I am wondering if there is a dual stock and if sometimes Amazon sends out the wrong one when the SACD is ordered?
With regard to Gerhard's comment, my Arcam CD 37 SACD player likewise recognizes only the redbook layer. The Arcam player is stereo only, which possibly would lead one to believe that there may be no stereo SACD layer, as doubtful as that may be. Whatever the reason, Gerhard is not alone. However, even the redbook layer is impressive in the Symphonic Dances particularly.
I bought my copy just a few months ago from Amazon.uk, using the link from HRAudio. Amazon.uk clearly label it as an SACD in their description of the title; the US store does not.
I have had similar problems with a few other recordings, bad labeling by Amazon. For example, I am desperately to get the SACD edition of Murray Perahia's Chopin Ballades disc on Sony, but Amazon and many sellers on it do not clearly label what is an SACD and what is not. I've had to send messages to the sellers directly to clarify on more than one occasion - and usually the answer is: "Oh, SACD? No oops our mistake."
While I was looking around for the correct version of this SACD, I actually found this excellent double DVD (with DolbyDigital 5.1 and PCM sound) of the repertoire of this disc plus the 2nd Symphony, with very well done documentaries of the rehearsal process, the orchestra itself, Bychkov's approach to the music (with historical footage from the time around the early 1900s, when these pieces were composed), and of course the live performances, all in all over 4 hours of content. Highly recommended, and check the various Amazon sites, as well as eBay, other retailers and 3rd party sellers, who might have this in stock. Fascinating stuff.
Gerhard Schulte and Euell Neverno, you're not alone. I just purchased this disc new on Amazon. My player (a Marantz SA-10) is only seeing a Red Book layer on the disc. Yet, it does say "SACD" on the liner and on the actual disc. Very annoying. I strongly suspect Hänssler Profil have produced a new pressing of this recording that omits the SACD layer and that they "forgot" to indicate that this is no longer a hybrid disc.
Responding to Bruce Zeisel's comment from December 16th: This definitely isn't an issue caused by vendors mixing up distinct RBCD and SACD versions. The version I received (which obviously does not contain an SACD layer) has "SACD" clearly indicated on the case as well as on the disc.
A few of the people who have commented above own a pressing of this disc that does contain an SACD layer. Could they please tell us what their disc looks like? RBCDs and single-layer SACDs are usually the colour of silver, whereas hybrid SACDs usually have a brass-like hue. The disc I recently received has the silver colour of an RBCD, i.e. it doesn't look like the hybrid SACD it was supposed to be.
Just checked for you now. The copy I have is the usual 'gold' for SACDs. Hope this helps. I also looked for any i/d numbers, batch numbers on the disc but there are none so we can't solve the riddle that way. I do not know how to attach pics on here so cannot show an image.
Why not contact the recording company direct?
Thanks John! No need to attach a picture. It also crossed my mind that the disc I got might be counterfeit. But that's unlikely: the disc is obviously factory pressed and the booklet looks to be professionally printed. It really looks like Hänssler Profil reissued this recording as an RBCD and omitted to remove the references to the SACD layer. Or maybe it's the folks at the pressing factory who goofed up. I'll write to the record company. If they reply I'll post a comment here.
I got a reply from Hänssler Profil. They confirmed that an error occurred during the production of the latest release of this album. It contains no SACD layer. They said they were currently deliberating whether they will re-release this title (with an SACD layer this time).
So, caveat emptor! For now if you buy this title new you will probably get a disc that only contains an RBCD layer, even if it say "SACD" on the packaging. Let's just hope they change the UPC if they re-release this album so that buyers can know whether they're ordering the right pressing. | 2019-04-21T19:20:36Z | https://www.hraudio.net/showmusic.php?title=4667&showall=1 |
My name is Michael Jack. I am a former Ontario Provincial Police officer. I am an Israeli-Canadian of Russian Jewish heritage. The correct spelling of my given name (in Latin letters) is Mikhail. However, it has never been used in any documents. I have always used Michael. My former surname in Russian, before it was “changed” to Jack, is (in Cyrillic) Жак (properly pronounced: Jacques).
I was born on December 16, 1972, in St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad) in Russia. I lived in St. Petersburg for 17 years until February 1990, when our family (my mother, my father and I) immigrated to Israel. From February 1990, until September 2000, I lived predominantly in Israel, where I attended a marine technological school and marine college and served in the Israeli Navy from May 1993, until April 1996. From May 1996, until July 1997, I worked in the Israeli Merchant fleet – I lived and worked on a number of different merchant ships wherever they sailed. From July 1997, until September 2000, I worked for Intel Electronics Ltd. From September 1997, until September 1998, I lived and worked in the USA as part of my job related training. From September 1998, until September 2000, I lived and worked in Israel. In September 2000, I immigrated to Canada. I lived in Peterborough, Ontario from September 30, 2000, until December 2010. From January 2001, until August 2006, I studied and worked at Trent University in Peterborough, during which time I earned two degrees – Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Master of Science in the Applications of Modeling in the Natural & Social Sciences. I graduated from Trent University with a 91.4 cumulative average and during my schooling I was the recipient of multiple awards and prestigious scholarships for my academic achievements, teaching assistance, interpersonal and leadership abilities, and research accomplishments. From January 2007, until July 2008, I worked as a course instructor (adjunct faculty professor) in the Computer Science department at Trent University.
In August 2007 I met the Chief of York Regional Police, Armand La Barge, in the Trent University’s weight lifting room. At the time, I was teaching Computer Science courses on a contract basis and was looking for a permanent job where I could maximize my skills and cash in upon the knowledge and skills acquired over the 35 years of my life. At the time, the Chief was completing his Master’s degree in Canadian and Native Studies at Trent University. During a few workouts together we talked a fair amount and among other things discussed our traveling and academic experiences, books we read in common, spirituality, religion, physical fitness and firearms. In one of the conversations towards the end of August the Chief said that I had some great qualifications. He further suggested that modern police services were looking for people with multilingual and computer skills and that I was a good candidate for becoming a police officer. I did not know much about policing at the time, but the Chief presented himself to me as an erudite and wise man and literally inspired me and gave me the encouragement to re-evaluate the direction of my life. I decided then and there that I would pursue a career in policing.
In March 2008 I obtained my O.A.C.P. Certificate of Results (a mandatory set of tests required to be passed by an applicant to qualify for applying with any police service in the province of Ontario) through the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and applied to the York Regional Police and the Ontario Provincial Police. A couple of weeks later I also applied to the Halton Regional Police. The OPP was the first one to get back to me and invite me for an interview.
On May 29, 2008, I was interviewed by two recruiting sergeants (Sergeant Joanne Whitney and Sergeant Steve Haennel) at the OPP headquarters in Orillia. Some 20-30 minutes after the interview, when I was en route to Peterborough, I got a phone call on my cellular phone from Sergeant Haennel who told me they believed I was a good fit for their organization and they had a psychological assessment ready for me on the following day if I was interested, to which I immediately agreed. He also said that I could come in dressed casually.
On May 30, 2008, I successfully passed my psychological assessment and informed Sergeant Haennel that I had been scheduled for an interview with the Halton Regional Police on June 6, 2009, and asked him for advice on my course of action. Sergeant Haennel said that while he could not tell me what to do, he said, 'We want you' and reassured me that they were going to put my application on a fast track. There was a feeling of trust in what he was saying to me so I cancelled my interview with the Halton Regional Police service and informed Sergeant Haennel about it via email the following day.
Sergeant Haennel was true to his word and my was fast-tracked. It was conducted by Constable Alice Jolicoeur (badge 7454).
On or about July 25, 2008, I signed an offer of employment from the OPP and was advised of my posting at the Peterborough County OPP Detachment.
On or about July 27, 2008, I got a call from a York Regional Police recruiter inviting me for an interview, which I turned down due to the fact that I had already been hired by the OPP.
For almost eight years that I studied and worked at Trent University, which is a multicultural environment comprised of students and faculty from all over the world, there has not been a single incident where I felt I was discriminated against or harassed based upon my strong Russian accent, place of origin, ethnic origin, racial status, creed, or the fact that I was not originally from the Peterborough area. I was valued and appreciated for my work ethic, initially as a student and then as an instructor in the Computer Science department. During my time at Trent University it never dawned on me that outside of the University boundaries in the Peterborough area I would encounter a different environment. I did not know what I was getting myself into when I was posted at the Peterborough Detachment. Not only did I have no opportunities at the Peterborough Detachment to apply my multilingual, multicultural and computer skills (which were the very reasons I chose the occupation of a police officer based upon the suggestion of a Police Chief that my skills constituted great assets in modern policing), but in addition to numerous violations of Ontario Provincial Police Orders with respect to dealing with me I was also subjected to acts of harassment, racial and place of origin discrimination because I was well-educated, was not a local, was of a Russian Jewish heritage, was of Israeli citizenship and most notably spoke English with an extremely noticeable and thick Russian accent.
From September 1, 2008, until November 27, 2008, I attended the Ontario Police College in Aylmer from which I graduated with a 91.6 cumulative average (course average was 81.5; number of recruits approximately 470). At the college I was the recipient of the 100% on the Ontario Police Fitness Award (only 5 recruits (1%) received the award). From November 30, 2008, until January 9, 2009, I was trained at the Provincial Police Academy. At the Academy I was the recipient of a “Top Dog” award for being the best in my class (108 recruits) in handgun use based on draw speed, shooting speed and accuracy.
From January 12, 2009, I was posted at the Peterborough County OPP Detachment as a Probationary Constable (my badge number was 12690). From January 12, 2009, until August 20, 2009, I worked on Platoon ‘A’ shift. My shift supervisor was Sergeant Robert Flindall (badge 9740) and my coach officer was Constable Shaun Filman (badge 11212). From August 21, 2009, until December 15, 2009, I worked on Platoon ‘D’ shift. My shift supervisor was Sergeant Peter Butorac (badge 6901) and my second coach officer was Constable Richard Nie (badge 10517). Staff Sergeant Ron Campbell (badge 6385) was the Operations Manager from before I reported to the Peterborough Detachment until late November 2009. Inspector Mike Johnston (badge 6138) was the Detachment Commander from before I reported to the Peterborough Detachment until October 2009.
Accused me of answer shopping and when I stopped asking questions for fear of reprisals accused me of not asking questions and when I started asking questions again accused me of asking questions I already knew answers to.
There was a total aberration of policies (be it the Ontario Provincial Police Orders or Human Rights Code or the Ontario Public Service) when it came to dealing with me.
On December 15, 2009, I was released from employment with the OPP based on my failure to meet the requirements of the position of a Probationary Constable based on my unsatisfactory work performance during my probationary, that is, discriminatory, harassing, bulling, humiliating, derogatory and oppressing period. I was not dismissed from employment with the OPP because of budget cuts or because there was a shortage of the positions. As a matter of fact, during my time at the Peterborough County OPP Detachment, the detachment was understaffed – we were short of 5 police officers! My dismissal from employment was orchestrated by a few officers from the Peterborough County OPP Detachment who were biased against me and targeted me with all they had. The majority of them were locals with a scope of view limited to their county only. They deliberately turned a blind eye to the potential I had and the benefits I could have brought to the OPP in the long run. What a shame! What a disservice to the very organization they are part of!
When I was driven back from the City of Kawartha Lakes Detachment on December 13, 2009, by Sgt. Peter Butorac after having been served by Staff Sergeant Mike Reynolds with the Notice of Proposed Release from Employment, I was talking about how wrong everything that was done to me was at which time Sgt. Butorac told me that they could only do so, so long, until someone who has a lot of money sues the OPP. I did not understand the significance of his revelation to me at the time, but I certainly do understand it now. While I have very little money at my disposal, I have my strong will and dedication to this case, for I firmly believe that evil must be punished.
Currently I have an application before the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (HRTO 2010-07633-I). The first set of 3 hearing days took place on May 22-24, 2012. The second set of hearing days took place on November 1-2 and 5-7, 2012. Furthermore, on March 15, 2013, my friend and representative filed a Statement of Claim (CV-13-476321) on my behalf with the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in Toronto. This claim is literally all I have to live for and coupled with my strong desire to expose the truth about the OPP and how its minority employees who speak with a thick accent are treated, I am extremely concerned of prematurely filling a withdrawal of my Application before the Tribunal in the event that my claim is barred from proceeding for whatever reason. The barring reason that is of primary concern to me is that of over-coming a perceived breach of the Limitations Act. For that reason we have put forth a motion before the Tribunal requesting that my proceedings before the presiding Vice Chair Mr. Keith Brennenstuhl be frozen on the grounds that this Statement Claim has been filed and that a motion for withdrawal will be forthcoming should the claim be allowed to proceed.
Having analyzed the Respondent's disclosure (volumes upon volumes of information) the picture is clear. After the two ride-alongs in August 2008, with two Peterborough County OPP officers – Constable Marc Gravelle (badge 12091) and Constable John Pollock (badge 11714) – unbeknownst to me, I was labeled crazy Russian ('Crazy Ivan') who allegedly killed 'shot' many people during my time with the Israeli Army. Subsequent to that I was subjected to the so-called "follow-up" on my completed background investigation and an additional psychological assessment with the OPP's civilian psychologist Dr. Denis Lapalme on my first day at the Provincial Police Academy. While I had successfully passed both of the additional checks, as a result of the Defamation by Libel and Slander my work environment at the Peterborough County OPP was poisoned prior to me even reporting there for duty. Those acts of Defamation injured my reputation and lowered me in the estimation of some members of the Peterborough County OPP Detachment and in particular caused them to regard me with feelings of hatred, contempt, ridicule, fear, or dislike. In short, I sensed that I was not welcome by some members of the Peterborough County OPP Detachment on my very first working day there.
Despite my first coach officer (Constable Shaun Filman) treating me like a leper I managed to stay afloat for a few months due to being proactive at studying the job on my own, receiving help from those who were willing to assist me and relatively light workload compared with the busy summer period. When the busy summer season began, instead of helping me, some officers, primarily Sergeant Robert Flindall and Constable Jennifer Payne (badge 9931), started deliberately targeting and ‘drowning’ me.
Specifically, on one occasion on July 23, 2009, I was directed by Sergeant Robert Flindall to have an individual arrested and charged with Criminal Harassment (SP09164458) and to continue the detention of the individual by having him held for a ‘show cause’ hearing the next day before a Judge or Justice so as to get the individual released on certain conditions. This was contrary to everything that I was taught since there was legally no statutory authority to justify the continued detention of such an individual especially since I, as the Officer in Charge of the investigation, could impose the same conditions that a Judge or Justice would. I was left alone to work overtime on the case - a case that due to the tenderness of my service I had absolutely no experience dealing with. Upon the advice of Constable Jamie Brockley (the common-law spouse of Constable Jennifer Payne-Brockley at the time) I arrested and then released the prisoner the following day on a Promise to Appear and Undertaking before an Officer in Charge for Criminal Harassment. I released him with certain conditions. Sergeant Flindall, who was on vacation at the time was telephoned by Constable Jennifer Payne and advised that I had disobeyed his directions. Upon his return Sergeant Flindall reprimanded me sternly in the presence of my coach officer, Constable Shaun Filman and an Ontario Provincial Police Association representative stating to me among many other things, ‘I have never had such an incompetent recruit yet.’ Sergeant Flindall went on to tell me that my job was in jeopardy for mishandling the investigation and taking too long to complete it. He also denied the approval of the overtime I incurred while working on this case. It was my overtime work after the individual was arrested and released that revealed that there were no grounds to charge the individual. However, as per the orders of my supervisor I had to do so. Failure to have complied with his order would have certainly resulted in giving him grounds to charge me with Disobeying an Order under the Police Services Act.
Basically, I arrested and charged an individual without due investigation simply because his brother-in-law coerced his wife to use police to take the individual off their back for owing him large sums of money. Had I only been given more time to properly investigate the matter, I would have never charged that individual with anything. He should have either been spoken to or in the worst case scenario had a Peace Bond imposed on him through the courts.
As a result of the overall treatment thus far, which I could continue writing about on and on, I contacted the Ontario Provincial Police Association on August 4, 2009, and conveyed my concerns to them. However, it was not long after doing so that I started experiencing severe reprisals. Sergeant Robert Flindall and Constable Jennifer Payne literally launched an annihilation campaign against me in an open manner and in dire violations of the Ontario Provincial Police orders.
The overall treatment that I endured was also criminally wrong. The 'Crazy Ivan' nick name that was given to me was slanderously defamatory. Moreover, an e-mail from Sergeant Brad Rathbun of the Peterborough Detachment in August 2008 (months before I even commenced my employment at the Detachment) wherein he inferred that the OPP ought to have had some concerns about granting employment to an individual that is bragging about the many people he has killed (shot) during his service time with the Israeli Army was libelously defamatory. First of all, it was filled with lies and secondly, I served with the Israeli Navy and not the Army. More so, during my three year term I never experienced any form of combat duty so how could I have killed anybody or even shot anyone?
Another act of criminal negligence by the OPP was their accusation of me associating with Undesirables. I was investigated by their Professional Standards Bureau based on an internal complaint initiated by Sergeant Robert Flindall because in February 2009 I showed to Constable Shaun Filman and Detective Constable Jamie Brockley a six year old photograph that showed me standing with five other individuals at a fitness facility in Peterborough. Detective Constable Jamie Brockley advised me that two of the individuals in the photo, whom I have never associated with and never had even any contact since the August of 2003, had criminal involvement and were linked to Albanian organized crime. I expressed interested in taking part in an undercover operation since those individuals did not know I was a police officer and since I have always detested and strongly opposed to illicit drugs. However, seven months later, which was 'coincidentally' shortly after I contacted the Ontario Provincial Police Association seeking help from the ongoing and continuous harassment, members of the Peterborough Detachment filed an Internal Complaint against me alleging that I was associating with Undesirables. Hence, the allegation specifically referred to Canadian citizens of Albanian origin who had criminal records as Undesirables. No Canadian citizen deserves to be labeled as such. Especially in this day and age where one frequently hears about police charges being erroneously laid that in turn ruins lives.
These acts of the OPP were contrary to sections 300, 301 and 319 of the Criminal Code of Canada.
When in mid-August 2009 Acting Superintendent Doug Borton attempted to rescue me by moving me away from Sergeant Robert Flindall's and his minions’ direct targeting, Sergeant Robert Flindall discredited and maligned me (i.e. falsely charged me under the Highway Traffic Act, fabricated a number of my performance evaluation reports and fraudulently alleged that I refused to sign two of them, fabricated Professional Standards Bureau investigation against me alleging that I was associating with an Albanian organized crime group, further poisoned my work environment by spreading negative rumors about me). Then I was thrown into his next-door neighbor and subordinate officer's hands (Constable Richard Nie) to finish me off.
Beginning September 2009, I was assigned to a new patrol zone – Zone 2 (I worked in Zone 3 for the first 8 months and mind you, it takes many months to adequately learn zone geography). I was forbidden to work on my own. I was forbidden to work paid duties. I was forbidden to work over time. From the first hour on the new platoon Constable Richard Nie started constantly finding "faults" with me and meticulously documenting them in his notebook and in my monthly performance evaluation reports. On later reflection I realized why he was doing this. The targeting did not stop and the neighborly relationship, which I only learned about many months after my termination, between Constable Richard Nie and Sergeant Robert Flindall meant that the plan to terminate my employment was being carried on.
Constable Richard Nie was particularly skilled in terminating minority probationary officers. He demonstrated this quite effectively during his "coaching" of Probationary Constable Harry Allen Chase and was able to justify his forced termination. Not only did he carry out the plan to a tee, but he also drilled into my mind (through constantly picking on me, belittling me, humiliating and oppressing me) that I was a total failure. It took only two weeks, from the beginning of our work together on September 9, 2009, for Constable Nie’s sadistic "coaching" methods to oppress me to such a degree that I no longer offered explanations for my rationale for doing things and accepted his psychological harassment, mental and emotional tormenting of me quietly and in a docile manner. His was my master. I was his slave. At one point, on October 17, 2009, to be precise, I broke down and cried in the cruiser while he just sat next to me and smiled. There was absolutely no compassion or empathy from him. What kind of person one has to be to smile when another human being is crying?
This, according to Psychiatrist Marie-France Hirigoyen, is the intent of many abusers: to systematically "destabilize" and confuse their victims (with irrational, threatening behavior that preys on the victim's fears and self-doubts), to isolate and control them and ultimately to destroy their identity. Such acts are often difficult to reverse or rectify, and the process is likened to a literal assassination of human life. It is the Cold Blooded Destruction of Our Most Valuable Personal Asset - Character. The damage sustained lasts a lifetime.
On the contrary I, an educated individual (a former University instructor), was brought down to my knees and executed by the local Old Boys Club (mafia).
Any tightly knit group of trusted associates.
A closed group of people in a particular field, having a controlling influence.
Any small powerful or influential group in an organization or field; clique.
Some of the Peterborough County OPP officers were prejudiced against me due to my race, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, place of origin and citizenship rather than reasonable grounds. They formulated opinions about me which were not based on my merits, but rather on my membership in a group with the same characteristics. This is the essence of discrimination. I was singled out for greater scrutiny and differential treatment.
I was entirely on my own in Canada, with my landlord being the closest person to me. At Peterborough Detachment, on the other hand, nepotism was thriving.
My key personal respondents: Sergeant Robert Flindall, Constable Jennifer Payne-Brockley, Constable Shaun Filman, and Constable Richard Nie were all local to Peterborough area with a scope of view limited to their county only. All four of them had good working relationships that in all probability extended beyond the confinement of police work. Sergeant Robert Flindall and Constable Jennifer Payne were very close friends. Sergeant Robert Flindall and Constable Richard Nie were next-door neighbours. Sergeant Flindall’s father (Inspector Bill Flindall) used to be a Peterborough County OPP Detachment Commander. Constable Shaun Filman’s father (Constable Brad Filman) used to be a senior Constable at the Peterborough County OPP Detachment. Moreover, Sergeant Robert Flindall’s wife, Constable Tanya Flindall, was a Constable with the City of Kawartha Lakes Detachment, which is a neighbouring detachment, and later on transferred to Peterborough Detachment. Constable Tanya Flindall is a sister of Sergeant Trevor Banbury who in turn was a shift supervisor at Peterborough Detachment. Thus, Sergeant Robert Flindall and Sergeant Trevor Banbury (badge 10270) are brothers-in-law (and good friends too). Moreover, Sergeant Trevor Banbury’s father was a Sergeant at Peterborough Detachment. Constable Jennifer Payne and Constable Jamie Brockley (badge 10489) were common-law spouses at the time and are now married. Constable Mike Gravelle (badge 11788) and Constable Marc Gravelle (badge 12091) were brothers at the Detachment. Constable Jeff Knier (badge 11703) and Constable Amanda Knier (badge 12695) were husband and wife at the detachment. In short, without naming anymore names at this point, there were many more officers at Peterborough Detachment who are originally from Peterborough County, residents of the county and are probably related in some way. In short, local mafia.
The police officers who targeted me are all local to Peterborough. So much for the Ontario Public Service and the policies of the Ontario Provincial Police with respect to valuing diversity, treating everyone with dignity and putting public interests above private interests.
Something terrible happens when poorly educated and narrow minded people put the uniform on and are given power over others. They become Nazis. It is a universal truth and a historic fact.
Given my status as a foreign-born individual I had to work very hard for many years to earn the job of a police officer in Canada. Compared to me, my personal respondents got their jobs as police officers very easily. They stole my job from me. They caused significant mental damage to me. They maligned my reputation. They virtually stole my life.
Had the OPP not offered me employment I could have been and most probably would have been hired either by the York Regional Police service or Halton Regional Police service where I would have certainly put my multicultural and linguistic skills to use since both of the services invited me for an interview and from what I know they do value officers with multicultural backgrounds. Even if the OPP had not hired me, I could have been working elsewhere and living a normal life. Unfortunately, the OPP hired me first and totally ruined me as after the termination of my employment with the OPP, no organization, let alone police services, wanted to have me on board. The OPP literally turned me into an “Undesirable” (OPP’s term). Even Brinks would not get back to me.
If other officers that came along with me were not subjected to similar treatment that I was, can I be mistaken or faulted for having the perception that I, a highly-educated and hard-working minority and a member of a marginalized group, have been singled out and harshly targeted by some officers at the Peterborough Detachment? Please take a minute to visit the OPP’s website and OPP’s website page. Do you see the cultural and racial diversity of police officers the OPP so much prides itself on having? Alas, the reality appears to be different.
I was not given a chance to perform my duties in a safe, harassment-free work environment. Despite the OPP’s claims to promote and accept diversity in the workplace, due to my cultural heritage and unique personality I was singled out as an outsider by both my commanders and platoon members leading to harassment and racism in the workplace. Differences in my accent and manner of speech were used against me as a communication problem. I have never had any problems in any of my previous places of employment or school. However, if they considered it inferior on any level, I was not provided with any communication training if this was the case. Also, at various times I found that my confidential discussions were leaked back to those harassing me. It was clear as they were all interconnected.
I also encourage you to familiarize yourself with the Stanford Prison Experiment and see for yourself how normal people’s psychology and behavior can be altered in a very negative way in a matter of only a few short days. I, on the other hand, had to live and work for a period of almost a year in a workplace environment where I was discriminated against, harassed, bullied, humiliated, belittled, subjected to unreasonable demands and unsubstantiated criticism, being made to feel like a marionette and oppressed and retaliated against for standing up for my rights. No wonder at one point I asked Cst. Nie for permission to go to the washroom.
For me, just knowing that justice will be done, is paramount for my dignity. I believe the only way I can ever know why this happened is to have all the truth come out in a public inquiry. I want to bring my private misfortune into the public realm for personal, legal and political resolution. I am convinced that if I am successful in my legal action then my ordeal and my struggle might reduce the possibility of somebody else having to go through what I did. My priority right now is to get to the bottom of the case and make sure this does not happen to any other minority within the OPP in the future.
Hence, not only have I been fighting for my rights, but I have also been fighting for those who have been defamed, targeted, bullied and discriminated against, but never got justice.
I was forced to resign from the OPP on December 15, 2009. From January 2010, Constable Lloyd Tapp and I worked on the preparing a strong case and filed an Application before the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (Tribunal) on December 13, 2010. I spent the last bit of my savings in a $2,500.00 retainer fee and secured the services of a reputable law firm Feltmate Delibato Heagle that felt the appropriate place to adjudicate his case was before the Tribunal. Since the filing of my Application my counsel removed herself from the case for personal reasons. I simply could not afford the legal fees and I was just thankful that a reputable firm had initiated justice for me. It is really sad that only the financially independent can afford such services. The average citizen has to resort to struggling to prosecute such cases to the best of their limited abilities. I then sought assistance from Mr. Tapp and he volunteered to represent me before the Tribunal.
The hearing of my case commenced on May 22nd, 2012, and continued until the 24th. The matter was being heard by Vice Chair Keith Brennenstuhl of the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario situated on the 14th Floor at 655 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M7A 2A3. The hearing continued on November 1st, 2012, and ran until November 7th, 2012. It was not until Day 4 of the hearing (November 1, 2012), that began with the Vice Chair’s strong recommendation for mediation, that Mr. Tapp and I realized that the Tribunal was limited in scope as to what it is allowed to do and that a Claim should have been initiated via the Superior Court of Justice. As the Vice Chair explained the Application could be frozen pending the outcome of the Claim. It was at this time that Mr. Tapp and I explained to Mr. Brennenstuhl that we believed all along, that being that a reputable law firm decided that the Tribunal was the appropriate place to proceed with the Application, we would have to finish there before commencing with a Claim. Needless to say, when mediation failed that morning the hearing continued and that very day Mr. Tapp started drafting up my Claim to be filed with the Superior Court of Justice. Mr. Tapp used the one hour lunch break to start working on the Claim. The hearing continued as scheduled until November 7, 2012, and then was adjourned until another block of five days could be determined by the Tribunal. In the meantime the hearing and the start of the cross examination strengthened me to the point that I was then committed to seeing my Claim pursue a course of justice via the Superior Courts. To that end, Mr. Tapp drafted a request for an order to have the hearing deferred and served it on the Tribunal and the OPP.
Where my Ontario Human Rights Tribunal Application dealt with the OPP’s non-compliance with the Human Rights Code, my Claim dealt with Defamation by Slander and Libel that laid the foundation from which the OPP so casually and confidently violated my rights with respect to the Ontario Human Rights Code and played a role in laying a foundation of contempt towards me at the Peterborough Detachment of the OPP. This contempt turned into a lack of respect and utter disdain towards me from many of the personnel at the detachment. The continued defamation then fostered hatred towards me to the point that I was viewed as an undesirable and even formally accused of associating with undesirables. This very act is something that I will never forgive the OPP for. And yes, as astounding as it may sound, the OPP actually refers to Canadians who happen to have criminal records or have had criminal involvement as Undesirables.
And so I sought justice via the Superior Courts of Justice in Toronto. My aim was to see my Claim proceed through to the very end of a trial so as to hold the OPP accountable for their actions and bring about an appropriate remedy. I wanted to bring transparency to the OPP and show the public the truth rather than the lies the OPP professes in their mission statements and core values. I had nothing to lose other than, as William Shakespeare wrote ‘A pound of flesh'. Unfortunately, and like many others, I was disappointed to experience the reality of justice in Canada. Many Canadians have observed that the Superior Courts only cater to the financially independent. If one cannot afford a lawyer they are barred by the Rules of Civil Procedure, the Courts of Justice Act and the Law Society of Upper Canada from having a friend who may possess a little more knowledge for representing them or even assisting them. What they are left with is having to face, in many instances, formidable giants who have an unlimited supply of finances at their disposal and try their best with their limited knowledge to prosecute their action. Such was my case.
My claim was dismissed on April 2, 2014, by Justice Kevin W. Whitaker due to the Statue of Limitations and due to the Collective Agreement between the OPPA and the OPP. Though the collective agreement states in article 4.01(c) that a probationary constable cannot grieve their dismissal or termination of employment, counsel for the OPPA and the OPP argued that I was not dismissed or terminated but resigned. And that despite the indisputable and irrefutable evidence presented to the courts that Mr. Justice Whitaker obviously did not even bother to look at. What a farce! Mr. Tapp and I did our best by explaining that the resignation was not something that I drafted and handed in but it was a preprinted letter by the OPP that was presented to me with two options – sign this letter of resignation or be fired right away. Simply put, I was coerced into signing a resignation letter while two Ontario Provincial Police Association representatives, Karen German and Marty McNamara sat behind me quietly and did not intervene at all.
To this end I have come to realize that the courts in Ontario are no place for the truth. They cater "justice" to those who have superior power and/or access to superior resources. Though the OPP put me on my knees once they will not do so again. After an unsuccessful attempt to seek justice via the courts my deferred application before the HRTO has been reactivated.
During the course of the two hearing days on September 21 and 22, 2015, I was cross-examined by the counsel for the respondent, William J. Manuel, after which he attempted to dismiss my application based on no-reasonable prospect of success. However, my application was not dismissed and the hearing of my case before the HRTO has continued between February 8 and February 12, 2016, at 655 Bay Street, 14th Floor, Toronto, Ontario.
During the course of those five hearing days a total of 13 witnesses were examined-in-chief by my friend Lloyd Tapp and personally by me when Lloyd fell very sick and could not attend the hearing for two consecutive days. The witnesses testified in the following order, Sergeant Brad Rathbun, Constable Marc Gravelle, Constable Kevin Duignan, Inspector (retired) Mike Johnston, Constable Mary D'Amico, Constable Melynda Moran, Sergeant Jason Postma, Mr. Marc Greco, Constable Jamie Brockey, Constable Karen German, Staff Sergeant Colleen Kohen, Chief Superintendent (retired) Mike Armstrong, Superintendent Hugh Stevenson.
On February 11, 2016, a group of approximately 20-25 paralegal students, along with their instructors, attended the hearing. They had learned that my case was the longest running case before the HRTO so their instructors brought them to observe the proceedings. Needless to say, their attendance was very inspiring and encouraging.
The hearing of my case before the HRTO has been scheduled to continue between September 7 and September 16, 2016, at 655 Bay Street, 14th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, starting at 09:30 am, during which time six more witnesses are expected to be called to testify, namely Staff Sergeant (retired) Ron Campbell, Sergeant (retired) Peter Butorac, Constable Shaun Filman, Constable Jennifer Payne, Sergeant Robert Flindall and Constable Richard Nie, in whatever order the respondent's new counsel will call them.
The respondent has yet again changed their legal counsel. Mr. William J. Manuel was replaced by Mimi N. Singh. While it is hard to believe it remains a fact that the respondent has had six experienced legal counsels working on this case to date, namely Marnie Corbold, Lynette D'Souza, Lorenzo Policelli, Heidi Blutstein, Bill Manuel and Mimi N. Singh, all of whom are on the Ontario Sunshine list, against two ordinary citizens with no legal experience whatsoever - a poor immigrant and a poor unemployed police officer. Isn't that sad?
I want to thank all the people who have been supporting me through this process. It is amazing how many ordinary people provided me with their support. I have gotten numerous correspondences from people saying that I am a true man, that I am making them proud for trying to hold accountable the thugs in uniform, that the OPP is corrupt, that there are many dirty cops in the Peterborough OPP Detachment and that the detachment is inherently corrupt, that it was a gift to my soul not to become a permanent member of the OPP, etc. In short, I got a lot of support and encouragement and very few denunciations from members of the public who the OPP professes to serve. Thank you to all the people who have been supporting me! | 2019-04-23T20:49:03Z | http://racisminopp.org/michael.html |
Few other subjects in school take the trouble to help students learn how to generate original ideas, designs, and composition. In art class, even though the ability to generate ideas is central to the process of art and central to the success of artists, many art teachers do not realize that idea generation can be intentionally taught. We fail to divulge these secrets to our students. I have known a few art teachers that did teach idea generation, but only used one method of generating ideas.
Too often, we expect students to produce art products before we teach them how to get ideas for the products. A few are intuitive enough to do it well. We wonder why most of them tend to borrow from others, why they copy, and why we get junk unless we show them an example.
School science labs often prescribe the experiments, but they seldom teach how to come up with an experiment. Science teachers explain the scientific method, but fail to have their students postulate things to test scientifically. Instead, they are very busy teaching about what other scientists have already postulated and tested. How can students in these classes learn how to come up with their own ideas for experiments.
Imaginative thinking is at the core of art, science, and a number of other disciplines, but the science of imaginative thinking is kept secret from students. Their teachers do not talk about it nor explain it. Imaginative thinking is often not practiced as part of these courses. For many students the source of ideas for art really remains a mystery. Many students continue to lack the confidence as well as the thinking skills to generate and develop their own ideas. In some instances, art students are expected to learn by copying work from the teacher, from magazines, or from the students around them. Science class experiments are prescribed rather than invented.
As adults, these students may be good imitators, good office and factory workers, but not well suited to solve new problems. They grow up to trust the ideas of experts, and fail to consider their own ideas. They have not learned critical assessment. In some cases they tragically follow the wrong experts and their life becomes a failure—at times even creating violent and tragic consequences.
In The Five Minds of the Future, Howard Gardner, originator of the theories of multiple intelligence, makes the case that a well educated and prepared individual in the future needs five essential competencies. By the end of high school students should be on their way to learning a discipline, have a mind that can synthesize diverse ideas and information, and be creative. Additionally, he argues that these talents are of no use unless the person is also respectful and ethical. In Gardner's eyes, the arts play a key role in the development of the five minds of the future. To be sure we all need to learn some facts in the course of development of a discipline, but for most part we can access what we need to know in a few seconds using a search engine and the Internet, but no amount of access to the world of facts helps us put it together into the form we need (the synthesizing mind). No computer can predict the next problem that is being caused by a poorly designed solution. No search engine or computer program can create a new solution to our problems without the power of creative minds behind it. An art class can be operated in ways that address all five of Gardner's concerns. Indeed, many art classes are doing this today.
As humans we are very efficient at learning by imitation.
I recently read an online discussion by a group of art teachers on the topic of idea generation. They felt that showing examples of work by last year's students and work by professional artists would teach students how to generate ideas. Maybe? Often this practice does the opposite. Yes, the students get ideas, but they do not learn how to generate ideas. They get ideas. They get them by copying the ideas of others. Learning to copying ideas is the opposite of learning to generate ideas. Copying is a work-around to avoid learning idea generating strategies. It avoids the need to teach the strategies used by successful artists.
Recently, brain scientists Giacomo Rizzolatti, Leonardo Fogassi, and Vittorio Gallese at the university in Parma, Italy, discovered and identified mirror neurons in our brains.
Mirror neurons are the "monkey see/monkey do" neurons. Scientists first found them in monkeys, but human brains are even better at this than monkey brains. Teachers and educational researchers all know that imitation is extremely efficient at getting students to learn to do a given task. In fact the mirror neurons are extremely important to our early development, as well as for much subsequent learning. Imitation frequently happens without any "teaching". Teaching to get a mirror neuron practice response requires modeling, demonstrating, or showing examples. Our mirror neurons cause us to imitate without thinking. It is instinctive. At first it may be amateurish, but it is relatively effortless and we may even be surprised at our first efforts.
Do we consider this teaching? Yes. For some types of learning I agree that this is the best kind of teaching--and it works so well that we may have forgotten that it is not for everything. The mirror neurons are perfect for certain kinds of dexterity skills. Imitation is probably the best approach for keyboard training, for learning to write cursive, for firearms training, for learning to master clay on the potter's wheel, and any number of skills for which we are not looking for a better approach. Not every task calls for innovation. Many physical genius tasks call for a good deal of expert modeling and imitation practice.
As art teachers, we do not have to reinvent throwing on the potter's wheel. In using a potter's wheel, a master potter could be the best teacher for the physical skill, but may not always be the best teacher to help students understand how to assess the merits of original expressive work. Since the advent of the industrial revolution, pottery has morphed into an art form rather than an everyday necessity. This does not negate the need to learn the physical aspects of throwing. It is just to say that art teachers have a complex task that often includes widely different goals that need to be tailored to vastly different parts of the mind. As an accomplished potter myself, I am convinced that the skill is important, but idea generation strategies need to be learned along side the craft--not postponed until after the skill has been mastered. Because of advances in reproduction methods, pottery skills are no longer needed in mass quantities for purely subsistence containers. Even when pottery is used to make containers, today they are referred to as vessels. Vessels contain metaphor and meaning as well as physical contents. Pottery today is an art forming process.
HOW IS THE REST OF THE BRAIN DEVELOPED?
This leaves us with the dilemma of how to teach students to learn how to learn to do the not-given task. How do we teach imagination, critical thinking, transfer of knowledge, synthesizing, and choice making when there are so many choices to imitate in life? Imitation may be great when the expert has the right solution, and when you can be sure that you have selected the best of the right experts. However, as things change, sooner or later imitation fails. The experts are quickly out-dated, but the package label on ideas does not include a shelf-life designation. On the other hand, imagination is the ability to see the unseen before it happens. It is the ability to imagine possible discoveries before they take place. It is the ability to design the experiment that was never before designed because the means to do it had never been invented or discovered until now. Imagination attempts to assess scenarios before they exist. We need lots of current information (more widely available than in the past) plus an ability and passion to imagine non-existent information and scenarios in order to tell if the expert may be out of date or wrong.
But, how do we teach imagination, innovation, skepticism, and critical thinking? We do not have to reinvent the wheel, but we do have to teach invention. A school lesson that could teach us HOW to INVENT the wheel would in fact be be very useful (as invention practice). Imitation teaches us how to make wheels in today's world, but it was imagination that brought about the invention of the wheel. The wheel was not invented by the mirror neuron. Nothing has ever been invented by imitation. 'Imagination neurons' (my invented term to describe whatever part of the brain is used during imagination) only grow if they are used. They require assignments and practice. When they are not used they atrophy.
In teaching art some parts of the curriculum are simply not the kinds of things that we can expect to teach by employing the students' mirror neurons. Art, by definition, is no longer art when it is copied or reproduced. We do not learn how to learn to think like an artist by using our mirror neurons. We need to understand this. However, many students and some art teachers fail to consider this. They know by experience that imitation is working well for them, and some art teachers encourage it by showing examples when it is inappropriate. To the student it looks like something to imitate. To the teacher, it looks like art. It may even look better than art that a student has developed honestly. However, how will our students learn how to use their imaginations and critical thinking skills unless we are teaching them to use the methods that 'imaginers' and critical thinkers use?
Simply taking away the examples without teaching the use of the elusive 'imagination neurons' leaves the kids out in the cold. We should not be surprised if they look for something to copy. Schools, parents, and society do so much to condition us to be spectators rather than active strategic game players. As teachers we constantly say, "Please pay attention, watch closely, listen carefully, and so on." Original thinking becomes very risky, and most of us stop doing it.
Studies show that we loose our divergent thinking ability as we mature. Using eight tests of divergent thinking, researchers gave the tests to 1600 preschool children.
Why does this happen? We should not assume that education, parenting, and societal factors are the only causes of this reduction in creative thinking habits and skills. The normal biological development of our brains may be programmed to change the way the brain works as we mature. Divergent thinking allows our brains to scan all compartments and categories to look in all the unexpected places for a possible ideas. Young children have fewer fixed categories, so it may be natural for their brains to be open, flexible, and quick about this. As we accumulate more knowledge we categorize things and our brain tries to keep a log and remember where everything is--or at least how to look for it. As we mature the volumes of information and the categories become immense at the same time that our brains become less flexible. It gets harder and harder for us to scan all the compartments. The need to get things organized seems to be a very important part of our evolved genetics (and sanity).
Furthermore, we know that genetics varies between individuals. Some of us inherit different personality traits. We may be predisposed to be more or less capable of divergent thinking and creativity.
How much of this loss of divergent thinking ability as we mature is only because of our genetic programming (inheritance) as we get older? How much is because education is built around the efficiency of imitation, thereby failing to encourage and teach us the ways and appropriate times to use our imaginations? We cannot say, but common sense tells us that good education that requires us to continue to practice divergent thinking could continue to nurture the neurons and brains that can think divergently, creatively, and synthesize unrelated and disconnected new information more skillfully. Education that merely trains us to unquestionably acquire the knowledge of experts and believe it will allow the imaginative, creative, and synthesizing neurons to atrophy.
To the extent that the youthful brain is malleable, creating art is a perfect venue in which to practice and nurture the brain's imaginary powers to make choices and synthesize experiences and and materialize expression. Art is an ideal venue with which to practice imagining many scenarios that go beyond anything experienced in the past. When students write about art, describe it, have discussions about artistic quality, and create aesthetic descriptions of their surroundings they can be learning to make creative connections with their own experiences and they can imagine and speculate about lives they have have never actually observed or experienced. Like good science education that encourages observation and wonderment about how things work, art education also needs to build minds that observe, wonder, imagine, and create.
Imagination requires divergent thinking. Imagination can give us practice in the ability to hold a variety of different and conflicting notions in our minds simultaneously. On the other hand, once we are conditioned by our teachers to follow an example or an expert instead of finding joy in considering opposites and alternatives, we find it too frustrating to mess with all the options. We capitulate and follow the majority position, the fad, or whatever worked last time, and whatever happens to be popular at the moment.
When we see education as merely producing experts at imitating experts, we fail to foster most of what is our human potential. Einstein who was very intelligent, cautioned us by saying the imagination is much more important than intelligence. Yet, schooling methods are often directed toward gaining knowledge and skills (not imagination) because the educational research easily shows how well the mirror neurons work. Very little educational effort goes into imagination training because studies to validate it are much harder to do and more expensive to design and administer. Little effort goes into assessing and testing imagination (divergent thinking). Our testing fails to evaluate how much of our minds are being left behind as the result of our teaching methods. If we want No Mind Left Behind, we need to change how and what we assess in order to design effective teaching/learning paradigms for the nurture of critical thinking, divergent thinking, synthesizing minds and creating minds.
In addition to minds that have a discipline, can synthesize and create, Gardner proposes that we also need respectful and ethical minds. I believe we do this in art classes when we foster the empathic mind. Art class lends itself ideally for students to become more empathic. For example in group critiques we make special efforts to learn how to make comments that consider the needs of the other. When raising questions about peer artwork we learn to use the golden rule, platinum rule (asking a question that helps a peer become aware of something that they did not notice, while owning the inability to understand the creator's intention), and the silver rule (asking an open question that clarifies). We avoid the lead rule and the arsenic rule (I leave it the reader here to imagine the toxic comments implied by lead and arsenic).
Many art teachers know the secrets of fostering empathic studio culture where peer teaching is the normal expectation. Nobody helps by giving answers and solving problems for others. Advanced peers learn to help by learning how to phrase questions that foster experimentation, play, and divergent searches for ideas, solutions, and refinement of quality artwork. When these art teachers wisely manage peer learning they are developing empathic minds. Very little learning takes place unless the teacher is able to put herself into the mind of her student. The empathic stance is essential for any good teacher to design learning tasks that are challenging, of interest to students, and not too difficult for the students' abilities.
It is very normal and instinctive for humans to seek expertise from those who are slightly older or slightly more capable. When art teachers promote empathic peer learning they are able to provide very good one-to-one learning for larger and larger numbers of students. Good teachers realize that they must monitor and educate peer teachers to be sure they are empathic and refrain from ever giving answers. By being sure peer teachers learn to understand and foster self-learning and thinking on the part of their peers, professional teachers are multiplying their own potential exponentially.
As change accelerates, society needs fewer imitators and more innovators to survive and succeed. Our mirror neurons and imagination neurons do not evolve very fast, but education needs evolve now. Imitative production is perfect training for a society based on dictatorship and on slave workers. Democracies and free societies fail unless citizens learn to think on their own, learn to select the best experts (not the evil or power hungry regressive ones) when given a choice, and learn to generate good ideas when working in the field of their own expertise. This requires critical thinking about aesthetics, philosophy, and ethics. The prerequisite to all of this is the cultivation of divergent thinking that can imagine what has not yet existed--not imitation.
As society becomes more global and technology increases communication as well as massive destructive forces, creativity without empathy becomes too hazardous to imagine. Education fails unless it manages to wed the competent mind with the empathic mind. Art education is one place where this can and should happen.
Typically, art teachers assign homework sketchbooks. Students are asked to turn in or show their sketchbooks periodically. The purposes are to get practice in drawing, to become more aware of their everyday surroundings, and to accumulate a collection of relevant ideas for artwork projects in class.
These are such good goals that it would be better to bring them into the core of the course. Suppose we reverse the curriculum. Turn it upside down. Let them do the final projects as independent homework* and use the class time to learn how to become aware, to learn how to draw, and most importantly to learn how to generate ideas for artwork.
This may be too extreme for may teachers, but think about it. Many artists use sketchbooks as their idea journals. They expect ideas to come at unexpected times, so they use the sketchbook as a journal. This is too important to the life of an artist leave it chance and mere self-instruction. Our students need to see it as central to the life an artist--not optional--not merely homework.
Suppose art lessons would stop being primarily concerned with the end product. What if class work would be primarily about the way artists generate ideas for their work? What if the end product became the homework. In this inside out curriculum proposal, the majority of class sessions are given to the development of ideas, preliminary sketches, etc. The majority of the end products are produced as homework.
Every grading period would require every student to make choices from many possible ideas and complete only one final product as homework. What could be more like the life of a real artist? What if these products were routinely assessed on ethical and empathic standards, on creativity, and on traditional artistic quality standards?
In this model each student selects any one class activity and idea developed in class since the beginning of the course for the one required final product per grading period. Students who want to increase their chances of a better grade could make more final products, but only the grade on their best and most empathic one during each grading period would be counted. This is similar to an emerging artist working to produce a portfolio of superior work. Only the best examples are included in our portfolios, while many other practice works are never exhibited.
Teachers would find it less important to show examples of last year's best student examples. It would no longer feel important to flood the students with examples by great artists before the lesson starts. Students have class time and the benefit of instruction to produce a rich stash of ideas for their artwork.
Art History and the art world content becomes concept centered rather than product centered. Works are studied for why they were made (how did they serve the cultural and societal needs of the time) and for how the artist strategized them. Teachers learn to teach this way by analyzing accomplished artists and how they each generate their ideas. Students study art history, but to avoid confusion, they would not study art history as a way to get an idea for their work. They would generate ideas, do artwork, and then (after the creative work) the teacher would guide them to historical exemplars that also employed some aspect or concept similar to the the student's work.
The grading criteria is also turned upside down and inside out. This is not a rubric yet, but it is a list of ideas that might form the basis for the assessment rubric when the art course is directed toward generating creative ideas rather than getting preconceived end products.
demonstrated creative thinking skills such as flexibility, fluency, skepticism, opposites, similarities catching, etc.
In addition to the above grading criteria, a standard artwork grading rubric is used to grade the artwork done as homework. Perhaps 25 percent of the grade could be based on homework.
Some of the idea generation strategies involve teamwork. Some object to teamwork assignments because they feel that slackers will take unfair advantage of them. Teamwork, has its own set of skills and abilities. Nearly every vocation, parenting, and most life tasks are dependent on teamwork skills. Many young students are not natural team players, or have not had a chance to learn to be productive team members. This teamwork rubric may give them a better understanding and appreciation for ways to learn good teamwork skills.
Also see this essay on Grading in Art .
Example class strategies to learn art by learning to generate original art ideas and empathy Please note that this is but a short list of teaching methods that do not rely on examples. Art teachers have many other good ideas. You should try your own ideas and assess them.
Please share what you learn. College courses alone do not make us into good teachers. College teachers have also learned to exploit our mirror neurons to the exclusion of imagination training. The best teachers are continually experimenting and assessing their own teaching experiments. When your experiment does not work, do not just drop it. First figure out what you forgot to do, or what else you need to add to make it work. Teaching is like making a painting--we learn by doing, assessing, and doing it again. I may paint over yesterday's painting, but yesterday's painting experience continues to inform today's artwork.
In this sketch search, all drawings must be of something in the art room that no student in the class has ever seen in a drawing before. What do we overlook? What does the art teacher not notice? What is hiding in plain view?
BUIILDING AWARENESS - Students are given five to ten minutes to walk around the room with viewfinders and small drawing boards, clipboards, or unlined sketch pads. A 2x2 slide frame can be used as a viewfinder. Each student makes three or more quick compositions in 4 x 6 inch pre drawn rectangles on their paper. they make one drawing per sheet on letter size computer paper. Drawings must fill the 4 x 6 space.
COMPOSITION - Before starting, students generate a set of compositional choices to make as they use their viewfinder. This is a list generated by the class in a discussion of what makes an "interesting, effective, compelling, dynamic, original, and evocative" composition. The teacher can find these kind of ideas in the composition chapter in most photography books, but the teacher should not tell the students the answers. Using questions, the teacher can assess the students' ability to think of things that effect composition and phrase more questions to get the students to think of ideas about composition. Student ideas about compositional attributes are listed on the board and become criteria to use while using the viewfinders.
ASSESSING CHOICES - The first four students to finish meet with the teacher long enough for the teacher to make sure they know what to do next. They make sure every drawing meets the criteria of not having been drawn before. They then listen to each other and counsel each other on which of each student's ideas would make the best drawings or paintings. They state their reasons.
QUEST FOR QUALITY step 1 - In round two, the students repeat the process of making sketches, but this time they are allowed to steal anybody else's discoveries, but they have to find their own unique viewpoint and framing of the subject if they are using another student's subject.
QUEST FOR QUALITY step 2 - After another discussion of the results, each student develops one or two of their best 4 x 6 inch sketches into a value study by adding dark areas, and (if needed) erasing white areas until the drawing has a complete tonal range from white to black with all negative (background) area intentionally completed.
PEER CRITIQUE - Each student selects one sketch for a wall display and/or to take home and make it into a larger work. Each student randomly draws an name from a box and has to answer questions about one other student's drawing. Answer the questions: What do you see? Why do you notice it? What do you see next? Why? What could be a title? What is one question you have about it? Only positive or neutral comments and no negative written or verbal comments or questions are allowed about the work of peers.
a. Paint what these sounds looks like. The teacher plays contrasting sounds, music, etc. Small paintings experimentally adapt to the different sounds. These sounds can be made acoustically in the class by hiding the action in order stress the sound instead of the visual experience.
b. Draw the visual textures to represent noises. Students fill small pre drawn rectangles with marks that produce the look of textures.
c. Draw the pictures that illustrate a story (as a comic strip). Students create examples of each of these ideas and similar ideas in their journals.
Use class time to practice these transformations and allow students to make final products as homework* based on one their best ideas. Ideally, homework is based on inspiration and is optional. This is the way art is done by artists. The daily routine is based on discipline and self-assignments, and the great works are the result of inspiration as the result of preparation.
Style variations. Have students do self-portrait sketches using mirrors. Have them make some surreal, some expressionistic, some formalistic, and some realistic. Use class time to do the mirror sketches. Allow students to make a homework painting based on one these. Allow them to take paint home in film canisters or baby food jars. This page gives ideas on getting enough mirrors for the classroom.
Attribute listing used to design something. One example that I have used is a clay soap dish design project. Students list soap attributes, ceramic attributes, person (the primary user) attributes, bathroom attributes, etc. In one case a student made a very creative elephant soap dish because her aunt was an elephant collector. Her user attributes were about her aunt. This produced a unique and creative idea. The bar of soap inserted in the mouth of the elephant. Big holes in the belly drained and dried the soap (soap attributes) The attribute listing would be the class activity. Teams of students would compete for the honors of generating the most complete and most unique lists of attributes for a product design. Class time is used to learn this. Allow students to make final products based on one of these ideas as homework. Last spring a gardener student made a clay wheelbarrow for his soap.
Capricious composition generation. Such as: activities that produce many accidents from which students have to make choices. i.e. drop five flat toothpicks and place a 35 mm slide frame over them to frame the best possible design. Hold it down tight and pencil in the negative spaces. Do this five times and rank them from best to worst designs. Use class time to do it and assign students to make final products based on one these ideas as homework.
Create a designs by creating transition. Students draw something from nature from observation like the cross-section of an onion with some greens still attached, or an apple cut open to show the inside, the stem, and an attached leaf. Overlay the first drawing with thin paper and trace it slightly abstract. Overlay the tracing and trace the tracing slightly abstract. Repeat ten times, each time trying to end up with the design for a piece of clay, wood carving, a coffee table, a lamp base, a sculpture, or other art or craft product. Use class time to do this design work and assign students to make final products based on one these ideas as homework.
Unlikely juxtapositions Students change normal expectations. Hard things are soft. Large is small. Smooth is rough. Down is up. Inside is outside. Brittle is flexible. Light is dark. Natural becomes geometric. Manufactured goods grow on the farm. Numbers become animals. Dream world ideas are developed. Each student does 10 sketches, selects three to improve. One is improved at least three times. Final project is an improvement made from the improved version.
Transformation What would a theme park look like if it is designed for house flies and maggots, or for butterflies, pupa, egg, and caterpillars? What would this classroom look like if it was made into apartments for homeless families? How our classroom look if was changed into a prison? What if the part of the school would be changed into a petting zoo, a garden, a water garden? What if our school building would be made into a shopping mall or a computer factory? I there is an old abandoned building nearby, what could it be used for? What would happen if the your city or town planted 1,000 trees, where should they be planted? What could be built on the roof of the school building?
Translation. Create several small non-objective collage compositions that are based on the relationships that exist in the family of each creator. These collages must depend on the relationships of of color, texture, shape, value, and so on. Allow no subject matter so that students learn to consider formal elements instead of images to communicate their content. Students are told that they are not required to share or tell about the basis for the composition so the they can confidentially use their real feelings. Use class time to do the collage experiments. Assign homework to make final paintings based on one these ideas.
Collaborate to Compete Many of today's jobs require creative and productive teamwork and leadership skills. Form several teams for the purpose of generating more and better art ideas. Set up competition between the teams for the number and quality of ideas that they develop for art that is based on their own deeply held interests, feeling, experiences, and beliefs. What and how could art make the world in which they live a better world?
What if teams pass around their drawings, collages or, or assemblages as they work. They work on each other's work to develop enough ideas so that each team member can then redo one of outcomes to make it into a personal cohesive composition that incorporates new ideas contributed by others on the team.
Teamwork rubrics are used to encourage and assess the quality of each team member's abilities to work well in a collaborative simulation. These would assess things like listening ability, tolerance for diverse ideas, ability to contribute unusual ideas, ability to see and find good relationships between very different ideas, ability to ask good questions, ability to encourage seek ideas from those who are not contributing, and the ability to summarize and synthesize well. These rubrics apply to both discussion and visual rendition of their work. The rubrics are used by each team member to help assess each of the other team members. The teacher provides each student with a feedback rubric that is based on the teacher's judgment as observed by the teacher and as it has been informed by teammate rubrics.
Teams would give themselves names, develop identities, working strategies, and compete with other teams for art honors. Art students in other art classes are asked to predict the outcome of the judging (as a learning experience). If possible, two other art teachers or a community artist or two are called in. Judging students would not be told the identities of the artists on the teams they are judging.
Synectics. Assess each student's special interests and hobbies. Form diverse teams made up of very unlike interests and hobbies and ask each group to create unified collages and/or 3-d assemblage sculptures made up of a combination of their interests without using any words and without ready-made pictures. Explain metaphor and analogy. Have them list metaphors and analogies for their interests and hobbies. Have them use visual metaphor and analogies to represent their interests in the collages and assemblages. Ask them to negotiate emphasis, repetition, and unity. After the teams develop joint ideas, individuals are permitted to redesign individual final projects as homework.
Conceptual art. Students write and illustrate the imaginary history of a mysterious still life object (comic book style). What if a Granny Smith apple is drawn as a portrait of what Granny Smith must have looked like and what she wore the day she discovered the Granny Smith apple. Can a piece of driftwood be explained then drawn in terms of its life in a castle or some imaginary unrecorded prehistory. Design a still life that is represented by the molecular diagrams of the materials (molecules) present in the still life. What is the story of a stone age tool if it is illustrated at the moment of its invention? Can good and bad art be created and shown with a halo and devil or some other symbolic designation?
Other ideas. a. When you see other art teachers, ask them how they teach idea generation. Ask writing teachers how they do it. Ask science teachers how they teach students to get ideas for experiments.
b. Ask your own students to give you their ideas for how to get new ideas. Let everybody know how important it is to learn this.
Many art teachers can legitimately argue that art homework would not get done in their communities. Others will argue that only some families in their communities would support and encourage their children to do art homework. I agree that this feels unfair to some children. If this is a serious issue, consider in-class alternatives, but continue to do whatever is possible to cultivate other kinds of homework culture. This link is a proposal for homework that is not homework in the traditional sense. It is "thinkwork" to be done outside of class.
If is unrealistic to expect students to make projects at home, plan the class sequence to provide a similar curriculum without the homework component. Use three sessions when students work at three different ways of finding good ideas for artwork. The next two sessions could be used to produce one art work based the experiences of the first three sessions. Students are required to make choices that grow out of their first three sessions. Once students select an idea to develop you might even instruct the students to hide (put away) their preliminary work in order to get them to creatively respond to the materials and content of the work itself as it develops as they work. Think of all the preliminary planning as mind preparation, but not as a final plan. Ask them how they can continue what was done in the first three sessions as they work on on the final project. There could be many variations on this.
3 --Land, George. and Jarman, Beth. Breakpoint and Beyond: Mastering the Future Today, ©1992 Harper Business edition. page 153. In this reference related to divergent thinking, Land and Jarman are referring to studies reported by Calvin W. Taylor in Creativity: Progress and Potential, 1964, New York, McGraw Hill, chapters 2 - 4. This was work done during the early days of the Head Start program.
4 -- the Sol LeWitt quote is from Peter Schjeldahl in "Conceptual Motion" The New Yorker, August 3, 2009, pp. 76-7.
What is the matter with copy work.
Should art teachers stop making suggestions when asked for help?
A 4 minute video showing hands-on experimentation as learning.
The following is a note about this page from a Canadian art teacher. It also relates to an essay describing art class warmups.
I've used warm ups for the past couple of years to establish the introductory routine to the class. It opens students up to expect the unexpected from me!!
Have you tried an idea for teaching the generation of ideas in your class?
I welcome an email note with your ideas for improvements, your questions, or other creative ideas that occurred to you or your students as you worked with teaching creative thinking.
I invite readers to send me their ways to generate new ideas. Let me know if I may share and if you wish to be credited.
All rights reserved. This page © Marvin Bartel, Emeritus Professor of Art, Adjunct in Art Education, Goshen College. Teachers many make a single copy for their personal use so long as this copyright notice is included. Scholarly quotations are permitted with proper attribution. | 2019-04-23T12:19:39Z | http://www.bartelart.com/arted/ideas.html |
One day I trekked north on Woodward Avenue from the northern Downtown area through Midtown and on north to New Center and the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place. I stopped for a long visit at the Detroit Institute of Arts along the way.
The last of General Motors' employees moved out of Cadillac Place to the Renaissance Center on the waterfront in 2001. Cadillac Place now houses over 2,000 Michigan state employees. The building was the state of the art for the 1920s. General Motors had left behind nearly 1,900 window air conditioner units. A major renovation in 2002-2003 installed a central air conditioning system.
Along the way I passed the Detroit Medical Center, and this large vacant building on Alexandrine.
The Garden Bowl, under the yellow metallic facade seen below, is the oldest continuously operating bowling alley in the United States. It was built in 1913.
The front 35 feet of the building was removed in 1934, when Woodward Avenue was widened to its current size. And, the exterior was heavily renovated in 1966. But people have been bowling here since 1913.
The Majestic Theatre is next door, to the left in this view. It opened in April, 1915, seating 1,651 people in what then was the world's largest theatre built for showing movies.
The theatre closed, was used for a while as a church, and then as a photographic studio. Then it sat empty for ten years. The present owner purchased it in 1984, and it now hosts mostly a variety of musical concerts.
The Colonel Frank J. Hecker House is at 5510 Woodward Avenue, at Ferry Street.
Hecker was a Union Army officer during the Civil War. He organized the Peninsular Car Company and made a fortune selling railroad supplies. He was back in the Army during the Spanish American War, 33 years later.
Theodore Roosevelt appointed Heckler to the Panama Canal Commission in 1904. He also served as the Police Commissioner of Detroit, organized several midwestern banks, and was on the boards of several Detroit industrial businesses.
He started building this home in 1888, basing its design on the Château de Chenonceaux near Tours, France. Construction material includes English oak for the lobby, Egyptian Nubian marble and onyx for the fireplaces, and Italian Sienna marble in the vestibules. He hosted elaborate parties here, with Presidents William McKinley and Rutherford Hayes on the guest lists.
Hecker lived here until he died in 1927. The Hecker family owned it through 1947, operating it as a boarding house for college students. They sold it to the Smiley Brothers Music Company, who used the space for musical instruction and practice and also sold musical instruments.
It has been home to the Charfoos & Christensen law firm since 1990. It also houses the Royal Danish Consulate.
I continued north along Woodward Avenue to cross over I-94, also called the Edsel Ford Freeway. This put me in the New Center area, where West Grand Boulevard crosses Woodward Avenue.
The Fisher Building, with its green pyramid shaped peak, had been visible from downtown, but now I was getting close to it. The massive Cadillac Place began to loom up in front of it.
I'm about to cross under the Canadian National rail line. The light colored one-story building just right of center is the current Amtrak station, a far cry for the Michigan Central Station in its glory. Amtrak's Wolverine runs between Chicago and Detroit, three times per day in each direction. It's a 7.5 hour trip, making one of the three departure times inconveniently early and one of the three arrival times inconveniently late.
Cadillac Place was constructed between 1919 and 1923. It was built as the permanent headquarters of General Motors. Oh, how plans change.
William Durant had founded General Motors in 1908. The company's Board of Directors had to apply a great deal of pressure to get him to construct a headquarters building. One wing of the huge E-shaped building was ready for occupancy in late 1920, while the rest of the building construction continued.
The entire complex was to have been named after Durant, but a 1921 power struggle forced him out. The building was renamed Cadillac Place, but an ornamental D had already been carved above the main entrance and several other places.
The final structure is enormous: 15 stories, total height of 220 feet, 1,398,000 square feet of floor space. It's more than an E shape as there are four 15-story wings extending from the main backbone paralleling West Grand Boulevard (just three are visible here). This design allows natural light and ventilation to reach every office.
Cadillac Place fully opened in 1923 as the second-largest office building in the world, behind the Equitable Building in New York.
The relatively low five-story Annex, with the red peaked roof and windows in dark columns, was the original home of General Motors Laboratories. The Annex was built soon after the main building was finished. Those laboratories moved in 1930 across Milwaukee Avenue to the red brick Argonaut Building, at the far left.
The Fisher Building was completed in 1928. It's an ornate Art Deco skyscraper that is called "Detroit's largest art object".
The Fisher family had founded a company that built car bodies. They sold Fisher Body to General Motors and built this office and retail building with the proceeds.
The tower has 30 stories, with its roof top at 428 feet. This, however, was just the start. The original plan was for this tower to be matched with a second 30 story tower, the two of them flanking a 60 story central tower! However, the Depression hit within a year of the completion of what we see today, stopping the grand plan.
The tower is called the Golden Tower, as it was originally covered with gold gilded tiles. The gold tiles were removed during World War II due to fears that they made the building a beacon for enemy bombers. They were replaced with green terracota tiles.
Lower levels are still faced with limestone. Here we see the main entrance off West Grand Boulevard.
The main lobby is three stories tall with an elaborately decorated barrel vaulted ceiling.
The building houses the Fisher Theatre. It was an opulent live theatre with 3,500 seats. It was decorated in an Aztec theme with Mexican-Indian art and banana trees housing live macaws that the patrons could feed.
After the Depression, the Fisher Theatre operated as a movie theatre for the most part. The banana trees and macaws had been removed.
In 1961 the theatre was renovated, modifying it into a 2,089 seat playhouse with more spacious seating and internal lobby areas for the audience. The decor was changed to a far simpler mid-century design. Many people find that the 1961 decor now seems far more dated than the elaborate Art Deco lobby!
The lobby decoration is made from forty different varieties of marble. The Hungarian artist Géza Maróti designed and carried out the decor.
The Book Building was built in 1916-1917 on the central Washington Boulevard through downtown. It was a just a fairly simple rectangular block of a 13-story office building, the relatively low part extending to our right in the picture at left.
The Book Building was built in an Italian Renaissance style, at least as far as that applies to 13-story office blocks. But what was to follow would be far more elaborate.
In 1926 the Book brothers finished their Book Tower addition to the northwest end of that office building. At 36 stories and 475 feet, it was the tallest office building in Detroit for two years. It held that rank until the Penobscot Building's completion in 1928.
The tower's design becomes increasingly more complex toward its top. Academic Classicism is the formal label. It includes intricately carved Corinthian columns (far more elaborate than the simple Doric or Ionic), scrolls, and crests. Horizontal bands of Italian Renaissance decoration circle it at various heights.
One difficulty with the design of any tall and narrow building is the simple fact that an increasing proportion of its cross-section at any level must be dedicated to providing the rest of the tower with ventilation, electrical power, water and waste plumbing, and access between the floors.
Louis Kamper, the architect, neglected to consider the need for adequate fire evacuation during the design process. So, a large external staircase was added.
The entire structure was faced with an especially porous limestone that quickly accumulated airborne pollutants.
As you can see at left, the original Book Building was built in a tight U shape, providing some light to the offices near its core.
The Book brothers had planned for another tower at the other end, but the Great Depression ended that plan.
Elaborate columns and other decorations wrap around the tower at the 13th floor, the top level of the main building. Another dozen floors continue above that, and then things get progressively more ornate toward the top.
The Book Tower remained a prestigious address through the 1970s, but its fortunes declined through the 1980s. Businesses were moving out. In March 1986, a large mast holding a set of microwave antennas was blown off the roof onto Washington Boulevard, loosening several 300-pound pieces of decorative stone cornice.
The Travelers Insurance Company was the principal mortgage holder on the building in 1988, and it took the building's owners, the Book Building Associates, to court. They were unable to pay the remaining $4 million, leading Travelers to sell the building in March 1989 to John Lambrecht.
Lambrecht was a popular investor and civic leader who had previously purchased and renovated the nearby Cadillac Tower. He had similar plans for the Book Building and Tower, but he committed suicide later that year. His widow, Susan Lambrecht, took over the continuing expensive renovations.
New York investor Charles Starace took an option in 1992 to buy the Book Tower within three years for $2-3 million. Within a year the unpaid electrical bill was about $23,000, and Detroit Edison was threatening to disconnect the power. The building's offices were down to about 50% occupancy, but Starace insisted that the operation was financially sound. Starace settled his utility bill within one day of the utility's deadline, and Susan Lambrecht retained ownership of the building.
She sold the Book Building and Tower in 2006 to the Pagan Organization (really!), a real estate investment group of New York. They added some retail space and converted some of the upper office to residential. The Pagan Organization formed the Northeast Commercial Services Corporation to manage the building. But that corporation filed for bankruptcy within a year, in May 2007.
The last tenant was Bookie's Tavern, which closed its doors on January 5, 2009. That same week the Detroit Free Press reported that the building's owner owed $87,000 in back electrical bills and $18,593 for water and sewage.
The Book-Cadillac Hotel, now owned and operated by the Westin chain, was built starting in 1923. It was completed and opened in December 1924, the tallest building in the city and the tallest hotel in the world. It has 29 floors, and is just over 106 feet tall. It has a steel skeleton, with the lower six floors faced in limestone and beige brick on the floors above.
It had 1,136 guest rooms, and the public spaces on the first five floors held three ballrooms, three dining rooms, and a ground floor retail arcade in addition to its spacious lobby. Radio station WCX, the predecessor to WJR, was based on the hotel's top floor.
The Book brothers had also built this building, but they lost the hotel during the Depression when the banks foreclosed on the property in 1931. It continued operation as a hotel under different ownership and management.
Sheraton bought the property in 1951, extensively renovating the building and renaming it the Sheraton-Cadillac. They rebuilt most of the public spaces, except for the ballrooms and the Italian garden, and replaced the grand staircase with escalators.
The building changed hands again in 1975, in 1976, and again in 1979. It had been considered the city's top hotel for several years, but the owners at that time announced that they would close it because of the decreasing occupancy. The city was scheduled to host the 1980 Republican National Convention, and did not want to lose even more hotel space. So, the city entered into a partnership with the owners to keep the hotel open.
The 1,100 guest rooms remaining in use, designed to the standards of the early 1920s, were considered much too small in 1983. Plus there were far too many of them to keep the hotel anywhere near full.
The hotel was closed in October 1984 for a modification and renovation that was to convert it into a 12 floor hotel with 550 rooms, and 11 floors of office space. But construction costs were climbing rapidly and Detroit's economic situation continued to worsen through the 1980s. The property was sold off in 1986, the retail businesses moved out, and the building was closed for twenty years.
Vandals, scavengers, and the weather gradually destroyed the building from 1986 through 2003. The city then announced a deal to renovate the structure, but it quickly stopped when the construction crews found that the structure was even more damaged than they had expected.
Finally, a new renovation plan was announced in 2006. The work was done from August 2006 through the grand re-opening in October 2008.
It's now a Westin hotel with 455 rooms, plus 67 condominium units priced $280,000 and up. Some of the original decor has been recreated in the grand ballroom.
The David Stott Building is another Art Deco skyscraper in downtown Detroit. It was built in 1929. It was named after a Detroit businessman who owned a mill and was on the board of several other companies.
There's no prize for guessing what his name was.
The David Stott Building has 37 stories above ground level, plus three below.
It has a red granite base and incorporates some marble on its first three floors. Above that it's faced in red brick.
It has architectural sculpture by Corrado Parducci, like many other Detroit buildings of the 1920s.
If you are designing a building to incorporate large areas of decorative brass, you need to provide some means of access for cleaning it from time to time.
Looking south along Griswold Street toward the river, we see three Art Deco skyscrapers from the prosperous 1920s. From left to right they are the David Stott Building, Guardian Building, and Penobscot Building.
The Penobscot Building appears here at a distance, between the David Stott Building and the rather battered Park Place Apartments. It's another 1920s Art Deco skyscraper, finished in 1928.
At 45 stories above ground and a roof at 565 feet, it was the tallest building in Detroit until 1977. When it was completed in 1928, it was the eighth tallest building in the world and the tallest outside New York and Chicago.
The sides are sheer to the 30th floor, and then a series of setbacks begin, making the upper floors progressively smaller.
The peak hosts a large number of VHF/UHF repeater and remote antennas, plus several microwave dishes for point to point links. The main mast and its large red spherical beacon at the top date from the original 1920s design.
Like many Art Deco buildings from the 1920s, the main plan is in an H shape providing natural light and ventilation.
The main entrance has some Native American styled decoration. The building was named for a Maine tribe.
The large arched window makes you expect a grand four-story lobby. However, notice the fluorescent lights showing through the mostly dark window.
The lobby beyond these doors is small, with a low ceiling. The second, third, and fourth floors continue across behind this window.
The Penobscot Building is in the crowded Financial District, and it's hard to see very much of it at one time. This view is looking down Monroe Street, over the Campus Martius traffic circle and park to the Penobscot Building.
The Guardian Building is the most spectacular Art Deco skyscraper in down town. Here you see the Guardian to the left and the and Penobscot Building to the right.
The upper floors step back, requiring you to be some distance away to see its onate top. It's 36 stories and 496 feet tall. The exterior is largely brick with decorative work in limestone, tile, and terra cotta.
The Guardian Building was built in 1928-1929, originally as the Union Trust Building. It has been nicknamed the Cathedral of Finance, which becomes more obvious when you see the interior, shown below.
The large flag at its top was flying at half-mast on another day. Michigan native and euthanasia enthusiast Jack Kevorkian had just died (ironically, of natural causes) so maybe this was in honor of him.
The bottom four floors are all in limestone, with Native American bas reliefs. The two floors above that mix limestone, tile, terra cotta, and brick.
Here you see three Native Americans represented in the building's exterior at the Griswold Street main entrance. Two tall standing bas reliefs stand on either side of the arch, and the arch's half-dome has a tile representation.
The interior is decorated in brightly colored mosaic and tile.
The Guardian Building was headquarters for the U.S. Army's offices directing vehicle and aircraft construction during World War II.
Detroit was called the Arsenal of Democracy for its prodigious wartime production. The Ford plants were building one B-24 every hour, 600 per month with the plants running three shifts around the clock.
Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto believed that Japan could not win an long war with the United States. Although he planned the Pearl Harbor attack, he felt that the attack was a mistake made even worse by the bungling of the Japanese Foreign Ministry making it an unprovoked sneak attack during peacetime. While it seems that he never said "I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve", as his character does in the movie Tora! Tora! Tora!, that does seem to have captured his thinking.
The government of Wayne County agreed to purchase the Guardian Building, and it will move its office out of the current Wayne County Building when the deal goes through.
One Detroit Center is the latest skyscraper in Detroit. It was built in 1991 through 1993.
It's now the tallest office building in Detroit, and the second tallest building overall behind the central tower of the Renaissance Center, seen below.
One Detroit Center has 43 floors, two less than the 45 of the Penobscot Building. However, One Detroit Center's floors are taller and yield a roof that peaks at 607 feet, about 60 feet taller than that of the Penobscot Building.
The main tenant of the building has been Comerica. However, they moved their headquarters to Dallas, Texas, and have announced that they will leave when their lease runs out in 2012. The several law firms and other banks now in the building will have room for their expansion, and the building may be renamed.
The design is intended to be neo-gothic, with spires like those in old Flemish buildings.
Finally, there is the Renaissance Center. Locals call it the Ren Cen.
The main structures of the Renaissance Center are the 73-story (727') central tower and the four 39-story (522') office towers surrounding it. All of that opened in 1977.
Lots of poured cast concrete.
Leonid Brezhnev may have had those Soviets pouring a lot of concrete back in the 1970s. But we can show them how to really pour concrete.
The central tower was designed as, and still is, a hotel. It was the tallest hotel in the world when it opened in 1977. That was a time when Kuala Lumpur was an obscure southeast Asian city, Shenzhen was little more than a farming village in southeastern China, and Dubai was an impoverished Persian Gulf emirate that had been a British protectorate until just six years before.
It's still the tallest hotel in the Western Hemisphere, but skyscraper building has largely moved to Asia. The six tallest hotels in the world are all in the city of Dubai; number 7, 11, and 12 are in Bangkok; number 8 is in Hong Kong; number 9 is in Macau; and number 10 is in Chongqing. If you're trying to find that city in your atlas, you might find it spelled Chungking.
The sculpture we're looking past depicts Joe Lewis' arm.
The 1980 Republican National Convention was held in Detroit, nominating Ronald Reagan as the eventually successful Presidential candidate. I wonder if Detroit was picked to play up the issue of economic malaise.
The convention itself was held at the nearby Joe Lewis Arena, but for some reason you see a lot of attention paid to the fact that Reagan, his Vice-Presidential running mate George H. W. Bush, and former President Gerald Ford stayed in the central tower hotel.
General Motors purchased the Renaissance Center in 1996, moving its headquarters from Cadillac Place over the following five years. The Marriott chain manages the central hotel.
The five story glass atrium on the river side looks across the Detroit River, which drains Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, and Lake Huron toward the Atlantic. Windsor, Ontario is directly across the river. Here we see a large lake freighter passing downstream.
The Detroit River itself is just 32 miles long. Lake Huron drains via the Saint Clair River into Lake Saint Clair, which then drains via the Detroit River into Lake Erie. It discharges about 188,000 cubic feet per second, about 5,325 cubic meters per second.
Windsor lies to the south of Detroit, the only place other than around Niagara Falls where you cross the border to the south to cross from a U.S. city to a Canadian one.
The French explorers in the 1670s named the waterway the Rivière du Détroit, meaning the River of the Strait.
Detroit. Détroit. The Strait. That's what it means.
Over its history, the city of Detroit has presented seven people with the keys to the city. Well, two of them are fictional characters: Santa Claus and Elmo from Sesame Street.
The five actual people who have been presented with the keys to the city of Detroit are: the actor James Earl Jones, the neurosurgeon Benjamin Carson, a football star, a sports team owner, and Saddam Hussein.
No, really. In 1979, the Reverend Jacob Yasso of the Chaldean Sacred Heart congratulated Saddam Hussein on his presidency. In return, Hussein sent the church $250,000. Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz was Chaldean, and there are tens of thousands of Chaldeans living in the Detroit area. Yasso was sent to Baghdad in 1980 by the Detroit mayor. After receiving the keys to the city, Hussein donated another $200,000 to the church. | 2019-04-23T14:51:12Z | https://cromwell-intl.com/travel/usa/detroit/detroit-part3.html |
With my son coming home from the Army (it has been a nice visit), I am surprised at how many people think this is the right time for me to sit down and "have a talk" with him. I am not at all sure where this idea originates, but it is amazing how many people have brought this up.
Apparently, the theory is that I (as the Father) have some great knowledge that he (as the Son) needs to hear and that, for whatever reason, I have never given it to him before. Now That He Is A Man (as they will say it), I am apparently supposed to impart this knowledge to him over lunch or dinner or something, in a very important Talk.
I think, maybe, it arises from television and movies, where we always see fathers and sons sitting down for a serious talk. It may just come from the increasing feminization of things, given how much women seem to like having such talks. I know that wives are frequently the ones who want their husbands to have such talks. Who knows where it comes from, but I wish it would go away. Seriously.
My son lived in my house for 23 years. Do you think there is something I wanted to tell him but just kept forgetting all those years? Is there some wisdom or understanding I just never got around to mentioning but which he needs now? I don't think so.
I can imagine having some kind of a talk. If he had some girl he was preparing to marry, then maybe we could talk about marriage. Of course, I am not sure what new I could say to a man who observed 23 years of my marriage that he would not already know.
I can imagine having a son who is troubled by some temptation to sin imposed by his peers and who comes to me for help, but I find it hard to work out how that would happen. If it is sin, I would tell him not to do it. He knows I would tell him not to do it. So, that conversation is not very useful or very long.
He is not going into my profession (he is a soldier, I am a lawyer), so not a lot of professional advice is needed.
In short, I raised my son the way I wanted him raised. I made mistakes, I am sure, but how would I know? There are things I theoretically would "have done differently," but so what? He does not need to sit and listen to me whine about how I raised him. I do not live a life of regrets, after all. We are where we are.
In short, this is not a movie script. In scripts, they include these talks to create a sense of emotional closeness for the audience, but I cannot imagine sitting my son down and talking to him that way. I can imagine him coming to me with questions, but that is up to him.
So, we sit and have lunch and talk about all the little things people talk about when they like each other's company. In two days, he will be headed back to his duty station. He is a man, with a man's world to live in. I raised him and have faith in him.
In short, it was not television. It was not a movie. It was me and my son. It was perfect. It was just what it ought have been.
Driving earlier today, I saw a couple walking along in which the young man had a long ponytail. It reminded me of a young preacher I knew many years ago, who also had a ponytail.
I assisted the church in some trouble it had with a prior pastor and in its search for a new pastor, but was not involved in the actual hiring process. The church was not a great church, being more of a community church with no strong theological convictions, but felt it could find a good pastor anyway. They ended up hiring this young man.
When I first spoke to him by telephone, I was surprised to hear him mention having a ponytail (as if it mattered to me) and how "surprising" it was to the people where he had started working. When I visited him at his church, he talked again about his ponytail and how "cool" it was that they hired him anyway and how "shocked" people were to see his ponytail. He was really quite proud of that ponytail and how he perceived others responding to it. He even asked if I was "surprised" to see a minister with a ponytail. I was rather amazed that he thought it was such a big deal at all. I knew lots of men with ponytails. It was the Seattle area, after all.
Over the years, I have thought about him a great deal. A ponytail is an interesting thing, isn't it? It does not matter at all. Seriously, what difference does it make? It does not make you stronger or wiser or a better Christian. A ponytail (like any hairdo) is important only in so much as it impacts others. My looks don't matter to me, they matter to those who look at me.
But that was not his attitude at all. His attitude was that having a ponytail was important to who he was. It would have to be because no man in our culture would grow one without thinking about it. He wanted to be a man with a ponytail, regardless of how it impacted his ability to work for God. He knew the ponytail would bother others, but felt that it was a good idea to force them to deal with his ponytail. He knew it would be a problem, and he kept it so that it could be a problem because of how important it was to him.
I knew, or I felt strongly, that he would never succeed. No man who values his hair more than the members of his church will succeed as a pastor. No man who believes that shocking people is a valuable ministry choice will succeed in a job that requires love. A true minister would have been concerned about more than his ponytail.
We see this in other areas. A pastor will insist on the music he likes, not what his people respond to, and say they "need to change." A pastor will insist on preaching the way he likes ("It's my style") rather than the way his people need to hear the word. Young pastors will want to dress casually in an area where preachers dress nicely, even though the people like to have preachers dress nicely. How many pastors have told me, in effect, "they have to adjust to me"? They have to like my ponytail.
I was right about the young minister with the ponytail. He lasted almost two years but was fired because of what seemed to be a simple matter, but no one there had ever come to really love him. Why? Because he did not love them. He loved his ponytail.
Preachers need to know that their duty is to love their neighbors, to love their people, to love their God. It is not their duty to have ponytails (or not have them). It is not their job to love themselves in such a way. If I ministered in a place where men had to be bald to be heard, I would shave my head in a moment. If I minister to people who need my hair to be longer than it is, I would grow it longer. What is hair compared to the faith of God's people?
Preachers and ponytails. An odd and a sad connection in the life of a small church and a young minister. I hope they both learned a lot through the process.
Earlier this week, I blogged on the question of God and American Football. I previously spoke also of my concern over how many Christians seem to view the Tim Tebow situation as some miraculous work of God.
Anyway, a good friend asked a good question about the whole Tebow situation. "But I have been wondering lately if God is particularly blessing Tebow's efforts because Tebow is presenting a positive image to the world of how a Christian should live their lives, even the rich and famous." She concludes this way: "It's not because Tebow's a Christian, but because he is a powerful witness and God is using that. Does that make any sense?"
The answer, of course, is that it makes a lot of sense in modern American ways of thinking. It is, in fact, an excellent question about how we think about God and about life. The argument is that there is something special about Tebow that God wants to promote by allowing him to win games.
Perhaps, as my friend suggests, this could be a sign to us of "how a Christian should live" life. We should, in that sense, be more like Tebow. God, in this view, is blessing Tebow so that we would want to be more like him.
Trouble is, we really don't have any basis for this idea because we know almost nothing about him. We think we know a lot, but we actually know very little He makes a whole lot of money, we know that, but we cannot mean that God wants us all to make a lot of money. He is publicly praised and admired by thousands, but God surely does not mean that. But we really don't know much else. We do not know what he does on a daily basis. We have no idea about "how he lives" at all. All we know is what we see on Sunday.
The Bible tells us that we are to look to Christ and to the apostles as examples of how to live (and, generally, to leaders whom God has given us). The example of Christ is about how to deal with suffering, something with which Tebow seems totally unacquainted. I have heard people say that he "suffers" because "people mock him." Christians being mocked is common. Has he had a child die? I know many Christians who have lost children, or whose parents are ill, or who are suffering for their jobs. How is Tebow an inspiration to them? He is still a very young man, after all. Does him winning a few football games really inspire greater Christian faithfulness? God has given us leaders of the faith, men and women who have endured the suffering of life. We should not look to young men barely beginning life as our examples.
In America, we think of success as something to emulate, but the Bible tells us to remember those who suffer for Christ and those who lead the body of Christ, and to emulate their way of life. Hebrews 13. We are not to emulate the wealthy, but the faithful. From God's point of view, exalting Tebow in order to have others act like him seems inconsistent with what we are commanded to do.
God has told us, in fact, that we are not great. We were chosen as the weak, the dishonored, the despised, the low. 1 Corinthians 1:26-31. His purpose was to ensure that we would not be proud in ourselves but only in God's power. It would be quite inconsistent to hold that He would then create a great athlete as the one whom we are to exalt and emulate.
We also have to consider that not everyone considers Tebow a great Christian example. Tebow's very career choice is anathema to many faithful Christians, who believe that Sunday is a day given by God for rest and worship, so any admiration for him would be tempered by his helping Christians justify ignoring that requirement. I do not hold this, but many faithful Christians do. Catholics will not admire his rejection of their faith, certainly. Tebow's faith, what little we know of it, seems a fairly common brand in many ways, but is not consistent with most churches at all.
Further, of course, is the question of how this is all working anyway. I suppose you would have to say that part of God's plan is having Tebow play terribly for three quarters, being entirely dependent on his defense succeeding, and then suddenly play well for a few minutes to win (even being dependent on other players making major mistakes). How is this evidence of God's wanting us to be like Tebow? If God has decided to give us athletic success as a standard to follow, wouldn't we be excited about Aaron Rodgers?
Aaron Rodgers is a Christian, a very open and apparently faithful Christian. He quarterbacks the best team in football. They are undefeated. They have not required miraculous turnarounds in the fourth quarter, but are dominant throughout games. Rodgers is the highest rated quarterback in the NFL and is universally said to be playing the position as well as anyone ever has. Yet no one speaks of God being involved at all. He does his job, as we all do, and remains faithful to his testimony and his God.
Let me be clear. I know that God has, for whatever reason, decreed that Green Bay be undefeated and that Denver be winning these games. His reasons for doing so are beyond my knowing. These facts impact millions of lives, not just a few fans, and I do not understand how all of it works. God is far beyond my understanding.
But I know that I will never look to Tim Tebow or Aaron Rodgers as an example of how to live my faith, but to Christ. In the same way, their losses will never cause me to reject my faith.
Put simply, I do not know why Denver is winning now. I do not know if God is somehow rewarding Tebow (at the expense of faithful Christians on other teams). I do not know if it is part of a test of Tebow's maturity. I do know that whatever He is doing, it is much more than I can understand.
Enjoy the football (at least the fourth quarter), but be careful about attributing your feelings to God. God is far beyond our understanding.
My older son, Andrew, is coming home tomorrow for a Christmas season visit. Andrew is our second child and left us at the end of March for his new Army career. We saw him in very early June at his boot camp graduation, but have not seen him since that time. He is stationed out west.
There are a lot of things to think about with him coming home. First, of course, we have to find a place for him to sleep (having emptied his room of his stuff), but that is not a big issue. As he says, he is a soldier now and can sleep just about anywhere.
More importantly, this is his first visit home as a grown-up. He was a legal adult when he left, of course, but had never lived away from home. He comes back as a grown-up. He left as a skinny kid but has had months of physical training and can pass military physical tests, so he is certainly going to look different. He has lived nine months away, with different people, doing different things, so he will be different.
He is our second child to leave home, so we are not totally out of touch with the situation, but it remains interesting.
How quickly people change. I think we forget this as we go through life. We see the same people all the time and their changes just seem natural to us, so we don't think about it. I have a friend who was single when I met him, now he is married with two children. He has changed a lot.
Andrew comes "home" to a very different place than he left, just nine months ago. Our second daughter has been in college since June (so she has changes, too) and the second son (our last child) is now 17 and driving, with a job, so many things have changed.
As you get ready for your Christmas time, spend some time thinking about how you have changed. And, especially, remember this: change is what you want.
As Christians, we are never at the end of our changes. God is in the process of making us like Christ. The Holy Spirit is producing fruit in us: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control. Gal. 5:22.
Are you more loving this year? Is your joy greater, your peace more consistent, your patience more steady? Is your life (your every day) filled with your kindness, your goodness, to others? Are you more faithful, more gentle, in greater self-control.
If so, then rejoice in a good year. Peter tells us that these qualities make us useful and that if we lack these things, then we are "blind or short-sighted." 2 Peter 1:8-9.
It will be nice to see Andrew again. I am curious about what I will find in my son, but, to be honest, I am also concerned about what he will find in me. Will it be the great things of God coming true in my spirit and life? Or will it just be the same old me he left?
Tomorrow could be interesting for both of us.
As the Tim Tebow craze continues (see the blog from November 17), we find ourselves back into the old question: "Does God Care About Football Games?"
The same question can be asked of any other sport, of course. We see athletes frequently claiming God's hand in their victories. These claims are always followed by someone arguing that "God does not care about football games." Then, of course, you get the old "with all the terrible things in the world, God is too busy to worry about football games." Or, finally, you get the "football just isn't that important anyway, why would God care?" response.
So, does God care about football?
When an unbeliever states any opinion about God, we can forget it having any validity. Unbelievers do not believe anyway. So, let's think about professing Christians who ask the questions.
This, of course, is a false question at its heart. The question presupposes that God exists in the same way we exist; that he is waiting to see who wins or how he can help his person win. We know this is nonsense. The idea that God is "cheering for" a team is nonsense. He is God. He already knows who will win and who will lose and how they will win or lose. He is not waiting to see what happens. He does not care in the way that we care.
But, of course, that does not really answer the question either. Those who say "God doesn't care about who wins a football game" are saying a lot more than they think they are saying. "It's just a football game" they will say. Well, no, it's not.
There are dozens of men whose livelihoods are involved in every game. Their errors and heroic acts will be judged by their bosses and they could lose their jobs. Jobs matter to God, do they not? Players are often injured, sometimes severely. God cares about injuries, does he not? Coaches are fired. Does that not matter to God? Christian coaches get fired, does God not care about them?
The Tebow crowds have the idea that God just "wants Tebow to win," but that means he wants the Christians on the other team to lose. Tebow is not the only Christian in football. Every time his team wins, some other Christian's team loses. Does God not care about the other Christians? That is ridiculous and Tebow would say it is ridiculous. God does not love Tebow more than his other children.
Each team has thousands of fans, hundreds of thousands, all of whom are impacted by whether their team wins or loses. Does God not care about them? Many of them are Christians. If a team loses, then its fans lose and this matters to them. So, when we say God does not care about football, we are saying God does not care about his aspect of the lives of his people. The circle of "uncaring" widens a great deal.
If the team loses, then fewer fans will come to the next game, impacting hundreds (thousands) of workers in the stadium, in the restaurants around the stadium, in stores that sell football gear. A family who normally gets a few hundred dollars from parking cars in their yard will get less now, money they could have used. Do you say God does not care for them, or for the people who are laid off in the stadium because attendance is down?
If the team wins, then people will be happy for a little while, if they lose, people will be saddened. Does God not care how people feel?
Eventually, you have to decide if you believe in God at all. A God who "does not care" about an activity that impacts hundreds of thousands of lives, in dozens of ways, seems pretty small to me. There are sixteen games a week, millions of lives being impacted, dozens of men being injured, thousands of jobs being effected, millions of dollars moving from here to there, but they say God does not care. This is absurd.
God is sovereign. To say that a team wins "because God wants Tebow to win" is just nonsense. God would not put one man above all other men in such a foolish way. God did not "choose" a team for some childish reason. He is sovereign.
Teams win and lose because of how people play, they play because of who they are, and they are who all history has made them. And God makes history. God cares about people in a far more comprehensive way that can be explained either by "He cares about football" or "He doesn't care about football."
Too often, we think that "God is sovereign" just means that He has the ability to control events. On the contrary, it means that events are all under His control. We each, as independent agents, work in accordance with who we are, with the skills he has given us, with the level of commitment and caring he has given us. The result is what God intended and decreed from the beginning.
My God is not careless, neither is He is a team booster. He is the soveriegn Lord of All. Including football.
I think most of us kind of enjoy the holidays, but it can certainly be a time of great busyness. We are two weeks out from Christmas and things are starting to "heat up" a little bit.
In the midst of all the gifting and cooking and baking (and eating), we are also repeatedly told that we are "too busy" doing all the gifting and cooking and baking (and eating). We are told to "be hospitable" but not to "go overboard." We are told that we "celebrate Christmas to remember Christ" but also told "not to forget Christ." We are told that our gifts to others are like the gifts given to Christ, but that we are not supposed to give too many gifts (which seems really odd).
We are, in short, guilty no matter what we do. We are guilty if we spend to much money or too little money. We are guilty if we invite lots of people over or invite too few. We are guilty if we enjoy Christmas too much and guilty if we do not celebrate it enough. This is crazy.
We sit in churches filled with Christmas decorations to hear sermons about how wrong it is that we decorate too much at Christmas.
First of all, please remember at all times that Christmas, like all our so-called "Christian holidays," is not something God ordered us to do at all. It has come and gone through history. It is sometimes very popular and sometimes it has been outlawed (by serious Christian rulers, by the way). Today, people think that Christians are the ones who insist on the holiday, but, in fact, it is the most serious Christians who have had the most objection to the holiday over the centuries.
In short, you cannot "keep Christ in Christmas" because He was never there, except when someone wanted to think of Him in it. The celebration is a purely secular celebration of a day. If you spend any time being upset that lost people do not remember Christ at Christmas, then think about the fact that they don't remember Him any other time either.
Second, do try to keep your head about you. Christmas is like every other day of your life. Your duty is to love God and love your neighbor. So, how are you doing? It may not be as simple as you think.
For many of us, Christmas is a time of rather undisciplined love. We give more than we should to the people around us, in part because we have lost touch with how to really love them. I can give my children gifts, which is far easier than giving them myself.
As wives, try to take some of the "busy busy" out of the season, for yourself and your family. Relax a little. Enjoy the time with your family and friends.
Whether or not to celebrate Christmas is, to be honest, not much of a spiritual question, because it is not really a spiritual holiday (we are past the Old Testament days of feasts and such). But, each day remains a spiritual day on which the spiritual duties are the same.
Love your husband or wife this Christmas. Love your children. Love your neighbors. Love your God.
And don't worry too much about the food.
I am back to the problem of days. The calendar tells me it is Thursday, but it feels like Friday to me. Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday also felt like Friday. It is a week of Fridays.
How odd that we have "feelings" about days. There is a Monday feeling (usually not considered a positive feeling). There is even a Tuesday feeling and a Wednesday feeling. There is certainly a Sunday feeling. How odd this all seems.
We have to remember that days are just an invention of mankind. The day I call Thursday could just as well be called Kumquat or Dirt Shoe. There is no permanence to the days. We even changed our calendar a couple of hundred years ago, keeping the same names but changing what day it was. So it isn't "really Thursday" in any sense.
But this is how human beings are. We tend to attach meaning to things that have no real meaning at all. Once something is part of our life, we think it is important. We eventually come to embrace whatever it is and defend it or, in the alternative, we hate and despise it and fight against it. But "it" is just something we made up.
We see this with the flags of countries. A country makes a flag from a design of cloth. The cloth is not special and could have been used for shirts or socks, but is used in a flag. Somehow, over time, the flag design becomes special to us and we "defend the flag" in some odd sense. In the United States, we now have people who will fight each other over a flag. Not in a war defending their country, mind you, but in a parking lot. Why? Because the flag gives us a feeling.
In this sense, people who burn flags for political theater and people who object to people burning flags share the same problem. They think the flag has inherent value. They have decided that the symbol actually "is" the actual thing it symbolizes. There are men in my area who would physically fight anyone who tried to burn the flag, but who will not obey the speed laws of the country the flag represents. How did we get so strange? We honor the symbol more than the reality.
The same thing is true in our churches. We have decided to "observe Christmas" on December 25, for no really good reason, and now it is a big deal. We are angry if anyone does not want to "observe Christmas" on December 25 and we claim there is a "war on Christmas," but that is like a war on the flag. Christmas is not real. It is just something we invented (well, not us, but people a long time ago). If no one ever celebrated it again, God would remain God. God never said to celebrate it anyway.
So, it is always Friday to me this week. Next week, it may always be Tuesday. You just never know. When I tell someone I feel like it is Friday, they don't laugh at me. They tell me what day it feels like to them and we laugh together.
All told, I think I prefer reality to symbols. I love my wife more than my wedding ring. I love my country more than I love any flag I see. I love Christ much more than any celebration of Christmas or Easter or any other day someone made up. I am not upset when someone doesn't celebrate Christmas or tell me "Merry Christmas."
But I wish I could get rid of the every day as Friday feeling. That's just weird. | 2019-04-22T16:36:05Z | http://www.graceforlaw.com/thought-for-the-day/archives/12-2011 |
2012-10-08 Assigned to MINDFRAME LLC reassignment MINDFRAME LLC CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MINDFRAME, INC.
An acute stroke recanalization systems and processes include catheter-based improved reconstrainable or tethered neurological devices which are deliverable through highly constricted and tortuous vessels, crossing the zone associated with subject thrombi/emboli, where deployment impacts, addresses or bridges the embolus, compacting the same into lumenal walls which enables perfusion and lysis of the embolus, while the improved neurological medical device itself remains contiguous with the delivery system acting as a filter, basket or stand alone alternate medical device, depending on the status of the embolus and other therapeutic aspects of the treatment being offered for consideration.
This application claims the full Paris Convention benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/980,736, filed Oct. 17, 2007; is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/123,390, filed May 19, 2008; UK patent application no. 0922251.4, which is a national stage entry of PCT/US2008/083185, the contents of each being incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as if fully set forth herein.
The present disclosure relates to minimally invasive and catheter delivered revascularization systems for use in the vasculature, especially those suited for usage above the juncture of the Subclavian Artery and Common Carotid Artery. In particular, this disclosure relates to revascularization devices for use in treatment of acute ischemic stroke, including improved neurological medical devices which are tethered or reconstrainable self-expanding neurological medical devices.
According to embodiments of the present invention, there are disclosed acute stroke revascularization/recanalization systems comprising, in combination; catheter systems having guidewires to access and emplace improved neurological medical devices into the cerebral vasculature, the systems including proximal stainless steel pushers with distal nitinol devices.
According to embodiments, there are disclosed one-piece nitinol devices in combination with the above disclosed and/or claimed catheter systems.
Briefly stated, according to embodiments a novel enhanced tethered revascularization device is deliverable through highly constricted and tortuous vessels, entering a zone associated with subject thrombi/emboli, where deployment impacts the embolus, compacting the same into luminal walls which enables perfusion and lysis of the embolus, while the revascularization device itself remains continuous with the delivery system acting as a filter, basket or stand alone revascularization mechanism, depending on the status of the embolus and other therapeutic aspects of the treatment being offered for consideration.
According to embodiments of the system and processes of the present invention, in certain iterations, once deployed the instant system compacts the embolus against the luminal wall, creating a channel for blood flow which may act like a natural lytic agent to lyse or dissolve the embolus.
According to embodiments, there is provided an improved neurological medical device which comprises, in combination, a catheter system effective for delivering a combination radial filter/revascularization device and basket assembly into a desired location in the cerebral vascular system, a self-expanding radial filter/revascularization device and basket assembly detachably tethered to the catheter system which functions in at least three respective modes, wherein the radial filter/revascularization device and basket assembly is attached to the catheter and wherein radial filter/revascularization device and basket assembly further comprises at least two states per mode, a retracted state and an expanded state; and wherein the radial filter/revascularization device and basket assembly may be retracted into the retracted state after deployment in an expanded state, in each mode.
According to embodiments, there is provided a process comprising in combination providing a revascularization device tethered to a catheter by emplacing the system into a patient for travel to a desired location in a vessel having an obstruction/lesion and deploying the revascularization device by allowing it to move from a first state to a second state across a lesion which compresses the subject embolus into a luminal wall to which it is adjacent whereby creating a channel for blood flow as a lytic agent, and removing the system which the obstruction/lesion is addressed.
It is noted that if blood flow does not lyse the blood embolus, lytic agents can be administered via the guidewire lumen, as a feature of the present invention.
According to embodiments, there is provided a process whereby the revascularization device tethered to a catheter functions as a radial filter to prevent downstream migration of emboli.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has previously approved a clot retrieval device (The Merci® brand of retriever X4, X5, X6, L4, L5 & L6: Concentric Medical, Mountain View, Calif.). Unfortunately, when used alone, this clot retriever is successful in restoring blood flow in only approximately 50% of the cases, and multiple passes with this device are often required to achieve successful recanalization. IA thrombolytics administered concomitantly enhance the procedural success of this device but may increase the risk of hemorrhagic transformation of the revascularization infarction due to the mechanism of action of the Merci retrievers and length of time required to recanalize the veseel. There have been several reports of coronary and neuro-stent implantation used for mechanical thrombolysis of recalcitrant occlusions. In summary, stent placement with balloon-mounted or self-expanding coronary and neuro-types of stents has been shown to be an independent predictor for recanalization of both intracranial and extra cranial cerebro-vasculature occlusions. This provides some insight into approaches needed to overcome these longstanding issues.
By way of example, self-expanding stents designed specifically for the cerebro-vasculature can be delivered to target areas of intracranial stenosis with a success rate of >95% and an increased safety profile of deliverability because these stents are deployed at significantly lower pressures than balloon-mounted coronary stents. However, systems using this data have yet to become commercial, available or accepted by most practitioners.
The use of self-expanding stents is feasible in the setting of symptomatic large vessel intracranial occlusions. With stent placement as a first-line mechanical treatment or as a “last-resort” maneuver, TIMI/TICI 2 or 3 revascularization can be successfully obtained, according to clinical data now available.
The literature likewise suggests that focal occlusions limited to a single large vessel, particularly solitary occlusions of the MCA, ICA or Vertebral and Basilar Arteries, may be preferentially amenable to stent placement and thus can help clinicians to achieve improved rates of recanalization. In addition, there's a predominance of ischemic strokes in females but gender doesn't appear to play a role in the success of self-expanding stent implementation. However, systems need to be designed to confirm this.
Despite use of prourokinase rt-PA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) in the late 90's and increasing use of other antithrombotic agents (eg, Alteplase® and Reteplase®), recanalization rates remain approximately 60%. The major concerns with pharmacologic thrombolysis (alone) has been the rate of hemorrhage, inability to effectively lyse fibrin\platelet-rich clots, lengthy times to recanalization, and inability to prevent abrupt reocclusions at the initial site of obstruction. In PROACTII, ICH with neurologic deterioration within 24 hours occurred in 10.9% of the prourokinase group and 3.1% of the control group (P=0.06), without differences in mortality. Abrupt reocclusions or recanalized arteries has been found to occur relatively frequently, even with the addition of angioplasty or snare manipulation for mechanical disruption of thrombus, and seems to be associated with poor clinical outcomes.
The use of other mechanical means has been reported to be effective in recanalization of acute occlusions. It makes sense that a combination of mechanical and pharmacologic approaches would yield greater benefit.
A known investigation in an animal model has shown, both the Wingspan® brand of self-expanding stent and Liberté® brand of balloon-mounted stent (Boston Scientific, Boston, Mass.) were able to re-establish flow through acutely occluded vessels. The self-expanding stents performed better than the balloon-mounted stents in terms of navigability to the target site. The self-expanding stents incurred lower rates of vasospasm and side-branch occlusions, which suggests superiority of these stents, over balloon-mounted stents, to maintain branch vessel patency during treatment of acute vessel occlusion. In previous animal studies conducted, intimal proliferation and loss of lumen diameter were seen after the implantation of bare-metal, balloon-expandable stents. The literature further supports this set of issues.
These phenomena are believed to be attributable to intimal injury created during the high-pressure balloon angioplasty that is required for stent deployment.
Compared with coronary balloon-mounted stents, self-expanding stents designed for use in the intracranial circulation are superior because they are easier to track to the intracranial circulation and safer to deploy in vessels in which the true diameter and degree of intracranial atherosclerotic disease are unclear.
Moreover, based on previous experience, currently available self-expanding stents provide enough radial outward force at body temperature to revascularize occluded vessels, with low potential for the negative remodeling and in-stent restenosis that are associated with balloon-mounted stents in nonintracranial vascular beds.
Because self-expanding stents are not mounted on balloons, they are the most trackable of the stents currently available for the intracranial circulation. Unlike clot retrievers, which lose access to the target (occlusion site) every time they are retrieved (and often to necessitate multiple passes), self-expanding stents allow for wire access to the occlusion at all times, increasing the safety profile of the procedure by not requiring repeat maneuvers to gain access to the target site (as in the case for the Merci® brand of clot retriever).
Self-expanding stent placement of acute intracranial vessel occlusions may provide a novel means of recanalization after failure of clot retrieval, angioplasty, and/or thrombolytic therapy. The patency rates in this series are encouraging, yet issues remain to be addressed.
In the setting of acute stroke, restoring flow is of singular importance. In-stent stenosis or delayed stenosis may be treated in a delayed fashion on an elective basis, should the patient achieve a functional recovery from the stroke.
Recanalization with self-expanding stents may provide flow through the patent artery, and restore flow to the perforators, or, alternatively, they may remain occluded. Restoring flow to the main artery, however, will reduce the stroke burden. What is needed is a solution leveraging positive aspects of stent-based treatment without the negative outcomes which have been associated with traditional stenting.
FIG. 17 shows a front view of a stroke device.
The present inventors have realized that by leveraging a conventional self-expanding revascularization device delivery platform, a poly-modic system can be iterated which impacts, addresses and/or crosses an embolus, radially filters, and either removes the offending embolus or is optionally emplaced to address the same. A paucity of extant systems effective for such combination therapies is noted among the art.
Using endovascular techniques self-expandable tethered or reconstrainable self-expanding neurological medical devices offer instant revascularization/recanalization of MCA's and related vessels, without any of the traditional concerns associated with stenting, according to embodiments of the present invention. It is likewise offered for consideration that conventional stenting devices, systems, and methods, on balance, have become known to have deleterious impacts on the cerebral vasculature often out-weighing specific therapeutic benefits of the same.
Expressly incorporated herein by reference are the following U.S. Letters patents and publications, each as if fully set forth herein: 2005/0119684; 2007/0198028; 2007/0208367; 2009/0125053; 2009/0105722; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,449,372; 5,485,450; 5,792,157; 5,928,260; 5,972,019; 6,485,500; 7,147,655; 7,160,317; 7,172,575; 7,175,607; and 7,201,770.
The instant system allows for natural lysis, revascularization of the challenged vessels, and importantly radially filters any particulates generated, to obviate the need to be concerned with distal migration of the same, unlike prior systems or applications which include largely “off-label” usages of devices approved only for aneurysms in the brain, or mis-matched stenting endeavors which also create issues.
The present disclosure relates to revascularization devices used to treat, among other things, ischemic stroke. Naturally, therefore, the revascularization devices of the present disclosure are designed to be used in neuro-type applications, wherein the specifications of the present catheters and revascularization devices may be deployed in the blood vessels of the cerebral vascular system. Similarly contemplated for the revascularization systems and catheters of the present disclosure is deployment in other parts of the body wherein the specifications of the present disclosure may be used in other vessels of the body in a non-invasive manner.
According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a catheter-based revascularization system. The revascularization devices of the present disclosure are for revascularization of blood vessels. When the catheter-based revascularization system of the present disclosure is deployed into a blood vessel having an embolus, the revascularization device is expanded thereby opening the vessel so that the vessel can resume proper blood flow.
According to the instant teachings, deployment of the system of the present disclosure establishes immediate approximately 50% of the diameter of the lumen patency of the vessel being addressed. Among the prior art, no system having adequately small profile with flexibility to promote improved access for in-site treatment is known which may be used as a temporary (not implanted) solution. Those skilled in the art readily understand that detachment methods comprising mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, chemical, or thermal, and others are within the scope of the instant teachings.
Moreover, as the embolus lyses, either via blood flow or by infusing lytic agents than the guidewire lumen, the deployed revascularization device radially filters larger embolus particles from traveling downstream, thereby reducing the chances of further complications. Once the blood vessel is revascularized, the revascularization device is modified to be in a removable state together with filtered detritus, and the catheter-revascularization system is removed from the blood vessels of the patient.
Likewise, in the event that no resolution of the embolus is noted in the instant revascularization system the inventors contemplate detachment and employment as a stent of the cage-like membrane. Angiographic recanalization has been associated with improvement in clinical outcome in the setting of acute stroke resulting from acute intracranial thrombotic occlusion. Anatomic limitations (tortuous anatomy, length of the occlusion, or location of occlusion) or supply limitations are among the reasons precluding use of prior art systems until the adverse of the instant teachings.
Stenting has been used successfully to restore flow after abrupt reocclusion occurring after recanalization with other modalities in previous cases. Stenting has also been reported in cases in which other modalities have failed to recanalize vessels. Even if an underlying stenosis is rarely the cause of stroke, stenting may play a role by morselizing the embolic clot or trapping it against the arterial wall.
In spite of attendant risks, the literature suggests that the use of intracranial stents as a method for arterial recanalization during cerebral ischemia caused by focal occlusion of an intracranial vessel has been demonstrated to have benefits in some cases. Despite the use of available pharmacological and mechanical therapies, angiographic recanalization of occluded vessels has not been adequately achieved before stent placement, in most cases. This underscores the need for the present invention.
When SAH and intracranial hematoma occurred in patients in whom balloon-mounted stents were used, they most likely resulted from distal wire perforation. The distal wire purchase needed to navigate a coronary stent into the intracranial circulation may explain the occurrence of these adverse events. Alternatively, multiple manipulations of the Merci® brand of retriever device or expansion of balloon-mounted stents may have induced microdissections in the vessel. Stents designed for intracranial navigation have better navigability and pliability. The Wingspan® brand of stent (Boston Scientific) was designed to have more radial force than the Neuroform® brand of stent and may further improve this technique. However, the art clearly needs to advance further in this area, as supported herein in FIGS. 6 and 7, inter alia.
IA therapy for stroke has evolved during the past decade. Approval of the Merci® brand of retriever device represents a significant step toward achieving better outcomes in acute stroke for patients not suitable for or refractory to IV tPA. However, recanalization is not always achieved using this device. Therefore, additional treatment options are required, as offered for consideration herein.
Spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is one of the main causes of ischemic stroke in young and middle-aged patients, representing 10% to 25% of such cases. Because infarct due to dissection is mainly thromboembolic, anticoagulation has been recommended to prevent new stroke in patients with acute dissection, provided they have no contraindications. In the acute phase, intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (IV rtPA) given within 3 hours after onset of stroke due to dissection is reportedly safe and effective. However, this often needs supplemental therapy to be effective.
Endovascular treatment with stent deployment for ICA dissection with high-grade stenosis or occlusion may be most appropriate when anticoagulation fails to prevent a new ischemic event. In such cases, the MCA may be patent. However, to compare outcomes of patients with acute stroke consecutive to MCA occlusion due to ICA dissection treated either by stent-assisted endovascular thrombolysis/thrombectomy or by IV rtPA thrombolysis. Stent assisted endovascular thrombolysis/thrombectomy compared favorably with IV rtPA thrombolysis, underscoring the need for the instant device.
The main limitation of this procedure is the immediate need for an experienced endovascular therapist. The number of cases of MCA occlusion due to carotid artery dissection was quite small and represented <10% of patients admitted for carotid dissection. However, despite these promising preliminary results, potential drawbacks related to the procedure must be considered. Acute complications such as transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, femoral or carotid dissection, and death have been reported. Other potential hazards of endovascular treatment of carotid dissection could have been observed. On balance, the risk-benefit favors solutions like the present invention.
Most patients with acute cerebrovascular syndrome with MCA occlusion consecutive to ICA dissection have poor outcomes when treated with conventional IV rtPA thrombolysis, whereas most patients treated with stent-assisted endovascular thrombolysis/thrombectomy show dramatic improvements. Further large randomized studies are required to confirm these data, which trends likewise are technical bases for the instant systems.
According to embodiments and as illustrated in FIG. 1, catheter-based revascularization system 100 provides a platform for lysing emboli in occluded blood vessels. Accordingly, catheter-based revascularization system 100 generally comprises control end 102 and deployment end 104. According to embodiments, control end 102 is a portion of the device that allows a user, such as a surgeon, to control deployment of the device through the blood vessels of a patient. Included as part of control end 102 is delivery handle 106 and winged apparatus 108, in some embodiments. Those skilled in the art readily understand module 113 (see FIG. 2) is detachable.
According to some examples of the instant system during shipping of catheter-revascularization system 100, shipping lock (not shown) is installed between delivery handle 106 and winged apparatus 108 to prevent deployment and premature extension of revascularization device 124 (see FIG. 2) while not in use. Furthermore, by preventing delivery handle 106 from being advanced towards winged apparatus 108, coatings applied to revascularization device 124 are stored in a configuration whereby they will not rub off or be otherwise damaged while catheter-based revascularization system 100 is not in use.
According to embodiments, agent delivery device 130 provides a conduit in fluid communication with the lumen of the catheter-based revascularization system 100 enabling users of the system to deliver agents through catheter-revascularization system 100 directly to the location of the embolus. The instant revascularization system delivery device may be made from materials known to artisans, including stainless steel hypotube, stainless steel coil, polymer jackets, and/or radiopaque jackets.
Accordingly, luer connector 132 or a functional equivalent provides sterile access to the lumen of catheter-based revascularization system 100 to effect delivery of a chosen agent. Artisans will understand that revascularization devices of the present invention include embodiments made essentially of nitinol or spring tempered stainless steel. Revascularization devices likewise may be coated or covered with therapeutic substances in pharmacologically effective amounts or lubricious materials. According to embodiments, coatings include nimodipene, vasodialators, sirolamus, and paclitaxel. Additionally, at least heparin and other coating materials of pharmaceutical nature may be used.
Deployment end 104 of catheter-based revascularization system 100 comprises proximal segment 110 and distal segment 120. Proximal segment 110, according to embodiments, houses distal segment 120 and comprises outer catheter 112 that is of a suitable length and diameter for deployment into the blood vessel of the neck, head, and cerebral vasculature. For example in some embodiments, proximal segment 110 is from at least about 100 cm to approximately 115 cm long with an outer diameter of at least about 2.5 French to about 4 French.
Referring also to FIG. 2, distal segment 120 comprises inner catheter 122 and revascularization device 124 (as shown here in one embodiment having uniform cells, variable cells likewise being within other embodiments of the present invention), which is connected to inner catheter 122. Inner catheter 122, according to embodiments, is made from stainless steel coil, stainless steel wire, or ribbon or laser cut hypotube and is of a suitable length and diameter to move through outer catheter 112 during deployment. For example, inner catheter 122 extends from outer catheter 112 38 cm, thereby giving it a total length of between at least about 143 and 175 cm. The diameter of inner catheter 122 according to the exemplary embodiment is 2.7 French, with an inner diameter of at least about 0.012 to 0.029 inches. The inner diameter of inner catheter 122 may be any suitable diameter provided inner catheter 122 maintains the strength and flexibility to both deploy and retract revascularization device 124.
Referring to both FIGS. 1 and 2, revascularization device 124 is a self-expanding, reconstrictable retractable device tethered to inner catheter 122. Revascularization device 124 may be made from nitinol, spring tempered stainless steel, or equivalents as known and understood by artisans, according to embodiments. Revascularization device 124, according to embodiments and depending on the particular problem being addressed, may be from at least about 3.5 mm to about 50 mm in its expanded state. In an expanded state, revascularization device 124 is designed to expand in diameter to the luminal wall of blood vessel where it is deployed.
As known to artisans, revascularization device 124 may be coated or covered with substances imparting lubricous characteristics or therapeutic substances, as desired. Naturally, the expandable mesh design of revascularization device 124 must by a pattern whereby when revascularization device 124 is retracted, it is able to fully retract into inner catheter 122. The nature of the cell type likewise changes with respect to the embodiment used, and is often determined based upon nature of the clot.
Catheter-revascularization system 100 is deployed through a patient's blood vessels. Once the user of catheter-revascularization system 100 determines that the embolus to be addressed is crossed, as known and understood well by artisans, revascularization device 124 is deployed by first positioning outer catheter 112 in a location immediately distal to the embolus.
Then, to revascularize/reperfuse the occluded blood vessel, distal catheter 120 is deployed in a location whereby revascularization device 124 expands at the location of the embolus, as illustrated by FIG. 2. The embolus is thereby compressed against the luminal wall of the blood vessel and blood flow is restored. Modular detachable segment 113 is known also, and may be swapped out, as needed, if an Rx system is used.
As discussed above and claimed below, creating a channel for flow ideally includes making a vessel at least about halfway-patent, or 50% of diameter of a vessel being open. According to other embodiments, the channel created may be a cerebral equivalent of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction TIMI 1, TIMI 2, or TIMI 3.
Restoration of blood flow may act as a natural lytic agent and many emboli may begin to dissolve. Revascularization device 124 is designed, according to embodiments, to radially filter larger pieces of the dissolving embolus and prevent them from traveling distal to the device and potentially causing occlusion in another location. Because the revascularization device provides continuous radial pressure at the location of the obstruction, as the embolus lyses, the blood flow continues to increase.
After the embolus is lysed, revascularization device 124 is resheathed into outer catheter 112 and removed from the body. According to embodiments, larger pieces of the thrombus may be retracted with revascularization device 124 after being captured in the radial filtering process. According to embodiments, revascularization device 124 may be detachable whereby the revascularization device 124 may detach from catheter-based revascularization system 100 if it is determined that revascularization device 124 should remain in the patient. As discussed above, illustrated in the Figures, and claimed below according to embodiments, catheter-based revascularization system 100 reconstrainable attachment or attachment by tether may be optionally detachable. Revascularization device detachment methods comprise mechanical, electrical hydraulic, chemical, thermal, and those other uses known to artisans.
According to embodiments of the present disclosure, clot therapy may have one or more of at least three objectives or effects: maceration of a clot, removal of a clot, and lysis of a clot.
Maceration of a clot refers to the process or result of softening of the clot or breaking the same into pieces mechanically or by using vascular fluids. For example, pressing or compressing the clot with a mechanical member can cause the clot to soften, break up or fragment, whereby, exposure of the clot (or portions thereof) to vascular flow may cause the clot (or portions thereof) to macerate, soften, or diffuse.
Removal of a clot refers to the process or result of relocating the clot or portions thereof. A variety of methods may be employed to remove a clot, according to the present disclosure.
Lysis of a clot refers to any chemical, biological, or other cellular or sub-cellular process or result of altering the structure of a clot. Lysis may refer to fibrinolysis—degradation of fibrin—within a fibrin clot by application of enzymes. For example, lysis may occur in the presence of plasmin, heparin, etc.; precursors or activation peptides thereof; or inhibitors of fibrin development.
According to embodiments, characteristics of stroke device 200 may be controlled to modify the effect of stroke device 200 to achieve one or more of maceration, removal, and lysis of a clot. For example, hoop strength, stiffness, cell size, strut length, strut width, and strut thickness of stroke device 200 may be varied to provide customizable therapies to a clot.
Blood vessels may experience loads from a variety of sources, such as the expansion of stroke device 200. Pressures applied to any cylindrical structure, such as a blood vessel, result in hoop, or circumferential loading of the vessel (FIG. 3A). Both the applied pressure and the resulting hoop stress have units of force per unit area, but these may differ in direction. As used herein, “pressure” refers to the force normal to the vessel wall, divided by the surface area of the lumen. As used herein, “hoop stress” is the circumferential load in the vessel wall divided by the cross-sectional area of the vessel wall (length times wall thickness).
Thus, hoop stiffness (kθ) has a cubic relationship with strut width (w), a linear relationship with strut thickness (t), an inversely linear relationship with number of struts about the circumference (n), and an inversely cubic relationship with the strut length (Ls).
Under a pinching load, the pinching stiffness (kp) of stroke device 200 has a cubic relationship with strut thickness (t) and a linear relationship with strut width (w). This is relationship is the inverse of the strut's influence on hoop stiffness (kθ). Thus, strut thickness (t) has a dominant role in pinching stiffness (kp) and strut width (w) has a dominant role in hoop stiffness (kθ).
According to embodiments, a clot in an otherwise substantially radially symmetric vessel may tend to cause radially asymmetric deflection of a stroke device 200 as it is expanded against the clot. Both hoop stiffness (kθ) and pinching stiffness (kp) of stroke device 200 play a role in how stroke device 200 interacts with the clot.
According to embodiments, for a given pressure provided by stroke device 200, a smaller strut width (w) increases the amount of pressure per unit area applied by stroke device 200. Thus, the struts 220 of stroke device 200 may more easily cut through a clot with a smaller strut width. According to embodiments, a larger strut width (w) improves channel development through a clot. Where a strut provides a wider width, it displaces a greater amount of clot against the walls of the blood vessel. For example, strut width of a stroke device may be from about 0.010 to 0.100 about microns.
According to embodiments, stroke device 200 may provide both a chronic outward force (“COF”) and a radial resistive force (“RRF”). As used herein, chronic outward force (“COF”) is the continuing radial opening force of a self-expanding stroke device 200 acting on a vessel wall after having reached equilibrium with the vessel wall. As used herein, radial resistive force (“RRF”) is the force generated by a self-expanding stroke device 200 to resist compression. Generally, RRF is expressed in relation to the amount of relative compression to be achieved.
According to embodiments, the COF of various vascular therapy devices are provided in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 6, the COF per unit length of each device (N/mm) is shown at each of a variety of diameters (mm). The devices shown are (a) IRIIS™ device (by MindFrame® of Lake Forest, Calif.), (b) Solitaire™ AB device (by ev3® of Plymouth, Minn.), (c) Enterprise™ device (by Cordis® of Bridgewater, N.J.), (d) NeuroForm3™ (by Boston Scientific® of Boston, Mass.) device, and (e) IRIIS Plus™ device (by MindFrame® of Lake Forest, Calif.).
According to embodiments, the RRF of various vascular therapy devices are provided in FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 7, the RRF per unit length of each device (N/mm) is shown at each of a variety of diameters (mm). The devices shown are (a) IRIIS™ device, (b) Solitaire™ AB device, (c) Enterprise™ device, (d) NeuroForm3™ device, and (e) IRIIS Plus™ device.
A table is provided below showing the average COF and RRF of each of the devices tested.
According to embodiments, stroke device 200 having relatively low COF and RRF is effective for facilitating maceration of a clot. For example, the range of COF and RRF provided by the Mindframe IRIIS device offers effective therapy requiring maceration of a clot.
According to embodiments, stroke device 200 having relatively high COF and RRF is effective for facilitating removal of a clot. For example, the range of COF and RRF provided by the Mindframe IRIIS Plus device offers effective therapy requiring removal of a clot.
According to embodiments, stroke device 200 may have a range of COF per unit length across given diameters. For example, COF may be from about 0.00590 N/mm to about 0.0090 N/mm at a diameter of about 2.0 mm and a COF from about 0.00165 N/mm to about 0.0038 N/mm at a diameter of about 4.5 mm. It is noteworthy that at such expanded states, stroke device 200 may provide a non-zero force.
According to embodiments, stroke device 200 may have a range of RRF per unit length across given diameters. For example, RRF may be from about 0.011 N/mm to about 0.016 N/mm at a diameter of about 2.0 mm and a RRF from about 0.005 N/mm to about 0.007 N/mm at a diameter of about 4.5 mm.
According to embodiments, stroke device 200 may have an average COF per unit across a diameter of 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm length across a diameter of 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm of between about 0.0023 N/mm and about 0.0073 N/mm, more specifically between about 0.0030 N/mm and about 0.0059 N/mm. According to embodiments, stroke device 200 may have an average RRF per unit length across a diameter of 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm of between about 0.0067 N/mm and about 0.0138 N/mm, more specifically between about 0.0083 N/mm and about 0.0127 N/mm. Therapy provided within these ranges may provide effective maceration toward the lower end of the range and effective removal toward the upper end of the range.
According to embodiments, strut thickness of stroke device 200 may be from about 40 microns to about 60 microns. Strut width may be from about 50 microns to about 60 microns (for example, about 54 microns).
Traditionally, in many stents and stent-like structures, one goal is to achieve a ratio of strut thickness to strut width of at least 1.4. Such high ratios have been traditionally preferred for sustaining long-term emplacement of the device. As those with skill in the art will recognize, a ratio of 1.4 or greater aides in the performance of the structure by guiding the manner in which the struts bend. By providing the struts with more thickness than width, the structure innately “knows” how to bend and load the struts. With such characteristics, the device is easier to manufacture because it improves shape setting, the device crimps better, and the device is better able to resist loading that is normal to diameter.
Because pinching stiffness (kp) is predominantly determined by strut thickness and hoop stiffness (kθ) is predominantly determined by strut width, a structure with a relatively high ratio of strut thickness to strut width will provide relatively high pinching stiffness (kp). In other words, given a thickness to width ratio of at least 1.4, the pinching stiffness of the device increases rapidly when greater hoop stiffness are desired. For example, to increase the hoop stiffness at a certain rate to achieve desired hoop stiffness characteristics would cause pinching stiffness to increase by at least about double the rate at which the hoop stiffness is increased for ratios exceeding 1.4. These increases in pinching stiffness may result in undesirable characteristics of the resulting structure. In contrast, a structure with a relatively low ratio of strut thickness to strut width will provide relatively high hoop stiffness (kθ) without yielding detrimentally rapid increases in pinching stiffness.
According to embodiments, stroke device 200 of the present disclosure may have a strut thickness to strut width ratio of less than at least about 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, or 1.5, etc. For example, The ratio of strut thickness to strut width may be between about 0.7 to about 1.2. Stroke device 200 of the present disclosure may achieve this strut thickness to strut width ratio of less than 1.4 due to dimensional constraints. For example, stroke device 200 may achieve lower ratios where it is applied for temporary or short-term therapy rather than permanent or long-term emplacement.
According to embodiments, cell size contributes to the effect that stroke device 200 has on a clot. As shown in FIG. 5, each open cell 210 of stroke device 200 may have a cell height and cell length, providing exposure from an interior portion of stroke device 200 to an exterior portion of stroke device 200. The cells 210 of stroke device 200 may include struts 220 and bridges 225 connecting struts 220. Bridges 225 may be of a variety of shapes and sizes, including “C” shapes, “S” shapes, straight shapes, etc. Cells 210 may form a variety of shapes, including diamonds, rectangles, and other polygonal shapes.
According to embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B, 10A, 10B, 11A, and 11B, a variety of cell sizes and geometries may be provided to achieve desired outcomes during therapy. FIGS. 8A and 8B show a NeuroForm3™ (by Boston Scientific® of Boston, Mass.) device. FIGS. 9A and 9B show a Enterprise™ device (by Cordis® of Bridgewater, N.J.). FIGS. 10A and 10B show a Solitaire™ AB device (by ev3® of Plymouth, Minn.). FIGS. 11A and 11B show a IRIIS™ device (by MindFrame® of Lake Forest, Calif.).
As shown in FIGS. 12, 13A, 13B, and 13C, individual cells 210 are shown with emphasis. FIG. 12 show views of each of a Solitaire™ AB device, a NeuroForm3™ device, and a Enterprise™ device. FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 13C each show an IRIIS™ device. The respective cell sizes of each are shown with emphasis. In particular, FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 13C show similar cell geometries with distinct cell sizes and the impact on the overall structure of the respective device. A relatively larger cell size is shown in FIG. 13A, with a relatively smaller cell size shown in FIG. 13C and an intermediate cell size shown in FIG. 13B.
According to embodiments, stroke device 200 having a larger cell size facilitates removal of a clot by allowing larger portions of the clot to be isolated as the closed portions (e.g., struts) of the cells apply pressure and force to the clot. The larger cell sizes cause larger portions of the clot to remain, whereby the relatively larger portions may be more readily captured and removed with stroke device 200 or other devices. Variation of radial strength can affect removal characteristic such as the ability to navigate through the intracranial vessel tortuosity.
According to embodiments, stroke device 200 having a small cell size facilitates lysis of a clot by breaking the clot into smaller portions. The smaller cell sizes cause smaller portions of the clot to remain, whereby more surface area of the clot is exposed to ambient materials for facilitating lysis. Variation of the cell size may affect clot lysis by varying the amount of surface area applying pressure from the structure to the clot. For example, smaller cell sizes will generally provide a greater amount of structure to transfer pressure and forces to a clot. Furthermore, a structure having smaller cells may provide a more consistently shaped channel (with fewer or less dramatic inflection points) for recanalization by more evenly distributing the outward forces and pressures. The improved recanalization in turn facilitates improved lysis by virtue of better exposure of the clot to vascular flow.
According to embodiments, stroke device 200 may have cells 210 of cell length from at least about 0.120″ to at least about 0.250″. According to embodiments, stroke device 200 may have cells 210 of cell height from about 0.050″ to about 0.100″. For example, stroke device 200 having cells 210 of cell length of about 0.120″ and cell height of about 0.050″ may be effective for macerating a clot to which stroke device 200 is applied. By further example, stroke device 200 having cells 210 of cell length of about 0.250″ and cell height of about 0.100″ may be effective for removing a clot to which stroke device 200 is applied.
According to embodiments, the cell height and cell length of each cell may yield an area defined by the boundaries of the cell. For example, stroke device 200 may have cells each having an area of between about 0.006 sq. inches to about 0.025 sq. inches. More specifically, of each cell may yield an area defined by the boundaries of the cell. For example, stroke device 200 may have cells each having an area of between about 0.010 sq. inches to about 0.020 sq. inches. According to embodiments, stroke device 200 having small cells 210 and high radial strength provides better channel development and maceration with relatively softer clots. According to embodiments, stroke device 200 having larger cells and high radial strength will provide better maceration and retrieval for firm, white clots.
According to embodiments, other configurations may be provided for a stroke device. For example, as shown in FIGS. 14, 15, 16, and 17, stroke device 300 may have a radial geometry. As shown in FIG. 14, cells 310 may be defined by a plurality of struts 320 connected by bridges 325. As shown in FIG. 14, each strut 320 may connect at each of its ends at a bridge 325. Each bridge 325 may connect three struts. As further shown in FIG. 14, each open cell 310 may be defined by six struts 320, wherein the open cell 310 is substantially parallelogram-shaped.
According to embodiments, as shown in FIG. 15, one end of stroke device 310 may include a tethering component for attachment to a catheter system. At the same end, stroke device 310 may provide an everted or scalloped geometry to facilitate recapture of stroke device 310 into the catheter.
While the method and agent have been described in terms of what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure need not be limited to the disclosed embodiments. It is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the claims, the scope of which should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures. The present disclosure includes any and all embodiments of the following claims.
Any patents, publications, or other references mentioned in this application for patent are hereby incorporated by reference. In addition, as to each term used it should be understood that unless its utilization in this application is inconsistent with such interpretation, common dictionary definitions should be understood as incorporated for each term and all definitions, alternative terms, and synonyms such as contained in at least one of a standard technical dictionary recognized by artisans and the Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, latest edition are hereby incorporated by reference.
Finally, all referenced listed in the Information Disclosure Statement or other information statement filed with the application are hereby appended and hereby incorporated by reference; however, as to each of the above, to the extent that such information or statements incorporated by reference might be considered inconsistent with the patenting of this/these invention(s), such statements are expressly not to be considered as made by the applicant(s).
Support should be understood to exist to the degree required under new matter laws—including but not limited to United States Patent Law 35 USC 132 or other such laws—to permit the addition of any of the various dependencies or other elements presented under one independent claim or concept as dependencies or elements under any other independent claim or concept.
wherein each strut of the stroke device has a strut width and a strut thickness providing effective pinching stiffness and hoop stiffness for compressing the vascular clot to promote at least one of lysis, maceration, and removal thereof without compromising trackability of the stroke device.
2. The acute stroke system of claim 1, wherein the stroke device has an average COF per unit length across a diameter of 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm of between at least about 0.0025 N/mm and at least about 0.007 N/mm.
3. The acute stroke system of claim 1, wherein the stroke device has an average COF per unit length across a diameter of 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm of between at least about 0.0030 N/mm and at least about 0.0059 N/mm.
4. The acute stroke system of claim 1, wherein the stroke device has a COF range per unit length across a diameter of 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm of between at least about 0.00165 N/mm and at least about 0.0090 N/mm.
5. The acute stroke system of claim 1, wherein the stroke device has a RRF range per unit length across a diameter of 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm of between at least about 0.005 N/mm and at least about 0.016 N/mm.
6. The acute stroke system of claim 1, wherein the hoop stiffness of the pinching device is defined by the strut width, according to Eq. 7.
7. The acute stroke system of claim 1, wherein the pinching stiffness of the stroke device is defined by the strut thickness, according to Eq. 8.
8. The acute stroke system of claim 1, wherein the ratio of strut thickness to strut width is less than at least about 1.4.
9. The acute stroke system of claim 1, wherein the strut thickness is substantially equal to the strut width.
wherein each of said open cells has a length from about 0.120″ to about 0.250″ in said second state and a cell height from about 0.050″ to about 0.100″ in said second state, wherein said open cells are effective for promoting at least one of lysis, maceration, and removal of said clot.
11. The stroke device of claim 10, wherein each of said open cells has a substantially equal area of about 0.010 sq. inches to about 0.020 sq. inches.
12. The stroke device of claim 10, wherein the open cells vary throughout the stroke device having an area of between about 0.010 sq. inches and about 0.020 sq. inches.
a stroke device further comprising struts and bridges, wherein each strut has two ends, with each end connected to a bridge, wherein each bridge is connected to four struts, wherein the struts define open cells of the stroke device, each open cell being defined by four struts.
14. The stroke device of claim 13, wherein each strut is substantially linear.
15. The stroke device of claim 13, wherein each open cell is substantially diamond-shaped.
16. The stroke device of claim 13, wherein each bridge is substantially “C” shaped.
17. The stroke device of claim 13, wherein each bridge is substantially “S” shaped.
a stroke device further comprising struts and bridges, wherein each strut has two ends, with each end connected to a bridge, wherein each bridge is connected to three struts, wherein the struts define open cells of the stroke device, each open cell being defined by six struts.
19. The stroke device of claim 18, wherein each strut is substantially linear.
20. The stroke device of claim 18, wherein each open cell is substantially parallelogram-shaped. | 2019-04-22T05:01:32Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US20100174309A1/en |
We have discovered that p63 inhibition results in increased cellular proliferation. We have also performed a screen for agents capable of increasing cellular proliferation, (e.g., of stem cells such as skin-derived precursors (SKPs)). The invention therefore invention provides compositions, methods, and kits for increasing proliferation of cells, using compounds that decrease p63 expression or activity or using the compounds described herein. The invention also features methods of using these compounds for increasing hair growth, improving skin health, or promoting skin repair in a subject.
1. A method of increasing proliferation of a cell, said method comprising contacting said cell with a sufficient amount of one or more of: (a) a compound that decreases p63 expression or activity, or (b) a compound selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof, under conditions that support cell proliferation.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said cell is from a tumor cell line, is a stem cell, or is a skin-derived precursor (SKP).
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said cell is contacted with (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said cell is being cultured in vitro.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said cell culture further comprises an additional growth factor or said cell culture further comprises FGF2 or EGF.
6. A composition comprising: (a) an isolated stem cell; and (b) one or more compounds that decrease p63 expression or activity and/or one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof, wherein said compound is present in an amount sufficient to promote proliferation of said stem cell.
7. The composition of claim 6, wherein said stem cell is a SKP.
8. The composition of claim 6 further comprising a growth factor, FGF2, or EGF.
9. The composition of claim 6, wherein said compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
10. A composition comprising: (a) one or more compounds that decrease p63 expression or activity and/or one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof; and (b) a carrier suitable for topical administration.
11. The composition of claim 10, wherein said carrier is a lotion.
12. The composition of claim 10, wherein said compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
13. A method of increasing SKP proliferation in a subject, promoting hair growth, repairing skin, or improving skin health in a subject, said method comprising administering a sufficient amount of: (a) one or more compounds that inhibit p63 expression or activity; and/or (b) one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said subject has a wound, and said compound is administered in an amount sufficient to improve healing of said wound.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein said compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein said compound is administered topically or systemically.
17. The method of claim 13, wherein said administration of said one or more compounds reduces wrinkles in the skin of said subject.
18. The method of claims 13, wherein said subject is a human.
19. A method of identifying a compound capable of altering cell proliferation, said method comprising: (a) contacting a SKP with a candidate compound; and (b) determining the proliferation rate of said SKP, wherein an alteration in the proliferation rate of said SKP in the presence of said compound as compared to in the absence of said compound, indicates that said compound alters the rate of cell proliferation.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein said SKP cell is a human, mouse, or rat cell.
This application is a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/US2009/058723, filed Sep. 29, 2009, which, in turn, claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/101,443, filed Sep. 30, 2008. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/367,780, filed Jul. 26, 2010, and 61/426,160, filed Dec. 22, 2010. Each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference.
The invention relates to compositions and methods useful in the proliferation of cells, particularly stem cells such as skin-derived precursors (SKPs). Also provided are methods for treating a subject having a disease or condition where an increase in SKP proliferation is desired.
Expensive growth factors are often required for cell proliferation, and even then, expansion is often not optimal. Thus, molecules which replace or enhance the actions of growth factors and allow increased expansion of cells in culture are desirable.
In addition, there are inadequate methods for regenerating skin or inducing hair growth in a subject (e.g., for treatment of a disease or condition where regenerating skin or inducing hair growth is beneficial).
Thus, there is a need for molecules that promote the proliferation and self-renewal of cells such as SKPs. These molecules may be highly advantageous for cosmetic and medical purposes.
We have discovered that p63 inhibits proliferation of skin-derived precursors (SKPs) and, further have screened for and identified compounds that increase proliferation of SKPs and neuroblastoma cells. On the basis of these discoveries, the invention features methods and compositions useful for increasing cell proliferation, as well as methods for increasing SKP proliferation in subject (e.g., for treating diseases and conditions where increased SKP proliferation is desired).
Accordingly, in a first aspect, the invention features a method of increasing proliferation of a cell (e.g., cultured in vitro). The method includes contacting the cell with a sufficient amount of one or more of a compound that decreases (e.g., selectively decreases) p63 expression or activity or a compound selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof, under conditions that support cell proliferation. The cell may be from a tumor cell line, may be a stem cell (e.g., a SKP), or any cell described herein capable of proliferation. The cell may be a human or non-human cell (e.g., from a mammal such as a mouse or rat). In certain embodiments, the compound is a p63 antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; an RNAi molecule that decreases p63 expression, or a nucleic acid encoding the RNAi molecule; or a polypeptide substantially identical to a dominant negative form of p63, a fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, where the polypeptide or the fragment has dominant negative p63 activity. In particular embodiments, the compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine. In embodiments where the cell is cultured in vitro, the culture may include at least one additional growth factor (e.g., FGF2, EGF, NGF, or a combination thereof). The method may involve no substantial change in the differentiation rate of the cells.
In another aspect, the invention features a composition including (a) an isolated cell (e.g., a stem cell such as a SKP, or any cell described herein) and (b) one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof, where the compound is present in an amount sufficient to promote proliferation of the stem cell. In particular embodiments, the compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
In another aspect, the invention features a composition including (a) an isolated cell (e.g., a stem cell such as a SKP, or any cell described herein) and (b) one or more compounds that decreases p63 expression or activity, where the compound is present in an amount sufficient to promote proliferation of the cell. In particular embodiments, the compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
In either of the above two aspects, the composition may further include a growth factor (e.g., FGF2, EGF, NGF, or a combination thereof). The composition may be capable of supporting cell proliferation.
In another aspect, the invention features a kit including (a) one or more compounds that decreases p63 expression or activity (e.g., any described herein) or one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof; and (b) instructions for use of (a) to promote cell proliferation, hair growth, skin repair, or skin health. In particular embodiments, the compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
In another aspect, the invention features a composition including (a) one or more compounds that decreases p63 expression or activity (e.g., any described herein) or one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof, and (b) a topically suitable excipient. The composition may be in the form of a cream or a lotion (e.g., a moisturizing lotion). In particular embodiments, the compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
In another aspect, the invention features a method of increasing SKP proliferation in a subject. The method includes administering to the subject a sufficient amount of (a) one or more compounds that inhibits p63 expression or activity; or (b) one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof. The compound can be administered topically, systemically, or by any route described herein. In certain embodiments, the compound that inhibits p63 expression or activity is a p63 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; an RNAi molecule that inhibits p63 expression or a nucleic acid encoding the RNAi molecule; or a polypeptide substantially identical to a dominant negative form of p63, a fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, where the polypeptide or the fragment has dominant negative p63 activity. In particular embodiments, the compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
In another aspect, the invention features a method of promoting hair growth in a subject. The method includes administering to the subject a sufficient amount of (a) one or more compounds that inhibits p63 expression or activity or (b) one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof. The compound may be administered topically, systemically, or by any route described herein. In certain embodiments, the compound that inhibits p63 expression or activity may be a p63 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; an RNAi molecule that inhibits p63 expression or a nucleic acid encoding the RNAi molecule; or a polypeptide substantially identical to a dominant negative form of p63, a fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide, where the polypeptide or the fragment has dominant negative p63 activity. In particular embodiments, the compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
In another embodiment, the invention features a method of repairing skin in a subject, the method including administering a sufficient amount of (a) one or more compounds that inhibits p63 expression or activity or (b) one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof. In certain embodiments, the subject has a wound, and the compound is administered in an amount sufficient to improve healing of the wound. The compound may be administered topically, systemically, or by any route described herein. In certain embodiments, the compound that inhibits p63 expression or activity is a p63 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; an RNAi molecule that inhibits p63 expression or a nucleic acid encoding the RNAi molecule; or a polypeptide substantially identical to a dominant negative form of p63, a fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, where the polypeptide or the fragment has dominant negative p63 activity. In particular embodiments, the compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
In another aspect, the invention features a method of improving skin health in a subject for example, by reducing skin aging (or the appearance of aging) or reducing wrinkles. The method includes administering to the subject a sufficient amount of (a) one or more compounds that inhibits p63 expression or activity or (b) one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, alpha-methyllycacontine, mecamylamine hexamethonium, alsterpaullone, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof. The compound may be administered topically, systemically, or by any route described herein. In certain embodiments, the compound that inhibits p63 expression or activity is a p63 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; an RNAi molecule that inhibits p63 expression or a nucleic acid encoding the RNAi molecule; or a polypeptide substantially identical to a dominant negative form of p63, a fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide, where the polypeptide or the fragment has dominant negative p63 activity. In particular embodiments, the compounds are (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine.
In any of the above methods, the subject may be a human.
In another aspect, the invention features a method of identifying a compound capable of altering cell proliferation, the method including (a) contacting (e.g., in vitro) a SKP (e.g., human or non-human SKP, such as a mouse or rat SKP) with a candidate compound, and (b) determining the proliferation rate of the SKP, where an alteration in the proliferation rate of the SKP in the presence of the compound as compared to in the absence of the compound, indicates that the compound alters the rate of cell proliferation. In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from a chemical library.
In embodiments of the above aspects of the invention where the subject is administered acyclovir or analog thereof, the subject may not suffer from, or be diagnosed with, herpes (e.g., genital herpes) or chicken pox. In embodiments where the subject is administered alprostadil or an analog thereof, the subject may not suffer from, or be diagnosed with erectile dysfunction or be in need of weight loss (e.g., be overweight or obese). In embodiments where the subject is administered aristolochic acid or an analog thereof, the subject may not be in need of weight loss (e.g., be overweight or obese). In embodiments where the subject is administered dorzolamide or an analog thereof, the subject may not have, or may not be diagnosed with, increased intraocular pressure (e.g., ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma). In embodiments where the subject is administered guaifenesin or an analog thereof, the subject may not be in need of an expectorant (e.g., suffering from a cold, an allergy, or airway infection). In embodiments where the subject is administered hydroxyprogesterone, the subject may not be suffering from, or may not be diagnosed with, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, or breast neoplasms, or is not at risk of having a preterm birth. In embodiments where the subject is administered pramoxine, the subject may not be in need of a topical anesthetic (e.g., due to itching, burning, or other pain). In embodiments where the subject is administered yohimbic acid, the subject may not be suffering from erectile dysfunction, panic disorder, alcoholism, or depression.
In any of the above aspects, the SKP may express any one, two, three, four, five, or more of the markers for SKPs described herein, or may not express any one, two three, four, five, or more of the markers not expressed by SKPs. In any of the above aspects, the analogs of the compounds may be any analog described herein.
By "decreasing expression" of a gene or protein is meant reducing (e.g., by 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 99.9%) in the amount the gene or protein produced. Decreased expression may occur, for example, by a reduction in transcription, translation, or mRNA processing.
By "decreased activity" is meant a reduction (e.g., by 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 99.9%) by in the total activity of a protein in a cell. Reduction of activity may result, for example, from direct inhibition of the protein (e.g., by a compound that specifically binds the protein), increased degradation or processing, or decreased expression of the protein.
By a compound or composition that "selectively inhibits" a target protein (e.g., p63) is meant a compound or composition that decreases expression or activity of the target protein and (a) binds specifically to the target protein (e.g., a small molecule or an antibody) and decreases its activity, (b) binds specifically to an mRNA encoding the target protein, thereby decreasing expression of the protein, or (c) prevents the target protein from performing its normal function (e.g., by binding to a binding partner of the target protein).
A compound which "specifically binds" a target molecule is a compound which recognizes and binds the target, but which does not substantially recognize and bind other molecules.
By "subject" is meant a human or non-human animal (e.g., a mammal).
By a cell which does "not express" a protein or gene is meant that expression of the protein or gene cannot be detected by standard methods. In the case of cell surface markers, expression can be measured by flow cytometry, using a cut-off value as obtained from negative controls (i.e., cells known to lack the antigen of interest) or by isotype controls (i.e., measuring non-specific binding of the antibody to the cell). Thus, a cell that "does not express" a marker appears similar to the negative control for that marker. For gene expression, a gene "does not express" if the presence of its mRNA cannot be visually detected on a standard agarose gel following standard PCR protocols.
A nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide is said to be "substantially identical" to a reference molecule if it exhibits, over its entire length, at least 50% or 55% identity, preferably at least 60%, 65%, or 70% identity, more preferably at least 75% or 85% identity, and most preferably at least 90%, 95%, or 99% identity to the sequence of the reference molecule. For polypeptides, the length of comparison sequences is at least 16 amino acids, preferably at least 20 amino acids, more preferably at least 25 amino acids, and most preferably at least 35 amino acids. For nucleic acid molecules, the length of comparison sequences is at least 50 nucleotides, preferably at least 60 nucleotides, more preferably at least 75 nucleotides, and most preferably at least 110 nucleotides.
The term "antibody" is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers, for example, single monoclonal antibodies against p63, antibody compositions with polyepitopic specificity, single chain antibodies, nanobodies, and fragments of antibodies. "Antibody" includes intact immunoglobulin or antibody molecules, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies formed from at least two intact antibodies), and immunoglobulin fragments (such as Fab, F(ab').sub.2, or Fv), so long as they exhibit any of the desired properties (e.g., antigen binding) described herein.
"Antibody fragments" comprise a portion of an intact antibody, generally the antigen binding or variable region of the intact antibody. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, and Fv fragments, diabodies, single chain antibody molecules, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
"Humanized" forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are specific chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains, or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab').sub.2 or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin.
A "human antibody" is one which possesses an amino acid sequence which corresponds to that of an antibody produced by a human and/or has been made using any of the techniques for making human antibodies known in the art. A "human antibody" includes antibodies comprising at least one human heavy chain polypeptide or at least one human light chain polypeptide.
By "small molecule" is meant a molecule having a molecular weight of less than about 1000 Da (e.g., less than 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, or 400 Da).
Compounds useful in the invention include those described herein in any of their pharmaceutically acceptable forms, including isomers such as diastereomers and enantiomers, salts, esters, amides, thioesters, solvates, and polymorphs thereof, as well as racemic mixtures and pure isomers of the compounds described herein. As an example, by "alprostadil" is meant the free base as well as any pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" represents those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid. Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphersulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptonate, hexanoate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, isethionate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like, as well as nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations, including, but not limited to ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, and the like.
In the generic descriptions of compounds of this invention, the number of atoms of a particular type in a substituent group is generally given as a range, e.g., an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or C.sub.1-4 alkyl. Reference to such a range is intended to include specific references to groups having each of the integer number of atoms within the specified range. For example, an alkyl group from 1 to 4 carbon atoms includes each of C.sub.1, C.sub.2, C.sub.3, and C.sub.4. A C.sub.1-12 heteroalkyl, for example, includes from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in addition to one or more heteroatoms. Other numbers of atoms and other types of atoms may be indicated in a similar manner.
As used herein, the terms "alkyl" and the prefix "alk-" are inclusive of both straight chain and branched chain groups and of cyclic groups, i.e., cycloalkyl. Cyclic groups can be monocyclic or polycyclic and preferably have from 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms, inclusive. Exemplary cyclic groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl groups.
By "C.sub.1-4 alkyl" is meant a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. A C.sub.1-4 alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Exemplary substituents include alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, halide, hydroxyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoralkyl, amino, aminoalkyl, disubstituted amino, quaternary amino, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, and carboxyl groups. C.sub.1-4 alkyls include, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and cyclobutyl.
By "C.sub.2-4 alkenyl" is meant a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group containing one or more double bonds and having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. A C.sub.2-4 alkenyl may optionally include monocyclic or polycyclic rings, in which each ring desirably has from three to six members. The C.sub.2-4 alkenyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Exemplary substituents include alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, halide, hydroxyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoralkyl, amino, aminoalkyl, disubstituted amino, quaternary amino, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, and carboxyl groups. C.sub.2-4 alkenyls include, without limitation, vinyl, allyl, 2-cyclopropyl-1-ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, and 2-methyl-2-propenyl.
By "C.sub.2-4 alkynyl" is meant a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group containing one or more triple bonds and having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. A C.sub.2-4 alkynyl may optionally include monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic rings, in which each ring desirably has five or six members. The C.sub.2-4 alkynyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Exemplary substituents include alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, halide, hydroxy, fluoroalkyl, perfluoralkyl, amino, aminoalkyl, disubstituted amino, quaternary amino, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, and carboxyl groups. C.sub.2-4 alkynyls include, without limitation, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, and 3-butynyl.
By "C.sub.2-6 heterocyclyl" is meant a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or 7- to 14-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is saturated, partially unsaturated, or unsaturated (aromatic), and which consists of 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring. The heterocyclyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Exemplary substituents include alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, halide, hydroxy, fluoroalkyl, perfluoralkyl, amino, aminoalkyl, disubstituted amino, quaternary amino, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, and carboxyl groups. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized. The heterocyclic ring may be covalently attached via any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure, e.g., an imidazolinyl ring may be linked at either of the ring-carbon atom positions or at the nitrogen atom. A nitrogen atom in the heterocycle may optionally be quaternized. Preferably when the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle exceeds 1, then these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. Heterocycles include, without limitation, 1H-indazole, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-indolyl, 4-piperidonyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H-quinolizinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, b-carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, carbolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, and xanthenyl. Preferred 5 to 10 membered heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, oxindolyl, benzoxazolinyl, quinolinyl, and isoquinolinyl. Preferred 5 to 6 membered heterocycles include, without limitation, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, and tetrazolyl.
By "C.sub.6-12 aryl" is meant an aromatic group having a ring system comprised of carbon atoms with conjugated .pi. electrons (e.g., phenyl). The aryl group has from 6 to 12 carbon atoms. Aryl groups may optionally include monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic rings, in which each ring desirably has five or six members. The aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Exemplary substituents include alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, halide, fluoroalkyl, carboxyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, amino, aminoalkyl, monosubstituted amino, disubstituted amino, and quaternary amino groups.
By "C.sub.7-14 alkaryl" is meant an alkyl substituted by an aryl group (e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, or 3,4-dichlorophenethyl) having from 7 to 14 carbon atoms.
By "C.sub.3-10 alkheterocyclyl" is meant an alkyl substituted heterocyclic group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms in addition to one or more heteroatoms (e.g., 3-furanylmethyl, 2-furanylmethyl, 3-tetrahydrofuranylmethyl, or 2-tetrahydrofuranylmethyl).
By "C.sub.1-7 heteroalkyl" is meant a branched or unbranched alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms in addition to 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, and P. Heteroalkyls include, without limitation, tertiary amines, secondary amines, ethers, thioethers, amides, thioamides, carbamates, thiocarbamates, hydrazones, imines, phosphodiesters, phosphoramidates, sulfonamides, and disulfides. A heteroalkyl may optionally include monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic rings, in which each ring desirably has three to six members. The heteroalkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Exemplary substituents include alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, halide, hydroxyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoralkyl, amino, aminoalkyl, disubstituted amino, quaternary amino, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, and carboxyl groups. Examples of C.sub.1-7 heteroalkyls include, without limitation, methoxymethyl and ethoxyethyl.
By "halide" or "halogen" is meant bromine, chlorine, iodine, or fluorine.
By "fluoroalkyl" is meant an alkyl group that is substituted with a fluorine atom.
By "perfluoroalkyl" is meant an alkyl group consisting of only carbon and fluorine atoms.
By "carboxyalkyl" is meant a chemical moiety with the formula --(R)--COOH, wherein R is selected from C.sub.1-7 alkyl, C.sub.2-7 alkenyl, C.sub.2-7 alkynyl, C.sub.2-6 heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-12 aryl, C.sub.7-14 alkaryl, C.sub.3-10 alkheterocyclyl, or C.sub.1-7 heteroalkyl.
By "hydroxyalkyl" is meant a chemical moiety with the formula --(R)--OH, wherein R is selected from C.sub.1-7 alkyl, C.sub.2-7 alkenyl, C.sub.2-7 alkynyl, C.sub.2-6 heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-12 aryl, C.sub.7-14 alkaryl, C.sub.3-10 alkheterocyclyl, or C.sub.1-7 heteroalkyl.
By "alkoxy" is meant a chemical substituent of the formula --OR, wherein R is selected from C.sub.1-7 alkyl, C.sub.2-7 alkenyl, C.sub.2-7 alkynyl, C.sub.2-6 heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-12 aryl, C.sub.7-14 alkaryl, C.sub.3-10 alkheterocyclyl, or C.sub.1-7 heteroalkyl.
By "aryloxy" is meant a chemical substituent of the formula --OR, wherein R is a C.sub.6-12 aryl group.
By "alkylthio" is meant a chemical substituent of the formula --SR, wherein R is selected from C.sub.1-7 alkyl, C.sub.2-7 alkenyl, C.sub.2-7 alkynyl, C.sub.2-6 heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-12 aryl, C.sub.7-14 alkaryl, C.sub.3-10 alkheterocyclyl, or C.sub.1-7 heteroalkyl.
By "arylthio" is meant a chemical substituent of the formula --SR, wherein R is a C.sub.6-12 aryl group.
By "quaternary amino" is meant a chemical substituent of the formula --(R)--N(R')(R'')(R''').sup.+, wherein R, R', R'', and R''' are each independently an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl group. R may be an alkyl group linking the quaternary amino nitrogen atom, as a substituent, to another moiety. The nitrogen atom, N, is covalently attached to four carbon atoms of alkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, and/or aryl groups, resulting in a positive charge at the nitrogen atom.
FIG. 1A is a photograph of a gel showing that wild-type SKPs express TAp63 mRNA, whereas SKPs from p63 null mice do not.
FIG. 1B is photograph of a gel showing that SKPs from both wild-type and p63 null mice express p53, but do not express p73. GAPDH is shown as a control.
FIG. 1C is a set of photomicrographs showing that p63 is expressed in wild-type SKPs, but not in SKPs from p63 null mice (top panels). Hoescht stained cells are shown in the corresponding lower panels.
FIG. 1D is a set of photomicrographs showing that both SKPs from both wild-type and p63 null mice express the SKP markers fibronectin, nestin, vimentin, and SMA.
FIG. 1E is a set of photomicrographs showing that the proliferation marker Ki67 is expressed at higher levels in SKPs from p63 null mice than in wild-type SKPs. Results using whisker and back cells from neonatal mice, as well as using whisker cells from one-month-old mice, are shown.
FIG. 1F is graph showing increasing Ki67 expression in p63 null mice as compared to wild-type mice in SKPs taken from E18, P1, and P30 mice.
FIG. 1G is a graph showing that newborn TAp63-/- and E18 p63-/- SKPs self-renewed approximately 4 times more robustly than did wild-type SKPs and SKPs from one-month-old mice proliferated and self-renewed about 1.5 fold more than wild-type SKPs.
FIG. 1H is a photograph of a gel showing that the p57 mRNA expression is reduced in SKPs from p63 null mice as compare to those from wild-type mice.
FIG. 1I is a set of photomicrographs showing p57 expression in wild-type, p63-/-, and TAp63-/- cells.
FIG. 1J is a photograph of a gel showing that, using RT-PCR, p63 is was bound to a previously defined binding site in the p57 promoter.
FIG. 1K is a graph showing the percentage of p57 positive cells in wild-type and in Tap63-/- cells.
FIG. 1L is a set of photomicrographs showing immunostaining for p57Kip2 and Ki67 in TAp63-/- SKPs, plated on an adherent 4-well chamber slides, two days after transfection with or without a pCMV-p57Kip2 expression vector. Cells were counterstained with Hoechst 33258. Transfected p57-positive cells were never double-labelled for Ki67. The images are taken at 200.times. magnification with n=3 independent experiments.
FIG. 2A is a set of photomicrographs showing that wild-type and p63-/- SKPs are capable of differentiating to neural and mesoderm subtypes. Left, neurofilament medium (NFM) expression; center, smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression; right, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100.beta. expression.
FIG. 2B is a set of photomicrographs showing that both wild-type and p63-/- SKPs, when transplanted into the neural crest migratory stream of HH stage 18 chicks in ovo, migrated into neural crest targets.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary screening procedure described herein.
FIGS. 4A shows a schematic diagram of the sphere formation assay employed to confirm the hits identified in the screen.
FIG. 4B is a graph showing the effects of increasing concentrations of rapamycin on sphere formation in various cell lines.
FIG. 4C is a graph showing inhibition of tumor formation by rapamycin and vinblastine.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effects of MG 624 on SKPs (left) and neuroblastoma (right) proliferation at various concentrations. At 200 nM, SKP proliferation was increased.
FIGS. 6A-6E are graphs showing dose-response curves for proliferation of human SKPs in response to MG624 (FIG. 6A), GSK3.beta. (FIG. 6B), pramoxine (FIG. 6C), kaempferol (FIG. 6D), and alprostadil (FIG. 6E) in presence of EGF and FGF2.
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of the in vitro sphere assay. SKPs were isolated from mouse back, whisker and human foreskin and allowed to grow in spheres. After 2-3 passages, spheres were dissociated and 3000 cells were plated in each well of a 96-well plate. Cells were then treated in triplicate with different concentrations of drugs or only with vehicle DMSO. Drugs were applied again on day 3 and the number of spheres was analyzed on day 7.
FIG. 8 is a series of graphs showing that various compounds promote human SKPs self-renewal. Graphs show pooled data from two set of experiments. Four different cell lines were used.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing that various compounds at 100 nM promote human SKPs self-renewal. Pooled data from two different experiments show robust increase of the number of spheres formed after drug treatments at 100 nM. Results indicate that these specific drugs promote the ability of stem cells to produce another stem cell.
FIG. 10 is a series of photomicrographs showing that alprostadil and kaempferol increase the size of human SKP spheres. Human SKPs were treated with the indicated compound or vehicle for seven days, as indicated in FIG. 7. At the end of the treatment period, cells were stained with Hoechst. An increase in the size of the spheres was observed in the alprostadil- and kaempferol-treated cells compared to vehicle control, indicating that these drugs increase cell proliferation within a sphere.
FIG. 11 is a series of photomicrographs of human SKP spheres formed after 7 days of treatment with alprostadil or vehicle respectively.
FIG. 12 is a series of graphs showing that various compounds that promote self-renewal of human SKPs also function on mouse SKPs. SKPs were isolated from mouse back and whisker and treated with the indicated concentration of drugs. Results are pooled data from two experiments. A total of four whisker and four back samples were used.
FIG. 13 is a series of graphs showing that various compounds promote self-renewal of mouse SKPs.
FIG. 14 is a graph showing that various compounds at 100 nM promote mouse SKPs self-renewal. Pooled data from two experiments show robust increase of the number of spheres formed for both back and whisker cells after drug treatment.
FIG. 15 is a series of graphs summarizing in vitro sphere assay data demonstrating that certain compounds promote self-renewal of both human and mouse SKPs.
FIG. 16 is a table showing that topical application of certain compounds promotes hair growth. Mice were treated topically with the indicated compounds. At specific time points, approximately 30-40 hairs were plucked from each mouse and their length was measured. Three mice were used to test each compound.
FIGS. 17 and 18 are each a series of graphs showing quantification of hair length on day 23. Hair length promoted by compounds is shown in distribution histograms relative to the control group. Hair length was binned in classes of 200 .mu.m and each class was expressed as a percentage of total hair population. The distribution histograms show a shift versus longer hair length, particularly in the groups treated with alprostadil or kaempferol.
FIG. 19 is a series of photomicrographs and graphs showing that topical application of certain compounds induces dermal thickness. Dorsal skin of animals topically treated with various compounds was isolated, cryosectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Dermal thickness was manually measured randomly through the slices. A mean of three measurements through the slice were performed and about 20-30 slices were analyzed for each mouse within each compound group.
FIG. 20 is a series of photomicrographs and graphs showing topical application of certain compounds induces anagen hair cycle and follicle density. Skin samples were also analysed for density and morphology of hair follicles. The density is expressed as number of follicles per mm whereas the anagen hair follicles are determined by morphology.
FIG. 21 is a series of graphs showing the effect of certain compounds and compound combinations on human SKP sphere size in vitro. The first graph (left, top) shows mean sphere size following treatment with the indicated compounds, compound combinations, or a DMSO control. The other two graphs are histograms showing the shift in human SKP sphere size when treated by alprostadil and pramoxine (right, top) or alprostadil and kaempferol (left, bottom). Alp.=alprostadil; Kae.=Kaempferol; MG=MG 624; Pram=pramoxine; Alsterp.=alsterpaullone; Kenp.=kenpaullone.
FIGS. 22A-22C are graphs showing the effect of in vivo hair growth on topical treatment with either kaempferol or alprostadil. FIG. 22A shows the length of hair in mice treated with either kaempferol, alprostadil, or a vehicle control at days 16, 19, and 23. FIGS. 22B and 22C show the hair length distribution on day 23 from mice treated with either kaempferol or alprostadil as compared to control mice.
We have discovered that the p63 pathway is involved in inhibition of proliferation of skin-derived precursors (SKPs). The invention thus features methods of increasing proliferation of a cell (e.g., a stem cell such as a SKP) by inhibiting p63 expression or activity.
In addition, we have performed a screen to identify agents useful for enhancing cellular proliferation. This screen resulted in identification compounds including acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, and yohimbic acid. On this basis, these compounds, or analogs of these compounds, can be used to increase proliferation of cells, including SKPs or neuroblastoma cells. As SKPs are known to be involved in skin regeneration and hair growth, stimulation of SKPs using these compounds can enhance skin repair (e.g., wounded skin), improve dermal maintenance or skin health, or promote hair growth in a subject.
The compounds identified herein may be used to increase proliferation of any cell that is capable of proliferation, such as tumor cell lines (e.g., neuroblastoma) or stem cells. In certain embodiments, the cell is a stem cell such as a SKP cell. Other stem cells include embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells such as mesenchymal cells and hematopoietic stem cells.
SKPs are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2004/0033597 and 2007/0248574. SKPs can express at least one, two, three, or more of the following molecular markers: nestin, WNT-1, vimentin, versican, fibronectin, S100.beta., slug, snail, twist, Pax3, Sox9, Dermo-1, and Sox2. SKPs may also express increased levels of slug, snail, twist, and Pax3 relative to central nervous system neural stem cells. Desirably, the multipotent stem cells of the invention do not express measurable levels of at least one, two, three, or more of the following molecular markers: tyrosinase, c-kit, tryp-1, and DCT, which are markers of melanoblasts and melanocytes. The multipotent stem cells also may not express of one or more of the following markers of Schwann cells: MBP, P0, p75NTR, and Sox10.
SKPs are capable of differentiating into various non-neural cells (e.g., hair follicle cell, bone cell, smooth muscle cell, or adipocyte) and neural cells (e.g., a neuron, astrocyte, Schwann cell, or oligodendrocyte).
SKPs can be isolated as described in the art. In one example, dorsal or facial skin from mouse embryos (E15-19), mouse or rat neonates (P2-P6), or adults (3 weeks and older) was dissected from the animal and cut into 2-3 mm.sup.2 pieces. Tissue was digested with 0.1% trypsin for 10-45 min at 37.degree. C., mechanically dissociated and filtered through a 40 pm cell strainer (Falcon).
The cells (e.g., SKPs) may be cultured under standard cell culture conditions, such as those described herein or known in the art. In one example, SKPs are cultured as described in Toma et al. (Nat. Cell Biol. 3:778-784, 2001). Dissociated cells (e.g., as described above) were pelleted and plated in DMEM-F12, 3:1 (Invitrogen), containing 20 ng/ml EGF and 40 ng/ml FGF2 (both from Collaborative Research), hereafter referred to as proliferation medium. Cells were cultured in 25 cm.sup.2 tissue culture flasks (Falcon) in a 37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2 tissue culture incubator. SKPs were passaged by mechanically dissociating spheres and splitting 1:3 with 75% new medium and 25% conditioned medium from the initial flask. For neuronal differentiation, SKP spheres or primary dissociated skin cells were mechanically dissociated and plated on chamber slides (Nunc) coated with poly-D-lysine/laminin in DMEM-F12 3:1 supplemented with 40 ng/ml FGF2 and 10% FBS (BioWhittaker) for 5-7 days. Cells were then cultured an additional 5-7 days in the same medium without FGF2 but with the addition of 10 ng/ml NGF (Cedar Lane), 10 ng/ml BDNF (Peprotech), and 10 ng/ml NT3 (Peprotech). For Schwann cell differentiation, dissociated spheres were cultured in DMEM-F12 3:1 supplemented with 10% FBS for 7 days, then switched to the same medium supplemented with 4 .mu.M forskolin (Sigma).
The compositions, methods, and kits of the invention may employ a compound that decreases p63 expression or activity. These compounds can be used either in place of or in addition to other growth factors (e.g., FGF2 or EGF). In certain embodiments, the addition of a compound that decreases p63 expression or activity allows for the use of a reduced concentration of another growth factor or factors (e.g., FGF2 or EGF). Exemplary compounds include RNAi molecules that target p63 mRNA, antibodies that specifically bind p63, and dominant negative forms of p63.
RNAi molecules such as siRNA molecules that target p63 are known in the art or can be designed and tested for RNA interference activity. p63 RNAi molecules are commercially available (e.g., from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, Calif., Catalog No. sc-36161). Additional RNAi molecules (e.g., siRNA molecules) can be designed based on the human p63 mRNA sequence (NCBI accession Nos. NM.sub.--003722, NM.sub.--001114978, NM.sub.--001114979, NM.sub.--001114980, NM.sub.--001114981, and NM.sub.--001114982) or the corresponding mouse (NCBI accession Nos. NM.sub.--011641, NM.sub.--001127259, NM.sub.--001127260, NM.sub.--001127261, NM.sub.--001127262, NM.sub.--001127263, NM.sub.--001127264, NM.sub.--001127265) or rat (NCBI accession Nos. NM.sub.--001127339, NM.sub.--001127341, NM.sub.--001127342, NM.sub.--001127343, NM.sub.--001127344, and NM.sub.--019221) sequences.
Anti-p63 antibodies may be employed in the compositions, methods, and kits of the invention. Any antibody or antibody variant (e.g., monoclonal, polyclonal, human, humanized, single chain), a fragment thereof, or a nanobody can be employed.
Such antibodies are commercially available (e.g., from Abcam, Inc., Cambridge, MA, Catalog No. ab735, or from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Catalog No. sc-8431). Additional antibodies (polyclonal or monoclonal) against p63 or regions of p63 can also be generated using methods known in the art.
Humanized antibodies can be generated following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525, 1986; Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988)), by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody.
Accordingly, such "humanized" antibodies are chimeric antibodies wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
Human monoclonal antibodies can be made by the hybridoma method, as is known in the art (see, e.g., Kozbor, J. Immunol. 133, 3001, 1984, and Brodeur et al., Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987)).
Nanobodies can be generated by immunization of an animal (e.g., a camel or llama) which produces nanobodies, which can then be purified using standard techniques.
Single chain Fv fragments may be produced such as described in Iliades et al., FEBS Letters, 409:437-441 (1997). Coupling of such single chain fragments using various linkers is described in Kortt et al., Protein Engineering, 10:423-433 (1997).
The compositions, methods, and kits of the invention can also include a p63 antibody fragment (e.g., a fragment of a murine, human or humanized antibody, and antibody variants). Such fragments can be derived by proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies (see, e.g., Morimoto et al., J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 24:107-117 (1992) and Brennan et al., Science 229:81, 1985) or can be produced directly by recombinant host cells. For example, Fab'-SH fragments can be directly recovered from E. coli and chemically coupled to form F(ab').sub.2 fragments (Carter et al., Bio/Technology 10:163-167, 1992). Single chain Fv fragments may be produced such as described in Iliades et al., FEBS Letters, 409:437-441 (1997). Coupling of such single chain fragments using various linkers is described in Kortt et al., Protein Engineering, 10:423-433, 1997.
Triabodies can also be used in the compositions, methods, and kits of the invention. Such antibodies are described for instance in Iliades et al., supra and Kortt et al., supra.
The antibodies of the present invention may be modified by conjugating the antibody to an agent (e.g., any of the compounds described herein). Further antibody modifications are also contemplated. For example, the antibody may be linked to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyoxyalkylenes, or copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol. The antibody also may be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization (for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively), in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules), or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th edition, 2000, ed. A.R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. To increase the serum half-life of the antibody, one may incorporate a salvage receptor binding epitope into the antibody (especially an antibody fragment), as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,277, for example. A "salvage receptor binding epitope" is an epitope of the Fc region of an IgG molecule (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) that is responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule.
Dominant negative forms of p63, polypeptides substantially identical to such dominant negative forms and having dominant negative activity, or fragments thereof having dominant negative activity can be used in the compositions, methods, and kits of the invention. Forms of p63 with the N-terminal transactivation domain are termed TAp63, whereas those lacking this domain (.DELTA.N-p63 isoforms) have dominant negative activity. See, e.g., Ghioni et al., Mol Cell Biol 22:8659-8668, 2002. Exemplary sequences encoding dominant negative proteins are known in the art and include DN p63 alpha (NCBI accession Nos. AAG45610 and AAC62636 (human); AAP87985 and AAC62644 (mouse)); DN p63 beta (NCBI accession Nos. AAG45611 and AAC62638 (human); AAP87986 and AAC62643 (mouse)); and DN p63 gamma (NCBI accession Nos. AAG45612 and AAC62634 (human); AAP87987 and AAC62642 (mouse)). Other dominant negative p63 polypeptides can sequences substantially identical to those sequences, or may contain chemical modifications, as is known in the art.
Decreases in p63 expression or activity may also be achieved through introduction of a gene vector into a subject. To increase cellular proliferation, enhance skin repair or skin health, or promote hair growth, p63 expression or activity may be decreased, for example, by administering to a subject a vector containing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a dominant negative form of p63 or an RNAi molecule that targets p63 mRNA, operably linked to a promoter capable of driving expression in targeted cells. Any standard gene therapy vector and methodology may be employed for such administration.
Based on the results of the screen described herein, we have identified compounds capable of increasing proliferation. Accordingly, these compounds, or analogs of these compounds, may be used in methods for increasing proliferation (e.g., without affecting differentiation) in vivo or in vitro of any type of cell capable of proliferation (e.g., stem cells, such as SKPs). The compounds may be used in conjunction with any cell culture techniques known in the art. Use of these compounds may allow for reduced concentrations of other growth factors. In addition, the compounds can also be used to treat a disease or condition where increases in SKP proliferation are desirable (e.g., those described herein).
where X is sulfur or oxygen, R.sub.1 is H, halogen, OH, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, azide, thio, C.sub.1-6 alkylthio, amino, C.sub.1-6 alkylamino or dialkylamino; R.sub.2 is H, halogen, C.sub.1-4 alkylthio, acylamino, amino or azide; R.sub.3 is H, straight or branch chain or cyclic C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 hydroxyalkyl, benzyloxyalkyl, or phenyl; R.sub.4 is H, OH, or alky; R.sub.5 is H, OH, NH.sub.2, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxyalkyl, benzyloxy, benzoyloxy, benzoyloxymethyl, sulfamoyloxy, phosphate carboxypropiamyloxy, straight chain or cyclic acyloxy having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms e.g., acetoxy or substituted carbamoyl group of formula NH.CO--Z wherein Z is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl optionally substituted by one or more of sulfonyl, amino, carbamoyl or halogen; R.sub.6 is H or alkyl (e.g., when X is O and R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.6 are H, R.sub.1 is not amino or methylamino when R.sub.5 is hydrogen or hydroxy), or a salt thereof.
Other analogs of acyclovir include 1-O-hexadecylpropanediol-3-p-acyclovir, 1-O-hexadecylpropanediol-3-phosphoacyclovir, 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoacyclovir, 2'-O-glycyl acyclovir, 2,6-diamino-9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)purine, 3,9-dihydro-3-((2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl)-6-ethyl-9-oxo-5H-imidazo(1,2-a)pu- rine, 3-methyl-cyclosal-PCVMP, 6-deoxypenciclovir, 8-fluoropenciclovir, 9-((1,3-dihydroxy-2-propylthio)methyl)guanine, 9-((2-aminoethoxy)methyl)guanine, 9-(2'-(9''-octadecenoyloxy)ethoxymethyl)guanine, 9-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)guanine, 9-(4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl)-guanine triphosphate, 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine, acyclovir .beta.-glucoside, acyclovir diphosphate dimyristoylglycerol, acyclovir fluorophosphate, acyclovir monophosphate, acyclovir monophosphate-lactosaminated serum albumin conjugate, acyclovir phosphite, acyclovir triphosphate, acyclovir-5'-(phenyl methoxy alaninyl)phosphate, BIOLF 143, bis(2-(guanin-9-ylmethoxy)ethoxy)-4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl phosphate, BRL 42359, bucyclovir triphosphate, desciclovir, diamminechloro(9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guan-7-yl)platinum(II), famciclovir, .gamma.-glutamylacyclovir, ganciclovir, guanin-9-yl methyloxy-2-ethyl bis(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl)phosphate, guanin-9-yl methyloxy-2-ethyl bis(S-pivaloyl-2-thioethyl)phosphate, penciclovir, penciclovir triphosphate, tyrosylacyclovir, val-valacyclovir, and valacyclovir.
Additional analogs are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,806,642, 4,957,924, 5,580,571, 6,214,811, and 6,031,096.
where R.sub.1 is hydrogen or a C.sub.1-8 alkyl group, R.sub.2 is a member selected from the group consisting of H, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, and the acyl group of a hydrocarbon carboxylic acid of 2 to 18 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is OH, n is 3, 4, or 5, and OR.sub.2 and R.sub.3 may have an .alpha. or .beta. configuration. Exemplary of lower alkyl containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms suitable for include branched or straight chain hydrocarbon groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. Exemplary acyl groups include acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, hexanoyl, octanoyl, lauroyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl, and oleoyl. Other alprostadil analogs are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,885. Other prostaglandins that can be used in the invention are described below.
Other prostaglandins include 2-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-(6-methoxycarbonyl-2-hexyenylidene)-4-n-octyl-2-cycl- opentanone, 4-fluoroenisoprost, 7-hydroxy-5,11-dioxotetranorprostane-1,16-dioic acid, AY 22093, bromovulone III, carijenone, claviridenone E, claviridenone F, claviridenone G, clavubicyclone, MR 256, NEPP11 compound, NEPP6 compound, NEPP6-biotin, prostaglandin endoperoxides, prostaglandins A, prostaglandins B, prostaglandins D, prostaglandins E, prostaglandins F, prostaglandins I (e.g., epoprostenol), RS 61756-007, S 1033, tricycloclavulone.
Prostaglandins A include 13,14-dihydro-15-deoxy-.DELTA.-prostaglandin-A1-methyl ester, 13,14-dihydro-.DELTA.7-prostaglandin A1 methyl ester, 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin A2, 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin A2 methyl ester, 5-(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenylmethylene)-4-hydroxy-2-(1-methylimidazol-2-yl- thio)-4-(4-phenylbutyl)-2-cyclopentenone, 8-isoprostaglandin A2, chlorovulone I, clavulone II, clavulones, prostaglandin A1, prostaglandin A2, prostaglandin A2 isopropyl ester, and TEI 3313.
Prostaglandins B include 15-ketoprostaglandin B1, 16,16-dimethyl-15-dehydroprostaglandin B1 trimer, 19-hydroxyprostaglandin B2, di-Calciphor, OC 5181, OC 5186, prostaglandin B1, prostaglandin B2, and prostaglandin Bx.
Prostaglandins D include 9-chloro-15-cyclohexyl-11,15-dihydroxypentanor-5,13-prostadienoic acid, 9-fluoro-15-cyclohexyl-11,15-dihydroxypentanor-5,13-prostadienoic acid, 9-fluoro-15-hydroxy-16-phenoxy-17,18,19,20-tetranor-5,13-prostadienoic acid, 9-hydroxy-11,15-dioxo-2,3,18,19-tetranorprost-5-ene-1,20-dioic acid, prostaglandin D2, and prostaglandin D3.
Prostaglandin D2 analogs include 11,15-dioxo-9-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetranorprostan-1,20-dioic acid, 11-methoxime prostaglandin D2, 11-methyleneprostaglandin D2, 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin D2, 15-deoxy-.DELTA.(12,14)-prostaglandin J2, 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2, 15-methylprostaglandin D2, 9-deoxy-9,10-didehydro-12,13-didehydro-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin D2, 9-deoxy-.DELTA.-9-prostaglandin D2, anhydrolevulgandin D2, .DELTA.(12)-prostaglandin J(2), prostaglandin D2 4-azidophenacyl ester, prostaglandin D2 methyl ester, and TS-002.
Prostaglandin E1 analogs include 11,15-bisdeoxyprostaglandin E1, 11-deoxy-10-hydroxyprostaglandin E1 methyl ester, 11-deoxy-13,14-dihydro-8-azaprostaglandin E(1), 11-deoxy-16,16-trimethyleneprostaglandin E1, 11-deoxy-16-phenoxy-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin E1, 11-deoxy-4,4-dimethyl-4-silaprostaglandin E1, 11-deoxy-8-azaprostaglandin E(1), 11-deoxyprostaglandin E1, 11-deoxyprostaglandin E1 4-hydroxyphenyl ester, 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin E1, 13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E1, 15(S)-15-methylprostaglandin E1, 15-cyclohexyl-omega-pentanor-7-thiaprostaglandin E1, 15-fluoro-11,15-dideoxyprostaglandin E1, 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-6-ketoprostaglandin E1, 15-keto-prostaglandin E0, 15-ketoprostaglandin E, 16,16-dimethyl-.DELTA.2-prostaglandin E1, 16,18-ethano 20-ethyl-6-oxoprostaglandin E1, 16,18-ethano-20-ethyl-6-oxoprostaglandin E1 leucinamide, 17,18-dehydroprostaglandin E1, 18-hydroxyprostaglandin E1, 19-hydroxyprostaglandin E1, 20-dimethyl-7-thiaprostaglandin E1 methyl ester, 20-hydroxyprostaglandin E1, 3,7-dithia(11.alpha.,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid, 3-oxa-4,5,6-nor-(3,7-inter)-3-phenyleneprostaglandin E1 methyl ester, 3-oxa-4,5,6-nor-3,7-inter-3-phenyleneprostaglandin E1, 3-oxa-4,5,6-trinor-3,7-inter-3-phenyleneprostaglandin E1 amide, 4-thiaprostaglandin E1, 5(6)-epoxyprostaglandin E1.alpha., 5,6-dihydroxyprostaglandin E1, 6-ketoprostaglandin E1, 7-keto-9,9-ethylenedioxiprostanoid, 7-oxo-15-methylprostaglandin E1 methyl ester, 8-azaprostaglandin E1, alibra, AY 23626, butaprost, .delta.-17-tetranorprostaglandin E1, enisoprost, gemeprost, isoprostaglandin E1, limaprost, limaprost-alfadex, lubiprostone, MDL 646, MR 356, NP 01A, NP 07 A, NP 13 A, ONO 1082, ONO 1206, ONO-DI-004, ornoprostil, prostaglandin E0, prostaglandin E1 ethyl ester, prostaglandin E1 methyl ester, prostaglandin E1.alpha.-cyclodextrin, prostaglandin E1-hexyl-sepharose, prostaglandin E3, SC 29169, SC 31391, SC-46275, SPM 206, tetranorprostaglandin E1, TFC 612, and TR4161.
Dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) analogs include 11-deoxy,16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, 11-deoxy-11,12-methanoprostaglandin E2, 11-deoxy-11.alpha.-(2-hydroxyethylthio)-prostaglandin E2 methyl ester, 11-deoxy-15-keto-13,14-dihydro-11 beta,16-cycloprostaglandin E2, 11-deoxyprostaglandin E2-1-alcohol, 12-isoprostaglandin F(2.alpha.), 13,14-didehydroprostaglandin E2, 13,14-dihydro-16-phenyl-.OMEGA.-tetranorprostaglandin E2, 13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E2, 15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-vinylprostaglandin E2, 15-fluoro-15-deoxyprostaglandin E2, 15-hydroperoxyprostaglandin E2, 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E2, 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E2-thyroglobulin conjugate, 15-ketoprostaglandin E2, 16-methyl prostaglandin E2, 16-methyl-13,14-didehydroprostaglandin E2, 16-methyl-16-methoxyprostaglandin E2, 16-methyl-20-methoxy-prostglandin E2, 17,17-dimethylprostaglandin E2, 17-(4-azidophenyl)-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin E2, 17-phenyltrinorprostaglandin E2, 18,18,20-trimethylprostaglandin E2, 18-hydroxyprostaglandin E2, 19,20-dehydroprostaglandin E2, 19-hydroxyprostaglandin E2, 1a,1b-dihomoprostaglandin E2, 20-hydroxyprostaglandin E2, 20-isopropylidene prostaglandin E2, 20-methyl-13,14-didehydroprostaglandin E2, 8,12-epi-prostaglandin E2, 8-isoprostaglandin E2, 9-deoxy-9-chloro-15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-17,17-trimethylene-19,20-didehydropr- ostaglandin E2, 9-enol-prostaglandin E2 methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether, FCE 20700, HOE 260, N-acetylprostaglandin E2 carboxamide, ONO AE 248, prostaglandin D2 ethanolamide, prostaglandin E2 azidophenacyl ester, prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide, prostaglandin E2 glyceryl ester, prostaglandin E2 methyl ester, prostaglandin E2 methyl oxime, prostaglandin F2a ethanolamide, prostamide H2, sulprostone, trimoprostil, and viprostol.
Prostaglandins F analogs include (5Z)-7-((1R,2R,3R,5S)-2-((1E)-3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxy-1-butenyl)-3,5-dihyd- roxycyclopentyl)-5-heptenoic acid, 15-cis-(4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-16,17,17,19,20-pentanor-9-deoxy-6,9-.alpha.- -nitriloprostaglandin F1, 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1.beta., 5(6)-epoxyprostaglandin F1.alpha., 5,6-dihydroxyprostaglandin F1, 5,7-dihydroxy-11-ketotetranorprostanoic acid, alfaprostol, butyryl prostaglandin F1 butyl ester, C22-prostaglandin F4.alpha., 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1.alpha., lymphocytic thyroid stimulator (non-immunoglobulin), Dinoprost, prostaglandin F-main urinary metabolite, prostaglandin F1, prostaglandin F1.beta., prostaglandin F2.beta., prostaglandin F3.alpha., and tafluprost.
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1.alpha. analogs include 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1.alpha., 5-hydroxy-6-ketoprostaglandin F1.alpha., 6,15-diketo-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F1.alpha., 6,15-diketoprostaglandin F1.alpha., 6-ketoprostaglandin F1.alpha.-thyroglobulin conjugate, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1.alpha.-tyramide, .DELTA.(17)-6-ketoprostaglandin F1.alpha., and endothelin-1,2-6-ketoprostaglandin F1.alpha..
Dinaprost (prostaglandin F2.alpha.) analogs include 1-ethyl(5Z)-7-((1R,2R,3R,5S)-2-((1E)-3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxy-1-butenyl)-3,- 5-dihydroxycyclopentyl)-5-heptenoate, 1-methyl(5Z)-7-((1R,2R,3R,5S)-2-((1E)-3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxy-1-butenyl)-3- ,5-dihydroxycyclopentyl)-5-heptenoate, 11-fluoro-11-dehydroxyprostaglandin F2.alpha., 11-fluoro-11-deoxyprostaglandin F2.alpha., 11-ketotetranorprostaglandin F2.alpha., 13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2.alpha., 13,14-dihydroxy-15-ketoprostaglandin F2.alpha., 15-fluoro-15-deoxyprostaglandin F2.alpha., 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2.alpha., 15-keto-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F2.alpha.-1-isopropyl ester, 15-ketoprostaglandin F2.alpha., 15-propionat-prostaglandin F2.alpha.-isopropyl ester, 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin F2.alpha., 16-(3-chlorophenoxy)-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin F2.alpha., 16-aminoprostaglandin F2.alpha. methyl ester, 16-fluoromethyleneprostaglandin F2.alpha., 17-azaprostaglandin F2.alpha., 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin F2.alpha.-1-isopropyl ester, 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F2.alpha., 17-phenylprostaglandin F2.alpha., 18,19,20-trinor-17-cyclohexyl-13,14-dehydroprostaglandin F2.alpha. methyl ester, 19-hydroxyprostaglandin F, 1a,1b-dihomoprostaglandin F2, 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15-F-isoprostane, 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-8-iso-prostaglandin F2.alpha., 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydroisoprostane F2.alpha.-III, 2-decarboxy-2-(P-methylphosphinico)-16-phenoxytetranorprostaglandin F2.alpha., 20-methyl-13,14-(didehydroprostaglandin) F2.alpha., 3-(3,5-dihydroxy-2-(oxodecyl)cyclopentyl)propionic acid, 6-keto-prostaglandin F2.alpha., 7-(3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-oxodecyl)cyclopentyl)hept-5-enoic acid, 8,12-iso-isoprostane F2.alpha.-III, 8,12-iso-isoprostane F2.alpha.-VI, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2.alpha., 9-chloro-15-cyclohexyl-11,15-dihydroxy-3-oxa-16,17,18,19,20-pentanor-5-pr- ostenoic acid, AFP-157, AL 6598, AL 8810, AL 8810 ethylamide, AL-3138, AY 24366, delprostenate, dinoprost tromethamine, etiproston, etiproston tromethamine, fluprostinol, ICI 79939, isopropyl unoprostone, N-dimethylaminoprostaglandin F2.alpha., PhXa 85, prostaglandin F2 ethyl ester, prostaglandin F2 isopropyl ester, prostaglandin F2 methyl ester, prostaglandin F2.alpha. 11-methyl ether, prostaglandin F2.alpha. 15-methyl ether, prostaglandin F2.alpha. 9-methyl ether, prostaglandin F2.alpha. N-dimethylamide, ZK 110841, ZK 118182, and ZK 71677.
Epoprostenol analogs include 10,10-difluoro-13-dehydroprostacyclin, 11-desoxyprostacyclin, 13,14-dehydroprostaglandin I2, 13,14-dehydroprostaglandin I2 methyl ester, 13,14-didehydro-20-methylcarboprostacyclin, 13,14-dinor-inter-p-phenylene carbacyclin, 15-cyclopentyl-7-oxo-prostaglandin I2-ephedrine, 15-deoxy-(16-m-tolyl)-17,18,19,20-tetranorisocarbacyclin methylester, 15-deoxy-16-m-tolyl-17,18,19,20-tetranorisocarbacyclin, 15-fluoro-13,14-dehydrocarbacyclin, 15-ketoprostaglandin I2, 16-tolyl-17,18,19,20-tetranorisocarbacyclin, 17,20-dimethylisocarbacyclin, 19-(3-azidophenyl)-20-norisocarbacyclin, 2,2,10,10-tetrafluoro-13-dehydroprostacyclin, 20-methyl-13,14-didehydro-2,4-inter-3-phenylene prostaglandin I2, 3-oxa-9(O)-methano-delta(6,9)prostaglandin I(1), 3-oxacarbacyclin, 3-oxahomoisocarbacyclin, 4,5-didehydroisocarbacyclin, 5,6-dihydroprostacyclin, 5-hydroxyprostaglandin I, 5-methyleneisocarbacyclin, 5-nitroprostaglandin I1, 5-nitroprostaglandin I2, 6,9-thiaprostacyclin, 6a-carbaprostaglandin I3, 7-fluoroprostacyclin, 7-oxo-cyclopentyl-prostaglandin I2, 7-oxo-prostaglandin I2-ephedrine, 7-oxoprostaglandin I2, 7a-homo-2-norprostacyclin, 9-O-methanoprostaglandin I, AFP 03, AFP 06, AFP 07, APS 306, benzodioxane prostacyclin, beraprost, bicyclo(4.3.0)non-2-ene homoisocarbacyclin, carbaprostacyclin, carboprostacyclin, CG 4303, Chinoin 7284, Chinoin 7384, cicaprost, ciprostene, CL 115999, dehydro-15-cyclohexylcarbaprostacyclin, dihomo-prostaglandin I(2), FCE 21258, HOE 892, homoisocarbacyclin, KP 10614, MM 706, naxaprostene, nileprost, nitriloprostaglandin I2, ONO 41483, OP 2507, OP 41483-.alpha.-cyclodextrin, piriprost, prostaglandin I2 11-methyl ether, prostaglandin I2 15-methyl ether, prostaglandin I2 methyl ester, prostaglandin I3, R 59274, SC 39902, SM 10902, SM 10906, taprostene, TEI 1324, TEI 3356, TEI 4343, TEI 9090, TFC 132, tilsuprost, treprostinil, TRY 200, TTC 909, TY 10957, TY 11223, U 56467, U 68215, and U 72382.
Synthetic prostaglandin analogs include (+)(-)-8,12-trans-9-oxo-prosta-5,14-dienoic acid, 11-methoxime prostaglandin D2, 9.alpha.,11.alpha.,15.alpha.-trihydroxy-16-phenoxy-17,18,19,20-tetranorpr- osta-4,5,13-trienoic acid, 9-chloro-15-cyclohexyl-11,15-dihydroxypentanor-5,13-prostadienoic acid, 9-fluoro-15-cyclohexyl-11,15-dihydroxypentanor-5,13-prostadienoic acid, AL-12182, EMD 33290, EP 045, EP 092, GIF 0010, GIF 0037, Iloprost, synthetic prostaglandin endoperoxides, synthetic prostaglandins A, synthetic prostaglandins E, synthetic prostaglandins F, and U 62840. Iloprost analogs include 2,6-dichloro-4-aminophenol iloprost, eptaloprost, and iloprost phenacyl ester. Synthetic prostaglandin endoperoxides include 9,11-azo-13-oxa-15-hydroxyprostanoic acid, 9,11-iminoepoxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid, prostaglandin H2 9-cyclic ether, prostaglandin H2 methyl ester, and U 44069. Synthetic prostaglandins A include 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin A1, 9-oxo-15-hydroxy-.DELTA.7,10,13-prostatrienoic acid methyl ester, GSH-prostaglandin A1, HR 546, punaglandin III, and TEI9826. Synthetic prostaglandins E include 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E, 16-hydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxo-prosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid methyl ester, CL 115574, CL 116069, CP 48630, 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 or an analog thereof (e.g., 11-methyl-16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2, 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 (4-acetamidobenzamido)phenyl ester, 16,16-dimethyprostaglandin E2 4-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester, 19-hydroxy-16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2, 9-deoxy-16,16-dimethyl-tetranor-9-methyleneprostaglandin E2, and meteneprost), enprostil, GR 63799X, arbaprostil or a analog thereof (e.g., 15-deoxy-16-methyl-16-hydroxy-3,4-didehydroprostaglandin E2 methyl ester and 15-methylprostaglandin E2 methyl ester), misoprostol or an analog thereof (e.g., 2-demethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxycarbonyl-11-deoxymisoprostol, Arthrotec, diclofenac-misoprostol, misoprostol acid, and SC 53450), ONO-747, rioprostil, Ro 22-6923, RS 20216, RS 61565, and Wy 17186.
Analogs of aristolochic acid include 7-(deoxyadenosin-N(6)-yl)aristolactam II, 7-(deoxyadenosin-N(6)-yl)aristolactam I, 7-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)aristolactam II, 7-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)aristolactam I, 7-methoxyaristolochic acid A, 7-methoxyaristololactam IV, 9-ethoxyaristolactone, 9-ethoxyaristololactam, 9-hydroxy aristolochic acid I, aristolactam I, aristolic acid, aristolochic acid C, aristolochic acid E, aristolochic acid II, aristololactam BII, aristololactam IVa, aristololactam-glucoside, aristoloside, methyl aristolate, and N-((6'-p-coumaroyl)glucopyranosyl)aristolactam.
where each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is individually selected from the group consisting of H and C.sub.1-8 alkyl; R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of NHCONH.sub.2, NHC(S)NH.sub.2, NHCNHNH.sub.2, NHR.sub.4, NHCOOR.sub.5, NHCOR.sub.6, OR.sub.7, where R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-8 alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, and hydroxyalkyl containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R.sub.5 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, hydroxyalkyl containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and haloalkyl containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R.sub.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-8 alkyl and phenyl; and R.sub.7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-8 alkyl.
where R is pyridyl optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4) halogen groups, Z is O or S, and each R' independently represents C.sub.1-8 alkoxy, amino, or C.sub.1-8 alkylamino.
if R.sub.1 is present and Z.sub.1 or Z.sub.2 is --NHR.sub.2, --CH.sub.2R.sub.2, or --NR.sub.2OH, then R.sub.1 may be connected by a single or double bond to the carbon or nitrogen of either Z.sub.1 or Z.sub.2 to form a 4-7 member ring.
Isoflavone analogs include (3R)-4'-methoxy-2',3,7-trihydroxyisoflavanone, (3R)-6,2'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4',5'-methylenedioxyisoflavan, (R)-3',5-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyspiro(2H-1-benzopyran-3(4H),7'-bicyclo(4- .2.0)-octa(1,3,5)-trien)-4-one, 10,11-dihydroxydracaenone C, 2'',6''-O-diacetyloninin, 2''-O-glycosylisovitexin, 2',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone, 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxybiochanin A, 2'-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyisoflavonoid, 2'-hydroxy-6,4',6'',4'''-tetramethoxy(7-O-7'')-bisisoflavone, 2'-methoxybonducellin, 2'-methoxydihydrobonducellin, 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone, 2-methoxy-3,8,9-trihydroxy coumestan, 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone, 3',7-dihydroxy-2',4',5',8-tetramethoxyisoflavan, 3',7-dihydroxyisoflavan, 3'-chloro-5,7-dihydroxyisoflavone, 3'-hydroxy-6,4'-dimethoxy-7-O-glucopyranozylisoflavone, 3'-methoxypuerarin, 3'-prenyl-4'-methoxyisoflavone-7-O-beta-(2''-O-4-coumaroyl)glucopyranosid- e, 3(2H)-isoflavene, 3-(3-bromophenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromene-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 3-(4'-methoxybenzyl)-7,8-methylenedioxychroman-4-one, 3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxychroman-4-one, 4',5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxyisoflavone-7-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-- 3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, 4',5,7-trihydroxy-6,8-dimethylisoflavone, 4',5-dihydroxy-2',3'-dimethoxy-7-(5-hydroxyoxychromen-7yl)-isoflavanone, 4',5-dihydroxy-7-O-methylisoflavone-3'-O-(3''-cinnamoyl)glucoside, 4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone, 4',7-dimethoxy-2'-isoflavonol, 4',8-dihydroxyl-7-methoxylisoflavone, 4'-methoxypuerarin, 4'-O-coumaroyl-isovitexine, 4'-O-methyl equol, 4'-O-methylalpinumisoflavone, 5,4'-dimethoxy-3'-prenylbiochanin A, 5,6,6'-trimethoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyisoflavone 7-O-(2''-O-4-coumaroylglucopyranoside), 5,6,7-trihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-benzopyran-4-one, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-2'-methoxyisoflavone, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)isoflavone, 5,7,8,4'-tetrahydroxyisoflavone, 5,7-dihydroxy-2',3',5',6'-tetramethoxy isoflavone, 5,7-dihydroxy-2',4',5'-trimethoxyisoflavanone, 5,7-dihydroxy-2'-methoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyisoflavanone, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-6-methoxychroman-4-one, 5-hydroxy-2',4',5'-trimethoxy-2'',2''-dimethylpyrano(5'',6'':6,7)isoflava- none, 5-methoxyxanthocercin A, 6''-O-malonyldaidzin, 6''-O-xylosyltectoridin, 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavan, 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone, 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone, 6,7,8,3',4',5'-hexamethoxyisoflavone, 6,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavanone, 6-aldehydo-7-methoxyiso-ophiopogonanone B, 6-chloro-3(2H)-isoflavene, 6-hydroxy-7,2',4',5'-tetramethoxyisoflavone, 6-hydroxybiochanin A, 6-hydroxydaidzein, 6-O-glucuronopyranosyl-2',5,6-trihydroxyisoflavone, 2'-O-sulfate, 6-oxazolinylisoflavan, 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavane-7-O-glucoside, 7,3',4'-trihydroxy-5-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosylisoflavone, 7,3',4'-trihydroxy-5-O-beta-D-(2''-acetyl)-xylopyranosylisoflavone, 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-5'-(gamma,gamma-dimethylallyeisoflavone, 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone, 7,3'-dihydroxy-6'',6''-dimethyl-4'',5''-dehydropyrano(2'',3'':4',5')isofl- avone, 7,3'-dihydroxyl-5'-methoxyisoflavone, 7,4'-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyisoflavone, 7,4'-dioxyethoxydaidzein, 7,4'-disuccinic acid monoester-O-ethoxydaidzein, 7,6'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyisoflavone, 7,8,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyisoflavone, 7,8,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone, 7,8,4'-trimethoxyisoflavone, 7,8-dihydroxy-2',4',5'-trimethoxyisoflavan, 7-hydroxy-2',3',4',5',8-pentamethoxyisoflavan, 7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-3'-prenylisoflavone, 7-hydroxy-6,4'-dimethoxy-isoflavonequinone, 7-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-3'-diethylaminomethylisoflavone, 7-O-(carboxypropyl)-4'-hydroxyisoflavone, 7-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-4'-hydroxy-5-methoxyisoflavone, 7-O-methyleucomol 5-O-glucopyranoside, 7-O-methyleucomol 5-O-neohesperidoside, 7-O-methyleucomol 5-O-rutinoside, 7-O-methylisolupalbigenin, 8-chloro-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyisoflavone, 8-hydroxydaidzein, 8-hydroxyglycitein, 8-isopentenylnaringenin, 8-methoxy-5,6,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone-7-O-glucopyranoside, 8-methoxyvestitol, 8-prenyldaidzein, 8-prenylmucronulatol, acetylpuerarin, afromosin, alpinumisoflavone, astraisoflavanin, auriculasin, bavadin, bidwillon B, biochanin A 7-O-(apiofuranosyl-(1-5)-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)-glucopyranoside), bolusanthol A, bolusanthol B, bolusanthol C, cabreuvin, cajanol, calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, calycosin-7-O-glucopyranoside, chungkookjang, CJY compound, CK 122, claussequinone, colutehydroquinone, colutequinone, coromandelin, coumestrol, daidzein, daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide-4'-O-sulfate, daidzein-4',7-yl diglucopyranosiduronic acid, daidzein-4'-O-sulfate, daidzein-4,7-diglucoside, daidzein-7,4'-di-O-sulfate, daidzein-7-yl glucopyranosiduronic acid, daidzin, dalbergion 4'-O-glucopyranoside, dalcongestin, dalnigrein7-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, dalpatein 7-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, dehydroequol, derrubone, desmodianone A, desmodianone B, desmodianone C, dichotomitin, dihydrobonducellin, dihydrodaidzein, dihydrodaidzin, dihydrogenistin, dihydroisoderrondiol, dihydrolicoisoflavone, duartin, echinoisoflavanone, EMD 16795, equol, eriotriochin, erycristagallin, euchrenone b10, eurycarpin A, eurycarpin B, formononetin, fremontin, fremontone, fujiflavone P40, furowanin B, gancaonin A, genistein, genistein 4',7'-bis(6-deoxytalopyranoside), genistein 7-(6-deoxytalopyranoside), genistein 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside-4'-O-(6'''-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-s- ophoroside, genistein 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside-4'-O-(6'''-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-sop- horoside, genistin, glabrene, glabrizoflavone, glaziovianin A, glicoisoflavanone, glisoflavanone, glycitein, glycitin, haginin A, hydroxyethylpuerarin, indicanine C, intricatinol, ipriflavone, irigenin, irilin A, irilin B, irilin D, irilone, irisone A, irisone B, isocytisoside, isocytisoside-7-O-glucopyranoside, isoflavanone, isovitexin 2''-O-glucoside, isovitexin-4'-O-glucoside, judaicin (isoflavone), kakkalide, kievitone, kraussianone 1, kraussianone-1, kraussianone-2, kwakhurin, lanceolarin, licoisoflavone A, licoisoflavone B, lupinalbisone A, lupinalbisone B, mahuangchiside, malonylgenistin, manuifolin D, manuifolin E, manuifolin F, manuifolin Q, menoflavon, methylaminium 4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone-3'-sulfonate, methylophiopogonanone B, millewanin G, millewanin H, munetone, muscomin, N99-596 A, N99-596 B, nigrolineaisoflavone A, O-desmethylangolensin, O-methylclaussequinone, ormosidin, osajaxanthone, osajin, pallidifloric acid methyl ester, pallidiflorin, pentandrin, pentandrin glucoside, phaseollin (isoflavan), phenoxodiol, phytosoya, promensil, prunetin, prunetin-4'-O-beta-D-gentiobioside, psi-baptigenin, psi-tectorigenin, Pterocarpans, puerarin, robustic acid, rotenone, sativan, scandenone, senegalensin, sigmoidin I, sigmoidin J, sigmoidin K, smiranicin, sophoraisoflavanone D, sophoraisoflavone A, sophorol, soy isoflavone aglycone, tectoridin, tectorigenin, tectorigenin 7-O-(apiofuranosyl-(1-6)-glucopyranoside), tetrahydrodaidzein, tlatancuayin, torvanol A, triquetrumone A, triquetrumone B, triquetrumone C, triquetrumone D, ulexin C, ulexin D, vavain, vavain 3'-O-glucoside, vogelin A, vogelin B, vogelin C, vogelin H, vogelin I, vulgarin (isoflavones), warangalone, warangalone-4'-methyl ether, and yufengningxin. Analogs are also described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,764,596, 2,892,845, 2,892,846, 3,755,372, 3,907,830, 3,864,362, 4,841,077, and 4,264,509.
OR.sub.5 where R.sub.5 is H, C.sub.1-5 alkyl optionally substituted with OH or NR.sub.6R.sub.7 where R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are independently H or C.sub.1-5 alkyl or are joined together form a heterocycle with the nitrogen to which they are attached (e.g., piperidino, morpholino, or piperazino), C.sub.1-5 alkanoyl optionally substituted with OH, NR.sub.6R.sub.7, NHCOR.sub.8, or COR.sub.8 where R.sub.8 is OH, NR.sub.6R.sub.7, or C.sub.1-5 alkoxy; or COR.sub.9, where R.sub.9 is NR.sub.6R.sub.7 or a 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocycle such as pyridyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, or oxazolyl; NR.sub.6R.sub.7; NHR.sub.10 wherein R.sub.10 is SO.sub.2NR.sub.6R.sub.7, SO.sub.2R.sub.11 where R.sub.11 is C.sub.1-5 alkyl, or CONR.sub.6R.sub.7, C.sub.1-5 alkyl, optionally substituted with OR.sub.5, CN, NR.sub.6R.sub.7, or COR.sub.8, SO.sub.2R.sub.11; SO.sub.2NR.sub.6R.sub.7, or halo, such as Cl, Br, or F; R.sub.1 and R.sub.3, or R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 taken together represent a double bond; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 taken together represent .dbd.O, or .dbd.NOR.sub.12 where R.sub.12 is H or C.sub.1-3 alkyl; and one of the CH.sub.2 groups of --(CH.sub.2).sub.n-- is optionally substituted with --COR.sub.8, --CH.sub.2R.sub.8, or --CH.sub.2COR.sub.8.
where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently H, a halogen, CN, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or acyl; R.sub.3 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl, a C.sub.2-6 alkenyl, or C.sub.6-12 aryl optionally substituted with F, Cl, Br, CF.sub.3, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or C.sub.1-6 alkoxy, A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 are independently H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl group, acyl, C.sub.1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, or a dialkylcarbamyl group, (e.g., provided that when A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 are the same lower alkyl group and R.sub.3 is ethyl, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, or both are selected among CN, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, and acyl); or a physiologically acceptable salt or optical isomers thereof.
Evoxine acts as a sedative and is an antagonist of strychnine and pentylenetrazole.
Gauifenesin is used as an expectorant.
Other hydroxyprogesterone compounds include 11.alpha.-bromoacetoxyprogesterone, 11,14-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 11-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-hydroxyprogesterone 11-glucuronide, 12.alpha.-hydroxyprogesterone, 14-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 14-hydroxyprogesterone, 15,17-dihydroxyprogesterone, 15-hydroxyprogesterone, 16.alpha.,17.alpha.-isopropylidenedioxyprogesterone, 16.alpha.-bromoacetoxyprogesterone, 16,17-epoxy-3-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one, 16-hydroxyprogesterone, 16-methylene-17.alpha.-acetoxyprogesterone, 16-methylene-17.alpha.-hydroxyprogesterone, 17.alpha.,20.beta.-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 17.alpha.-acetoxy-2',2',6.beta.-trifluoro-6.beta.,7.beta.-dihydro-16-meth- ylenecyclopropa(6,7)progesterone, 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 17-(bromoacetoxy)progesterone, 17-acetoxy-11-oxaprogesterone, 17-acetoxy-7-oxaprogesterone, 17-.alpha.-hydroxy-progesterone caproate, 17-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one, 17-hydroxyprogesterone 17-(9-oxo-10-chlorodecanoate), 17-hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate, 17.alpha.-hydroxy-6-methylene-progesterone, 18-hydroxyprogesterone, 19-hydroxyprogesterone, 2-bromoacetoxyprogesterone, 21-amino-17-hydroxyprogesterone, 21-bromoacetoxyprogesterone, 3-O-glucopyranosyl-3,15-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one, 4-pregnen-20,21-diol-3-one, 6.beta.-acetoxyprogesterone, 6,17,20-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one, 6-bromoacetoxyprogesterone, 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone, 6-hydroxyprogesterone, 6-trifluoromethyl-16-methylene-17.alpha.-hydroxy-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dio- ne 17-acetate, 7.alpha.-carboxymethyl-17-hydroxyprogesterone, 7.beta.-carboxymethyl-17-hydroxyprogesterone, 7,14-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 7-hydroxyprogesterone, caprovestrol, deluteval, flumedroxone, 17.alpha.-acetoxy-3.beta.-butanoyloxy-6-methyl-pregna-4,6-dien-20-one, 17.alpha.-acetoxy-3.beta.-isopropyloxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-dien-20-one, 17.alpha.-acetoxy-3.beta.-phenylpropionyloxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-dien-20-o- ne, 17-.alpha.-hydroxyprogesterone, Injectable No. 1, methylene-dehydroacetoxy-progesterone, pregna-1,4-diene-11-ol-3,20-dione, primosiston, progesterone 11-glucuronide-alkaline phosphatase conjugate, progesterone 11-hemisuccinate, progesterone 11-hemisuccinate-(2-iodohistamine), thymine-hydroxyprogesterone, and trophobolen.
Analogs of kaempferol include (6'''-O-(delphinidin 3-O-(6''-O-p-coumaroylglucoside) 7-O-glucosyl)) (6''''-O-(kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, 7-O-xyloside, 4'-O-glucosyl))succinate, (6'''-O-(delphinidin 3-O-(6''-O-p-coumaroylglucoside) 7-O-glucosyl)) (6''''-O-(kaempferol 3,7-di-O-glucoside, 4'-O-glucosyl))succinate, 3,4'-dimethylkaempferol, 3,7-O-dimethylkaempferol, 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydroapigenyl-(I-4',O,II-3')-dihydrokaempferol, 3-methylkaempferol, 3-O-((xylopyranosyl(1-3)-rhamnopyranosyl(1-6))(apiofuranosyl(1-2)))-galac- topyranosyl kaempferol, 3-O-.beta.-(.beta.-(6'''-acetyl)-D-glucopyranosyl(1-2))-D-glucopyranosyl kaempferol, 3-O-glucosyl-1-6-glucosylkaempferol, 3-O-rhamnopyranosylkaempferol-7-O-glucopyranoside, 4'''-acetylvitexin-2''-O-rhamnoside, 6,8-di-C-methylkaempferol 3-methyl ether, 6,8-dihydroxyafzelin, 6-hydroxykaempferol-3-O-glucoside, 6-methoxykaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, 7-O-acetyl-3-O-glucosylkaempferol, 7-O-.alpha.-L-rhamnopyranosyl-kaempferol-3-O-.alpha.-L-rhamnopyranoside, 7-O-.alpha.-L-rhamnopyranosyl-kaempferol-3-O-.beta.-D-glucopyranoside, 8-lavandulylkaempferol, 8-methoxykaempferol-3-O-glucoside, afzelin 3''-O-gallate, amoenin A3, astragalin, camelliaside A, camelliaside C, clitorin, des-O-methylicariine, kaempefrol-3-O-arabinofuranoside-7-O-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferide, kaempferide 3-O-glucopyranosyl-1-2-O-(rhamnopyranosyl-1-6)glucopyranoside, kaempferide 3-O-neohesperidoside, kaempferol 3-(2(Gal)-(4-acetylrhamnosyerobinobioside), kaempferol 3-(2(Gal)-rhamnosylrobinobioside), kaempferol 3-(2,4-di-(4-coumaroyl)rhamnoside), kaempferol 3-arabinoside, kaempferol 3-gentiobioside, kaempferol 3-glucosyl(1-3)rhamnosyl(1-6)galactoside, kaempferol 3-O-((6''''-feruloyl)-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3))-(.alpha.-L-rhamnopyr- anosyl-(1-6))-.beta.-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(2''-O-galloylrutinoside), kaempferol 3-O-(2(G)-(E)-coumaroyl-3(G)-O-.beta.-D-glucosyl-3(R)-O-.beta.-D-glucosyl- rutinoside), kaempferol 3-O-(apiofuranosyl-(1'''-2'')-rhamnopyranosyl-(1''''-6''))-galactopyranos- ide, kaempferol 3-O-.alpha.-L-3''-acetyl-arabinofuranoside, kaempferol 3-O-.alpha.-rhamnopyranosyl(1-2)-.beta.-galactopyranoside-7-O-.beta.-gluc- opyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-.alpha.-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-.beta.-galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-apiofuranoside 7-O-.alpha.-rhamnosyl-(1'''-6''')-O-galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-apiofuranoside 7-O-rhamnosyl-(1''''-6''')-O-(2'''-O-E-caffeoylgalactopyranoside), kaempferol 3-O-apiofuranosyl-1-6-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucopyranoside-6''-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutarate), kaempferol 3-O-glucopyranosyl-1-4-rhamnopyranosyl-1-6-galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-neohesperidoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnopyranosyl(1-2)-galactopyranoside-7-O-arabinofuranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnopyranosyl(1-6)-galactopyranoside-7-O-arabinofuranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnopyranosyl-1-6-glucopyranosyl-1-6-galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnopyranosyl-1-6-O-(glucopyranosyl-1-3-O-rhamnopyranosyl-1-2)-O-ga- lactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside, kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-rhamnosyldiglucoside, kaempferol 7-neohesperidoside, kaempferol 7-O-(2,3-di-E-p-coumaroyl-.alpha.-L-rhamnoside), kaempferol 7-O-(2-E-p-coumaroyl-.alpha.-L-rhamnoside), kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol rhamnorobinoside, kaempferol-2,4-dicoumaroyl-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-(4-coumaroyl triglucoside), kaempferol-3-.beta.-D-(6-O-trans-p-coumaroyeglucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-((xylopyranosyl(1-3)-rhamnopyranosyl(1-6))(rhamnopyranosyl- (1-2)))galactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-.alpha.-1-rhamnopyranoside), kaempferol-3-O-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-.alpha.-1-rhamnopyranoside), kaempferol-3-O-(6'',4''-di-p-coumaroyemannopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(6''-p-coumaroyl)mannopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(6-trans-caffeoyl)-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-.beta.-D-- glucopyranoside-7-O-.beta.-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(apiofuranosyl-(1'''-2''))-galactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(rhamnopyranosyl-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-galactoside), kaempferol-3-O-.alpha.-L-(6''-ethyl)-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-.alpha.-L-(6''-methyl)-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-.alpha.-L-5''-acetyl-arabinofuranoside, kaempferol-3-O-.alpha.-L-arabifuranoside, kaempferol-3-O-.beta.-D-(6''-O-p-coumaroyegalactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-.beta.-D-galactoside, kaempferol-3-O-.beta.-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-.alpha.-L-arabinofuranoside, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucopyranoside-6''-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutarate)-7-O-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucopyranosyl-1-4-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucosyl(1-2)rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-4',7-dimethyl-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-7-O-.alpha.-L-rhamnopyranoside, lespenefril, mauritianin, morindaoside, nigeglanoside, siparunoside, and trifolin acetate.
Linamarin is a cyanogenic glucoside found in the leaves and roots of plants such as cassava, lima beans, and flax.
Mexicanolide is found in the Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata L).
Analogs of MG 624 are described in Mantegazza et al., Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., 4:371, 1955 and Gotti et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 124:1197, 1998.
Pramoxine is used as a topical anesthetic, often in treatment of insect bites.
Tannic acid is used topically to treat injuries such as burns, and has been shown to have some antineoplastic effects.
where m is 0-6; A and B are independently H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or C.sub.3-12 cycloalkyl; and X is halo or A (e.g., provided that wherein n is 3 and R.sub.1 is --NHR.sub.3, wherein R.sub.3 is methyl and R.sub.2 is H or methyl are excluded).
Analogs of yohimbic acid are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,796,420, 2,841,586, 2,977,367, 2,998,556, 3,120,532, 3,126,390, 3,139,434, 3,337,559, and 3,940,387. Analogs of yohimbic acid include yohimbine, 1-methylyohimbine, 10-hydroxyyohimbine, 11-hydroxy-yohimbine, 11-hydroxyyohimbine, 14-(4-nitrobenzoyloxy)yohimbine, 14-benzoyloxyyohimbine, 17-hydroxy-20-yohimban-16-(N-(4-azido-3-iodo)phenyl)carboxamide, 5-carboxytetrahydroalstonine, 9-methoxy-3-epi-alpha-yohimbine, raubasine, apoyohimbine, iodinated rauwolscine, NMI 187, rauwolscine 4-aminophenylcarboxamide, rauwolscine, Reserpine or an analog thereof (e.g., 16,18-reserpinediol, adelphan-esidrex, adelphane, aldatense, Bendigon, bietaserpine, Briserin, bromoreserpine, butiserpazide, caprinol, CD 3400, Crystepin CH, deserpidine, dibromoreserpine, enderpins, FH 109 C, Hyparez, meprocalm, methyl reserpate, Nortensin, Regroton, rescinamine, rescinnamine, reserpic acid, reserpine methonitrate, sinepres, and syrosingopine), and trimethoxybenzoylyohimbine.
The invention also provides methods for increasing cellular proliferation, enhancing skin repair or skin health, and promoting hair growth by administration of a compound that decreases expression or activity of p63 (e.g., dominant negative forms of p63, a p63 antibody, or a compound selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, alprostadil, aristolochic acid, carbadox, chlorpyrifos, cyclocreatine, 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, dorzolamide, S(-)eticlopride, evoxine, guaifenesin, hydroxyprogesterone, kaempferol, linamarin, mexicanolide, MG 624, pramoxine, tannic acid, targinine, and yohimbic acid, or an analog thereof, to a subject in need thereof. The compounds can be further modified using standard chemical, physical, or biochemical methods.
The administration of any compound or composition described herein may be by any suitable means that results in a concentration of the compound that increases cellular proliferation, enhances skin repair or skin health, or promotes hair growth. The compound may be contained in any appropriate amount in any suitable carrier substance, and is generally present in an amount of 1-95% by weight of the total weight of the composition. The composition may be provided in a dosage form that is suitable for the oral, skin (e.g., topical or by patch), cutaneous, parenteral (e.g., intravenous or intramuscular), rectal, nasal, vaginal, inhalant, ocular, or intracranial administration route. Thus, the composition may be in the form of, e.g., tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granulates, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, gels including hydrogels, pastes, ointments, creams, plasters, drenches, osmotic delivery devices, suppositories, enemas, injectables, implants, sprays, or aerosols. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated according to conventional pharmaceutical practice (see, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th edition, 2000, ed. A.R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, eds. J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, 1988-1999, Marcel Dekker, New York).
Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated to release the active compound immediately upon administration or at any predetermined time or time period after administration. The latter types of compositions are generally known as controlled release formulations, which include (i) formulations that create substantially constant concentrations of the agent(s) of the invention within the body over an extended period of time; (ii) formulations that after a predetermined lag time create substantially constant concentrations of the agents of the invention within the body over an extended period of time; (iii) formulations that sustain the agent(s) action during a predetermined time period by maintaining a relatively constant, effective level of the agent(s) in the body with concomitant minimization of undesirable side effects associated with fluctuations in the plasma level of the agent(s) (sawtooth kinetic pattern); (iv) formulations that localize action of agent(s), e.g., spatial placement of a controlled release composition adjacent to or in the diseased tissue or organ; (v) formulations that achieve convenience of dosing, e.g., administering the composition once per week or once every two weeks; and (vi) formulations that target the action of the agent(s) by using carriers or chemical derivatives to deliver the compound to a particular target cell type. Administration of the compound in the form of a controlled release formulation is especially preferred for compounds having a narrow absorption window in the gastro-intestinal tract or a relatively short biological half-life.
Any of a number of strategies can be pursued in order to obtain controlled release in which the rate of release outweighs the rate of metabolism of the compound in question. In one example, controlled release is obtained by appropriate selection of various formulation parameters and ingredients, including, e.g., various types of controlled release compositions and coatings. Thus, the compound is formulated with appropriate excipients into a pharmaceutical composition that, upon administration, releases the compound in a controlled manner. Examples include single or multiple unit tablet or capsule compositions, oil solutions, suspensions, emulsions, microcapsules, molecular complexes, microspheres, nanoparticles, patches, and liposomes.
Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention can be formulated for topical administration. Subjects can be administered effective amounts of a compound described herein by means of a solution (e.g., drops), ointment, gel, or aerosol (e.g., nebulizer). The composition is typically administered to the affected area by topically applying, for example, one to four drops of a solution or suspension, or a comparable amount of an ointment, gel, or other solid or semisolid composition, once, twice, three times, or more than three times per day. These formulations can be made according to known and conventional methods for preparing such formulations.
For compounds of the invention that are not highly soluble in water at physiological conditions, a solubilizing excipient may be used to increase solubility. Solubilization is taken to mean an improvement in the solubility by virtue of surface-active compounds that can convert substances that are insoluble or virtually insoluble in water into clear, or opalescent, aqueous solutions without changing the chemical structure of these substances in the process. Excipients used for this purpose are restricted to those that are safe for administration to humans. Typically such co-solvents are employed at a level of about 0.01% to 2% by weight.
A variety of solubilizing excipients may be used for the formulation of a compound of the invention, including compounds belonging to the following classes: polyethoxylated fatty acids, PEG-fatty acid diesters, PEG-fatty acid mono-ester and di-ester mixtures, polyethylene glycol glycerol fatty acid esters, alcohol-oil transesterification products, polyglycerized fatty acids, propylene glycol fatty acid esters, mixtures of propylene glycol esters and glycerol esters, mono- and diglycerides, sterol and sterol derivatives, polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers, sugar esters, polyethylene glycol alkyl phenols, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers, sorbitan fatty acid esters, lower alcohol fatty acid esters, or ionic surfactants.
The compounds described herein can also be formulated as part a lotion such as a moisturizing lotion. Exemplary lotion formulations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,595,586; 4,459,285; 3,867,528; 3,265,571; 4,512,978; 4,564,462; 4,165,385; 3,062,721; 3,949,071; 4,482,537; 4,295,985; 2,507,236; and 3,987,775.
Formulations for oral use include tablets containing the active ingredient(s) in a mixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and such formulations are known to the skilled artisan (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,817,307, 5,824,300, 5,830,456, 5,846,526, 5,882,640, 5,910,304, 6,036,949, 6,036,949, 6,372,218, hereby incorporated by reference). These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents or fillers (e.g., sucrose, sorbitol, sugar, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, starches including potato starch, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, lactose, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, or sodium phosphate); granulating and disintegrating agents (e.g., cellulose derivatives including microcrystalline cellulose, starches including potato starch, croscarmellose sodium, alginates, or alginic acid); binding agents (e.g., sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, acacia, alginic acid, sodium alginate, gelatin, starch, pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or polyethylene glycol); and lubricating agents, glidants, and anti-adhesives (e.g., magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, silicas, hydrogenated vegetable oils, or talc). Other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can be colorants, flavoring agents, plasticizers, humectants, buffering agents, and the like.
The tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques, optionally to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby providing a sustained action over a longer period. The coating may be adapted to release the compound in a predetermined pattern (e.g., in order to achieve a controlled release formulation) or it may be adapted not to release the agent(s) until after passage of the stomach (enteric coating). The coating may be a sugar coating, a film coating (e.g., based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, methyl hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, acrylate copolymers, polyethylene glycols, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone), or an enteric coating (e.g., based on methacrylic acid copolymer, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, shellac, and/or ethylcellulose). Furthermore, a time delay material such as, e.g., glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, may be employed.
The solid tablet compositions may include a coating adapted to protect the composition from unwanted chemical changes, (e.g., chemical degradation prior to the release of the active substances). The coating may be applied on the solid dosage form in a similar manner as that described in Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, supra.
The compositions of the invention may be mixed together in the tablet, or may be partitioned. In one example, a first agent is contained on the inside of the tablet, and a second agent is on the outside, such that a substantial portion of the second agent is released prior to the release of the first agent.
Formulations for oral use may also be presented as chewable tablets, or as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent (e.g., potato starch, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin), or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil. Powders and granulates may be prepared using the ingredients mentioned above under tablets and capsules in a conventional manner using, e.g., a mixer, a fluid bed apparatus, or spray drying equipment.
A composition containing a compound described herein or identified using the methods of the invention may be administered parenterally by injection, infusion, or implantation (subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or the like) in dosage forms, formulations, or via suitable delivery devices or implants containing conventional, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and adjuvants. The formulation and preparation of such compositions are well known to those skilled in the art of pharmaceutical formulation.
Compositions for parenteral use may be provided in unit dosage forms (e.g., in single-dose ampoules), or in vials containing several doses and in which a suitable preservative may be added (see below). The composition may be in form of a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, an infusion device, or a delivery device for implantation, or it may be presented as a dry powder to be reconstituted with water or another suitable vehicle before use. Apart from the active agent(s), the composition may include suitable parenterally acceptable carriers and/or excipients. The active agent(s) may be incorporated into microspheres, microcapsules, nanoparticles, liposomes, or the like for controlled release. Furthermore, the composition may include suspending, solubilizing, stabilizing, pH-adjusting agents, tonicity adjusting agents, and/or dispersing agents.
As indicated above, the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be in a form suitable for sterile injection. To prepare such a composition, the suitable active agent(s) are dissolved or suspended in a parenterally acceptable liquid vehicle. Among acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, water adjusted to a suitable pH by addition of an appropriate amount of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide or a suitable buffer, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. The aqueous formulation may also contain one or more preservatives (e.g., methyl, ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate). In cases where one of the compounds is only sparingly or slightly soluble in water, a dissolution enhancing or solubilizing agent can be added, or the solvent may include 10-60% w/w of propylene glycol or the like.
The dosage of any compound described herein depends on several factors, including: the administration method, the amount of increase in cellular proliferation, skin repair, hair growth, or skin health enhancement desired, and the age, weight, and health of the subject to be treated.
With respect to the treatment methods of the invention, it is not intended that the administration of a compound to a subject be limited to a particular mode of administration, dosage, or frequency of dosing; the present invention contemplates all modes of administration, including oral, cutaneous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intravesicular, intraarticular, intralesional, or any other route sufficient to provide a dose adequate to increase cellular proliferation, enhance skin repair or skin health, or promote hair growth treat. The compound may be administered to the subject in a single dose or in multiple doses. For example, a compound described herein may be administered once a week for, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 20, or more weeks. It is to be understood that, for any particular subject, specific dosage regimes should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compound. For example, the dosage of a compound can be increased if the lower dose does not provide sufficient activity in the treatment of a metabolic disorder (e.g., diabetes or obesity). Conversely, the dosage of the compound can be decreased if the metabolic disorder is reduced or eliminated.
While the attending physician ultimately will decide the appropriate amount and dosage regimen, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein may be, for example, in the range of 0.0035 .mu.g to 20 .mu.g/kg body weight/day or 0.010 .mu.g to 140 .mu.g/kg body weight/week. Desirably a therapeutically effective amount is in the range of 0.025 .mu.g to 10 .mu.g/kg, for example, at least 0.025, 0.035, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, or 9.0 .mu.g/kg body weight administered daily, every other day, or twice a week. In addition, a therapeutically effective amount may be in the range of 0.05 .mu.g to 20 .mu.g/kg, for example, at least 0.05, 0.7, 0.15, 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, 14.0, 16.0, or 18.0 .mu.g/kg body weight administered weekly, every other week, or once a month. Furthermore, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound may be, for example, in the range of 100 .mu.g/m.sup.2 to 100,000 .mu.g/m.sup.2 administered every other day, once weekly, or every other week. In a desirable embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount is in the range of 1000 .mu.g/m.sup.2 to 20,000 .mu.g/m.sup.2, for example, at least 1000, 1500, 4000, or 14,000 .mu.g/m.sup.2 of the compound administered daily, every other day, twice weekly, weekly, or every other week.
To determine whether there is a cell-autonomous requirement for tumor antigen p63 (TAp63) in the maintenance of dermal stem cells, we isolated and analyzed SKPs from wild-type and p63 null mice. We used RT-PCR to characterize the p53 family members expressed in cultured wild-type SKPs. Consistent with the expression of p63 in dermal sheath cells in vivo, SKPs expressed TAp63 mRNA, whereas p63 expression was not observed in cells taken from p63-/- mice (FIG. 1A). These cells did not express dominant negative p63 (dNp63) or p73, and p53 levels were similar in p63-/- and p63+/+ SKPs (FIG. 1B). Immunostaining with anti-p63 confirmed that wild-type, but not p63-/-, SKPs expressed detectable levels of p63 protein (FIG. 1C). Thus, of the p53 family members, SKPs express only TAp63 and p53.
To determine whether TAp63 is necessary for maintenance of SKPs, the cells were isolated from the skin of TAp63-/- and TAp63+/+ mice at various times postnatally. Immunocytochemical analysis of SKP spheres for fibronectin, nestin, vimentin, and versican demonstrated that there were no overt differences in expression of these markers for SKPs with the loss of TAp63 (FIG. 1D). By contrast, immunostaining for the proliferation marker Ki67 demonstrated that TAp63-/- neonatal SKPs proliferated approximately 2-3-fold more than their wild-type counterparts. Similar results were obtained when SKPs were isolated from the rudimentary dermis that is present in E18 p63-/- mice (FIGS. 1E and 1F). To determine whether this increased proliferation reflected increased self-renewal, SKPs were dissociated to single cells, plated at low density in medium containing methylcellulose, and the percentage of cells that initiated a new sphere was determined. As seen in the proliferation assay, newborn TAp63-/- and E18 p63-/- SKPs self-renewed approximately 4 times more robustly than did wild type SKPs (FIG. 1G). When TAp63-/- SKPs were isolated from 1 month old mice, they still proliferated and self-renewed more than did wild-type SKPs, although the magnitude of the increase was reduced to approximately 1.5-fold (FIG. 1G). In spite of this hyperproliferation, TAp63-/- and TAp63+/+ SKPs were both able to differentiate into both neural and mesodermal cell types under previously defined conditions (FIG. 2A), and, when transplanted into the neural crest migratory stream of cHH stage 18 chicks in ovo, both populations of SKPs migrated into neural crest targets (FIG. 2B). Thus, TAp63 regulates SKP proliferation and self-renewal, but does not overtly affect their phenotype or differentiation capacity.
Thus, TAp63 may normally function to dampen the self-renewal rate of SKPs, potentially as a mechanism to ensure that the SKPs last for the lifetime of the animal. One p63 target that decreases cellular proliferation is p57. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that p57 mRNA levels were reduced in TAp63-/- and p63-/- SKPs (FIG. 1H). Immunocytochemistry for p57 confirmed this result, and demonstrated that p57 protein levels were decreased in SKPs in the absence of TAp63 (FIG. 1I) To confirm that p57 is a direct target of p63 in SKPs, as it is in human keratinocyte HaCat cell line (Beretta et al., Cell Cycle. 4:1625-1631, 2005), we performed chromatin immunoprecipitations using an antibody for p63. RT-PCR of the associated DNA demonstrated that p63 was bound to a previously defined binding site in the p57 promoter (FIG. 1J). Thus, TAp63 regulation of SKPs' self-renewal likely involves regulation of p57.
To quantify the number of p57 positive cells in TAp63-/- cells and in wild-type cells, both types of cells were stained as shown in FIG. 1I, and the percentage of p57 positive cells was calculated. From these results, approximately 50% of the wild-type cells were identified as being p57 positive, whereas only 18% of the TAp63-/- cells were p57 positive (FIG. 1K).
We also determined whether the hyperproliferation phenotype in TAp63-/- SKPs could be rescued by p57Kip2 (p57). To do this, TAp63-/- SKPs were plated on an adherent substrate, transfected with either the empty vector or a p57Kip2 expression vector, and immunostained two days later for p57Kip2 and Ki67. Under these conditions, approximately 45% of TAp63-/- cells transfected with the empty vector were dividing, as monitored by Ki67 expression, and none of them expressed p57Kip2 (FIG. 1L). By contrast, approximately 20% of the cells transfected with p57Kip2 expressed detectable levels of this protein, and none of these transfected cells coexpressed Ki67 (FIG. 1L). Thus, p57Kip2 completely rescued the hyperproliferation, indicating that TAp63 regulates SKPs self-renewal at least in part by regulating p57Kip2.
To identify molecules (e.g., small molecules) that promote proliferation of SKPs, a simple, reproducible and robust assay that measures cell proliferation using Alamar Blue.RTM. dye, which yields a fluorescent signal in a response to metabolic activity, was developed. Compounds (5 .mu.M) were added in singlet to 96-well uncoated plates, 3000 early passage dissociated sphere cells were robotically seeded, and plates were incubated in basal growth medium. After 30 hours, Alamar Blue was added and its reduction assessed after another 24 hours. Typically, there is an 8-10 fold difference in Alamar Blue reduction between positive and negative controls. A compound was identified as a hit if Alamar Blue reduction is increased by three standard deviations from the mean of all the compounds in a particular screen. In our assay, the variability of signals are low, with CV values ranging from 3.5-4.5% and the dimensionless statistical parameters Z' and Z factors >0.5, indicative of an excellent assay. The chemical libraries we used include the LOPAC, Prestwick, Biomol, and Spectrum collections, which comprise 3,500 unique low-molecular weight compounds, including both natural products and synthetic chemicals, known drugs and drug-like compounds, and phosphatase and kinase inhibitors. These screens were done at the same time as high-throughput screens using human neuroblastoma tumor cells with the goal of identifying drugs that are cytotoxic for cancer but not for normal cells (SKPs) (FIG. 3).
To confirm these hits dose-response curves (IC50s) were determined using human neuroblastoma tumor cells in our standard Alamar Blue proliferation assay. In addition, we monitored proliferation over one week by quantifying cell numbers with trypan blue, and further, examined sphere formation over one week (as described in FIG. 4) with at least 3 independent human SKP cell isolates. The high-throughput screens with human neuroblastoma tumor cells identified several small molecules that are effective in inhibiting proliferation of multiple neuroblastoma patient samples in vitro and xenograft neuroblastoma tumors in vivo (FIG. 4).
The proliferative effects of MG 624 on SKPs and neuroblastoma tumor initiating cells have also been studied in detail. Dose response curves for proliferation of human SKPs and neuroblastoma tumor initiating cells in response to MG 624 were generated in the presence of EGF and FGF2. At 200 nM MG 624, SKP cell proliferation is enhanced (FIG. 5).
To characterize enhancement of proliferation brought about by the agents identified above, dose-response curves for MG624, GSK3.beta., pramoxine, kaempferol, and alprostadil in presence of EGF and FGF2 were generated (FIGS. 6A-6E). In all cases, enhanced proliferation at 100 nM concentration of each agent was observed as compared to cells grown in the absence of the agent.
FIG. 7 is a schematic presentation of an in vitro sphere assay employed to demonstrate the ability of compounds to promote proliferation of human and mouse SKPs we performed a secondary drug screen. SKPs were isolated from mouse back, whisker, and human foreskin and allowed to grow in spheres. After 2-3 passages, spheres were dissociated and 3000 cells were plated in each well of a 96 well plate. Cells were then treated in triplicate with different concentrations of drugs or with vehicle (DMSO) only. Drugs were applied again on day 3 and number of spheres was analyzed on day 7.
FIG. 8 depicts quantification of the percentage of spheres formed after treatments of human SKPs with different concentration of drugs. The sphere assay was performed on human SKPs treated with specific drugs or vehicle for 7 days, as described above. Certain compounds promoted human SKPs self-renewal in a dose-response manner. The graphs show pooled data from two set of experiments, in which four different cell lines were used.
FIG. 9 is a graph that shows that compounds at 100 nM promote human SKPs self-renewal. Pooled data from two different experiments show robust increase of the number of spheres formed after drug treatments at 100 nM. The results indicate that these compounds promote the ability of stem cells to produce another stem cell.
FIGS. 10 and 11 are each a series of photographs showing that alprostadil and kaempferol increase the size of spheres. Human SKPs were treated with the indicated compound or vehicle for seven days, as described above. At the end of the treatment period, cells were stained with Hoechst. An increase in the size of the spheres was observed in the alprostadil- and kaempferol-treated cells compared to vehicle control, indicating that these drugs increase cell proliferation within a sphere.
FIGS. 12 and 13 are each a series of graphs showing that certain compounds that promote self-renewal of human SKPs also function on mouse SKPs. SKPs were isolated from mouse back and whisker and treated with different concentration of the indicated compounds. The results are pooled data from two experiments. A total of four whisker and four back samples were used.
FIG. 14 is a graph showing that certain compounds at 100 nM promote mouse SKPs self-renewal. Pooled data from two experiments show robust increase of the number of spheres formed for both back and whisker cells after drug treatments at 100 nM.
FIG. 15 is a series of graphs that summarize the in vitro sphere assay data.
We tested compounds to determine whether their topical application could induce anagen hair cycle and follicle density. Briefly, seven-week old C57BL/6 mice were used. Their dorsal skin was pinkish in color, indicating that the hair was in telogen (resting) phase. Mice were induced to enter anagen phase by being depilated in the dorsal region. Compounds (100 mL) were topically applied onto the dorsal skin once daily for 3 weeks. Three mice were used for each compound group. Approximately 30 hairs from each mouse were plucked at specific days (day 16, day 19, and day 23) and the hair length was measured. Additionally, skin samples for cryosectioning were obtained from the treated dorsal region of each mouse.
All compounds were resuspended in vehicle solution (1.2 propanediol:EtOH:H20 (40:20:40)). Compound concentrations were as follows: alprostadil 40 .mu.g/mL; kaempferol 28.6 .mu.g/mL; pramoxine 329.8 .mu.g/mL; MG 624 45.13 .mu.g/mL. Also tested was Gold Bond topical anesthetic cream. Latanoprost (150 .mu.g/mL) was used as a positive control and AKT inhibitor A443654 (100 .mu.M) was used as a negative control.
FIG. 16 is a table showing that topical application of certain compounds promote hair growth. Mice were treated topically with compounds described above. At specific time points, approximately 30-40 hairs were plucked from each mouse and their length was measured. Three mice were used to test each compound.
FIG. 19 is a series of photomicrographs and graphs showing that topical application of the indicated compounds induces dermal thickness. Dorsal skin of animals topically treated with compounds described above, then isolated, cryosectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Dermal thickness was manually measured randomly through the slices. A mean of three measurements through the slice were performed and about 20-30 slices were analyzed for each mouse within each compound group.
FIG. 20 is a series of photomicrographs and graphs showing that alprostadil, kaempferol, pramoxine, or MG 624 induces anagen hair cycle and follicle density. The density is expressed as number of follicles per mm whereas the anagen hair follicles are determined by morphology.
The use of combinations of compounds for inducing anagen hair cycle and greater follicle density is also an aspect of the invention. Any combination of two or more compounds described herein can be used for this purpose, including alprostadil and kaempferol; alprostadil and pramoxine; kaempferol and pramoxine; alprostadil and MG 624; kaempferol and MG 624; and pramoxine and MG 624.
Combinations of (a) alprostadil and kaempferol and (b) alprostadil and pramoxine were demonstrated to increase SKP sphere size in vitro more effectively than single agents or a DMSO control (FIG. 21). Sphere size is corrected with, and is thus a measure of, cell proliferation. SKPs were isolated from human foreskin and allowed to grow in spheres. After 2-3 passages, spheres were dissociated and 3000 cells were plated in each well of a 96 well plate. Cells were then treated in triplicate with (a) 100 nM of a single drug, (b) a combination of drugs in which each drug is present at a concentration of 100 nM, or (c) vehicle (DMSO). Drugs were applied again on day 3. To assess how well cells proliferate within the sphere, the size of spheres was analyzed on day 7. Positive controls are kenpaullone, an inhibitor of GSK3.beta., and alsterpaullone, an inhibitor of GSK3.beta., CDK5/p25, and CDK1/cyclin B.
Sphere size in the presence of either (a) alprostadil and kaempferol or (b) alprostadil and pramoxine is shown in distribution histograms relative to the control group (FIG. 21). Sphere size was binned in classes of 20 .mu.m, and each class was expressed as a percentage of total sphere population. The distribution histograms of the compound combinations show a shift to bigger sphere sizes in the presence of the drugs as compared to the control samples.
The efficacy of alprostadil and kaempferol in increasing length of hair growth in mice has been demonstrated. Sox2-EGFP mice, 7-8 weeks old, were shaved on the dorsal back to synchronize the hair cycle, and kaempferol (Kae) or alprostadil (Alp) was topically applied daily. Control mice were treated with vehicle only. At days 16, 19, and 23, about 30-40 hairs were plucked from each mouse, and their length was measured. Three or four mice were used in each group. An increase in hair length is observed in the alprostadil- and kaempferol-treated mice as compared to control mice (FIG. 22A). Hair length promoted by the compounds on day 23 is shown in distribution histograms relative to the control group. Hair length was binned in classes of 200 .mu.m, and each class was expressed as a percentage of total hair population. The distribution histograms show a shift to longer hair lengths in the groups treated with kaempferol (FIG. 22B) and alprostadil (FIG. 22C), as compared to the control mice.
All patents, patent applications, and publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference, including U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/101,443, filed Sep. 30, 2008, and International Application No. PCT/US2009/058723, filed Sep. 29, 2009, to the same extent as if each independent patent, patent application, or publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. | 2019-04-23T02:30:31Z | http://patents.com/us-20110301105.html |
JAN: I am pleased to be able to interview another of my fellow Canadian authors today. Sandra Orchard, welcome to my blog.
SANDRA: I started writing my first novel in the autumn of 2006. I’d been contemplating the idea for a while, then my husband, in desperation over the books piling up around our bedroom, suggested I write my own and so my journey began.
SANDRA: I enjoy writing both mysteries and romantic suspense.
SANDRA: I write on my laptop sitting in a gravity chair. I actually prefer to write longhand and used to when my daughter was still at home and would type out the pages for me. I’m a plotter, although I have “pantsed” the ending of several novels, when the villain didn’t turn out to be who I’d planned.
JAN: That’s fascinating. Where do you get your ideas? What inspires you?
SANDRA: Ideas come to me from anywhere and everywhere—while reading articles, watching the news or a movie, during conversations, while driving, hiking, kayaking and more or less minding my own business. I might see a detour sign and imagine what my heroine would face at the other end. My Serena Jones Mysteries were initially inspired by an article about a Montreal art crime detective.
JAN: I’ve often wondered where that unique idea came from. How do you research and how do you know you can trust your sources?
SANDRA: I do extensive research. Over the years I have connected with trusted advisors in law enforcement, the fire department, the medical fields, the FBI and in occupations pertinent to the characters I am creating. For my Serena Jones Mysteries, I traveled to St. Louis to explore the city where Serena lives and to visit the FBI headquarters where she works and to interview her “colleagues.” I explored numerous art museums, read countless books on art crime, authored by the founder of the FBI’s art crime team, and top art crime detectives in the UK, NYC and California, and even a couple written by art thieves. I like to have a strong sense of the motivation driving both my heroes and my villains after all.
JAN: That sounds like a lot of work; it makes the story more credible when I know you’ve done your research well. So tell me, what do you like most / least about writing?
SANDRA: I love brainstorming new stories, especially with fellow writers and specialists. And I love the research, which inevitably spawns lots of potential directions and rabbit trails for the plot to take. I even enjoy editing. It’s a wonderful feeling to know the story is done and to be able to polish it until it really shines. My least favourite part, ironically, is the actual writing. It didn’t used to be that way. It is a side effect of having to write to deadlines and be creative and productive on a schedule.
JAN: Yes, creativity and deadlines are sometimes at odds. What are your favorite / most effective social media?
SANDRA: I love interacting with readers on Facebook. I don’t really participate in other venues. I have a presence on Pinterest and Goodreads, but I don’t hang out there.
JAN: It obviously takes a lot of time to research, write and market. How do you balance professional time with personal time?
SANDRA: Much better than I used to. I used to write and/or work at marketing as much as twelve hours a day. After my young grandson’s near fatal accident in 2016, I took five months off to be with him and the family in the hospital through his recovery. Since then I’ve been writing cozy mysteries for Annie’s Attic, which are only available through mail or e-book subscription, so no marketing is required on my part. This gives me much more time to spend with my young grandchildren.
JAN: Life has a way of highlighting priorities, doesn’t it? I didn’t know about Annie’s Attic. Must go there. What are you currently reading? Do you prefer digital or print?
SANDRA: I am currently reading a Mary Conneally historical romance novel. It’s been a long time since I’ve read a historical. It’s a nice change of pace. I prefer to read on my old kindle that reads like paper (not backlit), because I can enlarge the print and comfortably read for hours.
SANDRA: The encouragement of my loyal readers to keep writing.
JAN: Lovely and inspirational. What is your ultimate writing goal?
SANDRA: To write stories that both entertain and inspire. I am continually amazed at the smallest thing in a story that might speak to a particular reader. Recently, it was the fact one of my older secondary characters felt comfortable enough in her own skin that she didn’t feel the need to dye her hair. It made a reader decide that she didn’t need to either.
JAN: That’s cool. Do you have any advice for beginning writers?
SANDRA: Don’t be in a hurry to publish. Enjoy the journey.
JAN: Thanks so much, Sandra, for taking the time to share your journey with us. I wish you God’s rich blessings as you continue on your way.
Dee: In 1962, I travelled with my young son to Venezuela to visit my parents who lived there, only to arrive in Caracas in the middle of a revolution. We were first held in detention, and then shipped out of the country to a small Dutch-owned island. It was all very traumatic. I wrote the story, and The Calgary Herald bought it for twenty dollars—a lot of money for me at the time.
When my second husband and I settled onto an isolated Native reserve on B.C.’s north coast I started writing regularly for several well-known west-coast monthly magazines. I continued to write for those magazines until we moved to Saskatchewan in 1995. Since then I have written and published three adult books and a trilogy of children’s books.
Dee: Both of my husbands were very supportive of my writing efforts. In fact, my first husband had to copy out all my early writings on an old Underwood typewriter. I was totally inept at typing! My second husband had the advantage of having a more user-friendly typewriter to help me out. It wasn’t until I got my first computer in 1995 that I did my own typing.
Janice: What is your preferred genre?
Dee: Whether as adventure articles or as memoir, my work has been almost exclusively non-fiction. I tried my hand at a tiny three-volume set of books for children, but since they were about my pets, to me they too were non-fiction. My favorite genre though, is the essay, and it is, I think, in creating essays that I do my best writing.
Dee: I suppose it’s a compulsion to put thoughts, ideas, and dreams down on paper. Now, in retirement, I am almost constantly jotting down the whirlings of my brain. At first, they often seem wondrously prescient, but over time, they do seem less so.
Dee: I write at my table in my little “office/computer” room where I can sit and watch hundreds of feeding birds, and be still and peaceful. I jot down random thoughts and ideas that sometimes get developed—or not.
I guess you would say I am a pantser – writing about what moves me or obsesses me at that moment.
Dee: My ideas, my inspirations come from my reactions to what I read, what I hear and what I see. A good TED talk can have me madly jotting in reaction to the message—positively or negatively. A well-done documentary film can provide hours of scribbled response. Mostly the notes will go nowhere nor serve any further purpose, but somehow I find pleasure just in recording them.
Dee: In spite of the frequent questioning of the information provided to us by Google, it is likely no less trustworthy than all the information that our traditional sources have provided us with over the hundreds of years. Everyday a new revelation comes out telling how we have been misled.
Janice: Good point! What do you like most/least about writing.
Dee: I honestly can’t think of what I like least about writing. I just like writing. I thoroughly enjoy editing others’ writing; the challenge of composing messages, reflections or homilies for my church. The focus provided by writing for the many courses and workshops I have attended over the last twenty years has also provided direction. But most of all, I love writing to tell a story, even if the story is only for myself.
Janice: What are you favorite/most effective social media?
Dee: I am not much of a “social media” user. I find most postings on social media at least as ill-informed as I am myself. I do not need collaboration of my own misconceptions.
Janice: Okay then, moving on (smiles)…How do you balance professional time with personal time?
Dee: Since retirement, I am free to do whatever I want. However, without deadlines, commitments, or career obligations, I too often find that “nothing” is what I end up doing. I believe most people operate best under pressure and deadlines. However, from the perspective of eighty years, I think I’ve used most of my time wisely. I have accomplished much of what I would have planned to do, if I had been a planner.
Janice: I like that. What are you currently reading?
Dee: I have just finished reading a book called Rock Creek by Thelma Poirier. The author lived her whole life on ranches in the Rock Creek Valley, which now makes up part of the Grasslands National Park here in Saskatchewan. Since I have lived as a wandering gypsy most of my life, I have great admiration for those who have lived “in place” for generations, and have come to make the place a part of themselves.
Janice: What are some of your favorite things?
Dee: I truly love nature. But I also truly love people, places, travel: the silence of the high Arctic, the hectic liveliness of a tropical village, the ocean in a storm, the diminishing of person when standing on a high mountain, the terror of roaming through bear country, and the quiet aloneness of wandering the trails of Grasslands.
Janice: How is your faith reflected in your writing.
Dee: My faith is inherent in all I see, in all I know and in all I do; it is an integral part of me. My faith is an essential part of all that I write.
Janice: And finally, what advice do you have for a beginning writer?
Dee: It will be the same advice that all writers give to potential writers: just do it! But we must also insist that beginning writers know the importance of re-writing. While taking courses at the local college with young students, I have been quite dismayed by the students’ inability or reluctance to work at improving their writing. They all seemed totally content with their initial production, in spite of, and often with total disregard for, what the instructor has told them.
Janice: Thank you, Dee, for taking the time to visit with me today on my blog. You are and always will be an inspiration.
JANICE: Good morning, Glynis. Thanks for appearing on my blog today. How long have you been writing and how did you come to it?
GLYNIS: Yikes. True confessions. I have been writing all my life, but I will define a time frame of 31 years because that is when I took a 12-week freelance writing course that changed my life. With knees a-knocking I was encouraged to approach our local newspaper and to ask them if they might be interested in a little ‘slice of life’ editorial. They said yes. I was in. I ended up writing that column for 11 years and it was my springboard to much more. God nicely began opening doors for me.
GLYNIS: I think the best influencers in my life, not counting some amazing writers of great books, has to be teachers who said things like, that story really spoke to me, or very good job on that assignment. There was one teacher in particular, Mrs. McLeod. When I first came to Canada, she took me under her wing, protected me from bullies and told me that I could do anything I wanted if I put my mind to it. She encouraged me to write and love literature. My mother, too, was a weaver of words and wrote poetry that both mesmerized and made me chuckle.
JANICE: What’s your preferred genre?
That said, I love writing short stories too, especially when it is sprinkled with a bit of humour and a lot of hope.
I write because if I didn’t I would explode. And I would likely annoy people because I have so much to say and share and tell the world about and if I couldn’t do that by writing, it may come out in chatter! So I write because I love the way I get to express myself by stringing words together. There is just something extremely pleasing and satisfying about the rhythm of words that thrills me. I have a million stories bubbling inside me and I am excited to share and comfort and offer hope, encourage a soul, make someone laugh; not to mention, I am always amazed that people are interested in what I write.
GLYNIS: I am actually a different breed – I call myself a ‘Planster!’I plan sometimes. I write by the seat of my pants other times. If I am writing a book for adults, particularly non-fiction, I do tend to plan a bit more. But most of the time, for short stories, particularly humour, I just write and let each word hold hands and tug me along. Children’s stories, I usually have an idea where I am going but it’s not often I plan that out in a storyboard or the like, unless it’s a lengthy chapter book. I write in my office – some in my family have dubbed it the ‘dungeon.’ But it’s quiet, cluttered (in an organized way) and positively inspiring. I have to have dead silence when I write, though, otherwise my brain, which lends itself to a little attention deficit, engages in even the slightest noise. I am in awe with people (like my daughter) who work with background music or while watching TV.
GLYNIS: I was a private tutor for 18 plus years so much fodder came from my delightfully honest and playful, often care-free students who didn’t mince words. I am fascinated with people in general and sometimes I think I have a little insight into deeper feelings. I watch body language pretty closely and love cheering for the underdog. I can come up with plenty of ideas from a conversation or a sentence dropped. I love titles. Most of the time when I write (anything) I have to have a title first. I love taking notes when listening to sermons. Sometimes I am inspired to write or respond to something that was said and I have ideas popping up all over the place so my notebooks are littered with asterisks.
GLYNIS: I admittedly do love how easy it is to search online, but that said, there is nothing like good old book research and even better – conversations with ‘those who were there’ if possible.
GLYNIS: I just love the process of writing and how I get to pour words onto the page and see how most of the time, they make sense. I love the actual creation and then I don’t even mind the editing, although I wasn’t always like that. I used to not like when others messed with ‘my baby’ but I have been the recipient of some excellent editing that vastly improved my work and ultimately allowed ‘my baby’ to grow up and mature nicely. As far as what I don’t like – it has to be the marketing. I really dislike plugging my own work and promoting it. I would much sooner love on others and talk about their brilliant work!
JANICE: I can see that from you! What are some of the best methods of promoting your work?
GLYNIS: Oh and look at that! The next question is about promotions. I think having a faithful following is the best. Word of mouth means good sales. I sell a lot of books during speaking engagements and if I have referenced any of my books, that usually results in more sales. I have some good business people in my community who sell my books, and I have a little book boutique in a local grocery store, which actually does pretty good most months – especially at Christmas! Facebook, surprisingly, is a great place for me to get connected with people. I do sell quite a few books this way, too.
JANICE: What are your favorite / most effective social media?
GLYNIS: You might have guessed by now that Facebook is a great place for me. I moderate a private ‘Angel Hope’ group https://www.facebook.com/groups/1508424326062846/ with over 500 members – writers, readers, librarians, editors, bookstore owners and others. We engage in conversation every day and then in the evening I feature a Canadian (usually) published book, article, blogpost, artwork, poetry and more. I have learned so much from this group and our “Angels” as I call the members. It’s a great networking place for writers and others. Another social media that I like – although I should use it more, is Twitter. I am trying to get a little more active on there. I also have a Linked In profile and am on Pinterest, too. But I don’t do much with those (yet). I am also thinking about Instagram but for sure I will need my children or grandchildren to give me a tutorial or two!
JANICE: I enjoy your Angel Hope group, Glynis. You have a lot going on. How do you balance professional time with personal time?
GLYNIS: Personal time? What’s that? Because I have a home office and I also run a little publishing company, I am on the go constantly it seems. But I also care for my 90-year-old father 24/7 so I can’t spend my entire life in my office. My husband and I have made a deal that every morning before we do anything, we meet on the couch in the living-room and have a time of devotion, Bible reading, prayer and some good old one on one conversation. Then we have porridge. It is the best part of the day and a great way to focus before we jump into the craziness and the busyness of both our jobs. If our children need anything or want help or need an ear, we try to drop everything and be there. Weighing priorities gets easier as one gets older.
GLYNIS: I have a lovely TBR (To Be Read) pile beside my bed and it never shrinks. I am a bedtime reader and love drifting off with a book. I am reading two books right now. One is called Princess Elizabeth. It’s a lovely old book written in 1930 and is all about the childhood of Queen Elizabeth II. I also am working my way through my latest Chicken Soup for the Soul book – Spirit of Canada. I have a story in that volume but am having fun reading everyone else’s stories, too, especially those written by authors I know! Love print books the best but I do have a Kindle for dashing days and waiting times at appointments. I also have my daily devotion on there. But definitely I prefer print books.
JANICE: What are some of your favorite things? What makes you unique?
GLYNIS: I love gardening and am always in awe at the tiny seeds that I plant and then we get to be nourished by such. I always give thanks to God for his wisdom in creation and how well he provides for us. I love family. I adore children – especially my grandchildren. I love animals – dogs, chickens and horses to be exact. I almost feel like I should be singing – raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens…! What makes me unique? That is definitely a question you should ask my family. They gave me a drama queen sign. Enough said.
JANICE: What keeps you going in your writing career?
JANICE: Yes! I understand that! How is your faith reflected in your writing?
GLYNIS: I sure hope the wholesome aspect of my work shines through even if I am not writing for the Christian market. I always try to remember, that when I write I am able to do so because of the passion God has put in my heart. Faith, fun and a wholesome read; these are the goals I want to strive for in my writing. No, not all my books have an obvious faith angle because I want some of my books in the mainstream market and sadly as soon as I mention Jesus, God or Christianity – I get tossed. But I strive to make all my writings for young and not so young God-honouring and filled with encouragement, joy, clean entertainment and a jolly good read.
JANICE: What are some things you learned from your own writing?
GLYNIS: I have learned I am not perfect. I have learned I don’t know everything. I have learned how important editing is. I have learned to have thick skin. I have learned that I need to learn something new every day. I have learned that to love what you do creates passion. I have learned how much I love to help others learn the craft of writing.
GLYNIS: Well, we all would like to be on that best-seller list, but actually it doesn’t bother me to not be on there. Probably my biggest goal is to please God – as cliché as that may sound. I am no great theologian, so profundity and perfection in religious belief will never be part of what I pen. But I love to think I might have tapped into even a little of God’s heart in some of my writing.
Also, I have about five or six half-done writing projects in my computer. I would one day like to see each of these to completion!
JANICE: Advice for beginning writers?
* Write from the heart and you will touch other hearts.
* Cut it down by half and leave nothing out.
Loosely translated – applied passion!
JANICE: Thanks so much, Glynis, for taking time to visit with me today.
Here’s more about Glynis and her writing.
JANICE: Today I’m welcoming Sally Meadows to my blog. Sally is an award-winning author and singer/songwriter. Sally, how long have you been writing and how did you come to it?
SALLY: Like many writers, I was drawn to creative writing when I was young. Beyond elementary and high school, writing continued to be an integral part of my work life. From research scientist to editor to children’s entertainer to educator to administrator, I have had the autonomy to incorporate creativity through the written word into a wide range of projects. However, it wasn’t until 2011 that I started getting serious about sending submissions to anthologies and writing contests. In 2013 I took a leap of faith and left my job at an engineering firm to focus full time on writing and music.
SALLY: I had two high school teachers English teachers—Mr. Marland and Miss Kingsbury, both of whom I adored—praise my work and encourage me. I also received the Grade 13 English award. In my first year of university, I took an English course as an elective (I was a science major), and the professor told me that I produced some of the best writing he had ever seen by a first year student. These were all things that I tucked away in my heart and which eventually confirmed for me, that when the time was right, to pursue a career in writing.
SALLY: I write in a wide range of genres, including short, inspirational true-life stories, informational articles, children’s books, and songs. I have also recently started writing fictional short stories. Part of who I am as a writer is being diverse. It would be hard to say which genre I like best, because I like them all! As the Lord leads, I challenge myself to expand into genres that are new to me.
SALLY: Writing is the best way for me to communicate my thoughts and feelings. The flow of ideas from my mind/heart/soul through my hands is my most effective way to release heartache, make sense of difficult times, raise awareness about causes dear to my heart, share the gospel, and spread joy. It’s cliché but true: I write because I must.
SALLY: I have a computer desk that sits in our family room with my official office close by. But I usually bring my computer up to my sunny kitchen with big windows. There is something about writing in close proximity to nature that both calms and energizes me. Although I mostly write on the computer, I occasionally hand write the first draft of an article or story. Regarding the second question, I am more of a plotter when it comes to writing short stories, articles, and children’s stories. I have a really, really good idea of what I want to write already in my mind before I sit down and write. Interestingly enough, when it comes to writing songs, I would say I’m more of a pantser. Usually, a melody line comes to me first. The majority of lyrics come only after I have worked out the entire score on the piano.
SALLY: For the first couple of years, I focused mainly on writing autobiographical stories. I still get inspiration from my own journey, but now I tend to take only a snippet and build a fictional story from there. My kids have always inspired me. Nature inspires me. People who are on the “fringes” and have overcome odds inspire me. I wouldn’t be the writer and songwriter I am today without the profound influence of God’s own Word and the empowerment of the Holy Spirit.
JANICE: You are well-versed on promotion. What are some of the best methods of promoting your work?
SALLY: As long as I can flex my creative muscles when promoting, I am willing to try anything! Earlier this year I collaborated with a number of other authors in launching the “7 Days of Great Canadian Giveaways” (for more information, see https://sallymeadows.com/blog/blog/day-one-7-days-of-great-canadian-giveaways). And when I released my new single “Holy Spirit” ((https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL2LxARc7Kg) I had a bestselling author/illustrator design a colouring sheet as a giveaway. Both these inspired events boosted my (and the other authors’) profile. I do post quite a bit on Facebook (less often on Twitter), and I use a lot of images, usually my own photography. I also do a lot of cross-promotions. For example, my children’s picture book Beneath That Star is based on a song I wrote on my Christmas CD Red & White. But my best sales are when I do a public event—a concert or speaking engagement. This year I want to explore doing more video/live Facebook events for promotions. It’s the way to go right now in getting yourself out there.
SALLY: Facebook has been my go-to for promotions, although in retrospect it has been less effective on the sales end than I would have liked. Nonetheless, it has certainly raised my profile. This year I hope to explore using Pinterest more. I am very visual and I have created a lot of images. And as mentioned above, I would like to get more into video productions.
SALLY: Working from my home and being an empty nester, this is always tricky. When I am focused on a project, I could easily work all day and all evening. However, I am also aware of the need for balance. I usually go for two walks each day, and do my best to keep off computer (as much as possible) in the evenings and on the weekends.
SALLY: I still prefer print. Like my writing, there is no one genre that I am particularly drawn to, although I mostly read Christian authors. What I do read: suspense, historical romance, contemporary drama, humorous stories, short stories, non-fiction, children’s picture books, articles, and more. I recently read your (Jan’s) latest novel In A Foreign Land as well as Esther: Royal Beauty by Angela Hunt. I’m about to start Joel C. Rosenberg’s Without Warning and Jeff Goins’ Real Artists Don’t Starve. And my Bible is always close at hand. Right now I am reading through the Book of Judges.
SALLY: I love to do paper crafting and try out all kinds of different techniques and products. In fact, I have been exploring writing a craft book—I have a great title already picked out. I also like miniature things; and have been growing (go figure!) a collection of realistic-looking stuffed animals. Photography is definitely a passion. What makes me unique is that my interests and abilities are so diverse; the most common comment to me is “What haven’t you done?” I am always on the lookout to try something new. Challenging myself beyond my box is something I constantly aspire to do.
SALLY: As above: challenging myself. I am always stretching, always growing, and sometimes take on things that kind of terrify me.
SALLY: I write for both the faith-based and mainstream markets. However, writing for the mainstream market is always informed by my faith.
SALLY: I have learned that the learning never truly ends. I thought I was a good writer until I started writing full time. I still have LOTS to learn.
JANICE: What is your ultimate writing goal? And any advice for beginning writers?
SALLY: Like many writers, I have a lot of projects swirling around in my head, and I would love to see them all come to fruition one day. However, I am also being more prayerful about what project to focus on at any given time, and am open to discarding projects according to the leading of the Holy Spirit. I am ready and grateful for any doors the Lord opens. My advice (and ultimate goal) is to walk with one foot in front of the other each step of the way with eyes fixed on Jesus. He’ll get us to where you and I are to go.
Sally Meadows is a six-time national/international award-winning author and singer/songwriter. She is the author of two children’s books, The Two Trees and Beneath That Star, and has released two CDs Turn the Page and Red & White. You can connect with Sally at https://sallymeadows.com, https://facebook.com/SallyMeadowsMusic, @SallyMeadows, and [email protected]. | 2019-04-20T03:14:18Z | https://janicedick.wordpress.com/tag/author-interview/page/2/ |
In order to better examine the true insanity of what many people now term “social justice warriors,” I must study a few aspects separately. First, let’s take a brief look at the mindset of your average social justice circus clown so that we might better understand what makes him/her/it tick.
I spent several years (up until 2004, when I woke up from the false paradigm madness) as a Democrat. And before anyone judges that particular decision, I would suggest they keep in mind the outright fascist brothel for the military-industrial complex the Republican Party had become at that point and remains to this day. Almost every stepping stone that Barack Obama is using today to eradicate the Constitution was set in place by the Bush dynasty, including the Authorization Of Military Force, which was the foundation for the National Defence Authorization Act and the legal precedence for indefinite detention without trial of any person (including an American citizen) accused of terrorism by the president of the U.S., as well as the use of assassination by executive order.
The left gave the police and government a rationale for being draconian, while we removed the need for police and government entirely by providing security for the neighborhood (killing two birds with one stone). Either their methods are purely ignorant and do not work, or their methods are meant to achieve the opposite of their claims. In the end, the PC movement only serves establishment goals toward a fully collectivist and centralized society.
I personally do not care if two people of the same gender want to be in a relationship, but I do find the issue of gay marriage (and marriage in general) a rather odd conflict that misses the whole point. Marriage has been and always will be a religious institution, not federal; and I find government involvement in this institution to be rather despicable. When the Supreme Court’s decision on gay marriage came down, I felt a little sorry for all the joyfully hopping homosexuals on the marbled steps of the hallowed building, primarily because they essentially were fighting for the state to provide recognition and legitimacy for their relationships. Frankly, who gives a rip what the state has to say in terms of your relationships or mine? The state is an arbitrary edifice, a facade wielding illusory power. If a relationship is based on true and enduring connection, then that is a marriage of sorts, whether the Supreme Court says so or not.
The only advantage to solidifying gay marriage in the eyes of the state is the advantage of being able to then use the state as an attack dog in order to force religious institutions to accept the status of gays in the same way the government does. And unfortunately, this is exactly what the PC cult is doing.
PC champions desperately try to make these questions a matter of “discrimination” alone. But they are more about personal rights and property and less about “hate speech.” Under natural law, as well as under the constitution, an individual has every right to refuse association with any other person for any reason. If I do not like you, the government does not have the authority to force me to be around you or to work for you. But this line has been consistently blurred over the years. As I’m sure most readers are familiar, the issue of gay cakes seems to arise over and over, as in cases in Colorado and Oregon in which religiously oriented business owners were punished for refusing to provide service for gay customers.
Punishments have included crippling fines designed to put store owners out of business and have even included gag orders restricting the freedom of businesses to continue speaking out against the orientation of customers they have refused.
My response? First, to be clear, I am talking specifically about private individuals and businesses, not public institutions as in the argument explored during Brown v. Board of Education. Private and public spaces are different issues with different nuances. I personally believe it is ignorant to judge someone solely on the color of his skin, and sexual orientation is not necessarily an issue to me. But it is equally ignorant for someone to think that the state exists to protect his feelings from being hurt. I’m sorry, but discrimination is a fact of life and always will be as long as individualism exists. The PC cultists don’t just want government recognition of their status; they want to homogenize individualism, erase it and force the rest of us to vehemently approve of that status without question. This is unacceptable.
If a business refuses to serve blacks, or gays, or Tibetans, then, hey, it probably just lost a lot of potential profit. But that should absolutely be the business’s choice and not up to government to dictate. And in the case of “gay discrimination,” I think it is clear that the PC crowd is using the newfound legal victim group status of gays as a weapon to attack religiously based organizations. Make no mistake, this will not end with gay cakes. It is only a matter of time before pressure is brought to bear against churches as well for “discrimination.” And at the very least, I foresee many churches abandoning their 501(c)(3) tax exempt status.
If a group wants fair treatment in this world, that is one thing. I believe a gay person has every right to open his own bakery and bake gay marriage cakes to his little heart’s content. I believe a black person has every right to dislike white people, as some do, and refuse to associate with them or serve them if that’s what he/she wants. I also believe that under natural and constitutional law, a religious business owner is an independent and free individual with the right to choose who he will work for or accept money from. If he finds a customer’s behavior to be against his principles, he should not be forced to serve that person, their feelings be damned.
A man shaves his head and eyebrows, straps a plastic bottle to his face, and has his feet surgically modified to resemble flippers: Does this make him a dolphin, and should he be given victim group status as trans-species? I’m going to be brief here because I covered this issue in a previous article, but let’s lay everything on the table, as it were.
PC cultists are clamoring to redefine the fact of gender as an “undefinable” and even discriminatory social perception. No one, no matter how dedicated, will ever be able to redefine gender, unless they have the ability to change their very chromosomes. Nature defines gender, not man; and a man who undergoes numerous surgeries and body-changing steroid treatments will always have the genetics of a man even if he gives the appearance of a woman. Take away the drugs, and no amount of make-up will hide the chest hair growth and deepening voice.
This might be deemed a “narrow” view of gender, and I don’t care. Nature’s view of gender is the only one that counts. Psychological orientations are irrelevant to biological definitions. Are you a man trapped in a woman’s body? Irrelevant. A woman trapped in a man’s body? Doesn’t matter. If we are talking about legal bearings, then biological definitions are the only scale that makes sense. I realize that gender bending is very trendy right now, and Hollywood sure seems to want everyone to jump on that freaky disco bandwagon, but there is no such thing as gender-neutral people. They are not a group, let alone a victim group. There are men, and there are women; these are the only gender groups that count. Whether they would like to be the opposite does not change the inherent genetic definition. Period. To make such foolishness into an ideology is to attempt to bewilder man’s relationship to nature, and this will only lead to disaster.
A person determines his success in life by his character and his choices. Color does not define success, as there are many people of every color who are indeed successful. Do you have to work harder to gain success because you are brown, or black, or neon green? I’ve seen no concrete evidence that this is the case. I know that people who identify as “white” are still around 70 of the American population, thus there are more white people in successful positions due to sheer numbers.
I also find it a little absurd that most PC cultists who harp about so-called white privilege are often white themselves and haven’t the slightest experience or insight on what it is to be a person of color anyway. White privilege seems to be the PC cult’s answer to the argument that racism is a universal construct. Only whites can be racist, they claim, because only whites benefit from racism. I defy these jokers to show any tangible proof that an individual white person has more of a chance at success than a person of color due to predominant racism. Or are we just supposed to have blind faith in the high priests of PC academia and their morally relative roots?
Marxism (collectivism) uses many vehicles or Trojan horses to gain access to political and cultural spaces. Once present, it gestates like cancer. Younger generations are highly susceptible to social trends and are often easily manipulated by popular culture and academic authority, which is why we are seeing PC cultism explode with the millennials and post-millennials. In my brief participation on the left side of the false paradigm, political correctness was only beginning to take hold. A decade later, we have a bewildering manure storm on our hands. The result is a vast division within American society that cannot be mended. Those of us on the side of liberty are so different in our philosophies and solutions to social Marxists that the whole carnival can end only one way: a fight. And perhaps this is exactly what the elites want: left against right, black against white, gay against religious and straight, etc. As long as the PC movement continues to do the bidding of power brokers in their efforts toward the destruction of individual liberty, I see no other alternative but utter conflict.
Yes, endorsing group rights is all about avoiding individual responsibility.
BUT THERE WON’T BE A FIGHT – BECAUSE PC GANGSTER TAKERS ARE BUSY FIGHTING TRYING TO PROVE “I’M BETTER THAN YOU!!!” BUT MAKERS ARE TOO BUSY MINDING THEIR OWN BUSINESSES!
I doubt there will be a fight, because the Makers, by our very natures, CAN NOT RESIST EVIL MEN, simply because we’re trying to hope to collaborate to objectively solve universal problems, while the Takers – the PC (Psychopathic Criminal) negligent, delinquent libertine “liberals” are all focused on their fears, and obsessively “PMS“ing about it all the time – since they don’t believe in winning, they spend all their time trying to not-lose, to prove “I’m better than you!” all the time, by attacking innocent others first.
They are Paranoids (“They’re all out to get me!”) Masochists (“I’d better focus on my fears AS pain, lest I forget to defend myself, since hope is a trick!”) and Slanderers (“Since they’re all out to get me, I’d better get all of them, first!”).
Political correctness (i.e: factual incorrectness) is extortion – fraud and slander – in that it pretends a civil ‘probable’ test applies, based on group-might-made-rights scenarios, to all aspects of life: white males are always to be ‘legally’ and ‘defensively’ pre-judged as “guilty until never proven innocent,” for instance. It’s extortion, and extortion is always a crime!
PC pretends one is responsible to other people for their (possibly mistaken) reactions to one’s new ideas, or to ideas which *might* offend them.
And the offense taken, is always subjective.
Since the deliberate use of PC implicitly slanders people AS being offensive, it attacks first, and therefore also inherently defends first-attackers (criminals).
PC implies one can and so should manage or avoid others’ inevitable reactions of denial (automatic ‘offense’) to one’s exchange of ideas, as if one somehow ‘should,’ even if one could, always try to defuse all of their normal psychologically procedural reaction stages (i.e: basic thinking) as summed up by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross.
Normal people WILL REACT to new ideas BY a well-established process of denial to acceptance, so it’s literally outrageous to posit that any one person is responsible for monitoring, or has a duty to actively prevent this common thought process occurring in others.
So obviously, “Political Correctness” is only an extortion attempt at THOUGHT CONTROL, designed to shield criminals’ crimes, and to prevent everyone from thinking at all, beyond the most shallow and banal trivialities. It defines the willfully ignorant and irresponsible, criminally negligent “victimology” process.
It is to insist (as all authoritarian extortions do) that one must ALWAYS Submit one’s self to the greater (gang’s “might-makes-right”) good.
What is currently misconceived as ‘altruism’ and ‘Hegelian dialectics’ is really only a lie: a slanderous fraud designed to induce perpetual guilt in the victim, by way of the same, ages-old “carrot-and-stick,” fear-and-greed behavioural conditioning binary.
It’s proponents sadistically advocate for perpetual, self-sacrificing masochism in others, demanding they pacifistically agree with the predatory criminal aggressor’s militaristic notion that they have no right to self-defense, nor even to think about planning for it.
To them, if their victims even THINK about planning to defend them selves, it’s “slandering” the criminals AS the aggressors, (which they in fact already ARE, just by dint of their PC extortion-attempts).
Bottom line: criminals hate other people (potential victims and/or potential opponents) thinking about their crimes, just as they hate the admitting to them selves of being criminals.
And hating thinking has always had a perfectly valid label: “Psycho-Path” (literal translation: “Thought-Killer”).
“PC” (Psychotic Criminal) “Liberals” are all about the “PMS” (Paranoid Masochistic Slander).
While debtors, creditors, and economists focused on the Greek debt crisis, a report by European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker with the heads of four other EU institutions went almost entirely unnoticed. Juncker proposes a predictably awful strategy for solving economic problems, greater centralization of power over the currency union’s economies. It recommended “quick fix” steps that could be introduced in the next two years, such as setting up a common bank deposit insurance system and promoting competitiveness, as well as longer term ideas, such as a common eurozone treasury.
You can see how one might reach such a conclusion. If one entity is going to control the money supply, an economic manipulation tactic often used by governments to smooth over economic problems, then one can see the reason in having that entity exercising greater economic controls over the economic policies that lead to such problems. It doesn’t make a great deal of sense for example, to have Greece spend without regard for consequences, while French and German taxpayers end up on the hook for their irresponsibility.
The flaw in this line of thinking however is that it begins with the assumption that the centralization which has already occurred is a good thing. It ignores the fact that said centralization is the only reason French and German taxpayers are on the hook for Greek debt to begin with. If other European countries are unhappy with their being bound to a nation irresponsible enough to address a debt crisis by electing communists, then ceding more control over their economies to a central authority hardly seems like a sound solution.
The proposal is entirely predictable however. “Never let a good crisis go to waste” as they say in Washington. Governments have this terrible habit of rewarding failure. “Oh, you completely failed to accomplish the purpose for which your bureaucracy was created? You must need more money and power”.
Forget the fact that Greek GDP growth was cut roughly in half since entering the Euro. That little piece of evidence would dissuade people from favoring greater centralization. Definitely pay no attention to the fact that the same can be said for Italy, Spain, and Portugal, that would not favor Juncker’s proposal. By the EU’s reasoning, an institution which fails to centrally plan the economies of a single political unit, will somehow be able to centrally plan the economies for an entire continent and beyond.
The search continues for a one-handed economist. Some know-it-all guru who can figure out how a policy change from a single city will impact the economic behaviors of hundreds of millions of people with diverse interests over millions of miles of territory. The problem with such a strategy should seem obvious. There are just too many variables for any man or group of men to even attempt to contemplate.
We all have to make economic decisions every day. Everything from investment strategies to what we eat for dinner. Contemplating the variables for all of these things in each of our own individual lives is very complex, to the point that many of us will hire experts to handle them, and even then there are failures. How one comes to the conclusion that multiplying that complexity by hundreds of millions of times over will somehow simplify the equation, or lead to greater prosperity, simply escapes reason.
In the United States, we often see the deleterious effects of such flawed thinking. It is bad enough when your local government creates some economic policy that might negatively impact your business or favor some competitor. Luckily, you have the option to leave that place. This becomes more difficult when that policy is implemented at the state level, and damn near impossible when it is tackled by the federal government. Let the federal government go and enter into economic treaties with foreign nations, and the problem becomes even more difficult to escape.
This trend toward centralization is fueled at best by ignorance, and at worst by malice. Far from creating greater prosperity, centralization only makes bad policy more difficult to escape. One of two things is true. Either that is the goal of such policies, or the people who claim to be uniquely qualified to dictate the economic behaviors of hundreds of millions of people over millions of miles of territory, are so incompetent that they can’t even see the obviousness of that fact.
Tom Woods gave a great talk about secession earlier this year in Houston. The talk was not specific to economics, but the overall results of large centralized States, versus that of smaller autonomous ones. Unsurprisingly, large centralized states have a terrible habit of bringing immeasurable misery, poverty, and death, while smaller autonomous ones tend to thrive.
The further removed from the individual responsibility becomes, the greater the tragedy that follows. If smaller autonomous nations fare better than large centralized States, how much better off would we all be, if States went away altogether, and individuals were free to make their own choices?
You are currently browsing the Vladdi's Blog blog archives for July, 2015. | 2019-04-25T14:37:20Z | https://vladdi.wordpress.com/2015/07/ |
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Spinal Cord Disorders: ACDF in 2 weeks - pain meds/hospital bed?
Hi, I am very nervous - 3 level ACDF on August 29th. I just got a call from hospital asking for my co-pay of $1,450.. So it is much more real now. I have 2 questions.
1 - pain - I know it will be bad. Historically any pain meds make me sick and I throw them up within 24 hours. Compazine (anti-nausea meds) give me lock jaw (grinding teeth) so I am very nervous about how to deal with pain! Ideas anyone? I go see the doc this Friday to ask him.
2 - hospital bed - I've heard it is very hard to move after this for the first 2 weeks. Someone suggested a hospital bed brought home. Can anyone give any thoughts on this. I'm currently sleeping on our pull out futon (with a good mattress on it) as our waterbed is too painful to lay in now.
I have a TENS and I swear by it - it really helps block pain. Can I use this right after the surgery - will the metal plate in my head cause it not to work for some reason?
Thanks for your thoughts and ideas. 2 weeks from right now, at noon, I'll be in surgery.
Re: ACDF in 2 weeks - pain meds/hospital bed?
What levels are being fused?
I had C5-C7 which is a 2 level fusion (C5-C6 and C6-C7) ACDF. The hospital stay is short, usually 1-2 nights. And I was glad my doctor prescribed a cervical collar which I was fitted with before my surgery. This was a relatively easy surgery.
At home I did use a bed wedge. They discourage you from laying down all the time and a hospital bed would be an expensive option. With a 15" bed wedge I was able to sleep somewhat with a combination of pillows. Prepare for pain meds with something you can eat easily when you take the medication. I often took it with rice krispie treats and this averted any nausea. Zofran is newer than compazine so you can always ask to have that prescribed for at home. What I needed most at home was a muscle relaxant. I doubt you will be able to use a TENS near your neck in the early recovery.
Moving around after ACDF was quite easy. The biggest mistake I made was not moving around enough so as soon as allowed (about 1 week after) I started with 5 minutes on the treadmill at 1 mph. I increased the time by 1 minute a day. When I reached 10 minutes I increased the speed by a small increment. I always stopped whenever I had pain instead of pushing myself.
I had a grabber at home (can be purchased at any large pharmacy) which helped me pick up stuff that was out of reach. I've used it over and over since as I also have lumbar and knee issues.
Hi spineAZ - I'm having C4 to C7 fused. The rice krispy treats is a wonderful idea!!! I'll get a bunch of them. Did you have any swallowing problems? I don't have a treadmill. I do have a gym membership so it would work as I start to feel better, but don't think I'll want to head to the gym for awhile after this! I did read it is good to get out and walk.
I did look at bed wedges today. I see a 12" I'm thinking of getting. Hospital beds are very expensive to rent. Too bad about the TENS - it is amazing how it works to get rid of the pain! I have it on my list to ask my doctor when I see him this Friday.
Do you remember how long after the surgery you started to feel "good" again? I'm real worried about just how much movement I'll have after being fused 3 levels..
Thanks for your thoughts and info.
I just typed up a big response to you when the WiFi died. So let me know if I leave anything out I should have mentioned.
The bedwedge is awesome. If you are married/living with a partner you'll likely want to sleep alone. I was up at unpredictable hours wanting the TV on, etc.
I bought the pre-packaged rice krispie treats. There was something about the density of them and they also could be kept in the night stand for easy access.
I woke up with a scratchy throat. The nurses gave me cepacol lozenges, I had hubby buy a box as well so I could stop asking the nurses for one every time I wanted one. They served me a normal dinner and the nurse urged me to cut up stuff small and eat. She felt that making the swallowing mechanism work soon after surgery helps get it back into normal functioning. She said people who spend days on soft foods like popsicles, jello, etc aren't "challenging" the swallowing and the mechanism can become less responsive. I managed to down a steak in tiny bites and she was right. I felt better after making my system start swallowing again.
Will you have a cervical collar? Mine was fitted for me 2-3 wk before surgery. Some surgeons don't use them feeling the hardware gives enough support but I always felt that it helped me not move in the wrong way, support my muscles, not have my head fall to the side while sleeping, not turning my neck (as in forgetting I just had surgery and hearing hubby drop something behind me, I couldn't just whip the head around to see what had fallen). So ask if he'll prescribe on. If not some people buy one at a medical supply store or pharmacy. I used mine 24 hr a day (besides showering) for about 4 weeks. After that he let me take it off for short periods. Some docs say that using one causes neck muscles to get weak but I could still tell my muscles had to work enough to stay active in the collar.
Ask if you will have a bone growth stimulator. Most common cervical version hangs around the neck with a battery pack. It produces a small electrical field to aid in fusion. Some ins companies wont approve it and my current spine doc says he feels it can't hurt but it's not a "must have".
Consider telling the doctor to fix whatever he may find when he gets in there. When my prior orth spine surgeon said my C4 was "iffy" we never discussed possibly adding it in, and now it should have been. I was headed for an ACDF revision this Fall when my bad knee got worse and at 45 am having a knee replacement. (Don't let my surgical history worry you, I have very lax ligaments and tendons so joints from spine to knees to feet to hands get too loose and some have to be fixed surgically).
If you can walk outside that's as good as a treadmill. I live in Phoenix and had my ACDF in late May. By then it's already 100 degrees every day and walking outside wasn't an option. Make sure somebody walks with you especially early on. You never realize how much you look down when walking or typing until you have a collar on. I thought I was the worlds fastest typist but I guess I glance down more than I thought so typing was hard.
If you have the searing nerve pain in arms/hands that is common for people heading for an ACDF you may find you have significant relief upon waking. However some pain takes a long time to go away as nerves heal VERY slowly and thus pain improvement can be a slow process.
I returned to work 6 weeks post op and it was hard, more due to exhaustion than neck pain, though 4 hr into the day I needed to go home so I did a gradual return to work (now due to other problems I no longer work). I'd say after the ACDF I finally felt decent at 2-3 months. I even changed jobs in August after the May ACDF and the only reason I felt okay doing so was how my neck was feeling better every day.
Hi spineAZ - my gosh, you have given me so much good information. I've added much of your last message to my doctor aptm this Friday for pre-op. I'm not sure if he is going to give me a collar (I do have a soft one I can wear, I wear it now when I have to look down for more than a minute or two to prevent neck pain). I don't think he is planning the bone growth stimulator. My original doctor was (who was only going to fuse 2 and not worry about #3- I dumped him and found another who is planning on fusing all 3).
My husband is scouring craigslist to find me a hospital bed to use for a few weeks. I'll be at home alone from day 5 or so and it will probably help a bunch to get me in and out of bed. Then when we are done with it we can sell it again.
I am so glad you told me about the scratchy throat and still being able to eat. I've read that some people can barely swallow and that is really scaring me. I am buying soft foods just in case, and I did get some sore throat meds to bring to the hospital.
I will definitely ask the doctor about fixing anything else he finds while he is in there. I'm definitely hoping to never have to repeat this!
I live near Orlando so it is hot, but I enjoy the heat. Still I likely won't go far for a walk, and will have my husband come with me. I don't know how long it will be until I can go to the gym and get on treadmill in the AC. That is another one for the question list!
I did have the burning pain, pins and needles and completely numb arm. I had 3 epidurals - last one about 45 days ago. It must be wearing off already as pain is starting to come back in left arm already. I am hoping I'll have the surgery before it comes back in full strength. And I had a feeling of having a knife behind my left shoulder blade, it was HORRIBLE! That is the main reason I'm having this, I don't want to ever feel that again. Doc said it was the nerve root completely compressed causing the pain.
I get short term disability, so I'm not in a rush to come back. Doc said 6-8 weeks. I know they will hold my job for up to 12 weeks, so that is good. I don't want to come back for a few hours and fall asleep at my desk!
Thanks again for your kind words and good advice!!
Too bad we don't live closer. I'd use the hospital bed after you as I have knee replacement 9/28.
You probably won't need the hospital bed though, please ask your doc for his opinion. My guess is he'll expect you to be up and around soon and say you shouldn't need the bed. The times it has been needed by people here is they can't get in/out of bed such as a waterbed with no guest bed option. As long as you have the bed wedge and a comfortable enough bed you should be fine. This isn't a lay in bed and recover surgery, it's more of be up as much as you can. And getting in/out of bed wasn't even a concern for me as it was just as easy as normal. Keep in mind if you get a hospital bed it has to be the fully electric one or it's not worth it. Many home modesl aren't as sophisticated in movement such as bed height .
A better bet is a reclining chair that hits your neck at the right point. Many people here have done that and sleep in recliner at night and sit in it during the day. The expectation is you'll get up every morning and find a comfy place to sit/recline during the day. I spent my days in the family room ina reclining chair. Maybe start a thread here of "Recliner or Hosp Bed at home after ACDF" to get thoughts of other members.
So after the surgery if anything comes up that slows your recovery discuss it with your doctor and with STD. For example, I had a claim once where we approved 3 mo after a lumbar fusion and the person couldn't return to work due to a fact that was never in the records or in a discussion, she had achrondoplasic dwarfism. That had resulted in many joint problems and pain. She eventually returned to work at about 6 mo. If you have other medical symptoms or diagnoses that affect recovery let them know. When I had a second neck surgery they initially approved me for 6 wk but it was extended to 8 wk as my 3 person office had become a 2 person office and my coworker was on vacation right as I was set to return. The manager in another state asked for 2 additional weeks as he didn't want me working alone, handling huge files without assistance, etc. Since my work had temporarily been moved to Texas (where my new manager was) he didn't see the logic in hiring a Temp (as STD suggested to get me back to work) to asssist me for 2 wk when his staff was already handling my work.
So up front let STD and surgeon know of any other conditions you have that may impede recovery speed such as other joint arthritis, diabetes, MS, etc. And if anything happens after surgery such as infection, additional surgery (related or not), etc elt your surgeon know ASAP and STD as well. Often it's the surgeon's medical assistant or nurse completing paperwork (with doc reviewing and signing) so find out who does disability paperwok next week and make friends with that person. My spine surgeon's MA is a lifesaver for me.
IF by some chance your employer does the STD inside the company, then often less medcical proof is needed for extending STD.
In either case tell the doc you expect 8 wk out and if doing well sooner you can always have him release you sooner.
Last edited by SpineAZ; 08-16-2011 at 04:22 PM.
Sandy....good luck with your ACDF...I didn't have that surgery(mine was from the back) so I couldn't give you any advice on what to have on hand. But Spine has great ideas.
And SpineAZ....good luck with the TKR. I know you'll do great and love the new knee.
Sandy....you shouldn't need or even use a hospital bed at home. It is very important to get up and be moving around so you heal faster. Even I was up and walking around 2 days after surgery and I was a 6 level. Never used or needed a hospital bed at home.
You'll have a neck brace on and it is quite easy to get up out of bed with the brace on. The brace will keep your neck safe. No need to have a bed that you put up in order to get out of bed.
You are having surgery from the front and the people I've talked to have told me that it is relatively painless surgery in comparison to others. Yes, you have an incision in your neck but there isn't any pulling on the incision as you have a brace holding your neck in the position the doc wants.
Having had over 30 surgeries, it is so important to get up and move around so you don't get clots in your legs or post-op pneumonia. And it speeds healing so much to have you up and moving around. Even when I was having major complications, I was up and being walked around the ward to keep anything else away. And SpineAZ....you'll find that you can't use the knee lift part of the bed after TKR...you REALLY have to watch for clots.
I used my recliner when up so I could sleep in a chair if I was too tired to go back to bed but was cautioned about using the leg rest in case of pressure causing clots. SpineAZ suggested a wedge pillow but I found that not to work as it pushed on my neck brace. I never, with either surgery, needed anything other than my own bed...and sometimes, that is the best place to rest....like getting back into your own nest. Sleep does not come easy with pain meds in you.
Please don't waste time, money or energy looking for a bed you won't need. Instead, put it into making food ahead so you can eat well and recover fast. And get a bottle of Vit. B Complex in...B is needed for optimum nerve performance and it helps them to heal faster. And some Vit. A cream for the scar...I used fresh aloe as well and both help.
Knowing I may be headed for surgery I am already doing what I now know I needed to do before my others...cleaning the floors and getting all junk up and off the floors. It's hard to see the floor with the brace on and I kept tripping on stuff left on the floor by hubby(or cats). Slipped on newspapers he left in a pile that fell over and almost killed me! Get rid of throw rugs for that period of time too. Try walking around with your head held high and see what you can't see on the floor so you know what has to be cleared. No one warned me about that.
And since bending over is a problem, having food made ahead is wonderful. Portable food stuff you can eat and drink in bed or wherever you happen to be sitting is good. I moved the microwave up to eye level rather than lower so I could see what was cooking and if it was done.....it's hard to bend down and see.
And if you really want to get something...get a stool for the shower so you can sit and relax in the water once the stitches are out. It feels so good but you may be tired.
If you have a soft collar at home, put it on and then imagine it being higher up and then see what you can do and what you can't. That will tell you what you need to do ahead of time...but buying a hospital bed is not one of them. Save the money for the bills. You'll have them.
I see the doctor on Friday and have lots of questions. I am going to look at a used home version hospital bed tonight (electric up and down but not for height). My normal bed is a waterbed that I haven't been able to lay in for 4 months - it puts pressure on my neck and is terribly painful! (just like riding in a car, very painful). I've been sleeping in a futon which is acceptable, but it is very very low to the ground and I have to almost push myself and bend to get out of it. We don't have a recliner I can use. The lady wants $100 for it, and hopefully we can resell it for $50 when I'm done. I'll be alone for most nights and mornings since my husband will go to work again on day 5 so I figured I'd better get something better than what I have. I'll let you know how it goes. But thanks for all your advice. I sure wish we lived closer!!
I did check with STD and it is with Mutual of Omaha. She said she is still awaiting my paperwork back from my doctor (I'll ask about that on Friday for sure). Said it shouldn't be a problem if I am out up to 11 weeks, but ultimately it is what the doctor writes and my recovery that dictates how long I am out.
Last time I talked to the doctor he was not going to give me a neck brace, said the hardware would work by itself. He is a neurosurgeon and has been in practice 30 plus years. I guess I just have to believe him? I do have a soft collar and have had plenty of days I've worn it as it really helps with the pain of needing to look down (I had to deliver a litter of puppies a few weeks ago during all this - definitely a neck collar kind of day and night!)..
I am not the type of person to sit still so I know I'll want to be up and about. But I've heard with not being able to look down, going out for walks will be very difficult. I'll likely ask my husband to walk with me when he is home in the evening, but the for day hours I'll be on my own from when I wake up till 7 pm at night.
Thanks for the tip on vitamin E complex and vitamin A cream - they are on my list of things to get the night before..
As to showering one person wrote she brought in a beach chair and her husband washed her hair for her in the tub. I guess I'll try that. Our shower does have a bench in it (but it is cold to sit on since it is tile!), so once I do progress to showers I have somewhere to sit if necessary. Thanks for the wonderful tip.
Having food made is a wonderful idea! I think I'll cook up a pot of stew this weekend and freeze several bowls! I've heard the first week food that is softer is easier, but it is also good to challenge yourself and try to swallow as soon as you can. So I have some soft foods on the list and some others that I like but will need a bit of cutting. I imagine cutting food is difficult if you can't look down! Oh, I have so many things to learn.
How soon did either of you go into a shower or pool? I love to swim , or at least move around in our pool. You'll both laugh, but we have 6 dogs and they all love to swim with us! We have bins of toys for them that we throw in and they jump to get them and then get them out of the pool. I know I won't be able to bend to pick up their toys, but at least if I can get in the pool I'll get some exercise moving around. It is just scarry to think of getting in there and not looking down!!
I am sending both of you a hug - you are both very brave women who have had many surgeries. the time you spend her to calm the nerves of us newbies is very grateful!! I wish you both the best and hope that the surgery goes well for you as well.
I typed up a long response and lost it….ugh, my fault.
Most people don’t realize how STD is done; thinking the date the physician denotes as the expected return to work date is what drives the claim. In fact, the dates means very little. Mutual of Omaha, as like many other insurance companies, uses well documented and standard disability claim duration guidelines in “Managed Disability”. Managed Disability means that every claim is carefully managed to minimize time away from work.
The ins co takes into consideration the diagnosis, type of surgery, and the type of job/occupation. Job categories are: sedentary, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy. Unless your job is in the heavy/very heavy category, and ACDF results in approval to 6 weeks post op. The initial approval letter will likely say “you are approved through (date) and are expected to return to work on (date). If you find you are unable to return to work, please have your physicians send us proof of medical reasons that you are not yet able to return to work. Proof would be medical records, office notes, test results, etc which show that your recovery has been delayed.
STD for ACDF is most commonly approved through 6 weeks post-op. The STD plan most often requires that STD begin after a few days out of work, those days you use PTO/vacation/sick pay.
*Paper: You are sent forms for you and the doctor, the employer fills out their portion and provides that to the ins co.
*Telephonic: Your HR/Benefits give you a phone number to call to start your claim. Have all the contact information for your doctor and the surgical facility at hand before making that call.
*On-Line: Your HR/Benefits gives you instructions of how to submit your claim online.
One key form is an authorization to allow the doctor to talk to Mutual of Omaha. At the doctor’s appointment ask if they have an authorization form you can complete so they can talk to Mutual of Omaha to expedite the claim. In case they don’t, bring a homemade one that has your full name/address/contact info at the top and your DOB. Then type “I (name) give the office of Dr. (name) permission to provide any requested information to Mutual of Omaha for the purpose of my Short Term Disability claim”. Then sign and date.
Most employers run STD and FMLA concurrently (at the same time) so if your STD claim ends at 6 wk post op you can take additional time under FMLA if your doctor agrees to complete needed paperwork. STD is based on the policy/plan definition of disabled which most often means the inability to do the essential duties of your job. FMLA is not based on disability, just on medical request for time off for your care or the care of direct relatives.
Hi spineAZ, you certainly do have the STD downpat!! I am very grateful for your expertise. At my job there is a 2 week waiting period before I can get STD. I have some vacation time left and a holiday falls in that time and my employer said I will get paid for it. So in the 2 weeks I'll only have one day not paid. Then the STD will kick in. I already filled out all the FMLA and STD paperwork and dropped the necessary copies at my doctors office almost 2 weeks ago. Nothing is done yet so I'm gonna raise hell on Friday when I go. My office said they must have them by early next week..
I will definitely ask the doctor about an authorization to speak directly to the insurance company. But I am pretty sure I remember that in the stack of paperwork.
This sure is very confusing.
We had no luck with the hospital bed tonight. We drove an hour after the lady emailed my husband 3 times today. And she was a no show! So upsetting. There is one more we are going to look at close by and if that doesn't work I'll go with the wedge - I found one on ****** for $30.. But I would need to do it soon, I'm running out of time.
How are you feeling? Can you do much walking with your knee the way it is? I don't know much about knee problems so I can't help much! Now if you want to talk about computer viruses or backups I'm your gal! I work at a college in Winter Park in the IT dept.
Take care and again a big thanks for your thoughts, time and wisdom!
In the interest of time perhaps order the bed wedge since it's not much in terms of cost. Some hospital beds come with the frame only and mattress is a separate purchase. Unless you get a hospital bed cheap you may end up regretting spending big money on one. If the futon hasn't been working for you perhaps a replacement bed at standard height. We have a store here with a full/queen set at $200 or less. Not the most luxurious but great for guest room.
Your surgeon's office may be holding the forms until the appointment. Often they want to discuss with the patient before completion. They don't know if you are out of work now. The form requires the doc put the date you were first unable to work and he won't know your specific situation, other diagnosis you may have, medications, what your job requires, etc.
Last edited by SpineAZ; 08-17-2011 at 07:40 PM.
Hi spineaz and jennybyc. I hope you are both feeling as well as you can be. My heart really goes out to both of you to be having continued pain after all you have been thru.
Quick question, I saw on the list of items to have prior to ACDF - get button down tops as you cannot put a top on over your head. I have a few, not sure if I need more. So far I do not think I'll have a hard colar to wear. Do you have any idea of how long a time it is before I can pull a shirt over my head?
My husband really thinks I need this hospital bed. We drove an hour last night only for a no-show! I told him if we don't have a bed by tonight I'm ordering the wedge!
Thanks again for all your comments and suggestions. Even though I am very worried, talking to both of you is really helping!!
I ordered button down shirts from a catalog. CHEAP shirts. You can go to stores like KMart or WalMart and check out their selection of button down shirts, especially clearance. Check the mens department also, they often have some baseball jersey type button downs and if you find those in cotton they are quite comfortable. Get a few that are comfortable to wear, maybe one size bigger than you wear. I then donated most of those shirts to Goodwill and kept a few for "just in case". It's not only for the brace but more comfortable to put on and take off a button down shirt.
The interesting thing is your husband probably doesn't get that you won't be bed bound after this surgery. You will be expected to be up and out of bed during the day finding a comfortable place to sit/recline, take small walks, etc. The cost of a hospital bed are likely higher than the benefit. If you have a standard bed with a bed wedge you'll be able to get comfortable. Make sure you have pillows that can easily be adjusted, in case you need to buy 1-2 pillows that are very easy to mush and fold. Many people here have found recliners to be more comfortable than bed. You can rent recliners or find a clearance one at a furniture store. | 2019-04-25T16:09:45Z | https://www.healthboards.com/boards/spinal-cord-disorders/864363-acdf-2-weeks-pain-meds-hospital-bed.html |
The credibility and effectiveness of country climate targets under the Paris Agreement requires that, in all greenhouse gas (GHG) sectors, the accounted mitigation outcomes reflect genuine deviations from the type and magnitude of activities generating emissions in the base year or baseline. This is challenging for the forestry sector, as the future net emissions can change irrespective of actual management activities, because of age-related stand dynamics resulting from past management and natural disturbances. The solution implemented under the Kyoto Protocol (2013–2020) was accounting mitigation as deviation from a projected (forward-looking) “forest reference level”, which considered the age-related dynamics but also allowed including the assumed future implementation of approved policies. This caused controversies, as unverifiable counterfactual scenarios with inflated future harvest could lead to credits where no change in management has actually occurred, or conversely, failing to reflect in the accounts a policy-driven increase in net emissions. Instead, here we describe an approach to set reference levels based on the projected continuation of documented historical forest management practice, i.e. reflecting age-related dynamics but not the future impact of policies. We illustrate a possible method to implement this approach at the level of the European Union (EU) using the Carbon Budget Model.
Using EU country data, we show that forest sinks between 2013 and 2016 were greater than that assumed in the 2013–2020 EU reference level under the Kyoto Protocol, which would lead to credits of 110–120 Mt CO2/year (capped at 70–80 Mt CO2/year, equivalent to 1.3% of 1990 EU total emissions). By modelling the continuation of management practice documented historically (2000–2009), we show that these credits are mostly due to the inclusion in the reference levels of policy-assumed harvest increases that never materialized. With our proposed approach, harvest is expected to increase (12% in 2030 at EU-level, relative to 2000–2009), but more slowly than in current forest reference levels, and only because of age-related dynamics, i.e. increased growing stocks in maturing forests.
Our science-based approach, compatible with the EU post-2020 climate legislation, helps to ensure that only genuine deviations from the continuation of historically documented forest management practices are accounted toward climate targets, therefore enhancing the consistency and comparability across GHG sectors. It provides flexibility for countries to increase harvest in future reference levels when justified by age-related dynamics. It offers a policy-neutral solution to the polarized debate on forest accounting (especially on bioenergy) and supports the credibility of forest sector mitigation under the Paris Agreement.
In order to achieve the Paris Agreement’s long-term goal of keeping “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C” , countries “should take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases […], including forests” (Art 5.1 of the Paris Agreement) and “are encouraged to take action to implement and support […] activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation” (Art 5.2).
A high expectation for forest mitigation emerges both in countries’ climate targets (i.e., the nationally determined contributions, NDCs), where forests are assumed to provide up to a quarter of planned emission reductions by 2030 , and in estimates of land-based mitigation potential and pathways to achieve 2° . Globally, most of the cost-effective mitigation potential is expected from avoided deforestation in the tropics . However, the management of temperate and boreal forests also offers a rich portfolio of effective mitigation options (e.g. ), including conserving and enhancing the existing sink and using wood-based products to reduce emissions in other sectors through material and energy substitution .
Furthermore, when countries “account” for the impact of mitigation actions towards their NDCs (including the forest sector), they “shall promote environmental integrity, transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency, and ensure the avoidance of double counting” (Art 4.13 of the Paris Agreement).
In order to achieve the most cost-effective mitigation and to ensure no displacement of emissions among GHG sectors, countries are required (or encouraged, for developing countries) to commit to economy-wide mitigation targets (Art 4.4 of the Paris Agreement). In these kinds of targets, the fungibility across sectors requires that mitigation contributions from different GHG sectors are consistent and comparable, i.e. “one ton of carbon” in one sector should correspond to “one ton of carbon” in other sectors. In principle, within an economy-wide target expressed relative to a base year (or baseline), future net GHG emissions from all sectors should be compared to the net GHG emissions of the base year (or baseline), and any resulting reduction of emissions may be considered to reflect changes in management (i.e., in the type and magnitude of activities, due to policy or market drivers) and consequently a mitigation effort. However, this approach does not necessarily work for existing forests.
Assessing the mitigation outcomes in the forest sector is more complex than in other GHG sectors (e.g., energy, agriculture). This is because it can be hard to disentangle the simultaneous natural and anthropogenic processes that determine forest-related fluxes. Moreover, unlike other sectors, future emissions and removals in forests can change over time as a result of forest characteristics such as age-class distributions, which are largely determined by past forest management and natural disturbances .
Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), this complexity has been addressed through a distinction between “reporting” and “accounting” of GHG fluxes, which is unique for the sector “land use, land-use change and forestry” (LULUCF, [8, 9]).
“Reporting” refers to the inclusion of estimates of anthropogenic GHG fluxes in national GHG inventories, following the methodological guidance provided by the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC). As a pragmatic solution for reporting anthropogenic fluxes under UNFCCC, the IPCC developed the “managed land proxy”. This assumes that all GHG fluxes occurring on land identified by the country as “managed land” are “anthropogenic” [10, 11]. The GHG inventories reported under the UNFCCC should, in principle, aim to reflect “what the atmosphere sees” in managed lands, within the limits given by the method used and the data available.
In the context of mitigation targets (e.g. under the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement), “accounting” refers to the comparison of emissions and removals with the target and quantifies progress toward the target. Targets are typically expressed relative to the emissions in a base year (or baseline), thus the accounted mitigation outcomes should reflect genuine deviations from the activities generating emissions in the base year (or baseline). For the LULUCF sector, specific “accounting rules” may be applied to filter reported flux estimates with the aim to better quantify the results of mitigation actions (and implicitly to reflect a deviation from a historical or business-as-usual management). LULUCF accounting then produces “debits” or “credits” (i.e. extra emissions or extra emission reductions, respectively) that count toward the target. This should provide appropriate incentives/disincentives for beneficial/detrimental actions and help assessing the effectiveness of policy measures . At the same time, credibility in LULUCF accounting is required to give confidence that credits are not earned when mitigation has not occurred.
Note that the “filtering” done by LULUCF accounting may be important in the context of the NDCs—to help ensuring comparability and consistency across sectors and countries—but it does not necessarily apply for assessing the “balance” between global anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals in the second half of this century (Art. 4.1 of the Paris Agreement). The “balance” refers more to “what the atmosphere sees”, reflecting the collective countries’ progress, rather than to the impact of individual country’s mitigation actions. Although the modalities for assessing “balance” under the Global Stocktake (Art 14) are still under discussion, all the “anthropogenic” removals reported for managed lands in GHG inventories are expected to be taken into account , including those that do not necessarily reflect a deviation from historical management.
For land that experiences human-induced forest conversions (i.e. afforestation, reforestation or deforestation), the quantification of the mitigation actions is straightforward because the GHG fluxes are clearly result of direct human actions. Thus under the Kyoto Protocol all forest conversion fluxes reported under UNFCCC are accounted towards mitigation targets.
However, the problem of disentangling the impact of mitigation efforts in extant forests (i.e. “forest remaining forest” in country GHG inventories, including areas classified as forest for at least 20 years) is more complex. Legacy effects, resulting from past natural disturbances and forest management activities, determine today’s forest age-class distribution and in turn future emissions and removals . In this situation, countries could be “penalized” if forests are getting older, because the net sink may decrease due to age-related effects (e.g., lower increment generally associated with older forests) and not with changes in management. Conversely, countries may benefit from increasing sinks in young existing forests without implementation of deliberate changes in forest management that happen subsequent to the base year (e.g., sinks could be due to recovery from past disturbance).
Despite several efforts to develop widely acceptable accounting rules, assessing the mitigation outcomes in extant forests has always been a controversial topic during climate negotiations, affecting adversely the credibility of the forest sink mitigation and its comparability with other GHG sectors [13–16]. The solution adopted under the 1st commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008–2012)—i.e. a simple cap applied to the GHG flux of extant forests, to reflect that this flux was not entirely anthropogenic—has been widely criticized for limiting the incentive for further mitigation action .
To better reflect the deviation from a business-as-usual management of mitigation actions, the concept of a projected (forward-looking) “reference level” was developed. The reference level provides a counterfactual business-as-usual scenario of what future net emissions would be, against which the actual future net emissions can be compared [7, 12, 17]. If mitigation actions beyond the business-as-usual management resulted in changes in net emissions, then this will be reflected in the difference between the business-as-usual reference level and the actual emissions.
This concept was adopted for accounting the mitigation by extant forest under the 2nd commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (KP-CP2, 2013–2020) , with an additional “cap” on any resulting accounted “credit” which is equal to 3.5% of total emissions (in all sectors) in the base year (e.g. 1990). To this aim, Annex 1 (i.e., developed) countries submitted projected forest reference levels in 2011 following a specific UNFCCC guidance . Importantly, these reference levels under the Kyoto Protocol included the projected impact of not only age-related dynamics, but in some cases also of the assumed future implementation of domestic policies adopted by 2009. For example, pre-2009 policies allowing increasing harvest up to a certain % of the increment, or planning new biomass power plants (which require additional harvest), were included in some reference levels . This was controversial, as it opens up the possibility of inflating future expectations of emissions, in order to make targets easier to meet [15, 16, 21–23]. Despite these concerns, reference levels have been generally seen as a step forward in accounting for mitigation through the forest sector.
In the EU, forests have recently been accumulating more timber volume (growing stock) than was harvested : for the period 2000–2016, they acted as a average net sink of ≈ 430 Mt CO2/year, equivalent to about 9% of total EU GHG emissions over the same period . Most of this sink (≈ 380 Mt CO2/year) occurs in the “forest remaining forest” category, with the remainder in the “land converted to forest” (including afforestation or reforestation) category. Since forests are getting older in most EU countries, and because older forests grow more slowly, the extent to which this sink may be sustained in the near future is uncertain . In addition, new policies will likely increase harvest (e.g., ), leading to a possible reduction of the sink over the next few decades.
In the context of the discussion on the inclusion of the LULUCF sector in the EU 2030 climate targets and thus in the EU NDC to the Paris Agreement, the approach and criteria to set the projected “forest reference levels” (FRLs) for post-2020 have triggered controversy and much debate, especially in relation to forest bioenergy (e.g. [15, 29]). The controversy is, in simple terms: if the forest sink decreases as a result of an increase in harvest driven by policies (e.g. support for biomass use for energy, leading to increase in wood demand), should this reduced forest sink be reflected in the accounting toward the EU NDC target?
Some country and forest stakeholders consider that any increase in harvest in the context of existing “sustainable forest management policies” (e.g., harvesting potentially up to the full forest growth increment) should be allowed without generating accounting “debits” (see e.g. ). The proponents of this approach argue that they have growing forests due to their past management and thus should be able to harvest this growth so long as they are not reducing stocks. Enabling such an increase in harvest without debits would be similar to the approach implemented in the KP-CP2, i.e. allowing for inclusion in the reference level of a projected (assumed) policy-driven increase in harvesting (i.e. a “demand-side” projection), and the related reduction in the net carbon sink. However, does this approach truly reflect a genuine deviation from a business-as-usual management? And is this approach comparable with the way GHG emissions are treated in other sectors?
The aim of our study is to present a credible approach for the accounting of forest mitigation that is consistent and comparable to the way GHG emissions are treated in other sectors, while avoiding potentially “unfair” outcomes associated with the possible future decline of the forest sink (or the increase of forest harvest) because of age-related dynamics.
We first assess the EU-level impact of including the assumed future effect of policies in the forest reference levels under the Kyoto Protocol, based on the country GHG reporting available so far (2013–2016). Based on the lessons learnt under the Kyoto Protocol, and building on a previous methodological report , we propose our approach for a more credible accounting of the forest sink mitigation outcomes and illustrate a possible method to implement it. We then apply this method in the EU, using the Carbon Budget Model [31, 32], and discuss the implications of our findings in the context of EU policy, the Paris Agreement and the recent debates on bioenergy accounting.
The calculation the forest reference levels under the Kyoto Protocol CP2 (called “forest management reference levels”, FMRLs), submitted and technically assessed in 2011 , considered the effects of age-related stand dynamics and implicitly allowed for inclusion of the assumed future implementation of domestic policies that had already been approved.
The data reported by EU countries for the period 2013–2016 shows that the observed annual harvest at EU level was significantly lower (about 45 Mm3/year less) than that projected in FMRLs (Fig. 1a). This discrepancy may be explained by various factors, including an under-estimation of the impact of the 2009 economic crisis, and other factors that mean policies to increase harvest had not been implemented. This difference in projected vs. actual harvest, in turn, led to a reported forest sink in the 2018 GHG inventories that is much greater than the projected FMRL sink (Fig. 1b).
Using the available information on HWP and on “technical corrections” (i.e. corrections to be applied when accounting, to ensure methodological consistency ), the amount of forest credits at EU level would be about 110–120 Mt CO2/year (or about 70–80 Mt CO2/year, equivalent to 1.3% of 1990 EU total emissions, when the “3.5% cap” on credits is applied). These estimates are preliminary, because they are based only on the first 4 years out of the eight of the KP-CP2.
Based on the lessons learnt under the Kyoto Protocol, we developed an approach for a more credible accounting of the forest sink mitigation. Our approach is based on the principle that the accounting of mitigation outcomes should reflect fully the impact of changes in forest management practice (policy- or market-driven) relative to a historical reference period, similarly to the way GHG emissions are treated in other sectors. As a consequence, we propose that forest reference levels are projected assuming the business-as-usual “continuation of documented historical forest management practice”. This approach considers the country-specific forest characteristics and the forest age-related dynamic, but does not include assumptions on the future impact of policies (see “Methods” for details).
We estimated the harvest (Fig. 2a) and the forest sink (Fig. 2b) at EU level for the period 2009–2030, assuming the continuation of the forest management practice documented for the historical reference period (RP) 2000–2009.
The historical and future evolution of net emissions from harvested wood products (HWP, Fig. 3) reflects the balance between the carbon inflow (affected by the current harvest) and the outflow (affected, among other things, by the long-term turnover rate of HWP commodities, influenced by past harvest rates). The influence of the inflow is evident comparing Figs. 2a and 3: the rapid increase in harvest observed between 2000 and 2007, followed by a rapid decline in 2008–2009 (Fig. 2a), is also partly reflected in the historical HWP trend (Fig. 3). Our estimated continuation of historical management practice produced a trend of a slightly increasing HWP “sink” up to 2030 (Fig. 3), because of the increased inflow associated with increased harvest.
Figure 4 shows the long-term evolution (1960–2010) of the historical net forest increment (rate of annual growth) and harvest at EU level (based on ), alongside our estimates of future increment and harvest expected up to 2030 assuming the continuation of historical forest management practice. Our projections suggest a slight decline in the net increment, consistent with the recent trend reported by EU forest inventories and in the scientific literature (e.g. ): after a long-lasting increase in net forest increment from 1960s to early 2000s, from around 2005 the forest increment at EU level showed the first signs of saturation and possible slight decline. It should be noted that our simulations do not incorporate the impact of environmental change (e.g. temperature, CO2), the effects of which have been a net sink in northern temperate regions during recent decades . Since the biomass available for wood supply is expected to increase in the future (due to forest aging), application of our method means the absolute harvest volumes are also going up. This means that at the EU level, based on our results for the scenario of continuation of historical forest management practice, the proportion of harvest to net increment (i.e. the % of net increment that can be harvested as part of the reference level, i.e. without debits) is expected to increase by more than 10% in 2021–2030 relative to 2000–2009.
The approach that we propose is based on the principle that the accounting of forest mitigation outcomes should reflect fully the impact of changes in forest management practice relative to a historical reference period. This allows the accounting of forest mitigation to be more comparable to other GHG sectors, and thus more credible, because all sectors implicitly reflect the impact of policy/management changes relative to a base year or period. This is a key feature of economy-wide climate targets under the Paris Agreement, where “one ton of carbon” in one sector should correspond to “one ton of carbon” in other sectors.
For instance, for a given area the emissions from the Agriculture sector depend, among other things, on the management of agricultural soils (e.g. on the amount of nitrogen fertilization). If this management remains constant, the associated emissions also remain constant. If some management practice changes, emissions also change (relative to a base year), and the reporting and accounting will reflect the emissions including the change.
For the areas of existing forests (“forest remaining forest”) the age-related dynamics complicate things for two reasons. First, growth rates are age dependent, and the age-class distribution of a landscape, which reflects past natural and human disturbances, therefore affects future growth. Second, the current forest management may be, e.g., to harvest a certain forest species at 80 years. The total amount of future harvest (i.e., a key driver of forest net emissions) does not only depend on the age at which harvest occurs, but also on the amount of forest area which reaches 80 years in a given period, i.e. on long-term legacy effects generated by past management and natural disturbances. One may continue the same management (e.g., harvest at 80 years) but the total amount of harvest over time will increase or decrease depending on the age structure of the forests. As a consequence, measuring the forest mitigation performance relative to the absolute emissions and removals of the base year (or period) may lead to outcomes that reflect age-related legacy effects rather than changes in forest management, with accounted credits and debits therefore not reflecting mitigation efforts.
We address this challenge by proposing to account the forest sink mitigation as deviation from a projected “forest reference level” (FRL) estimated assuming the “continuation of documented historical forest management practice”. This approach is based on three key concepts.
First, the method reflects continuation of management practice that is documentable, quantifiable and reviewable for a historical Reference Period (RP) comparable to the base year used in other GHG sectors. Forest management practice may be defined in different ways, based on country-specific circumstances. This typically includes the operations aimed at fulfilling specific forest functions (production, protection, etc.), such as the regeneration modality (natural or artificial) and the schedule and intensity of thinnings and final cut (e.g. ). Our approach simply requires identifying and documenting the country-specific forest management practices in the RP by using the best available data and quantifiable country-defined operational criteria (e.g., age, diameter, volume, etc.).
Second, the projection fully reflects the country-specific age-related forestry dynamics. To this aim, the continuation of forest management practice is combined with the expected changes in forest characteristics (e.g. biomass available for wood supply, net increment) as estimated deterministically from age-related dynamics after the RP.
Third, the projection does not include the assumed impact that existing or future policies and markets (i.e. demand-side dynamics) may have on future forest management practices. This represents the main difference with the approach under the Kyoto Protocol, where the assumed future impact of pre-2009 policies on the projected forest management was implicitly allowed. However, our approach will inherently reflect—through the documentation of management practice during the RP—the already observed impact of policies and markets enacted during the RP.
Therefore, our approach is flexible to accommodate country-specific circumstances yet is science-based, because it builds on documentable and reviewable past management practices (and does not include unreviewable assumptions on the future impacts of policies). The main aim of our approach is to enable a scientifically robust, transparent and credible accounting of forest mitigation, making it more similar to the way GHG emissions are treated in other sectors, while avoiding potentially “unfair” outcomes associated with the possible projected decline of the forest sink or increase of forest harvest because of age-related dynamics. At the same time, our approach maintains the appropriate incentives/disincentives for beneficial/detrimental actions, i.e. the positive or negative atmospheric impact of changes in management relative to the historical period are fully reflected in the accounts.
While the concepts above are particularly relevant for the EU, because of the predominant role of age structure dynamics in determining EU forest GHG fluxes, our approach is potentially applicable to all countries.
Building on an earlier methodological report supporting the EU legislative LULUCF proposal , here we illustrate and implement at EU level a method aimed at implementing the principle above. Our method helps to distinguish between a change in harvest rate that results from policy changes, from a change in harvest that is independent of policy changes (see Methods for details). When implementing our method at EU level, here we used 2000–2009 as the RP. This RP ensures a good comparability with other GHG sectors (whose targets are expressed relative to 2005) and excludes the impact of national policies that, following the adoption of the 2009 EU renewable energy directive, incentivized forest bioenergy and thus increased wood demand.
The refined and more detailed approach and calculations presented in this paper should help clarifying some common misunderstanding of the approach as presented earlier and widely debated: First, the forest reference that we propose is not “an estimate of the average annual net emissions or removals realized in the past” (e.g. ), but incorporates fully the impact of age-related forest dynamics in future emissions and removals. Second, arguing that the continuation of historical forest management practices would lead to chose “incorrect harvesting strategies” implies that our approach aims to identifying uniquely the best harvesting strategy (for the propose of climate mitigation), which is not the case. The best forest mitigation strategy is the one that optimizes the sum of all mitigation options in a given (policy-determined) time frame, a complex task whose solution is very much country-specific (e.g., [6, 37]). If such country-specific solutions are identified and implemented, any resulting reductions in emissions or increases in sinks relative to the reference level will be accounted by countries. Therefore, our approach implicitly encourages those improvements to forest management that improve the net GHG balance.
We note that other methods may exist that fulfill the principles above. For example, if a country has very precise information on the forest management practice that actually occurred during the historical RP, then the country may directly use this information, without necessarily performing all the specific calculations described here. Instead, our method has been specifically designed to be potentially also applicable when only generic information on historical management practice is available, which is the most likely situation.
Our method, as any modeled projection, contains uncertainties, mainly related to the original input data and to methodological assumptions. Different factors, such as initial age class distribution (i.e., at the beginning of the model run), past natural disturbances (fires and storms), the criteria and timing for thinnings and final cuts, the share of harvest between different silvicultural operations and between different species, may considerably affect the projected age class distribution and, as a consequence, the future amount of harvest . Other sources of uncertainty are the future impact of natural disturbances and of climate change or atmospheric CO2 , not addressed in our study.
The analysis presented here supports and reinforces previous suggestions (e.g. [16, 21, 23, 40, 41]), i.e. that including policy-driven harvest assumptions in the FRL risks compromising the accuracy and credibility of the forest accounting, as summarized and further developed in the following points.
Risk of “”windfall” credits, i.e. credits for no activity: Based on the available data (Fig. 1), we show that the forest management sink reported at EU level for the first 4 years of the KP-CP2 (i.e. 2013–2016) would result in potential credits equal to about 110–120 Mt CO2/year (or 70–80 Mt CO2/year, with the cap on credits applied, equivalent to about 1.3% of 1990 EU total emissions). Our estimates based on the continuation of forest management practice documented during 2000–2009 (Fig. 2) suggest that most of these potential KP-CP2 forest credits do not reflect a genuine change in management, but are rather associated with the high projected harvest rates assumed at the time of setting the reference level (2011), and which have in fact not yet materialized. Although this analysis is preliminary, it raises legitimate doubts on the credibility of forest “credits” accounted as a result of deviations from policy assumptions that are essentially not reviewable from a technical point of view (a review of policy assumption may be perceived as a policy judgment, not acceptable under a review process, e.g. ). Adding a cut-off date on policies (e.g. 2009, as for KP-CP2) does not necessarily help, because policies approved before that date (e.g. plans of future new biomass power plants) may still potentially justify including a policy-assumed future increase of harvest in the reference level.
Risk of “hiding emissions”, i.e. omitting policy-driven increases in emissions: From an atmospheric perspective, a reduction in the forest sink leads to more CO2 remaining in the atmosphere and is thus mathematically equivalent to a net increase in emissions. If this reduction in sink is driven by policy-related harvest increases, including it in the FRL means effectively “hiding” the impact of new or modified forest policies on resulting changes in forest management from the accounts. No other GHG sector is allowed to omit anthropogenic emissions from accounting. Even under “sustainable” forest management, e.g., when harvest does not exceed forest growth (so the forest carbon stock does not decline), omitting a policy-driven decrease of the sink from the accounts cannot be justified if credibility and comparability with other sectors is to be maintained. Should this be allowed, in the EU a loss of a sink of up to 380 Mt CO2/year (i.e. the current sink in forest remaining forest) could be “seen by the atmosphere” but disappear from the accounts. This issue of credibility and comparability holds true even if the policies behind the harvest increase are well justifiable from other perspectives (adaptation, bio-economy, stimulation of future sink, etc.).
Both points above are linked to the cross-sectorial consistency and comparability. Higher harvest rates may reduce the forest sink, but use of the extra harvested wood may lead to increased carbon stored in wood products and extra emission reductions in other sectors, e.g. through the substitution of wood for other more emissions-intensive materials (e.g. cement) or fossil fuels for energy purposes. Regardless of whether or not these emission reductions in other sectors fully compensate the reduced LULUCF sink due to extra harvest, they will be implicitly fully counted in the non-LULUCF sectors. With specific regard to bioenergy, the IPCC guidance does not assume that bioenergy use is “carbon neutral” (i.e. that biomass combustion emissions are always compensated by regrowth), but that any carbon loss is reported (and implicitly accounted) under the LULUCF sector rather than under the energy sector, to avoid double counting. Including policies in the FRL (e.g., policies incentivizing forest bioenergy, which leads to increased wood demand) means factoring out the impact of such policies from the accounting. This would undermine the comparability with the other economic sectors, where the atmospheric impact (positive or negative) of any policy after the base year is fully reflected in the accounts. Therefore, to avoid bias through incomplete accounting, and to ensure consistency and comparability with other GHG sectors, the full impact of policy-based changes in harvest beyond the continuation of management practices should be accounted for in the LULUCF sector.
There has recently been much debate within the EU on the proposed legislation for including LULUCF in the EU 2030 climate target . On the most controversial topic, i.e. on how to account forest mitigation through projected reference levels , the approach described here is compatible with the final EU LULUCF regulation .
The implementation of our approach at EU level shows that harvest volumes are expected to increase by 9% in the period 2021–2030, relative to 2000–2009, with a consequent reduction of the sink (by about 15%). This increase in harvest is slower than that assumed under the Kyoto Protocol (for 2013–2020) and it reflects only age-related dynamics, i.e. the increased growing stocks in maturing forests require more harvest to continue the forest management practice documented historically. This extra harvest will in any case provide opportunities for additional mitigation through material and energy substitution, without generating “debits” against the reference level. On the other hand, the impact of actual deviations from the historical management practice will be reflected in the account, like in any other GHG sector.
The decrease of the sink associated with our projected increase in harvest may be actually lower than we estimated. This is because our model runs did not include the impact of climate change or atmospheric CO2 on forest growth, which at EU level is likely to enhance growth (especially in Nordic countries )—although considerable uncertainty exists on the impact of natural disturbances ,—and because large opportunities exist to enhance forest growth through new management practices , beyond the business-as-usual continuation of historical management practice that we considered.
The EU legislation on bioenergy mirrors international (IPCC) rules and relies on the fact that carbon emissions are fully accounted under LULUCF in each country from which the biomass originates. Where the LULUCF sector is included in the economy-wide and internationally agreed commitments (as for the EU), if emissions occur in the LULUCF sector from biomass used for energy, they would have to be compensated by emission reductions elsewhere in the economy . In this context, we think that our proposed approach on FRL will help reconcile the very polarized debate on the use of forest bioenergy (e.g. [46, 47]). As noted by , there are strong reasons to object to generalized statements on the climate effect of forest bioenergy. While an in depth analysis of the climate effects of forest bioenergy is outside the scope of this paper, we do note that our approach is policy-neutral: it does not assume a priori that increasing bioenergy is good or bad, but requires the atmospheric impact of any bioenergy use associated with changes in management to be fully reflected in the country LULUCF accounts. In that respect, our approach leaves entirely to the countries the evaluation of which mix of forest mitigation options (e.g., increasing the forest sink, increasing carbon storage in harvested wood products, or increasing energy and/or material substitution) is more effective in their specific circumstances. At the same time, our approach will represent, if implemented, a strong incentive for countries to promote those forms of wood uses and bioenergy (e.g., including the cascading use of wood ) whose impacts effectively reduce net GHG emissions, and discourage those which result in negative impacts on the atmosphere (e.g. ).
The long-term goal of the Paris Agreement cannot be reached without a substantial and credible contribution from forests. Therefore, countries “should take action to conserve and enhance sinks”, and “shall promote environmental integrity, transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency” in accounting towards their NDCs. While the forest sink can contribute to GHG emission reductions in many countries [2, 3, 6], the credibility of this option is often challenged. In the context of a possible lack of precise rules on forest accounting under the Paris Agreement, the approach proposed here, compatible with the new EU legislation, may represent a precedent that helps other countries to make the forest sector more comparable to other GHG sectors, and therefore supports the much-needed credibility of the forest sink mitigation .
For the economy-wide country climate targets under the Paris Agreement to be credible, the accounts should reflect the atmospheric impact of all the changes in management activities (policy- or market-driven) relative to a base year (or baseline). This is challenging for the forest sector, because age-related legacy effects associated with past management and natural disturbances affect future net emissions. A way to address this challenge is accounting future mitigation as deviation from a projected (forward-looking) “forest reference level”. Under the Kyoto Protocol (2013–2020), these reference levels considered age-related forest dynamics, but also implicitly allowed the inclusion of the assumed future implementation of approved policies.
We show why including policy assumptions in reference levels undermines the credibility of the accounting. Our analysis of provisional results (for 2013–2016) for the EU forest reference levels under the Kyoto Protocol indicates that most of the anticipated 110–120 Mt CO2/year of forest credits (capped at 70–80 Mt CO2/year, equal to about 1.3% of 1990 EU total emissions) do not reflect real mitigation actions but mostly deviations from policy-assumed increases of harvest that failed to materialise. Conversely, had these policies materialized, a policy-driven reduction in the EU forest sink (equivalent to an increase in net emissions) would have been omitted from the accounts. This is not comparable with the way emissions are treated in other GHG sectors.
Instead we propose a science-based framework to assess the atmospheric impact of forest mitigation actions in the context of country climate targets. The main aim of our approach is to enable a transparent and credible accounting of forest mitigation, making it more similar to the way GHG emissions are treated in other sectors, while avoiding potentially unfair outcomes associated with the possible projected decline of the forest sink or increase of forest harvest because of age-related dynamics. To this aim, forest reference levels are projected assuming the continuation of historically documented forest management practices. This approach does not include assumptions on the future impact of policies but considers fully the country-specific forest characteristics and the age-related forest dynamics, i.e. depending on the age-class legacy resulting from past management and natural disturbances, continuation of historical forest management activities may lead to future increases or decreases in the carbon sink. As a result, countries are not “penalized” if forests get older, or past management successes result in increased available timber volumes in the future. The approach described here is compatible with the EU Regulation including the forest sector in the EU 2030 climate targets .
We then illustrate, and apply at EU level, a possible method to implement this approach. Our results shows that, because of increased timber volumes resulting from aging forests in many EU countries, the continuation of historical forest management practice implies increasing harvest rates by about 12% in 2030 at EU level, relative to a historical reference period 2000–2009 (Fig. 2). This extra harvest, and the consequent reduction of the sink, are associated with age-related dynamics and not with policy changes, and therefore will not generate “debits” against the reference level.
Our proposed approach offers a credible solution to the controversial debate on accounting the forest sink at the country level, particularly polarized in the case of forest bioenergy, and helps to increase the transparency and scientific credibility of forest mitigation within the Paris Agreement.
We analyzed the impact of the Forest Management Reference Level (FMRL) used for the KP-CP2 on the potential accounting credits from ‘forest management’ (FM) at EU level, for the period 2013–2016. This analysis is preliminary, because only the first 4 years of the eight of the KP-CP2 are assessed. We compared the values of projected harvest and sink included in the EU countries’ FMRL submissions (2011) with recent published data on actual values, i.e. FAO and other country statistics for the harvest , and the 2018 GHG inventories for the sink in the ‘forest remaining forest’ (F–F) category . To facilitate the comparison and have a longer time series, here we use F–F (as reported in the 2018 GHG inventories for 1990–2016) as proxy for FM (as reported under KP only for 2013–2016); although in specific countries F–F and FM may slightly differ for the years 2013–2016 (F–F includes the area being forest for at least 20 years, while FM includes the area being forest since 1990), the difference at the EU level is negligible (< 1%).
The data on F–F sink were complemented by the available information (from 2018 GHG inventories) on harvested wood products (HWP) and on “technical corrections” (i.e. corrections to ensure methodological consistency between the FMRL and reported GHG estimates ), in order to obtain a preliminary estimate of the potential FM credits at EU level for the period 2013–2016, with or without the “cap” of forest credits.
The conceptual framework that we propose for accounting mitigation from forest management is based on the principle that the accounting of mitigation outcomes should reflect fully the impact of changes in forest management practice (policy- or market-driven) relative to a historical reference period. This principle makes the forest accounting comparable to other GHG sectors.
The approach that we propose aims to fulfill the above principle through a “forest reference level” (FRL) based on projected business-as-usual continuation of historical management practice, i.e. continuing the forest management practice documented in a historical Reference Period (RP). This RP is comparable to the base year used in other GHG sectors.
This approach builds on documentable and reviewable past management practices (that should be defined by the country), fully reflects the country-specific age-related forestry dynamics, and does not include unreviewable assumptions about the future impacts of policies. In other words, our approach is based on the supply-side deterministic evolution of forest resources, but ignores the demand-side dynamics (i.e. possible future impact of policies and markets).
The principle and concepts above may be implemented with different methods. For instance, if a country has very precise information on the forest management practice that actually occurred during the historical RP, based on model reconstructions and/or silvicultural management plans and thinning and harvest records for individual stands (e.g., for even-aged Norway spruce privately owned, final clear-cut occurs at 90 years and thinning of 20% of biomass occurs at 25, 40 and 55 years, etc.), the model may directly use this information. In this case, which is very data intensive, the harvest would be an output of the model. However, a second case is more likely, i.e. that information on management practice during the RP can be expressed only through ranges, based on plans, silvicultural books or expert judgment (e.g. for even-aged Norway spruce privately owned, final clear-cut occurs between 80 and 140 years and thinning occurs anywhere between 20 and 60 years). For this latter case (information on management practice expressed as ranges), we developed and implemented at EU level a possible (i.e., non-exclusive) method to implement the principle outlined above.
In the following two sections, we first illustrate the key steps of this method, largely following an earlier methodological report supporting the EU LULUCF legislation, and then we describe the implementation of this method at EU level with the Carbon Budget Model.
The purpose of this section is to illustrate the key methodological steps applied to produce the results shown in the next sections. For further details, see .
Step 1. Stratify the area of “forest remaining forest” (F–F), based on national circumstances and data availability. Each stratum is typically characterized by specific management objectives and supporting practices which may depend, among other things (Duncker et al. ), on (i) predetermined (and largely un-modifiable) conditions, such as the climate and bio-geophysical site conditions; (ii) the forest species/type, and (iii) the functions assigned to a certain forest area (production, protection, recreation, etc.), affected also by the ownership.
Step 2. Identify and document the forest management practices for each stratum during the RP, using the best available data. Each management practice (e.g. thinning and final cut) is described through quantifiable country-defined “operational criteria” (e.g., age, diameter or volume at which thinning or final harvest occurs) representing the most plausible estimate of the practices applied during the RP. For example, an even-aged conifer high forest (i.e., a forest originated from seed or from planted seedlings), whose main function is timber production, may require a clearcut between 60 and 100 years, while an uneven-aged mixed forest requires partial or selective cutting.
Step 3. Project the evolution of F–F area. This area may change in time due to two dynamic processes, i.e. area of “land converted to forest” entering the F–F category (after a transition period, typically 20 years), and area of F–F converted to other land-uses (i.e. deforestation). While for the gross expansion of F–F area data from GHG inventories can be used (i.e. the area of land converted to forest in the period 2001–2005 is typically expected to enter the F–F category in 2021–2025), for deforestation it can be assumed that the past rate of deforestation (as documented in the country GHG inventory for the RP) will continue.
Step 4. Project the future carbon gains (step 4.1, forest increment) and losses (step 4.2, i.e., harvest, mortality, natural disturbances) in each forest carbon pool and stratum of F–F, and then project the carbon stock change in harvested wood products pool (HWP, step 4.3).
Step 4.1. The forest increment is calculated by combining, for each stratum, the expected evolution of increment (i.e. as affected by age structure and yield curves) with the continuation of the management practices described in step 2. Iterations with step 4.2 may be needed.
Step 4.2. Here we summarize the procedure to calculate the carbon losses due to future harvest expected under the continuation of the management practices (for other losses and non-CO2 emissions, see ). For each stratum and management practice, the following sub-steps need to be implemented (see Fig. 5).
Calculate the “biomass available for wood supply” during the historical RP, BAWSRP (including wood for energy uses). This BAWS is the potential biomass subject to each operational criterion defined above for each forest management practice and in each stratum (e.g. if 80–140 years is the range at which final cut occurred for Norway spruce during the RP, the BAWS is the biomass available in this range). Each stratum can be potentially subject to multiple operations (e.g. thinning and final felling, can occur in the same stratum, on different age classes).
Document the harvest volumes (e.g., m3) during the historical RP (HRP), based on statistics and/or modelling analysis.
The HFRP is a proxy that implicitly expresses the impact of all constraints (markets, policies, owners’ behavior, accessibility, etc.) on harvest volumes during RP. HRP BAWSRP are, respectively, harvest volumes and biomass available for wood supply for the historical RP. This parameter provides a link between the broadly defined forest management practice (e.g. through ranges) and the amount of harvest that actually occurred during the RP.
Calculate the expected evolution of the biomass available for wood supply in the compliance period (CP, i.e. when accounting will occur), BAWSCP, by applying the same management practices of the RP (e.g., clearcut between 60 and 100 years) to the expected age-related evolution of forest characteristics (e.g., biomass, increment).
Project the amount of wood commodities entering the HWP pool in the CP consistently with the estimated harvest level during the CP, by assuming the use of the same fraction of harvest for the HWP commodity production as in the RP. This implicitly means continuing with the same % share of energy vs. non-energy use of wood as documented for the historical RP.
Project the use of wood in the CP by using the same % of HWP commodities (sawnwood, wood-based panels, paper and paperboard) as documented for the RP.
Once all the components above have been estimated, the projections of CO2 emissions and removals associated with the continuation of the management practices in F–F may be calculated as the sum of all gains and losses for all strata and years in the CP.
The method above was applied to 26 EU countries (all EU countries except Malta and Cyprus), using the Carbon Budget Model (CBM) developed by the Canadian Forest Service .
The CBM is an inventory-based, yield-curve-driven model that simulates the stand- and landscape-level C dynamics of above- and belowground biomass, dead organic matter (DOM; litter and dead wood) and mineral soil. The model has been already implemented at the EU level to estimate the forest C dynamics from 2000 to 2012 and the future carbon budget and fluxes under different management scenarios to 2030 . The main input data come from National Forest Inventories (NFIs, see [30, 38, 53]). Here we apply the same methods, data and assumptions used in these studies. The spatial framework applied by the CBM conceptually follows IPCC reporting method 1 , in which the spatial units are defined by their geographic boundaries and all forest stands are geographically referenced to a spatial unit (SPU). The intersection between 26 administrative units (i.e., European countries) and 36 climatic units yielded 910 SPUs. Within a SPU, each forest stand is characterized by age, area and seven classifiers that provide administrative and ecological information: the link to the appropriate yield curves; the parameters defining the silvicultural system, such as the forest composition (defined according to different forest types, FTs) and the management type (MT). From the NFIs of each country, we derived (i) the country-specific original age-class distribution (for the even-aged forests), (ii) the main FTs based on the forest composition, (iii) the average volume and current annual increment (if possible, defined for each FT), and (iv) the main MTs. The MT parameters may include even-aged high forests, uneven-aged high forests, coppices and specific silvicultural systems such as clear cuts (with different rotation lengths for each FT), thinnings, shelterwood systems, partial cuttings, etc. In a few cases, because of the lack of country-specific information, some of these parameters were derived either from the literature or from average values reported for other countries. Additional methodological details and country-level input data may be found in [32, 52, 54].
Consistently with the EU LULUCF Regulation , the implementation of our method at EU level used 2000–2009 as the RP.
The country-specific stratification, the forest management practices and their associated quantitative operational criteria (steps 1 and 2 above) were defined according to information provided by the countries, found in the literature or through an expert assessment (see [30, 53] for a summary of country data sources). The main operational criterion used in our study was the minimum rotation age, except for thinnings and uneven-aged forests where the minimum time interval between two consecutive operations has been applied. The evolution of F–F area in our model runs used data from country GHG inventories, as described in step 3 above.
With regards to the calculation of carbon gains and losses in various pools (step 4 above), the links between living biomass, dead wood, litter and mineral soil are automatically modelled by the CBM . The model runs shown here do not include the impact of climate change or atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen fertilization on forest growth. While our model runs took into account the impact of all major historical natural disturbances , no disturbances have been assumed after the RP. Other carbon losses (e.g. mortality) occurring after the RP were automatically included by the CBM model [31, 32]. Input data and methods applied to estimate the HWP emissions and removals for the RP are described in .
Since a model used to project the FRL should be able to reproduce historical data from the national GHG inventory , the GHG emissions and removals estimated by CBM after 2000 were “calibrated” (i.e., adjusted ex-post) to match the historical emissions and removals data in F–F, as reported by the 2018 GHG inventories for the period 2000–2009. This procedure, identical to the one applied by many EU countries when setting the FMRL under the Kyoto Protocol, represents an application of the ‘overlap’ method [10, 33] to ensure time-series consistency when different methods are used over time. This procedure does affect the projected trend. The magnitude of the calibration carried out on our results (i.e., the difference between the original CBM results and the GHG inventories for the period 2000–2009) is significant for some EU countries, but is small at the EU level. The average EU-level 2000–2009 sink is − 380 Mt CO2/year based on GHG inventories and − 396 Mt CO2/year based on the CBM runs; therefore, the original CBM results were corrected with + 16 Mt CO2/year for the whole time series.
GG and RP conceived and designed the approach and the methods for the EU, and drafted the paper; JH and WAK contributed to refining the approach and to writing the paper; SF contributed to refining the approach. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The Authors wish to thank the forest experts Hannes Böttcher, Paulo Canaveira, Giulia Fiorese, Nicklas Forsell, Aleksi Lehtonen, Robert Matthews, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Zoltán Somogyi, Sebastian Rüter and Giorgio Vacchiano for the fruitful discussion and the useful comments that they provided, in their personal capacities, during a workshop illustrating the approach presented in this paper. We also thank Anu Korosuo, Matteo Vizzari, Ariane De Dominicis and three anonymous reviewers for constructive comments to the manuscript.
The data supporting our conclusions are available either in the paper itself or in the links listed in the references. Additional data may be requested from the corresponding author.
The views expressed are purely those of the writers and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission or any other Government Agency.
All authors were supported by their respective Institutions. JH was funded by the EU LUC4C Project and by the NERC Greenhouse Gas Removal Programme Project GGRiLS-GAPS.
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FUMBLES: Mart-None. Refugio-Kelley, J. 1-0.
3 Madkins, J. 7 2 8.0 . . . . 1 . . .
7 Martin, K. 4 2 5.0 1.0/1 . . . . . . .
5 Terry, J. 3 1 3.5 . . . . . . . .
10 Freeman, R. 3 . 3.0 1.0/10 . . . . . 1.0/10 .
2 Bailey, S. 2 1 2.5 0.5/4 . . . . . 0.5/4 .
52 Baize, C. 2 1 2.5 1.0/1 . . . . . . .
1 Kirven,J. 1 3 2.5 1.0/3 . . 1-0 1 . . .
55 Bledsoe, C. 2 . 2.0 . . . . . . . .
50 Green, E. 1 1 1.5 . . . . . . . .
4 Horne, T. 1 1 1.5 . . . . 1 . . .
11 Cardenas, J. 1 . 1.0 . . . . . . . .
9 Kirven, Z. . 2 1.0 . . . . . . . .
65 Morejon, A. . 1 0.5 0.5/5 . . . . . 0.5/5 .
6 Sauceda, A. . . . . . . . 1 . . .
6 Mascorro, Y. 7 3 8.5 . . . . . . . .
31 Henderson, S. 6 4 8.0 1.5/8 . . . . . 1.0/7 .
19 LaFond, J. 5 2 6.0 0.5/0 . . 1-0 1 . . .
4 Ross, Tren. 4 1 4.5 . . . . . . . .
51 Brown, A. 3 1 3.5 3.0/17 . . . . . 1.0/4 .
57 Wills, D. 3 . 3.0 . . . . . . . .
48 Castillo, M. 2 2 3.0 0.5/2 . . . . . 0.5/2 .
11 Jones, P. 2 1 2.5 . . . . 1 . . .
52 Upton, T. 2 1 2.5 1.0/1 . . . . . . .
10 Avery, J. 1 2 2.0 . . . . . . . .
21 Havens, J. 1 . 1.0 . . . . . . . .
41 Thomas, M. 1 . 1.0 . . . . . . . .
3 Firova, M. 1 . 1.0 . . . . . . . .
13 Tinsman, J. . 2 1.0 . . . . . . . .
7 Campbell, D. . 1 0.5 . . . . . . . .
58 Tagle, I. . 1 0.5 . . . . . . . .
12 Hesseltine, C. . 1 0.5 . . . . . . . .
Mart: 1-Kirven,J., 2-Bailey, S., 3-Madkins, J., 4-Horne, T., 5-Terry, J., 6-Sauceda, A., 7-Martin, K., 9-Kirven, Z., 10-Freeman, R., 11-Cardenas, J., 14-Ortiz, A., 21-Rhodes, C., 50-Green, E., 52-Baize, C., 55-Bledsoe, C., 65-Morejon, A..
Refugio: 1-Bailey, D., 2-Ross, Trev., 3-Firova, M., 4-Ross, Tren., 5-Moya, C., 6-Mascorro, Y., 7-Campbell, D., 10-Avery, J., 11-Jones, P., 12-Hesseltine, C., 13-Tinsman, J., 15-Kelley, J., 17-Gonzales, D., 19-LaFond, J., 21-Havens, J., 28-Ramirez, D., 31-Henderson, S., 41-Thomas, M., 48-Castillo, M., 51-Brown, A., 52-Upton, T., 57-Wills, D., 58-Tagle, I..
Sauceda, A. 1-minus 1; TEAM 2-minus 10. Refugio-Ramirez, D. 7-38; Mascorro, Y.
3-6; Bailey, D. 1-5; Avery, J. 1-4; Moya, C. 1-2; TEAM 1-minus 5; Kelley, J.
Avery, J. 2-2-0-9; Bailey, D. 0-1-1-0.
Ross, Tren. 2-52; Ramirez, D. 2-22; Mascorro, Y. 1-10; Ross, Trev. 1-4.
INTERCEPTIONS: Mart-Kirven,J. 1-0. Refugio-LaFond, J. 1-0.
SACKS (UA-A): Mart-Morejon, A. 0-1; Freeman, R. 1-0; Bailey, S. 0-1.
Refugio-Brown, A. 1-0; Henderson, S. 1-0; Castillo, M. 0-1; Ramirez, D. 0-1.
Ross, Tren. 4-1; Brown, A. 3-1; Wills, D. 3-0; Ramirez, D. 2-2; Castillo, M.
2-2; Upton, T. 2-1; Jones, P. 2-1; Avery, J. 1-2; Thomas, M. 1-0; Havens, J.
10-Freeman, R., 11-Cardenas, J., 14-Ortiz, A., 21-Rhodes, C., 50-Green, E., 52-Baize, C., 55-Bledsoe, C., 65-Morejon, A..
31-Henderson, S., 41-Thomas, M., 48-Castillo, M., 51-Brown, A., 52-Upton, T., 57-Wills, D., 58-Tagle, I..
Mart Wins toss & defers; Refugio to receive & defend North endzone.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1740 MART2A17 ball on MART2A1740.
Ortiz, A. kickoff 51 yards to the RFUG2A179, Ross, Tren. return 25 yards to the RFUG2A1734, out-of-bounds (Madkins, J.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1734 Kelley, J. pass complete to LaFond, J. for 66 yards to the MART2A170, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17, TOUCHDOWN, clock 11:40.
Gonzales, D. kick attempt good, PENALTY MART2A17 offside defense declined.
Gonzales, D. kickoff 57 yards to the MART2A173, Horne, T. return 11 yards to the MART2A1714 (Havens, J.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1714 MART drive start at 11:32.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1714 Terry, J. pass incomplete to Kirven, Z..
Mart2a17 2-10 at Mart2a1714 Bailey, S. rush for 5 yards to the MART2A1719 (Ross, Tren.).
Mart2a17 3-5 at Mart2a1719 Terry, J. sacked for loss of 4 yards to the MART2A1715 (Brown, A.).
Mart2a17 4-9 at Mart2a1715 Terry, J. punt 44 yards to the RFUG2A1741, downed.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1741 REFUGIO drive start at 10:01.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1741 Ramirez, D. rush for 6 yards to the RFUG2A1747 (Terry, J.;Madkins, J.).
Rfug2a17 2-4 at Rfug2a1747 Moya, C. rush for 2 yards to the RFUG2A1749 (Kirven,J.;Martin, K.).
Rfug2a17 3-2 at Rfug2a1749 Ramirez, D. rush for 9 yards to the MART2A1742, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17 (Freeman, R.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1742 Kelley, J. pass complete to Tinsman, J. for 42 yards to the MART2A170, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17, TOUCHDOWN, clock 08:15.
Gonzales, D. kick attempt good.
Gonzales, D. kickoff 54 yards to the MART2A176, Horne, T. return 20 yards to the MART2A1726 (Campbell, D.;Hesseltine, C.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1726 MART drive start at 08:03.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1726 Horne, T. rush for 2 yards to the MART2A1728 (Wills, D.).
Mart2a17 2-8 at Mart2a1728 Bailey, S. rush for 10 yards to the MART2A1738, 1ST DOWN MART2A17, out-of-bounds (LaFond, J.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1738 Terry, J. pass complete to Kirven,J. for 28 yards to the RFUG2A1734, 1ST DOWN MART2A17.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1734 Horne, T. rush for 2 yards to the RFUG2A1732 (Henderson, S.).
Mart2a17 2-8 at Rfug2a1732 Terry, J. rush for 6 yards to the RFUG2A1726 (Wills, D.).
Mart2a17 3-2 at Rfug2a1726 Terry, J. rush for 3 yards to the RFUG2A1723, 1ST DOWN MART2A17 (Ramirez, D.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1723 Terry, J. pass incomplete to Kirven,J. (LaFond, J.).
Mart2a17 2-10 at Rfug2a1723 Horne, T. rush for 2 yards to the RFUG2A1721 (Ramirez, D.).
Mart2a17 3-8 at Rfug2a1721 Terry, J. pass incomplete to Kirven,J. (Jones, P.), QB hurry by Ramirez, D..
Mart2a17 4-8 at Rfug2a1721 Terry, J. pass complete to Sauceda, A. for 7 yards to the RFUG2A1714, out-of-bounds (Ross, Tren.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1714 REFUGIO drive start at 03:52.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1714 Mascorro, Y. rush for 5 yards to the RFUG2A1719 (Freeman, R.).
Rfug2a17 2-5 at Rfug2a1719 Kelley, J. pass complete to Mascorro, Y. for 10 yards to the RFUG2A1729, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17 (Madkins, J.;Kirven, Z.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1729 Ramirez, D. rush for 7 yards to the RFUG2A1736 (Madkins, J.).
Rfug2a17 2-3 at Rfug2a1736 Mascorro, Y. rush for 1 yard to the RFUG2A1737 (Rhodes, C.).
Rfug2a17 3-2 at Rfug2a1737 Mascorro, Y. rush for no gain to the RFUG2A1737 (Kirven, Z.;Kirven,J.).
Rfug2a17 4-2 at Rfug2a1737 Timeout Refugio, clock 00:43.
Rfug2a17 4-2 at Rfug2a1737 Bailey, D. punt 36 yards to the MART2A1727, downed.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1727 MART drive start at 00:29.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1727 PENALTY MART2A17 false start (Morejon, A.) 5 yards to the MART2A1722.
Mart2a17 1-15 at Mart2a1722 Terry, J. rush for 21 yards to the MART2A1743, 1ST DOWN MART2A17, out-of-bounds (Henderson, S.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1743 Timeout Mart, clock 00:21.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1743 Terry, J. rush for loss of 5 yards to the MART2A1738 (Brown, A.).
Mart2a17 2-15 at Mart2a1738 Start of 2nd quarter, clock 12:00.
Mart2a17 2-15 at Mart2a1738 Terry, J. pass complete to Kirven,J. for 18 yards to the RFUG2A1744, 1ST DOWN MART2A17 (Avery, J.;Tinsman, J.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1744 Bailey, S. rush for 44 yards to the RFUG2A170, 1ST DOWN MART2A17, TOUCHDOWN, clock 11:20.
Ortiz, A. kick attempt good.
Ortiz, A. kickoff 51 yards to the RFUG2A179, Ramirez, D. return 12 yards to the RFUG2A1721 (Bledsoe, C.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1721 REFUGIO drive start at 11:11.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1721 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to LaFond, J..
Rfug2a17 2-10 at Rfug2a1721 Kelley, J. pass complete to Bailey, D. for 8 yards to the RFUG2A1729, out-of-bounds (Martin, K.).
Rfug2a17 3-2 at Rfug2a1729 Avery, J. pass complete to LaFond, J. for 5 yards to the RFUG2A1734, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17 (Kirven,J.;Baize, C.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1734 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to Moya, C..
Rfug2a17 2-10 at Rfug2a1734 PENALTY RFUG2A17 substitution infraction 5 yards to the RFUG2A1729.
Rfug2a17 2-15 at Rfug2a1729 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to Tinsman, J..
Rfug2a17 3-15 at Rfug2a1729 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to Moya, C..
Rfug2a17 4-15 at Rfug2a1729 Bailey, D. punt 57 yards to the MART2A1714, downed.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1714 MART drive start at 09:54.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1714 PENALTY MART2A17 false start (Morejon, A.) 5 yards to the MART2A179.
Mart2a17 1-15 at Mart2a1709 Terry, J. pass incomplete to Kirven, Z..
Mart2a17 2-15 at Mart2a1709 Terry, J. rush for 3 yards to the MART2A1712 (Mascorro, Y.).
Mart2a17 3-12 at Mart2a1712 Terry, J. pass complete to Sauceda, A. for 17 yards to the MART2A1729, 1ST DOWN MART2A17 (Henderson, S.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1729 Horne, T. rush for 1 yard to the MART2A1730 (Henderson, S.).
Mart2a17 2-9 at Mart2a1730 Terry, J. rush for 4 yards to the MART2A1734, out-of-bounds.
Mart2a17 3-5 at Mart2a1734 Timeout Mart, clock 07:55.
Mart2a17 3-5 at Mart2a1734 Terry, J. pass complete to Kirven,J. for 13 yards to the MART2A1747, 1ST DOWN MART2A17, out-of-bounds (Jones, P.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1747 Terry, J. sacked for loss of 7 yards to the MART2A1740 (Henderson, S.).
Mart2a17 2-17 at Mart2a1740 Bailey, S. rush for 3 yards to the MART2A1743 (Wills, D.).
Mart2a17 3-14 at Mart2a1743 Terry, J. pass complete to Horne, T. for 29 yards to the RFUG2A1728, 1ST DOWN MART2A17 (LaFond, J.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1728 Bailey, S. rush for 4 yards to the RFUG2A1724 (Mascorro, Y.).
Mart2a17 2-6 at Rfug2a1724 Horne, T. rush for 18 yards to the RFUG2A176, 1ST DOWN MART2A17, out-of-bounds (Ross, Tren.).
Mart2a17 1-G at Rfug2a1706 Bailey, S. rush for 5 yards to the RFUG2A171 (Thomas, M.).
Mart2a17 2-G at Rfug2a1701 Bailey, S. rush for no gain to the RFUG2A171 (Castillo, M.).
Mart2a17 3-G at Rfug2a1701 Horne, T. rush for loss of 1 yard to the RFUG2A172 (Henderson, S.;LaFond, J.).
Mart2a17 4-G at Rfug2a1702 Timeout Mart, clock 02:43.
Mart2a17 4-G at Rfug2a1702 Timeout Refugio, clock 02:43.
Mart2a17 4-G at Rfug2a1702 Terry, J. pass complete to Bailey, S. for 2 yards to the RFUG2A170, TOUCHDOWN, clock 02:36.
Ortiz, A. kickoff 50 yards to the RFUG2A1710, Ross, Tren. return 32 yards to the RFUG2A1742 (Terry, J.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1742 REFUGIO drive start at 02:31.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1742 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to Ross, Tren..
Rfug2a17 2-10 at Rfug2a1742 Kelley, J. pass complete to Ramirez, D. for 12 yards to the MART2A1746, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17 (Rhodes, C.;Martin, K.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1746 Kelley, J. pass complete to Bailey, D. for loss of 3 yards to the MART2A1749 (Kirven,J.).
Rfug2a17 2-13 at Mart2a1749 Timeout Refugio, clock 01:38.
Rfug2a17 2-13 at Mart2a1749 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to LaFond, J., QB hurry by Rhodes, C..
Rfug2a17 3-13 at Mart2a1749 Kelley, J. pass complete to Ramirez, D. for 10 yards to the MART2A1739 (Madkins, J.).
Rfug2a17 4-3 at Mart2a1739 PENALTY RFUG2A17 false start (Brown, A.) 5 yards to the MART2A1744.
Rfug2a17 4-8 at Mart2a1744 Kelley, J. sacked for loss of 10 yards to the RFUG2A1746 (Freeman, R.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1746 MART drive start at 00:42.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1746 Terry, J. pass complete to Kirven,J. for 45 yards to the RFUG2A171, 1ST DOWN MART2A17 (Ross, Tren.).
Mart2a17 1-G at Rfug2a1701 Bailey, S. rush for 1 yard to the RFUG2A170, TOUCHDOWN, clock 00:16.
Ortiz, A. kickoff 45 yards to the RFUG2A1715, Ramirez, D. return 24 yards to the RFUG2A1739 (Bledsoe, C.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1739 REFUGIO drive start at 00:09.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1739 TEAM rush for loss of 5 yards to the RFUG2A1734.
Rfug2a17 2-15 at Rfug2a1734 End of half, clock 00:00.
Rfug2a17 2-15 at Rfug2a1734 Start of 3rd quarter, clock 12:00, RFUG2A17 ball on RFUG2A1740.
Gonzales, D. kickoff 53 yards to the MART2A177, Horne, T. return 28 yards to the MART2A1735, out-of-bounds.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1735 MART drive start at 11:54.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1735 Sauceda, A. rush for loss of 1 yard to the MART2A1734 (Upton, T.).
Mart2a17 2-11 at Mart2a1734 Horne, T. rush for 4 yards to the MART2A1738 (Tinsman, J.;Henderson, S.).
Mart2a17 3-7 at Mart2a1738 Terry, J. pass intercepted by LaFond, J. at the RFUG2A1735, LaFond, J. return 0 yards to the RFUG2A1735 (Bailey, S.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1735 REFUGIO drive start at 10:31.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1735 Kelley, J. pass complete to Bailey, D. for 4 yards to the RFUG2A1739, out-of-bounds (Madkins, J.).
Rfug2a17 2-6 at Rfug2a1739 Ramirez, D. rush for 1 yard to the RFUG2A1740 (Green, E.).
Rfug2a17 3-5 at Rfug2a1740 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to Moya, C. (Madkins, J.).
Rfug2a17 4-5 at Rfug2a1740 Bailey, D. rush for 5 yards to the RFUG2A1745, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17, out-of-bounds (Bailey, S.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1745 PENALTY RFUG2A17 delay of game 5 yards to the RFUG2A1740.
Rfug2a17 1-15 at Rfug2a1740 Kelley, J. pass complete to LaFond, J. for loss of 1 yard to the RFUG2A1739 (Baize, C.).
Rfug2a17 2-16 at Rfug2a1739 Kelley, J. pass complete to Ross, Trev. for 4 yards to the RFUG2A1743 (Madkins, J.).
Rfug2a17 3-12 at Rfug2a1743 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to Tinsman, J..
Rfug2a17 4-12 at Rfug2a1743 Bailey, D. punt 51 yards to the MART2A176, downed.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1706 MART drive start at 08:07.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1706 Horne, T. rush for 9 yards to the MART2A1715 (Henderson, S.).
Mart2a17 2-1 at Mart2a1715 Horne, T. rush for 1 yard to the MART2A1716, 1ST DOWN MART2A17 (Mascorro, Y.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1716 Terry, J. rush for 2 yards to the MART2A1718 (LaFond, J.;Avery, J.).
Mart2a17 2-8 at Mart2a1718 Bailey, S. rush for loss of 8 yards to the MART2A1710 (Brown, A.).
Mart2a17 3-16 at Mart2a1710 Terry, J. sacked for loss of 4 yards to the MART2A176 (Ramirez, D.;Castillo, M.).
Mart2a17 4-20 at Mart2a1706 Terry, J. punt 30 yards to the MART2A1736, downed.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1736 REFUGIO drive start at 05:04.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1736 Avery, J. rush for 4 yards to the MART2A1732 (Baize, C.).
Rfug2a17 2-6 at Mart2a1732 Avery, J. pass complete to Bailey, D. for 4 yards to the MART2A1728, out-of-bounds (Horne, T.).
Rfug2a17 3-2 at Mart2a1728 Ramirez, D. rush for 13 yards to the MART2A1715, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17 (Terry, J.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1715 Ramirez, D. rush for 3 yards to the MART2A1712 (Terry, J.).
Rfug2a17 2-7 at Mart2a1712 Ramirez, D. rush for loss of 1 yard to the MART2A1713 (Martin, K.).
Rfug2a17 3-8 at Mart2a1713 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to Tinsman, J. (Horne, T.).
Rfug2a17 4-8 at Mart2a1713 Kelley, J. rush for 6 yards to the MART2A177 (Horne, T.;Green, E.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1707 MART drive start at 02:33.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1707 Horne, T. rush for 9 yards to the MART2A1716 (LaFond, J.).
Mart2a17 2-1 at Mart2a1716 PENALTY MART2A17 false start (Baize, C.) 5 yards to the MART2A1711.
Mart2a17 2-6 at Mart2a1711 Terry, J. rush for 2 yards to the MART2A1713 (Brown, A.;Castillo, M.).
Mart2a17 3-4 at Mart2a1713 Terry, J. pass incomplete to Kirven, Z..
Mart2a17 4-4 at Mart2a1713 Terry, J. punt 35 yards to the MART2A1748, fair catch by Ross, Tren..
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1748 REFUGIO drive start at 00:38.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1748 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to Ross, Tren. (Kirven,J.).
Rfug2a17 2-10 at Mart2a1748 Kelley, J. sacked for loss of 9 yards to the RFUG2A1743 (Morejon, A.;Bailey, S.).
Rfug2a17 3-19 at Rfug2a1743 Start of 4th quarter, clock 12:00.
Rfug2a17 3-19 at Rfug2a1743 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to LaFond, J..
Rfug2a17 4-19 at Rfug2a1743 Bailey, D. punt 29 yards to the MART2A1728, downed.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1728 MART drive start at 11:37.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1728 Terry, J. rush for 5 yards to the MART2A1733 (Avery, J.).
Mart2a17 2-5 at Mart2a1733 Terry, J. rush for 2 yards to the MART2A1735 (Mascorro, Y.).
Mart2a17 3-3 at Mart2a1735 Horne, T. rush for 2 yards to the MART2A1737 (Mascorro, Y.).
Mart2a17 4-1 at Mart2a1737 Terry, J. pass complete to Kirven,J. for 34 yards to the RFUG2A1729, 1ST DOWN MART2A17 (Jones, P.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1729 Terry, J. pass complete to Kirven,J. for 29 yards to the RFUG2A170, 1ST DOWN MART2A17, TOUCHDOWN, clock 09:22.
Ortiz, A. kickoff 52 yards to the RFUG2A178, Tinsman, J. return 19 yards to the RFUG2A1727 (Cardenas, J.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1727 REFUGIO drive start at 09:13.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1727 Kelley, J. pass complete to Ross, Tren. for 40 yards to the MART2A1733, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17, out-of-bounds (Martin, K.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1733 Kelley, J. pass complete to LaFond, J. for 10 yards to the MART2A1723, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17 (Madkins, J.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1723 Kelley, J. pass complete to Tinsman, J. for 23 yards to the MART2A170, 1ST DOWN RFUG2A17, TOUCHDOWN, clock 08:20.
Gonzales, D. kickoff 51 yards to the MART2A179, Horne, T. return 16 yards to the MART2A1725 (Firova, M.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1725 MART drive start at 08:13.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1725 Bailey, S. rush for 5 yards to the MART2A1730 (Ramirez, D.;Jones, P.).
Mart2a17 2-5 at Mart2a1730 Bailey, S. rush for 11 yards to the MART2A1741, 1ST DOWN MART2A17 (Henderson, S.;Mascorro, Y.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Mart2a1741 PENALTY MART2A17 false start (Sauceda, A.) 5 yards to the MART2A1736.
Mart2a17 1-15 at Mart2a1736 Terry, J. rush for 64 yards to the RFUG2A170, 1ST DOWN MART2A17, TOUCHDOWN, clock 06:24.
Ortiz, A. kick attempt failed.
Ortiz, A. kickoff 51 yards to the RFUG2A179, Tinsman, J. return 21 yards to the RFUG2A1730 (Martin, K.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1730 REFUGIO drive start at 06:17.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1730 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to LaFond, J..
Rfug2a17 2-10 at Rfug2a1730 Kelley, J. rush for loss of 5 yards to the RFUG2A1725, fumble by Kelley, J. recovered by RFUG2A17 Kelley, J. at RFUG2A1720.
Rfug2a17 3-20 at Rfug2a1720 Kelley, J. pass complete to Ross, Tren. for 12 yards to the RFUG2A1732 (Madkins, J.).
Rfug2a17 4-8 at Rfug2a1732 Kelley, J. pass incomplete to Mascorro, Y. (Sauceda, A.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1732 MART drive start at 04:46.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1732 Horne, T. rush for 5 yards to the RFUG2A1727 (LaFond, J.).
Mart2a17 2-5 at Rfug2a1727 Bailey, S. rush for 2 yards to the RFUG2A1725 (Upton, T.).
Mart2a17 3-3 at Rfug2a1725 Terry, J. rush for 2 yards to the RFUG2A1723 (LaFond, J.).
Mart2a17 4-1 at Rfug2a1723 Timeout Refugio, clock 03:08.
Mart2a17 4-1 at Rfug2a1723 Terry, J. rush for no gain to the RFUG2A1723 (Upton, T.;Henderson, S.).
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1723 REFUGIO drive start at 03:04.
Rfug2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1723 Bailey, D. pass intercepted by Kirven,J. at the RFUG2A1747, Kirven,J. return 0 yards to the RFUG2A1747, PENALTY RFUG2A17 illegal motion declined.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1747 MART drive start at 02:56.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1747 Horne, T. rush for 9 yards to the RFUG2A1738, out-of-bounds (Mascorro, Y.).
Mart2a17 2-1 at Rfug2a1738 Horne, T. rush for 1 yard to the RFUG2A1737, 1ST DOWN MART2A17 (Mascorro, Y.;Ross, Tren.).
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1737 Timeout Mart, clock 02:12.
Mart2a17 1-10 at Rfug2a1737 Horne, T. rush for no gain to the RFUG2A1737 (Mascorro, Y.).
Mart2a17 2-10 at Rfug2a1737 Horne, T. rush for 3 yards to the RFUG2A1734 (Castillo, M.).
Mart2a17 3-7 at Rfug2a1734 Timeout Refugio, clock 01:21.
Mart2a17 3-7 at Rfug2a1734 Terry, J. rush for no gain to the RFUG2A1734 (Mascorro, Y.;Tagle, I.), PENALTY MART2A17 illegal block declined.
Mart2a17 4-7 at Rfug2a1734 Timeout Refugio, clock 01:09.
Mart2a17 4-7 at Rfug2a1734 Terry, J. pass complete to Kirven,J. for 32 yards to the RFUG2A172, 1ST DOWN MART2A17.
Mart2a17 1-G at Rfug2a1702 TEAM rush for loss of 5 yards to the RFUG2A177.
Mart2a17 2-G at Rfug2a1707 TEAM rush for loss of 5 yards to the RFUG2A1712.
Mart2a17 3-G at Rfug2a1712 End of game, clock 00:00. | 2019-04-25T10:05:49Z | https://www.uiltexas.org/files/athletics/state-football/boxscores/2A-DIV1.HTM |
Although fraud prevention is always more effective and less costly than fraud detection (and subsequent investigation), unfortunately prevention is not always possible. That’s why, as CFE’s and forensic accountants we should all be heavy promoters (and supporters) of client internal audit functions. That is also why we should make it a goal that all employees of our client companies be trained in how to identify the major red flags of fraud they may encounter in their daily activities. Mastering key detection techniques is doubly essential for the internal audit and financial professionals employed by those same enterprises. Our Chapter has long preached that once internal auditors and financial managers know what to look for, there is an enhanced chance that fraud or suspicious activity will be detected one way or another, but only if the organization has the proper monitoring, reporting, and auditing procedures in place.
With that said, many organizations require internal audits of specific business processes and units only once every two or three years. In an age when so much can change so quickly in an internet dominated world, this approach is not the most effective insofar as fraud detection and prevention are concerned. This is especially so because conventional audits were most often not designed to detect fraud in the first place, usually focusing on specified groups of internal controls or compliance with existing policies, laws and regulations. That’s why the ACFE and Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) now recommend that a fraud risk assessment (FRA) be conducted annually and that the fraud-auditing procedures designed to detect red flags in the high-risk areas identified by the FRA be incorporated into internal audit plans immediately.
There is often a fine line between detection and prevention. In fact, some detection steps overlap with prevention methods, as in the case of conflict of interest, where enforcing a management financial disclosure policy may both detect conflicting financial interests and prevent frauds resulting from them by virtue of the actual detection of the relationships. In most organizations, however, carefully assessing the description of prevention and detection controls demonstrates that there is usually a clear distinction between the two.
The IIA tell us that the internal audit function is a critical element in assessing the effectiveness of an institution’s internal control system. The internal audit consists of procedures to prevent or identify significant inaccurate, incomplete, or unauthorized transactions; deficiencies in safeguarding assets; unreliable financial reporting; and deviations from laws, regulations, and institutional policies. When properly designed and implemented, internal audits provide directors and senior management with timely information about weaknesses in the internal control system, facilitating prompt remedial action. Each institution should have an internal audit function appropriate to its size and the nature and scope of its activities.
This is a complex way of saying that our client’s internal audit function should focus on monitoring the institution’s internal controls, which, although not mentioned explicitly, include controls specifically designed to prevent fraud. To effectively assess anti-fraud controls, auditors first must exercise detection techniques and procedures that confirm the existence of red flags or actual evidence of potential fraud in the risk areas identified by the FRA.
–An audit report presenting the purpose, scope, and results of each audit. Work papers should be maintained to document the work performed and support audit findings.
There is a joint ACFE-IIA-AICPA document with which every CFE should be familiar. ‘The Business Risk of Fraud’ provides clarity about the internal auditor’s role in detecting fraud in our client organization’s operations and financial statements. Specifically, the document states that internal auditors should consider the organization’s assessment of fraud risk when developing their annual audit plan and periodically assess management’s fraud detection capabilities. They should also interview and regularly communicate with those conducting the assessments, as well as with others in key positions throughout the company, to help them assess whether all fraud risks have been considered. Moreover, according to the document, when performing audits, internal auditors should devote sufficient time and attention to evaluating the “design and operation” of internal controls related to preventing and detecting significant fraud risks. They should exercise professional skepticism when reviewing activities to be on guard for the signs of potential fraud. Potential frauds uncovered during an engagement should be treated in accordance with a well-defined response plan consistent with professional and legal standards.
Among the most helpful guides for CFEs to recommend to clients for their internal auditors use in planning a detailed audit to detect fraud is the all-important SAS 99 which contains key fraud detection techniques including guidance on the performance of certain financial ratio analysis. Analytical procedures performed during planning may be helpful in identifying the risks of material misstatement due to fraud. However, because such analytical procedures generally use data aggregated at a high level, the results of those analytical procedures provide only a broad initial indication about whether a material misstatement of the financial statements may exist. Accordingly, the results of analytical procedures performed during planning should be considered along with other information gathered by the auditor in identifying the risks of material misstatement due to fraud.
2. Misstatement due to misappropriation of assets (i.e., theft).
‘SAS 99. . . strongly recommend[s] direct involvement by internal auditors in the organization’s fraud-auditing efforts: Internal auditors may conduct proactive auditing to search for corruption, misappropriation of assets, and financial statement fraud. This may include the use of computer-assisted audit techniques to detect types of fraud. Internal auditors also can employ analytical and other procedures to isolate anomalies and perform detailed reviews of high-risk accounts and transactions to identify potential financial statement fraud. The internal auditors should have an independent reporting line directly to the audit committee, enabling them to express any concerns about management’s commitment to appropriate internal controls or to report suspicions or allegations of fraud involving senior management.
3. The extent of the procedures applied should reflect the assessment of the risks of material misstatement due to fraud. For example, increasing sample sizes or performing analytical procedures at a more detailed level may be appropriate.
The contribution of a fully staffed and management-supported internal audit function to a subsequent CFE conducted fraud examination can be extraordinary and its value never overstated; no client fraud prevention and detection program should ever be considered complete without one.
It’s clear to the news media and to every aware assurance professional that today’s cybercriminals are more sophisticated than ever in their operations and attacks. They’re always on the lookout for innovative ways to exploit vulnerabilities in every global payment system and in the cloud.
According to the ACFE, more consumer records were compromised in 2015-16 than in the previous four years combined. Data breach statistics from this year (2017) are projected to be even grimmer due to the growth of increasingly sophisticated attack methods such as increasingly complex malware infections and system vulnerability exploits, which grew tenfold in 2016. With attacks coming in many different forms and from many different channels, consumers, businesses and financial institutions (often against their will) are being forced to gain a better understanding of how criminals operate, especially in ubiquitous channels like social networks. They then have a better chance of mitigating the risks and recognizing attacks before they do severe damage.
As your Chapter has pointed out over the years in this blog, understanding the mechanics of data theft and the conversion process of stolen data into cash can help organizations of all types better anticipate in the exact ways criminals may exploit the system, so that organizations can put appropriate preventive measures in place. Classic examples of such criminal activity include masquerading as a trustworthy entity such as a bank or credit card company. These phishers send e-mails and instant messages that prompt users to reply with sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and credit card details, or to enter the information at a rogue web site. Other similar techniques include using text messaging (SMSishing or smishing) or voice mail (vishing) or today’s flood of offshore spam calls to lure victims into giving up sensitive information. Whaling is phishing targeted at high-worth accounts or individuals, often identified through social networking sites such as LinkedIn or Facebook. While it’s impossible to anticipate or prevent every attack, one way to stay a step ahead of these criminals is to have a thorough understanding of how such fraudsters operate their enterprises.
Although most cyber breaches reported recently in the news have struck large companies such as Equifax and Yahoo, the ACFE tells us that small and mid-sized businesses suffer a far greater number of devastating cyber incidents. These breaches involve organizations of every industry type; all that’s required for vulnerability is that they operate network servers attached to the internet. Although the number of breached records a small to medium sized business controls is in the hundreds or thousands, rather than in the millions, the cost of these breaches can be higher for the small business because it may not be able to effectively address such incidents on its own. Many small businesses have limited or no resources committed to cybersecurity, and many don’t employ any assurance professionals apart from the small accounting firms performing their annual financial audit. For these organizations, the key questions are “Where should we focus when it comes to cybersecurity?” and “What are the minimum controls we must have to protect the sensitive information in our custody?” Fraud Examiners and forensic accountants with client attorneys assisting small businesses can assist in answering these questions by checking that their client attorney’s organizations implement a few vital cybersecurity controls.
the less chance that an external hacker will breach the organization’s network.
–Awareness of CEO spoofing attacks.
In addition, small businesses should verify employees’ level of awareness by conducting simulation exercises. These can be in the form of a phishing exercise in which organizations themselves send fake emails to their employees to see if they will click on a web link, or a social engineering exercise in which a hired individual tries to enter the organization’s physical location and steal sensitive information such as information on computer screens left in plain sight.
–Ensure that the information owner periodically reviews access to all the information he or she owns and updates the access list.
Organizations should make it hard to get to their sensitive data by building layers or network segments. Although the network perimeter is an organization’s first line of defense, the probability of the network being penetrated is today at an all-time high. Management should check whether the organization has built a layered defense to protect its sensitive information. Once the organization has identified its sensitive information, management should work with the IT function to segment those servers that run its sensitive applications. This segmentation will result in an additional layer of protection for these servers, typically by adding another firewall for the segment. Faced with having to penetrate another layer of defense, an intruder may decide to go elsewhere where less sensitive information is stored.
An organization’s electronic business front door also can be the entrance for fraudsters and criminals. Most of today’s malware enters through the network but proliferates through the endpoints such as laptops and desktops. At a minimum, internal small business management must ensure that all the endpoints are running anti-malware/anti-virus software. Also, they should check that this software’s firewall features are enabled. Moreover, all laptop hard drives should be encrypted.
–Monitor activity related to sensitive information. Management IT should log activities against their sensitive information and keep an audit log in case an incident occurs and they need to review the logs to evaluate the incident.
Combined with the controls listed above, these additional controls can help any small business reduce the probability of a data breach. But a security program is only as strong as its weakest link Through their assurance and advisory work, CFE’s and forensic accountants can proactively help identify these weaknesses and suggest ways to strengthen their smaller client organization’s anti-fraud defenses.
A few weeks ago, I called my aunt and found her quite frazzled. When I asked her what was wrong, she told me about a phone call she had received the day before. The man on the other end of the line claimed to be an IRS agent. He was calling, he said, because she owed a substantial amount of money to the IRS. My aunt was confused because she has faithfully filed tax returns and paid what was due every year. In response, the alleged IRS agent said that her returns had been reviewed and that, due to errors, she owed a lot of money to the IRS and, if she did not pay immediately she would be imprisoned and would lose her Green Card.
Now, my aunt has only recently been approved for permanent residency and, when this call came in, the physical Green Card had not yet arrived in the mail. At his point my aunt started to panic. She did not want to lose her Green Card but, at the same time, she could not understand how she suddenly owed money to the IRS, money she certainly did not have on hand to pay. Then she started to cry. Her daughter, my cousin, happened to walk into the room at that moment and, seeing her mother in such a state, she grabbed the phone and demanded an explanation from whomever was on the line. Fortunately, my cousin immediately identified the scam. She knew that this is never how the IRS goes about trying to collect tax revenue. The IRS will not call you and demand tax payment immediately. And the IRS always gives you the opportunity to dispute a tax bill.
The IRS will never call you to say the police are on their way to arrest you; the IRS will never threaten that you will lose your driver’s license, Green Card or passport; and the IRS will not demand that you go to a money transfer company to send them cash or ask for credit card information over the phone … all demands that these types of scammers routinely make.
So my cousin yelled at the man on the phone and the man, realizing that he had been busted, hung up. My aunt, as I’m sure most readers of this blog know, is not alone, ether as a victim or in her vulnerability. Just the other day, I listened to a Planet Money podcast, where a woman received a fake IRS call that included the voice of a second man claiming to be a police officer declaring he was on his way to arrest the victim. The caller ID even said 911! The woman, in a panic even went so far as to go to Western Union and initiate a money transfer. Fortunately, for her, Western Union realized that this was a scam and saved this woman her money. These scammers bank on the power of the authority of institutions such as the IRS and impersonations of the police force to intimidate people into handing over their money with no questions allowed.
Examination of the email header will reveal that it does not come from the executive or even from within the company. For instance, if the email domain of the company is TheCompany.com then the fake domain may be TheCopmany.com. Close enough to be missed by a casual glance but not the same.
Sometimes scammers will hack the spoofed sending executive’s email, so the fake request appears to be coming from a legitimate, but actually compromised, email address.
Often the executives spoofed as sending this email may not be immediately accessible to the employee – either because they are out of town or because the lines of communication between the employee and executive are convoluted and difficult to access.
The instructions will state that the need for payment is urgent and that the employee must do so immediately.
Altered payment terms. For a well-known vendor paid regularly, the email will contain new payment instructions to pay into a different bank account from that on record, usually to a foreign, off-shore bank account.
Lower level employees, because they’re intimidated, don’t want get into trouble, or lose their jobs, will often act without question, making the money transfer as instructed. Unfortunately, once the scam has been uncovered, the money and the fraudster are generally long gone. Though the details vary with these types of scams, what remains constant is that the lower-level employee does not question the instructions because they believe the instructions are coming straight from their boss. They believe that disobeying the sender of the email can lead to a reprimand or other negative consequences so they act without question. Even though some of these fraudsters have been caught, most of the time they take their winnings and simply vanish.
Both executives and staff should receive training regarding the features of the email they use, so they can be mindful of what links and attachments they open. One way the fraudsters gain access to executive accounts is by hacking systems using malware that they attach to an email. Since the client’s higher level executives are the ones targeted, you should emphasize the importance of their participation in this training. Accounting and finance staff should be special targets of this training upon hire and should receive regularly scheduled refreshers.
Employee training and payment policies should emphasize that, regardless of who is asking, the proper procedures must be kept in place. Even if the CEO is asking for this urgent transfer, the employee must get the required authorizations and verify that the payment is going to a valid vendor. Employers should be encouraged to question authority if a transaction appears out of ordinary; it is the responsibility of management to assure employees that there will never be reprisals for asking questions about any unusual payment; management should initiate formal channels for the asking of such questions.
A company should have a social media policy and social media training for employees so prevent employees from inadvertently sharing sensitive company information that would be helpful to hackers.
There should be systems in place that, similar to check payments, wire transfers cannot be released by an employee without prior authorization – and never original authorization in the form of an unsupported email from an executive, no matter at what level. Often the controls over check payments are not as rigorous as those for wire transfers. I met a controller at a not for profit organization. During a conversation, he told me how, even though he is not an authorized check signer (because he performs the bank reconciliations) the bank added him to a list of those authorized to initiate wire transfers.
There should be a system to verify and confirm wire information for every vendor and any procedural changes should be checked with the company, either by getting in direct touch with the vendor or using the information that the company already has on file.
Forensic accountants are perfectly placed to help clients deter, prevent and detect executive impersonation fraud through strengthening control systems, employee training (including for executives) and maintaining public awareness of this ever more common type of fraud. Electronic communications and on-line banking services can be very convenient and fast but, taking the time to check where instructions are coming from and to what they relate as well as making sure that all such transactions are fully and properly authorized can go a long way to saving a company from the massive headaches consequent on fraud related losses.
The last thing any executive wants is to come back from a fishing trip (that she posted about beforehand in detail on social media), to find that the corporate bank account has been cleaned out by a lower level employee intimidated into acting on the vacationing executive’s alleged say so. | 2019-04-19T02:51:51Z | https://cvacfes.com/tag/anti-fraud-training/ |
Bimbo Bakeries USA and Nestlé Waters North America recently deployed new fleets of propane autogas delivery vehicles that will service multiple cities across the U.S.
"Becoming a better steward of our environment is a priority for Nestlé Waters," said Bill Ardis, national fleet manager for Nestlé Waters North America. "We've been running propane autogas vehicles since 2014. Because of the proven emissions reductions and cost savings, we knew it was the right choice to expand our fleet with this domestically produced alternative fuel."
Nestlé Waters added more than 150 new Ford F-650 delivery vehicles to its existing propane autogas fleet. Bimbo Bakeries USA purchased 84 new, clean-burning Ford F-59 trucks.
"This initiative is the latest in our company's continued effort to reduce our carbon footprint," said Gary Maresca, senior director of fleet services for Bimbo Bakeries.
By operating propane autogas delivery trucks equipped with ROUSH CleanTech’s fuel system technology, both companies will cut carbon dioxide emissions in local communities by about 192,000 pounds per truck (compared to gasoline) per year.
In addition to reducing the emissions of harmful greenhouse gases, Bimbo Bakeries and Nestlé Waters also anticipate fuel and maintenance savings.
The new Ford F-59 and F-650 delivery vehicles will replace older diesel models.
Propane autogas is a nontoxic, non-carcinogenic and non-corrosive fuel. The Environmental Protection Agency classifies the fuel as a non-contaminant. It is the leading alternative fuel in the United States and the third most commonly used vehicle fuel, following gasoline and diesel. About 23 million vehicles travel worldwide with propane in their fuel tank.
Question of the Month: It's tax time! What are some common questions related to the federal tax credits for alternative fuels and infrastructure?
Tax season is upon us, and the recent federal tax incentive extensions and changes impact the alternative fuel and infrastructure tax credits.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 (H.R. 2029, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2029/text) retroactively extended several tax credits, including the Alternative Fuel Excise and Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credits. It also included updates to the calculation method for the Alternative Fuel Excise Tax Credit amounts, specifically for propane and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Below we discuss three recent frequently asked questions about these credits.
The propane tax credit was previously $0.50 per gallon and is not $0.50 per GGE (1.353 gallons of propane), which equates to $0.37 per gallon.
The LNG tax credit was previously $0.50 per gallon and is now $0.50 per DGE (1.71 gallons of LNG), which equates to $0.29 per gallon.
Natural Gas Vehicles for America (NGVAmerica) provides additional information on federal tax incentives for LNG and CNG (https://www.ngvamerica.org/government-policy/federal-incentives/federal-tax-incentives), and highlights the impacts of the recent tax credit changes in the article, New Year Rings in Changes for CNG and LNG in 2016 (http://ngv.com/new-year-rings-in-changes-for-cng-and-lng-in-2016/). The National Propane Gas association explains the excise tax equalization for propane (https://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1898).
Yes! Both the federal Alternative Fuel Excise Tax Credit and Biodiesel Mixture Excise Tax Credit (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/395) were extended to cover 2015, meaning that propane, CNG, LNG, hydrogen, and biodiesel sold or used in 2015 are eligible for the federal tax credit. To file for the tax credit, registered claimants must submit a single one-time 2015 claim with IRS Form 8849 (https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f8849.pdf), as well as the accompanying Schedule 3 (https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f8849s3.pdf). The deadline to submit a claim for fuels sold or used in 2015 is August 8, 2016. Please note that the tax credit amount for propane and LNG sold or used in 2015 is based on the previous, volumetric rate of $0.50 per gallon.
For additional information on claiming the tax credit for fuels sold or used in 2015, please see IRS Notice 2016-05 (https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-16-05.pdf).
While a tax-exempt entity, such as a school or state government fleet, may not be eligible to claim the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/10513) directly, the entity selling the fueling infrastructure to the tax-exempt entity can claim the credit and pass the "discount" along to the fleet. According to Title 26 of the United States Code, Section 30C(e)(3) (https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2014-title26/pdf/USCODE-2014-title26-subtitleA-chap1-subchapA-partIV-subpartB-sec30C.pdf), the entity selling the fueling equipment to the tax-exempt entity can be treated as the taxpayer and claim the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit, but only if the seller discloses the amount of the credit allowable to the tax-exempt purchaser in writing. In practice, this means the tax-exempt fleet would have the opportunity to use this information to request a discount. However, the infrastructure seller is not required to pass along any savings associated with the tax credit.
For more information on how tax-exempt entities may be eligible for the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit, please see the IRS instructions for Form 8911 (https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i8911.pdf).
Question of the Month: Clean Cities uses a lot of acronyms. What are the most important ones to understand?
EIA: Energy Information Administration: Collects, analyzes, and disseminates impartial energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy.
DOT: U.S. Department of Transportation: A federal agency with the mission to ensure a fast, safe, efficient, accessible, and convenient transportation system that meets our national interests and enhances the quality of life of the American people, today and into the future. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is part of DOT.
EPA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: A federal agency with the mission to protect human health and the environment.
Alternative Fuels Data Center: A web-based resource that provides information, data, and tools to help fleets and other transportation decision makers find ways to reduce petroleum consumption through the use of alternative and renewable fuels, advanced vehicles, and other fuel-saving measures.
GVWR: Gross vehicle weight rating: A metric that includes total vehicle weight plus fluids, passengers, and cargo. GVWR is used to define vehicle classes.
VMT: Vehicle miles traveled: VMT is the number of miles traveled by a vehicle or set of vehicles over a certain time period.
MPG: Miles per gallon: The standard for tracking a vehicle’s fuel economy.
MPGe: Miles per gallon of gasoline-equivalent: For vehicles that do not use liquid fuels, a measure of fuel economy that allows for a reasonable comparison between vehicles using different fuels. MPGe represents the number of miles the vehicle can go using a quantity of fuel with the same energy content as a gallon of gasoline.
GGE: Gasoline gallon equivalent: The amount of fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline.
DGE: Diesel gallon equivalent: The amount of fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of diesel.
LDV: Light-duty vehicle: A vehicle under 10,000 pounds (lbs.; Class 1-2).
MDV: Medium-duty vehicle: A vehicle between 10,000 and 26,000 lbs. (Class 3-6).
HDV: Heavy-duty vehicle: A vehicle over 26,000 lbs. (Class 7-8).
GHG: Greenhouse gas: A global pollutant, meaning it has climate and other impacts globally, no matter where it is emitted. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is by far the most abundant GHG produced by the transportation sector.
CO: Carbon monoxide: A colorless, odorless gas emitted from combustion processes. In the United States, 56% of CO (up to 95% in cities) is emitted by on-road vehicles.
NOx: Oxides of nitrogen: A group of highly reactive gasses emitted from combustion processes that contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone. Approximately 55% of man-made NOx emissions come from motor vehicles.
SOx: Oxides of sulfur: A group of highly reactive gasses emitted from combustion processes. SOx is a concern for life cycle analysis of electric vehicle emissions, but not for conventional or other alternative fuel vehicles, because electricity generation is the largest source of SOx.
PM: Particulate matter: A complex mixture of acids, organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles, emitted directly from vehicles (especially diesel) and formed through the atmospheric reactions of NOx and SOx.
VOC: Volatile organic compound: Organic compounds that become a gas at room temperature. VOCs are the leading cause of ground-level ozone, also known as smog.
AFV: Alternative fuel vehicle: Any dedicated, flexible fuel, bi-fuel, or dual-fuel vehicle designed to operate on at least one alternative fuel.
B5: 5% biodiesel, 95% petroleum diesel: Considered diesel fuel and approved for safe operation in any compression-ignition engine designed to operate on petroleum diesel.
B20: 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel: The most common biodiesel blend in the United States.
B100: 100% biodiesel: Also referred to as pure biodiesel.
HEV: Hybrid electric vehicle: Powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor that uses energy stored in a battery. The battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the ICE.
PHEV: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle: An HEV that can be plugged into an electric power source to charge the battery.
EV: All-electric vehicle: Uses a battery to store the electric energy that powers the motor. Batteries are charged by plugging the vehicle into an electric power source.
EVSE: Electric vehicle supply equipment: Deliver electrical energy from an electricity source to charge a PEV’s batteries.
E85: A high-level ethanol-gasoline blend containing 51%-83% ethanol, depending on geography and season.
FFV: Flexible fuel vehicle: A vehicle with an ICE capable of operating on gasoline, E85, or a mixture of the two.
FCEV: Fuel cell electric vehicle: A vehicle that uses electricity to power a motor, but produces its primary electricity using a fuel cell powered by hydrogen.
RNG: Renewable natural gas: Also known as biomethane, a fuel produced from organic materials (e.g., waste from landfills, livestock). It can be compressed or liquefied, and is pipeline-quality gas that is compatible with conventional natural gas in vehicles.
NGV: Natural gas vehicle: A dedicated, bi-fuel, or dual-fuel vehicle capable of running on CNG or LNG.
LPG: Liquefied petroleum gas: A term used interchangeably with propane.
GREET: Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation: An ANL model that evaluates the energy and emission impacts of alternative fuels and advanced vehicles, the fuel cycle from wells-to-wheels, and the vehicle cycle through material recovery and vehicle disposal.
AFLEET: Alternative Fuel Life-Cycle Environmental and Economic Transportation: An ANL spreadsheet tool that estimates petroleum use, GHG and air pollutant emissions, and cost of ownership of AFVs and conventional vehicles, using simple spreadsheet inputs.
PREP: Petroleum Reduction Planning: An online tool that helps fleets create a comprehensive plan to reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions.
VICE: Vehicle and Infrastructure Cash-Flow Evaluation: An NREL spreadsheet model for fleet managers to assess the financial soundness of converting their fleets to run on CNG.
CAFE: Corporate Average Fuel Economy: DOT standards to improve the fuel efficiency and emissions of new on-road motor vehicles.
CMAQ: Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement: A DOT program that provides funding for projects and programs to reduce transportation-related emissions.
RFS: Renewable Fuel Standard: An EPA program that requires transportation fuel sold in the United States to contain a minimum volume of renewable fuels to reduce GHG emissions.
RINs: Renewable Identification Numbers: Credits used for compliance with the RFS.
CAA: Clean Air Act of 1970: Defines EPA’s responsibilities for protecting and improving air quality. CAA authorizes the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit both stationary and mobile emissions sources.
EPAct: Energy Policy Act: EPAct 1992 encourages the use of alternative fuels through both regulatory and voluntary activities that DOE carries out. It was amended several times, including via EPAct 2005.
EISA: Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: Aims to improve vehicle fuel economy and reduce United States dependence on petroleum. EISA includes provisions for the RFS and CAFE standards.
ARRA: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (Recovery Act) of 2009: Appropriates investments in energy independence and renewable energy technologies, including Clean Cities and other grant programs.
Question of the Month: What types of incentives and laws did state legislators and others enact in 2015?
State legislators, as well as governors and utilities, were busy in 2015 introducing and enacting new incentives, laws, and regulations related to alternative fuels, advanced vehicles, and other petroleum reduction strategies. Programs related to plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and natural gas vehicles (NGVs), along with the associated fueling infrastructure, were most common at the state level.
The most common types of incentives established in 2015 were grants and rebates. States leading the way in these areas include Delaware, most notably for its Clean Trasnportation Program rebates for vehicles and infrastructure. On the other hand, the number of tax incentives introduced at the state level decreased. In fact, Georgia repealed its successful tax incentive program. Aside from political and budgetary drivers, the decrease in new tax incentives may be the result of a call from industry to enact programs that will allow fleets and consumers to see their savings more immediately (e.g., rebates, vouchers). This would take the place of waiting until tax season when the financial benefit may get lost in other expenses and returns from the previous year.
Utilities also continue to innovate and establish incentives that go beyond the typical residential charging infrastructure rebate and electricity rate discount programs. For example, Alabama Power offers and incentive to dealerships for each new PEV sale or lease within its service territory. Public Service Electric & Gas in New Jersey provides free electric vehicle supply equipment to qualified companies in its service territory for the purpose of workplace charging.
Registration and licensing was the most common law and regulation topic, in part due to several states introducing fees for PEV registration to account for lost revenue from fuel taxes. Several states also continued to build on a movement that begain in 2014 and changes that took place at the federal level by enacting legislation to tax natural gas and other fuels on an energy (i.e., gasoline-gallon or diesel-gallon) equivalent basis. States also continued to set targets and requirements for their own fleets many of which go above and beyond federal requirements for alternative fuel vehicle acquisition. For example, Colorado Executive Order 2015-013 established fleet purchase and pricing requirements that prioritize NGVs, annual fuel use reduction targets on a vehicle-specific basis, goals for inter-agency coordination on petroleum reduction strategies, and commitments to workplace charging.
For the most up-to-date information on incentives, laws, and regulations, the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) provides a searchable database of state and federal incentives, laws, and regulations related to alternative fuels and vehicles, air quality, vehicle efficiency, and other transportation-related topics. You can find information relevant to your state, and all others at http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws. | 2019-04-22T14:11:13Z | http://4cleanfuels.com/news?page=11 |
Dry Fragrance (1-5) 3 Notes: Fino Rojas is a unique Mexican coffee both for its quality and origin. It is sold under the Fino Rojas name because it is the highest quality coffee offered by an elderly Mexican grower and mill owner who, in defiance of modern coffee practices, only sells his coffee from available lots. In other words, he never makes contracts on coffee yet-to-be-produced or deals in futures ...Much like a consumer who shuns credit for cash. His well-established name allows this. While he sells coffee processed at his mill grown on surrounding farms, the Fino Rojas mark on the bag is coffee grown on his Estate and processed in his mill. We haven't bought this coffee since the 1999 crop year; there have been general quality problems with the Oaxaca Plumas the last 2 years and even the top-rated Fino Rojas was down a notch. And even the early samples from this season were so-so. But this late crop sample was really impressive, with brightness, balance and a little bite too. I especially like this coffee roasted a bit slower, as in the Alpenrost or the Caffe Rosto. It makes a great straight espresso when roasted to a light Vienna and rested 48 hours after the roast.
Cupper's Correction (1-5) 1 Roast: Full City to Vienna: the pungent roast flavors are really nice and the brightness in the cup seems to hang on through the Full City+ stage.
add 50 50 Compare to: Balanced mild coffee, with a bit of pleasant bite. Frankly, its not that unlike some Hawaiian coffees.
Dry Fragrance (1-5) 3.0 Notes: Chiapas is the southern state in Mexico, at the Guatemalan border. The coffees are distinct from the Oaxaca Plumas and Coatepec coffees: they are a little brighter, sweeter, and bear resemblence to the Huehuetenango coffees of Guatemala. Many of the coffees from Chiapas are cooperatively wet-milled and sold. The names of co-ops are quite elaborate: this coffee is "Union de Ejidos Profesor Otilio Montana" and has the environmental mission printed on each bag: "Por la Conservacion de Tierra, La Naturaleza, Y la Cultura." In my memory, this coffee is unique and cups a little more like the coffees of Segovia, Nicaragua. It has a sage-like herbiness in the cup making it have herbal tea qualities. It develops a nice pungency as the roast turns darker, but you lose the delicate bright snap that is in this cup, hinting at the high altitude at which it is grown (Strictly Altura, top grade high grown).
Cupper's Correction (1-5) 2.0 Roast: City roast: You can take it darker to Full City (at second crack) or Vienna (30 seconds into 2nd crack or so), but the brighter notes and delicate flavors disappear.
Dry Fragrance (1-5) 3.0 Notes: It is more difficult to find really good Oaxacan Pluma this year. We were lucky with the El Olivo, but our traditional source (San Pablo Tres Flechas) did not come in at the expected quality. So it was a relief to get the pre-shipment samples of our other best source from the Oaxacan micro-region of Loxicha in San Augustin. This is a co-operatively grown coffee from the Cepco organization, and is Organic and Fair Trade Certified. It is rated as SHG: Strictly High Grown (top grade for altitude). It is a medium-bodied coffee with great milk chocolate and almond flavors. The more roast you expose it to, the more the chocolate flavors turn bittersweet and pungent. A moderate acidity balances out the cup and the finish is attractively aggressive(Full City Roast) and chocolate with a little tangy carbony flavor. It also happens to be great as espresso too ...surprising since this is a wet-processed coffee! As a traditional organic growth, the coffee has a bit less uniformity green with an occasional odd seed, but this will not affect roast quality.
its great at City, Full City or Vienna. But the chocolate flavors really develop at Full City, where the coffee has maximum depth and complexity.
add 50 50 Compare to: The best Oaxaca Plumas and Nicaragua from the Matagalpa region.
Dry Fragrance: 82 Notes: Oaxaca Pluma are the prototypical Mexican coffees in my book, better than the Coatepec coffees to the North. They have great balance, medium-light body, and wonderful flavor from the moderate acidity through to the aftertaste. The El Olivo is a true Pluma estate coffee and this year that in itself is remarkable (we have reports of many coffees sold as Plumas that are not, and from "eye-cupping" some pre-ship samples at a brokers sample room, I must say these so-called Plumas do not have the appearance or quality preparation of a true Oaxacan. We do not expect to stock the Fino Rojas or other San Pablos this year based on these pre-ship samples). The El Olivo coffee is beautifully prepared, almost blue-green in color, with only an occasional abberation. The roast is very even and it accepts a wide lattitude in terms of degree of roast to suit your taste. It has above average acidity for a Mexican coffee. It's both exceptional as a straight roast and as a blend base for light and dark roasts. Great espresso potential too.
Flavor- Depth: 86 Roast: City Roast: This coffee has great balance in the light roasts, but also offers a wide lattitude of great roast results. If you like it darker go ahead and try a Full City or Vienna roast. I have tried this coffee as espresso too and it is excellent.
Dry Fragrance: 82 Notes: This new lot of Mexican Natural Decaf originates with a slightly higher quality coffee than the Esmeralda decaf. Cepco is the Mexican farmer cooperative that produces some of our best Mexican coffees, like the excellent San Augustin Loxicha coffee. This coffees has a very distinct, attractive aroma while it roasts and the cup is mild and has a very pleasant nuttiness. It has medium body and a light aftertaste. Because it is nutty and mild, its great as a crowd-pleasing straight roast or as a base for a decaf blend, either for drip coffee or espresso. Cup quality rates a tad better than Esmeralda but it is very much "cut from the same cloth" and I think the difference between them is more academic in terms of character. But I like the fact this is a co-op coffee, is the same price as Esmeralda, decaffeinated in the same place (Cafiver) and it benefits the farmers to a greater degree. Check out our article on decaffeination. ...or some information from Cafiver in Mexico.
Flavor- Depth: 84 Roast: A lighter City roast preserves the brightness in the cup. See our notes on roasting decafs, especially the dark-colored Swiss Water ones!
Score: 82.2 Compare to: Nice, simple sweet Central American coffee!
Notes: The San Pablo sold under the Becafisa Tres Flechas (trans. Three Arrows) mark is a really great Mexican coffee for straight roasts, blending, and espresso blend base (for a sweet, clean espresso). This coffee is a beautiful bluish green in color, hinting at freshness, good picking / preparation, and a good moisture content. Ukers All About Coffee talks about fine Mexican coffees with a beautiful jade color and a white stripe down the center. This always confused me, and I thought it was another Ukers anachronysm, but this coffee DOES have a distinct stripe of very white chaff. It is a really great cup and as a lark we conducted a bling cupping with 3 Jamaica Blue Mountain samples and the Tres Flechas. This was a totally blind cupping with Jovan and I: we both picked the Mexican as the best cup! Nice chocolate notes, spice, and for a Mexican quite a lot of brightness ...acidity. With the right roast, it rocks. BTW San Pablo is a town, Tres Flechas is an exporter's mark.
Roast: City to Full City ...dont burn this stuff! A tad into 2nd OK. Or its great as a blend base in Continental or French roast degrees of roast.
Compare to: good Mexican, very good Mexican!
Notes: This is a premium Robusta that is on par with the best washed robusta from India or Indonesia. I say that only based on my experience: I can't tell the difference between 12.5% of this in my espresso blend and 12.5% of that. It is extremely well prepared and has almost no chaff. There is but 1 defect per 300 gram sample.
Remember, we offer Robusta only for use in espresso! I do not recommend ever using robusta in filter coffee (it also has at least double the caffeine as coffea arabica) ...and I barely recommend it for espresso. I prefer most of my espresso without robusta. But I do find that 10-15% of this added the to our Espresso Monkey Blend adds that certain bite to the cup.
Flavor- Depth: n/a Roast: For espresso blends: roast to your personal preference.
Dry Fragrance: 85 Notes: I love having a good Chiapas in stock; the coffees from this extreme-Southern region of Mexico are so distinct from the excellent Oaxaca Pluma, or the not so excellent Veracruz or Coatepec (we have rarely carried coffees from Coatepec, never from Vercruz). Chiapas are brighter, sweeter, and are more similar to the excellent Huehuetenango coffees from Guatemala ...the region just across the border to the South. It is very light-bodied, and not long in the aftertaste, but there is always some unique aromatic to the cup. In this case, we have found the La Alianza Organic to have a unique combination of sweetly floral-fruity (apricot) acidity and clove. You may lose these delicate flavors with a heavy roast, so keep it light (City, just before 2nd crack starts) and you will see the flavors pass from sweet to bittersweet, from floral to clove.
Score: 83.2 Compare to: More like the Huehuetenangos than like other Mexican coffees, yet it is still distinct from any of the Guatemalans. But in general It is a mild, light-bodied, delicate cup.
Flavor- Depth: 86 Roast: Full City: Wide latitude of roast I particularily liked how the deeper roast flavors a few snaps into the second crack underscored the origin flavors.
Score: 82.2 Compare to: Non-fuity Central Americans, pungent spicy Colombians.
Dry Fragrance: 78 Notes: The strength of the Oaxacan coffees is their moderate acidity and nice nutty and bittersweet roast tastes. In general I prefer the Oaxacans to the Coatepecs or other northern regions (the Chiapas is all the way to the south and really bears little resemblance to the other Mexican coffees. We chose this same coffee last year in blind cupping because of the very attractive roast flavors ...meaning the flavors that develop at different degrees of roast. With this coffee there's a nice nutty flavor at the City roast stage and a nice bittersweet chocolaty flavor developing at Full City/ Vienna. And there is just a little acidity there to balance out the cup in the lighter roast stages. We use it as part of an Organic French Roast blend we do, because it has very attractive carbony flavors in the deepest stages of the roast.
Flavor- Depth: 86 Roast: City has great nutty flavors, Full City or darker develops nice bittersweet roast tastes.
Dry Fragrance (1-5) 3 Notes: Bright, light bodied, full of character and "snap". I am not talking describing a person although a few come to mind. The new Water Process method used to decaffeinated this coffee leaves an astounding amount of cup character. I always felt that the SWP decaf was weakest when applied to bright, acidic high-toned coffees. They cupped like water flavored with cardboard. So this blend here is, to me, the ultimate triumph of our new Water Process decaf source (from Mexico, although the DO use the same method essentially as official SWP coffee -which is processed in Canada actually). It is an "indirect contact", non-chemical process that is truly a water filtration process. The other factor is that other decafs sometimes don't originate with the best green coffees. This is a true Auction Lot Kenya blended 50-50 with one of the best Ethiopian Yirgacheffe lots from this season. As I mentioned, it is a coffee that is lighter in body, bright (striking the front of the palate and tongue in the center-front and front-sides), and very fruity. Although the scores are already very high for a decaf, I objectively felt the cup rates higher than a combined 86 so there is a "Cupper's Correction" of 2.
Finish - Aftertaste (1-10) 8 Roast: While this coffee becomes sharply pungent in darker roasts, I really enjoy its bright, fruity character too much to roast it that way. I keep it light, stopping the roast at Full City, right at the verge of 2nd crack but not into it.
Cupper's Correction (1-5) 2.0 Roast:a City roast stopped near 2nd crack, but with no indication at all that it reached 2nd crack is great.
add 50 50.0 Compare to: Lighter in body than other Nicaraguans and than Colombians too, but a great interplay of flavors like the best of either of these two countries.
Dry Fragrance: 84 Notes: There have been quite a few nice Nicaragua samples coming down the pipe this year. The Cup Of Excellence auction has focused more attention on this origin,. which like Panama is greatly under-rated in relation to its cup quality, and overall potential to produce great coffee. But the best Nicaraguan samples I received were not from the auction lots, they were from other single-farm sources. This Nueva Esperanza is one (and the Carlos Fonesca we will have later is another). Of the two, the Nueva Esperanza is the bolder cup, with distinctive rooty/aromatic woody roast notes emerging at the lighter end of the spectrum (City/Full City) and turning into great pungency a little lighter in the roast. The suprise is the slightly sweet acidic brightness that balances out the cup, making it a true "complete" single-origin cupping experience rather than a "blender" status that Nicaraguans used to be relegated to (and some lower grown HG ones still are only that, a blender). And at this price this is truly an incredible cup for the money!
Flavor- Depth: 87 Roast: As stated above, this coffee has a huge great character and can be roasted to a wide degree of roasts ...it's great at medium (City) roast, Full City and even toward Vienna --a bit into 2nd crack. But the chocolate roast taste and peak complexity is at Full City, just a couple snaps into 2nd crack.
Flavor- Depth: 83 Roast: Wide lattitude of roasts, and can be used as single-origin espresso too. See notes above.
Score: 82.5 Compare to: Matagalpas are lower-acid Centrals, and bear some resemblence to the best Oaxacas of Mexico.
Flavor- Depth: 84 Roast:Wide lattitude of roasts, and can be used as single-origin espresso too. See notes above.
Score: 83.8 Compare to: Matagalpas are lower-acid Centrals, and bear some resemblence to the best Oaxacas of Mexico.
Dry Fragrance: 83 Notes: The Segovia from Nicaragua bears some resemblence to the Mexican Oaxaca Pluma, more so than it resembles the Nicaraguan Jinotega-Matagalpa coffees. It is interestingly soft, and intense: the acidity is moderate, it is full-bodied, and is quite mild at first. The first flavors you might get are a soft milk-choclate roast taste, which fades into a really interesting aromatic woodyness (not at all like the woody flavor defect that reveals a coffee is past crop, or possibly improperly stored.) It finishes rather mild but then seems to hang around a bit with a pungent slightly carbony aftertaste ...very nice! And as you continue to sip this coffee the aftertaste seems to accumulate. I always wwaonder of this quality is directly related to the heavy body of a coffee: if it has more "Soluble Solids" which make you sense a thickness in the cup, it might also follow that these solids would be retained on the palate and give a long, slowly-diminshing aftertaste, or even a sort of phantom "return" of flavor. Nonetheless, this is a great coffee, and the pungency lead me to try an unorthodox espresso test with it: 100% Canta Gallo Espresso! Try it, its remarkable!
Flavor- Depth: 87 Roast: City to Full City. The coffee has darker roast characteristics even in the lighter roasts. Very interesting as espresso too, although you should expect a little less crema since its wet-processed coffee.
Score: 84.8 Compare to: Mexican Oaxaca Pluma!
Flavor- Depth: 87 Roast: As stated above, this coffee has a huge altitude. it's great at medium (City) roast, Full City and even toward Vienna --a bit into 2nd crack. But the chocolate roast taste and peak complexity is at Full City, just a couple snaps into 2nd crack.
Score: 85.8 Compare to: Excellent Colombians, balanced and full of character!
Dry Fragrance: 86 Notes: Matagalpas are known for their excellent depth and pungent flavors. Selva Negra is one of the most respected Estates from the region, both for their environmentally sustainable farming methods and for the excellent cup. Like any Estate-level coffees, the coffee does vary from year to year and this is the best Selva Negra I have had for the past 2 seasons. It has excellent chocolate flavor, that has hints of aromatic wood to it, and spiceyness. The acidity is in balance with the other flavors and reveals itself as the cup cools. Multiple coexistent flavors like this are the benchmark of good complexity, flavors that alternate as you try to get a sense of them. Its what every cupper appreciates; an interesting sensory problem! And its what makes the Selva Negra great... This coffee is Shade Grown on one of the most beautiful coffee estates in Nicaragua, where coffee trees are interplanted with native forest. I have met the farm owner and have deep respect for the Selva Negra operation... this is ecologically aware coffee farming without the eco-certification, but with all the good sense.
Flavor- Depth: 87 Roast: City, Full City OK too but this coffee has fully developed its body at a real medium roast and you loose some complexity if you let it enter 2nd crack.
Dry Fragrance (1-5) 3 Notes: The great cup from this La Berlina was a surprise, even after visiting the farm last year and seeing the incredibly old 18 foot tall Typica trees. I had cupped it in the past, and while I found it always to be a nice clean cup it was always outdone by such coffees as the Lerida estate coffee from Boquete. But Lerida has replanted with new hybrids and the cup shows it. Berlina is 100% traditional Typica cultivar. It has remarkable brightness, complexity and depth for a clean Central American cup, easily as good or better than the best lots of Lerida I have had. Panama is basically an under-rated coffee in total, always playing second fiddle to the big name Costa Ricans and Guatemalans. But when you put this Berlina cup up against many of the Tarrazus from Costa Rica, it rates higher. The coffee is expertly prepared, fairly large bean size for Panama of the longer Typica, the old arabica cultivars. The cup really shimmers: bright citrus passes quickly to spice and sharp lively chocolate flavors. The aftertastes is moderate and thoroughly enjoyable. Just outstanding, hence and overall cupper's correction of +2 to communicate the attractiveness of this cup.
Finish - Aftertaste (1-10) 8 Roast: City, through first crack and not yet to second. You will lose some complexity in this coffee in a darker roast, so I would keep it from going into second crack at all.
Cupper's Correction (1-5) 2 Compare to: Other high-grown Centrals that have complexity: Guats & Costa Rican Tarrazus.
Dry Fragrance (1-5) 3 Notes: Monsieur Gilbert Maunier was the French founder of Finca Maunier, but after the farm reached maturity he decided to move to Costa Rica and he sold the Finca to another Boqueteño that eventually sold it to Mr. Plinio Ruiz. With his expertise he developed a biodiverse coffee plantation keeping the original shade trees and planting separated lots for each of the three varieties. The original Finca philosophy remains the same. The first coffee roasting machine that Mr. Ruiz acquired belonged to Mr. Maunier. The farm is all above 1500 meters, and all the processing takes place in the Casa Ruiz facility in the town of Boquete. The coffee was awarded the 2nd place in the 2002 Panama Auction and 8th last year, but this is not the auction lot coffee here. The coffee is blended from cultivars as such: Typica 40%, Bourbon 15%, Caturra 45%. What the Maunier had over the competing lots was depth and complexity. It has lower acidity than the other winning coffees, but a great mild fruity-winey character, excellent body compared to the other auction samples, and hints of spice. The roast taste is sweet and a bit butterscotch. Cupping it next to the la Minita of Costa Rica, I find them very much on par.
Cupper's Correction (1-5) 1 Roast: Preserve the fruitiness and complexity by roasting to City stage and don't let this coffee get into the second crack much.
add 50 50 Compare to: The best Centrals, especially the great years of Costa Rican Tarrazu coffees back in the '80s.
Dry Fragrance (1-5) 3 Notes: I visited the farm that was right across the narrow dirt lane from Mama Cata. That was the well-known Finca Lerida, winner of the 2001 Panama Auction (we bought that winning lot last year too). They both share some of the highest altitude of Boquete coffees, above the Finca La Berlina (a 100% Typica farm) and Maunier. There was a striking difference between the two farms. Lerida seems to be replanting their land with higher yield arabica cultivar, Caturra. But Mama Cata appears to be planted entirely with the tall, rangy Typica cultivar. While it yields less than more modern hybrids, old "traditional" cultivar trees last longer, and there is the notion that a plant that is not stressed by the overproduction of fruit (coffee cherry) will produce better cup quality in the fewer cherry it yields. Folks like me traveling to coffee lands are often proven wrong, and cup really good coffees produced by newer cultivars, but we always want to cup the Typica (and Bourbon) varietals first. Anyway, I was part of the panel that picked the Mama Cata (in totally blind cupping from 28 finalist lots) and the cup character I remember down in Panama impresses me each time I enjoy this coffee here at home. It doesn't knock the socks off - it charms them off. The aromatics are attractive and sweet. The roast develops a pungency that cups like an Antigua from Guatemala, mildly alkaloid/chocolaty, but is offset by a black cherry fruitiness.
Finish - Aftertaste (1-10) 8 Roast: The Mama Cata is one of the Centrals that takes a wide latitude of roasts, and band that spans the City to Vienna spectrum. I enjoy the mildly sharp tang that develops this roast about 10 seconds into 2nd crack.
not surprising since they across the road from eachother!
Dry Fragrance (1-5) 3.0 Notes: This coffee from the Northeast mountain state of Chirqui has a beautiful dark green-blue appearance (fresh, new crop), with a delicate light-bodied cup that will win over your friends and relatives to the merits of home roasting. Very pleasant clean sweet taste with a unique cedar aromatic woodiness in the finish. This hints that this is Sr. Hartmann's special lot of coffee that he dries in a special wooden Bodega next to the patios on the farm. The humidity and native hardwoods give the coffee a characteristic flavor -very subtle but unmistakable. It's not a super complex coffee overall, just real fine and delicate. To get a full sense of this acidity, taste it hot and taste it cool too. In fact, my first sip of it is always a little disappointing based on the wonderful aromatics you get when grinding it. But a lot of bright coffees are this way. As it cools the bright notes that make it so special are fleshed out, and you will fall in love with this coffee by the time you reach the last sip. The Volcan Chirqui is right at the Costa Rican border so it is not a wonder that the coffee cups like a bright, delicate Costa Rican. For more information on the Hartmann farm, see our review of the 2002 Panama Cupping Competition. The Hartmann land is a model of sustainable farming and bird-friendly, shade grown agriculture with much of the farm preserved as forest ... in a bitter irony it does not qualify as certified bird-friendly because of very limited use of nitrogen fertilizer!
Cupper's Correction (1-5) 2.0 Roast: I prefer this at a light City roast to accentuate the moderate acidity and that unique woody note in the aftertaste.
add 50 50 Compare to: Light-bodied delicate coffees, similar to Coast Ricans from the southern areas of La Amistad, the Boquete coffees of Panama, and also similar to some of the Chiapas coffees from the south of Mexico.
Notes: Monsieur Gilbert Maunier was the French founder of Finca Maunier, but after the farm reached maturity he decided to move to Costa Rica and he sold the Finca to another Boquete�o that eventually sold it to Mr. Plinio Ruiz. With his expertise he developed a biodiverse coffee plantation keeping the original shade trees and planting separated lots for each of the three varieties. The original Finca philosophy remains the same. The first coffee roasting machine that Mr. Ruiz acquired belonged to Mr. Maunier. The farm is all above 1500 meters, and all the processing takes place in the Casa Ruiz facility in the town of Boquete. The coffee was awarded the 8th place in the 2001 Panama Cup of Excellence, but I chose it as my #2 coffee of all the samples, surpassed only by the Lerida. And in fact it might be the #1 coffee for those who want to avoid the citrusy acidity of the Lerida. What the Maunier had over the competing lots was depth and complexity. It has lower acidity than the other 8 winning coffees, but a great fruity-winey character, excellent body, and hints of spice. The roast taste is sweetly butterscotch.
Please note: we offered the actual Auction-lot earlier this year. This is NOT the auction lot, but I was stunned that it cupped JUST LIKE the auction lot! That says a lot for the consistency of the coffee from this farm. In contrast, the Lerida Auction Lot was far superior to any subsequent Lerida offerings.
Flavor- Depth: 88 Roast: As with the Lerida, preserve the fruitiness and complexity by roasting to City stage and don't let this coffee get into the second crack much.
Compare to: The best Centrals, especially the great years of Costa Rican Tarrazu coffees back in the '80s.
Dry Fragrance: 87 Notes: Lerida Estate is situated in the valley of Boquete in the Northwestern part of Panama. Surrounded by 500 acres of tropical forest on the slopes of the Baru Volcano. It has volcanic soil, an altitude ranging from 1600 to 1700 meters above sea level, adequate rainfall with a sunny and dry harvesting season. The coffee cherries are harvested daily and go through a meticulous wet process in Leridas unique processing plant (few farms have their own wet-mill on the Finca). The beans are sun-dried and set to rest for no less than 60 days. The coffee in this lot is the sample submitted to the 2001 Panama Cup of Excellence Auction, where it was awarded the blue ribbon by the international panel of cupper's, and received the highest bid in the auction, paid by Sweet Maria's. It is from batches No.30-36, harvested on January 4-11, 2001. Fermentation took place from 39-48 hours. The sun drying process took an average of 11 days per batch. The cup character is the best coffee from the Lerida farm we have ever tasted, since it represents the "best of the best" the farm offers in the effort to win the #1 spot in the Auction. It is a bright, effervescently acidy coffee with sweet fruity/floral notes. The brightness has hints of fresh citrus and a touch of wineyness that rounds out the flavor in the finish. It is remarkable while on the palate, but light in body and medium in the aftertaste, as is characteristic of Panamanian coffee. The quality of this cup, in terms of high notes and complexity, surely ranks it as a Gran Cru of Central American coffee.
Flavor- Depth: 89 Roast: To preserve the fruitiness and complexity, don't let this coffee get into the second crack much. A City roast is best, and a Full City with a few snaps of second crack will tone down some of the citrusy flavors and allow a black cherry flavor to emerge, with some light bittersweet caramelly notes.
Flavor- Depth: 88 Roast: City, throught first crack and not yet to second. You will lose some complexity in this coffee in a darker roast, so I would keep it from going into second crack at all.
Score: 87 Compare to: Other high-grown Centrals that have complexity: Guats & Costa Rican Tarrazus.
Dry Fragrance (1-5) 3 Notes: This is a newly arrived coffee grown on the 300 hectare Kinjibi Tribal Plantation, in nearby small plantations and local villagers "coffee gardens". The coffee grown on the plantations are of the Typica (blue mountain), mundo novo, and arusha varieties. The village gardens range in size from 20 to 600 trees, exceptionally small compared to the size of farms in other producing nations. At a high altitude of 5500 to 5700 feet, the arabica coffee they grow is exceptional and of the Typica (blue mountain) and arusha varieties. Kinjibi Plantation has its own processing mill which benefits quality in that the cherry doesn't have to travel great distances from the time it is picked to the beginning of the wet-processing; a very quality-critical part of the process that should occur within 12 hours. Kinjibi is imported by New Guinea Coffee Traders (http://www.newguineatraders.com/) into the US, a small family business focused on this one origin, and this one source, with the express goal of aiding indigenous coffee workers. We found the samples they sent to class right alongside the Kimel Plantation coffee, our favorite wet-process PNG cup for the past 2 years, with some interesting differences. I think the Kimel has more straightforward brightness in the cup, and the Kinjibi is more nuanced with spicy subtle flavors that emerge behind the dominant roast tastes. At these high growing altitudes, the brightness certainly is there, and provides an initial snap to the cup. It's easy to overroast a peaberry like this; they simply have a different thermal quality than flat bean coffee and roast faster. But this coffee produces great cups throughout the City to Full City range, and a nice pungent cup at Vienna roast too.
add 50 50 Compare to: On par with our Kimel Plantation coffee, but with perhaps more subtlety.
Dry Fragrance (1-5) 3 Notes: I stocked the Purosa estate coffee several years ago (you'll have to look at our pre-2000 reviews to find that one) and was really taken by it. It had been rated high in a trans-national cupping review and the comment from that was as follows: "only the two estate coffees from the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, Arona and Purosa, attracted the very highest level of enthusiasm and ratings from the panel, equal to the response provoked by the best coffees from Kenya, Guatemala and Ethiopia." That's high praise and might need some clarification. The Papua New Guinea is a "classic cup" profile, one with clean flavors that are found in Central American coffees without the fermenty-hidey-earthy character of rustic coffees like dry-process Sumatras, Ethiopians and Yemens. So rating PNG vs. Guatemala makes a lot more sense because both share a very, very general cup profile. This cup is sweet, very aromatic, fruited with a touch of coffee cherry and a little vanilla, and so balanced that it is hard to come up with adequate descriptions that don't sound half-hearted : this is pleasant -I mean REALLY pleasant.
Cupper's Correction (1-5) 1 Roast: City or Full City. Roasted darker the Purosa loses too much character so stay on the light side.
add 50 50 Compare to: Deeply balanced "classic" cup with great resonance, somewhat sweet, a great PNG coffee!
Dry Fragrance: 83 Notes: Papua New Guinea occupies the Eastern half of the island it shares with the Indonesian provice of Irian (no organized coffee production originates from Irian) There can be a huge range of cups from Papua New Guinea, and the so-called Plantation coffees represent the cleaner character of the coffee produced on the island... more like a good Central American than part of the Indonesioan profile. The coffee plantations are larger farms that have their own coffee processing wet mills, so they are able to control all the variables of production better than the small farm "coffee gardens." Kimel has great body and balance: buttery mouthfeel, and acidity - flavors in very harmonious balance in the cup. It's a "Classic" cup profile for sure! It makes an excellent vacuum-brewed cup too, and in a French Press we have had great results using the roast recommendation below (blending 2 roasts together).
Flavor- Depth: 87 Roast: City (Medium), this is coffee has fine, delicate flavors that get obliterated in darker roasts. But for an interesting cup, try roasting one batch to a light City roast, another to a Full City (a few snaps into second crack) and then blend them together! It brings out interesting dimensions in the cup while keeping with the single-origin roasting tradition.
Score: 86.2 Compare to: Compares more to Central Americans more often than other Indonesians like Sumatra --Although Timor bears resemblence too.
Dry Fragrance: 84 Notes: It has been tough to find a good Papua New Guinea coffee this year. I often think the Organics are superior: they are traditional varietals grown on small farms. Its just a matter of exactly whose small farms they are pooled from, and the overall quality of the crop year. To find a good organic Papua New Guinea there is no method other than cupping every lot you can get your hands on. I went through 5 to find this one. It is the larger AA grade bean size (the Organics tend to be large, I think because they are descended from the Jamaican coffee stock that was used to plant Papua New Guinea originally!) Smallholder farms can be the best IF the co-op that organizes themselves for organic certification maintains high standards and good milling practices. I think that's the case with this lot here, and while there are a few misshapen seeds in here, the cup quality is excellent: good balance and complexity, that slight gamy/tea-like flavor that distinguishes the good PNG Organics.
Flavor- Depth: 86 Roast: I prefer a Full City roast on the PNG, just to the verge of Second crack, but not entering it.
Score: 84.0 Compare to: Medium acidity, great balance, good body, interesting midrange flavors.
Dry Fragrance: 81 Notes: Papua New Guinea occupies the western half of the island it shares with the Indonesian provice of Irian Jaya (no organized coffee production originates from Irian Jaya) There can be a huge range of cups from Papua New Guinea, and the so-called Plantation coffees represent the cleaner character of the coffee produced on the island... more like a good Central American than part of the Indonesioan profile. The coffee plantations are larger farms that have their own coffee processing wet mills, so they are able to control all the variables of production better than the small farm "coffee gardens." Mile High platantion has been our favorite of these, and we have picked over the well-known Sigri for the past 2 years running. It makes an excellent vacuum-brewed cup too, and in a French Press we have had great results using the roast recommendation below (blending 2 roasts together).
Score: 84.2 Compare to: Compares more to Central Americans more often than other Indonesians like Sumatra --Although Timor bears resemblence too. | 2019-04-26T09:22:22Z | https://legacy.sweetmarias.com/coffee.arch2001-02.pt3.html |
I need your thoughts. My husband and I are first-time parents and plan on taking our 10 month old son to get his first pumpkin this weekend. My husband and I are SUPER BIG about holidays (pumpkins, christmas tree,etc..) in fact, I feel like a big kid during the holidays. However, he wants to include his parents in this weekend's activity. He feels that we are one big happy family. And, while I feel that we are one big happy family too with grandparents, aunts/uncles. I feel that we have created our own little family and with that should start establishing traditions with our son and future children without extended family. And, one of the traditions is getting pumpkins. I do include my in-laws and parents with a lot of things but again, we have our own family that I want to nuture. This has created such conflict between us because he feels his parents should be included in things like this.
I would appreciate your thoughts on this! Am, I being too selfish?
Read moreMore from that M.W. has written M.W.
Extended family is important, but it is also important for you to do things as a nuclear family.
Maybe say "no" to the pumpkin patch but then have them over for pumpkin carving another day? It sounds like you all get along well, and you want to maintain good relations, but boundaries are still important. Remember sometimes compromising is the key. Good luck!
I have been there and am still there and totally agree with you.
This is his first trip and in my opinion it should be with mom and dad (or other partners).
But it helps to have options to give them. Maybe they could come by after when you guys are going to decorate or carve the pumpkins to see him play with the goo inside or something similar.
Just wait until christmas comes around. That was the hardest for us.
I don't know that you are being selfish really, I don't think so. At the risk of sounding snarky, though, I wish I had your problems. I finally found the love of my life and we've just had a gorgeous daughter but we are very much alone when it comes to being able to share that joy and holidays really seem to drive that feeling home for us. He lost his mom and I lost my father around the same time, our remaining parents seemed to deal with the grief in similar ways by moving far away and finding new companions. I am an only child, he has a sister he speaks to on the phone and we see once or twice a year, he has a brother neither of us enjoy being around much because of his drinking problems. The closest I come to my mother is an LD phone call which I am extremely grateful for and I often find myself overcome with worry that I will lose her too.
If you have extended family and they are worth knowing, you might consider that, god forbid of course, one of them might not be here for next Halloween. I only say this because these are the regrets I have for the little extended family I had that is just not around anymore. I don't even mean just that they could *not make it*...sometimes other thinks can contribute to family not being available to you anymore.
Now if there are other issues, I fully understand that you need to protect you child's best interests. But even as a first time parent I have to admit that I was a bit hasty in some of my decisions to not include extended family bacause I wanted to create a new "atmosphere".. In the end, family and friends is all that we have. As my older children grew up I found I leaned more and more heavily on the wisdom and tradition that beautifully shaped our family's growth and development until suddenly I didn't have that anymore. I wish I had time to recount every time I realized the influence or impact my In-laws or my mother had on my daughter...and me as a parent because they made me one hundred percent better, even if I didn't realize it at the time.
I seriously DON"T think you are being too selfish, I do however think you might not be aware of how lucky you and you core family are to be in the midst of such a rich heritage. Maybe you could decide on some new traditions and invite the others to come to share it. This way you could still feel though you are settign a new atmosphere while incorporating the elders.
I think that what you are feeling is completely normal. We have a very healthy relationship with are extended family but one set of family would be over all the time if we allowed it. so, you and your husband have to agree that your immediate family needs their own time. We are pulled in a lot of directions during the holidays and birthdays too. we enjoy it but it is stressful. This week I asked my husband if he agrees that Halloween should be the one holiday we don't try and include other family. We always make one set unhappy, so, lets keep this one between us. WE LOVE Halloween so why add the stress of trying to have family over or drive back and forth. Start your own family traditions, good luck.
It is important to have traditions as a family. However, grandparents can be a part of traditions like going to the pumpkin patch. They are part of the family too. The way my husband and I look at it is that they will not be here for a long time and every moment spent with them is precious. You are lucky to have that option and oppportunity to have grandparents around. My little ones only have grandparents on my side because my husband's parents passed before the kiddies came. I know he misses them and wishes they had seen the kids. We try to spend as much time as we can with our families. I hope this helps. I am writing with no judgment . Just letting you know what we do. Take care.
I know you've already gotten alot of responses but I just wanted to re-iterate what many have said here - You are NOT being selfish at all! I love my in laws dearly but we've had the same issue in our family that you are having. It's been nearly 8 years since our first child was born; our 2 kids are in school now and it's alot better BECAUSE my husband finally realized that he needed to be clear with his mom about what was OK and what was not OK in terms of inviting herself to every little thing, some of which we really wanted to do as a family (just the 4 of us - my hubby and our 2 kids). There is NOTHING wrong with that; in fact, it's very healthy. Some parents just have a hard time letting go of their grown children and grandchildren. As long as she is active in your lives and is able to spend lots of quality time doing special things with you all, you shouldn't feel guilty for wanting to have some events such as pumpkin patch visits that do not include her. Good luck and remember to be consistent and firm on this. If you don't I can assure you that you and your husband (and posibly, other family members) will fight about it for years to come. good luck and Happy Halloween!
I wish i had your problem......my mother in law doesnt celebrate any holidays or birthdays due to her religion.....my father in law isnt in this religion but he is so uncomfortable about celebrating that its a waste to invite him because he doesnt interact.......my paretns are deceased and have never met my little ones........i wish i had all this extra family to celebrate firsts with.........let us know the outcome!!!!
I can only tell you my experience. My husband and I live across the country from both sides of the family. And it gets old doing things with just us. We love our children and enjoy doing things with them but we find that when a grandparent has the opportunity to be involved it is so much more fulfilling. On the other hand my husband and I are very much adamant about spending the holidays the way we want. Like Christmas for example, we are very simplistic when it comes to this holiday while the rest of our family is very....well not! So we choose do not be around them on Christmas Day. You have to do what's best for your family but I honestly see no harm in sharing this trip with his parents. Hope this helps. Good Luck.
Hope eveything turns out great!
I was hesitant to respond but felt my experience might give you a different perspective. I grew up with my grandparents greatly involved in my life and feel as though it helpd form the person I am today. Try not to view the situation as them imposing on "your" traditions rather how their interaction with your son with help him develop his character and his appreciation for family. One day he will have a family of his own and will treat his parents (you and your husband) based on your behavior. He will probably want to form 'Traditions" of his own and wouldn't you feel honored to have him include you in his family?
I tell you this because I think my mom and I share a beautiful relationship and part of our interaction stems from the relationship I viewed as a child between my grandmother and my mother. I can only pray that based on my behavior my daughter will view our relationship the same way.
If you are trying to nurture this family atmosphere, why would you want to exclude your child's grandparents? When your son has kids, do you want to be excluded? I think holidays are a time to celebrate with all of your loved ones, if you are blessed enough to have family near you. It's not like they are trying to stop your plans for pumpkin picking...it sounds like they just want to participate. Sure, there are times that you want to celebrate as a small family unit, but I know my parents/in-laws wanted to be a part of the Firsts in their 1st grandchilds life. They want to celebrate with you, so embrace it! Holidays are not a time to exlude family or pick fights with your hubby. Enjoy for what it's worth. If need be, explain to your huz when you've had enough and want to schedule a mini family outing or set time limits on granparent visits. There are compromises to their inclusion that you can make, too! Relax and have fun!
This may be awful of me, but consider having them along, then making them take all the pictures and video of just you, your husband and the baby. In a way, it would be like your own family tradition (at least in the photo albums!), plus the grandparents get stuck listening to your directions for pictures & video shots. If they start to complain, then you VERY SWEETLY tell them how important it is for you to get all of these memories on film and that you promise just a little bit longer and you won't ask them to do it again next year (which of course could mean you won't invite them next year at all...). If they want to get in on the action and want you or your husband to take pictures of the baby with THEM, you can either take 1 picture then get super excited about something, hand the camera off again and start directing for your own pictures, or "not hear" their request over the excitement of the pumpking patch.
It's passive-agressive, I know, but that's what I would do.
I'd like to suggest you, hubby and baby go to Pumpkin patch at a certain time and ask the in-laws to meet you an hour later (or whatever time you decide)so that your intimate family can have time together first, then the extended family can join in. Talk this over with hubby and let him know this is how you are willing to compromise. If this is important to you, it should be important to your husband, bottom line.
Honestly, I'd include the 'extended' family as well, though I personally don't see them as extended. I come from a family, similar to your husbands I suppose where it's all one big family. You can continue the tradition of pumpkin picking with them as well. Think of the blessed memories it will create for you children.
i know how you feel. my husband and i wanted to buy our daughter special ornament every year for xmas and his parents went without asking and bought her some. im still angry over that because that was something my husband and i told them that we would do and not anyone else. but at 10 months your son isnt really going to know any different. i think maybe you and your husband should take your son on a day they arent available on like durring the week. then include them on a different day. my husband and i dont include either side of the family when we do little things like that only because his mom is just a big distraction and wants our daughter to herself. talk to your husband and agree on something. i hope this helps.
the in-laws can be invited... but preface it with them joining YOUR traditions.
Yes, now that you have your OWN nuclear family... you CAN AND WILL create your OWN "traditons." Nothing wrong with that.
But the others, will need time to adjust too.
Not EVERY SINGLE holiday, has to include EVERYONE... but you choose, together with your Husband, explaining it. You CHOOSE which traditions/holidays to do it with the in-laws or your family... or not.
No you are not selfish. You are a Mommy now... and you have your own ideas on the "traditions" you want to create WITH your children, & all Mom's do that.
BUT... do it diplomatically. No Husband (or wife) wants to feel they are "wrong" or but heads about it. Then COMPROMISE... about it, with your Husband. I'm sure he can be capable of understanding that? But it has to be give and take.
And, it is hard to NOT include extended family during the holidays.... so you can do a "joint" family thing, THEN DO YOUR OWN traditions with your own nuclear family/husband/son.
It is a tough call... my suggestion is for you let them come to get pumpkins but you have a family day carving them, maybe do some crafts around it, something special treat wise while you work on your pumpkins, etc. Make your own special day on another day. It can be fun and special and all your own...and something they can look forward to every year. Your inlaws may not always be there, every year, and I am sure your little one (s) will enjoy having family around them to share in that day. We live far away from our family and my kids would just die to have our families to share special moments with. I would give on the one thing and make another all your own.
People who love this sort of large family celebration tend to be really offended if you want something different. It’s clear from your post that you are including grandparents in your child’s life and are not trying to eliminate them from all your celebrations. If your husband doesn’t want to have any “private” family celebrations, you may need, for your own sanity, to create some traditions that are only for you and your child. Christmas and Thanksgiving are holidays that must be spent with my husband’s family and for 24 years we have missed having only one single holiday without them. I am sure that my husband and probably my children have enjoyed these celebrations. Children learn to love whatever traditions their parents create for them. Halloween is a holiday that my husband’s family frowns upon. People seem to think that a person will get used to things being a certain way. All I know is that I no longer look forward to Christmas or Thanksgiving. However, I have learned to love Halloween in ways that I never would have imagined. I encourage you to look after your own emotional needs. Finding ways to do this without getting your loved ones knickers in a twist is the art of maturity. You need to have things to look forward too!
Expectations about how the future will play itself out potentially invites anxiety into your life with the hope of controlling outcomes. If you haven't noticed already, very few of our plans turn out like we imagined them completely. I'm taking a wild guess here, but do your in-laws present a threat to you? Are they over bonded with your husband and tend to control most situations they are involved in? It sounds like there are deeper issues that are being masked by this power struggle.
I understand completely, and only you know what the answer is. But, I will tell you this, whatever you do now will set the precedence for every holiday from here on out. And if you are not happy with the decision now, you will just resent it more and more each time. So make sure you think it thru and accept the decision wholeheartedly.
Okay, this is personal experience. My mother is only 16 years older than I. She is ready to be a mom NOW,so she really does "mother" my children. I always wanted the BIG family thing with lots of traditions, although it does not stop. She insists on doing it ALL the time. It is very frustrating. We can not do much with out her being involved or being hurt by not being involved. I love having her there, the kids LOVE it. But once in a while would be nice to do something with a holiday that did not include her. My big issue is she is a type A personality and CONTROLS everything!! Which does not always allow for a "family" thing. So with this being said, I understand where you are coming from. If they do not tell you what to do, where to do it and how to do it, then embrace it. These are times your child(ren) will cherish forever, and remember and pass down. One day your son will have children and think of what it will be like to stand on the side lines to watch your grandchildren enjoy their "wows" and "wonders" of the world.
I personally do not think you are being selfish, just pick and choose our battles, this has all just begun. I know there are things that are important, give the first year up, and when you have cycled through all the holidays (make notes) at the end, decide what you really want to do alone, talk it over with your husband and make adjustments next year. The first year is fun, but he is too little to really enjoy it all and be to involved. This year is just for the 1sts. Good luck with what ever you do.
I only read a few of the other posts, but wanted to mention that since your son is still so young, he won't know what activities and outings you go on for the next couple of years (except through photos/journals)...long term memory isn't set for awhile I believe.
Of course, what you do now may set a trend/standard, so you probably want to do now what you'll want to do in the future. But, you also may have a couple of years to figure out exactly which traditions you want for just your small family, so you don't need to stress too much this year if you don't make a set decision.
I personally would LOVE to do more things with extended family, as they all live far away and we miss them (plus they have many grandchildren to split their time between), but I understand it could be frustrating having them so close and wanting to participate in every tradition and event.
I've gone through the same thing with my extended family. One thing that your husband needs to understand is that while extended families are very important and should be included in your lives, your family...the reason you began your lives together...is even more important. Your parents and in-laws will be very understanding if you choose to do a few things without them (I'm sure they had the same feelings about their parents when they first started their families!) We (my husband and I) finally had to sit down and make a list of which activities our extended families would be included in and which we would do on our own. For example, we make it a point to visit the grandparents on holidays, but celebrate them at home. We invite family to a Sunday Birthday dinner, but do presents and such by ourselves.
I hope you can find a solution to make both you and your husband happy.
We are in the same boat Monica and my husband and I just had to go through this conversation late this summer and I was also asking myself the same things. I also very much enjoy the company of my in-laws. It is helpful that my husband and I are aware of his personality trait to run a three ring circus and invite everyone to everything.
Explain to your husband that you really love and enjoy his parents, but that you are craving intimate time with just your little immediate family. Tell him its not that you want to exclude, but dynamics and interactions are different in a group and you need to plan outings for just the three of you in addition to big family events. The key is make sure he knows you like his parents and enjoy spending time with them. The positive spin on this is that you are craving intimacy with him and bonding with your little family. Don't uninvited them if they have been invited. Give your husband some time to mentally prepare to meet your needs by saying next outing you need it to be just the three of you.
I got very little resistance on this issue from my husband much to my surprise. I do think that taking personality tests and reading each others personality profile has been helpful in our marriage because he knows his tendency to have lots of people around is at times overwhelming and exhausting for me.
Get two pumkins, make two separate trips.
I think you should be generous and invite them to the pumpkin patch. Then I would spend Halloween night by yourselves as an immediate family doing something you enjoy, whether it be trick or treating, giving out treats at your home, or going to a Halloween carnival. I don't see you as being selfish at all, to want alone time with your husband and child. At the same time, I don't know if in-laws and parents understand this, because it seems like they always want the kids to return home for holidays. I have been married 7 years now and my in-laws and family always want us to spend Christmas, Thanksgiving, etc. with them. So it is hard to carve out alone time. Just do your best and try to divide your time to where you spend some time with relatives and some just with your immmediate family.
First of all, I do not think you are being selfish. This type of issue is something I am continuously struggling with. I constantly remind myself how much I valued my memories with my only Grandma & how I wished I had my more Grandparents in my life (my other Grandparents passed away either before I was born or while I was quite young) You need to pick & choose your battles and make compromises. While Halloween is a special holiday, Thanksgiving & Christmas are coming as well & you may want to bend a little now in order to be more rigid for things for those holidays. Perhaps you could do the pumpkin patch yourselves but invite them over for dinner that evening where you can all decorate the pumpkins & roast the seeds. Or perhaps you can invite them to go along to the pumpkin patch, but insist that your husband & you take him trick-or-treating alone.
Good luck finding a happy middle ground!
Extended family is wonderful for anyone to have and to enjoy on special days. However, if you want to create a family tradition (with just your immediate family) I would suggest selecting one or two holidays during the year(Christmas Eve for instance) to do that with. Please let your extended families know that this is important to you and tell them to please let you honor this wish. If they can plan ahead (without you) for those events then you will probably be more successful getting their blessings. Plus if they know the plan (a couple of independent holidays a year) it's more likely not going to interfere in your relationships with them.
I understand your point of view. I am also a new mom and my husband and i are both new at this whole thing. His family likes to do things together too. You are going to be having many family traditions and adventures and plenty of opportunities to create new ones. But INCLUDE the family whenever they want to join in. They will not be here forever and the memories you will get to share with everyone are priceless.
We only had one Halloween with my mom-in-law and my son. we all went together to the pumpkin patch, took pictures and now i can show my son that he at least got one Halloween with his Grandma who loved him so very much.
its not a bad thing that they want to be a part of your life.
all our best wishes, M.
Boy it was really interesting reading all these responses. I am curious as what you decided after reading them all?
As a new grandparent to a 2 1/2 yr old and a 17 month old I can tell you that if the grandparents want to be included in those kinds of things be grateful they care. The issue here seems to be you and your husband. That is where you need to decide who to make the decision for. If it means so much to him to have his folks join in I would say it is not worth a fight or disagreeent with him to keep them away. Your not being selfish, but at the same time you might not be in your best interest to battle over this issue. You need to realize that this is a new grandbaby and for the next few years everything will be a "First" There is a good chance that after a few years the novelity will wear off and down the road you may be just doing this with hubby and the kids. This is probably the first year I might suggest and outing like this to my kids as prior I thought they were too young to enjoy it or understand what was going on. My daughter-in-law took the kids out last year in costumes and didn't invite us. I didn't expect her too, but in the next couple of years as the kids get older and more involved in the holiday, I will probably ask at least one year to go trick or treating with them for the fun of it. Holiday traditions with the "whole (extended)family" can become just as precious memories to the little ones as they grow up as just doing it with Mom and Dad. Maybe strike a deal with Hubby. This year his way, and he can invite the grandparents but next year it your choice grandparents or no grandparents.Good luck, I hope you have a Happy Halloween.
I have an over involved mother in law, who insists on doing things like this with us. We all agree (her children included) that it is a little weird that she wants to attend so many functions/outings that are typically the things the parents do. My parents however are the opposite and they also live very far away from us. So I am living both sides of this issue. I also know about family drama surrounding touchy situations like this--we have had our fair share! And sometimes many of us feel like it's just too much family! My advice is simple... go twice. It's a compromise, the backbone of a marriage! So go once with the grandparents/extended family and once with just the 3 of you. This way you don't step on anyone's toes and you get your alone time too. And you get to experience 2 different pumpkin patches! I really appreciated reading some of these comments. Because I do agree, your child is only going to know the traditions he or she experiences, not the ones you wished for. So filled with extended family or not, he is going to cherish whatever traditions you create. Good luck and choose your battles wisely, as there will be many more to come!
The answer to me is simple, is too much love projected toward your son something to deny him of? My son literally goes through growth spurts when surrounded by family and people who love him. Why exclude your family?? Do you feel that your not getting fulfilled yourself? If that's the case,spend some one on one time with hubby, and stop arguing : ) life is too short. Hope it helps.
Put the decision off on him: Explain that you want them involved but you also want fam time. Make him choose what traditions are going to be everybody and which ones are going to be just you guys. There are sometimes traditions that are more important to the extended family and others that are less and he gets to choose.
Write it down in a journal or blog or something so next year he can't change his mind.
Hi Monica, You are sounding abit selfish on the pumpkin adventure. If you ask them to come they could take the photos for the christmas card! Believe me, you can share a fun day like getting a pumpkin. or they can go with your baby themselves on another day. Your baby is 10 months, won't remember anything about it.
It's a give and take for a LONG time with family.
Are you sure the family wants to hang out with you all the time? I'm sure they have a life outside your plans.
Give love and be happy to do it!
If you and your husband don't agree, I think you should compromise. Have one day with the extended family and also have a different day with just the 3 of you. Having two pumpkins isn't going to make your kid upset. :) We celebrate my daughter's birthday once a week before when my parents visit and then we have a little family thing the next week when it's really her bday so my husband and i can enjoy it in a more low-key way.
The more the merrier! And as your child gets more mobile, you will appreciate having more people around during the holidays so you can relax too!
Also, maybe you can take your son to a different pumpkin patch another day for your own special tradition with him. | 2019-04-24T20:35:26Z | https://www.mamapedia.com/article/role-of-extended-family |
Is the pain in my hips caused by MS?
I am not sure I have MS but I have had pain in my hips and have noticed when I walk something has changed, I can't seem to walk increase my speed in walking. Other changes, are that my legs have felt weak or heavy at times. I must add that I have been diagnosed with Alkylosing Spondilitis years ago but only now am having problems. Thank you.
Pain in the hips is not a direct symptom of MS and will certainly cause you to walk more slowly. See what your doctor thinks; I am not sure why you should specifically be concerned about MS based on the information you’ve provided.
Can MS start in your finger?
Can MS start in your finger? I've had a numb finger tip for 3 days on my ring finger on my right hand. It's just the finger tip. I went to my doctor and she said its probably nerve related and try not to bend my elbow or put pressure in the area. Someone mentioned MS to me, now I can't seem to shake the possibility.
There is no reason for you to worry about MS based solely on numbness in the tip of your little finger. Of course, MS is one of the possible causes (there are probably over a thousand things that could cause this symptom) but this symptom is far more commonly caused by ulnar nerve compression at the elbow, the second most common entrapment neuropathy after carpal tunnel syndrome. Your doctor was correct.
Is there a treatment that will work for both bladder cancer and MS, or at least not worsen the bladder cancer?
I have pre-existing low stage, non-invasive transitional cell carcinoma (found during investigations for MS). I have an employment history of chemical exposure that likely triggered both. I have been using Copaxone since diagnosis however my neurologist has asked me to step up treatment. The bladder cancer is immune mediated; for that reason, anything that suppresses my immune system will likely worsen the cancer. Is there an MS treatment that will somehow work for both, or at least not worsen the bladder cancer? I've seen that rituximab is used for some cancers however bladder cancer is not one of them. Any input would be really appreciated, even as a starting point for discussions with my neurologist and urologist. They don't have much experience dealing with both conditions. Thank you so much. My cancer is recurrent.
You and your doctors will need to have a discussion of relative risks, specifically the risk of worsening your transitional cell carcinoma through the use of potentially unnecessary MS disease modifying therapies versus the risk of under-treating your MS. The only drug to definitely avoid is cyclophosphamide, which is associated with the development of transitional cell carcinoma. There was some initial concern that Tecfidera may be uniquely associated with transitional cell carcinoma but this is not a current concern and some are talking about studying Tecfidera as a treatment of cancer. Aubagio is not cleared by the kidneys and could be an option; it is easy to clear Aubagio out of your system quickly.
Highly active DMTs that are selectively cytotoxic (Rituximab, Lemtrada, Ocrevus) may alter cytotoxic responses and immune regulation in negative ways but this would be a larger concern with Lemtrada. Tysabri is not cytotoxic and may be a good choice if you are JCV antibody negative and need a highly active drug.
I hope this helps you and your doctors with this decision.
Should I hold off on taking Gilenya before or after my surgery?
I am currently on Gilenya for my MS and am being considered for a knee replacement surgery. I know I can't be without my Gilenya for more than 14 days or I have to complete the observation process again. Because Gilenya lowers my lymphocytes, should I be holding the Gilenya before and/or after my surgery?
1. Your low white blood count and lymphocyte count on Gilenya is expected and not abnormal.
Based on the information you’ve provided , there is no reason to stop taking the Gilenya before your surgery. It takes 1-2 months for the pharmacodynamic effects of the drug to wear off after your last dose, and stopping it for this long of an interval places you at an unnecessary risk for a relapse. The final decision should be made by your own physicians who have a more intimate knowledge of your medical condition and concurrent medications.
Can you get the JC virus even if you don't have multiple sclerosis?
Can you get the JC virus (infection) even if you don't have MS?
J.C. Virus is ubiquitous, meaning that is located throughout the environment and nearly everyone is exposed to the virus at some point in their life; researchers estimate that the virus resides latently in the kidneys and certain bone marrow cells in up to 90% of adults. This virus has no special relationship to MS patients.
Can I drink Peruvian Maca?
I have multiple sclerosis and and I have been on Rebif for 4 years. May I drink Peruvian Maca?
We know of no adverse interactions between Peruvian Maca and any of the MS disease modifying therapies, including Rebif.
How can I prevent my legs being numb and sore in the morning?
I go to sleep with my legs hurting but when I wake up they are either numb or beyond sore. What can I do to prevent this from happening or make it go away quickly?
You can try to stretch your legs as soon as you wake up in the morning to see if that helps. It may also have to do with the position you sleep in, sometimes sleeping with a pillow between your knees can help (if you sleep on your side).
Why is the Ocrevus infusion process so different from Tysabri?
I am currently on Tysabri and used to the 2 hr infusions required. Since I am JC virus positive, I have recently been switched to Ocrevus but have been informed that my first infusion will take 5 hrs. Why is the infusion process so different? Thanks.
Tysabri has a low rate of infusion reactions and can be administered quickly.
Some drugs like cyclophosphamide must be administered with a large volume of IV fluids over many hours and this lengthens the infusion time.
Does changing Tysabri regimen make people with MS more susceptible to infections?
Will changing Tysabri regime from 4 weekly to 6 weekly make me more susceptible to infections like the common cold?
Moving from an infusion every 4 weeks to every 6 weeks should not increase your risk of infection.
What is an MS neuro "following"?
I would like to know how to understand an MS neuro "following"?
If followed for 5 years and not dismissed, and the plan is for a 2 year interval brain MRI, am I in the clear? Or is the expectation more likely that McDonald criteria will be met eventually? This whole process is so confusing. What does it take to dismiss a possible MS patient? Or will I be stuck forever in "limbo"?
2. If your MRI scans are not consistent with MS, meaning they are normal or non-specific abnormalities only, and you have remained stable by clinical and MRI criteria (no relapses or new MRI lesions) for 5 years, then you probably do not need any further monitoring.
Ask your doctor which situation fits you best.
I have just seen another neurologist. My symptoms indicate multiple sclerosis. Due to the MRI though they will not diagnose me. My family doctor and the ENT I saw both said it was a MS. Both doctors deferred to a neurologist for him to give me a diagnosis.
Based on my MRI report though the neurologist will not diagnose me. He said I didn't fit the typical lesion pattern in my brain.
This is what the MRI report said; " 10–11 foci of T2/FLAIR hyperintensity within the supratentorial cortical and periventricle white matter. These measure at 24–5 mm in size.
I have been going to my doctor for almost 2 years with various neurological complaints. Everything else has been ruled out. Yet the neurologist I saw could not give me another explanation of what was going on.
Over the course of what's been happening I've even questioned if I am doing this to myself. I went to a psychiatrist who assured me the symptoms were organic in nature.
I am a little peeved at that neurologist. He had all my test results and had already made a decision before even seeing me that I did not have multiple sclerosis. His exam consisted of asking me to open my mouth and say ahh, listening to my heart and lungs. That's it. He didn't even ask what my symptoms were. When he walked in he said that he only had 15 minutes with me, and he always runs on time.
He then proceeded to give me a referral to see another neurologist. I'm tired of getting handed off to another doctor because the doctor I am seeing doesn't have an answer and is not interested in trying to find out what's going on with me.
I am a 55-year-old woman who has had various neurological symptoms since I was 26. I'm really good at ignoring symptoms. But it has gotten to the point I cannot ignore them anymore.
Any advice would be more than appreciated. I live in a very small rural community in Ohio. I have been to the Cleveland clinic and that Dr. also said I didn't have MS. Fine if I don't have MS where do I go from here? And why does my doctor and my ENT both say I have it?
As a sidenote, I'm sure you can tell I'm frustrated and concerned. Every time some medical person ask me if I'm anxious I tell them yes wouldn't you be anxious if you were sick and nobody was helping you? So I went on the Internet and I have been researching and become my own advocate. I use the national Institute of health library. So my research is a viable source. Unfortunately I made the mistake of mentioning something to the neurologist I jjust saw. He immediately became defensive and told me to Google the next doctor that I am going to be seeing. He then turned and walked out of the room and that was the end of the visit.
I guess this is a philosophical question. If no one else is helping me why can"t I try to help myself. And why is that so wrong?
Please feel free to edit this rather long question if needed.
In a case such as yours, it is important to arrange a follow-up visit with the neurologist to discuss the cause of your symptoms. Please also understand that white spots on an MRI are not synonymous with MS in most cases. Misinterpretation of an MRI scan is one of the most common reasons for doctors, usually non neurologists, to misdiagnosis MS.
If a good neurologist takes a full history and examination and reviews your images and things you have a conversion disorder, be open this possibility and ask them to refer you to someone who can help you. Many doctors are unwilling to tell people they have a conversion disorder because it takes a lot of time to help people with this type of problem.
One thing is for sure: If you’ve experienced symptoms for 30 years and several neurologists still can not find anything wrong, it is probably not a serious problem and unlikely to be MS. But this does not mean you do not have problems that you need help with managing.
I do not find that most psychiatrists are very helpful with patients who have conversion disorders. The best solution is a good physical and occupational therapist and a neurologist capable of working with you over time.
What do 3 new brain lesions mean?
It has been one year since my first MRI which shows 3 new brain lesions. 1 in the gray matter and 2 in the white matter. Doe this mean the MS is active?
Unequivocal new white spots (also called T2 bright spots) on an MRI with an appearance typical of MS is an indication of activity since the prior MRI scan. This is more significant if the interval between the scans is relatively short, such as 6 to 12 months as in your case. If all that is seen is a new white spot, it is impossible to determine if this activity occurred a day after the initial scan or just in the past few weeks. This is most relevant if you started a new treatment sometime after the initial MRI scan and you are trying to determine if the new therapy is working well for you.
It would not be possible to determine if the new white spot occurred before the new therapy started working or after the new therapy started working if you there was a gap in time between the first MRI scan and the start of treatment. However, if any of the new white spots enhanced after the administration of contrast (usually something called gadolinium) then the activity is more recent, usually in the past 2-4 weeks.
You can type in "MRI" in the search box in the upper right corner of this page to read a lot more about MRIs and how to interpret them.
Should I get a piercing and tattoo if I have MS?
I have had MS for about a year and a half. I am told that I will most likely be getting an MRI annually. I know during the MRI I have removed my body jewelry in the past, but I was interested in getting a microdermal piercing on my chest. I have spoken to a piercer at a tattoo shop and she told me the material for the piercing is made up of surgical steel. I'm wondering since half of the piercing is set in the skin and unable to be removed would I be able to still get an MRI? I would like to get this piercing but I don't want it to interfere with the MRI, come out painfully while I'm getting the MRI, or get it and then have to get it removed.
I also have Kaiser, so I don't know if that helps. Thank you for your time and I look forward to hearing back.
Inert/noble metals and metal alloys, non-magnetic metals should be safe to have in an MRI. Some examples include copper, silver, gold, titanium, etc. While surgical steel may be safe, it is conceivable that the radiology department will refuse to scan you because it would be very difficult to prove what exactly the metal is really made of. Such a decision would be a common conservative approach to prevent burns/thermal injury. If they did allow an MRI, there remains the possibility that the tattoo will result in artifact which could obscure the MRI image, potentially making interpretation impossible.
If future MRI surveillance is critical to monitor your disease and treatment, you may want to hold off on the tattoo. In MS care, there eventually comes a time where new disease activity is unusual and MRI is typically is not needed.
Can you have a normal neurological exam and still have MS?
Can you have a "completely normal" neurological exam but still have MS? My neurologist said further diagnostic testing is unnecessary. I'm still worried.
1. You experienced a syndrome consistent with MS and recovered almost completely; a typical syndrome often associated with a near normal exam even during the attack and often associated with a completely normal exam after recovery is something called a sensory myelitis. This is a syndrome of numbness and tingling in the feet that moves up to the legs often to your trunk over several days, often associated with a tight band sensation around the trunk but nothing else.
2. You’re symptoms and findings may not be amenable to a typical neurological exam. This is common with cognitive symptoms.
I need some advice. Three years ago I had an attack of numbness, tingling in my legs and tremors in my hands that lasted a month. I saw a neurologist in the ER and they did an MRI of my brain and spine and both were normal. After my attack resolved my muscles became very stiff and still are after 3 years. After the attack last year which was 3 years later I felt my spine up and down like my nervous system was active and felt heat.
Then my neck and back felt like I had some type of damage in both areas. My right leg left is weak and I am uncomfortable swallowing. And recently in March my neck on both sides I feel some type of pressure in both my arteries? My right leg is so weak and my right arm feels like a 10 pound weight is on it. I walk with a slight limp now. I saw an MS specialist and my MRI and exam was normal in March but if you watch me in the day you can see my weakness in my right leg. I really believe this is MS. Please help me!!
There are many possible reasons for the type of symptoms you describe in your question. If the MRI of your brain and spine is normal after 3 years, MS is a much less likely diagnosis.
Do not become fixated on a particular diagnosis; instead, see your neurologist again with an open mind and ask him to list all the possible causes for your symptoms. If he or she can not figure it out, ask for another opinion.
Is it safe to take a month without drugs before starting a new medication?
I was on Avonex for 15 years and Plegridy for 1, is it safe to take a vacation from medications for a month before starting a new drug?
In general a one month off drug is safe, but should be discussed with your clinician as the timing partly depends on which drug someone is switching to – some take longer than others to take effect.
I have not taken an MS medications but am JC positive. How can that be?
I have not taken any MS meds but recently came up JC positive how is that?
The JC virus (JC stands for John Cunningham) is a ubiquitous virus (meaning it exists throughout the environment,particularly in sewage systems) that most people get exposed to sometime in their life. Exposure is not associated with any specific symptoms, so you will never know if you’ve been exposed without testing.
One such test called the JCV antibody test is done in MS patients to determine their risk of developing PML on prolonged Tysabri treatment. This antibody test is positive in about 60 % of people. Many more people have been exposed to the JC virus, but do not make antibodies against the virus even if the virus remains latent in their bodies.
There is no known relationship between any disease modifying treatments for MS and JC virus antibody positivity. Therefore, and to answer your question, you do not need to receive any MS treatments to be JCV antibody positive. Furthermore, a positive JCV antibody test does not indicate any disease related to this virus or any problem at all. It only indicates that you are at increased risk of developing a rare brain infection (called PML) if you received prolonged treatment (> 2 years) with Tysabri.
I'm interested in switching from Tecfidera to Ocrevus and have some questions about making the switch.
How should I transition off Tecfidera as far as preparation and time frame? Which immunizations need to up to date? If I need to update immunizations such as MMR when is the best time to do this? What other tests and images should be done prior to starting Ocrevus? What factors would make me a poor candidate for the new medication? What premedication is recommended with the Ocrevus infusions to decrease infusion reaction? What is the risk for PML with Ocrevus if I am JC negative and how often should this be rechecked? What tests and follow up imaging should be done to determine whether Ocrevus is working for me? If well tolerated, is Ocrevus something I could use exclusively and long term as a DMT?
3. Imaging may help determine if you are a good candidate for Ocrevus; Ideal candidates for Ocrevus include patients with active relapsing MS (relapses and new MRI activity in the past year) with significant risk factors for disease progression or progressive MS patients under the age of 55 who are still ambulating, particularly if their rate of worsening is rapid and there has been evidence of active inflammation on MR imaging.
People over the age of 55 with very slowly progressive MS or and patients with severe disability from MS (wheelchair bound with significant loss of independence or worse), especially if at risk for pulmonary infections or other frequent infections, may not be the best candidates. Therapeutic decisions in these patients require individual evaluation.
A definite diagnosis of MS requires characteristic syndromes (not just symptoms) and characteristic findings on examination supported by MRI findings and sometimes CSF findings; Over 98 % of definite MS cases have characteristic MRI findings and over 90 % have characteristic CSF findings. Characteristic new lesions on MRI in the correct clinical setting supports the diagnosis. CSF findings may be negative at onset but usually positive with continued disease activity over 5 years.
Headaches after spinal taps (also called lumbar punctures) can be avoided if the doctor uses a small (22-25 gauge), atraumatic spinal needle . Unfortunately few doctors have learned how to use these special needles. | 2019-04-19T00:18:49Z | https://www.healthcarejourney.com/q--a-for-virtual-ms-center/archives/05-2017 |
In October 2012 I was appointed as researcher at LACITO (CNRS, Paris); since September 2015, I am also deputy director of LACITO. During 2011-12 I was a British Academy postdoctoral fellow based at SOAS (University of London), working on the development of agreement in Berber, with a particular focus on the typologically unusual phenomenon of indirect object agreement. In August 2010 I finished a PhD on the grammatical effects of contact (mainly with Arabic and Berber) on two languages of the Sahara, Kwarandzyəy or Korandjé (a Songhay language of southwestern Algeria) and Siwi (a Berber language of western Egypt) at SOAS. I spent most of October 2007 through May 2008 in the Sahara documenting these two languages, whose speakers I would like to thank for their amazing generosity and good nature. I also thank the AHRC for funding my research.
Before starting my MA, I was Curator of the Rosetta Project for two years; during my studies at SOAS I spent some time working at the SOAS Endangered Language Archives, where I built the bilingual language documentation link library OREL. My BA was in Mathematics at Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge; while I haven't used it directly much, the resulting analytical and programming skills have often come in handy. I reached the finals in University Challenge in 2004, which turned out to be good fun. I keep a linguistics blog, Jabal al-Lughat. You can email me at [my first name] at gmail.com.
Berber and Arabic in Siwa (Egypt): A Study in Linguistic Contact. Berber Studies Vol. 37. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 2013 (published 2014).
Siwi is the easternmost Berber language, one of the few surviving representatives of the languages spoken in the eastern Sahara before the arrival of Bedouin Arab groups in the 11th century – although this apparent continuity conceals a history of migration, as this book argues based on loanwords and intra-Berber relationships. The effects of contact upon the grammar are far more far-reaching than in better documented westerly Berber languages, extending to non-concatenative templatic morphology and some pronominal endings, as well as prominent calquing. Siwi itself is inadequately documented and under threat; this book, based on in situ fieldwork, describes Siwi grammar in greater detail than any previous publication, reporting many hitherto unattested constructions. The appendix includes a selection of Siwi texts spanning multiple genres – public speech, description, storytelling, poetry – and produced by speakers of different ages.
"Clitic Doubling and Contact in Arabic". Forthcoming in Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik.
Forms of clitic doubling are attested in a significant number of Arabic varieties, including the Levant and northern Iraq, parts of Algeria and Morocco, Malta, Central Asia, and even, doubtfully, Dhofar. Language contact is widely accepted as an explanation for its presence in the Levant, and has been advanced as an explanation for its occurrence in North Africa, Malta, and Central Asia. However, none of the contact explanations proposed have yet addressed this phenomenon's overall distribution across all of Arabic, usually limiting themselves to one or two regions at a time, and few have examined the parameters along which the relevant constructions vary. Without such an overview, it is not possible to exclude the hypothesis that clitic doubling simply reflects Arabic-internal trends, nor to determine whether its distribution reflects a single innovation or multiple independent ones. Updating the pioneering work of A. FISCHER (1907; 1909), this article demonstrates that clitic doubling has arisen independently within Arabic at least four times under the influence of different substrata/adstrata, and suggests areas in which more data on this construction would be especially useful.
"The origin of mid vowels in Siwi", with Marijn van Putten. Forthcoming in Studies in African Linguistics.
Recent documentation has established that the Siwi language of western Egypt, unlike most other Berber languages, has two phonemic mid vowels appearing not only in Arabic loanwords but also in inherited vocabulary: /e/ and /o/. This article examines their origin. Proto-Berber originally had a single mid vowel *e, which appears to have been retained in Siwi only before word-final /n/. In all other environments the contrast between *i and *e has been neutralized, although word-finally it seems to have survived into the 19th century. Instances of /e/ in other environments are phonetically conditioned, deriving variously from *i, *ăy, or *ă in appropriate contexts. The few attestations of /o/ are irregular, but occur in environments paralleling those in which /e/ is attested synchronically. Modern Siwi mid vowels are thus mostly secondary developments; except in final /-en/, they provide no direct evidence for the reconstruction of mid vowels in earlier intermediate stages of Berber.
"Berber languages". Forthcoming in ed. Anthony Grant, The Oxford Handbook of Language Contact. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015?.
Like any other language family, Berber has been in contact with a variety of languages, and the relatively good early documentation of Mediterranean languages allows this contact to be traced back almost three millennia. Its contact with Arabic is particularly remarkable for the unusually wide range of examples of intense language contact phenomena that it provides, enabled by widespread fluent bilingualism. This article first summarises the long history of Berber lexical contact with languages as various as Egyptian, Phoenician, Turkish, and French, along with efforts to reverse it by creating neologisms. It then examines the far-reaching influence of Arabic on the morphology and syntax of most Berber languages, including even verbal inflection in one variety. Finally, a brief glossed text in Siwi illustrates the distribution of borrowings in discourse.
"Songhay languages". Forthcoming in ed. Rainer Vossen, The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Songhay is a language family of the Sahel with more than four million speakers, mainly in western Niger and northeastern Mali. In spite of its small population, its role in regional history has been substantial. Strong contact effects along the periphery have resulted in a remarkable situation where different varieties may have nearly identical basic vocabularies but conspicuously different typologies. Cladistic and lexical evidence shows that much of the observed variation reflects contact influences quite different from those obtaining today. After briefly detailing the distribution, history, and phonology of Songhay and the principal sources for its grammar and lexicon, this chapter examines morphology and syntax across the family. Particular attention is given to innovations distinguishing the three principal subgroups. Finally, the structure and history of the lexicon is briefly discussed, with an emphasis on borrowing as means of expansion.
"Sokna re-examined: Two unedited Sokna Berber vocabularies from 1850". In ed. Anna Maria Di Tolla, Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi 4 : La lingua nella vita e la vita della lingua. Itinerari e percorsi degli studi berberi. Naples: UNIOR, pp. 179-206.
The Berber variety of Sokna, in west-central Libya, is rather unusual and not very well described. In 1915 it already had only five fluent speakers, and today only the old still remember a few words. The two vocabularies gathered by the English traveller James Richardson in 1850, previously unpublished, are thus important for the study of this variety, and by extension for the study of Libyan Berber more broadly. This article presents them for the first time, with transcription, commentary, and comparisons with the few previously published materials.
"Language Contact in the Sahara". In The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 2016.
As might be expected from the difficulty of traversing it, the Sahara Desert has been a fairly effective barrier to direct contact between its two edges; trans-Saharan language contact is limited to the borrowing of non-core vocabulary, minimal from south to north and mostly mediated by education from north to south. Its own inhabitants, however, are necessarily accustomed to travelling desert spaces, and contact between languages within the Sahara has often accordingly had a much greater impact. Several peripheral Arabic varieties of the Sahara retain morphology as well as vocabulary from the languages spoken by their speakers' ancestors, in particular Berber in the southwest and Beja in the southeast; the same is true of at least one Saharan Hausa variety. The Berber languages of the northern Sahara have in turn been deeply affected by centuries of bilingualism in Arabic, borrowing core vocabulary and some aspects of morphology and syntax. The Northern Songhay languages of the central Sahara have been even more profoundly affected by a history of multilingualism and language shift involving Tuareg, Songhay, Arabic, and other Berber languages, much of which remains to be unraveled. These languages have borrowed so extensively that they retain barely a few hundred core words of Songhay vocabulary; those loans have not only introduced new morphology but in some cases replaced old morphology entirely. In the southeast, the spread of Arabic westward from the Nile Valley has created a spectrum of varieties with varying degrees of local influence; the Saharan ones remain almost entirely undescribed. Much work remains to be done throughout the region, not only on identifying and analysing contact effects but even simply on describing the languages its inhabitants speak.
"From existential to indefinite determiner: Kaš in Algerian Arabic". In George Grigore and Gabriel Bițună (eds.), Arabic Varieties: Far and Wide. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of AIDA – Bucharest, 2015. Bucharest: Editura Universității din București, pp. 505-513. 2016. (ISBN 978-606-16-0709-9).
Algerian Arabic has developed a new indefinite determiner kaš, with a number of loosely related functions. Despite its ubiquity in modern Algiers, this word is absent from 19th century sources, and appears to be a relatively recent development. More recent sources allude to it briefly without ever giving a full description. This article describes its syntactic distribution and its meaning in the dialect of Dellys (north-central Algeria) for the first time, identifying five distinct constructions in which kaš appears. It then examines this form's history based on written data. Based on the results, it reconstructs the reinterpretations that produced the present-day distribution of kaš, showing that it derives from a combination of an existential predicator with the polyfunctional morpheme ši. This finding confirms the existence of a grammaticalisation pathway from existential to indefinite quantifier, a question bearing on some scenarios proposed in the context of the debate within Arabic dialectology over the history of ši/šay'.
"Attrition and revival in Awjila Berber", with Marijn van Putten. Corpus 14, pp. 23-58, 2015.
Awjila Berber is a highly endangered Berber variety spoken in the East of Libya. Only minimal material is available on the language. This is unfortunate, as that material reveals that the language is in some respects very archaic and in others grammatically unique, and as such is of particular comparative and historical interest. Fieldwork has been impossible for decades due to the political situation, leading to uncertainty about whether the language was even still spoken. With the rising popularity of Facebook, however, more and more Berber speakers are taking to Facebook to converse in their own language. Several inhabitants of Awjila have accordingly set up a Facebook page Ašal=ənnax "our village" where they communicate with one another in the Awjila language. The authors have collected a corpus of the conversations on this Facebook page, which have been transcribed and translated. Analysis of this corpus adds substantially to our knowledge of Awjili and its situation. The posters' discussion of their motivations for using the language cast light on the language's prospects for survival, while the posts themselves yield many previously unattested words. At the same time, the corpus provides a case study in language contact. Examination of the grammatical and lexical features of this “Facebook-Awjili” language reveals that these speakers' usage is heavily influenced by Arabic, showing extensive language attrition absent from earlier data. The resulting constructions show parallels with other contact-heavy varieties, notably Siwi. In both respects, this study casts light upon the uses and limits of social media as a source of linguistic material.
"Explaining Korandjé: Language contact, plantations, and the trans-Saharan trade". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Linguistics 30:2, pp. 189-224, 2015.
The intense Berber-Songhay language contact that produced Northern Songhay cannot be understood adequately without taking into account the existence of a Northern Songhay language outside the Azawagh valley – Korandjé, in Algeria – showing no significant signs of Tuareg contact. This article proposes a new explanation based on linguistic, epigraphic, and historical data: Western Berber-speaking Masūfa, present throughout northern Mali around 1200, founded Tabelbala to facilitate a new trade route; they chose Northern Songhay speakers, already a distinct group, for their experience in oasis farming and possibly copper mining. As Masūfa influence waned, the language was reoriented towards North Africa.
"Gaining a language, losing a language: Korandje from the 12th to the 21st century". The Middle East in London 11:5, pp. 11-12, 2015.
An overview of the linguistic history of Korandje for a popular audience.
"Non-Tuareg Berber and the Genesis of Nomadic Northern Songhay". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 36:1, pp. 121-143, 2015.
"How to make a comitative preposition agree it-with its external argument: Songhay and the typology of conjunction and agreement". In Paul Widmer, Jürg Fleischer, and Elisabeth Rieken (eds.), Agreement from a diachronic perspective, Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 75-100, 2015.
This article describes two hitherto unreported comitative strategies exemplified in Songhay languages of West Africa – external agreement, and bipartite – and demonstrates their wider applicability. The former strategy provides the first clear-cut example of a previously unattested agreement target-controller pair. Based on comparative evidence, this article proposes a scenario for how these could have developed from the typologically unremarkable comitative and coordinative strategies reconstructible for proto-Songhay, in a process facilitated by contact with Berber. The grammaticalisation chain required to explain this has the unexpected effect of reversing a much better-known one previously claimed to be unidirectional, the development COMITATIVE > NP-AND.
"Archaic and innovative Islamic prayer names around the Sahara". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 78:2, pp. 357-374, 2015.
Berber in the Sahara and southern Morocco, and several West African languages including Soninké, Mandinka, and Songhay, all refer to the five Islamic daily prayers using terms not derived from their usual Arabic names, and showing striking mutual similarities. These names’ motivation has not hitherto been explained. An examination of Islamic sources reveals that many correspond to terms attested within Arabic from an early period which have passed out of use elsewhere. Others, with a more limited distribution, reflect transfer from a time-keeping system widely attested among Berber-speaking oases of the northern Sahara. These results demonstrate that the variant prayer terminologies attested in the hadith reflect popular usages that were still commonplace at the time when North Africa was conquered, and underscore the conservatism of non-Arabic Islamic religious terminology in and around the Sahara.
"The development of addressee agreement on demonstratives". Diachronica 31.4, pp. 535-563, 2014 [actually appeared 2015].
The person-oriented nature of a demonstrative system can be marked explicitly by incorporating person markers into demonstratives. When those distinguish gender or number, this can lead to an unusual type of allocutivity: addressee agreement on medials. The latter development is cross-linguistically rarely reported, but is attested in Siwi Berber, Quranic and Razih Arabic, and arguably Imperial Aramaic. Examination of these and other languages shows a pathway whereby demonstrative systems gain addressee-anchored terms through grammaticalisation of a phrase including an oblique 2nd person pronoun, occasionally producing addressee agreement. The semantic properties of allocutivity help explain the rarity of the latter result.
"The Development of Dative Agreement in Berber: Beyond Nominal Hierarchies". Transactions of the Philological Society 113:2, pp. 213-248, 2015 (online 2014).
Diachronically, agreement commonly emerges from clitic doubling, which in turn derives from topic shift constructions (Givon 1976) – a grammaticalisation pathway termed the Agreement Cycle. For accusatives, at the intermediate stages of this development, doubling constitutes a form of Differential Object Marking, and passes towards agreement as the conditions for its use are relaxed to cover larger sections of the Definiteness and Animacy Scales. Berber shows widespread dative doubling with substantial variation across languages in the conditioning factors, which in one case has developed into inflectional dative agreement. Examination of a corpus covering 18 Berber varieties suggests that low Definiteness/Animacy datives are less likely to be doubled. However, since most datives are both definite and animate, these factors account for very little of the observed variation. Much more can be accounted for by an unexpected factor: the choice of verb. “Say” consistently shows much higher frequencies of doubling, usually nearly 100%. This observation can be explained on the hypothesis that doubling derives from afterthoughts, not from topic dislocation.
"Syntactically obligatory code-switching? The syntax of numerals in Beni-Snous Berber", with Fatma Kherbache. International Journal of Bilingualism 2016, Vol. 20(2) 97 –115.
Grammatical rules in one language that induce the speaker to switch to another language (Matras’ ‘bilingual suppletion’) are reported for two languages: Beni-Snous Berber, and Jerusalem Domari. Few details are available, yet the two cases show greater similarities than expected if any grammatical rule could specify switching. This paper seeks to describe the phenomenon more precisely and to provide a principled explanation for the similarities. The results indicate that Beni-Snous Berber – like Domari – shows a statistically significant tendency to use Arabic nouns with numerals for which Arabic and Berber selectional requirements conflict. Modern speakers additionally show optional syntactic calquing in such cases, accompanied by fewer switches. These facts are predicted by the hypothesis that ‘bilingual suppletion’ is induced by words shared across the two languages with different selectional requirements.
"Siwi addressee agreement and demonstrative typology". In ed. Catherine Taine-Cheikh, StuF 67:1, Berber in typological perspective, 2014, pp. 25-34.
Siwi shows gender/number agreement of medial demonstratives with the addressee. Such phenomena are cross-linguistically very rarely reported, and are not discussed in major surveys of the typology of demonstratives. However, within person-oriented demonstrative systems, such marking amounts to an iconic representation of addressee anchoring. The pragmatics of Siwi demonstratives thus cast light on the nature of the mapping from person to place that such systems reflect. Comparative eastern Berber data suggests that demonstrative addressee agreement may be more widespread than the literature reflects.
"Writing 'Shelha' in new media: Emergent non-Arabic literacy in Southwestern Algeria". In ed. Meikal Mumin and Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Script in Africa: Studies on the Usage of a Writing System. Leiden: Brill, pp. 91-104, 2014.
This article examines the transcription choices and social purposes involved in the writing of non-Arabic local languages ("Shelha") in southwestern Algeria, including several Berber varieties and Korandjé, in the Arabic script, mainly online. Examination of the transcription choices suggests that 'Ajami' writing is a natural side effect of Arabic literacy, which can show significant homogeneity across individuals and languages without the practice itself ever having been institutionally taught. The contexts and purposes of the examples confirm that, in public contexts, Arabic remains the default choice, with 'Shelha' reserved almost exclusively for presenting language-specific form rather than translatable meaning; in private messages, however, 'Shelha' may still be used to emphasise solidarity, paralleling its oral sociolinguistic status.
"Sub-Saharan lexical influence in North African Arabic and Berber". In ed. Mena Lafkioui, African Arabic: Approaches to Dialectology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 211-236, 2013.
This article discusses sub-Saharan loans in North Africa, many of them previously unidentified. While Hausa influence is most widespread, Songhay is a close second, and Manding and Kanuri have also played a role. Most loans are limited either geographically to the Saharan region or socially to the context of ex-slaves' music and organisations; however, four plant names have passed into general usage even in some coastal areas. Sub-Saharan influence on Ghadames Berber is particularly profound, including the borrowing of a new word class of ideophones.
"Language and the Study of Africa", with Philip Jaggar. In ed. Thomas Spear, Oxford Bibliographies in African Studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
This is an annotated introductory bibliography for African languages and linguistics, attempting to give at least some information on each family, as well as on more general questions of phonology, morphology, syntax, and orthography.
This article shows, based on shared arbitrary innovations, that the Northern Songhay (NS) languages of the Sahara form a valid subfamily, and that Northern Songhay and Western Songhay (WS) together form a valid subfamily, Northwestern Songhay (NWS). The speakers of PNS practised cultivation and permanent architecture, but were unfamiliar with date palms; those of PNWS were already in contact with Berber and Arabic, and lived along the Niger river. This is compatible with two scenarios for the northerly spread of Songhay: A. NS spread out from an oasis north-east of Gao, and PNWS had been spoken in areas west of Gao which now speak Eastern Songhay; or B. NS spread from the Timbuktu region, and WS derives from heavy “de-creolising” influence by Eastern Songhay on an originally Northern Songhay language.
Grammatical Contact in the Sahara: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa, PhD thesis, 2010.
This thesis examines the effects of contact on the grammars of the languages of two Saharan oases, Siwa and Tabelbala. These share similar linguistic ecologies in many respects, and can be regarded as among the most extreme representatives of a language contact situation ongoing for centuries across the oases of the northern Sahara. This work identifies and argues for contact effects across a wide range of core morphology and syntax, using these both to shed new light on regional history and to test claims about the limits on, and expected outcomes of, contact. While reaffirming the ubiquity of pattern copying, the results encourage an expanded understanding of the role of material borrowing in grammatical contact, showing that the borrowing of functional morphemes and of paradigmatic sets of words or phrases containing them can lead to grammatical change. More generally, it confirms the uniformitarian principle that diachronic change arises through the long-term application of processes observable in synchronic language contact situations. The similarity of the sociolinguistic situations provides a close approximation to a natural controlled experiment, allowing us to pinpoint cases where differences in the original structure of the recipient language appear to have influenced its receptivity to external influence in those aspects of structure.
"The Western Berber Stratum in Kwarandzyey", in ed. D. Ibriszimow, M. Kossmann, H. Stroomer, R. Vossen, Études berbères V – Essais sur des variations dialectales et autres articles. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, pp. 177-189, 2010.
By examining regular correspondences and vocabulary distribution, this article demonstrates that many of the Berber loans in Kwarandzyey (Korandjé) derive neither from the Berber varieties currently spoken near the oasis nor from Tuareg, but rather from the highly divergent Western subfamily of Berber to which Zenaga and Tetserrét belong. These loans are particularly conspicuous in the domains of herding, marriage, and religion. Their presence implies that Western Berber must once have been far more widely spoken, including areas near at least one of Tabelbala or the Niger bend. The principal sound changes that have affected Kwarandzyey are also examined.
"Ajami in West Africa", Afrikanistik Online 2010.
This article examines the practice of adapting the Arabic script to write non-Arabic languages in West Africa, a form of literacy known as Ajami which remains widespread despite little or no government support. Among the methods found to be used to transcribe non-Arabic sounds, the "ajami diacritic" of Senegal and Guinea is of particular interest, appearing unmotivated from a narrowly linguistic perspective but readily explicable as a rational adaptation to the parallel educational system in which Ajami is typically learned.
"Siwa and its significance for Arabic dialectology" (pre-review version), Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik 51, pp. 51-75, 2009.
Siwi is best known for being the easternmost Berber language, but includes a very substantial Arabic stratum. The q reflex of qāf and the final ʾimāla of -ā to -ī in loanwords alone suffice to establish that most of this influence derives neither from Bedouin dialects nor from the main Nile Valley dialects; instead, these link Siwa to other Egyptian oases. Some borrowed grammatical elements, notably lā "not" and qət ̣t ̣"ever", the actor noun formation a-CəCCēCī, and demonstrative agreement with the addressee, underline Siwi’s archaism relative to almost all modern Arabic dialects. The depth of Arabic influence on Siwi suggests very close social contact, and historical sources indicate an Arab presence in the oasis alongside Berber in the 12th century. The Arabic element of Siwi thus provides a new source of evidence on sedentary Arabic dialects that reached the region independently of the Banī Sulaym and probably prior to their 11th century arrival.
"The Typology of Number Borrowing in Berber", in ed. Naomi Hilton, Rachel Arscott, Katherine Barden, Arti Krishna, Sheena Shah, Meg Zellers, CamLing 2007 Proceedings, Cambridge:Cambridge Institute of Language Research 2007, pp. 237-244 (first presented at CamLing 2007).
In Berber, numerals are commonly loanwords from Arabic; some languages retain as few as one or two non-Arabic numerals, while others preserve a complete inventory. Closer examination reveals differences in intensity of borrowing even within single languages, depending on the numbers' functional usage. The languages in question are closely related to one another and are all influenced by varieties of Arabic, allowing what amounts to a controlled experiment, with similar contact situations in different areas yielding a spectrum of possible outcomes. Careful examination of this spectrum allows us to set up a typology of numeral borrowing in Arabic-Berber contact, showing how linguistic, social, and cognitive factors all affect the process of number borrowing and how synonymy may emerge as a transitional stage in the adoption of a new system.
Explorations in the Syntactic Cartography of Algerian Arabic, MA thesis (SOAS 2006).
Using original data from the Dellys dialect, this thesis presents a preliminary map of some important points in the syntactic cartography of Algerian Arabic, mapping out some of the multiple DP-related functional positions to reveal a surface situation bearing strong similarities to those postulated by Beghelli and Stowell (1997) and Rizzi (1997). In both Algerian and Classical Arabic this structure is subject to a basic dichotomy that justifies some version of the traditional CP/IP distinction: positions below FocP are accessible to movement, while positions above it can be accessed only through the use of resumptive pronouns. A functional hierarchy of minimally six positions is required to account for the observed facts in a cartographical framework; these may be labelled as follows: TopP FocP AgrSP NegP NeutP VP.
"Notes on the Algerian Arabic Dialect of Dellys" - Estudios de Dialectología Norteafricana y Andalusí 9, pp. 151-180, 2005.
The Arabic dialect of Dellys belongs to the little-documented urban north-central Algeria dialect group, and - like most such dialects - it displays traits unusual in pre-Hilalian dialects, in particular the retention of interdentals. Berber, Andalusi, and later Bedouin influence are all observable in its lexicon, and occasionally in its grammar. Lexically, the Dellys dialect is particularly noteworthy for its extensive retention of precolonial vocabulary relating to fishing and sea creatures, largely replaced by French loanwords in other towns of the region. This paper summarizes points of dialectological interest in a framework loosely based on Caubet (2001).
"Broken Plurals – or Infixes?: The Case of the Algerian Arabic of Dellys" - Estudios de Dialectología Norteafricana y Andalusí 6, pp. 19-34, 2002.
This paper, written before I started the formal study of linguistics, presents an alternative analysis of broken plurals in Algerian Arabic in terms of infixation, combined with a description of the system for the Dellys dialect.
Erratum: Further investigation revealed that ṭəms (p. 33) refers to a rare type of fish rather than a seal.
There's also work in progress.
29 August 2016 - CALL 46 (Leiden), on "Final vowel loss in Korandje: A verb-specific sound change".
12 November 2015 - Les trente ans de la revue Études et Documents Berbères » (MSH Paris Nord, Saint-Denis la Plaine), on "Le parler de Sokna (Libye) à la lumière de nouvelles données".
24 June 2015 - Journée des jeunes chercheurs du LACITO, on "Etudier l'arabe chez les juifs originaires de l'Algérie" (with Benjamin Touati).
11 June 2015 - Workshop on Morphosyntactic interference in heritage languages, UWE (Bristol), on "Verbal infection interference among heritage speakers of Awjili Berber" (with Marijn van Putten).
27 May 2015 - 11th Conference of the Association Internationale de Dialectologie Arabe (AIDA), Bucharest, on "From existential to indefinite determiner: kaš in Algerian Arabic"
29 January 2015 - Réunion du GLECS, Paris, on "La diffusion en Afrique du Nord : vers l’étude du contact intra-berbère".
17 January 2015 - Journée d'études de la SLP "Diffusion, implantation, convergence" on "Diffusion in North Africa - What are our models hiding?"
23 September 2014 – Typologie de l'indéfini (LACITO) on "Des origines kašées : L'histoire et la polyfonctionnalité d'un déterminant indéfini en arabe algérien"
9 October 2014 - 11 October 2014 - 8. Bayreuth-Frankfurt-Leidener Kolloquium zur Berberologie (Bayreuth), on "Le substrat berbère non-touareg du Tadaksahak".
28 August 2014 – Symposium "Language Contact: The State of the Art", Linguistic Association of Finland (Helsinki), on "Borrowing Arabic elatives (comparatives): Root-and-Pattern morphology in language contact".
1 July 2014 – Labex RT3 seminar, LACITO, on "Le contact linguistique comme cause de changement typologique au korandjé".
14 May 2014 – Endangered Languages Outreach Day 2014 (Endangered Languages in the Middle East and North Africa), SOAS, London, on "Korandjé: An Algerian case of language endangerment in historical perspective".
4 April 2014 - Problèmes d'analyse et de comparaison des langues (LACITO) on "L'emprunt de syntagmes en berbère : ses causes et ses effets"
15 February 2014 – NACAL 42, Leiden, on "Back consonants in Berber".
19 December 2013 – Réunion du GLECS, Paris, on "Redoublement clitique et contact linguistique en arabe".
12 November 2013 – AIDA 10, Doha, on "Clitic Doubling and Contact in Arabic".
20 September 2013 – 46th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europae, Split, on "Adposition borrowing and complement position in Northern Songhay".
26 May 2013 – The Arabic Script in Africa 2, Brussels, on "Understanding a Decontextualised Ajami Manuscript".
24 May 2013 – Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium 2013, Cologne, on "Songhay lexica and the trans-Saharan trade".
21 March 2013 – Labex EFL seminar "Quantification, scalarité, pluralité", Paris, on "Numeral syntax in northern Songhay: The syntactic impact of language contact".
11 January 2013 – LACITO seminar, Paris, on "L'intonation en korandjé".
26 October 2012 - Journée d'étude internationale : Le berbère dans une perspective typologique, Paris, on "Les déictiques en berbère oriental".
5 October 2012 - Agreement from a diachronic perspective, Marburg, on "The Development of Indirect Object Agreement in Berber: Beyond nominal hierarchies".
26 January 2012 - Réunion du GLECS, Paris, on "Du redoublement clitique à l'accord : le cas du berbère".
9 December 2011 - Seminari di MNAMON, Pisa, on "Re-examining Libyco-Berber: how much do we know, and how does it fit into the family's subclassification?"
18 November 2011: Journée scientifique (LLACAN), Paris, on "Indirect object agreement in Berber."
17-21 August 2009: World Congress of African Linguistics 6, Cologne, on "Adposition Borrowing in Kwarandzyey"
13-16 July 2009: LFG09, Cambridge, on "Addressee agreement in Siwi demonstratives"
28-29 November 2008: 5000 Jahre Schrift in Afrika, Cologne, on "Ajami in West Africa"
8-11 October 2008: 5th International Colloquium on Berber Languages and Linguistics, Leiden, on "Kwarandzyey, the language of Tabelbala, and what it tells us about the history of Berber"
28-31 August 2008: AIDA 8, Colchester, about "Siwi and its significance for Arabic dialectology"
24-28 September 2007: ALT 7, Paris, where I spoke at the Typology of African Languages Workshop about "The Decay of Clitic Attraction across Berber: A Typological Overview"
27-29 August 2007: CALL 37, Leiden, about "Tondi Songway Kiini and the subclassification of Songhay"
8-9 April 2005: CELCNA, Salt Lake City, where I gave a joint presentation with Laura Buszard-Welcher on "Building Virtual Speech Communities for Endangered Languages: The E-MELD Query Room"
Mena Lafkioui's Atlas linguistiques des variétés berbères du Rif. Reviewed in Afrikanistik Online (2007).
and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Reviewed in Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 30 (2009), pp. 267-272.
David Sudlow's Dictionary of the Tamasheq of North-East Burkina Faso. Reviewed in Afrika und Übersee 90 (2008/09), pp. 306-308.
Catherine Taine-Cheikh's Dictionnaire zénaga-français and Dictionnaire français-zénaga. Reviewed in Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 32.1 (2011), pp. 165-168.
Claire Bowern's Linguistic Fieldwork: A Practical Guide. Reviewed in Language Documentation and Conservation 5 (2011).
Lionel Galand's Regards sur le berbère. Reviewed in Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 34:1 (2013), pp. 186-198.
Terence F. Mitchell's Zuaran Berber (Libya): Grammar and Texts. Reviewed in Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 34:2 (2013), pp. 305-308.
Regula Christiansen-Bolli's A Grammar of Tadaksahak. Reviewed in Journal of Language Contact 7.2 (2014).
Maarten Kossmann's The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber. Reviewed in Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 35:2 (2014), pp. 284–290.
Carole de Féral (ed.) In and Out of Africa. Languages in Question. In Honour of Robert Nicolaï. Volume 1. Language Contact and Epistemological Issues. Reviewed (en français) in Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris CIX (2014), fasc. 2, pp. 110-116.
Werner Diem's Negation in Arabic: A Study in Linguistic History, and David Wilmsen's Arabic Indefinites, Interrogatives, and Negators: A Linguistic History of Western Dialects. Reviewed in Linguistics 2016, S4(1), pp. 223-229.
Dominique Casajus's L’alphabet touareg. Histoire d’un vieil alphabet africain. Reviewed in Anthropos 111.2016.1, pp. 233-234.
Oropom Etymological Lexicon - a philological analysis in some depth of what unfortunately turned out to be a very dubious wordlist, allegedly of an extinct Ugandan language.
You can see an archive of my former homepage - notably including a Grammar of Algerian Arabic and a page on the various methods of Writing Berber Languages - on the Wayback Machine. Both contain some minor errors, and one has an inadequate bibliography; I haven't had time lately to bring them up to my current academic standards, but hope that they may nonetheless be useful to learners. | 2019-04-24T10:43:28Z | https://sites.google.com/site/lameen/ |
The most delicious chicken enchilada soup EVER (and it’s secretly loaded with vegetables)! Bonus: the recipe includes instructions for making it on the stovetop, slow cooker OR Instant Pot!
Here it is, the best chicken enchilada soup I’ve ever laid lips on.
If you’ve never made this recipe, I think you’ll be surprised at how flavorful and wonderful it is! Thick and creamy (without any added flour, thickeners, or cream), the soup is made by cooking a heap of vegetables (potatoes, butternut squash, red pepper) until tender.
Those hearty ingredients are blended to a silky smooth consistency right before adding tender chicken and white beans.
I don’t necessarily try to hide vegetables from my kids, but I wasn’t exactly forthcoming about the veggie-loaded nature of this soup the first time we ate it. Bless their little stinkin’ hearts, they had no idea they were gobbling up veggie after veggie after veggie when they inhaled this soup.
And they loved it so much, they didn’t even bat an eye when I told them afterwards. Now, many years later, this soup is still a family favorite!
It doesn’t hurt that we all pile on as many toppings as our bowls will allow. That’s what makes it fun (and also extra tasty!).
Over the years, I’ve made some small adaptations to this recipe based on questions and comments I’ve received and also because of my own sanity-saving needs (i.e. throw it all in the slow cooker to cook on a busy day). I’ve included slow cooker and Instant Pot directions in the recipe below. My friend, Marci, also has some awesome freezer meal directions on her blog.
This easy and healthy chicken enchilada soup is a cool month staple for us! I can’t imagine life without it, really.
STOVETOP: In a large pot, add the chicken broth, chicken breasts, green chiles, onion, potatoes, pepper, butternut squash, garlic, salt, cumin, and taco seasoning. Bring the mixture to a boil and simmer, covered or partially covered, until the chicken is cooked through and the vegetables are tender, about 20 minutes. If there doesn't seem to be enough liquid for the vegetables/chicken to boil in, add water or broth but take care not to add too much extra liquid or the flavor and consistency will be affected. Go to step #4.
SLOW COOKER: Add the chicken broth, chicken breasts, green chiles, onion, potatoes, pepper, butternut squash, garlic, salt, cumin, and taco seasoning to the insert of a 6-quart or larger slow cooker. Cover and cook on low for 6-7 hours or high for 3-4 hours until the vegetables are tender. Go to step #4.
INSTANT POT: Decrease the broth amount to SIX cups and add the chicken broth, chicken breasts, green chiles, onion, potatoes, pepper, butternut squash, garlic, salt, cumin, and taco seasoning to the insert of a 6-quart or larger Instant Pot or other electric pressure cooker. Secure the lid and cook on high pressure for 17 minutes. Let the pressure naturally release for 10 minutes before releasing the remaining pressure (if liquid spurts through the valve, close the valve and wait a few minutes before releasing pressure again).
Remove the chicken from the pot/slow cooker/Instant Pot to a cutting board. Let it cool slightly before shredding or dicing. Use an immersion blender or ladle the remaining vegetables and broth into a blender (in several batches, if needed), and puree the broth and vegetables until smooth. Take care not to overfill the blender since the mixture will be hot and will expand as it blends! Pour the pureed soup mixture back into the pot/slow cooker/Instant Pot. Whisk in the sour cream and tomato sauce. Stir in the beans and chopped chicken. Heat through.
Serve the soup with additional toppings: tortilla chips, sour cream, shredded cheese, avocado, pico de gallo or salsa, etc. The options are endless!
Over the years, I've used Yukon Gold or red potatoes in place of the russets and even subbed in half sweet potatoes. It's really adaptable.
Also the original recipe I posted years ago had the taco seasoning stirred in at the end. I've since added the seasonings at the beginning to enhance overall flavor.
If you want the soup thicker, ladle out some of the broth before blending (you can always add it back in to thin it out a bit).
This soup is absolutely unreal with homemade pico de gallo. Here's how I whip it up: 3-4 chopped ripe tomatoes, juice of one lime, handful of chopped cilantro, medium minced yellow onion, seeded and diced jalapeno and salt to taste. Let it chill out in the fridge for an hour or so, if desired, or use right away.
Recipe Source: adapted from my cousin-in-law Susie E.
Recipe updated 12/2018 with new photos, recipe notes.
Next time I’m going to try it with 6 cups on the stove top. I like it thick! But it was super good!
This was in something you posted recently, and I thought “That looks amazing!” and made it tonight. It is SO delicious! It was so creamy we didn’t even add cheese. Thanks for sharing it!
This is a family favorite! My kids always ask for leftovers in their lunches. I thought I’d report that I’ve made it with frozen butternut squash, and we don’t notice a difference from when I buy a fresh one (in case anyone else bought the big bag at Costco). Also I double the tomato sauce and love the result!
I don’t know if it is the best one out there but I’ve really liked it.
Do you think you could sub something for the sour cream to make it dairy free?
I have left the sour cream out many times and it is still delicious! Someone on instagram also said they’ve subbed in coconut cream (unsweetened).
I throw in cauliflower at the beginning (so it gets cooked and blended with the other veggies) and it does an awesome job replacing the sour cream.
Just wondering why you don’t put the tomato sauce in with the rest of the ingredients when you cook it. Is that bad?
You could add it at the beginning – just make sure it doesn’t burn (it has a tendency to scorch).
My husband and I have been keto/low carb since January so I just subbed a whole head of cauliflower in for the potatoes to keep the carbs lower and it is so flavorful and creamy! My kids devoured it and kept saying how good it is and how much they liked it over regular enchiladas because it didn’t have all the vegetables in it! I decided not to tell them just how many were in it, let them just keep thinking it’s low on the veggie scale, haha!
This is BIG batch cooking! I’m thinking it’s at least 10 servings. Taste delicious. It really evokes that velveeta-rotel dip but with vegetables! I didn’t stir the sour cream in but served it on the side instead.
This looks fabulous! Do you think I could blend the beans up as well? If I did that, should I cut back on the potatoes? We are just starting the Keto diet and potatoes are a no go…. I’m sad.
Yes, I think you could blend up the beans, too.
Did you ever end up trying this in the instant pot? I would love the instructions for it!
Yes, I did actually! I tossed everything in there (except the sour cream and beans) and did 15 minutes high pressure (manual setting). I let it naturally release for 20 minutes because I was busy and then quick released the rest of the pressure. I pureed it right in the pot with my immersion blender. Another time I made it in the IP, left out the chicken, added the beans in the 1st step…and then pureed everything after cooking; I didn’t add the sour cream (I was making it for someone with a dairy allergy) and stirred in chopped rotisserie chicken to heat through. Hope that helps!
Oh my goodness! DELICIOUS! The pico completely pushes it over the top. This will be happening again and again this winter. Thank you!
Can you cook this soup in the pressure cooker?
I haven’t tried it, but I think it stands a good chance of working!
I made this soup this week, and I thought I ruined it because I couldn’t find butternut squash, so I subbed sweet potato, which probably made it sweeter than it should be. However, my kids loved it, and 3 out of 4 requested it in their lunch! This is a huge compliment as they almost never take leftovers even though their schools have microwaves. I can’t wait to try it again the right way! Just wanted to say thanks!
Hey, I know this is an old post, but it’s one of my favorite soup recipes. I tell my kids that it’s my magic soup because despite all the “yucky” vegetables they see me cutting up, it turns into the splendidly wonderful soup. They all love it!! I don’t think I could normally get them to eat so many vegetables in one sitting! Thanks!
Thank you so much for this recipe! After eyeing it for over a year I finally made it and it far surpassed my expectations. And the fact that it’s filled with veggies is just a great bonus because it tastes much more decadent than it actually is. I actually made it with an immersion blender and then kept it warm in the crock pot and served with a bunch of toppings family style – shredded cheese, pico de gallo, guacamole, jalapenos, sriarcha sauce, sour cream, tortilla chips – it was a big hit. And i sent the recipe to two friends who made it for their families who also loved it.
with the immersion blender i didn’t have to do it in batches – worth the investment.
And the ‘soup’ setting for the blendtec is perfect…do it in batches but it works great. Really smooth and creamy.
This is my favorite soup ever. I have a few versions of this and this one is my fave. Often I sub 2 sweet potatoes in for the regular potatoes (no more or it is too sweet). Side note…random side note…all that gets cooked in the first step makes a great baby food puree (yes chiles and onions too…). Just remove the chicken and puree like instructed. Then just keep some of that out for baby and add the rest in for the fam. Hooray…Dinner for everyone.
Made this tonight for the fiance (who “hates” butternut squash) and he absolutely loved it!!! In fact he ate three bowls! Just wondering if anyone knows how many Weight Watchers points it is or the nutritional breakdown?
This was great! My kids all ate it, which is a small miracle. i am going to have to freeze some because it made so much. FYI, I also found frozen butternut squash at my local grocery. Yay for shortcuts!
I have a chicken enchilada soup that I have made and LOVED for years. It uses a ton of velveeta cheese though. I was surprised how much this recipe tasted like it. In fact, my kids didn’t even know I had used a different recipe. They were super excited that I made one of their favorite soups and they gobbled it right up!
This reminds me of Chili’s Enchilada soup except better- and far healthier! I used black beans instead of northern and added corn. Everyone loved it. Definitely a keeper! Thank you for sharing!
YES!!! That’s exactly what i was thinking! I’m sure that soup, while delicious, was so packed with fat and sodium and very unhealthy. As soon as I tasted it I thought that and emailed the recipe to friends.
Hi Marci – I freeze this all the time and it works great!
oh my goodness. I made this last night and ate three bowls – then three more tonight! I LOVE THIS!!! THANK YOU!!
This was very delicious!!! Instead of camouflaging veggies into a meal, in this soup the veggies are what make it taste delicious. It will definitely be a regular in our menu! Thank you for sharing!
I remember when you first posted this soup, and I have to admit that it seemed unappealing for some reason so I never made it. But last night I was looking for a quick dinner and needed to use up a butternut squash, so I did a search on your site and this fit the bill. I didn’t have red pepper, and I threw in a sweet potato that I also needed to use. And I prefer black beans in soup like this so I used those. I’ll definitely make it again because it’s full of veggies my family doesn’t normally eat and my 5-year-old, who is somewhat of a stubborn (and slow) eater, kept saying how delicious it was and “can you make this again?” and asked for seconds. That’s a miracle, right there. Thanks!
My first time to comment on your amazing recipes….love them all! This soup was a real hit, and so perfect on a cold winter day….9 degrees cold!! Love trying your recipes and feeling confident they will be winners!
I do LOVE this soup. When I came back to send the link to my sister, I could not find the it listed under “soups” in the index. Reason why?
I made this for two different families and they all went crazy over it. I added some black beans and corn, which went over well. Thanks for all your awesome recipes!
Kim – you might try a little extra chili powder or cayenne to give it an extra kick. The homemade taco seasoning will probably make a difference in flavor but even then, you might need to play around with the spices (even adding a little extra salt maybe??).
We made this and liked it. I leave out the onions (not a family favorite!). Anyhow, we felt it needed a kick. What spice would you to give it that kick? I did use regular taco seasoning. Would the homemade one be better and give it the kick I’m looking for?
I can’t WAIT to try this…drooling, ha ha!
Jennifer – you could leave them out. The soup would be less creamy and thick but should taste great anyway.
Any suggestions for a substitution for the potatoes? I need less carbs while I try to lose baby weight?
Sooo been dying to make this darn soup! Butternut squash has been super duper hard to find ’round these parts as of late. Finally hit the jackpot at Trader Joe’s today…even came peeled and cut up! Woo Hoo! Soups on for tonight! Can’t wait….
Karen – I haven’t subbed the sweet potatoes but it’s worth a try! Just make sure to taste test to adjust for the sweetness.
I have to say, I was skeptical about this recipe, even as I was dishing it into bowls tonight – but your recipes are always good, so I tried it. The soup turned out pretty dang good! Hubby and I both had seconds, which NEVER happens with soup. My butternut squash went bad before I could get around to making it, so I ended up substituting with some canned pumpkin. My picky 5 yr old threw a huge fit for three bites, then he dug in and actually said he liked it, after we crushed a ton of tortilla chips and cheese on the top. Score! I hope it freezes well, because it made one HUGE pot for a family of three. Thanks again!
Any thoughts on subbing sweet potatoes for russet? I have butternut squash and sweet potatoes and want to try this tonight!
Laura – I’m glad you liked this! What’s funny is that the original recipe DOES call for canned red enchilada sauce but I just knew there had to be a way to get the flavor without using it. Happy it was a hit!
This was so yummy – I’ve made all sorts of taco soup before and was surprised how this one really had more of an enchilada flavor (and thrilled that it was nothing like a yucky enchilada soup recipe I tried that called for canned red enchilada sauce – yuck, yuck). I had never cooked with butternut squash, nor pureed soup in my blender before. I used black beans – worked great.
Alisa – I’ve never used the soup setting on my Blendtec so I can’t really tell you – sorry! It’s worth a try, though! Let me know how it works if you try it.
I bookmarked this knowing I wanted to make it first chance I got which was this afternoon. I ended up making the homemade taco seasoning as well and am amazed at how much more intense the flavor is. The soup is very good, I think it will just get better as it simmers. The one thing I did was use my immersion blender so I never had to take it out of the pot; so much easier, it worked great and less dishes.
I read the comment about the blendtec “soup” setting…would that work with this recipe if I cooked the chicken separately? And maybe I’d need to microwave the squash a little too? I just bought a blendtec but haven’t tried “soup” in it yet so your input would be great! Thx!
This recipe is wonderful! I made it last night and we loved it, I can’t wait to have leftovers for lunch. Thanks SO much for sharing this recipe.
I love how healthy this is and how yummy. It was so good today a at later cuz the flavored melded more. My two-year-old live it too. Also Made it in the slow cooker on low for a couple hours, so easy so good. As always thanks.
This looks amazing!!!! I will try it next week and let you know how it turned out!
A trick for cutting those winter squashes. . .use pumpkin carving tools. It was an “aha” moment when I figured this out! It is so much easier than a kitchen knife.
I made this tonight and it was a big hit at the potluck I went to. I added 2 cans of corn and I doubled the amount of tomato sauce and I thought it was perfect.
We made it tonight and it was fantastic! We used some pumpkin puree that we had on hand (thanks for the idea, previous comments! saved me a trip to the store), plain yogurt instead of sour cream, and leftover chicken. Worked great. I used to make a copycat Chili’s enchilada soup recipe that used a ton of Velveeta — tasted great, but always felt so guilty knowing what was in it. But this — wow! Just as delicious, absolutely no guilt! It makes a HUGE batch too. Thanks Mel!
Looks fantastic! Yours and my families eat very similarly, which is why I love so many of your recipes!
Mel, I made this tonight for dinner. It was fabulous! I echo the earlier commenter who said to microwave the squash first. I did that and had no problem cutting through it and just used my plain old vegetable peeler to remove the skin.
I put the sour cream on the table to let people add as much or as little as they wanted. It’s yummy both with and without. I will definitely make this again!
I made this soup last night and you weren’t kidding: it is the best chicken enchilada soup (ever.) I was a little nervous about the butternut squash but I followed the recipe and it turned out SO GOOD. (Not squashy at all.) Thanks Mel for another delicious recipe.
Missy – I only have Sam’s Club here and it is right next to the romaine lettuce/broccoli/carrots. My cousin-in-law, Susie, who gave me the recipe found hers at Costco and I can only assume it’s in the same section – somewhere in produce?
Kim – you could always leave it out – unfortunately I’m not super familiar with lactose-substitutions! You might try googling a few options but if nothing sounds great, I’d just omit it.
What section in Costco did you find the squash? Definitely my way to go!
I am making this for dinner tonight! Can’t wait! Is there a way to substitute the sour cream for something suitable for someone who is lactose intolerant? I was thinking I would share the recipe with my sister-in-law but someone in her family can’t have the sour cream. Any thoughts?!? Thanks so much!
Kristin – you could probably use just about any type of bean you want here. It’s a pretty versatile soup!
Jessica – I haven’t frozen it but if I had a lot of leftovers, I would definitely try it. Because the amount of dairy is minimal, I think it should freeze ok. You might get a bit of a change in texture upon reheating but it shouldn’t be too noticeable. Good luck if you try it!
Rachel – canned beans are already precooked so you don’t need to cook them long in this soup recipe – heating them through is sufficient. If you are using dry beans – well, that’s a whole separate issue. They need to be soaked overnight in cool water and then cooked in water for about 45 minutes before draining and adding them to a recipe that calls for canned beans. As for the wheat flour question – it really is a matter of taste but in yeast doughs, I definitely recommend adding flour by feel (to obtain a soft dough) rather than holding fast to the measurements given in a recipe. If I am using freshly ground whole wheat flour, I always have to add more than the recipe states because it is full of air from being ground but if it has settled than I usually just use 1:1 in cookie recipes and things like that. Keep in mind that most whole wheat flours (red wheat or white wheat) will produce a darker, denser consistency so in cookies and cakes, I’d recommend starting with smaller amounts of whole wheat and working up so that the baked goods don’t turn out too heavy and dense. Hope that helps!
Absolutely delicious! My kids both loved it and asked for it to be put in the rotation. Thanks for yet another keeper!
i’m tempted to try this with sweet potatoes! yum!
I was wondering about the beans… do you precook them or just throw them in hard? If so, how long does it take to cook the beans til they are soft? I am still new at cooking and just learning about, well, everything! Also, this is off topic, but I try to use as much whole wheat flour (in everything) instead of all purpose flour (to my husbands dismay) but sometimes I don’t know how much to use, is there a rule of thumb for switching white flour to wheat? Love your site!
Mel, that is another option I thought could work. It’s probably the better option. Thanks!
This soup sounds crazy good! I love all the powerful veggies hidden within!
Made this for dinner tonight. I love all the veggies hidden in it. Absolutely delicious. Extremely easy with precooking squash in microwave and using an immersion blender.
Made this tonight and it was great!!! We have a lot of left overs; how do you think it will freeze?
This looks so good! My husband will not eat a single vegetable so I’m excited to try this and secretly get some veggies in him. If I’m not very partial to white beans, is there another type of bean that would work well too? LOVE your blog!
Juli – I’ll look into the issue. In the meantime, if you click on the recipe post title (in this case, click on “The Best Chicken Enchilada Soup”, it will pull up the post in a unique URL (permalink) and it should save fine to Ziplist then. I’ll get working on the issue!
Mel…having a little trouble saving your recipes to ZipList as of late. Tried to save the taco seasoning on Friday and it saved as Classic Macaroni and Cheese?? Today I tried to save the Chicken Enchilada Soup Recipe and again, it saved as Classic Macaroni and Cheese?? I just wanted to let you know there was an issue, just in case you weren’t aware. Thanks!
This is my kind of soup. I will make this as much as i make the taco salad dippers you posted a while back.
This sounds amazing! I am definitely adding this to menu line up in the near future!
Looks like a great recipe to try out my new immersion blender! Think pumpkin would sub okay for squash? I’ve got lots.
Erin – sure, I’d say go ahead and use the pumpkin!
I just wanted to thank you for sending me your recipes. I have been receiving them for a few months, and I think you and your blog are great. Thank you.
Hope this is not a duplicate offer. I have a Word document I’ve written that contains 100 soups with no more than 5 ingredients. Not to worry, it’s only 18 pages. Want a copy? Write to me at [email protected] and I’ll send it to you. It’s free!!!
I am putting this on my menu plan for the week!
Looks delicious! I think I will make this for a potluck I’m going to at someone’s house. Do you have any hints for me? I would easily be able to heat it up on the stove there, so should I finish it up at my house and then just set it on a burner at really low so it will stay hot for everyone?
Ashley – could you make the soup start to finish at your house and then pour it in a crockpot to stay warm until you serve it at your friend’s house? As long as it doesn’t cook too long in the crockpot, I think it should do well staying warm there for a bit. Otherwise, you could definitely make it at your house, take the pot of soup with you and keep it warm on a low stovetop burner until ready to serve. | 2019-04-18T16:31:49Z | https://www.melskitchencafe.com/the-best-chicken-enchilada-soup/ |
Energy efficient and/or green home building has become a very popular and almost necessary part of home building throughout the United States. Today, new homes are for efficient than at anytime in our past. Residences are a main source of energy and use. Home builders for years have been building more efficient homes and as a result most experts agree that new homes today are extremely efficient. That said, not every home builder uses the most energy efficient building practices and materials. Below you’ll find a list of green home builders. These home builders have meet green building codes and exceeded them. As a result, homes built by these builders are environmentally friendlier and utility bills for home owners are much less. Yes, some of these homes are more expensive, but overtime the savings from energy and water consumption make up for the added cost of energy efficient homes. Reward the builders on this list by making their new homes for sale an option during your search for a new home.
Originally established to build quality new houses for returning Korean War Veterans, KB Home has transformed itself and became a recognized leader in homebuilding by providing well-built homes and exceptional customer service to thousands of individuals and families since 1957. Due to the company’s excellent contribution to protecting the environment through superior energy and water sufficiency, KB Home has been the recipient of the ENERGY STAR® Partner of the Year Sustained Excellence Award 5 years in a row (2011-2015). Through their dedicated and professional in-house team of architects and designers, they create innovative homes that are thoughtfully-tailored to suit the needs and fit the lifestyles of modern families. They offer a 10-year Limited Warranty to guarantee you a worry-free and a satisfying experience. In addition, they are also popular for their Built to OrderTM Process, which assures you that you’ll walk into your brand new home that is built just the way you want. This process gives you the opportunity to choose your community and floor plan, as well as customize your interior before you settle in so that you could enjoy your home to the fullest. Aside from low VOC-interior paint and low VOC-carpeting, KB Home Eco-friendly features also include thermal enclosure system, water management system, low maintenance and modern heating/cooling systems and energy efficient lighting and appliances. Moreover, each floor plan comes with an Energy Performance Guide (EPG®) that provides an estimate of monthly energy costs and monthly savings over a typical resale home. The company is also known for their active participation in charitable causes and community service programs throughout the nation and have constructed more than 90,000 Energy Star certified homes since they joined Energy Star in 2000.
Based in Durango, Colorado, Galbraith Builders has gained outstanding reputation in designing and constructing world-class custom homes, remodeling and landscape projects for over 35 years. Their finished high-quality homes have earned recognition and have been featured in several publications and print magazines such Durango Living, Durango Herald, Custom Builder Magazine and many more. This full service design-build firm has eagerly embraced green building practices by having extensive training in solar and geothermal technologies. Aside from utilizing dependable materials to produce homes that would last for generations, they also use construction techniques that are environment-friendly and energy-efficient. In point of fact, Galbraith Builders has exceeded the standards of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Designs (LEED), one of the most popular green building certification programs that is used worldwide and that is developed by the US Green Building Council (USGBC), by designing the first LEED-certified home in La Plata County and the first LEED-certified Platinum home in all of Southwest Colorado. Furthermore, the company is also known for its compliance and consistent high ratings with the criteria outlined by Built Green Colorado’s certification program, from periodic inspections during construction to the final performance test that has to be certified by a third party inspector. The combination of careful architectural workmanship and respect for nature has made Galbraith Builders’ custom homes perfect for your family needs.
Capital Home Builders (CHB) is one of Florida’s and Georgia’s leading luxury home builders. The company has been designing and building custom smart homes and green house plans that offer healthy indoor environment since 2005. CHB takes pride in their high-end craftsmanship and home features that go beyond sustainability and energy-efficiency. While a typical 10-year old home scores 130 on HERS Index and an Energy Star home has a maximum score of 85, CHB’s scores are on the low 50s. This only signifies that their high-performance homes use around an impressive 40-50% less energy compared to their competitors. Their clients are provided with documentation of the final HERS score so they could evaluate the home accordingly. Their eco-custom homes have earned EPA’s blue seal and are all inspected and tested by an independent third party energy rater. Furthermore, they also offer the CHB Energy Guarantee, which gives clients the assurance to experience the same comfort of the original homeowner for two years. And in the event that the actual usage for heating and cooling exceed the Guaranteed Usage in any one year period, CHB will reimburse 100% of the difference in cost. CHB has been recognized by Luxury Home Quarterly and Builder News Magazine for being the first builder of Energy Smart HERS rated home in the states of Florida and Georgia.
Based in San Francisco and Newport Beach, California, City Ventures is a fast-growing green home builder focused on constructing affordable, inspiring and sustainable homes. It promotes health and wellness for a “green Earth and a green wallet” by providing energy-efficient technology and by significantly reducing your utility bills while you and your family live in comfort and style. Its portfolio includes eco-friendly town homes, condominiums, lofts, mixed-used, live-work and single family detached homes. It currently owns and controls 14,000 lots in the state of California. City Ventures believes that the future of homebuilding lies in the power of solar electricity, transferring the limitless energy from the sun into the energy needed to sustain the modern way of living. That’s why their Green Key Homes offer healthy, clean air through cutting-edge airflow systems, the use of earth-friendly elements and non-toxic materials and advanced Energy Star appliances. It also includes state-of-the-art innovations such as dual-glazes windows with ultraviolet coating, high solar reflective index roofing materials, the option to prepare your home for an electric vehicle charger, the choice to eliminate your gas bill, as well as the alternative to balance the use of solar energy and the convenience of natural gas power. In essence, the ultimate goal of City Ventures in terms of green homebuilding is their desire to manufacture homes that utilize as little as natural resources as possible and produces the least possible carbon dioxide emissions. For them, it is the best and the most logical thing to do.
Being an Energy Star Partner since 2004, Schell Brothers is one of the most established names in terms of building energy-efficient homes in Delaware and the Sussex County beach resort area. Aside from providing their clients with exceptional homes and excellent home buying experience, they make a distinction in the homebuilding industry by incorporating happiness in their mission. They take business seriously but at the same time, their team knows how to have fun and how to make work even more rewarding. They connect, show appreciation and honor their homeowners by throwing parties, participating in community services and involving themselves in certain events that benefit relevant causes such as cancer research. Moreover, Schell Brothers is not new to prestigious recognitions. They have been acknowledged by The National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) for eight consecutive years and have been consistently recognized by other award-giving bodies in Delaware. The company was named the 2011 Green Partner of the Year by the NAHB Research Center and was declared Winner of the Delaware Home Builders Regal award for Best Green Built Home in 2011, 2012 and 2013. To add, Schell Brothers was one of the only eight homebuilders across the country to be honored with the 2015 Indoor AirPLUS® Leader Award by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Furthermore, the company also takes pride in their Schellter™ Advanced Building Science program, which provides a smart technology to ensure that your home functions to its ultimate performance. They work side-by-side with other leading experts in energy conservation such as Integrated Building and Construction Solutions (IBACOS) and has become one of the elite qualifiers for the US Department of Energy’s Builders Challenge Program. Currently, Schell Brothers homes score an average of 52 on HERS scale. The combination of their high-standards in building energy-efficient and sustainable homes and their positive culture comprises the Schell Brothers advantage. Their work doesn’t end after closing the deal rather they extend it by providing the security of comfortable living to their buyers for years to come and most importantly, by taking the opportunity to give back to the community.
Headquartered in Walnut, California, Shea Homes has humble beginnings. The firm’s history started in 1881 when John Francis Shea opened a small plumbing business in Portland, Oregon. With high value for honesty and integrity, he was able to turn his one-man shop into one of nation’s largest and oldest privately-owned construction companies. Highlighted in the family’s legacy are their major contributions to America’s great projects such as the Golden Gate Bridge, the Hoover Dam and the Bay Area Rapid Transit System.
With the company’s commitment to long-lasting quality, Shea Homes prides itself on providing exceptional customer service and master-planned housing and community options for everyone. It offers condominiums, townhomes, traditional single-family detached homes and luxury residences that are all thoughtfully-designed to suit the way you live.
In addition, each home also exceeds the standards for healthy living. Their Energy Star® products and solar power systems allow you to enjoy your savings of superior energy efficiency and at the same time, help you do your part for the environment. Shea Homes takes green living very seriously. Their lumber comes from sustainable forests and they use 10-15% less wood by utilizing Optimum Value Engineering method and recycling construction materials in their projects. On top of that, they use satellite controlled irrigation technology and low-flow faucets, shower heads and toilets to cut overall water usage and help reduce urban runoff that could be harmful to wildlife habitats.
To guarantee high performance construction and customer’s ultimate satisfaction, Shea Homes performs 11-Point Quality Inspections assigned to one Field Manager to ensure consistency. All Shea Green Certified Ultra Homes are tested by an independent third party as well. Moreover, it also comes with a written guarantee that your energy usage for your heating and cooling systems will not exceed the predetermined usage listed on your new home at the time of purchase.
By its very nature, Shea Homes cares. It cares about the wellness of your family and the health of our planet. It cares enough to think about your grandchildren and it cares enough to take a step further to protect the environment and to leave a greener planet for future generations.
Landon Homes is one of the premier home builders in Texas that has been creating eco-friendly homes and exceptional neighborhoods for more than 20 years. As a visionary company, it respects the environment and at the same time, understands the needs of your family. Their team of skilled architects, engineers and energy consultants work hand in hand to ensure superior energy efficiency in your home, to minimize your utility bill, to maximize livable spaces and to give you exemplary value for your money.
Their Better Built Homes feature high-end performance 24/7. To create exciting, functional and energy efficient home designs, Landon Homes uses unique 2” x 6” exterior wall construction process, superb-heat reducing windows, exceptional attic insulation ratings and tech-shield radiant heat barriers. Other energy saving components include Energy Star® appliances, 80% AFUE gas furnace, programmable thermostat, tankless water heater and many more.
Furthermore, Landon Homes has received several prestigious awards and recognitions for outstanding architecture, product designs and excellent customer service. They have been named “Texas Builder of the Year” for five out of seven years.
Being good stewards of environment, this firm believes that constructing homes is more than just being “green.” As written on their website, a perfect home “must be a combination of space, function, location, price and community.” With that being said, Landon Homes continues to live up to their mission to building better homes that deliver the best value possible.
Since 2003, LGI Homes has become one of the fastest growing names in housing developments in the nation. Their team of skilled home builders and home buying professionals have been crafting beautiful yet affordable homes in excellent locations throughout Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Georgia, and Florida.
Driven by their commitment in providing consistent individualized service and their desire to make every homeowner’s dream come true, LGI Homes has simplified the buying process by providing high quality homes that cater to the specific needs of their customers, affordable financing options and creating the “First Time Homebuyer Guide,” a compilation of frequently asked questions to help their clients make wise life-changing decisions.
LGI’s products feature only top-of-the-line materials, energy-saving appliances, insulation and heating and cooling systems, which are all included in each home’s upgrade package with no out-of-the-pocket cost. They also offer one of the most comprehensive and high quality warranty programs around to assure you quality service, responsiveness and enduring peace of mind of having low utility bills and great savings month after month. LGI’s energy efficiency standards and strict requirements also limit the amount of impact we create on the environment thus promoting not only affordability but sustainability as well.
Furthermore, LGI Homes has gathered numerous awards in customer satisfaction and product designs. It was named one of Houston’s Fast 100, based on revenue growth on 2012. In addition, according to Builder Magazine, it was the fastest growing private company in 2008 and 21st largest home builder in the United States in 2015.
Elliot Homes has been developing shopping centers, office buildings, apartment projects, single-family homes and master-planned communities since 1914. With more than 100 years of experience, the firm has been synonymous to providing outstanding quality construction and innovative ideas in building homes that accommodates everything a family needs.
As a broadly diverse builder and developer of both residential and commercial centers, Elliott Homes’ team has showcased their expertise in creating fine buildings with exquisite architecture such as Folsom’s Broadstone Marketplace, West Sacramento’s Westbridge Plaza, Fresno’s Villaggio and Palladio at Broadstone, an astonishing lifestyle center which is currently home to the largest digital, solar-powered movie theater in the world.
In 2002, Harry Elliott III, President of Elliott Homes, was elected to head the California Building Industry Association, a statewide trade alliance that represents nearly 6,000 businesses and industry professionals. Furthermore, Elliott Homes has been consistently ranked in the top 100 builders across the nation. The company also earned the Home Innovation Quality Certified Award, a recognition given by Home Innovation Research Labs to builders delivering the highest level of quality and excellence in customer satisfaction.
Along with Elliott Homes’ passion for promoting high-performance living is their interest in the health and welfare of the community and environmental preservation. Building green has always been the company’s choice, from promoting energy efficient products, using designs and procedures that help preserve natural resources to environmental stewardship. Some of their best practices include the use of water-conserving faucets, use of water-wise landscape plant materials, fresh-filtered air ventilation system, use of sustainable lumber products, onsite recycling of waste building materials and many more. To take things a step further, they also created The Elliott Conservancy, a program for the enhancement of natural open spaces and habitats that also provides education and research opportunities to the public. Clearly, Elliott Homes’ vision goes beyond building neighborhoods, parks and recreation, most importantly, it is about the conservation of biodiversity, environment and natural resources.
A premier home builder in Las Vegas, Nevada, American West Homes has been known for its construction excellence since 1984. With more than 30 years of expertise, they believe in the importance of family and how a home should reflect the family’s personalities and values. They also understand that purchasing a home is one of life’s biggest decision and investment. It is in this regard that they are fully-committed in applying only the highest possible standards in building signature neighborhoods and in achieving exceptional homeowner’s satisfaction.
American West Homes has been honored with the building industry’s most sought-after awards. In fact, it has accumulated over 200 local and national building awards including the national ACE Award. It has also been consistently recognized as one of the top 100 builders in the nation and as one of America’s largest locally-owned homebuilders.
American West Homes has built more than 100 new home communities that speak of distinct appeals and styles to meet the needs of different types of buyers and families. Moreover, the team believes that demonstrating excellence and respecting the environment are equally important. This principle is transparently integrated in every eco-friendly home they built. Their green residences’ most technologically-advanced features include dual-paned, low-e windows, R-30 insulation in ceilings, programmable setback thermostat, energy-efficient radiant barrier roof sheathing, Energy Star appliances, water-saving professional landscape designs, protective house wrap and many more.
With over 16,000 satisfied homeowners, American West Homes’ success in the industry is clearly characterized not only by the passion they put into creating beautiful homes but most importantly, by the quality of life that comes with it.
Delaware-based and NAHB Certified Green Professional Boardwalk Builders is a team of dedicated and detail-oriented home builders, from carpenters, marketing professionals, project managers, designers, estimators and more. Their portfolio includes bathroom and kitchen renovation, interior and exterior home remodeling and visually-appealing custom-built homes. The company has been building and remaking eco-conscious homes for over 30 years. Though Boardwalk Builders’ ultimate goal is to exceed client expectations, they are no stranger to prestigious awards and recognitions of various categories such as construction, management, employee and customer satisfaction. In 2004, they have bagged the NRS Homeowners Satisfaction Award and the NHQ Silver Award for Commitment to Quality Remodeling. They have also earned several design awards including Professional Remodeler Best of the Best Gold Award, Remodeling Magazine Merit Award and many more. In addition, Boardwalk Builders is proud to be in compliance with the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) Section 402 and has received certification to conduct lead-based paint renovation, repair and painting activities. Each of their lead carpenters is a certified Lead Renovator, which guarantees lead-safe work practices for their clients and for their crew as well. Essentially, Boardwalk Builders doesn’t just build homes, they build dreams as well. They develop genuine relationships with their customers that is based on trust and understanding before, during and after the construction.
Founded in 1950 in Oakland County, Michigan, Pulte Homes is one of the nation’s leaders in energy efficient home building. What started as a single-home built and sold by an 18-year old entrepreneur has grown into a multi-brand homebuilding company that currently operates in approximately 50 markets throughout the country.
The company prides itself in their unwavering commitment to customer satisfaction through their Life Tested Home Designs, which is fundamentally a collaboration of Pulte Homes’ construction excellence and the homeowners’ best ideas. Their consumer-inspired approach is what sets them apart from their competitors. They keep their buyers well-informed during and after the building process through an exclusive online portal. This feature encourages the clients to get involved and be always updated about construction status, warranty details, discounts and other special privileges. As a result, each home is designed and built with precision for the way buyers want to live.
When it comes to energy advantage, Pulte Homes guarantees more comfort and less waste. Their HERS score indicates that their homes are up to 30% more energy efficient than a typical existing home. Each Pulte Energy Advantage® Home features radiant barrier roof decking for warmer climates, high-efficiency HVAC system, programmable thermostat, compact fluorescent lights, Energy Star qualified appliances, low emissivity windows and enhanced insulation.
Pulte Homes is not a stranger to prestigious recognitions as well. It has gathered numerous awards for customer satisfaction and has consistently been ranked “Top 50 Performing Companies” by the Business Week Magazine. In 2009, Pulte Homes has also been recognized by the US Department of Energy and BASF for its outstanding achievement in the DOE Builders Challenge Program, a voluntary energy-savings project with a goal of constructing energy efficient homes.
Award-winning home builder Taylor Morrison Homes has a long history in the construction market, from building low-cost, high quality housing to creating custom luxury homes. The company was established when Taylor Woodrow and Morrison Homes, two of the most respectable names in the industry, decided to join forces in July, 2007. With more than a century of experience in quality construction, superior design and customer service, this Scottsdale, Arizona-based firm has become one of the largest home building companies in the United States.
Every detail of Taylor Morrison Homes undergoes careful consideration. Locations are thoughtfully-researched and chosen based on its proximity to schools, business establishments and other essential community services. Floor plans and styles offer nothing less than quality craftsmanship and design. Their team of experts make sure that all details are fresh, elegant, trustworthy, timeless, and something you’ll certainly fall in love with. Also, Taylor Morrison Homes’ customer service is proactive and reliable in nature. Their representatives address clients’ concerns as quick as they can and always check to see that you’re getting the best of your warranty.
Taylor Morrison Home is also a proud Energy Star partner committed to protecting the environment by providing energy efficient homes that follow US EPA’s strict guidelines for household products and new home construction. Essential elements used in the building process include higher-R value installation, radiant barriers, jump ducts, low-E windows, tankless water heaters and water recirculation pump. A typical Taylor Morrison Home also has a HERS score of 60s-70s.
Along with their 132 years of experience in building and designing quality homes in superior communities across the country, Taylor Morrison Homes also has a long history of success and customer satisfaction. Their Southern California Division alone has garnered 15 Builder’s Choice Awards. Their Darling Home brand received the McSam Award “Realtor’s Choice Builder of the Year” and named one of the “Best Places to Work” five years in a row by the Dallas Business Journal. The company was also named “Builder of the Year and Fastest Growing Public Builder” by Builder Magazine. In addition, it has also been inducted into both “Builder Magazine Hall of Fame and the Best in American Living Award Hall of Fame,” sponsored by the National Association of Home Builders.
Fulton Homes has become one of Arizona’s largest family-owned and operated home builders. It has been constructing mid-priced to high-end luxury homes since 1975. The company believes that a home should be a reflection of the homeowner’s taste and vision. In this regard, they have created the Fulton Design Center, a place that offers a wide range of finest and elegant designs created by Fulton Homes’ very own team of world class interior designers. This provides customers a perfect venue to express their styles, ideas as well as their concerns about their homes.
Aside from high quality building practices, Fulton Homes takes environmental responsibility very seriously. They want to protect the health and well-being of their homeowners and subsequently reduce their ecological footprint. In fact, their Energy Star certified new homes are all equipped with comprehensive air sealing, quality-installed insulation, high performance windows and high efficiency heating, ventilation and cooling system. It also includes other features such as comprehensive water management system and energy efficient lighting and appliances. To add, their HERS score indicates that their homes use 20-30% less energy compared to typical homes on the market today.
Fulton Homes’ collection of notable recognitions demonstrates their deep respect for nature. In 2010, they became the first builder in Arizona to construct all of its homes to Energy Star 3.0 standards, with complete inspection done by a third party verifier. In 2013, they became the recipient of the Energy Star Leadership in Housing Award by the US Environmental Protection Agency. In 2014, they made a commitment that all new homes built moving forward will be an EPA Indoor AirPlus qualified home. Furthermore, in 20015, out of more than 700 home builders across the country, Fulton Homes was chosen by the US EPA as a National Leader in Indoor AirPLUS.
Fulton Homes empowers you to dream and create the home that you’ve always wanted. And at the end of the day, they make sure that you are a proud owner of their excellent creations.
For over 40 years, Richmond American Homes has been designing and building superior quality new homes in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Utah and Virginia. With more than 180,000 homes to their credit, there is no doubt that their signature bears first-rate quality craftsmanship.
To deliver extraordinary customer service experience, the company has developed a personalized approach through their Home Gallery Design Center, a place that provides an ideal setting to give buyers the ability to select certain options from fixture to finish. A team of design consultants makes sure that everything in your home is tailored for you. They will help you discover the neighborhood that you have been looking for, choose a floor plan that fits your lifestyle as well as your budget and pick a design for every surface and texture, such as flooring, carpentry, cabinets and tiles. This special venue covers every aspect of your home buying experience to make sure that everything in your home is uniquely yours. Moreover, the company also provides mortgage financing and insurance and title services for its homebuyers.
Richmond American Homes also believes in enhancing the quality of life through home ownership. They take pride in their eco-conscious homes that are designed right and built right. To help cut down energy usage, reduce waste and create a healthier environment in your home, they incorporated features efficient HVAC system, mechanically controlled ventilation, advanced framing methods, effective insulation solutions, interior air sealing and Energy Star qualified low-e windows and Energy Star qualified appliances.
In addition, Richmond American Homes has indeed set the bar for home quality and customer satisfaction. In 2012, their Tucson division was named “Builder of the Year” by the Southern Arizona Home Builders Association. In 2015, they won the Avid Cup, a top honor given to the company with the highest customer ratings throughout North America. They also received numerous recognitions in different categories of the 2015 Avid Service Award.
With its large portfolio of home plans, American Heritage Homes has been offering an extraordinary amount of variety for its homebuyers ranging from single-family to huge custom homes and farmhouses. They are the builders who can offer it all, regardless of the size or the price, because for them, what matters the most is the satisfaction they get in turning your dream home into a reality. They understand that purchasing a home is an important move that affect families that’s why they care about your homes as if it were their own. Aside from having a great eye for detail, American Heritage Homes’ architects encourage your involvement in the process of designing your dream home so that your personality and style would reflect on it as well, giving your new home a sense of identity and a unique character. Also, with the company’s 35 years of proven experience in home building and real estate industry, you can be assured of stability, security and knowledge. Some of their best recognitions include Finest in Family Living Award, Numerous Best Furnished Model in Parade of Homes, Best Subdivision and Best Floor Plan.
When it comes to lowering utility costs while increasing efficiency, there’s no need to look further because American Heritage Homes is confidently consistent with the new Energy Star building code requirements and EPA’s strict guidelines. Their Energy Star qualified custom built homes are all independently verified by a third party to ensure exemplary performance. Its features include effective insulation to achieve even temperatures, high-performance windows that blocks ultraviolet sunlight from damaging your furniture and discoloring your carpets, tight construction and tight ducts to ensure quality indoor air and energy efficient heating and cooling equipment to provide better comfort. Given all these advantages and benefits, you can also expect to save about $200-$400 every year on your utility bill while you take part in saving our planet by reducing the use of energy and by building a cleaner environment for the future.
Founded in Bridgeville, Delaware, Insight Homes has been exclusively building award-winning green single-family homes since 2007. It all started as an experimental company under the guidance of the US Department of Energy, multiple building science companies and the American Lung Association, who’s primary mission is to develop systems and approaches to show other home builders that it is possible to create energy-efficient, healthy and durable homes at cost-competitive prices. Successful in refining its building specifications to reduce energy usage, Insight Homes has now become a premier provider of highly efficient, highly affordable and healthily built homes in the Mid-Atlantic.
Using advanced construction techniques, Insight Homes claims that their houses are in the top 1% in the nation for energy efficiency. Their standard energy features start with outdoor exhausting central vacuum clean air system, Rinnai tankless unlimited capacity water heater, York Affinity top tier heating and cooling system, R-23 dense pack non-batt wall insulation, low thermal bridging advanced framing package, conditioned crawlspace, double-hung double-paned “better than” low-e windows, fiberglass exterior doors, engineered single span quiet flooring system and Energy Star appliance package with side-by-side refrigerator. All of these and many more, amounting to more than $65,000, are all included in each Insight Home with no additional charge.
When it comes to quality, value and structural innovations, it is not surprising that Insight Homes has won numerous significant awards such as five time recipient of the “Best Affordable Home” and six time winner of the “Best Built Green Home” for their house models in Fox Haven, Stonewater Creek and Summercrest. They have also won production awards from the Home Builders Association of Delaware’s annual “Regal” awards reception.
Insight Homes’ willingness to experiment to find solutions and develop cost-effective methods is their strongest point. Marketing homes on the basis of energy efficiency more than great location and design is an extraordinary principle and is what sets them apart from other home builders. Moreover, the company’s consistency in delivering high-quality production houses and cutting-edge products is very impressive. For Insight Homes, if it’s better for the environment then it’s better for you and your family.
Renaissance Builders LLC is a family-owned and operated business based in Wyoming, Delaware. It has been building high quality green homes since 2006. Their goal is simple: to make each of their customers happy and 100% satisfied. To do that, they take customer service approach to a different level by adding some personal touch to it. They don’t treat home buyers as merely business opportunities but a part of their growing family.
In addition, Renaissance Builders LLC is not happy to see many homes being built to very low standards builder grade. In it is this respect that they have become one of Delaware’s premier high performance home specialists. The company constructs excellent eco-conscious homes that are certified by the National Green Builder Association. This only means that Renaissance Builder LLC’s High Performance Homes have excellent features when it comes to design resource efficiency, water and energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and building operation and maintenance. All green homes are also subjected to undergo thorough complete evaluation during and after the construction. These elegant and energy efficient homes typically score below 50 on the HERS Index, which means it uses 40-60% less energy compared to a typical construction home.
In essence, Renaissance Builders LLC may offer services similar to other companies but their passion to make every home really special for the new owners is what makes them a smarter and a better choice.
Resort Custom Homes has been designing and building superior quality residences since 1997. Aside from offering extraordinary ideas, creativity and quality, the company also provides easy, efficient and seamless building process that will exceed your expectations from the first meeting, to planning and creating lasting architectural character and interior design, to exceptional construction and maintenance and up to realistic estimation of cost.
With years of invaluable experience, Resort Custom Homes has earned an outstanding reputation in the building industry. They take pride in their success in creating excellent neighborhoods and communities such as The Cliffs Vineyards Residence, Mountain Park Residence, Wilson Cottages, Palmetto Bluff Residence, The Springs in Lake Keowee, South Carolina and many more. The firm is also a proud member of NAHB, is Earth Craft Certified and a Certified Green Professional. In 2011, they have won the HBASC Pinnacle Award for sterling craftsmanship in construction. Also, in 2013, they have received the Best of Houzz Badge, an award given by Houzz, a leading online platform for residential remodeling and design.
From a real estate investor to a real estate developer, Reybold Group has managed to become one of Delaware’s largest multi-service development companies. With more than 40 years of invaluable experience, the group specializes in a variety of services such as residential construction that caters to every taste and lifestyle, property management, commercial construction that offers flexible leasing options and self-storage. The company also prides themselves in their best practices such as maintaining the highest level of ethics, values and integrity in everything they do. This extraordinary principle provides them a strong foundation of their success, particularly in providing superior products and services to their customers.
Furthermore, when it comes to eco-conscious living, the Reybold Group believes that a better world starts with a green home. They follow strict green building guidelines that exceed minimal county standards and use environmentally-sensitive methods to reduce the carbon footprint of their communities and to protect wildlife habitats. Every home is Energy Star certified. Other Green Initiative features include high recovery Bradford White electric hot water heaters, CFL bulbs, formaldehyde-free insulation, use of low VOC paints, R-19 wall and R-38 ceiling insulation, low-e glass, high efficiency gas furnace, energy saving house wrap and low flow showers. They also offer geothermal heating and cooling by Trane and expense-saving solar electric by KW Solar Solutions.
Reybold Group’s impressive commitment in building state-of-the-art energy efficient homes only shows the firm’s dedication to settle for nothing less than the best. In 2009, the company’s first two Meridian Townhomes were awarded “Green Certification at a Gold Level” by the National Association of Home Builders. In addition, in 2013 and in 2014, they were recognized by Home Innovation Research Labs as a “National Green Building Standard (NGBS) Green Partner of Excellence,” for their outstanding commitment to voluntary, market-driven, third-party certification of high performance homes throughout the community.
For Reybold Group, caring is the core of their business that’s why they also are known for their contributions in the community. They have partnered with other organizations to support economic and social growth. They work with non-profit groups with relevant causes such as Leukemia Research Foundation of Delaware, Annual Down Syndrome Association Run, and Delaware’s Walk for Wishes and many more.
Established in 1974, Christopher Companies have fulfilled the dreams of over 5,000 satisfied home buyers. With more than four decades of experience in home building and land development, they have become a leader in design, quality service and energy efficiency in homebuilding. Their diverse portfolio and award-winning projects include single-family homes, townhouses, residential condominiums, apartments, office condominiums and mixed used commercial properties in convenient and naturally beautiful locations in Virginia, Metropolitan Washington DC and lower Delaware regions. As a design conscious company, their quality handcrafted homes feature superior designs and elegant appeal that provide comfort for any lifestyle.
As one of the leading builders of Energy Star certified homes, Christopher Companies’ thoughtful designs provide cutting-edge and sustainable technologies that are environmentally sensitive. Aside from the standard built-in energy and resource efficient details of their green homes, the group also specializes in creating fascinating “rain gardens” as a storm water management feature. On top of that, they also construct low impact amenities for the whole family to enjoy including walking trails, gazebos and beautifully landscaped outdoor spaces. Furthermore, in 2010, the company has adopted the National Green Building Standard and has made a commitment to apply these strict construction guidelines in all of their future communities.
Each home by Christopher Companies is built with an unwavering commitment to construction excellence. In this respect, it is not surprising that they have more than 50 homebuilding awards in their collection. Some of these prestigious recognitions include Finest for Family Living Award, Monument Design and Architecture Awards and Great American Living Award for Design and Architecture.
Community Housing Partners (CHP) is a non-profit organization that has been building and designing affordable and sustainable homes and neighborhoods in the southeastern United States since 1975. With 40 years of expertise in real estate development, housing services and energy solutions, CHP has become a leader in the industry in revitalizing communities by promoting a healthier environment for future generations. Their clients include senior citizens, formerly-homeless people, single female heads-of-household and other individuals and families of low-income and low-wealth. CHP also provides integrated services delivery such as sustainable development, real estate sales, architectural design, construction, emergency home repair, energy training and research, asset and property management, homeownership facilitation and resident services.
To help their clients maximize their investment while minimizing their environmental impact, CHP includes eco-friendly features in their homes such as Energy Star qualified mechanical systems, windows, lighting and appliances, low VOC paints and finishes, durable siding, 14 SEER heating units, indoor air quality, metal recycling onsite during construction and EARTHCRAFT House Certification.
With 40 years of long-standing tradition of environmental, economic and social responsibility, it is not surprising that CHP has earned numerous recognitions for their efforts from reputable award-giving bodies in the industry. In 2010, CHP received the ‘Energy Star Excellence Award for Affordable Housing” and the “Virginia Housing Award for Best Affordable Housing Energy Conservation Effort.” In the following year, they got “Energy Star Sustained Excellence Award” and “FAHE Energy Innovator Award for Highest Production of Energy Efficiency in the Multi-Family Housing Category.” In 2015, CHP was named as one of the nation’s “Top 50 Affordable Housing Developers” by Affordable Housing Finance Magazine. In the same year, they were also listed as one of the “101 Largest Affordable Multi-Family Property Managers in the US” by the National Affordable Housing Management Association.
Established in 1996 with a commitment to quality and value, Grayhawk Homes Inc. has become one of the premier home builders in Columbus, Georgia. They are also constructing quality neighborhoods in Opelika, Phenix City, Fort Benning area, Auburn, AL as well as Midland, Fortson and Lagrange, GA. To offer more value and choice, the company has a unique design center staffed with professional interior decorators. This place provides a perfect venue to showcase their numerous decorator options and a wide range of unique individual design choices, color selections, materials and a large variety of floor plans to perfectly suit the different lifestyles and personalities of their homebuyers. In addition, the design center also gives their customers the opportunity to put their own twist and touch on their new home.
As a proud GuildQuality GuildMember, Grayhawk Homes pride themselves on exceptional customer satisfaction before, during and after the construction of your home. They rely on customer surveys and feedback to help them deliver an exemplary customer experience. Also, through their customer orientations and follow-up programs, Grayhawk Homes makes sure that you are happy with every detail of your new home and that you are secured and protected by their 2-10 Bonded Builder Warranty.
To enjoy significant savings while making positive steps towards helping our planet, Grayhawk Homes offers the benefits of owning Energy Star qualified homes. Aside from reduced maintenance fees and energy efficient mortgages, these environmentally friendly homes deliver better protection for you and your family against cold, heat, moisture, noise and pollution through their energy efficient improvements. Other features of their eco-homes include effective insulation, high performance windows, tight construction and ducts, efficient heating and cooling equipment, programmable thermostats and Energy Star qualified lighting and appliances.
Grayhawk Homes has also been recognized by the industry for their energy efficient practices, construction excellence, outstanding customer service, community leadership and charitable services. The company is known for their great contributions to St. Jude Dream Home Builder, one of the largest single-event fundraisers for St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. Moreover, they have been recognized as the” #1 Energy Efficient Builder in Western Georgia” by Georgia Power every year since 1996. In 2013, they won the “Leadership in Housing Award” by the US Environmental Protection Agency. In the same year, they were also named “Energy Star Partner of the Year-New Home Builder and Affordable Housing.” In 2014, they bagged the “GuildMaster Award” for their ability to deliver consistently superior customer experience.
Founded in 1977, Milford Housing Development Corporation (MHDC) is a private, non-profit social enterprise that has been building homes and providing housing services for very low to moderate income households throughout Delaware. They offer unique services such as transitional housing, rental housing, self-help housing, home repairs and rehabilitation, financial fitness, property management, preservation, single-family new construction and engineering and site design. Driven by their mission to help people of modest means acquire decent, safe and affordable housing, MHDC believes that they can meet their clients’ needs and at the same time, protect, sustain and enhance housing opportunities for the future. They also pride themselves on their core values and principles which include integrity, teamwork, and respect for every individual, highest standard of professionalism, outstanding customer service and commitment to quality.
Along with their long history in affordable housing development that has benefit hundreds of low-wealth citizens, MHDC is also committed and dedicated to construct 100% of all new housing units to Energy Star specifications. Their eco-homes have features like improved efficiency with new windows and doors, additional insulation in the attic, brand new combination heat pump/AC unit for the upper level, state-of-the-art Mitsubishi HVAC system for the lower level and many more.
Furthermore, MHDC has received numerous recognitions for their outstanding effort in energy efficiency, particularly in their Self-Help Housing Programs. In 2012 and 2013, they received the “Energy Star Excellence Award for Affordable Housing.” And in 2015, they were honored “Energy Star Partner of the Year for Sustained Excellence” for their dedication and continued leadership in protecting the environment by building high performance homes.
Established in 1997, Design Tech Homes has become one of the largest, family-owned, full-service custom home builders in Texas. They have constructed more than 2,000 homes for families in excellent neighborhoods in San Antonio, Kerrvile, Houston, Livingston, Austin, Corpus Christi and everywhere in between. Each of their finest homes goes through a comprehensive, third party inspection and is covered by a 20-year limited structural warranty. In addition, the company also offers a wide quality selection of appealing home plans, excellent architecture, exceptional craftsmanship and exquisite styles that can be fully modified according to your desires to perfectly fit your family’s lifestyle and individual personality.
At Design Tech Homes, a team of experienced and professional architects is always ready to assist you in integrating your design concepts and ideas for your custom homes through a technology called “VisionRez,” which quickly and accurately creates a computer-generated 3D model of your plan. In this way, they can bring your visions to life and actually provide you a virtual tour of your future home. It also aids in the estimating and purchasing process as well as in finding ways to work more efficiently while maintaining lower costs. This technology only shows that the company has the expertise and the perfect tool to build your dream home at the best price possible.
As part of their commitment to quality, Design Tech Homes uses a balanced, cost effective, three-pronged approach to green building: eco-friendly construction, energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality. Each fundamental element of their sustainable homes is certified for comfort and energy savings, from windows, effective insulation, orientation and HVAC system. Truly a leader in innovation, Design Tech Homes has received the “Energy Star Leadership in Housing Award” for eight consecutive years. In 2011, they were named “Energy Star Partner of the Year” by the US Department of Energy for demonstrating high construction standards and commitment in protecting American’s health and the environment through energy efficiency achievements.
Based in Atlanta, Georgia, Beazer Homes USA is one of the nation’s largest single-family homebuilders with operations in strategic markets in Arizona, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, Nevada, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. Making history since the late 1600s, its name has become synonymous to nine generations of quality construction, craftsmanship and innovation. The company’s homes exceed the benchmark for excellent construction and are all designed with flexible floor plans to suit the owners’ preferred choices and lifestyles.
To make sure that you are 100% satisfied when you walk in to your new home, Beazer Homes simplifies your home buying experience. They make it stress-free and enjoyable by providing you everything that you need including finding the ideal location at one of their beautiful communities, helping you choose the mortgage plan that’s perfect for your budget, giving you the option to put your own spin on your new space, keeping you well-informed throughout the building process and most importantly, giving you peace of mind as you settle in through their home warranty choices.
Furthermore, when it comes to homes that are built to save, the company takes additional steps to ensure that they meet the most current requirements of Energy Star. Some of its features include a complete thermal enclosure system with comprehensive air sealing, quality-installed insulation and high performance windows, high efficiency HVAC system for optimum performance, comprehensive water management system and energy efficient lighting and appliances. In addition, every Beazer Home is inspected, tested and certified by the US EPA to conserve energy and reduce your monthly costs. In fact, an average new Beazer Home scores 65 in the HERS Index, which is equivalent to 35% more energy efficiency.
Beazer Homes has been recognized for years by the industry for its energy efficient construction practices and excellent designs. In 2006 and 2007, it won awards across the nation in various Parade of Home events. In 2013, it received 15 Energy Star Leadership in Housing Awards for providing their homeowners with significant cost savings. In 2014, it was recognized by the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Energy Star Program as Partner of the Year.
Brookfield Residential is a premier North American homebuilder and land developer with operations in 11 strategic major markets: Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto, Austin, Denver, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Francisco, San Diego, Northern Virginia and Washington DC area. The company has been designing and creating quality homes and master planned communities since 1956. Aside from home building, they also sell lots to third party developers and specialize in real estate opportunities such as infill projects, mixed-used developments, infrastructure projects and joint ventures.
With six decades of experience and expertise, Brookfield Residential believes that their success is only based on one thing and that is giving people the best places to call home. And to give the best means to make a positive impact on people’s lives through excellent construction and to create an exceptional home buying experience through their welcoming and lasting communities.
Moreover, Brookfield Residential also understands the power of energy-wise efficiency and budget-smart living. They can help you find healthier and more affordable environment with their Brookfield Blue Efficiency Options, which includes low-VOC paint, enhanced efficiency Energy Star appliances, Delta Water Sense bathroom faucets, 90% efficiency furnace, solar panel power systems and geothermal heating and cooling systems. In addition, every new home they built has an average HERS index rating of 69, which means that its performance is 31% more efficient compared to a standard new home.
Hard work in itself is a rewarding experience but most of the time, it comes with awards, too. Brookfield Residential has numerous achievements in green building, energy efficiency, design and marketing. In 2012, it was honored by the Orange Country Register as a “Top Workplace” and was given the “Marketing Excellence Award” by the Canadian Home Builders Association. In 2013, it was recognized as “Canada’s Best 50 Small and Medium Employers.” Other prestigious recognitions also include JD Power Builder of Excellence Award for providing outstanding service and high customer satisfaction, and “Project of the Year Finalist” by the Building Industry and Land Development Association of the Greater Toronto Area.
With a history that date back to 1968, Brighton Homes started as a small group of entrepreneurs developing residential neighborhoods in Boise, Idaho. Today, with over 50 years of experience and expertise in every aspect of real estate development and construction, including residential, office, retail, commercial and industrial properties and mixed-used communities, the company has become one of the region’s finest homebuilders. Some of their premier projects include Paramount, River Heights at Barber Valley, Mill District Square at Harris Ranch, Boise Research Center, Victory Business Center, Ten Mile Crossing and many more.
In order to create a skillfully-designed and masterfully-crafted home that has a long-term value for their customers, Brighton Homes decided to give its 100% commitment to the Energy Star Program, which means constructing only energy efficient homes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that fuel climate change. Aside from being Energy Star certified and HERS rated, all Brighton homes come with value added energy efficiency features such as complete thermal enclosure system with properly installed and inspected insulation, high efficiency ventilation, heating and cooling system, qualified windows, comprehensive water management system and energy efficient lighting and appliances. On top of that, to make sure that their homes are of the highest quality, the firm partnered with the best and highly recognized brands in the business. Bosch appliances and Kohler plumbing fixtures are part of Brighton Homes’ impeccable craftsmanship, attention to detail and elegant designs that elevates space.
Energy Star-certified homes may come with a little label but it carries a big message for the people of today and for future generations. Brighton Homes is a proud bearer of the Energy Star label. They take their commitment to the environment very seriously. As a matter of fact, they have been a two-time recipient of the “Energy Star Partner of the Year” for 2014 and 2015 for building the best environment-friendly homes possible. In addition, they recently received the “Best of Houzz 2016 Award” for exquisite design and customer satisfaction.
With their team of most talented and service-oriented professionals, Brighton Homes is always ready to build, design and decorate the perfect home for you and your family. You are always welcome to experience the wow factor and feel the difference in their healthy homes.
Ivey Residential is a collaboration of the expertise of a civil engineer and a real estate master. Formed in 2004, it has become an award winning home builder that offers a fresh home buying environment to its clients. With their full array of aesthetic floor plans and layouts, design selections and resource conservation features, the company can surely meet almost every home buyer’s needs. They have built some of the finest homes and neighborhoods in Augusta, Evans and Grovetown, Georgia, and North Augusta and Aiken, South Carolina.
Ivey Residential prided itself on the amount of repeat business and satisfied homeowners they have. Unlike other homebuilders who use captivating marketing statements to sell their products, the company believes in the power of getting direct feedback from their customers. They use GuildQuality to survey each and every one of their buyers to make sure that they are fully satisfied and happy with their new homes. They have received the highest satisfaction ratings for nine years in a row, from 2007 to 2015. These awards only strongly demonstrate the firm’s commitment to exemplary customer service.
Furthermore, Ivey Residential’s new homes are built according to the energy efficient Energy Star standards. Their “IveyWise” homes features cutting edge sustainability, affordability and comfort while utilizing the most advanced construction techniques that goes above and beyond the International Code requirements. Every home comes with a quality assurance test on energy efficiency, a blower test and a duct blaster test done by a third party inspector, R-38 ceiling insulation, R-15 exterior wall insulation, radiant barrier roof sheathing, advanced framing, CFLs in at least 80% of all light fixtures, low VOC paint, carpet and hardwood floor glue, increased indoor air quality and programmable thermostats.
Visit Forest City Stapleton, Inc.
Founded in 1998, Forest City Stapleton is a real estate company that is principally engaged in the ownership, development, management and acquisition of commercial and residential real estate throughout the nation. Their history started after the closing of Stapleton International Airport, which gives them the opportunity to redevelop 4,700 acres of land and give it a new purpose. They broke ground in 2001 and started one of the world’s largest urban infill projects ever. Since then, the company has been regarded as the master developer for Stapleton for their invaluable efforts in reconstructing the city and creating the guiding principles for the new Denver neighborhoods such as energy efficient building standards, affordable housing and sustainable, pedestrian-friendly mixed-used environment.
As an international model of sustainable development, Forest City Stapleton sets the new standards for urban living with their award-winning parks, pools, retail districts, schools, offices and excellent homes with a diverse array of people with different lifestyles. On top of that, they have also established an internal sustainability road map based on the US Green Building Council’s LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating systems. Furthermore, the firm is also a proud bearer of the Energy Star label, which means that you can be sure that their homes meet and exceed the industry standards and deliver better performance compared to other newly constructed ordinary houses. To ensure reduced utility costs and to provide better comfort, Forest City Stapleton eco-friendly homes feature effective insulation system, high performance windows, tight construction and ducts, properly installed efficient heating and cooling equipment and energy saving lighting and appliances.
Forest City Stapleton is indeed leading the way environmentally, economically and socially. It has received numerous awards that recognize their significant contributions in the industry in terms of excellent construction, environmental protection and promoting smart living. Some of their prestigious awards include US Conference of Mayors’ Award for Excellence, Stockholm Partnerships for Sustainable Cities Award, James C. Howland Urban Enrichment Award and the Silver Level Environmental Achievement Award from the Colorado Department of Public Health. In 2004, they were given the Best in American Living Award for Smart Growth. In 2005, they bagged the Metro Vision Award by the Denver Regional Council of Governments for their outstanding projects that move the region’s growth. Their other awards for energy efficient constructions include Best Sustainable Neighborhood from Pacific Coast Builders and several Energy Star Market Leader Awards.
Habitat for Humanity of Greater Nashville has been bringing people together to build homes and communities since 1985. It provides home ownership opportunities in four counties: Davidson, Wilson, Dickson and Cheatham. The organization was named as the 21st largest residential builder in Middle Tennessee and is in the top 30 of national habitat affiliates in number of homes built.
In unique partnership with families, volunteers and donors, Habitat for Humanity of Greater Nashville offers decent and affordable homes and provides low interest and fixed rate mortgages to qualifying low and moderate income families. Furthermore, to encourage homeowners to become contributing members of the community, they conduct training programs, which include homeownership classes, workshops and volunteer labor. In addition, Habitat for Humanity of Greater Nashville operates four retail centers called the ReStores, which sell used and new home and office furnishings and building supplies to the public.
To demonstrate responsible stewardship and promote positive change in the environment, Habitat for Humanity of Greater Nashville uses green building techniques in their home building projects. They design and produce homes that are Energy Star certified and are 37% more efficient compared to other ordinary homes. Their award-winning sustainable home features include offsite fabrication-panelized wall construction, high performance HVAC system, low-flow products for maximum water efficiency, effective insulation, thermal glazed low-E windows, Energy Star certified lighting fixtures and many more.
Based in Scottsdale, Arizona, Meritage Homes is a fast-growing real estate development company that has been building single-family detached homes across the nation since 1985. Their goal is to build affordable, new and beautifully designed homes and communities in the most prestigious locations. Whether you are single or with family, the busy type or someone with relaxed lifestyle, Meritage Homes is committed in making a difference in your life and the way you live by building your dream home the way it should be built: cleaner, healthier, smarter and safer.
Along with their bold architectural designs and high level of craftsmanship, Meritage Homes also takes pride in their incredibly energy efficient home plans that consistently exceeds the Energy Star requirements. They believe in going above and beyond the norm when it comes to energy efficient living. Some of their money-saving home features include spray-foam insulation, low-E2 windows, HVAC and fresh air management system, energy efficient lighting, PEX plumbing, weather sensing irrigation, superior solar energy system and remote home management system. In addition, their homes achieve HERS score as low as 61 which means less energy wasted and more money for your savings.
With their excellent building practices, the company has become one of the most trusted builders in America. It is not surprising that they have received numerous achievements in terms of construction excellence and energy efficient building practices. Some of their regional and national awards include Phoenix Business Journal’s 2011 Green Pioneer, AZ Business Magazine’s 2013 AREA Home Builder of the Year, NAHB Research Center’s 2011 Energy Value Housing Award, 2013, 2014 and 2015 Energy Star Leadership in Housing Award and 2013, 2014 and 2015 Energy Star Partner of the Year for Sustained Excellence Award.
Known as Jacksonville’s Hometown Builder, Providence Homes has been building affordable, high quality and thoughtfully-designed homes for more than 20 years. They have developed a good reputation through their guiding principle: to construct each home with great attention to details and reliability as you would with your own. Practicing this approach every working day is their fundamental commitment to their customers, trade partners and realtors.
Providence Homes makes a difference in the industry simply by doing the right thing not only for their clients but for the environment as well. They have made outstanding efforts in providing comfortable, long-lasting, healthy and earth-friendly high performance homes. Their green homes meet and exceed the strict EPA and DOE requirements needed to earn the Energy Star label. Built using a state-of-the-art approach to construction, each of their eco-friendly homes include comprehensive air-sealing, controlled ventilation, properly installed insulation, high performance windows, effective lighting fixtures and many more. Built better from ground to up, their high performance homes are also 33% more energy efficient compared to a regular home.
Truly committed in providing the highest possible standards in residential construction while outperforming other builders in the industry, Providence Homes has earned numerous significant awards in terms of energy efficient construction. They have received the EPA’s Energy Star for Homes Certified Market Leader Award for six consecutive years (2010-2015). They were also named 2015 Energy Star Partner of the Year for their exceptional efforts to bring homes that operates at optimal energy usage to market.
Cobblestone Homes is a leader in building luxurious, high performance homes for individuals and families in Midland, Bay City, Saginaw, and beyond. Inspired by their fascination with homes, founders Mark and Melissa Wahl started by buying a house, remodeling it and then, renting it out. After meeting some friends who happen to be residential home builders themselves, they decided to elevate their business from improving to creating. In 2002, the couple built their first house and the rest is history. Cobblestone Homes believes that you have the power to choose who builds your home but they are also confident that if you choose them, they will never make you regret your choice. Their team of experts, electricians, plumbers, and heating and cooling specialists will help you with the concept design and interior design of your dream home to make sure that everything is in the right place and that it is exactly how you want it.
Leading the way in innovation and craftsmanship, Cobblestone Homes is also committed in constructing environment friendly and energy efficient homes. The company believes that saving money and preserving our planet’s resources are equally important. They perform rigorous tests to ensure your home’s durability, comfort and safety, making it significantly different than other ordinary houses. Some of Cobblestone high performance homes’ key features include advanced framing, thermal envelope, air sealing, sealed ducts, superior insulation, high tech mechanicals, proper ventilation, carbon monoxide detection, Radon protection, moisture management and many more.
To show that they truly value cutting-edge innovation and continuous learning, Cobblestone Homes has earned numerous awards and has been recognized on a national basis. Some of their major awards include 2011 EVHA National Gold Award, 2011 Dow Diamond High Performance Builder Award, 2012 DOE National Builders Challenge Award and 2013 Greatest Builder in Great Lakes Bay Region. In 2014, they received the National Housing Innovation Award for significantly reducing home energy costs. Furthermore in 2015, they were named Energy Star Partner of the Year – New Home Builder and Affordable Housing and Guildmaster with Distinction for providing the highest standard in customer experience through expertise and consistency in excellence.
For over 50 years, Lend Lease has been developing and constructing high quality homes and state-of-the-art buildings and infrastructures, including hospitals, roads and bridges. They also offer other services such as financing, design, leasing and management of healthcare real estate.
The company has more than 13,000 employees around the world with a huge portfolio of assets making them one of the nation’s leaders in both public and private community development. They operate under a code of conduct that values respect, culture, non-negotiable integrity, transparency, best solution and maximum performance.
Lend Lease believes that creating positive environmental and social impact is more important than just economics. This guiding principle serves as a basis for their commitment in delivering the next generation sustainable property solutions such as environmentally rated infrastructures and large-scale low carbon communities. As a start, they have designed and constructed solar-powered homes and neighborhoods for military families and have incorporated Energy Star standards and products into their daily lives. Furthermore, their Nashville office (Actus Lend Lease) alone has earned numerous awards for their great environmental protection efforts and construction excellence. In 2009, they were given the Energy Star Excellence Award for Promotion and Leadership in Housing Award. In the following year, they have won the NAHB National Safety Award for Excellence and the AGC Construction Safety Excellence Award. In addition, in 2010, they were named Energy Star Partner of the Year – New Home Builder and Affordable Housing.
Essentially, Lend Lease’s approach is to put their clients at the heart of everything they do. For them, sustainability means getting it right economically, socially and environmentally. The company’s strength lies in their flexibility to adapt to challenges and new trends to deliver outstanding performance and to eliminate all waste from their business.
NeighborWorks America is a non-profit community development corporation that has been building and rehabilitating residential homes, revitalizing neighborhoods and strengthening communities all over the nation since 1968. They provide low to moderate income families the opportunity to live in affordable, healthy and safe housing, whether they own or rent. The group also has a support network of more than 240 non-profit organizations, which serves about 4,500 communities across the country. Their mission is to improve the lives of the people and to create vibrant environments that they can call home.
For NeighborWorks America, home buying doesn’t have to be difficult and frightening. They have a team of housing and community development experts that can make purchasing your dream home easier with the help of their competitive products and services such as mortgage lending, down payment and closing cost assistance, financial education classes to learn about the basics of home selection and purchase, rental housing programs and many more.
Aside from making housing more affordable, Neighborworks America also takes pride in infusing green building principles and practices in its operations not only for the purpose of reducing long-term maintenance and operating costs, but also to keep families and the environment healthy and safe. Their high performance homes have standard features like engineered post tension foundation, 100% masonry exterior, fiber cement siding and soffit, programmable HVAC thermostats, high efficiency windows, Energy Star appliances, effective insulation and energy saving central heat and air.
NeighborWorks America has earned numerous awards for their overall commitment to improving energy efficiency in new residential construction. Some of their achievements include 2010 Energy Star Award Excellence Award for their Indio, California office and 2010 Energy Star Award for Sustained Excellence for their Christiansburg, Virginia office. In addition, in 2015, their Toledo regional office received the Energy Star Excellence Award for Affordable Housing for building and promoting energy efficient and affordable homes to low-income communities.
Established in 2008, VPC Builders is a fast growing full service construction firm that specializes in commercial and residential construction, green building, custom built homes and renovation in key areas in North Carolina and South Carolina. Through the years, the company has earned a good reputation by working closely with their clients and by delivering projects according to their standards and expectations. They believe that open communication and transparency throughout the building process are the keys to successful business relationships with their customers. In addition, their team of carefully chosen architects, subcontractors and suppliers are more than happy to assist you with your design concepts so that you can achieve the best results for your dream home without compromising its schedule, quality and budget.
In terms of utilizing the most innovative means and methods, VPC Builders aims to improve the way homes are being built by employing construction practices and measures that promote energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor environmental quality and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts. They offer different levels of high performance homes that are inspected and verified by the industry’s well-known green building certification systems such as US Environmental Protection Agency’s Energy Star Program, US Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Program and North Carolina Healthy Built Homes Program.
VPC Builders’ outstanding construction practices and creativity has earned them numerous prestigious awards. They were voted Best Home Builder two years in a row in the Watauga Democrat People’s Choice Awards. In 2015, they won the Boone Area Chamber of Commerce’s EverGreen Award for Sustainability for their excellent efforts and leadership in green building. And in 2016, they started the year with a bang by winning the Best of Houzz Award for Customer Satisfaction three years in a row.
Jimmy Jacobs Homes has been building luxury new homes in Austin and Central Texas for more than 20 years. As a premier home builder, the company is famous for its exquisite design, attention to detail, quality craftsmanship and outstanding customer care. They offer you no less than a home for life and home building experience of a lifetime. To start with, they will help you find your personal paradise with their exceptional selection of beautiful communities from active adult, lakefront and country clubs. And to make your dream home come true exactly the way you want it, their team of highly trained professionals will work side-by side with you from the initial meeting, to assessment, to architectural design, to construction and to completion. They are fully committed and dedicated in making home buying an easy and an enjoyable experience for you.
In terms of best practices to ensure the health, safety and well-being of your family and to protect the environment, Jimmy Jacobs Homes chooses to play a significant role in the green movement. They believe that building self-sufficient homes is the right thing to do. They take pride in their high performance homes, which meet and exceed the strict mandates of the US Green Building Council’s LEED Program, an international certification system the ensures the use of less energy, less water, less waste and fewer natural resources in the overall home construction process. Their green homes’ other key features include high performance air filters, enhanced water efficiency through PEX plumbing system and the use of engineered lumber to save more trees during the construction. In addition, all of their original homeowners are qualified for the Efficiency Promise Program, which provides a 2-year limited guarantee that the energy used to heat and cool the house will not exceed a specific amount.
Truly a leader in craftsmanship and customer care, Jimmy Jacobs Homes has earned numerous awards in the industry. In 2011, they received Texas Star Awards’ Best Product Design and Best Interior Merchandising. In 2012, they were named Silver National Award Winner and Gold Award Finalist for Interiors – Custom Homes and Best Product Design. Also, in the same year, they were awarded Number One Custom Home Builder for 3 years in a row by the Austin Business Journal. In 2014, they won two National Association of Home Builders’ awards for their model homes in The Canyons at the Scenic Loop and in Crystal Falls in the city of Leander. And in the following year, Houzz, a leading platform in home renovation and design, gave them the Best of Houzz badge for their exceptional design.
Lennar Homes has been designing and constructing quality residential homes since 1954. Their services are available in 19 states in more than 40 of the major key markets in the nation. As one of the country’s premier home builders, they create master planned communities in the most beautiful cities that caters to all kinds of lifestyles, from urban, suburban, active adult and golf course living. With more than half a century of experience and expertise in home building, they are confident that they can deliver superlative quality homes with the best possible value. Furthermore, Lennar Homes is more than just a home builder. They value the community as much as they value their business. In this regard, they created The Lennar Foundation, whose mission is to support education, elder care, and medical research and to serve the needs of those who are less fortunate. They believe that they are responsible for giving back to the community and for helping those who may not be able to help themselves.
To distinguish themselves from the competition and to demonstrate their leadership in energy efficiency, Lennar Homes promotes construction that is economically smart and ecologically responsible. They promote next generation living by employing green building practices and using environment-friendly features in your eco-homes such as solar roof panels, radiant barrier roof sheathing, low-E dual pane windows, improved insulation techniques, properly sealed duct system, compact fluorescent bulbs, programmable thermostats and high efficiency Energy Star water heater and appliances.
Lennar Homes’ collection of awards truly reflects the quality of their team. In 2010, they were recognized at the annual Northeast Florida Builders Association (NEFBA) Laurel Awards with the event’s most prestigious award, the Grand Laurel, and took home 8 additional awards for architectural design, merchandising excellence and many more. In 2012, the company made it to the top 5 in the Professional Builders’ annual Housing Giants’ ranking of the nation’s largest home-building companies. Moreover, in 2015, their Las Vegas office received the Design and Architecture Silver Nugget Award for their distinct “Next Gen Home” featured in their Eagle Ranch community. Next Gen Home is uniquely designed for multigenerational living. It is basically 2 homes under one roof which allows you to live with your extended families in separate yet integrated spaces. | 2019-04-23T15:08:00Z | https://www.newhomessection.com/b/green/ |
§5-10B-4. Responsibility for implementing plans -- Payroll reductions -- Billing and administration.
§5-10B-7. Other benefits unaffected by deferred compensation plan.
§5-10B-8. Federal and state income tax.
§5-10B-9. Liabilities of State of West Virginia or political subdivisions.
§5-10B-10. Deferred compensation plan funds held in trust.
§5-10B-11. Deferred Compensation Administrative Account.
§5-10B-12. Confidential information exempt from disclosure.
§5-10B-12a. Disclosure of information to the Treasurer for operation of the plan.
§5-10B-13. Moneys not subject to legal process; qualified domestic relations orders.
The legislative purpose of this enactment is to enable employees of the state, its agencies, counties, municipalities and political subdivisions of such governmental bodies to participate in voluntary deferred compensation plans authorized by the United States Internal Revenue Code as interpreted by the Internal Revenue Service, thereby permitting such employees to obtain the advantages inherent in such plans relative to the income tax treatment of the contributions and disbursements made pursuant to such voluntary income deferment plans. It is further the purpose of this enactment to authorize the establishment of separate plans for the state and its agencies and for counties, municipalities and political subdivisions within the state and to authorize county, municipal and political subdivision employees to participate in the state deferred compensation plan if their employer does not have a plan.
(a) "Board" means the Consolidated Public Retirement Board provided for in article ten of this chapter.
(b) "Deferred compensation" means the income and earnings on that income an employee may legally defer for personal income tax purposes pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code until distribution.
(c) "Deferred compensation plan" or "plan" means a trust whereby the state employer or a public employer agrees with an employee for the voluntary reduction in employee compensation for the payment of benefits by the state employer or the public employer to the employee at a later date pursuant to this article and the federal laws and regulations relating to eligible state deferred compensation plans as described in Section 457 of the Internal Revenue Code.
(d) "Deferred compensation trust fund" or "trust" means the fund in which deferred amounts and investment income of participating employees are held.
(e) "Employee" means any person, whether appointed, elected or under contract, providing services for the state employer or public employer for which compensation is paid.
(f) "Internal Revenue Code" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as it has been amended.
(g) "Investment product" means any fixed or variable rate annuity, life insurance contract, savings account, certificate of deposit, money market account, bond, mutual fund or any other form of investment not prohibited under the Internal Revenue Code and authorized by the state employer or the public employer for the purpose of receiving funds under a plan.
(h) "Public employer" means counties, municipalities or political subdivisions of those governmental bodies which meet the definition of "state" as described in Internal Revenue Code Section 457 (d)(1), but which do not meet the definition of "state employer" as used in this article.
(i) "State employer" means the State of West Virginia, which includes every state board, commission, agency and instrumentality.
(j) "Treasurer" means the state Treasurer.
(k) "Vendor" means a private entity that sells investment products or provides goods and services.
(a) Notwithstanding any provision of this code to the contrary, including, without limitation, this chapter and chapter five-a of this code, the state employer and a public employer have the power necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions and objectives of this article and to operate the trust, including, without limitation, entering into contracts and executing and delivering instruments; engaging consultants, Auditors, counsel, managers, advisors, trustees or any other contractors or professionals; and charging and collecting administrative fees.
(b) The state employer or any public employer may, by contract, agree with any of its employees to defer and hold in trust any portion of that employee's compensation and may subsequently purchase or acquire from vendors licensed to do business in the State of West Virginia investment products for the purpose of carrying out the objectives of the deferred compensation plan as described in this article.
(c) Employees are authorized to attend meetings called by the state employer or public employer for the purpose of explaining a plan during regular working hours.
(a) Every state employee commencing work on and after July 1, 2007, shall have a minimum of $10 per pay period of his or her salary deferred to the state deferred compensation plan unless the state employee provides written notice declining to participate in accordance with the Treasurer's guidelines. A state employee may change the contribution amount or cease participating at any time. An employee declining participation in the state deferred compensation plan may elect to participate at a later time.
(b) A political subdivision may establish an automatic enrollment program in a deferred compensation plan pursuant to this article. A political subdivision employee may elect to not participate in the deferred compensation plan at any time and to change the contribution amount.
(a) The responsibility for implementing the deferred compensation plan for employees of the state employer shall be delegated to the board of trustees through June 30, 2006. On July 1, 2006, the Treasurer shall manage any deferred compensation plan for state employees. Any and all records, moneys, contracts, property and other matters involving deferred compensation plans for state employees shall transfer on July 1, 2006, to the Treasurer.
(b) The responsibility for implementing the deferred compensation plan for employees of a public employer is delegated to the county commission of a county, the governing body of a municipality, as that term is defined in section two, article one, chapter eight of this code, and, in the case of any other political subdivision, the board, commission or other similar body responsible for determining the policy of such political subdivision. A county commission or a governing body of another public employer may request the Treasurer authorize its employees to participate in the state plan instead of implementing its own plan.
(c) If the governing body has adopted more than one plan, an employee electing to participate shall also elect the plan or plans in which he or she desires to participate. When a public employer has not implemented a plan, its employees may participate in the state plan.
(d) Payroll reductions shall be remitted as specified by the state employer or public employer for deposit in the trust, in each instance, by the appropriate payroll officer. The board of trustees, the Treasurer or appropriately designated local officer, board or committee of deferred compensation plan may contract with one or more vendors to provide consolidated billing and all or any other goods and services needed for a plan.
(e) Plans shall operate without cost to or contribution from the state employer or public employer except for the incidental expense of administering the payroll salary reductions and the remittance thereof.
(f) The state employer and the public employers may charge fees on plan contributions, total assets, total return or other selected method as necessary to provide for the administrative expenses of a plan.
Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, the board, or the Treasurer beginning July 1, 2006, as well as the appropriate local officer, board or committee, designated as responsible for implementing a deferred compensation plan, is hereby authorized to invest compensation held pursuant to a deferred compensation plan in investment products.
The deferred compensation plan or plans established pursuant to this article shall exist and serve in addition to other retirement, pension or benefit systems established by the state employer and any public employer. The deferred compensation plan or plans established by this article shall not supersede, make inoperative or reduce any benefits provided by the consolidated retirement system or programs established by the state employer or any public employer, or any other retirement, pension or benefit program established by law for the benefit of employees.
Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, any compensation deferred under this article shall be considered part of an employee's compensation for purposes of any other employee retirement, pension or benefit program. No deferral of compensation under any deferred compensation plan shall effect a reduction of any retirement, pension or other benefit program provided by law.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this article or any other provision of law to the contrary, any compensation deferred under any deferred compensation plan shall not be subject to any federal, state or municipal income tax nor shall any amount of compensation deferred be included for the purposes of computation of any such income tax withheld on behalf of any employee.
The state employer and the public employers shall not incur any liability for losses suffered or change in value of an investment product. The financial liability of the state employer or public employer under any deferred compensation plan shall be limited in each instance to amounts paid over to the trust but not invested.
(a) Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, as of January 1, 1998, all assets and income of all deferred compensation plans created or administered pursuant to this article shall be held in trust for the exclusive benefit of participants and their beneficiaries.
(b) The West Virginia Deferred Compensation Trust Fund is created within the accounts held by the Treasurer or with one or more financial institutions, vendors or any other entities selected by the Treasurer for the purpose of managing and investing the trust. A public employer managing a trust shall create a trust fund and select one or more financial institutions, vendors or other entities to hold the trust.
(c) The corpus, assets and earnings of the trust do not constitute public funds of the state or public employer and are available solely for carrying out the purposes of this article. Any contract entered into by or any obligation of the state employer or a public employer in connection with a plan does not create or constitute a debt, but is solely an obligation of the trust.
(a) For a period commencing July 1, 2007, and continuing through September 30, 2012, the Treasurer is authorized to establish and operate a savings incentive program pursuant to section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, in which a state employee participating in the deferred compensation plan authorized in this article may receive certain matching contributions pursuant to this section. The Treasurer shall establish matching program guidelines in accordance with this article.
(b) To qualify for participation in the matching program, a state employee shall have contributed to his or her deferred compensation account not less than $10 every pay period during a fiscal year.
(c) (1) Subject to the limitations provided by subdivision (2) of this subsection and subsections (e) and (f) of this section, the Treasurer shall allocate and credit a matching sum of up to twenty-five percent of the contributions a qualified state employee made to his or her deferred compensation account during a fiscal year for a period of up to five fiscal years, which contributions shall be at least $10 in every pay period during the fiscal year and which matching contributions for any employee shall not exceed $100 in any one fiscal year and $400 total over the life of the matching program.
(2) The Treasurer shall set the amount of funds a qualified state employee may receive as a match in accordance with this section in an amount not to exceed the amount of funds authorized by the Legislature for this purpose.
(d) The matching contribution shall be remitted annually by the Treasurer from the West Virginia Deferred Compensation Matching Fund, which is hereby created, to the employee's account in the West Virginia Deferred Compensation Trust Fund no later than September 30, each year for the prior fiscal year.
(e) The Treasurer shall not obligate, authorize or pay any match for which funds are not available in the West Virginia Deferred Compensation Matching Fund.
(f) Operation of the matching program is contingent upon funding made available by the West Virginia Legislature and may be changed or discontinued at any time for a time certain or indefinitely, as determined by the Legislature or the Treasurer. The maximum amount of funds that may be expended from the Deferred Compensation Matching Fund in any one fiscal year is $1 million.
(g) On or before June 1, 2008, the unclaimed property administrator shall transfer the amount of $1 million from the Unclaimed Property Trust Fund to the Deferred Compensation Matching Fund for operation of the matching program.
(h) Moneys in the Deferred Compensation Matching Fund may be invested, in whole or in part, with the West Virginia Board of Treasury Investments or any other entity the Treasurer selects and all earnings shall accrue to and be retained by the fund.
(i) The State of West Virginia, the Treasurer and his or her employees, agents and representatives shall not be liable for any losses incurred by the Deferred Compensation Matching Fund.
(j) Any moneys remaining in the Deferred Compensation Matching Fund at the termination of the matching program shall be transferred to the General Revenue Fund of the state no later than December 31, 2012.
(k) Any public employer may elect to operate its own matching program.
The Deferred Compensation Administrative Account is created in the accounts of the Treasurer for the purposes of implementing, operating and maintaining the trust and plan. The account shall receive all fees charged and collected by the Treasurer under this article.
All information contained in the records maintained pursuant to this article that would tend to disclose the identity of a participating employee, including, without limitation, social security number, account number, address, telephone number, e-mail address, amounts invested, selected investments, returns and medical or disability information, are confidential and exempt from disclosure under the provisions of article one, chapter twenty-nine-b of this code. Employees and persons authorized by employees are permitted access to their own information.
For purposes of this article, any person or entity with information pertaining to an employee participating in the state plan shall disclose to the Treasurer any payroll related information the Treasurer determines he or she needs for the operation of the state deferred compensation plan. Disclosure of the information shall begin upon enactment of this section on a schedule and under arrangements required by the Treasurer. Information disclosed pursuant to this section shall be used by the Treasurer only for the operation of the state plan. The Treasurer shall treat the information obtained as confidential and shall not disclose the information except to a vendor providing goods or services for the plan, who shall also treat the information as confidential, or as required by law.
No account, benefit or right, created pursuant to this article, accrued or accruing, is subject to execution, garnishment, attachment, sale to satisfy a judgment or order, the operation of bankruptcy or insolvency laws, or other process of law and shall be unassignable, except that accounts, benefits and contributions under the plan are subject to "qualified domestic relations orders" as that term is defined in Internal Revenue Code §414(p).
The Treasurer or any public employer may authorize Roth accounts within the plan in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code, including, without limitation, conversions, deferrals, rollovers and transfers. | 2019-04-20T00:28:38Z | http://www.wvlegislature.gov/WVCODE/Code.cfm?chap=05&art=10B |
The following Standard Purchase Order Terms and Conditions (the “Agreement”) only apply to transactions that do not have a written agreement, duly executed by both parties. If there is such an agreement, then those terms shall be the terms that govern the transaction and relationship of the parties.
In the absence of such a written agreement, duly executed by both parties, then this Agreement provides the entity identified in the header of the Purchase Order (“Seller”) with the guidelines and legal stipulations of your purchase order (“Purchase Order”) with Partners In Health (“Buyer”) for the goods and/or services that are specifically identified on the face of the Order (the “Products”).
TERMS AND CONDITIONS: Seller accepts this Purchase Order and any amendments by signing the acceptance copy of the Order or providing a written acknowledgement and returning it to Buyer promptly. Even without such written acknowledgment, Seller's full or partial performance under this Purchase Order will constitute acceptance of this Agreement. By acceptance of this Purchase Order, Seller agrees to be bound by, and to comply with all this Agreement, which include any supplements to it, and all specifications and other documents referred to in this Purchase Order. This Agreement applies to everything listed in this Purchase Order and constitute Buyer's offer to Seller, which Buyer may revoke at any time prior to Seller’s acceptance. This Purchase Order is not an acceptance by Buyer of any offer to sell, any quotation, or any proposal. Reference in this Purchase Order to any such offer to sell, quotation, or proposal will not constitute a modification of any of this Agreement. Terms and conditions different from or in addition to this Agreement, whether contained in any acknowledgment of this Purchase Order, or with delivery of any Products under this Purchase Order, or otherwise, will not be binding on Buyer, whether or not they would materially alter this Purchase Order, and Buyer hereby rejects them.
Prices: Seller agrees to supply the Products at the prices listed on the Purchase Order. The prices are based upon the Seller’s quote or contract pricing. If there are discrepancies, the Seller must notify the Buyer prior to issuing the order confirmation or shipping the Products. Buyer will be entitled at all times to set off any amount owed at any time by Seller or any of its affiliates to Buyer or any of its affiliates against any amount payable at any time by Buyer in connection with this Order. No extra charges of any kind will be allowed unless specifically agreed to in writing by the Buyer. If Seller reduces its prices for such Products during the term of this Purchase Order, Seller shall correspondingly reduce the Products sold thereafter to Purchaser under this Order.
Taxes: All applicable taxes arising out of transactions contemplated by the Purchase Order will be borne by Seller except as otherwise specified by the parties in writing. Seller recognizes that Buyer is a tax exempt entity, and Buyer will provide Seller with its exemption certificate on request. All invoices of Seller to Buyer shall exclude taxes that are excludable under Purchaser’s tax exempt status.
Changes: No modifications or substitutions to Products specified in the Purchase Order shall be made by the Seller without the Buyer’s prior approval.
Warranties: Seller represents and warrants that (a) all Products are free of any claim of any nature by any third person and that Seller will convey clear title to Purchaser, (b) all Products that are services will be performed in a manner acceptable in the industry and in accordance with generally accepted standards, and Products sold will be of merchantable quality, free from all damage or defects in design, workmanship and materials, and fit for the particular purposes for which they are purchased and that the Products (whether goods or services) are provided in strict accordance with the specifications, samples, drawings, designs or other requirements approved or adopted by Buyer, (c) Seller is in compliance, and all Products are provided in compliance, with all applicable international, federal, state and local laws and regulations, and Seller has obtained all applicable permits, rights and licenses, (d) Seller is not subject to United Nations or OFAC sanctions and is not currently subject to any exclusions under the US Government’s System for Award Management, (e) Seller does not knowingly support, employ or do business with, directly or indirectly, individuals, entities or groups known by the Seller to support terrorism or to have violated OFAC sanctions, (f) Seller has not changed its name in the last five (5) years except as disclosed in writing to Buyer, (g) Seller shall not act in any fashion or take any action that will render Buyer liable for a violation of any applicable anti-bribery legislation (including without limitation, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act 2010), which prohibits the offering, giving, or promising to offer or give or receiving, directly or indirectly, money or anything of value to any third party to assist it, them or Buyer in retaining or obtaining business or in procuring the Products. Buyer's inspection, test, acceptance, or use of the Products shall not affect Seller's obligations under these warranties. Seller shall replace or correct, at Buyer's option and at Seller's cost, defects of any Products not conforming to these warranties. If Seller fails to correct defects in or replace nonconforming Products within ten (10) days from the date the Buyer notifies Seller of the defect or defects, Buyer may, on ten (10) days prior written notice to Seller, either (i) make such corrections or replace such Products and charge Seller for all costs incurred by Buyer, or (ii) revoke its acceptance of the Products in which event Seller shall be obligated to refund the purchase price and make all necessary arrangements, at Seller's cost, for the return of the goods to Seller. All warranties of Seller herein or that are implied by law shall survive any inspection, delivery, acceptance, or payment by Buyer. Any attempt by Seller to limit, disclaim, or restrict these warranties or any remedies of Buyer by acknowledgment or otherwise, in accepting or performing this Purchase Order, will be null, void, and ineffective without Buyer's written consent.
Certificates of Analysis (COA): Seller agrees that all Products that are drugs must be shipped with accompanying COA. One COA is required per lot. If a COA is unavailable, a COC (certificate of conformity) may be supplied instead.
Preparation of shipments: At its own expense, the Seller must pack, mark and ship Products on a wrapped pallet. Each pallet must be identified with a label containing the total number and contents of each carton on the pallet. The Seller will package and consolidate Products prior to delivery, keeping like items together. Seller will limit the number of lots shipped per Product and will fill packaging units with a single lot number, labeled accordingly, when quantity permits. Seller will minimize number of pallets with multiple items. Sellers that do not comply with packing requirements will be charged a repacking fee by Buyer.
Hazardous materials: Seller is responsible for notifying Buyer of expected receipt of Products that are hazardous material (as defined by the United Nations’ Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Good and the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals) , prior to delivery. Seller agrees that all Products that are hazardous material shall be shipped on a separate pallet from non-hazardous material and be accompanied by a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Seller is responsible for shipping Products that are hazardous material according to relevant International Air Transport Association (IATA) and International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) requirements, including labeling boxes and indicating UN Hazard Number and Class on shipping waybill.
Temperature Requirements: Seller is responsible for notifying Buyer of any Products requiring storage outside of ambient temperature, customarily defined as 59 – 77 F/15 – 25 C, prior to shipment or delivery. Seller agrees to provide Buyer with manufacturer’s temperature requirements for all Products that require storage outside of ambient temperature. Seller agrees to package and label Products in accordance with IATA guidelines, including labeling boxes and indicating temperature range on shipping waybill.
Delivery: Seller shall ensure that delivery is made in accordance within the time stated in Seller’s quote. The Seller must notify the Buyer of any delays as soon as possible. The Buyer reserves the right to cancel the order if delivery is not made as specified. Seller will ensure that each shipment is accompanied by a master packing slip, which will include the Buyer’s Purchase Order number and quantity of Product shipped, itemized per packaging unit. The Seller’s packing slip shall clearly state unit conversions between packaging units. Seller will send an electronic copy of the master packing slip to the Buyer.
Product lead times: Seller shall arrange for the Product to be available within the lead time stated in the Seller’s quote. The Buyer must be notified of any delays as soon as possible and the Seller will undertake all available efforts to avoid or minimize delay, at no change in the price. If the Product is more than 21 days delayed, the Buyer has the right to cancel the order without any financial penalty.
Inspection: All Products will be subject to inspection and test by Buyer at all times and places, including in any event prior to final acceptance. Final acceptance or rejection of the Products will be made as promptly as practical after delivery except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, but failure to inspect and accept or reject Products or failure to detect defects by inspection, will neither relieve Seller from responsibility for such Products as are not in accordance with this Agreement nor impose liabilities on Buyer for them. Buyer’s payment for the Products shall not constitute its acceptance of the Products. Products rejected and Products supplied in excess of quantities ordered may be returned to the Seller, at Seller’s expense. Payment, if any, made for any Products rejected hereunder shall be promptly refunded by Seller.
Invoicing: After each delivery provided under the Purchase Order, the Seller shall send a separate invoice to the Buyer. Each invoice shall contain fees for only one Purchase Order and reference the Buyer’s Purchase Order number. Buyer’s payment of the invoice does not constitute acceptance of the Products.
Termination: Buyer may terminate all or any part of this Purchase Order for convenience at any time by written notice to Seller. Upon such termination, Buyer’s liability will be limited to reasonable termination charges mutually agreed by Seller and Buyer, provided that Seller must specify any proposed charges in writing within fifteen (15) days after termination. This Purchase Order shall terminate automatically, without notice, if Seller becomes insolvent or the subject of any proceeding under the laws relating to bankruptcy or the relief of debtors.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: BUYER'S AGGREGATE LIABILITY ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO THIS PURCHASE ORDER IS LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT PAID BY BUYER FOR THE PRODUCTS. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT ALLOWABLE UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, BUYER SHALL NOT BE LIABLE UNDER THIS PURCHASE ORDER FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST REVENUES EVEN IF BUYER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
Indemnification: Seller shall indemnify and hold Buyer harmless from and against any and all loss, cost, expense, liability, or damage, including, without limitation, all reasonable attorneys' fees and court costs, arising out of or in connection with Seller’s negligence, wilful misconduct or breach of this Agreement. For the purposes of this section, Buyer shall be deemed to include its employees, agents, officers, and members of its governing boards.
Applicable law; Dispute Resolution: The Buyer’s Purchase Order shall be interpreted in accordance with, and shall be governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, USA (excluding the conflict of laws rules thereof. Disputes arising under this Agreement will be resolved by the parties through good faith negotiations in the ordinary course of business. Any dispute not so resolved will be submitted for binding arbitration, at the written request of either party, before a single arbitrator under the JAMS Streamlined Arbitration Rules and Procedures in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts or at another location as mutually agreed. Selection of the arbitrator will be by mutual agreement of the parties or, failing agreement within twenty (20) days, by JAMS pursuant to its then-current rules. The amount and responsibility for payment of arbitration costs will be one of the issues decided by the arbitrator, whose decision will be in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement. No damages excluded by or in excess of the damage limitations set forth in this Agreement shall be awarded. The arbitrator will render a written decision stating reasons therefore in reasonable detail within ninety (90) days after the respondent receives the Commencement Letter. The provisions of this section, and any award issued by an arbitrator, may be enforced by either party in any court of competent jurisdiction. Arbitration is the exclusive remedy for disputes arising under this Agreement; the parties hereby waive their rights to bring a lawsuit to resolve a dispute arising under this Agreement.
Independent Contractor: The Seller is, and shall remain for so long as any of its obligations survive this Agreement, an independent contractor. Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed or construed as creating an employment relationship between the parties hereto.
Use of Names: Seller will not use Buyer's name or logo in publicity, advertising, or similar activity, except with Buyer's prior written consent.
Assignment: Assignment of this Purchase Order or any interest in it or any payment due or to become due under it, without the written consent of the Buyer, will be void. An assignment will be deemed to include not only a transfer of this Purchase Order or such interest or payment to another party but also a change in control of Seller, whether by transfer of stock or assets, merger, consolidation, or otherwise.
Remedies: Each of the rights and remedies reserved to Buyer in this Purchase Order shall be cumulative and additional to any other remedies provided in law or equity. No delay or failure by Buyer in the exercise of any right or remedy shall affect any such right or remedy and no action taken or omitted by Buyer shall be deemed to be a waiver of any such right or remedy.
Waiver; Modification: The failure of Buyer to enforce at any time or for any period of time any of the provisions hereof will not be construed to be a waiver of such provisions or of the right of Buyer thereafter to enforce each and every such provision. This Purchase Order can be modified or rescinded only by a writing signed by authorized representatives from both parties.
Severability: If any provision of this Agreement is held invalid or unenforceable by any court of competent jurisdiction, the other provisions of this Agreement will remain in full force and effect. Any provision of this Agreement held invalid or unenforceable only in part or degree will remain in full force and effect to the extent not held invalid or unenforceable.
Notices: All notices shall be in writing sent to the addresses specified on the Purchase Order.
Entire Agreement: This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with regard to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior communications, representations, letters of intent, memoranda of understanding, agreements and understandings, whether written or oral, relating to the subject matter hereof. | 2019-04-25T02:20:42Z | https://www.pih.org/pages/standard-purchase-order-terms-and-conditions |
Okay, good to have you back again from a coffee break. We’ll start half hour number three this afternoon. And again, for those of you joining us, we just appreciate so much your financial help and your prayers—everything. Your mail—my mail time is the best time of the day.
Okay, we’re going to continue on with this series of the Resurrections of the Just, as Jesus called it in John 5. We’ve covered the firstfruits, and we’re now in the main harvest—which, I feel, is the resurrection and the Rapture of the Body of Christ. Because the Body of Christ is going to have the numbers for the main harvest, so far as I’m concerned.
Okay, I’m supposed to again remind our TV audience and those of you out there, we have one book. Only one and it’s been so well received. It has touched so many hearts. We’ve still got plenty of them on hand, if you’re interested. Why, you just call or write and we’ll get a copy out to you. We’ve always charged $11, and that includes the postage.
Okay, let’s just jump back in at the second portion of Scripture that deals with this main harvest, or the Rapture and the resurrection of the Body of Christ, which would be I Thessalonians 4. We touched on it in the last part of the last program, but let’s look at it again. I Thessalonians chapter 4 and we’ll start at verse 13. Because as the world’s situation is turning, I think everyone in this room (and I think most true believers) are anxiously awaiting this event. Because things are not going to get better. I can tell you that much. It’s nothing but a slippery slope, and we’re on a downward slide. We’d better hope that the Lord comes sooner rather than later, or we’re going to get our feet burned. We may anyway, but let’s just hope and pray that the Lord will come sooner rather than later. So, here is our blessed hope, as Titus chapter 2 calls it.
“But I would not have you to be ignorant, brethren, (Now see, he’s talking to believers and not to the world in general.) concerning them who are asleep,…” Or who have died.
Now there again, I think I made the point in the last taping. There are certain false groups that refer to soul-sleep. The soul never sleeps. The soul never loses consciousness. The minute physical death happens, the soul of a believer and the spirit go immediately into the presence of the Lord, conscious. It doesn’t go up there to sleep. It doesn’t go up there to hibernate. It stays conscious and waiting for this great event when they’ll receive the body.
Now the lost, of course, will do immediately the same. They go to their doom to the place of torment waiting for their resurrection. Hopefully, we’ll see that in the next half hour, if not this one. Yes, even the lost are going to be resurrected to be brought before the Great White Throne bodily. And from thence, then, to their eternal doom in the Lake of Fire.
But right now we’re dealing with the believers who are in the Body of Christ. And all of our loved ones and our ancestors who before us became members of the Body of Christ are all involved in this company that Paul referred to in I Corinthians 15. We will be in that “lot,” or in that company. All right, then verse 14, we looked at it in the last half hour, but we’ll repeat it.
“For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again,…” Now here is what I call the credentials for being in the Body of Christ, or to be involved in this great event. We have to have our faith in that finished work of the cross—or His death, burial, and resurrection. That is the criteria.
And…come back with me. I can’t help it. Keep your finger in I Thessalonians. Come back with me to Matthew 16, again. Because it is so hard for even good church people to see the difference between the Gospel that the Twelve were saved by and the other Jews of that day, and for us today. As different as daylight and dark. But they refuse to see it. They just don’t want to see it. And I’ll keep hammering away at it. There is this stark difference.
All right, in Matthew 16 we see the profession of faith of Peter. And, of course, it was equal to those Jews of his day as well as those who were saved on the Day of Pentecost and following. I’ll show you that on our way back to Thessalonians. But for now, so that you’ll see what I’m talking, go to about Matthew 16. We always start at verse 13. Now some of you have seen this a hundred times in the last ten years, but now once more.
“He saith unto them, (to the Twelve) But whom say ye that I am? 16. And Simon Peter answered and said,…” Now here was – here was the statement of faith that Jesus wanted from every believing Jew of that day.
This was his statement of faith. Now of course, all the Jews were still keeping the Law. They were doing the Temple worship. But this was an extra requirement with the appearance of their Messiah. They were to believe who He was. It’s that simple. And Peter puts it, verse 16.
“And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, (You’re the Messiah, the Anointed One.) the Son of the living God.” Period. Not a hint about the cross. Not a hint about any shed blood. No idea of resurrection. But this is what the Lord is looking for, because this was the Gospel of the Kingdom—to believe that Jesus was the Christ.
Now what’s the word I’m always using? It’s so simple. But, oh, they can’t take something simple. They’ve got to have—somebody sent me a while back what he wanted to put in a tract. My goodness, it was two pages of Bible verses. I just wrote back, “What is my creed? Keep it simple!” But, oh, they all have to complicate it. All right, so that was the Kingdom Gospel that saved the Jews of Christ’s earthly ministry—by believing, along with their Law-keeping, of course. They didn’t kick that out the backdoor. But they were to believe who this Jesus was.
“Then Peter said, (to this lame man,) Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have give I thee: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise up and walk.” Does he say anything about the cross? Not a word. Does he say anything about the shed blood? Resurrection? Not a word. What’s he emphasizing? Who He is. He’s the Messiah. He’s the One that’s been promised ever since, especially, King David.
All right, then you come on down after the people see the miracle. They’re all shook up and wondering how in the world this thing happened. Then you come down, for the sake of time, to verse 16. This was Peter’s explanation to the Jews in consternation. How did you perform such a miracle? And here it is.
“And his name through faith in his name hath made this man strong, whom ye see and know: yea, the faith which is by him hath given him this perfect soundness…” Any word about the cross? Nothing. What did they believe? Who Jesus was! Now, is that so hard?
Is that too complicated that that was the Kingdom message—that this is your promised Messiah? Place your faith in Him and God will give you eternal life. You’ll become part of the Kingdom. That was it. But, oh, they’ve got to confuse it and confound it and do anything else you can think about it, and then try to say it’s the same thing that Paul preached? Hardly. Paul enlarges on it.
Come back to I Thessalonians 4, again. Of course Paul enlarges on the fact that this Jesus of Nazareth was the One who went to the cross. Of course it was. And we believe that He was not only the Messiah of Israel, but He was the Creator of the universe. Paul makes it so plain in Colossians chapter 1 that it was this Person of the Godhead that created everything. And yet He is the One who condescended and took on human flesh so that He could purchase our salvation. Is that so hard to comprehend?
All right, back to I Thessalonians 4 verse 14 again.
“For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we (as living believers) that we who are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not precede (or go ahead of) them who have died. (And here’s why.) 16. For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, and with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump (singular) of God: (Not of angels—totally different from Revelation. This is a single trumpet blown by God Himself.) and the dead in Christ shall rise first:” Now you remember, I’m always qualifying—what segment of believers in human history are “in Christ”? The Gentile Body, which was a term that is strictly Pauline.
Now granted, from Adam to the end, when they become believers, they are God’s. But they are not in that prepositional term.
Now maybe I’d better qualify it. Now these are things I don’t intend to do ahead of time, believe me. Come back with me to Ephesians. Now Ephesians, of course, is one of the prison epistles—toward the end of the Apostle’s life. So we get teachings and doctrines from these prison epistles that he doesn’t even cover in Romans and Corinthians and Galatians. But nevertheless, they’re all part of the Pauline revelations, and here’s where we get to it. Ephesians chapter 1 and come all the way to the last two verses. Well, let’s look at verse 20, and we have the power of verse 19.
All right, now as you come through these little chapters of the Book of Ephesians, I think it’s 93 times where you have the prepositional phrases “in Him,” “in whom,” and “in Christ.” It’s throughout these whole six chapters to show us where we are positionally the moment we become a believer.
Now in fact, while you’re in Ephesians, go back to chapter 1. We’ll clarify a word that’s twisted all out of shape by the theologians. And that’s predestination. We’re not predestined to Hell. You’re not predestined to Heaven. You’re predestined to a position in the Body. And see, that ought to make sense. That’s what the Book says. It doesn’t say a word about your eternal destiny.
Now in the New Testament Greek, what is the adoption? When the father hires a tutor to take his little five-year old son, he almost gives him over completely to teach him day-by-day throughout his early years until he’s about 15 or 16 years of age. Now when the tutor is through with that little fellow, what is he ready for? To come in beside the father in the business. That’s what it meant to have the adoption—to be placed alongside the father in his business. All right, that’s what we are predestinated to. We are predestinated to a position in the Body. Whether it’s the toe, or whether it’s the head, we’re all placed in a particular place.
Now, I think in the last taping I gave the illustration of the baby in the womb. For nine months that mother is putting billions of cells into that little body. Does a cell that belongs in an eyeball go down to a toenail? Heavens, no. You wouldn’t have a normal child. Everything goes to its rightful place. And at the end of nine months, what? The body is complete, and it’s delivered. Well, it’s the same way with the Body of Christ. Every one of us has been directed exactly to where God wants us. Now, it takes a little longer to get some of us where He wants us than it does others, but we’re going to get there. Sooner or later you’re going to get exactly where God wants you, because that’s what you’re predestinated to. There’s not a word in here about Heaven or Hell! Isn’t it amazing!
Now, you can come on down a little further, I think, verse 11.
Does that mean it’s a fire escape? Does that mean you weren’t predestined to Hell, but you were lucky enough to be predestined to Heaven? No. Predestination is always into a position in the Body of Christ. Oh, it’s just irritating how they can twist the Scriptures. But anyway, all through this little Book of Ephesians we have this constant reference to being “in Christ,” “in Him,” and “in the Body,” and so forth.
“For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ…” See that? Those who are in the Body and have died physically—their soul and spirit went immediately into the presence of the Lord consciously. They don’t go to sleep. They’re conscious.
Now then, at this great event, Christ will bring all the souls and spirits of everybody in Christ, which I feel began with the Apostle Paul’s conversion. I know a lot of people won’t agree, but that’s all right. And all those believers since then are waiting for this great event. Because you see, they’re not up there bodily. They’re only up there in the invisible realm of soul and spirit.
So what do you suppose every one of them is just waiting for? Well, their new body! Because to have a body in eternity like Christ’s resurrected body—you and I cannot image what we’re going to be able to do. We’re not going to be limited by anything. And we’re going to especially, I think, we’re going to have our abode in Heaven. We will be sent by commuter to go into the Kingdom and carry out the Lord’s work and come back to our abode in Heaven. Instantly. The Lord went back and forth. So we will, too. Well, anyway, that’s stretching the imagination, isn’t it?
But see, this is the glory of having that resurrected body. It’s going to be limitless. And I always tell people, you want to get just a taste of it? Go into the Gospels and read those forty days between His resurrection and His ascension. And you’ll get just a little taste of what we’re going to be able to do. In other words, did a wall stop Him? Right through it. Did distance stop Him? No. He could go from Jerusalem to Galilee in less than the blink of an eye. Could He eat? Yeah, you people who love to eat. You’re going to eat in eternity. Yeah, you are. I can prove it. The Lord did. He ate fish. And in Revelation—I thought I’d get there this afternoon—chapter 21, the new heaven and the new earth. The Tree of Life is going to be producing fruit on both sides of the river, and what are we going to do? We’re going to feast on it. So, we’re going to eat.
Well, anyway, back to I Thessalonians. He brings the soul and spirit of the departed believers so that they can have that resurrected body immediately. They will be a complete soul, spirit, and body again for all eternity. Then, after the dead have been resurrected, the great harvest. The dead of the Body of Christ are resurrected, then verse 17.
“Then we who are alive and remain (We’re living on planet Earth.) shall be caught up…” Now those are the two words that have been coined raptured.
I just told somebody on the phone the other day. When they ridicule that that word isn’t in Scripture, you tell them, “You just don’t know anything.” Because the Latin Vulgate says “raptura,” where you’ve got the two words “caught up.” The Latin word is raptura, R-A-P-T-U-R-A. Check me out. And what does it mean? To be suddenly translated.
All right, now drop down into chapter 5. Here’s why I know we are in a pre-Trib rapture, because of these words in chapter 5 verses 1 and 2.
“But of the times and the seasons, brethren, ye have no need that I write unto you. 2. For yourselves know perfectly (or completely) that the day of the Lord…” The Tribulation is right out in front.
Now you’ve got to remember, as I’ve been stressing in all those little letters lately on the daily program in James, Peter, and John. They all thought that the Tribulation was right in front of them. They really thought that that was right out in front of them. They had no idea that God was going to open up the timeline for 2,000 years. But here we are again. We’re right up next to the appearance of the anti-Christ. I’m sure it’s going to be in all our lifetimes. I don’t care how old you are. We’re that close.
“For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night. 3. For when they…” Now, you see the difference in pronouns? What’s the pronoun up in chapter 4? We. Us. Now it’s they and them. Now, that’s as clear as language can make it, isn’t it? That’s two totally different groups of people. The we and the us are out of here. The they and the them are the left behind.
“For when they (the left behinds) shall say, Peace and safety;…” Now we covered that a taping or two ago when we were back in Daniel. Isn’t that exactly what the anti-Christ is going to promise: peace and prosperity? And the world’s going to fall for it.
Israel especially is just going to turn euphoric that this guy has finally brought them the peace they’re looking for. He’s going to guarantee their safety. I think they’ll dismantle their military almost overnight. The whole world is just going to go into a euphoria over this man. And that’s what all the world’s getting ready for. This whole financial disaster is just building up to a system that that man is going to present to the world. That’s how close I think we are. All right, but now read on quickly. I’ve only got two minutes left.
“For when they shall say, Peace and safety; then sudden destruction cometh upon them,…“ Well, I’ve got a time-frame on it. It’s of my own making. I say, eleven month’s later.
Eleven months later, what’s going to happen? I think the big Russian invasion—that invasion from the North on the mountains of Israel. Now, why eleven months? Well, you see, in chapter 39 of Ezekiel, it tells us that Israel is going to be seven years burying and cleaning up the residue of that great battle. Well, I cannot see Jews in the Kingdom burying dead corpses and burning up and collecting material. So it’s going to have to be done during the seven years of the Tribulation.
“…then sudden destruction cometh upon them, as travail upon a women with child; and they (the left-behinds, the Christ-rejecters) shall not escape.” So, we have to look at all these things in the projection of Old Testament prophecy, as well as what Paul says here.
Now, I’m not going to go back to Old Testament anymore. Let’s just turn over to II Thessalonians in the seconds that we have left. And in chapter 2, go down to verse 8.
What’s he going to be? He’s going to be a miracle-worker. And the world will fall for him hook, line, and sinker. And we’re getting closer and closer every day. | 2019-04-25T22:53:54Z | https://lesfeldickbiblestudy.com/983-the-resurrection-of-the-just-3/ |
Dr. Marcia Canto and colleagues from Johns Hopkins report the results of the "CAPS 2" screening for early pancreatic cancer program in the June issue of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Dr. Canto screened 72 individuals with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer, 6 patients with the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, and 149 controls using a combination of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and computerized tomography (CT scanning). If something abnormal was identified the patients also underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). All of the patients were asymptomatic. Remarkably, 8 of the patients were found to have a tumor in their pancreas (10% yield of screening); 6 patients had 8 benign intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), 1 had an IPMN that progressed to invasive ductal adenocarcinoma, and 1 had pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and computerized tomography (CT scanning) also diagnosed 3 patients with 5 extrapancreatic neoplasms. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography abnormalities suggestive of chronic pancreatitis were more common in high-risk patients than in control subjects. From these studies, Dr. Canto concluded that screening EUS and CT diagnosed significant asymptomatic pancreatic and extrapancreatic neoplasms in high-risk individuals (people with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer and people with the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome). Dr. Canto also concluded that abnormalities suggestive of chronic pancreatitis are identified more commonly in high-risk individuals. Dr. Canto plans to start "CAPS 3." More information about this research screening protocol will be posted on this web site as it becomes available.
The biggest challenge of pancreatic cancer is to try to detect the cancer at an early stage when it can be surgically removed. Dr. Michael Goggins' Early Detection Laboratory is dedicated to identifying new markers for the early detection of pancreatic cancer. Just as there is mammography for breast cancer and the PSA test for prostate cancer, so too do we need a test for early pancreatic cancer. Scientists working in The Early Detection Laboratory at Johns Hopkins examined the DNA in pancreatic juice samples that were collected from pancreatic cancer patients to determine if the DNA from these samples showed an abnormal amount of methylation. Methylation is the addition of an additional carbon to specific areas of the DNA. Hypermethylation (or too much methylation) of certain genes will stop the genes from working properly. In particular, hypermethylation of genes whose normal function is to protect a cell from developing into a cancer (tumor suppressor genes) or whose function is to repair damaged DNA (mismatch repair genes) have been associated with the development of cancer. The scientists found that there was more methylation in the pancreatic juice samples collected from pancreatic cancer patients than there was in the samples collected from chronic pancreatitis patients and patients with no history of pancreatic disease. This finding is important because it suggests that the detection and quantification of methylated DNA in pancreatic juice may provide a promising approach to the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
Researchers in the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center in the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center are encouraged by early results of a treatment vaccine for pancreatic cancer. At about two years into a study of 60 patients, the researchers report that 88 percent survived one year and 76 percent are alive after two years.
"Even though our results are preliminary, the survival rates are an improvement over most published results of pancreatic cancer treatment studies," says Daniel Laheru, assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. Laheru is expected to present his findings in a press briefing at a joint meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research/National Cancer Institute/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer in Philadelphia on November 15.
Until recently, most studies have shown pancreatic cancer survival rates at about 63 percent one year after diagnosis and 42 percent at two years. The long-term outlook is more grim - only 15 to 20 percent of patients with local disease are alive at five years. "Since there is no universal standard for treating pancreatic cancer, it is difficult to make direct comparisons between all the studies," says Laheru.
In the current study, his team combined an immune-boosting vaccine with surgery and conventional postoperative chemotherapy and radiation. The vaccine, originally developed at Johns Hopkins, uses irradiated pancreatic cancer cells incapable of growing, but genetically altered to secrete a molecule called GM-CSF. The molecule acts as a lure to attract immune system cells to the site of the tumor vaccine where they encounter antigens on the surface of the irradiated cells. Then, these newly armed immune cells patrol the rest of the patient's body to destroy remaining circulating pancreatic cancer cells with the same antigen profile.
Patients get one vaccine injection eight to ten weeks after surgery, then four booster shots after chemotherapy and radiation. Laheru and his team completed enrolling patients in the study this past January. The average follow-up time is 32 months.
Jaffee and Laheru hope to begin multi-institutional studies in about a year. They are working with Hopkins pathologists from the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center to analyze proteins from pancreatic cancer cells that may help them refine the vaccine's targets.
Proceedings, AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics, November 2005. (Abstract #2229, A Safety and Efficacy Trial of Lethally Irradiated Allogeneic Pancreatic Tumor Cells Transfected with the GM-CSF Gene in Combination with Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for the Treatment of Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas).
Reaction of the Normal Pancreas to an Adjacent Pancreatic Cancer Provides Clues about Tissue Invasion and Detection.
Two papers from the Hopkins group help define the genes that are expressed (made) in the tissues adjacent to pancreatic cancer. In the first paper by Ricci and colleagues, the technique of in situ hybridization was used to determine the genes that are turned on in the body's response (called a stromal reaction) to an infiltrating cancer (analogous to the body trying to heal a wound). Importantly, Dr. Ricci found that the genes that are made in this stromal response to an invasive pancreatic cancer are related to how aggressively the tumor invades the surrounding pancreas, and not to the underlying biology of the tumor. Understanding how pancreatic cancers invade the normal pancreas and spread to other organs is a critical step to understanding how to interfere with this process. In the second paper by Fukushima and colleagues, gene expression profiling was used to better understand the gene expression patterns of pancreatic tissue adjacent to infiltrating pancreatic cancers as compared to pancreatic tissue adjacent to chronic pancreatitis. Dr. Fukushima found 20 different genes were overexpressed in pancreatic tissue adjacent to an invasive cancer compared to normal pancreatic tissue adjacent to chronic pancreatitis. These results demonstrate that some of the molecular alterations in normal pancreatic tissues that occur in response to adjacent infiltrating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma can provide a rich source of markers for detecting pancreatic cancer.
Dr. Anirban Maitra and colleagues at Johns Hopkins have identified a genetic change in pancreatic cancers that has potential therapeutic implications. MTAP is a gene on chromosome 9 and novel chemotherapeutic strategies exploiting the selective loss of MTAP function in cancers have been proposed. The MTAP gene is adjacent to the p16 gene and MTAP and p16 are frequently deleted from the DNA of pancreatic cancers. Dr. Maitra has found these deletions of the MTAP and p16 genes in 30% of pancreatic cancers, suggesting that selected patients with pancreatic cancer may benefit from therapies targeting this loss. Studies are now underway in animal models to test this potential new treatment approach.
Three articles by Johns Hopkins scientists have expanded our knowledge of the precursor lesions which are thought to develop into invasive pancreatic cancers. Understanding the biology of these precursor lesions is of critical importance if we are to detect, and potentially treat, pancreatic cancer before it spreads. In the first article, Anirban Maitra and collegues comprehensively reviewed the various subtypes of precursor lesions that are known to progress to invasive pancreatic cancer. While Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia or "PanIN" is the prototype precursor lesion associated with the "usual" cancers (ductal adenocarcinomas), other larger precursor subtypes such as intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) are being increasingly recognized with better imaging and screening techniques. The pancreatic cancers that arise in the context of these latter precursor lesions, particularly IPMNs, can have a different biology and outcome than the usual PanIN-associated invasive cancers. Therefore, it is important that pathologists who examine surgically removed pancreata are familiar with the histology of the various non-invasive precursors to invasive pancreatic cancers.
The second and third articles identify potential therapeutic targets in PanINs, the most common precursor lesion of pancreatic cancer. Inactivation of function of a critical gene that controls the cell cycle - p16 (CDKN2A) - is extremely frequent in invasive pancreatic cancers. In about a third of these cases, loss of p16 function occurs via deletion of both p16 gene copies (called "homozygous deletion" in genetic terminology) and is large enough to include a neighboring gene known as MTAP in the deletions. Complete loss of MTAP function can be exploited for therapy using drugs that selectively affects MTAP-negative pancreatic cancer cells without damage to normal tissues. Now, Dr. Hustinx and collegues have shown that even subsets of non-invasive precursor lesions (PanINs) harbor deletions of both copies of the MTAP gene. This is the first demonstration of a homozygous deletion in a PanIN lesion, and the authors have described a simple assay that will enable determining MTAP gene status in limited tissue materials, such as biopsy specimens. Why is this important? Compounds that selectively target MTAP-negative pancreatic cancers are already in clinical trials; if successful, one can envision extrapolating these trials to treat the precursors to invasive cancer before a cancer develops. The challenge will be in identifying patients with non-invasive, MTAP-negative precursor lesions who might potentially benefit from this therapy. With advances in molecular imaging and biopsy techniques, scientists are hopeful that this strategy will be actualized in the future.
In the third article, Dr. Prasad and colleagues performed the first large scale gene expression profiling of PanIN lesions using "gene chips". Johns Hopkins scientists were one of the first to comprehensively determine the gene expression profile of invasive pancreatic cancer, and the group at Hopkins has now extended this knowledge to precursor lesions as well. In order to isolate these tiny ductal lesions from surrounding normal tissues, the scientists used a technique called "laser capture microdissection". They found 49 genes that were expressed differentially compared to normal ductal epithelium. Of note, they found many of the overexpressed genes in PanINs are normally turned on by activation of the sonic hedgehog pathway during development, thereby confirming that abnormal activation of this pathway plays a role in both early and advanced pancreatic cancers. Hopkins scientists had previously demonstrated that the sonic hedgehog pathway is a powerful therapeutic target in invasive pancreatic cancers, and this current work provides rationale for investigating this line of therapy in the prevention of pancreatic cancers as well.
Why is this important to me? The studies of the MTAP gene are important because compounds that selectively target MTAP-negative pancreatic cancers are already in clinical trials; if successful, one can envision extrapolating these trials to treat the precursors to invasive cancer before a cancer develops. The challenge will be in identifying patients with non-invasive, MTAP-negative precursor lesions who might potentially benefit from this therapy. With advances in molecular imaging and biopsy techniques, scientists are hopeful that this strategy will be actualized in the future.
There are no early warning signs of pancreatic cancer and there are no early detection tests. As a result, most patients are not diagnosed until after the cancer has spread. Just as there is a PSA test for prostate cancer, so too do we urgently need an early detection test for pancreatic cancer. Dr. James Eshleman at Hopkins has recently developed a new technology that can detect rare DNA mutations (alterations in the DNA sequence) even when these mutations are admixed with much larger numbers of normal DNA sequences (Nat Methods. 2004 Oct 21;1(2):141-147 ). The technology, called "LigAmp" detected the most common mutation found in pancreatic cancer (KRAS2 gene mutations) even when a single mutant KRAS2 gene was admixed with 1,000 normal genes. Dr. Eshleman and colleagues have further shown that LigAmp can be used to detect DNA mutations shed from pancreatic cancers in pancreatic juice samples.
The cloning of the human genome has opened the door to global analyses of gene expression in pancreatic cancer on a scale not imaginable a few years ago. These analyses can help identify literally hundreds of genes that are made at high levels by pancreatic cancer cells. All too often however, the analyses produce potentially interesting gene sequences but the identity of the gene for which these sequences code for has not been identified. Akhalesh Pandey at Johns Hopkins has used cutting edge bioinformatics tools to identify a number of exciting genes that are overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. These genes are potential targets for new therapies and for the early detection of pancreatic cancer.
Proteomics is the study of all of the proteins in a tissue or fluid. Dr. Akhelesh Pandey carried out a comprehensive characterization of the "pancreatic juice proteome" in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A total of 170 unique proteins were identified including known pancreatic cancer tumor markers (e.g., CEA, MUC1) and proteins overexpressed in pancreatic cancers (e.g., hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) and lipocalin 2). In addition, he identified a number of proteins that have not been previously described in pancreatic juice (e.g., tumor rejection antigen (pg96) and azurocidin). The proteins identified in this study will be further assessed for their potential as biomarkers for pancreatic cancer by quantitative proteomics methods or immunoassays.
Nine years ago, the Kern Laboratory found mutations of a new gene, called BRCA2. Soon, this laboratory and others working in other tumor systems found that mutations of the gene were often inherited, raising the risk for pancreatic, ovarian, and breast cancer when an individual inherits one bad copy of the gene. This was the second gene found to cause inherited breast cancer, thus leading to the gene name, BRCA2. Dr. Kern's postdoctoral fellow Michiel van der Heijden followed up on this earlier discovery and showed that that pancreatic cancer cells with BRCA2 gene mutations are especially susceptible to the anticancer drugs mitomycin and cis-platin. Based on this exciting finding, it may be possible in the future to recommend individualized therapeutic regimens for patients with these mutations. More research, and possibly even a clinical trial, in this new area are underway.
Dr. Elizabeth Jaffee has developed a novel whole cell vaccine to treat patients with pancreatic cancer. She has previously found that this vaccine treatment produces an anti-tumor immune response in some patients. In the August issue of the Journal of Experimental Medicine, Dr. Jaffee reports that she has discovered a protein, mesothelin that appears to be responsible for the anti-tumor effect seen with the whole cell vaccine. Mesothelin is an antigen demonstrated previously by gene expression profiling to be up-regulated in most pancreatic cancers, and Dr. Jaffee found the consistent induction of CD8(+) T cell responses to mesothelin in patients who responded to the vaccine. This finding not only provides insight into the immune mechanisms underlying anti-tumor responses, but it is also hoped that it will lead to new "peptide" based vaccines that are cheaper and easier to administer than the whole cell vaccine.
In the July issue of Clinical Gastroenterology Hepatology, Dr. Marcia Canto and colleagues from Johns Hopkins report the results of screening for pancreatic cancer in asymptomatic (patients without symptoms) individuals known to be at increased risk because of their family history. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was used. In this technique a small tube with an ultrasound device at the end is inserted through the patient's nose and into the patient's stomach and duodenum. The ultrasound device can then be used to image the pancreas. Thirty-eight patients were screened in Dr. Canto's study and six pancreatic masses were found. Several of these patients went to surgery and one was found to have an early cancer and another a precancerous tumor (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm). Therefore, 5.3% or 1 in 20 patients was found to have a clinically important pancreatic mass. This study therefore represents the first step towards demonstrating that screening for early pancreatic cancer is possible.
Dr. Klein and colleagues followed 838 families who participate in the National Familial Pancreatic Tumor Registry at Johns Hopkins to determine how if new pancreatic cancers are more likely to develop in families in which more than one family member has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Twenty-two new pancreatic cancer cases developed in these families after the family had entered the registry. Dr. Klein found that individuals with three or more first-degree relatives with pancreatic cancer (brothers, sisters, parents or children) had a 32-fold increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Individuals with two first-degree relatives with pancreatic cancer had a 6.5-fold increased risk. This increase in risk was even higher among family members who smoked cigarettes. The results of this study further establish that pancreatic cancer does cluster in families. Additionally, these results help to identify individuals who may benefit from screening for the early signs of pancreatic cancer once reliable screening tests are developed.
New blood markers for the early detection of pancreatic cancer are urgently needed. Just as there is a PSA test for prostate cancer, so too do we need a test for pancreatic cancer. Dr. Goggins' lab is dedicated to the discovery of these markers and in 2004 he reported the discovery of two new promising markers, osteopontin and MIC-1. These markers were identified in previous studies of gene expression using "gene chip" analysis of surgically resected cancers, and Dr. Goggins went on to show that both MIC-1 and osteopontin are released into the blood and that the blood levels of these markers are higher in patients with pancreatic cancer than they are in patients without cancer. Both markers were significantly better than the previous "gold standard" CA 19-9.
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas are being diagnosed with growing frequency, but these distinctive tumors of the pancreas have not been well-characterized. Dr. Goggins and coworkers used cutting edge oligonucleotide microarrays to analyze the genes made ("the gene expression profile") by a series of IPMNs. They identified four genes that appeared to be highly associated with the presence of an invasive adenocarcinoma. Notably, the expression of at least two of the four genes was observed in 73% of 22 invasive IPMNs but in none of 16 noninvasive IPMNs (P < 0.0001). These findings suggest that preoperative assessment of gene expression profiles may be able to differentiate invasive from noninvasive IPMNs. They have also performed a similar analyses on another type of tumor in the pancreas called "mucinous cystic neoplasm."
Dr. Iacobuzio-Donahue recently published two exciting articles in Cancer Research. The first article, published in the December 15 issue (Cancer Research 2003; 63:8614-22) describes the largest, most comprehensive study to date of gene expression (the genes made) in pancreatic cancer. Close to 100 samples were analyzed using the most current gene chip (Affemetrix U133). Dr. Iacobuzio-Donahue and colleagues discovered 142 potential new markers of pancreatic cancer. Already, Dr. Koopmann has shown that one of these markers, called "osteopontin," is elevated in the blood of patients with pancreatic cancer (Cancer Epi Biomarkers Prev, 2004; 13:487-91) and Dr. Nichols has demonstrated that another of these markers, claudin 4, may be a useful therapeutic target (Am J Clin Pathol. 2004; 121:226-30).
In the second paper published by Dr. Iacobuzio-Donahue (Cancer Research 2004; 64:871-875) she describes the largest genetic analysis conducted to date of the DNA changes in pancreatic cancer. Dr. Iacobuzio-Donahue and colleagues conducted a large-scale "allelotypes" (an analysis of DNA losses in a cancer) on a series of pancreatic cancers and they discovered a number of hot spots of DNA alterations in pancreatic cancer. These hot spots will help other scientists identify the genes that are targeted for inactivation in pancreatic cancer. An understanding of these genes, in turn, may lead to a better understanding of why pancreatic cancer develops and how to treat it.
It has become clear that pancreatic cancer is a disease caused by damage to the DNA (called mutations). The identification of which genes are mutated in pancreatic cancer provides insight into the fundamental nature of the disease. In the October issue of the American Journal of Pathology, Dr. Kern and colleagues report mutations in the BRAF and in the FBXW7 genes. It is hoped that a better understanding of the effects of these mutations will provide insight into why pancreatic cancer is so aggressive.
Just as colon polyps give rise to invasive colon cancer, so too has it become clear that small non-invasive lesions in the pancreas (called PanINs) can give rise to invasive pancreatic cancer. These small non-invasive lesions in the pancreas are exciting, because they represent a curable stage of pancreatic cancer. Dr. Anirban Maitra at Johns Hopkins has studied a large series of "PanINs" and he has defined the stages at which different genes are made by the tumor cells. This finding is exciting because it identifies which genes are the best targets for the development of early detection tests, and which genes are the best targets for the treatment or prevention of early tumors of the pancreas.
It can be very difficult to biopsy the pancreas, and when the pancreas is biopsied often only a few cells are obtained. As a result, the diagnostic interpretation of pancreatic biopsies can be very difficult. Scientists at Johns Hopkins have identified a group of genes that are made at high levels by pancreatic cancer cells. They then showed that staining small biopsies for two of these markers, PSCA and mesothelin, can greatly improved the accuracy of diagnosis and therefore improve patient care.
Scientists at Johns Hopkins have discovered a cellular pathway that is activated in pancreatic cancer, a finding that provides a potential new way to treat pancreatic cancer. These findings are reported in the journal Nature (the September 14 advanced online publication can be accessed at www.nature.com/nature). This work was performed in the laboratory of Dr. Philip Beachy, who is a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a renowned developmental biologist at Johns Hopkins. Dr. Beachy and colleagues demonstrated that the "Hedgehog" pathway is abnormally turned on in many digestive tract tumors, including those of the pancreas. In addition, they have demonstrated that the administration of a drug known as cyclopamine that specifically blocks this pathway in cancer cells results in dramatic reduction of cancer growth. In a mouse model they showed complete and sustained reduction of the tumor following only two weeks of therapy with cyclopamine; most importantly, the mice did not appear to suffer any side effects from the therapy. Although application to humans is years away, the results of this study have potential implications for future treatment options in pancreatic cancers, and demonstrate how knowledge of underlying molecular abnormalities in tumors can lead to new therapies.
Research by Norihiro Sato M.D., Ph.D. in the laboratory of Dr. Michael Goggins has led to the discovery of multiple genes that undergo silencing by DNA methylation (the addition of a carbon group to DNA) in pancreatic cancer. Knowledge of these genes provides us with a better understanding of the role of DNA methylation in pancreatic cancer development. The doctors also showed that these abnormally methylated genes can be detected in pancreatic juice from patients with pancreatic cancer and raising hopes that their detection could aid in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
Research by Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center specialists has uncovered a novel pathway in the origin of pancreatic cancers. The "Notch" pathway, normally turned off in adults, can be turned on after injury to the pancreas.
The findings of Dr. Steven Leach et al. are reported in the June 23, 2003, issue of Cancer Cell.
Dr. Michiel van der Heijden and colleagues studied two of the Fanconi genes: FANCC and FANCG. Inherited and new mutations were found in a number of pancreatic cancers. Some of these mutations are inherited, meaning that these individuals had an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer because they were born with these mutations in their DNA (they had inherited them from one of their parents. Dr. van der Heijden and colleagues had another interesting finding: three of the nine persons whose pancreas cancer had young onset (less than 50 years of age) had such mutations.
There are no easy tests for the kinds of Fanconi gene mutations now being studied by the researchers, but such tests may become available in the future. Such testing is likely to be of clinical importance. Cells that are defective in the Fanconi genes are known from other research to be highly sensitive to certain chemicals. If may be possible in the future to recommend a different therapeutic regimen for patients with these mutations. More research in this exciting new area is needed.
Activin receptors play an important "controlling" roll in normal pancreatic cells. Dr. Byungwoo Ryu and colleagues in the Kern Laboratory therefore studied the genes that respond to activin signals to uncover the ways in which the cells are regulated by activin. Using a high-density gene expression screen, they studied gene expression changes characteristic of activin. Some of the genes regulated include genes that directly control cell division. This work was published in the journal Cancer Biology & Therapy, (Volume 2, pages 164-70), and represents the largest study of gene responses to activin published to date.
Also working in Dr. Kern's lab, Dr. Paula Hempen and colleagues found mutations of another form of the activin receptor in pancreatic cancer cells, extending the numbers of tumors known to have abnormalities in the activin system. The newly discovered mutations are in the ACVR2 gene, the activin type 2 receptor. The ACVR2 gene mutations were found in nearly all gastrointestinal tumors that had defects in a DNA-repair pathway involved in familial forms of cancer, including families at high risk of colorectal, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers.
Dr. Sato and colleagues reported an unexpected adverse effect of an anti-cancer drug that is used to remove "methyl" groups (carbon-hydrogen) from DNA. The authors found that this drug can inadvertently switch on certain genes (matrix metalloproteinases) and that the switching on of these genes can promote cancer invasion. This study shows that each therapy needs to be carefully evaluated, because therapies can have unanticipated side effects.
One of the more exciting approaches to saving lives is preventing pancreatic cancer through the use of "chemopreventive" agents. Chemopreventive agents are drugs that are taken regularly and reduce one's risk of cancer. Cox-2 (also known as cyclooxygenase 2) is an enzyme made by cells that is a target for some chemopreventive drugs. In the August issue of the American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Dr. Maitra and colleagues from Johns Hopkins report that cyclooxygenase 2 is expressed (made by) small lesions in the pancreas called "pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia." This is important because pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia is believed to be the precursor to pancreatic cancer. The expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions suggests that cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors could be used to prevent the development of pancreatic cancer. Further work is needed, but clearly chemopreventive agents, such as cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, offer an exciting new approach to fight pancreatic cancer before it develops.
Investigators from Johns Hopkins found that 1 in 6 (17%) patients with a very strong family history of pancreatic cancer have inherited ("germline") mutations (changes) in the BRCA2 gene. The BRCA2 is also known as the second breast cancer gene. Although it has been known for years that BRCA2 was important in familial breast cancer, the importance of BRCA2 in familial pancreatic cancer is only now coming to light. Inherited mutations in BRCA2 are particularly common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. The identification of a gene responsible for the familial aggregation of pancreatic cancer is important because at-risk family members can now be tested to see if they carry this gene.
Solid-pseudopapillary tumors are rare tumors of the pancreas that arise primarily in young women. They have a distinct appearance under the microscope and a much better prognosis than the more common ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Scientists at Johns Hopkins studied the fundamental genetic (DNA) changes in a series of solid-pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas and found that they almost all have mutations (DNA changes) in a particular gene called Beta-catenin. By contrast, usual ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas almost never have Beta-catenin mutations.
It can sometimes be difficult in a small biopsy or even in a resected specimen to distinguish between the various types of tumors that arise in the pancreas. This discovery suggests that the presence or absence of Beta-catenin mutations in a tumor can be used to distinguish between solid-pseudopapillary tumors (which have a very good prognosis) and usual ductal adenocarcinomas (which do not have a good prognosis).
Acinar cell carcinomas are rare malignant tumors of the pancreas. They are microscopically different from the more common "ductal adenocarcinomas" of the pancreas. The fundamental DNA (genetic) changes that underlie the development of acinar cell carcinomas have not yet been elucidated. Scientists at Johns Hopkins studied 21 acinar cell carcinomas of the pancreas and found a distinct pattern of DNA changes in these tumors. These DNA changes included loss of chromosome arm 11p and changes in the "APC/beta-catenin pathway." These results indicate that acinar cell carcinomas are genetically distinct from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, but some cases contain genetic alterations common to another rare tumor type in the pancreas called "pancreatoblastomas." An understanding of the variants of pancreatic cancer helps us understand why some tumors occur in different patients. In addition, it should form a basis for targeting specific therapies to specific tumor types.
Scientists at Johns Hopkins used two different techniques―"SAGE" and gene chips―to discover a panel of over 100 genes that are made at high levels in pancreatic cancer but not in normal tissues. They used the recently developed technology "SAGE" (serial analysis of gene expression) technology as well as cutting-edge gene chips. These technologies were applied to a panel of pancreatic cancers and normal pancreas cells and the investigators discovered a novel panel of over genes that appear to be made ("expressed") at high levels in pancreatic cancer. Several genes that may be involved in the fundamental nature of malignant changes in pancreatic ductal epithelium were identified. Some genes, such as S100A4, prostate stem cell antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6, suggest potential use as diagnostic markers. Others suggest potential novel therapeutic targets. These two studies provide insight into the fundamental nature of pancreatic cancer and each of the more than 100 genes discovered to be made at high levels in pancreatic cancer may serve as a new marker for the early detection of pancreatic cancer, or as a target for the development of new chemotherapies.
One of the more exciting approaches to saving lives that would otherwise be lost to pancreatic cancer is preventing pancreatic cancer through the use of "chemopreventive" agents. Chemopreventive agents are drugs that are taken regularly and reduce one's risk of cancer. For example, a recent study suggested that regular aspirin use may reduce the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Cox-2 (also known as cyclooxygenase 2) is an enzyme made by cells that is a target for some chemopreventive drugs. In the August issue of the American Journal of Clinical Pathology Dr. Maitra and colleagues from Johns Hopkins report that cyclooxygenase 2 is expressed (made by) small lesions in the pancreas called "pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia".
Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia is believed to be the precursor to pancreatic cancer. The expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions suggests that cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors could be used to prevent the development of pancreatic cancer. Further work is needed, but clearly chemopreventive agents, such as cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, offer an exciting new approach to fight pancrewatic cancer before it develops.
Am J Clin Pathol 2002 Aug;118(2):194-201.
In the July 2002 issue of Cancer research K. Murphy and colleagues from Johns Hopkins reported that 1 in 6 (17%) patients with a very strong family history of pancreatic cancer have inherited ("germline") mutations (changes) in the BRCA2 gene. The BRCA2 is also known as the second breast cancer gene. Although it has been known for years that BRCA2 was important in familial breast cancer, the importance of BRCA2 in familial pancreatic cancer is only now coming to light. Inherited mutations in BRCA2 are particularly common in the Askenazi Jewish population.
The identification of a gene responsible for the familial aggregation of pancreatic cancer is important because at-risk family members can now be tested to see if they carry this gene. If you are interested in learning more about genetic testing visit: http://www.pbs.org/gene/findout/3_findout.html. To find a genetic counselor near you visit: http://www.nsgc.org/. To join the National Familial Pancreas Tumor Registry at Johns Hopkins, contact Alison Klein: [email protected].
Cancer Res 2002 Jul 1;62(13):3789-93.
Solid-pseudopapillary tumors are rare tumors of the pancreas that arise primarily in young women. They have a distinct appearance under the microscope and a much much better prognosis than the more common ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Dr. Susan Abraham and colleagues studied the fundamental genetic (DNA) changes in a series of solid-pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas and found that they almost all have mutations (DNA changes) in a particular gene called Beta-catenin. By contrast, usual ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas almost never have Beta-catenin mutations.
Acinar cell carcinomas are rare malignant tumors of the pancreas. They are microscopically different from the more common "ductal adenocarcinomas" of the pancreas. The fundamental DNA (genetic) changes that underlie the development of acinar cell carcinomas have not yet been elucidated. Scientists at Johns Hopkins studied 21 acinar cell carcinomas of the pancreas and found a distinct pattern of DNA changes in these tumors. These DNA changes included loss of chromosome arm 11p and changes in the "APC/beta-catenin pathway". These results indicate that acinar cell carcinomas are genetically distinct from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, but some cases contain genetic alterations common to another rare tumor type in the pancreas called "pancreatoblastomas".
An understanding of the variants of pancreatic cancer helps us understand why some tumors occur in different patients. In addition, it should form a basis for targeting specific therapies to specific tumor types.
Scientists at Johns Hopkins used two different techniques- "SAGE" and gene chips to discover a panel of over 100 genes that are made at high levels in pancreatic cancer but not in normal tissues. Dr. Ryu and colleagues used the recently developed technology "SAGE" (serial analysis of gene expression) technology while Dr. Christine Iacobuzio-Donahue and colleagues used gene chips. These technologies were applied to a panel of pancreatic cancers and normal pancreas cells and Drs. Ryu and Iacobuzio-Donahue discovered a novel panel of over genes that appear to be made ("expressed") at high levels in pancreatic cancer. Several genes that may be involved in the fundamental nature of malignant changes in pancreatic ductal epithelium were identified. Some genes, such as S100A4, prostate stem cell antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6, and mesothelin, suggest potential use as diagnostic markers. Others suggest potential novel therapeutic targets.
These two studies provide insight into the fundamental nature of pancreatic cancer and each of the more than 100 genes discovered to be made at high levels in pancreatic cancer may serve as a new marker for the early detection of pancreatic cancer, or as a target for the development of new chemotherapies.
The extent of surgery appropriate for patients with pancreatic cancer has long been debated. Some surgeons perform a "standard" whipple resection (also called a standard pancreaticoduodenectomy) while others have suggested that more extensive ("radical") surgery is needed. Dr. C. Yeo and colleagues from Johns Hopkins therefore performed a randomized study of 294 patients surgically treated at Johns Hopkins. Patients were randomized to either a "standard" whipple or a more "radical" whipple procedure. In the September 2002 issue of the Annals of Surgery, Dr. Yeo reports that the radical (extended) whipple can be performed with similar mortality (death rate) but some increased morbidity (complications) compared to standard whipple. No long-term benefit was found in the more radical surgery.
This study suggests that although more radical surgery can be performed safely, it may not provide any long-term benefits.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins identified a new marker for pancreatic cancer. This marker was discovered using "SAGE" a technology developed at Johns Hopkins to help scientists determine which genes are expressed (made) by a cancer. Dr. Argani found that almost all pancreatic cancers express the gene called "mesothelin" at levels much higher than those found in normal, non-cancerous, tissues. The discovery that mesothelin is made at high levels in pancreatic cancer has potential diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic implications. For example, scientists in Dr. Liz Jaffee's lab are already conducting studies in the laboratory to see if mesothelin can be used as an immune target to treat patients with pancreatic cancer.
It can be very hard to predict the prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer. Dr. M. Tascilar and colleagues at Johns Hopkins studied 249 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent a Whipple resection for pancreatic cancer. Patients with pancreatic cancers that expressed (made) the SMAD4 protein had significantly longer survival (19.2 months) than did patients whose cancers did not express (make) the SMAD4 protein (14.7 months). This SMAD4 survival benefit persisted after adjustment for known prognostic factors including tumor size, margins, lymph node status, pathological stage, blood loss, and use of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. From this, Dr. Tascilar was able to conclude that patients undergoing Whipple resection for pancreatic cancer survive longer if their cancers express SMAD4.
This study helps confirm the importance of the SMAD4 gene in pancreatic cancer.
While scientists have made great strides in advancing our understanding of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, little is known about rare tumors that arise in the pancreas. Pancreatoblastoma is a rare pancreatic tumor with a distinctive microscopic appearance that generally affects infants and young children. Researchers at Johns Hopkins analyzed a series of nine pancreatoblastomas for genetic alterations (changes in the DNA sequence of the tumors). They found three interesting things. First, pancreatoblastomas are genetically very different from the more common ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Pancreatoblastomas show alterations (mutations) in the beta-catenin/APC genes. Second, they also showed that chromosome 11p is frequently altered in pancreatoblastomas. Chromosome 11p is frequently altered in hepatoblastomas (a rare pediatric tumor in the liver), suggesting that pancreatoblastomas are more closely related to hepatoblastomas than they are to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Finally, one of the patients included in the series of pancreatoblastomas had the clinical syndrome called "familial adenomatous polyposis" or "FAP." Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis develop numerous polyps in their colon at an early age and this study demonstrates that they can also develop pancreatoblastomas. An understanding of the variants of pancreatic cancer helps us understand why some tumors occur in adults and some in children. In addition, it should form a basis for targeting specific therapies to specific tumor types.
There is a great effort underway to identify new ways to detect cancers early. A major approach is to identify "tumor-specific" and "tissue-specific" markers. For example, useful markers can be substances found to be produced by cancer cells in both tissue culture (cancer cells grown artificially outside the body) and in patient samples. Such markers would not be normally found in normal tissues at a high level. These are the invasion-specific markers. Dr. Ryu and colleagues in Dr. Kern's laboratory for pancreatic cancer research at Johns Hopkins searched for such genes. Dozens of invasion-specific markers were identified in invasive cancers obtained from patient samples. Many of these were new markers not previously considered as cancer markers and many of the genes are expressed not by the tumor cells but instead by the patient's response to the tumors. Some of these markers are known to be secreted and to be detectable in simple blood samples. A strong effort is underway to examine these candidates and develop markers for use in the early detection of cancer, to aid medical imaging and to serve as targets for the development of invasion-specific anticancer therapy.
The major problem with human tumors is that they do not obey the signals from their surrounding cells that should restrain their growth. To date, very few of such signals have been defined, and this limits our ability to understand and counter this basic abnormality. Because we need to understand these signals, there has been a great effort to identify genes that are mutated and turned off in tumors. These are the "tumor-suppressor genes." The inactivation of these genes allows tumors to escape from the normal growth controls that the surrounding cells and tissue are trying to place on them. Activin is a protein secreted by normal cells. To exert its action, it must bind receptors on a cell.
The receptors propagate a signal to the cell but it was not previously known that these signals were able to suppress tumor growth. Mutations within the activin receptor gene were found in some pancreatic and biliary cancers by Dr. Gloria Su and colleagues in Dr. Kern's laboratory for pancreatic cancer research at Johns Hopkins. In tumors that lack the mutations, someday it might be possible to administer activin as a therapeutic strategy. It might also be possible to mimic the effects of activin on tumor cells by a precise molecular targeting using specially designed new drugs that directly activate the signal pathway without the need for intact receptors. This is a new idea that was previously unknown, but now can be explored. It is our hope that one can design a therapy to attack the most vulnerable components of pancreatic cancer.
Dr. Argani and colleagues from Johns Hopkins discover a new marker of pancreatic cancer. This new marker called "prostate stem-cell antigen" (PSCA) was discovered by using a technique developed at Johns Hopkins called "serial analysis of gene expression" (SAGE). Since the original description of SAGE, a group of cooperating scientists from a number of institutions have created an online database of gene expression that includes SAGE data on a variety of tissues and cancers (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SAGE/). The investigators at Johns Hopkins used this database to compare the gene expression levels in pancreatic cancer tissues with those seen in non-cancerous pancreatic tissues. The goal was to identify genes selectively "turned-on" in the cancers. One of the genes found using this approach is called "prostate stem-cell antigen." Prostate stem-cell antigen is a gene originally thought to be largely restricted to prostate cells. Dr. Argani and colleagues demonstrate that prostate stem-cell antigen (PSCA) is, in fact, highly overexpressed in approximately 60% of primary pancreatic cancers. It is not expressed in the normal pancreas. These findings are exciting for several reasons. First, they demonstrate the power of new technologies such as SAGE to discover new tumor markers. Second, PSCA, because it is selectively overexpressed in pancreatic cancers, might be a useful marker for pancreatic cancer. Third, other groups have shown that PSCA can be an immune target and therefore PSCA is being explored as a target for the immune treatment of cancers. The demonstration of PSCA expression in pancreatic cancer suggests a new avenue for treating pancreatic cancers, immunotherapy directed at cells expressing PSCA.
Dr. Argani and colleagues published the largest series of cases examining small cell carcinomas of the gallbladder, a highly unusual neoplasm that has been described only recently. Dr. Maitra characterized the clinical, histopathologic, immunohistochemical and molecular features of 12 small cell carcinomas of the gallbladder. It was discovered that only half of these rare cancers are "pure" and half are combined with other neoplasms (e.g., adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and rarely, carcinosarcoma). These cancers were studied using molecular and immunohistochemical techniques. We found that the molecular changes in small cell carcinomas were similar to those of adenocarcinomas occurring at this site, with a high frequency of p53 and p16INK4a abnormalities, and a low frequency of deleted in pancreatic carcinoma-4 (Dpc-4) inactivation and K-ras codon 12 mutations. In contrast to small cell carcinomas of the lung, p16INK4a function appears to be abrogated more frequently in these carcinomas. We hope these results will help us develop a rational approach to the diagnosis and therapy of these unusual tumors.
Using immunohistochemical labeling, Dr. Argani and colleagues were able to show that the DPC4, a tumor suppressor gene discovered at Johns Hopkins that is known to play a major role in pancreatic cancer, is also targeted in bile duct carcinomas. Loss of Dpc4 protein was identified in a significant percentage of bile duct carcinomas. However, not all bile duct carcinomas were equal: we were able to demonstrate that distal common bile duct carcinomas (those located near the pancreas) were far more likely to demonstrate loss of DPC4 than proximal bile duct cancers (Klatskin tumors and cholangiocarcinomas of the liver). In fact, the frequency of DPC4 loss that we demonstrated in distal bile duct carcinomas (55%) is identical to that which was demonstrated in pancreatic cancer. Similarly, we were able to show that the p53 gene product was abnormally expressed far more frequently in distal bile duct cancers than proximal ones. These results show that distal common bile duct cancers have some of the same genetic alterations as pancreatic cancers, while other bile duct cancers are biologically distinct. We hope that these results will allow us to develop more rational therapies for these tumors.
For years, isolated reports in the medical literature have suggested that pancreatic cancer runs in some families. For example, it has been reported that former President Jimmy Carter lost his father, two sisters and brother to pancreatic cancer. A. Tersmette and colleagues from Johns Hopkins report that first-degree relatives (brothers and sisters, parents and children) of patients with "familial pancreatic cancer" have a significantly increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Tersmette and colleagues followed 341 families enrolled in the National Familial Pancreas Tumor Registry (NFPTR) and found that the first-degree relatives of familial pancreatic patients had an 18-fold increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer when compared to the general population (the "SEER" database). In this study, familial pancreatic cancer was defined as at least a pair of first-degree relatives with pancreatic cancer in a family. Remarkably, if there were three or more family members with pancreatic cancer when the family enrolled in the NFPTR, then the risk of other family members developing pancreatic cancer jumped to 57-fold greater than the general population. This study firmly establishes that "Familial Pancreatic Cancer" is a real entity and it provides a quantitative measure of the risk of pancreatic cancer in these families. Studies such as this will form the basis for identifying individuals at-risk for developing pancreatic cancers who might benefit from new screening tests as they are developed.
Dr. Elizabeth Jaffee and colleagues at Johns Hopkins report the result of a phase I clinical trial of a novel vaccine treatment for patients with a pancreatic cancer. The vaccine was produced by genetically altering pancreatic cancer cells growing in culture so that the cells would produce large quantities of an immune activating factor called "Granulocytic-macrophage colony-stimulating factor" (or GM-CSF for short). Dr. Jaffee treated 14 patients with this vaccine in a phase I dose escalation trial. The patients underwent surgery at Johns Hopkins after which they received various doses of the vaccine. No dose-limiting toxicities were encountered. Instead, Dr. Jaffee was able to demonstrate that the vaccine induced an anti-tumor immune response in three patients who received the highest dose of the vaccine (>10x107 vaccine cells). Remarkably, these three patients remained alive and free of disease more than 36 months after diagnosis. Based on these results, Dr. Jaffee and her team will conduct phase II trials of the GM-CSF vaccine. These trials are scheduled to begin in the late summer.
Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) is the primary enzyme involved in the breakdown of fats. FAS has been demonstrated to be overexpressed in several human cancers (breast, endometrial, prostate, colon). In some cancers, high levels of FAS expression have been associated with poor prognosis, suggesting that FAS expression may promote tumor growth and virulence. Recently synthesized inhibitors of FAS have demonstrated antitumor activity without concurrent toxicity to normal tissues, and hence hold promise as therapy for tumors that overexpress FAS (Cancer Res 2000; 60: 213-218) (PNAS 2000; 97: 3450-3454). FAS expression had not been studied in biliary tract carcinomas, which are highly aggressive and often do not respond to conventional therapy. Dr. Argani and colleagues recently examined 107 biliary tract carcinomas for FAS overexpression using an immunohistochemical assay on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. FAS was overexpressed in 93% of carcinomas of the biliary tract. Therefore, FAS inhibitors hold promise as a new therapy for biliary tract carcinomas.
In the December 2001 issue of Clinical Cancer Research Dr. Argani and colleagues from Johns Hopkins reported the identification of a new marker for pancreatic cancer. This marker was discovered using "SAGE" a technology developed at Johns Hopkins to help scientists determine which genes are expressed (made) by a cancer. Dr. Argani found that almost all pancreatic cancers express the gene called "mesothelin" at levels much higher than those found in normal, non-cancerous, tissues.
The discovery that mesothelin is made at high levels pancreatic cancer has potential diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic implications. For example, scientists in Dr. Liz Jaffee's lab are already conducting studies in the laboratory to see if mesothelin can be used as an immune target to treat patients with pancreatic cancer.
While scientists have made great strides in advancing our understanding of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, little is known about rarer tumors that arise in the pancreas. Pancreatoblastoma is a rare pancreatic tumor with a distinctive microscopic appearance that generally affects infants and young children (click here for more information on pancreatoblastomas and other rarer variants of pancreas cancer). Dr. Abraham analyzed a series of nine pancreatoblastomas for genetic alterations (changes in the DNA sequence of the tumors). She found three interesting things. First, pancreatoblastomas are genetically very different from the more common ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Pancreatoblastomas show alterations (mutations) in the beta-catenin/APC genes. 2) Dr. Abraham also showed that chromosome 11p is frequently altered in pancreatoblastomas. Chromosome 11p is frequently altered in hepatoblastomas (a rare pediatric tumor in the liver), suggesting that pancreatoblastomas are more closely related to hepatoblastomas than they are to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. 3) Finally, one of the patients included in Dr. Abraham's series of pancreatoblastomas had the clinical syndrome called "familial adenomatous polyposis" or "FAP". Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis develop numerous polyps in their colon at an early age and Dr. Abraham demonstrates that they can also develop pancreatoblastomas.
An understanding of the variants of pancreatic cancer helps us understand why some tumors occur in adults and some in children. In addition, it should form a basis for targeting specific therapies to specific tumor types.
In an effort to identify new ways to identify cancers that otherwise would remain undetected for too long, Dr. Ryu and colleagues in Dr. Kern's laboratory for pancreatic cancer research at Johns Hopkins searched for genes ("markers") produced by the invasive tumor or the body's reaction to it. Dozens of invasion-specific markers were identified in invasive pancreatic cancers obtained from patient samples. Many of these were new markers not previously considered as cancer markers, and many of the genes are expressed not by the tumor cells but instead by the patient's response to the tumors. Some of these markers are known to be secreted and to be detectable in simple blood samples.
A strong effort is underway to examine these candidate genes and to develop markers for use in reliable assays for cancer that can be done on serum, to aid medical imaging, and to serve as targets for the development of invasion-specific anticancer therapy.
The major problem with human tumors is a social one. Tumor cells do not obey the signals from their surrounding cells that should restrain their growth. To date, very few of such signals have been defined, and this limits our ability to understand and counter this basic abnormality.
Because of the need to understand these signals, there has been a great effort to identify genes that are mutated and turned off in tumors. These are the tumor-suppressor genes. The inactivation of these genes allows tumors to escape from the normal growth controls that the surrounding cells and tissue are trying to place on them.
Activin is a protein secreted by normal cells. To exert its action, activin must bind receptors on a cell. The receptors propagate a signal to the cell, but it was not previously known that these signals were able to suppress tumor growth. Mutations within the activin receptor gene were found recently in some pancreatic cancers by Dr. Gloria Su and colleagues in Dr. Kern's laboratory for pancreatic cancer research at Johns Hopkins.
In tumors that lack the mutations, someday it might be possible to administer activin as a therapeutic strategy. It might also be possible to mimic the effects of activin on tumor cells by a precise molecular targeting using specially designed new drugs that directly activate the signal pathway without the need for intact receptors. This is a new idea that was previously unknown, but now can be explored. It is our hope that one can design a rational therapy that would specifically attack the most vulnerable components of pancreatic cancer.
In the June 1st issue of Cancer Research Dr. Argani and colleagues from Johns Hopkins described the discovery of a new marker of pancreatic cancer. This new marker called "prostate stem-cell antigen" (PSCA) was discovered by using a technique developed at Johns Hopkins called "serial analysis of gene expression". Since the original description of SAGE, a group of cooperating scientists from a number of institutions have created an online database of gene expression that includes SAGE data on a variety of tissues and cancers (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SAGE/). The investigators at Hopkins used this database to compare the gene expression levels in pancreatic cancer tissues with those seen in non-cancerous pancreatic tissues. The goal was to identify genes that were selectively "turned-on" in the cancers. One of the genes the Hopkins found using this approach coded for a protein called "prostate stem-cell antigen." Prostate stem-cell antigen is a gene that was originally thought to be largely restricted to prostate cells. Dr. Argani and colleagues demonstrate that prostate stem-cell antigen (PSCA) is, in fact, highly overexpressed in approximately 60% of primary pancreatic cancers. It is not expressed in the normal pancreas.
These findings are exciting for several reasons. First, they demonstrate the power of new technologies such as SAGE to discover new tumor markers. Second, PSCA, because it is selectively overexpressed in pancreatic cancers, maybe a useful marker for pancreatic cancer. Third, other groups have shown that PSCA can be an immune target and therefore PSCA is being explored as a target for the immune treatment of cancers. The demonstration of PSCA expression in pancreatic cancer suggests a new avenue for treating pancreatic cancers. That is, immunotherapy directed at cells expressing PSCA.
On an important side note, this work was supported, in large part, by generous donations from the friends and family of Michael Rolfe demonstrating the power of private giving to advance pancreatic cancer research.
For years, isolated reports in the medical literature have suggested that pancreatic cancer runs in some families. For example, it has been reported that former President Jimmy Carter lost his father, brother and two sisters from pancreatic cancer.
Tersmette and colleagues from Johns Hopkins report that first-degree relatives (brothers and sisters, parents and children) of patients with "familial pancreatic cancer" have a significantly increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Tersmette and colleagues followed 341 families enrolled in the National Familial Pancreas Tumor Registry (NFPTR) at Johns Hopkins and found that the first-degree relatives of familial pancreatic patients had an 18-fold increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer when compared to the general population (the "SEER" database). In this study, familial pancreatic cancer was defined as at least a pair of first-degree relatives with pancreatic cancer in a family. Remarkably, if there were three or more family members with pancreatic cancer when the family enrolled in the NFPTR, then the risk of other family members developing pancreatic cancer jumped to 57-fold greater than the general population.
This study firmly establishes that "Familial Pancreatic Cancer" is a real entity and it provides a quantitative measure of the risk of pancreatic cancer in these families. Importantly, studies such as this will form the basis for identifying individuals at-risk for developing pancreatic cancer who might benefit from new screening tests as they are developed.
If you have a strong family history of pancreatic cancer and would like to join the research studies currently underway at Hopkins, please consider joining the NFPTR. If you would like to join, please contact the Coordinator of the NFPTR, Mirian Tillery.
In the January issue of The Journal of Clinical Oncology (volume 19; 2001: pages 145-156), Dr. Elizabeth Jaffee and colleagues at Johns Hopkins reported the result of a phase I clinical trial of a novel vaccine treatment for patients with a pancreatic cancer. The vaccine was produced by genetically altering pancreatic cancer cells growing in culture so that the cells would produce large quantities of an immune activating factor called "Granulocytic-macrophage colony-stimulating factor" (or GM-CSF for short). Dr. Jaffee treated 14 patients with this vaccine in a phase I dose escalation trial. The patients underwent surgery at Hopkins after which they received various doses of the vaccine. No dose-limiting toxicities were encountered. Instead, Dr. Jaffee was able to demonstrate that the vaccine induced an anti-tumor immune response in three patients who received the highest dose of the vaccine (>10x107 vaccine cells). Remarkable, these three patients remained alive and free of disease more than 25 months after diagnosis.
Based on these results, Dr. Jaffee and her team are conducting phase II trials of the GM-CSF vaccine. As much as Dr. Jaffee would like to offer the vaccine to everyone, eligibility criteria had to be established for this study. Patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas who have surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital to remove their pancreas cancer and who have no clinical evidence of spread of the cancer outside the pancreas will be eligible for this study. Patients with bile duct cancer or neuroendocrine tumors or islet cell cancer are not eligible. Please contact Dr. Elizabeth Jaffee or Barbara Biedrzycki, R.N. for more information on eligibility criteria.
Dr. St. Croix in Bert Vogelstein and Kern Kinzler's laboratory identified 46 genes which appear to be specifically elevated (or "turned on") in tumor-associated blood vessels.
The identification of these genes is exciting because they are potential targets for drugs aimed at shrinking tumors by starving them of their blood supply.
Drs. Gloria Su and Taylor Sohn in Scott Kern's laboratory tested over 16,000 chemical compounds looking for compounds that can "turn on" on a specific function that is often "broken "in pancreatic cancer (DPC4 signaling pathway). They identified half a dozen promising compounds, one of which turned out to be a novel and specific inhibitor of a protein called HDAC (histone deacetylase).
This finding represents a new method to develop drugs to treat pancreatic cancer - "fixing" the cancer cells by screening for compounds that turn on specific functions lost in the cancer.
Drs. Michael Goggins and Robb Wilentz studied the genetic changes in the very earliest lesions that give rise to invasive pancreatic cancer. They found that the BRCA2 and DPC4 genes are inactivated in some of these early lesions (called "Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia").
These studies provide an important first step in the development of novel screening tests to detect early, and therefore potentially curable, pancreatic cancers.
Dr. T. Ueki in Michael Goggins' laboratory discovered that a number of genes are selectively "hypermethylated" in pancreatic cancer. Methylation refers to the addition of an extra carbon atom to DNA and it is a common mechanism by which cancer preventing genes (tumor-suppressor genes) are inactivated in cancers.
These findings provide a novel target for the development of a new screening test for pancreatic cancer.
Drs. Taylor Sohn and Charles Yeo studied patients' self-reported quality of life after Whipple surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy). Over 192 patients were studied and over 30 quality of life measurements assayed. Remarkably, quality of life scores for patients who underwent a Whipple at Johns Hopkins were comparable to those patients who had their gallbladder removed for stones.
These data demonstrate that surviving Whipple patients as a group have near normal quality of life scores. This corrects the misimpression that Whipple patients have severely impaired quality of life, and cannot return towards normal activities.
In 1996, Dr. Scott Kern and colleagues at Hopkins discovered a new gene which appeared to be selectively inactivated (deleted) in the development of cancer of the pancreas. Dr. Kern and his colleagues named this gene "DPC4" for Deleted in Pancreas Cancer locus 4 (see Science 1996, vol. 271:350-353). The discovery of this gene was exciting because DPC4 is inactivated in a large number of cancers of the pancreas, and because its inactivation appears to be relatively specific for cancer of the pancreas. That is, DPC4 appears to be only rarely inactivated in other tumor types (see Cancer Research 1996, vol 56:2527-2530).
Robb Wilentz and colleagues from Johns Hopkins developed a new immunohistochemical stain for DPC4. This new stain can detect DPC4 in tissue sections (such as biopsies), and the staining pattern directly mirrors the DPC4 gene status.
Because of its simplicity and availability, the immunohistochemical staining technique Dr. Wilentz developed for DPC4 has a number of direct clinical applications. For example, staining for DPC4 may help to distinguish benign chronic pancreatitis (which should express DPC4) from cancer of the pancreas (half of which will not express DPC4). Thus, DPC4 staining will add a valuable tool to the interpretation of needle biopsies of the pancreas. In addition, the immunohistochemical assay reported by Wilentz and colleagues for DPC4 may lead to answers in the investigative area. For instance, the immunohistochemical study of early lesions in the pancreas may help determine the stage at which DPC4 inactivation contributes to neoplastic progression and thereby help in the development of new screening tests for early pancreatic cancer.
Mucinous cystic tumors are rare neoplasms of the pancreas characterized by the presence of large cysts (fluid filled cavities) lined by mucin producing cells. Some investigators have suggested that all mucinous cystic neoplasms are malignant (capable of spreading to other organs) and that all mucinous cystic tumors should therefore be designated as cancers - "mucinous cystadenocarcinomas."
Robb Wilentz at Johns Hopkins studied over 60 of these rare tumors and found that with careful examination they could accurately separate mucinous cystic tumors into two groups - those that are entirely benign (the tumors never recurred) if completly resected ("mucinous cystadenomas") and those that had a malignant or cancerous potential ("mucinous cystadenocarcinomas"). Importantly, two-thirds of the mucinous cystic tumors in Dr. Wilentz's study fell into the entirely benign group.
This study demonstrates that simply lumping all mucinous cystic tumors into the malignant category would have incorrectly labeled two-thirds of the patients as having cancer when they didn't!
The study is also important because it highlights the impact private donations can have on research. Dr. Wilentz conducted this research during a research fellowship year he spent in the laboratory of Dr. S. Kern and this fellowship was supported by the Helen S. Heller and Daniel Kim Memorial Funds for pancreatic cancer research at Hopkins. Without this private support, Dr. Wilentz would not have been able to do his study. Private giving makes a difference!
Twelve years ago doctors at Johns Hopkins reported that patients with a rare syndrome, called "The Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome," had an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. The reason for this increased risk remained a mystery until now.
The Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome is rare inherited syndrome in which affected patients develop dark pigmented spots on their lips ("mucocutaneous melanin macules") and polyps in their intestinal tract ("hamartomas"). These patients have an increased risk of cancer, expecially pancreatic cancer. Gloria Su, Ph.D. and colleagues from Johns Hopkins uncovered the genetic basis for this association.
The STK11/LKB1 gene in chromosome 19 is responsible for the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome. Gloria Su and colleagues examined the status of the STK11/LKB1 gene in a large series of pancreatic cancers and in pancreatic cancer resected from patients with the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome. They found that the STK11/LKB1 gene was inactivated in 4-6% of the pancreatic cancers. While the inactivation of this gene plays a role in only a small percentage of pancreatic cancers, Gloria Su and colleagues made a second, quite remarkable discovery. They found that the inactivation of the STK11/LK1 gene in patients with the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome explained the development of pancreatic cancer in these patients.
These findings solve a long-standing mystery. The inheritance of a defective copy of the STK11/LKB1I gene causes the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and the inactivation of this gene in these patients explains their increased risk of pancreatic cancer.
Surgical resection is currently the most effective treatment for cancer of the pancreas. The extent of the surgery which should be performed is, however, controversial. Some have argued that the standard pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) should be extended to include the removal of the distal stomach (distal gastrectomy) as well as the removal of additional lymph nodes (retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy). The more extended surgery is called a "radical pancreaticoduodenectomy". The controversy over standard versus radical Whipple has been difficult to resolve, because most centers do one surgery or the other and data between institutions may not be comparable.
In the May 1999 issue of the Annals of Surgery, Drs. Yeo, Cameron and colleagues from Johns Hopkins report a study that may finally help resolve this controversy. They reported a randomized single-institution trial in which patients were randomized to receive either a standard or a radical Whipple. Of the 114 patients randomized, 56 underwent a standard Whipple and 58 a radical Whipple. Dr. Yeo and colleagues found that the two procedures can be performed with similar morbidity and mortality. Importantly, the one-year survival rate for both groups was similar (~80%).
This important study will continue and the patients enrolled will be followed to determine if there are any long-term benefits to doing a radical Whipple. For now, part of the controversy in the radical versus standard Whipple debate has been answered. Both can be performed with equal morbidity and mortality, but the radical Whipple does not provide any improvement in survival at one year.
Drs. Michael Goggins and Jaile Dai in Scott Kern's laboratory extensively studied the DPC4 pathways in pancreatic cancer using modern genetic techniques. Dr. Goggins found that the "TGF-ß receptors" can be targeted in pancreatic cancer and Dr. Dai discovered that if he took cells that made no DPC4, and then genetically engineered the cells so that they would produce DPC4, then the cells grew much slower. He also showed that activated DPC4 can kill selected cancer cells.
These studies provide a clearer understanding of just how pancreatic cancer cells come to misbehave. An understanding of "what's broken" in pancreatic cancers should, in turn, lead to new methods to treat the disease.
Michael Goggins identified a new type of pancreatic cancer called "Medullary Cancer". This new type of pancreatic cancer has a very specific appearance under the microscope, and Mike has discovered that medullary cancers have an usual pattern of genetic changes called "microsatellite instability".
Patients with this newly recognized type of pancreatic cancer may have a better prognosis than patients with typical pancreatic cancer, and they may also respond to different types of chemotherapy. Furthermore, because this newly recognized type of cancer has an unusual genetic change associated with it, it may be possible to detect these cancers using genetic tests.
Ralph Hruban established the National Familial Pancreas Tumor Registry at Hopkins in 1994. Over 350 families have enrolled in this registry. These include a family in which five brothers and sisters died of pancreatic cancer and seven families in which three generations have been affected. Analysis of the families enrolled in this registry has demonstrated that genetic changes cause pancreatic cancer to run in some families. Just as children inherit their hair color and eye color from their parents, so too do some inherit an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
As the genetic changes responsible for familial pancreatic cancer are uncovered, family members can be tested to see if they are at risk. Furthermore, because they have such a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer, these families will be the first to benefit from new screening tests for pancreatic cancer.
Surgeons at Hopkins have worked hard to improve the surgical approach to tumors of the pancreas. Thanks to their efforts the Whipple operation (removal of the head of the pancreas) is now a safe option for many patients. In fact more Whipple procedures are performed every year at Hopkins than any other hospital in the world.
The impact of improved surgery on the pancreas has been dramatic. Operative mortality rates have dropped from over 20% to less than 2% at Hopkins. Remarkably, because more patients are now coming to Hopkins, these improvements at Hopkins have led to a significant decrease in hospital mortality in the entire state of Maryland for pancreatic surgery.
Elizabeth Jaffee at Hopkins has developed a novel vaccine for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Dr. Jaffee has used two cancers resected from patients at Hopkins to develop this vaccine. After the cancers were grown and cultured, she used a virus to introduce a new gene into the cancer cells. This new gene called "Granulocyte - Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor" was incorporated into the cancer cells and it codes for a factor which actively stimulates the body's immune system. These cultured cancer cells are then used to produce a live anti-pancreas cancer vaccine. This vaccine has already been tested on 15 patients with pancreatic cancer in a Phase I clinical trial. Although early in the testing process, Dr. Jaffee has already seen positive skin reactions in vaccinated patients.
This is a completely new approach to the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Should it prove effective, it will harness the body's immune system against the cancer without causing the side effects of chemotherapy. Importantly, Dr. Jaffee has been studying the immune reaction of patients vaccinated with this vaccine and hopes to use these studies to develop a second generation of pancreatic cancer vaccines.
Ester Rosenblum in Scott Kern's laboratory has characterized the genetic profile of pancreatic cancer. This includes mutation (DNA changes) in multiple genes, including the K-ras, p16, p53, DPC4, BRCA2, LKB1, MKK1 and TGF Beta receptor genes.
Furthermore, Robb Wilentz and Carlos Caldas have demonstrated, using the technique of PCR (polymerase chain reaction - the equivalent to a genetic xerox machine), that some of these genetic changes (such as K-ras) can be detected in the duodenal fluid and/or stool of patients with pancreatic cancer.
An understanding of the genetic profile of pancreatic cancer will allow scientists to develop new drugs to treat pancreatic cancer, and, because these genetic changes can be detected in stool these discoveries will lead the way to new screening tests to detect early pancreatic cancers. Just as colon cancer can now be detected by testing stool for blood, so too do we envision detecting pancreas cancer by testing stool samples for genetic changes.
Dan Brat and Robb Wilentz have examined a large series of resected pancreatic cancers and they have identified the precursor lesions to cancer of the pancreas. Called "Duct Lesions" these precursors arise in the smallest pancreatic ducts. They probably arise years before the patient develops an infiltrating cancer and many years before they develop any symptoms. Hopkins scientists have characterized these under the microscope, and they have also studied these duct lesions at the genetic level. This two-pronged approach to the study of duct lesions has established that duct lesions are indeed the elusive precursor to pancreatic cancer.
This important findings represents a first step towards the development of new tests to detect pancreatic cancer at very early stages. If we are to be effective in treating pancreatic cancer we must detect it before the "Horse out of the barn."
Stephen Hahn in Scott Kern's laboratory at Hopkins discovered the DPC4 (Deleted in Pancreas Cancer 4) gene on chromosome 18 and he demonstrated that this gene is mutated (missing) in approximately half of all pancreatic cancers. In the other half of the cancers, DPC4 is harder to turn on, due to other gene defects. Remarkably, the mutation of DPC4 appears to be relatively specific for pancreatic cancer.
DPC4 is the first gene which appears to specifically altered in pancreatic cancer. Now that it has been identified scientists at Hopkins are working to understand how DPC4 works so that they can develop new drugs to "replace" the missing DPC4 function in pancreatic cancers.
The second breast cancer gene (called "BRCA2") was discovered because of a remarkable advance made by the Johns Hopkins pancreas cancer research team. Mieke Schutte in Scott Kern's lab used a revolutionary technique called "RDA" to study a pancreas cancer removed by surgeons at Johns Hopkins. She discovered that this cancer was missing a small piece of DNA from chromosome 13. This piece of DNA was the second breast cancer gene. Michael Goggins extended these and found that as many as 7% of patients with pancreas cancer get their cancer because they inherit had a defective copy of the BRCA2 gene. These patients were born with a defective copy of the BRCA2 gene and they inherited this defective copy from one of their parents.
This discovery is quite remarkable because it suggests: (1) that there is a link between pancreas and breast cancer; and (2) that patients with a family history of breast and pancreas cancer can now be tested to see if they carry this gene.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:5950-5954, 1995.
Connie Griffin has applied "classical cytogenetics" (a test performed on fluids obtained by amniocentesis from pregnant women to determine the health of their babies) to visualize and examine individual chromosomes in pancreatic cancers. She examined a large number of pancreatic cancers using this technique and has identified recurring chromosome changes in these tumors. These include losses of specific chromosome, and gains of other portions of chromosomes. These studies provide an important advance in our understanding of the genetic changes responsible for the development of cancer of the pancreas.
Because genes sit on chromosomes, the cytogenetic analysis of cancers can lead to the discovery of genes important of the development of the cancer. It is our hope that further analysis of the recurrent chromosome changes identified by Connie Griffin, will lend to the identification of additional yet undiscovered genes responsible for cancer of the pancreas. Once discovered an understanding of the function of these genes may lead to new ways to diagnose and treat pancreatic cancers.
Victor Velculescu in Ken Kinzler's laboratory developed a revolutionary technology called "SAGE" (serial analysis of gene expression). SAGE is a powerful technique which can be used to identify and quantify all genes expressed in a tissue. When the investigators applied SAGE to pancreatic cancer they were able to identify a total of 404 "transcripts" expressed at high levels in pancreatic cancers (transcripts are pieces of RNA which code for proteins (also called antigens) that might be released into the blood). The identification of these transcripts is an important advance, because any one of the 404 may form the basis for a new screening test. In an effort to share this exciting data the Hopkins investigators have established a Web page on which they freely share all of their SAGE findings (http://welchlink.welch.jhu.edu./~molgen-g/home.htm).
This is the first step in developing a completely new screening test for pancreatic cancer. For example, prostate cancers make "prostate specific antigen" which is detectable in the blood and which forms the basis for the current screening test for the early detection of prostate cancers. The application of SAGE technology to pancreatic cancers is the first step in developing such a test for the pancreas. We hope to find a "pancreas specific antigen".
Carlos Caldas in Scott Kern's laboratory was the first to demonstrate the role of p16 gene in the development of pancreatic cancer. Christopher Moskaluk extended these studies and demonstrated that some cases of inherited pancreatic cancer, particularly those associated with melanoma, are caused by inherited mutations (defects) in the p16 gene. Dr. Moskaluk also showed that p16 is defective in many of the earliest forms of pancreatic cancer, providing a clue as to how the disease develops.
Family members from families in which there is a strong history of pancreatic cancer and melanoma can now be tested for inherited defects in the p16 gene. Carriers of the p16 defects can be screened more carefully for pancreatic cancer and melanoma, while those found not to carry the p16 defect will be relieved of their anxiety. | 2019-04-23T14:22:06Z | http://pathology.jhu.edu/pc/professionals/researchPCprev.php |
Exciting new changes at GlassFrog!
At GlassFrog we've been promising changes. Today the time has come for us to announce the new UI is ready to be used in beta!
For any user interested, you can beta test the new UI by clicking on your name on the top right corner and selecting "Try new UI" of the drop down menu.
You can always switch back to the current interface by clicking on your organization's name in the top left corner and selecting "Use classic UI" in the list.
Click here to read more about this and feel free to share your feedback with the GlassFrog Team at [email protected].
Also, in case you missed it: for Glassfrog Premium users also using Slack, you can now make actions and projects requests from one role to another role, directly in Slack.
If you were experiencing issues using this feature, we just fixed a small bug so re-installing the Slack integration on the Organization Settings page should now allow you to get the request functionality.
If you had user group syncing enabled, don’t disable it in order to re-install the Slack integration (that would remove all of your synced user groups), but afterwards re-enable user group syncing to keep it working again.
To learn how to make requests in Slack, check this article.
We're happy to announce the Italian translation is now complete and live!
If you're an admin, you can switch to the Italian language by going to your "Organization Settings". Check this article for more details.
Currently GlassFrog is also available in Chinese, Dutch, English, French, German, Polish, and Spanish.
Stay tuned! Next languages on their way: Hindustani and Portuguese.
You might feel that something’s different in Governance meetings and while making Asynchronous proposals in GlassFrog.
That’s because our team has largely rebuilt the entire proposal system.
The vast majority of this functionality is behind-the-scenes, so you might not notice many visible changes; however it will provide a much smoother user experience in some of GlassFrog's core functionality.
Also, for GlassFrog Premium users, if you have a Premium account with Slack, you can now enable a new feature that will allow you to tag roles in Slack and automatically notify all of the individuals filling that role. GlassFrog administrators can set this by syncing your Slack team’s user groups with GlassFrog roles and role-fillers.
See more details and follow these instructions.
Habit Support Program completed in Polish!
Habit Support Program is now available in Polish for GlassFrog Premium members!
Click here to know how to enable the Habit Support for your account.
Click here to see what's your preferred language URL.
Habit Support Program is also available in English and French. German is coming soon!
We are very excited to announce that GlassFrog is now translated into main land Chinese!!!
For info on how to change languages in GlassFrog, check out this article.
More languages are on the way - Italian should be next!
If you are an OmniFocus user, now you can sync with GlassFrog in public beta!
Projects and actions you add to GlassFrog will automatically populate your OmniFocus folders (and vice versa) making for a seamless weekly review experience.
If you want to participate, please read these instructions before installing the OmniFocus sync app and check this article to find answers to common questions regarding the tool in beta.
Try it out and let us know what you think at [email protected].
Habit Support Program now in French!
For GlassFrog Premium account holders, our Holacracy complete Habit Support Program is now available in French!
Polish and German translations are in progress and should be completed soon!
If you’re an Admin and want to turn on the Habit Support Program for the entire organization, check this article.
To see how to enable the Habit Support Program for your account, click here.
We now have GlassFrog translated into Spanish!
Currently GlassFrog is also available in Dutch, English, French, German, and Polish.
More languages are on the way - Chinese is next on our list.
You can now add all your tensions into our new Inbox feature. Once you're ready to process, these tensions can be turned into Projects, Actions, or Agenda Items to bring to Tactical or Governance meetings. For more info, check out this article and this one.
Browsing through your projects is now easier with the project menu. On the left-hand side of the Projects page, you can now browse through your circles, roles and projects.
We will be performing server maintenance on Friday, March 2nd from 7-9pm PST. During this time, GlassFrog will be unavailable, though we will be working hard to get it back online as quickly as possible. Please contact us if you have any questions!
Want specific people to be able to see your GlassFrog organization without making it public to everyone? Starting this January - GlassFrog premium organizations will not be charged for non-participating members. For the full criteria we use to automatically classify such accounts, see this article.
New to GlassFrog or rolling out a Holacracy implementation to a new division of your company? Add all those users at once by using the bulk user import feature.
GlassFrog Premium users will find their circle's asynchronous governance proposals in a new location - look for them under the bell icon.
For those of you still working this holiday season we have some treats for you!
Explore this article to learn how to add add actions to your projects -- as well how to link existing projects on the Actions page.
Check out the new Reports menu and this article.
Now both premium and free subscribers can share their Holacracy-powered organization structure with others.
For more information check out this article on how your GlassFrog Admin can make your organization public.
With tags, GlassFrog Premium users can give more context to roles and people. Example uses include skills, badges and focus time.
To get started, visit a role or person's page and click "Add Tag". For more info, check out articles on adding tags to roles and people.
With our new iOS app, users can view org information, log tensions, and view facilitation guides. Click here to download it from the iOS app store, and click here to explore the FAQ.
With our new Actions feature, you can now track actions assigned to you during tactical meetings, as well as add your own by clicking the Actions tab. For more info, click here.
Single Sign-On (SSO) allows (Premium) GlassFrog users to log in using their existing SAML authentication (e.g. Active Directory, OneLogin, and Okta). This means they no longer have to manage another set of usernames and passwords. It also streamlines account provisioning. For more information on how to configure SSO, click here.
We now have GlassFrog translated into Dutch.
With our new Slack integration (Premium Plan only), Secretaries can now automatically send asynchronous Governance proposals for their circles to a Slack channel of their choice. Members can then review the proposal and select No Objection or Bring to Meeting right from Slack.
To enable, simply go to Admin > Organization Settings, and click Enable next to Slack. More info here.
Once enabled, Secretaries can turn on the Slack integration for their circles, and members can choose to disable email notifications for asynchronous Governance proposals.
We now have GlassFrog translated into German. More languages are on the way - Dutch is next on our list.
What used to be an exclusive program for our implementation clients is now available to all our Premium GlassFrog users.
Once turned on, you'll receive an email every few days to help build the habits and skills you need to get the most out of your Holacracy practice. You can also pause or unsubscribe at any time.
For more info on how to enable Habit Support, check out the following FAQ.
Wondering who's in GlassFrog following along during Tactical and Governance meetings?
Now you can see the profile pictures of attendees in the navigation bar.
Ever need to switch secretaries during a Governance meeting?
This can also be useful when participants would like to type their own proposals when they're complex.
Note: Secretary functionalities are already available for everyone during Tactical meetings, so there's no need for the "Take over as Host" option there.
For minor and multi-filled roles, we now have an indicator showing who's excluded from meetings.
Try our new Live Chat Support Feature!
Still in beta and available to premium GlassFrog users, connect with GlassFrog Customer Support live using the chat window visible in the bottom right corner of your screen when you're logged into GlassFrog.
GlassFrog has been translated into French with more languages on the way - German and Dutch are at the top of our list.
Learn how to switch languages here.
Need GlassFrog in your language? Want to help translate? The GlassFrog Team chooses new languages based on demand and assistance available. Email us at [email protected].
New GlassFrog user interface is live!
This has been coming for a long time and we're getting a lot of questions about what motivated us to make such a big change. The answer is that GlassFrog's styling had been with us for a long time and the libraries were becoming out of date. We wanted to switch the look to something more clean and modern, and prepare for more functionality and responsiveness, especially with mobile devices. The switch to these more modern style libraries will make it much easier to quickly make visual changes to the site. Our developers now have more fluid ability to tweak layouts and improve the overall look and feel.
You can expect to see GlassFrog growing in new directions now that our frameworks has been upgraded. Send us your feedback at [email protected]!
GlassFrog is getting a new look!
In the coming days expect to see a big change to GlassFrog’s look and feel. We’re delivering an improved layout and font selection as well as many minor usability improvements. Most of the changes are subtle and we’ve put a lot of effort into ensuring that all of your favorite features will still be easy to find. Nothing has been removed although some widgets and links have had their positions adjusted. If you have trouble finding a particular feature please don’t hesitate to email [email protected].
For more see: What will the styling changes look like?
We’re double checking our nouns and triple checking our verbs as we prepare to deliver GlassFrog in French. Special thanks to iGi partners for their help with our beta test! If you would like to volunteer to assist in upcoming translations for your language of choice, contact GlassFrog customer support and we’ll add you to the list.
- Removed a display problem with role names that include ampersands (&) in tactical meeting projects.
- Fixed an erroneous translation error message on tactical meeting agenda box.
- Fixed some lingering display issues with policy text.
- GlassFrog credit card receipts now correctly include organization number and name.
GlassFrog administrators now have the ability to edit the name of their organization. More info here.
We’ve made more progress on GlassFrog internationalization and translation features. Beta testing for GlassFrog translations will start soon! Email [email protected] to volunteer as a proofreader or translator.
Asynchronous proposals that were escalated to a meeting can now be reproposed. This is accomplished on the proposal screen. Click the "proposals" link next to the search box to access. Escalated proposals will still have a "Propose Now" option available.
In this release, the GlassFrog team has added some new ways to email and export users. Administrators can now access mailing lists for Lead Links, Facilitators, Secretaries, Rep Links and all circle members. More info here.
We've put in more of the background work required to prepare GlassFrog for translation into other languages. We are still accepting translation volunteers. If you would like to help us get GlassFrog translated into your language, email [email protected] and let us know. Include a link to your organization and the language or languages you speak fluently and we'll contact you when the time comes.
A proposal badge indicator has been added to notify you when there are new proposals. This will appear next to the "Proposals" link at the top of GlassFrog when there are new proposals to review.
We've added the ability to add custom sections to any Circle Page. Go to any of your Circle Pages, hover over the left blue sidebar and notice the gear icon that appears. Click to reveal a new screen that allows you to add new sections to your Circle Page.
We changed the way Glassfrog loads resources in your browser and initial page loads are now much faster. Users in Australia are seeing pages load twice as fast! In the US, the benefit is around 100ms or so on the first page load. Did you notice? The overall speed and reliability of Glassfrog are two of our top priorities.
You may have noticed that our sign in page has changed. You now have the option to sign in with your Google account. Just click the [Sign in with Google] button on the main log in page (You may need to sign out to see it if you haven't lately). This will link your Glassfrog account to your Google account and make signing in quick and easy. One fewer password to remember!
As of Jan 1, we’re offering two pricing plans: a Free version with all the basic features needed to get started and practice Holacracy, and a Premium version with a richer feature set to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of your Holacracy practice.
The Free version can be used by anyone at any organization size, with unlimited users and circles. We are setting pricing for the Premium version using a simple per-user model, similar to other team productivity tools, and pricing it at $9/user/month.
We created the Free version because we want to support the Holacracy community and ensure anyone practicing Holacracy has access to the essential tools to do so, regardless of budget. This is part of an overall initiative to offer a core toolset for implementing Holacracy at no cost, including the Quickstart Guide and various resources available on our website.
The pay-per-user model for Premium is a response to feedback from paying members to create a simplified version that's easier to calculate and predict, and pricing doesn't change as you add and remove circles through the Governance process.
For transparency, we estimate our overall revenue from GlassFrog as a result of this change will be neutral to slightly negative--this is not intended as a pricing model increase, although some clients will pay more and some less under this new formula.
- Why is Glassfrog offering a totally free option?
You can now view the history of role assignments from a role page. Just click on the role name from the circle page "Roles" tab to visit the role page. In the upper right corner, you will see all of the role fillers for the role, and there is now a "History" link that will take you to a new page listing the history of assignments for that role. Note that this history is not yet available for the elected roles of Facilitator, Rep Link, or Secretary.
Secretaries can now help Lead Links with the administrative task of assigning and unassigning people to roles. As a circle secretary, You can assign roles either by dragging circle members from the circle member table into the role, or via the role assignments icon to the right of the role on the role tab.
Lead Links and Secretaries of your organization's anchor circle can now configure it by clicking on the gear icon next to the circle name on the anchor circle page.
You can now see when the election term expires for a circle Secretary, Facilitator, or Rep Link on the circle page (in the Core Roles section).
You can now send proposals outside of meetings via GlassFrog. Craft a proposal using My Tensions, and submit it for review. Circle members will receive an automatic email notification to review the proposal, and can either say no objection or request that a submitted proposal be proposed in a meeting.
If there are no objections, the proposal will be adopted automatically and circle members are notified via email. Secretaries do not have to do anything.
To use this feature, propose a policy to accept proposals after a number of days, or your proposals will just remain unaccepted unless everyone accepts the proposal.
- Click My Tensions (found via blue navigation bar across the top), craft a proposal, and submit it or save for later.
- Click submit, and confirm. Circle members are emailed about the proposal.
- When viewing My Tensions, submitted proposals indicate they are being processed instead of just a draft. See the number of responses, and view the proposal.
- If a proposal is escalated to a meeting for processing, the proposer will be notified with an email. You can't re-submit after it is escalated.
- To stop the circle from processing a proposal, add it to the agenda from your My Tensions list during an open Governance meeting.
- If a proposal is submitted that includes editing governance records that are in conflict because other proposals have been processed, GlassFrog will email the proposer and not process further. Proposers can add to agenda during an open Governance meeting to process further.
- Click Review Proposal to access a proposal in GlassFrog. Review the proposal, and click accept or escalate to a meeting.
- If there are a number of days after which the prospoal would be automatically accepted, that time will be displayed.
- GlassFrog will indicate if someone has requested that a proposal come to a meeting.
- On the "roles page" or circle page enter the time to auto accept Governance proposals via a gear icon to the right of the circle name.
- Admins, Lead Links, and circle Secretaries can edit the time to auto accept proposals and the circle's nickname.
The My tensions and proposal builder feature has been available for a few months, but here is how to use it if you are new or want some guidance.
When you have a tension for governance, add it to your My Tensions list (found in the blue navigation bar next to My Projects). Type as little or as much as you need for each tension. Save the tension.
There is also an option as a tactical output called Tension to capture governance tensions.
Here you can also add an agenda item, the tension, circle, and a proposal if you want.
Edit the proposal later to be prepared before the meeting. The benefit of this is that you have a way of both tracking tensions and starting proposals outside of meetings.
Create draft proposals with multiple parts, just like Secretary does during the Governance meeting. Your proposal will be available to select for the next Governance agenda, but you don’t have to add it to the list if you aren’t ready.
When there is a Governance meeting open, click Join Governance meeting to be able to add your tensions to the agenda. Then click the ‘choose from tensions' link right below where you enter agenda items to add your tension to the list. You get a pop up of agenda items / tensions, and you click to add it to the agenda.
When Secretary selects your agenda item, those watching via ‘Join Governance’ link will see the proposal, just like when it is entered by Secretary.
When you click on the agenda item that was added from someone’s My Tensions list pre-populated proposals automatically load in GlassFrog. Edits to any parts of the proposal made before clicking Accept Proposal are saved (so the originally pre-populated proposal is changed if you change or remove anything.
Once Secretary clicks accept proposal then the agenda item can be 'checked off'.
Now GlassFrog adds your initials when you add agenda items during a meeting. If you type a dash '-' and your initials, then that overrides the initials GlassFrog displays.
For Secretaries, if you are adding an agenda item for someone else, type the item, followed by a dash and the initials of the agenda item owner. Then Facilitator can know immediately who owns each item.
"My Authority" page, linked from the nav-bar. Try the role selector showing 'My Roles', and select one of your roles to see constraints on authority in the role. View domains and policies that you may need to consider, and find helpful Holacracy tips as you scroll to the bottom.
Simple core role definitions are now in GlassFrog. They are a summary of the constitutional definition. See the constitution for the full definitions, but the definitions in GlassFrog (found by clicking the word Secretary, Facilitator, Lead Link, or Rep Link on any roles page) are intended to mean the same thing.
Agenda items can now be unchecked in a Governance meeting. Secretary should still click the agenda item label when facilitator is ready to process that agenda item. The agenda items are automatically checked when you click accept proposal, but you can click the agenda label to 'uncheck' the item if needed.
As always, contact us with any questions or feedback via our webform.
Projects can now be sorted by business value to the organization. Simply open up a project and fill in the business value estimate (value) and the effort to complete the project (effort), and GlassFrog will calculate the Return on Investment (ROI) for that project.
We recommend using 'unitless' or 'relative' numbers for value and effort estimates. In other words, 2 being twice the value of 1, and twice the effort of 1.
Lead Links typically enter the Value (with input if desired) and the role filler / project owner typically enter the effort. Recommended options are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, or 13 for each.
Save the project, and GlassFrog will show the ROI value on the project, and will sort projects with higher ROIs and values to the top of the project board so that you can see which projects are more valuable to your organization. Or, if you want to enter the value for now and enter the effort later, GlassFrog will show the value on the project and include that when sorting.
Role fillers can then prioritize their work based on these ROIs or just the Business Value Estimate, or Lead Link can specify prioritizing by highest Business Value or ROI if that is available.
We've happy to announce that we're introducing a new version of the API (v3), and we're ready to begin public testing!
API v3 is in beta- we expect to be adding and potentially changing functionality in the weeks and months ahead.
You can get more details about the v3 API on the documentation page.
We have two new big pieces of functionality.
Actions and triggers can be private to circle. They will be displayed in your tactical meeting history if you do not make them private.
Follow or unfollow circles other than your own to receive tactical and governance meeting emails.
Manage your subscription page to choose whether you want tactical and/or governance emails for the circles you follow.
View actions and projects in a tactical meeting history for your circles and other circles.
You can now view actions and projects in a tactical meeting history. The default for actions prior to January 31 is 'private to circle'.
Click the History tab on your circle page and scroll down below the Governance history to view Tactical history.
Now you can select private to circle for any action, trigger, or project that is created during a tactical meeting. The default is that any outputs are viewable by anyone in the organization, so all outputs will show up in the tactical meeting history if they are not saved as private. Click the lock icon in the output field to make an action, trigger, or project private to circle.
Note: for companies with information set to publicly viewable, actions and triggers are by default not publicly viewable, but projects are.
Non-circle members can follow circles and receive Tactical and Governance meeting emails, and unsubscribe from them later. You cannot unsubscribe from circles in which you fill roles. If actions or projects are marked as private to circle, then those won't show up in Tactical Meeting emails to non circle members (who are following that circle).
Find your subscriptions by hovering your mouse over the drop down menu next to your name to the left of What's New in the upper right part of your screen.
Uncheck boxes to edit your preferences, such as if you'd like to receive only Tactical or Governance meeting emails in the circles that you follow.
Role info in the org chart and more!
There is role data in the org chart, which will is informative when you are clicking and zooming in to see what roles are in a circle.
When you zoom to a role, you can see the role definition (it scrolls if there are a lot of accountabilities) and the Gravatar of the person who fills the role.
I'm excited to announce that last week's release included a much needed update to the org chart.
The new visualization of an organization is now more aligned with a Holacracy structure. The circle structure view also now works much better for larger organizations. Click around to explore HolacracyOne's circle structure!
Mouse over a circle/role to see the name appear, or to zoom in/zoom out. You'll see the circle selected by the border changing color when you mouse over, and then click to zoom in or out. Zoom in to see labels of sub circles more than three layers deep.
Internet Explorer is not recommended for best results. You can still use the org chart and navigate to a circle by clicking on the (hyperlinked) circle name. Or use the search function to find a circle and click through in the search results.
To navigate to a circle page, click the circle name displayed as a hyper link in the circle. More circle names will appear if you zoom in.
Colors show roles that are filled, unfilled, core roles, or roles that do not have an accountability or a purpose.
There are more plans for enhancing the org chart, but this is a big step forward for now! If you have any issues with the circle structure, want to give us feedback, or have questions, contact GlassFrog Customer Support!
We've fixed some bugs and added a scratch pad for Governance meetings.
The scratch pad is located below the agenda in an open governance meeting. Secretary can capture starting proposals that are not clearly a Role or a Policy. The text is not saved, as it is just a temporary note pad. Secretary can also chart objections here for the Facilitator.
When editing a role that is a Subcircle, if Remove Role is selected, then the default selection is Destroy the Role Entirely. If you want to retain any policies or keep the circle as a role, select the relevant options after selecting Remove this Circle.
Contact GlassFrog Customer Support via the Contact Us form with any questions or bug reports.
When creating proposals, there are fewer menu options for more intuitive navigation and viewing.
Create or edit roles in the left column, or create or edit policies in the right column.
Agenda: Secretary can type the agenda item into the agenda field in the left column. Press enter/return to save the agenda item. Like the Tactical Meeting agenda, click the check mark to complete the item or click the x to delete the item. Screenshare during a virtual meeting or use a projector to show the agenda and proposal.
Working with Roles: To create, edit, or remove a role or a circle, mouse over the Add/Edit role menu and click on either New Role/Circle or select the existing role by clicking on it. When editing a role, at the bottom of the accountabilities find two options to either expand the role to a circle or else remove the role.
Multi-part proposals: Add parts to a proposal by clicking the green menu bar labeled Add Part at the bottom of the screen. View parts by scrolling down.
Contact GlassFrog Customer Support with any feedback or questions.
Role foci appear in search results.
Searching for Governance information will now return the role focus.
This is for checklists and role notes like processes.
On the role page, scroll down to see Published Information (see below).
Type the title in the field.
Insert a link into the field, or type text. Use html tags if necessary.
Add more or edit existing notes as you need.
Now the list is automatically generated per Constitution 4.0. Circle Members removed from all role assignments in the circle will be automatically removed from this list.
Lead Link, Secretary, or Admins can add people as extra circle members even if they don't fill a role in the circle, and later remove them (or see them automatically removed if later they are assigned to a circle role and then the role assignment is removed).
If a circle member was added manually and needs to be removed, click the "x" to the right of the name in the circle member list.
Earlier in the week there was also a deployment to fix a bug causing Rep Links not to display or behave properly. Contact GlassFrog Customer Support with any questions or issues.
In Tactical Meetings, during Triage Issues, you now have the option to capture a 'Trigger' in addition to other actions and projects. Triggers are actions that need to happen after an event or date. For example, you could have a trigger to Tell Trainer the venue details after the venue is confirmed. Secretary would first enter the action, and then the triggering event or date. Both fields are labeled. The trigger gets assigned to a role, just like other actions and projects.
We deployed a few bug fixes and have some new functionality in both the Tactical and Governance interfaces.
In a Tactical Meeting during Triage Issues, drop down menus are now (reversed) in the order of Role, and then who it is Assigned To (person). Hopefully this will be more intuitive.
Recently we did a handful of bug fixes that hopefully weren't too problematic for most users, but should make adding and editing policies, assigning roles, removing a sub circle, and configuring your anchor circle go a lot smoother! Thanks everyone for reporting issues, as it helps us in our efforts to improve GlassFrog.
New functionality includes a minor update and a bigger one.
New: Configure your Anchor Circle.
Click here for the YouTube video for users who have not started using GlassFrog.
New users can just rename their Board to what their Anchor Circle is called.
Click the Edit icon immediately to the right of the Board header on the circle/roles page, found by clicking the Board Circle in your new organization.
Type the Name, Short Name (if you wish), Purpose, and Lead Link (there will be a drop down to select the Lead Link). You are ready to go.
Click here for a video walk through of this.
If you are using your Board, you can keep using it or rename it as described above, as needed.
If your GCC is really your Anchor Circle, and you don't use your Board, then you can delete it. Use caution, as you cannot currently create a new anchor circle if you decide you need to insert a new Anchor Circle (that will be some months from now based on our current prioritization.
Select General *Please note: Record your 'Alignment Circle' strategy elsewhere before clicking Accept if you'd like to retain this in your 'new' Anchor Circle.
Either keep as a role or remove entirely. I will remove entirely.
Select all the roles and policies to retain in your Anchor Circle There is no way to easily select all; you must check each one that you want to keep.
Then Configure Board to be your Anchor Circle by renaming, updating Purpose, and adding former GCC Lead Link, as described above and in the video.
Circle Policies view, ability to add and edit Role Policies for your Roles with a Domain, and pasting a Role definition. Contact Customer Support with any questions or issues.
When you view a Circle page, Policies are now organized by Domain (see below, or visit this link for a live example). There are no longer categories. When you create a Policy for the Circle during a Governance Meeting, you still select a Domain. See this post for more on creating Policies and selecting Domains.
If your Role has a Domain, you can store your Policy in GlassFrog to control the Domain. If there is a Domain, an icon to add a new Policy appears immediately to the right of the Domain.
2. Enter a title and the Policy. Use role-linking/cross-referencing if applicable. Click Save.
After you click the link, you will see the Policies.
When creating or updating a Role in a Governance Meeting, you can now paste Role definition parts. If you've emailed a Proposal to the Secretary, it will be easier to enter.
Below, a Domain was added, as well as two Accountabilities during a Proposal that Updated the existing Finance Role. Follow the instructions and label all lines that are not Accountabilities. (You may label each Accountablity too, but that is not needed.) Paste each part on a separate line.
When you click Submit, the definition will be added to the Role you are updating (or creating). Clicking Submit does not save the Proposal to the Governance records; you still need to click Accept Proposal if you want to capture it for the Governance records.
When the output field is selected during "Triage issues" in a tactical meeting, pressing Enter will now no longer close the meeting. This was happening sometimes, and you won't be able to accidentally close the meeting this way now.
Links in emails are working again. If you are a Lead Link and get an email stating that there are unassigned roles to fill, if you are logged in, the link in the email takes you to the circle page where you can add people to the roles.
Project create date. When you create a project, GlassFrog will store the date. When you click the name of any project to open the pop up (as if you to edit it) and view the create date immediately above the "Update" button. Eventually more dates will be stored, such as when the status changes.
Type the text of what you are waiting on in the For What. Click Update to save your changes.
When in a governance meeting or taking Secretary perogative, use the Update Policy button to associate existing policies witha scope.
Now you can archive your done projects to make them disappear from the project tab but stay in the database. Eventually, these will be findable via expanded operational data support, such as a Tactical Meeting History. If you'd like to actually delete a project, then you can still do that, but this is generally not advisable unless you want it to be gone forever (see below).
Click the check mark when you complete your project to update the status to "Done"
At the appropriate time (either when you complete it or after you report on it a final time perhaps), click the folder icon that appears on the top of completed projects. For now, what you will see is that the project no longer is visible on the project tab.
Decide a project needs to be destroyed rather than completed? Remove it from the project tab by clicking on the project card (see below).
Click OK when asked if you are sure (if you ARE sure!).
by Role), and change the status.
Click on the project card you want to move.
Drag the card to any where in the the desired column/status.
Release the mouse when the card is in the new status column.
Users are now guided through the entire Tactical meeting process within GlassFrog to help circles easily practice and learn the process.
Secretary can open the meeting and the series of steps are displayed at the top from Check-In to Closing Round, and the corresponding tab will be displayed.
Click the green button to get to the next step. For example, after the checklist review, click Metrics to move to Metrics and display Metrics information.
During triage issues, enter agenda items one by one and hit enter after each one. Then click the check mark to complete it. Read the agenda announcement for more information and an image.
Tag role names within policies or role definition fields. Try out the new feature to link roles in accountabilities, purpose, and scope as appropriate. When creating a proposal, type the @ symbol followed by the role name, and you will get a drop down menu of options. Click the desired role and keep typing. If this cross-referencing feature is used, when the role name changes, the field referencing the role will automatically update. Additionally, if a proposal includes removing a role that is cross-referenced, GlassFrog will suggest specific objections to address the conflict.
Users can customize the look of the projects tab. Click the gear icon in the upper right corner of the projects tab to display the options.
1)Show all/Hide empty to display either all rows or only those that contain projects.
2)Group by person or by role to organize the projects depending on your preference or needs. By person may work well for tactical meetings, and by role may be more useful in other cases.
3)View as rows or grid to quickly show all current, waiting, done, or future, while still keeping the data of what role or person owns the project.
To close the settings, click the gear shape a second time.
Circle members may open a Tactical or Governance meeting without the Secretary via the large button icons located above the Projects tab. This is to allow circles to meet when the Secretary is absent. See Section 2.7.4 in the Constution v 3.0 for the protocol on Surrogates for Elected Roles.
For role fillers with no projects, the default view is that the role name is hidden and thus does not display on the Projects tab. To 'show all" circle members to add a project, click the Show all link in the upper right corner of the Projects tab.
When Opening a Tactical Meeting, users can now capture agenda items within the left sidebar of GlassFrog. The first item entered will appear at the top of the list.
The Secretary can enter items one by one and hit enter after each item to build the agenda.
Click the check mark to the left of the item when it is completed, or click the “x” to the right of the item to delete it.
Capture actions and projects as needed in the main column to the right of the agenda, and add items at any time to the agenda list.
Email the Account Manager or submit questions via the webform if you need support.
We have launched help text intended to support users even more to practice Holacracy when using GlassFrog. When viewing a circle, within the left column users can see definitions as mouse-over tooltips on small question mark icons directly to the right of key terms such as Purpose, Strategy, Scope, and Accountabilities. If you have any questions, let us know via the webform or by contacting your GlassFrog Account Manager!
You should now be able to easily assign a different project status by clicking on an icon in the upper left corner of each project card within the projects tab. With the check mark you can select status to done; select current with the green circle, select waiting with the red square, and select future with the hour glass.
If you have any questions, contact the GlassFrog Account Manager directly or use the webform.
As a result of this evening's update, you will now notice some differences in the overall visual appearance, including cleaner formatting when viewing the tabs in your circle. You'll also notice an indicator for project statuses, which will add more clarity for project tracking and weekly updates in tactical meetings. In addition to this visual indicator, you can select a status when adding a new project to the project tab. Clicking on a project name already captured will also allow you to choose Done, Current, Waiting, or Future.
Other changes are in the works and planned for the near future, and I will let you know as they arrive!
If you have any questions or comments, use the webform or contact me in my Account Manager role.
Enjoy these improvements, and let me know if you have any questions!
You may notice that GlassFrog looks a little different. As of yesterday evening, GlassFrog now appears in widescreen, which will support easier usage and reading. To experience the full effect, you may need to clear your cache. Hold the shift key and click refresh to do this. With any questions or issues, please contact us via our support form, and we will respond promptly.
As the next step in our plans for supporting the use of GlassFrog as a Corkboard, Organizations can now use GlassFrog for the Tactical Meeting Checklist Review. The Checklist tab is next to the Metrics tab. The available frequency options are weekly, monthly, and quarterly, and there is an optional field for a link for additional visibility. Checklist items can be associated with one role or all roles in a circle. Contact GlassFrog support with any issues or questions.
GlassFrog now supports metrics. You can find the Metrics tab next to the Projects tab within your circle. Click the "+" button to add a metric, where you can add a description, role, and frequency. Optionally, users can add a link to where the metrics are stored for more detail. For assistance, click here to use our webform.
You're about to see, if you haven't already, what we're so excited about: our GlassFrog production update has just deployed. In addition to the new look and extended information available from each Circle page, GlassFrog now bakes in support for Tactical as well as Governance meetings. We wish you well in your practice of Holacracy, which we expect will benefit from these new features. Feel free to contact us with any questions as we continue to develop GlassFrog!
Last night's anticipated update was delayed; everything is ready to go on our side and our current re-target is sometime today. We'll announce further details here and on Twitter as they become available.
You might notice some brief downtime tonight starting around 9 pm Eastern, when we're scheduled to deploy a major update to GlassFrog that will rearrange the look and feel of each Circle's page into a tab-oriented view. We're also very excited to be adding GlassFrog support for Tactical Meetings, including a project corkboard. Among other things, you'll soon see a new Circle view, a "Projects" tab, and a new "Open Meeting: Tactical" button. Support for metrics and checklists will appear in future updates.
For user support and guidance to ease adoption and catalyze benefits from this exciting new functionality, just contact us with any questions.
GlassFrog has a production update scheduled for this Friday, June 29th at 9pm ET which may involve some brief downtime.
What's up with GlassFrog? Follow us on Twitter for the latest news & status updates.
GlassFrog is scheduled for maintenance on Tuesday, June 5th between 10 pm and 12 midnight EDT (the actual time is likely to be only 1 hour or so, somewhere in that block).
1) Working with Sub-Circles: You can now work with sub-circles in a governance meeting, including moving roles and policies from your circle into a newly-created sub-circle, and re-absorbing roles and policies from a removed sub-circle back into your circle. Creating a sub-circle can happen from scratch (for a totally new sub-circle), or you can expand an existing role into a full sub-circle. You'll see the new buttons to work with sub-circles within GlassFrog's governance meeting interface.
2) Working with Cross-Links: Version 3.0 of the Holacracy Constitution added the ability to authorize one sub-circle to appoint one of its roles as a cross-link into another sub-circle (see the Holacracy Constitution for details). This is now supported in GlassFrog, via a new act in a governance meeting to "Authorize a Cross-Link". Use this to either authorize a cross-link (by selecting a sub-circle from the resulting drop-down), or to specify a specific role to act as the cross-link (by selecting a role from the resulting drop-down). You'll see a cross-link role automatically show-up in the target circle's role list.
Looking forward, the GlassFrog development team here at HolacracyOne is now hard at work adding support for Holacracy's operational constructs. We'll announce updates as soon as they're available, and please do let us know if you have any questions or feedback in the meantime.
We've just added search functionality to GlassFrog, in addition to fixing several formatting and usability-related issues. You'll see the new search box in the nav-bar on most pages - try it out and send us any feedback or suggestions!
Hi Folks - We'll soon launch an update to GlassFrog™ which will enhance a circle's core roles: Facilitator, Secretary, Lead Link, and Rep Link. Once this update goes live, you'll see the definition (Purpose, Scope, and Accountabilities) of each of these roles listed in the system, just like you do with other roles. The definitions all come from the latest version (v3.0) of the Holacracy™ Constitution; for those still using Holacracy™ v2.x, this shouldn't create much trouble as the definitions are very similar.
Once this update is deployed, you'll also be able to add Accountabilities and Scope within a governance meeting to the Facilitator, Secretary, or Rep Link, and edit or remove anything you've added; the system will not support adding to the Lead Link role, as v3.0 of the Constitution does not allow this (you should create another role instead to differentiate functions from the Lead Link, even if it's then assigned to the same person).
We're pleased to announce that we've just launched several improvements to GlassFrog™, including this announcement system to keep you informed of future updates. Today's update included a major redesign of the governance capture interface (used by the Secretary during a meeting), as well as several bug fixes, tweaks, and minor improvements, which we hope will improve both the aesthetics and usability. Please contact us if you have any questions, feedback, or suggestions for future improvements. | 2019-04-25T09:56:32Z | https://app.glassfrog.com/announcements |
For starter let us set the scene as of a contested ship and with President Obama no better than Christian Fletcher as but long duped and punk’d by William Blygh, Captain, as by Christian born William Blythe III of Arkansas of the old South.
A “USS PHILLY” is of the now and near future and well dramatized by juxtaposing the post Revolution “HMS BOUNTY” of the storied of a Captain and underlings tasked in United Kingdom commerce to traverse the high sees as of activities of the crown but then commenced but months after the rise of the colonies, - the loss of our “colonial”.
The Democrat Party Convention is set of an opposing side much beyond George Washington and Alexander Hamilton “Federalism” as yet constitutional to of an antagonism to the constituted quite recognizable as now “anti-Constitution”. President William (Blythe III) Clinton cannot be allowed to arrive in Philadelphia unmolested due his record also so as “anti-Constitution”. Mrs. Clinton must only arrive as of status accepted when to being Number 2 at the Clinton Foundation as to then being a women who was satisfied with a billing rate but near half per hour that her male spouse, - that as like speaking fees to $1/2 Million per hour for President Clinton and only near a $1/4 Million per hour for Obama’s Secretary of State.
The scheduled Democrat Party convening of Philly for #DNC2016 amounts to as seems as necessarily a planned days of assault upon our actual Constitution. These Democrats of Power in recent years have shown disdain and antagonism to any swearing to fidelity to the Peoples’ Order - President Obama and at least Mrs. Clinton have both been to proclamations as if their taking of the oaths of offices was a “swearing of Oath” as like less agreed to than if of fingers crossed behind back to negate by gesticulation. What is amassing for Philadelphia is of leaders who are known to be of proclaiming that they are not beholden to the Constitution and any oath sworn for fidelity to the constituted by the People’s Order done, and amended.
President Obama can be no better than “Christian Fletcher” while likewise of some time on Pacific Islands as if more his home than that of his birth. What has been quite mutinous these years so of their antagonism to constituted Powers, as limited, is yet to that come convention time what will be yet on display is that President Obama must have never been out from under “William Blygh” - Captain of the HMS BOUNTY - and to it showing how Christian born William Blythe III is long of superior rank exercised over a newer President to that the how President Obama has been punk’d by the Clintons (as sworn rivals) and yet not able to muster a “Fletcher” move as if to overcome how President Clinton has kept him under him from day one.
I don’t know how to place Mrs. Clinton on this as if of the historic mutiny of the HMS BOUNTY so then of setting sail on its commercial mission of the crown near soon after even British General Clinton was to finally departing from the independent republic of thirteen united former colonies. Yes, the British General Clinton, whom I recall, is storied of at least trying at one plan for an assassination of Thomas Jefferson.
This now so relates to Afghanistan and Iraq and very much so all business of NATO as regards so so much global.
Can a Democrat Party nominee Mrs. Clinton yet posture as if she wasn’t mutinous against President “Christian Fletcher” Obama and yet as if she, despite that having agreed to a valuation as worth half as much as her spouse on matters of what she was the highest American ranked for Diplomacy and International Relations, can yet seem as if but also duped and also punk’d by President “William Blygh” Clinton? A mutiny seems necessary now just to get to a post-Obama way forward as “William Blygh” is such an as if crowned “proud nail” he is whom has most tripped up any, even his spouse, from yet managing, so far, to establish a posture - a temporary position even - as if em can still be better than more than 1/2 him to even if for Mrs. Clinton if she as a nominee can yet be packaged as even 3/5ths as much a Power as William Jefferson (Davis) Clinton.
Enter an ALL ABOARD attempt for a USS PHILLY to now trumpet DANGERS still present, clear and unclear, of as if come the invasion of Philadelphia by ranks of Clintons there is yet that such will necessarily be for an attack on the CONSTITUTION and as if Christian born William Blythe III blithely as “Bill Clinton” is yet firstly “Captain William Blygh” and to that mutiny at least against the country - the constitution as Union constituted by such People’s Order - will much also necessarily have to rise to mutiny against President William Jefferson (Davis) Clinton.
The missions are complicated to sort out by the scheduled “invasion of PHILLY” - however intra-party mutiny is apparently a requisite if to establish that Mrs. Clinton, however scandalous and reduced, can yet rise to be enough her own person.
NATO has made many mistakes and today is faced with complications of the CHILTON REPORT to attest that in many ways so much is still not adequately understood in historical context because the lies of the Clintons since 1993 have been primarily always self serving firstly, and as if every decision since 1993 was slept on until “Bill and Hillary” could work through what half measures were necessary for “William Blygh” to play a “DOVE” and to that a passage for Mrs. Clinton to rise to President “Captain” Clinton was secured to then as recalled planned to that Mrs. Clinton could be packaged as two as one but different as cast to be “HAWK” - a THE HAWKISH CLINTON.
Such under “Christian Fletcher” Mrs. Clinton has had many albatross fall to then about her neck, due inhumane treatment worked upon innocent so God’s creatures. The “USS PHILLY” is fitting premonitions set and for scenes of many “albatross” about presumptive nominee Mrs. Clinton’s neck.
We should never underestimate the value - even a real bipartisan value - in President “Christian Fletcher” Obama Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance Speech as to smacking the Clintons for 1993 to 2001 every time he spoke as he did of a core new political message of “DANGERS from INACTION and AVOIDANCE.” Today’s vast unsettled to greatly established troubled are yet now firstly of what and when to blame as to roots much to that President “William Blygh” Clinton avoided justifiable new actions in Iraq and Afghanistan - and like because for there to be a passage to “USS PHILLY” for “Hillary Clinton” Mrs. Clinton needed to get to play the “HAWK” so in 1993 to 2001 President “William Blygh” Clinton had to be to avoidance and inaction to only present as if the “DOVE” of as if PEACE DIVIDENDS were not irrational and unreasonable (even to “Reasonable Prosecutors”) considering, even in hindsight now, that the claims of justifying “PEACE” for to be a “DOVE” were always “extremely careless” and quite by definition at least to rate/rank as “GROSS NEGLIGENCE”.
Again some mutiny must be expected and not just by TRUTH SEEKERS of “FEEL THE BERN” as much others than this yet of Philadelphia for Philly in 2016 convening as yet of “democratic socialists” as yet philosophically able to abide legally within actually constituted scope and breadth of the People’s Order that formed the “more perfect” “Union”.
Senator Bernie Sanders is maybe like a Thomas Paine to the mutinies necessary to adjust ranks of the sworn rivals of the “THE HOUSE OF CLINTON” to the authority of the “THE HOUSE OF OBAMA”. Senator Bernie Sanders has Alexander Hamilton on his “democratic socialist” side in how FEDERALIST PAPERS “Federalist #1″ has a living conundrum as the purpose spelled out of the constitution the People’s Order to that the constituted, besides Paulist as to like the founding fathers were of an apostolic spectacle to the more perfect Union formed as to that like in Paul’s letters every person is under the Lord before ever under a government. Hamilton justifies Senator Bernie Sanders movement for “Federalist #1″ conundrum is of the CONSTITUTION is for “INDUCEMENTS TO PHILANTHROPY”… and “FOR PRESERVATION… OF PROPERTY”.
Seeming beset but still already crowned as if inevitable as the Democrat Party presumptive nominee Mrs. Clinton is yet of mutiny paradigm and to jeopardy for eventual Justice under the written Laws. There is mutiny may be the only course for true democratic Democrats as to Senator Bernie Sanders and businessman Donald Trump it seems agreed to and established enough that tag #CrookedHillary is here to stay - an “our flag that still stands”.
To such though if any can find JUSTICE on President “Christian Fletcher” Obama diplomatic records there yet the historical that Senator John Kerry did more to set asunder OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM to that no blaming of Tony Blair nor President George W. Bush should be extant where blame not laid out to how from day 2 Senator John Kerry so with his populism by an “ANTI-WAR REVIVAL” so set asunder the potential for success (as planned) for IRAQ WAR that it he first to be considered diabolically to blame for how the coalition countries from day 2 were faced by IRAQI thought to be to speedily joined for the LIBERATION, and late prosecution of Saddam Hussein, by how “CUT AND RUN” became palpable and believable and to fearing that AMERICANS would leave them ABANDONED all over again - quite again like CLINTONS did from 1993 to 2001.
Further to mark and twain the “albatross” extant there are also bitly sorted available of http://jphogan.org ”THE ELEPHANTS” of via http://bit.ly/DonkeyGong queued to the important sets especially of http://bit.ly/TwoHistories and http://bit.ly/AlQaeda_Hogan and http://bit.ly/MadamSecretary and http://bit.ly/IRAQbyJPHogan.
Ms. Hillary Clinton may need her own #TrampStamp if to struttin’ a winning of Sin City Las Vegas!
The Strip may bare #GrampStamps, in high fashion, as Senator Bernie Sanders stands tall for Nevada, independently.
The dust-up is of Clintons, quite deserted, as now, satirically, as if “LOSER” chalky on their foreheads.
Senator Bernie Sanders can be an Iowa Phoenix risen from the ashes to new caucuses lively risen, of Clintons beaten.
Ms. Hillary Clinton can only arrive under clouds of controversies with really, really, a lot of baggage racked & stacked.
Ms. Hillary Clinton is so ESTABLISHMENT she is taggable as INSTITUTIONALIZED! e.g.: “Institution of First Ladies”!
How many “shining” cities on hills are there in Ohio? Wasn’t Ohioans to establishments “Paulist” as if Bible metaphors for governance of government of places of purpose akin to the phonetic of their named? Is Governor John Kasich a “Holy Roller” to Nevada as O-high-o for high rollers as if say Cincinnati is a new Galatia, and Dayton a new Corinth, and Warren maybe a new Rome, at least as for Romans?
Sin City is calling! There a high noon throw down for the deserted from Clintons of “Feel The Bern” where it seems Governor John Kasich may have the advantage of the sun at his back, and low enough to bring a “bright lights” to the spectacle of #Bernie and the big city. A biblical showdown is booked. Not a #TrampStamp for #MrsC can likely be of a revenant due the odds against the Clintons’ machine as Nevada slots up of them like a #Sanders fresh kill of a new Beaver Wars.
Oy! Can Senator Bernie Sanders take the stage on the strip without Democrats generally losing as out will be that the Clintons’ “balanced the budget” is for all times more accurately accounted by “Kasich balanced the budget”? Is Sin City yet of weak hands seemingly the foretold odds for Donald Trump as if to headline against Governor John Kasich and his budgeting legacy? Governor John Kasich can say across Nevada, quite honestly, like BEEN THERE! DONE THAT! The high ground #TRUTH attests twas more #Kasich than #Clintons.
The house of Clintons has fallen! “…”! - - - Ms. Hillary Clinton doesn’t have the legs for a Sin City Phoenix. #FallOfClintons!
Her chips are down! Her hands seem bad! Her lady luck a politics barren, and with the dust-up humbling! #HellishClinton?
ESTABLISHMENT ~ No hiding she arrives in trappings afforded the “Institution of First Ladies” - guns holstered, #READY!
Ohio established how? why? Are the bombastic of Donald Trump excessive while a prudence and experience of Governor John Kasich a, #Election2016 tested and offered? If a Republican President can only be so if born of an Ohio victorious to triumphant how keen must the lot be to seeing if #Kasich has better hands than #Trump? Nevada, due Ohio, must be to that 2 of Galatians will transgress how Cincinnati may be ordered to be foundational like Galatia was to Paul’s letters on governance?
Too Corinthians’ and as if each state, say like Ohio, has a Dayton, as a new Corinth, if not a ready Springfield?
It is just that a great exodus has begun - that many are already running from Ms. Hillary Clinton! #Bernie of #DemsDitchinHillary!
The bite of Sin City will likely leave a greater mark on the struttin’ of Ms. Hillary Clinton, - - - Nevada suffered when President Obama offered a dictum like “People should not go to Las Vegas!”! The bark, barking of Ms. Hillary Clinton is contrary and confused to what the legacy of President Obama can be as to successful at new establishments, while Clintons’ machinations beat forked tongues to foggy renditions to try to stand up an innocence for themselves by an assuaging of culpability upon only the desk of the President in of the Obama Administration. The tail wags the President and in keeping with how (racist?) it was that the Clintons insisted they be treated not as subordinates to the new Democrat Party administration, but to Powers in a “Team Of Rivals” where they could be of regular acts in insubordination by flexing their initiatives as the business of “RIVALS”!
Many are now reading as if Ms. Hillary Clinton isn’t alone in having like a guaranteed reservation in Hell. It has been Hellish where should have been Hellenic, - - - the legacy of the Clintons must firstly be as like insurgents as rivals to administrations, all, since they were pressed and packed outta the White House. The assortment at http://hogan.jphogan.org/index.php?s=PROUD+NAIL barely suffices to broach the heeled machinations of the Clintons’ machine politics of at an unprecedented (to Public Corruption?) swindling of the People of these united states of the Americas. The Clintons have been self proclaimed “rivals”!
As rivals - THE CLINTONS AS RIVALS - is the HEADLINING for SIN CITY that Senator Bernie Sanders must caucus to defeat. Presidents Bush & Obama have not themselves fared well against the propped up faux postured innocence by machinations long that have kept Ms. Hillary Clinton standing long past her due - long past a due for pressed probatives.
As rivals - THE HOUSE OF CLINTONS may be fallen and falling, as so many deserting her struttin’ it is like Nevada too is to experience an EXODUS - a FLIGHT TO SANDERS. Mrs. Clinton cannot be NOT “establishment” and also creditable for a resume of experience - if her times in “office” of “duty” are not of that “work” as to “established meants” by actual talent or skills in her tilled then the odds are more will plainly see #HRC isn’t of “HARD CHOICES” of “good choices” rendered but as if just an act and really much of just holding jokers.
The winning hands have seen to a fallen lot of the particular of #Hillary2016 souls, and to yet that Ms. Hillary Clinton did much take down #Jeb2016 in first in the nation primary (#FITN) of Granite State voted to the cast of New Hampshire. It is inescapable that #Jeb has been defeated if #HillaryClinton has been defeated! - The roots of a Clintons routed bind the Bush in the #Jeb too, - too to the core like of songs of Corinth as of two Corinthians like so close they are brother & sister, indivisible.
Nevada must face the odds? A #OhioStamp may trump a #TrampStamp and too a #GrampStamp if #TRUMP hand must endure of that Governor John Kasich did the good the Clintons long have falsely claimed - cashed in on - as if their deeds done?
Nevada must face the odds? The Ohio of #Kasich is a barrier to #DonaldTrump even as #SinCity #LasVegas calls #Republicans in mass to ante up and put their cards on the tables of democracy’s judgement days. Mustn’t Nevada respect that Govern John Kasich to fix’n the embattled economies is he that better knows like “where the bodies are buried”?
“JOB” FOR EVERY BLACK MAN?
Alive still at eight three Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is likely rolling over in his grave - tossing and turning with news of today maybe his second or third worst nightmare scenario.
We can imagine that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. would have been an early and proud supporter of this our still “present” and voting “Congress of NO!” as tagged. There is a moral clarity offered by such. We have those not of the “party of NO!” more to a “fog of war” and reach for eternal grayness.
Welcome to this new century - ALL! As Martin Luther wasn’t born Michael nor as a “King” he did rise above his lot himself and to a construct of civility about forgiveness, and even such to a bought moral new clarity, it seems. Martin Luther King Jr. and Martin Luther must be now if of today, physically and metaphysically, of wondering about Jobs and jobs - JOBS AND JOBS.
The half breed President now with a job too Jobian for some more than others may be one of the worst overdramatizations Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. might have ever imagined. A black American, yes, but still too black but not enough a “black Irish” specifically — A son of a father and his dreams yet raised by the hard toil and work of a single mother, white.
The “Party of NO!” stands still with a real moral clarity quite inconvenient for President Obama and his JOB. President Barack Hussein Obama can now only run towards 2012 elections to ask for a repeat - for a “new and improved” just not reasonable - just not “re-elect” “mandate” quality. This Party of spend, spend, spend — spend, spend, spend again that is our modern Democrat Party has President BO stinking up faith and community and most race religions with its divisiveness and grayness.
It is simple that half breed President Barack Hussein Obama could be today the worst possible truth for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his life’s work - his ministry. We have him Jobian, yes, and a hallmark figure for a Jobian life for all black men - but was massive unemployment and so more Jobianism as promise of “JOB” really what Dr. King was preaching?
President Obama with his ECONOMIC SUPPRESSION (not “recession” nor “depression” but design over-government “suppression” of economies.) has been an equal opportunity unemployer. He has not been bigoted while to his Jobian for all. He is hardly separable from the “mother figure” “Hillary” he keeps close - he keeps so close that it demeans his Lady Michelle, and looks like necessary compensation/compensating.
We have a half breed black man with a job - a holding of office of our President but with a keeping of a white mother figure a former master of such house close - too close - REALLY.
Really, you should have read KNOWN AND UNKNOWN, &, IN MY TIME by now - and not need a remedial educating now about how Rumsfeld and Cheney did as Republicans historically champion so much of our new civility.
Richard Milhous Nixon would have made a better Secretary of State than “Madam Secretary of State Mrs. William Jefferson Clinton ever might, even in her own dreams - her dreaming of getting away with being “Nixonian” without any calling her out on such presentations inadequately dramatic or timely considered.
We could make the case that “Hillary” is more “Jobian” as of a job and struggle she doesn’t understand - a real job challenge - too challenging.
Maybe Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. would today be having his first laugh, and a real belly laugh — at all these now “Jobian”.
It can be said that President Barack Hussein Obama is “BLACK IRISH” and his Irishness his secret - but I don’t think he is at all Spanish - so the Irish may be safe. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. today would either being crying or laughing - really hard to nail up today, you could say.
It is hard to say how aware President Obama is about his existence in a world “Jobian” much the specific handiwork and plotting of the Clinton “two-fer.” He may be too “Jobian” in his job - due to an unawareness of his politics.
I myself may be of a “Jobian” with wishful thinking that it isn’t actually all the Irish black half of President Obama.
We have that the old lower fuel economies was a job hog - a massive somewhat hidden private - public socialism. We have that the Democrat Party acted without balance or bias condemning what had been one of Industrial Era greatest job saver and creator. We have that President Obama was quite “Spanish” in his “greenness” with all his marches to whiter energy (cleaner?) done with prior and full knowledge that such by Spanish did kill two jobs, about, for every new politically correct job it created. We have that President Obama whether “Jobian” in such as his petty handiwork did overcome “Spanish” with such a rare dedication to partisan and polarizing politics was to, it seems, a march that killed three jobs for each of his ideological existentialism.
STRIKE JOB? - INSERT “BIBLE” WHERE “JOB” IS EVERYWHERE - LIKE: A BIBLE FOR EVERY BLACK MAN, EVERY MAN SO THAT THEY ARE NOT MERE SAVAGES OR SLAVES ONLY TO OTHER MEN?
I am being “Jobian” writing about JOB - I am not the person best to discuss with scholarship Dr. King’s “JOB” or “JOB”. I have no idea how he meant thought: A JOB FOR EVERY BLACK MAN. I don’t know if it was as “white” a condition consideration where a finding of a Holy purpose above savagery and isolation his specific ideological existentialism, and or metaphysical consideration.
It seems irrefutable that Clinton “two-fer” enough in the know to have known they would kill two jobs with every one of these new partisan and polarizing politically correct agendas otherwise effected — it may actually be “Jobian” for first black President, the more black “First Black President” than President Clintons “two-fer” was in their “8? and that we may still yet have a “First Black President” with exclamations more American and historically fulfilling with one not a half-breed but directly up and out of savagery they way they once were more democratically considered.
And as now on review for consideration to a “repeat” President Obama knowingly or not, or not yet, approaches the steps anew to such free markets, such less free markets, historically. President Obama is now up for sale with his labors what they be for our consideration of “p’s & q’s”. He is set up now to be of lashings better meant or deserved by “Hillary” and yet may consider it his “JOB” to just suffer the fool.
Because Democrat Party “grand” strategy needed a corrupted and cooperative bi-partisanship to effect a new think to cover-up their own decades of malfeasance and misconduct and inadequate laboring - our Republicans are set now to run not “against” President Obama but FOR OUR GOVERNORS & WE THE PEOPLE. President Obama is so left the scraps of his partisan politics to run against the Republicans running for what he has been long against.
I don’t know whether Dr. King would be laughing finally or crying today. President Obama can be said to be one of the worst imaginable evolutions of his ministry, though black.
The grayness of the partisan polarizing political agenda of this sect of Democrat Party leadership has the “Party of NO!” set to 2012 elections with a clearer moral clarity. They can stand for clean energy and proudly as we all bare witness now to miracles of science to new higher mileage economies that can only have been from their decades of careful job saving politics kept long supported as well in research and development so that when JOB’s less significant “new and improved” could be ushered in carefully and scientifically without it being a rash partisan knee jerk political a devastation upon a rather socialized private and public jobs construct in our free markets with lower mileage standards long a JOB saver and creator.
We have it obvious that President Bush must have been a “green” equal opportunity employer and leader as otherwise we couldn’t possibly be now witness to so many fast mileage improvements so quickly - we could be here today after Democrat Party rash political market meddling unless Republicans had long purposefully supported all the research and development that was ready so before it was prudent or necessary - unless purpose was to JOB killing. | 2019-04-19T06:38:49Z | http://hogan.jphogan.org/index.php?s=PROUD+NAIL |
There are only three known groups of volant vertebrates. Two are extant: birds and bats. The third group is completely extinct and known only from fossils: pterosaurs. Often referred to colloquially as “pterodactyls”, pterosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles totally foreign to our modern minds, yet in some ways they are incredibly familiar, resembling the dragons of folklore. These prehistoric dragons came in all different sizes, from the tiny 25 cm wingspan of Nemicolopterus crypticus (although not fully grown, it is thought to have been a subadult (Wang et al, 2008)) to the enormous 10-11 m wingspan of azhdarchids like Quetzalcoatlus northropi (Witton et al, 2010), making these azhdarchids the largest known flying animals of all time. Size was not the only significant diversity factor among pterosaurs; rather, some had long necks and short tails, while others had short necks and long tails. Some had elaborate and bizarre cranial crests, some had toothless jaws, some had filter-feeding habits, and some had multicuspid teeth. The great variety of pterosaurs is astounding, and their fossils are known from all seven continents (Barrett et al, 2008), as well as Greenland (Jenkins et al, 2001) and New Zealand (Wiffen and Molnar, 1988). Pterosaur fossils are found in Mesozoic rocks from the Norian of the Upper Triassic to the Maastrichtian of the Upper Cretaceous (Butler et al., 2009; Unwin, 2006; Wellnhofer, 1991). This range is almost identical with that of dinosaurs, however, pterosaurs are not dinosaurs. Dinosaurs have a perforated acetabulum (hole in the hip where the femur articulates), among other features, which pterosaurs do not possess. Although we refer to pterosaurs as reptiles, they would not resemble any of our reptiles we find today. Certainly there are no flying reptiles around us (although there are gliding snakes and lizards), but pterosaurs also possessed a kind of integument consisting of hair-like structures termed pycnofibres (Kellner et al, 2009). These certainly would have been marvelous creatures to behold, majestically soaring far overhead or flapping along golden beaches in search of morsels washing in on crashing waves.
Recognition of the uniqueness of the pterosaur design is inescapable. In fact, Kellner (1996) described 33 features shared by all pterosaurs that no other animal possessed. Even a cursory glance at a pterosaur skeleton will lead to the determination that there is really no other animal like it. Although there have been three vertebrate groups that possessed flight, all three had radically different constructions for their wings. In pterosaurs, the wing is made up of a membrane that stretches from the body to the arm bones (Figure 1). Peculiar to pterosaurs, the fourth digit is greatly elongated, which allows the wing to stretch out much farther than the reach of the arm alone. Also peculiar to pterosaurs is a bone called the pteroid, which allows for a membrane (called the propatagium) to stretch from the wrist back to the shoulder anterior (in front of) the main portion of the wing. Based on fossil evidence, pterosaurs also seemed to have a portion of skin that stretched from the back legs to the tail called the uropatagium.
The question that is raised in paleontological circles when such a unique group is discovered is, “Where did these creatures come from?” Conventional paleontologists, relying solely on naturalistic evolution, have intensely sought for the answer to this question, searching the Triassic pterosaur fossil record for answers. Despite the >200 years of searching, the picture has only become more complicated.
Although the first pterosaur fossil was found in 1784, no Triassic specimens were known until the year 1973, when Rocco Zambelli described the pterosaur Eudimorphodon ranzii (Wellnhofer, 1991) from marine rocks in Italy. The holotype (type specimen) of E. ranzii (Figure 2) was well-preserved, but also very unique for pterosaurs. E. ranzii possessed multicuspid teeth, unlike later pterosaurs which often possessed unicuspid pointed teeth. Remember that in mammals, it is conventionally thought that multicuspid teeth evolved from simple pointed reptilian teeth. The body of Eudimorphodon was not particularly unusual for a “rhamphorhynchoid” (“primitive”, typically long-tailed forms), although later discoveries would show that some Triassic pterosaurs did not possess stiffening rods in their tails as the Jurassic long-tailed pterosaurs do (Dalla Vecchia, 2002).
Eudimorphodon was certainly peculiar, but it did not appear to be the missing link that paleontologists were hoping for. In fact, many researchers consider Eudimorphodon to be a relative of Campylognathoides, which is thought to be one of the more advanced “rhamphorhynchoids”. Further discoveries in Italy turned up two other Triassic pterosaurs: Peteinosaurus and Preondactylus. Peteinosaurus is thought to be a member of Dimorphodontidae, whereas Preondactylus appears to defy assignment to a particular group. Unwin (2003) considered Preondactylus the most primitive pterosaur, whereas Kellner (2003) considered Anurognathidae to be the most primitive group of pterosaurs (despite the fact that anurognathids do not appear until the Middle Jurassic). Preondactylus does have some unique features, but once again, it has all the necessary features of a pterosaur.
Further Triassic pterosaurs were discovered over the years. A new species of Eudimorphodon was found in Italy: E. rosenfeldi, which was later placed in a new genus (Carniadactylus rosenfeldi) (Dalla Vecchia, 2009a). Another species of Eudimorphodon (‘E.’ cromptonellus) was found in Triassic lacustrine deposits of Greenland (Jenkins et al, 2001); however, it is thought that ‘E.’ cromptonellus does not belong in the genus Eudimorphodon either (Dalla Vecchia, 2009a). Also discovered was Austriadactylus, a crested form from Austria (Dalla Vecchia et al, 2002) and later also found in Italy (Dalla Vecchia, 2009b). Switzerland has yielded two more Triassic pterosaurs: Raeticodactylus and Caviramus, although Dalla Vecchia (2009a) concluded that Caviramus is actually Raeticodactylus. There are several specimens from the Alps that most likely represent new species (Dalla Vecchia, 2009a), such as BSP 1994 I 51, which was originally described as a specimen of E. ranzii (Wellnhofer, 2003). A recently discovered form from Brazil, Faxinalipterus, was hailed as the most primitive pterosaur known (Bonaparate et al, 2010), but Dalla Vecchia (2013) concluded that the remains are most likely not even pterosaurian. A recently discovered jaw from the Chinle Formation of Petrified National Forest, Arizona, U.S.A. is thought to be from a pterosaur (Whatley et al, 2013). There are several discoveries of multicuspid teeth attributed to pterosaurs from the Norian and Rhaetian of Europe and North America, but Dalla Vecchia (2013) noted that unrelated and contemporaneous synapsid chiniquodonts and “dromatheriids” have very similar teeth, so this casts doubt on the pterosaurian nature of these teeth.
One thing is apparent from this list: at the initial onset of pterosaurs in the fossil record, there are already several species, and they span across a good portion of the globe (especially when including a currently undescribed specimen from Argentina). There are at least 4 families of pterosaurs represented in the Triassic: “Preondactylidae”, Campylognathoididae, Dimorphodontidae, and Raeticodactylidae (Andres et al, 2014). Thus, the earliest appearance of pterosaurs is anything but simple. In fact, the diversity is even more complex as Dalla Vecchia (2009a) determined that ‘E.’ cromptonellus and specimen BSP 1994 I 51 appear to be outside of Campylognathoididae (although he found the raeticodactylids to be within Campylognathoididae). Interestingly, this is a similar situation to other groups in the fossil record. “Pelycosaurs”, therapsids, dinosaurs, and many other groups all show up in the fossil record with great diversity already in place. This also matches the pattern seen in the Cambrian Explosion, albeit on a much smaller scale.
Despite the great diversity, Triassic pterosaur specimens are incredibly rare. The number of known fossil specimens of definite Triassic pterosaurs is 32 or less (McLain et al, 2014). This differs greatly from much of the rest of the pterosaur fossil record where individual pterosaur species can be known from 30 or even over 1000 specimens (Kellner, 2010). Almost all of the known unquestionable pterosaur specimens are from marine deposits, the only exclusions being ‘E.’ cromptonellus from a presumed lacustrine deposit, and the newly found jaw from the terrestrial Chinle Formation. In fact, Dalla Vecchia (2013) noted that all unequivocal Norian pterosaur specimens are from the tropical margins of the Pangean gulf of Tethys. The general lack of pterosaurs in Triassic terrestrial deposits is puzzling, especially since there are Triassic sites with exquisite preservation of vertebrates such as Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, U.S.A. and the Karoo Basin of South Africa. This is also puzzling as pterosaurs presumably evolved from terrestrial ancestors. The complete lack of any “proto-pterosaurs” in the Triassic terrestrial deposits is problematic for naturalistic evolutionary theory. A possible solution suggested by Dalla Vecchia (2013) is that the “proto-pterosaurs” were non-volant and were living far away from sites where excellent preservation would occur. A similar suggestion has been made for the lack of ancestral forms to hard-bodied Cambrian taxa. Although preservational bias does appear to have a noticeable effect among pterosaurs (Butler et al, 2013), it seems like it would be easier to fossilize the non-flying ancestors of pterosaurs, with their less fragile bones, than their flying descendants.
Interestingly, there are no known Triassic pterosaur footprints. In fact, the pterosaur footprint record starts in the Upper Jurassic, although there may be a few examples of Middle Jurassic pterosaur tracks (Lockley et al, 2008). The sudden appearance of pterosaur tracks in the Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous coincides well with the explosion of pterosaur taxic diversity and paleoenvironmental diversity in the same interval (McLain, 2012).
Might the Flood provide a better explanation for the pterosaur fossil record? It is possible. Since pterosaurs are so incredibly distinct (i.e., they are discontinuous from all other organisms), it seems unlikely that they evolved from terrestrial reptiles. Thus, creationists would not expect to find any “proto-pterosaur” fossils. Additionally, pterosaurs might be buried based on habitat preference or flight ability rather than evolutionary stage. This might explain why more “advanced rhamphorhynchoids” such as Eudimorphodon would be buried alongside more “primitive rhamphorhynchoids” such as Peteinosaurus and Preondactylus. Rather than finding a trunk to the pterosaur tree at the bottom of the pterosaur fossil record, which the naturalistic evolutionist paleontologist might expect to see, the evidence suggests the lowest pterosaurs in the fossil record are already very diverse in the number of species, as well as the number of families.
Even just a quick glimpse at a small subset of pterosaurs provides a fascinating view at a bizarre and beautiful world that we are only beginning to grasp. Triassic pterosaurs seem to defy the expectations of many researchers just as the initial discovery of the first pterosaur specimen in 1784 did for those who had never even imagined such a creature. Pterosaurs – Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous forms – present for us an excellent lesson in science: when what we expect to see does not match reality, it is necessary for us to go back and challenge the things we thought we knew, for in them there is much assumption, and not all assumption is well-placed.
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Wiffen, J., and Molnar, R.E., 1988, First pterosaur from New Zealand: Alcheringa, v. 12, p. 53–59. | 2019-04-26T00:24:04Z | https://www.grisda.org/pterosaurs-of-the-triassic-1 |
The new International Health Regulations (IHR) require World Health Organization (WHO) member states to assess their core capacity for surveillance. Such reviews also have the potential to identify important surveillance gaps, improve the organisation of disparate surveillance systems and to focus attention on upstream hazards, determinants and interventions.
We developed a surveillance sector review method for evaluating all of the surveillance systems and related activities across a sector, in this case those concerned with infectious diseases in New Zealand. The first stage was a systematic description of these surveillance systems using a newly developed framework and classification system. Key informant interviews were conducted to validate the available information on the systems identified.
We identified 91 surveillance systems and related activities in the 12 coherent categories of infectious diseases examined. The majority (n = 40 or 44%) of these were disease surveillance systems. They covered all categories, particularly for more severe outcomes including those resulting in death or hospitalisations. Except for some notifiable diseases and influenza, surveillance of less severe, but important infectious diseases occurring in the community was largely absent. There were 31 systems (34%) for surveillance of upstream infectious disease hazards, including risk and protective factors. This area tended to have many potential gaps and lack integration, partly because such systems were operated by a range of different agencies, often outside the health sector. There were fewer surveillance systems for determinants, including population size and characteristics (n = 9), and interventions (n = 11).
It was possible to create and populate a workable framework for describing all the infectious diseases surveillance systems and related activities in a single developed country and to identify potential surveillance sector gaps. This is the first stage in a review process that will lead to identification of priorities for surveillance sector development.
The new International Health Regulations (IHR), which came into force in June 2007, require World Health Organization (WHO) member states to assess their core capacity for surveillance and response within two years from this date. Such actions should strengthen the capacity of nations to detect infectious diseases that may represent potential public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC), notify such events to the WHO, and implement appropriate early interventions .
Reviewing surveillance systems for infectious diseases also has the potential to identify worthwhile improvements to the organisation of such systems at a country-level. It may also identify gaps in these systems and whether or not important diseases, hazards, determinants, and interventions are under surveillance at all.
We describe in this article a review of these systems and use the term surveillance sector review as this work seeks to identify and examine all of the important surveillance activities across a defined area of disease burden. This approach is therefore distinct from, but complementary to, established methods that concentrate on evaluation of specific surveillance systems . Such methods have often focused on important system attributes such as timeliness , sensitivity , and ability to detect outbreaks , though they have also been applied to evaluation of quite broad disease surveillance systems .
A surveillance sector review builds upon concepts of more integrated surveillance promoted by the WHO, notably for linking surveillance and action . We broaden this approach to consider hazards, consistent with the Global Burden of Disease focus on risk factors and their surveillance (eg, the STEPS programme for surveillance of risk factors for non-communicable diseases ). Our approach is also consistent with frameworks for environmental health surveillance (such as the DPSEEA: Driving-force - Pressure - State - Exposure - Effect - Action framework) that consider the causal web of policies and factors that contribute to health outcomes . Here we attempt to extend the concept of integrated surveillance to an entire disease sector including associated health hazards, determinants and interventions.
In this article we aim to: (i) Present a framework for describing and categorising diverse surveillance systems and illustrate this by applying it to all of the surveillance systems operating for one disease sector in a single developed country (in this case infectious diseases in New Zealand); (ii) Present an approach for systematically reviewing the public health surveillance systems operating across a broad public health sector (a surveillance sector review); and (iii) Discuss preliminary findings from this review to illustrate its use for identifying potential surveillance sector gaps that require assessment in later stages of the surveillance sector review.
Since we could identify no published model or framework in the literature for systematically describing and categorising a full range of surveillance systems, we developed one for this review. We took our basic definition of public health surveillance to be: "the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data regarding a health-related event for use in public health action to reduce morbidity and to improve health" .
For this review, we interpreted health-related events to include diseases and also upstream hazards and determinants as well as interventions that relate to infectious diseases. Diseases were taken to include injury, changes in health status and health outcomes. Hazards were defined as risk and protective factors (including behaviour, population vulnerability, agent characteristics, and exposures) that may affect health through specific, direct causal mechanisms. Determinants were causal factors that may affect health through multiple, often indirect pathways. Interventions were actions taken to control or prevent the occurrence of disease or to minimise its negative health effects.
We used the concept of upstream to refer to events and factors that were causally related to the disease or other health outcome of interest, and preceded it. For example, these can be proximal hazards, such as exposure to a person with active tuberculosis, or more distal determinants, such as socio-economic position and household crowding . Interventions concerned with prevention may precede disease (primary prevention) or be focused on reducing the effects of disease (secondary and tertiary prevention). The hypothesised relationship between these components of surveillance is shown in Figure 1.
Framework for classifying events under surveillance (diseases, hazards, determinants and interventions) based on their position along the causal pathway.
Public health surveillance has multiple aims. To facilitate the functional classification of surveillance systems, we have grouped these aims into two broad purposes: control-focused and strategy-focused (see Appendix 1). The purpose of control-focused surveillance is to identify each occurrence of a particular disease, hazard, or other health-related event that requires a specific response and support delivery of an effective intervention. For example, a single case of polio, a common-source salmonellosis outbreak, a shipment of contaminated produce, or an un-immunised child. The purpose of strategy-focused surveillance is to provide information to support prevention strategies to reduce population health risk, such as describing the epidemiology of the annual influenza season and the characteristics of the seasonal influenza viruses. Control-focused surveillance usually provides information that can also be used for strategy-focused surveillance, so these purposes are often combined within the same surveillance activity. By contrast, strategy-focused surveillance cannot generally support control-focused surveillance.
• Event surveillance - defined as "prospective surveillance to identify in a timely manner each occurrence of a particular health-related event, including disease and injury cases, outbreaks, health hazards and interventions".
• Screening - defined as "surveillance to identify a particular inapparent disease or pre-disposing risk factor in all members of a specified population, or a particular health hazard in specified settings or environments".
• Service tracking - defined as "surveillance to identify delivery and non-delivery of a particular intervention or programme of agreed quality to specified individuals, populations, and settings".
• Prevalence surveys - "surveillance based on repeated surveys to measure the prevalence over time of a particular disease or injury, health state, health hazard, health determinant or intervention use in a specified population or setting". It ideally involves a representative sample of the population or setting of interest.
• Monitoring - defined as "surveillance based on collection and periodic analysis and interpretation of information to characterise the occurrence and distribution of a particular health-related event, including disease and injury cases, health states, health hazards, interventions, and determinants." It may use data derived from event surveillance, screening, service tracking, or from samples of events (eg, sentinel surveillance, episodic surveillance).
These key terms are consistent with definitions in standard use , though they have been adapted for this application to surveillance. In this framework, screening can extend to hazards as in behavioural risk factor screening , and environmental screening (eg, screening for resistant organisms in hospitals , or microbial contaminants in drinking water ).
The framework we have developed for conducting a surveillance sector review follows the broad stages shown in Figure 2. We describe each stage in more detail below and refer to how these stages were applied as part of this review work in the New Zealand context.
Framework for carrying out a surveillance sector review (note that stage 2 forms the major part of this paper).
It is important to establish the aims and scope of the review. This process will usually be part of negotiating the mandate and resources for the work. Given that public health surveillance is based on a collaborative network of organisations and public health professionals, it is important to engage effectively with the key stakeholders, including end-users and surveillance system operators . We found that this was feasible in the New Zealand setting to the stage reached in this work.
To apply this framework to the infectious disease sector, we divided it into meaningful categories. In the New Zealand setting, this step was facilitated by adapting a pre-existing set of infectious diseases categories from a national infectious disease strategy . This process resulted in the following 12 categories based on logical groupings of diseases: vaccine preventable infections; respiratory infections; infections from close physical contact; sexually transmitted infections (STIs); congenital and perinatal infections; blood and tissue borne infections; hospital acquired infections (HAIs) and antibiotic resistance; food borne infections; environmental and water borne infections; zoonotic infections; vector borne infections; and new, exotic and imported infections.
It is then necessary to identify the surveillance systems operating in each category, which we were also able to do for New Zealand (see Additional File 1). In this country many of these systems had a specific name and identity and were managed by a single agency (eg, the notifiable disease surveillance system). Some classification difficulties arose where an agency operated a range of related surveillance activities that shared some common characteristics (eg, the Institute for Environmental Science and Research - ESR - operates several systems for laboratory testing of different groups of microorganisms) or a common information collecting pathway for information that was subsequently analysed and reported on for two different surveillance purposes (eg, the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit includes acute flaccid paralysis surveillance along with strategy-focused surveillance of a range of paediatric conditions). The resulting listing of surveillance systems could be presented diagrammatically as a surveillance sector map using the framework shown in Figure 1.
The next step is a systematic description of each identified system using the framework described in the previous section (see Additional File 2). In this review we have tabulated for each system the following features: Event under surveillance; Main purpose; Coverage (population or setting); System type; Reporting source; Local/regional collation; and National collation. There is a great deal of additional information which could be used to describe surveillance systems, notably a summary of the system architecture, information collected, resources used, and system performance. We considered this information less critical for this stage of the review for New Zealand, so have not presented it here.
This component describes the surveillance information requirements of end-users. It follows a somewhat analogous approach to the previous section, except that it focuses on information users rather than providers.
The first step is identifying the agencies and practitioners responsible for disease prevention and control in each disease category. These agencies and practitioners include central government end-users (such as the Ministry of Health), regional agencies (such as public health services) and institutional end-users (such as hospital infection control staff), as well as practitioners working at a range of levels inside and outside the health sector. A major focus of this analysis is characterising end-user information needs according to purpose using the same distinction as already noted: control-focused surveillance where end-users need to identify and respond to every infectious disease event or scenario (which would include IHR requirements); and strategy-focused surveillance where end-users would be asked to define the broad types of strategic information they needed on infectious disease burden to enable them to formulate prevention policies and programmes and measure their effectiveness. An important part of this assessment would be asking end-users to identify their likely future surveillance information needs. This step would be particularly important for identifying uncommon and novel threats that require control-focused surveillance.
Information gathering includes interviewing key informants from these agencies and reviewing their infectious disease prevention and control strategies. It may also be useful to review the aims of infectious disease surveillance systems operating in other comparable countries.
This component is closely aligned to the kind of assessment that would be produced from evaluation of a specific surveillance system . In particular, it seeks to gather empirical data on the performance of each individual surveillance system according to system attributes such as usefulness. The performance of the surveillance systems would be assessed according to the critical attributes required for control-focused surveillance (timeliness, sensitivity, stability) and strategy-focused surveillance (representativeness, completeness and validity).
Information gathering would ideally be based on reviewing completed evaluations of existing surveillance systems. This evidence base is generally quite limited, so instead would often have to use semi-quantitative assessments based on reviewing the outputs of existing systems and interviews with system operators and users. For control-focused surveillance it should usually be possible to estimate timeliness from assessing time-delays in each step of the reporting pathway . Estimating sensitivity may be more difficult and usually requires use of multiple surveillance sources (eg, by a capture-recapture method ).
For surveillance of uncommon events and those that have not yet occurred, it would be necessary to use scenario-based exercises to assess system performance. This requirement applies to many of the events that are covered by IHR requirements (where timeliness is probably the single most important system attribute to assess ).
This component identifies high-level deficiencies in existing systems, processes and arrangements. We defined nine types of surveillance sector "gaps" in three broad categories (Table 1). The first category is leadership and resource gaps, which concern the whole sector. They include potential gaps in the leadership and organisational structures to prioritise, develop and coordinate the sector (leadership and organisational gap) as well as potential gaps in the workforce and other resources needed to sustain surveillance systems (workforce gap, resource gap).
The second category is design and structural gaps, which aim to identify important disease events, hazards, determinants or interventions that are not covered by surveillance systems. This category is concerned with situations where there is no system for surveillance of an important event (system gap). Or an established system has not been designed to collect all of the important information to meet its intended purpose (scope gap) or is not covering the necessary populations or settings (coverage gap).
The third broad category is operation and functional gaps. These gaps include a focus on the performance of a surveillance system (performance gap) which is closely aligned to the kind of assessment that would be produced from a specific surveillance system evaluation . We also identified a surveillance integration gap where "surveillance systems exist but do not link information in a way that supports optimal surveillance, prevention and control measures". A related type is analysis and communication gap, which is concerned with ensuring that information generated by multiple surveillance activities across the sector is being analysed and communicated in an optimal manner to support public health action.
Once these gaps have been identified they would be assessed according to their importance. This assessment would be based on the surveillance information needs identified under stage three above. It is likely that it would be supported by the use of a rating system that categorised gaps according to their importance, distinguishing control-focused and strategy-focused priority areas. There are approaches for identifying disease surveillance priorities that consider such factors as incidence, impact, preventability and outbreak potential . Burden of disease type analyses would also be useful to highlight the hazard areas contributing most infectious diseases and therefore particularly deserving of surveillance .
This stage seeks to identify the recommended approaches for improving surveillance sector effectiveness. It includes identifying options for addressing high priority gaps and the selection of optimal approaches.
This stage would review the broad institutional arrangements for surveillance and associated activities to identify the extent to which these might need to be modified to achieve the necessary sector improvements. These institutional arrangements include national surveillance functions (eg, surveillance system operation, information collection, integration, analysis, laboratory testing, interpretation, dissemination, aberration detection, investigation, modelling, quality assurance), national response functions (eg, strategy formulation, policy advice, communication, outbreak and epidemic management, emergency response planning and management, linking to other government agencies), national capacity development functions (eg, sector engagement and governance, system planning, evaluation and development, workforce training and development), and regional/local surveillance and response functions (eg, operation of regional/local infectious disease surveillance systems, outbreak detection investigation and management, periodic analysis, reporting and interpretation of infectious disease distribution, integration of data from multiple surveillance sources, development of prevention strategies).
The final part of this stage would be to select priority options and recommended approaches for improving surveillance sector effectiveness. This process would need to include a high level of engagement with the surveillance sector across agencies, levels and disciplinary groups.
This final stage seeks to communicate the findings of the review to stakeholders. Depending on the mandate, the review might extend to implementing the findings. For the New Zealand situation we were able to report findings to the Ministry of Health and also aim to reach the broader health sector in this country through describing some of the findings in this article.
New Zealand was selected for this review because of the authors' in-depth familiarity with its systems and because this country is small and organisationally simple for a developed country (ie, it has no state or provincial governments and no agencies at the national level with significantly competing roles). Furthermore, infectious diseases remain an important concern for this country's health sector given the role they play in morbidity and mortality and the absence of an overall decline in incidence or health impact [18, 19].
We carried out an extensive review that aimed to identify all the current infectious disease surveillance systems in New Zealand. A literature review was performed by searching articles in Ovid Medline using MESH headings and Google Scholar, using search terms such as "surveillance", "infectious disease" and "New Zealand". Articles from 1 January 1990 to December 2009 were included in the search. The search also covered key websites of national surveillance providers such as the website of ESR and the websites of surveillance end-users such as those of the Ministry of Health, Department of Labour, Ministry for the Environment, Pharmac, Medsafe, Statistics New Zealand, New Zealand Food Safety Authority and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (which includes Biosecurity New Zealand). Information was mainly extracted from reports found on these websites, however some information was also found directly from the websites themselves. Information was also found by referring to key infectious disease guidelines such as the Ministry of Health's "Communicable Disease Control Manual" , and the "Manual for Public Health Surveillance in New Zealand" . As the information was found, it was summarised in tabular form to identify and describe the systems.
Once an extensive review had been performed, key informants with expertise in infectious diseases in New Zealand were interviewed either by telephone (n = 6) or face-to-face (n = 12) to clarify and confirm the information gathered. Informants were either academics, working for agencies that run infectious disease surveillance, or specialised clinicians involved in the infectious disease part of the health sector. At least one informant specialising in each of the 12 infectious diseases categories was interviewed and each was asked to critically review the information related to their area of expertise. They were also asked whether there were any systems that had not been identified for disease, hazard, determinant or intervention surveillance. The final draft of the document was also reviewed by 13 of the same informants. Results were further checked by the authors through direct inquiries with public health workers and surveillance system operators and review of published material.
The final revision of the manuscript for this article benefited from discussions that took place as part of a subsequent Ministry of Health review of New Zealand's infectious disease surveillance capacity.
For the 12 coherent categories of infectious diseases examined, we identified 91 systems and related activities for surveillance of diseases, hazards, determinants and interventions. These systems are shown in Additional File 1 and listed in more detail in Additional File 2. As noted in the Methods Section, some of these activities are not formally described as public health surveillance systems but do provide essential ongoing information (eg, the five-yearly population census). There is also potential to combine or sub-divide some of these systems (eg, the notifiable disease surveillance system). Consequently, the final total of systems is somewhat arbitrary.
We identified 40 systems (44% of the total) for surveillance of infectious diseases and outcomes. All 12 infectious disease categories were covered, to varying degrees. Several systems monitored disease outcomes in multiple categories, such as the Mortality Data Collection (deaths), National Minimum Data Set (NMDS) (hospitalisations), the Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit (uncommon infections in children)[25, 26], Notifiable Occupational Disease Surveillance System (infections acquired at work) , and outbreak surveillance. In addition, most disease categories also had specialised surveillance systems for specific diseases, notably influenza [29–31], HIV/AIDS [32, 33], sexually transmitted infections (STIs) , transfusion related infections , Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) , and HAIs [36, 37].
The surveillance of upstream hazards for infectious diseases used a further 31 identified systems (34% of the total). All categories of infectious disease had hazards that were covered, except for infections from close physical contact. These systems could be considered in several ways, including the types of hazards under surveillance. Several systems (n = 4) focused on surveillance of microbial agents and their characteristics, notably antimicrobial resistance surveillance of organisms from humans and food animals and surveillance of agents in relation to vaccine composition [40, 41]. Seven systems focused on behavioural factors (knowledge, attitudes, practices) influencing infectious disease risk. These factors included sexual behaviour [42, 43], tobacco use , food handling , hand washing by healthcare staff in hospitals , hand sanitiser use by hospital visitors [47, 48], and registration of skin piercing practitioners . Two systems focused on identifying infected people who might pose an infectious disease risk to others, including hospitalised patients and pregnant women [50–52]. Only one system specifically measured exposure incidents, and that was for needle-stick injuries (although data were not collated nationally).
Five systems were concerned with surveillance of contamination levels of food [53–56] and drinking water. Four systems were concerned with surveillance of specific environmental events and contaminant levels in a range of settings, including recreational water , and less developed systems for cooling towers, swimming pools, and hospital operative equipment.
There were a total of five systems concerned with surveillance of zoonotic infections that might also pose a risk to human health [59–64]. We identified a further three systems concerned with borders and introduction of new pathogens and their vectors (focusing on detection of mosquito vectors [65, 66], arboviruses , and other pests and new organisms ).
We have listed six activities that generate data on the size of the potentially exposed population. On their own, these activities are not surveillance systems but are included in this review because of the critical information they provide for surveillance purposes. For example, the five-yearly census provided population data for most infectious disease categories . These data were supplemented by more specialised sources where specific sub-populations were relevant, notably for births , overseas travellers , and the hospitalised population. Apart from providing basic demographic data, these data sources generally did not provide much information about the characteristics of those populations that could be used to assess risk and protective factors. A recent addition is New Zealand Health Tracker, which combines data from multiple national data collections, along with primary health organisation (PHO) enrolments, to provide denominator populations that can be analysed according to chronic disease status.
In addition to population size and characteristics, we identified three other determinant areas where information was being gathered. These areas were socio-economic [72–74], environmental , and health sector conditions . All of these areas were monitored and reported on by central government agencies. However, results were not fully integrated into the infectious disease surveillance sector. The one exception was socio-economic position where disease cases could be linked to the deprivation level of their domicile area (via the small area-based deprivation measure: NZDep2006 ) allowing the impact of socio-economic inequalities to be measured and monitored over time.
We identified 11 surveillance systems that focused on interventions. Such surveillance was most evident for vaccine preventable infections with four systems for aspects of immunisation coverage [30, 78–81], plus adverse events surveillance [82, 83], and cold-chain monitoring for vaccines [84, 85]. There was a system for surveillance of food borne disease interventions (auditing of food control plans ), compliance with drinking water standards , and the capacity for surveillance of contact tracing and prophylaxis (tuberculosis, meningococcal disease, hepatitis A, and pandemic influenza).
The key features of all 91 identified infectious diseases surveillance systems and related activities are systematically described in Additional File 2. All the systems had a specific event(s) under surveillance. The disease surveillance systems (n = 40) mostly monitored disease outcome by measuring disease incidence. The hazard (n = 31), determinant and population (n = 9) and intervention (n = 11) surveillance systems varied in the type of event they were monitoring. For example, upstream surveillance for vaccine preventable infections focused on vaccine coverage (which we have classified as an intervention, but which could also be a hazard if the focus is on the risk posed by under-immunised populations) [78, 80].
We classified 44 systems (48%) as exclusively strategy-focused, 11 systems (12%) as control-focused, and 36 systems (40%) as meeting both control and strategy purposes. There was a tendency towards more control-focused surveillance of hazards and interventions than was seen for diseases and determinants.
Each surveillance system had a set population or setting it aimed to cover. For many of the disease surveillance systems this was the total population, however some systems were aimed at specific subgroups (eg, the Notifiable Occupational Disease System covers only those who are employed ). Most of the hazard surveillance systems covered only a sample of the population or settings. The surveillance of determinants aimed to cover a representative sample of the whole population or specific environments, using the census and large-scale national surveys and data collections. Coverage for the surveillance of interventions depended on the intervention. Since most interventions aimed to reach an entire population, the associated surveillance activity was similarly based (and depended on a representative sample of the target population, or all individuals in that population if it was tracking delivery of the intervention).
The identified surveillance systems varied in their type (as defined in the Methods Section). Disease surveillance was generally based on event surveillance (n = 15) and monitoring (n = 15) of incident cases. There was less use of active methods such as screening (n = 5) and prevalence surveys (n = 4). Multiple system types were used in some environments (eg, HAI surveillance in hospitals). Hazard surveillance was more reliant on active information collection processes, notably screening (n = 10), and periodic prevalence surveys (n = 6), though still used event surveillance (n = 4) and monitoring (n = 3). Determinant surveillance, including measuring the size and characteristics of the population, used monitoring (n = 4), periodic prevalence surveys (n = 3), and combinations of the two (n = 2). Intervention surveillance tended to use service tracking (n = 7), with far less use of monitoring (n = 2), and prevalence surveys (n = 1).
Surveillance systems require data collection, collation and analysis. Key features of the system architecture are summarised in Additional File 2, which lists the reporting source, local/regional collation, and national collation. Occasionally the same group undertook all three tasks within a surveillance system eg, some surveillance by the New Zealand Food Safety Authority [53–56], and Biosecurity New Zealand [59–63, 86, 87]. But usually data were reported by different individuals from those who performed the collation and analysis.
Most disease surveillance systems, not surprisingly, were dependent on clinicians recognising and reporting cases. There is a legal requirement to report certain diseases (eg, the notifiable disease system), while others are reported voluntarily (eg, to the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit [25, 26]). Hazard surveillance involved a much wider range of reporting sources, which tended to be associated with a particular activity or product, often monitored at the industry level and only scrutinised at the national level periodically or if an outbreak occurs. Determinant surveillance was run at a national level by relevant government agencies. Intervention surveillance was run by varying groups depending on the specific intervention under surveillance.
About one third of data collation and analysis included a local or regional level prior to transmission to a national-level agency. This is a key role for public health services where such data are used to guide control-focused actions such as contact management and outbreak investigation and control. This function also happens at an institutional level, such as for District Health Board (DHB) infection control surveillance. At the national level, collation functions were often performed by groups within the relevant policy agency (notably Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Labour, Accident Compensation Corporation, Ministry for the Environment). There were also several specialised surveillance agencies and units that performed these national collation, analysis and reporting functions on contract to the Ministry of Health (notably ESR, New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit, AIDS Epidemiology Group, Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring). In the case of Statistics New Zealand, the collection, analysis and dissemination of robust data are its core business activities.
• Potential surveillance systems gaps: These gaps occur when there is no surveillance system established for important disease events, upstream hazards, determinants or interventions. Assessing such gaps depends on knowledge of which events are important. However, it is reasonable to assume that all disease areas should have sufficient surveillance systems to be able to characterise the disease burden and identify emerging health threats.
All infectious disease categories had systems in place for disease surveillance, at least for severe outcomes like deaths and hospitalisation [22, 23]. Two areas appeared to have a comprehensive set of established systems covering diseases, hazards, and interventions. These areas were surveillance of vaccine preventable infections and food borne infections. They included many of the diseases that are prone to outbreaks and are under intensive ongoing surveillance through the notifiable disease surveillance system. Both areas regularly analysed and reported on disease burden and used this information to inform prevention activities [80, 88]. At the other extreme, respiratory infections and infections from close contact appeared poorly covered by surveillance systems, with little focus on upstream hazards and interventions. Although individual hospitals had systems for surveillance of hospital-acquired infections, there was little aggregation of these data nationally.
Potential surveillance system gaps tended to be for less severe illness at the community and primary care level. There was a particular lack of a well established primary care surveillance system, except for notifiable diseases , influenza-like illness , and some events under laboratory surveillance . New Zealand has successfully piloted syndromic surveillance in the past for conditions such as gastroenteritis and skin and subcutaneous tissue infection . But such surveillance is now largely absent (except for influenza-like illness ).
There were many potential gaps in hazard surveillance. For congenital and perinatal infections, national surveillance of HIV infection in pregnancy has only recently commenced [51, 52] and there is little national surveillance of other infectious hazards in this category. Behavioural risk factor surveillance remains limited for STIs [42, 43]. The New Zealand Sexual Health Survey, which aimed to collect data on health-related risk and protective behaviours was piloted in 2006, but is currently (as of 2009) either on hold or possibly abandoned. There is little surveillance of hazards for respiratory infections, apart from smoking and no surveillance for factors influencing the risk of infections from close physical contact, such as skin infections. By contrast, some categories of infectious disease included multiple hazard surveillance systems, such as food borne infections [53–56].
There were not many surveillance systems aimed at monitoring disease interventions and therefore many potential gaps. In some instances, such as surveillance of contact prophylaxis and treatment, there is considerable disease control work being carried out by health professionals. However, the surveillance systems have not been fully developed and implemented to capture such data so that it can be used to guide disease control practices and prevention policies.
• Potential surveillance scope gaps: These gaps occur where a surveillance system is established, but its type, range of events covered, and scope of information it is designed to collect does not meet its purpose. Some of these potential gaps are apparent from the systematic descriptions presented here.
Some of the surveillance systems identified did not monitor the full range of important events within their scope. An example is latent or asymptomatic disease (eg, HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection, and some STIs). These forms of infection are poorly covered by most infectious disease surveillance systems, which are orientated towards measuring the incidence of acute clinical infections. Such diseases are often not diagnosed until disease is symptomatic and more serious. A new Public Health Bill has been proposed for New Zealand to classify Chlamydia infection, gonorrhoea, HIV infection and syphilis as notifiable diseases . This change should improve STI surveillance and guide prevention efforts to reduce disease.
A further issue around scope arises from the observation that some (n = 11) of the control-focused surveillance systems do not supply information to support strategy-focused surveillance (eg, serological testing of new prison inmates, immigrant screening for tuberculosis, most antenatal screening for infectious diseases). This problem is particularly common in surveillance of upstream hazards in healthcare settings (eg, surveillance of patients colonised with high risk organisms and contaminated operative equipment) and for hazards in the community (eg, surveillance of contaminants in cooling towers and public swimming pools). All of these systems have the potential to supply aggregated data for strategy-focused surveillance.
The type of surveillance systems appeared to match their main purpose, at least as described. For example, control-focused systems used types of surveillance (ie, event surveillance, screening, and service tracking) that should be able to provide suitable surveillance information to support their purpose. However, it is not possible to say from a description that these systems achieved the necessary performance (eg, in terms of high sensitivity and timeliness).
• Potential surveillance coverage gaps: Some surveillance systems identified the appropriate events but did not monitor all of the necessary populations or settings. One example was the clinic-based surveillance of STIs. Data were only reported from participating sexual health clinics, family planning clinics, and student and youth health clinics . Many individuals with STIs see their general practitioner and consequently may not be recorded (except through laboratory-based surveillance which remains incomplete ). Consequently, STI surveillance data are far from being representative of the general population.
Another example is the surveillance of refugees and immigrants entering New Zealand. All quota refugees are monitored through the Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre . However this system misses the refugees entering under family reunification or asylum seekers for whom there is no organised screening programme . Another coverage gap is for HAIs. Data are collected on various HAIs within each hospital and to a certain extent each DHB. However, because the databases and denominator information used within each DHB are different, it is difficult to collate and compare data nationally .
As far as we can ascertain, this is the first published attempt to describe the entire infectious disease surveillance sector at a country level. Furthermore, it is also unique in encompassing upstream hazards, determinants and interventions along with the more traditional emphasis on disease and health outcomes. This description represents the first major stage in a surveillance sector review aimed at identifying high priority improvements to these integrated sector-wide systems.
In this small, developed country, all categories of infectious disease had some form of surveillance, at least for severe outcomes. Most of the large, widely used national infectious disease surveillance systems were aimed at measuring disease outcomes, particularly disease incidence. There were many smaller, narrower systems looking at specific infectious disease hazards. However, these systems generally did not attempt to cover all the hazards in a disease category and thus there are many potential surveillance gaps that require further assessment. The surveillance of interventions was even less well covered with only a small number of systems identified for the whole infectious disease sector. The surveillance of determinants was achieved by large-scale prevalence surveys and ongoing monitoring by national policy agencies.
A surveillance sector review approach has some advantages compared with evaluating individual surveillance systems (see Appendix 2). It deliberately 'looks at the forest instead of the trees'. This perspective allows consideration of a wider set of issues than would be covered by evaluation of individual surveillance systems . In particular, it can consider sector development in a more strategic way, and specifically identify gaps in surveillance and areas where investing greater effort could result in public health gain. For that reason, a surveillance sector review should be a useful tool to support the assessment requirements of the new IHR which take an all-hazards approach .
One generic driver is the need to shift the focus to upstream hazards and determinants to provide a surveillance base to support prevention actions. Such a shift requires knowledge of disease causal pathways to identify suitable upstream surveillance points.
A related strength of the surveillance sector review approach is that it supports opportunities for greater integration of surveillance activities. Such integration could occur across diseases or between disease and upstream hazards, determinants and interventions. One consequence of such integration could be a gain in efficiency if the review process identifies surveillance activities that could be stopped (eg, where there was duplication or where effort could be shifted upstream to a more suitable surveillance point).
The categorisation we are using may also provide useful insights when considering opportunities for improved surveillance. Such opportunities may come from deliberately building surveillance activities on existing disease control activities. For example, we identified a number of control-focused surveillance activities, such as needle-stick injury surveillance, where these is currently no collation of information for strategy-focused purposes. Utilising such information sources is likely to be more efficient than developing separate surveillance systems.
A surveillance sector review approach also has disadvantages and limitations (see Appendix 2). By its very nature, this approach provides only a broad overview of the surveillance systems operating across a disease sector. It does not attempt to evaluate the performance of individual systems in depth. That process requires a far more intense focus on individual systems. Methods for such evaluation are well described .
This review method also has a number of definitional difficulties, including: establishing the scope of public health surveillance activities; distinguishing these activities from investigation and research; deciding how surveillance activities should be divided or aggregated; and drawing the boundaries of the sector being reviewed (in this case infectious diseases).
The defining features of public health surveillance systems are that the activity is: (i) ongoing, (ii) based on collection and use of information, and (iii) linked to public health action to protect and improve health . Some of the systems included in this review do not currently have all of these features. Because this review process is attempting to identify opportunities for surveillance sector improvement, we took a wide approach to identifying information gathering processes that might contribute to infectious disease control and prevention, even if not currently defined as a surveillance system (eg, inspection and testing of cooling towers for organisms that cause legionellosis). A related issue was whether to include systems that are only operating at a local level, particularly those at the pilot stage. This review has erred on the side of including such systems, particularly where they illustrate an approach that has potential for further development. An example is the pilot sentinel system for influenza-like illness surveillance based in one hospital emergency department .
A related boundary is with investigation and research. Given that such activities are not usually ongoing, they are not included as surveillance systems. However, prevalence surveys and other studies can be repeated periodically to provide ongoing information. And many surveillance activities are highly integrated with investigation and research. For that reason, some reviews of surveillance combine these activities with 'studies' as both approaches aim to provide information to guide an effective public health response .
Dividing surveillance activities into discrete systems is somewhat arbitrary, so the number of systems listed here is only indicative. For example, organisms collected for public health surveillance purposes, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, may contribute to both disease surveillance (notably outbreak detection) and hazard surveillance (notably antimicrobial resistance testing), which have been listed as two separate systems. In other areas, particularly determinants, we have grouped a number of surveillance systems into a single named activity. It can also be difficult to categorise some surveillance systems into separate disease, hazard and intervention areas. Effective surveillance of tuberculosis, for example, supports all of these activities. Similarly, surveillance of compliance with food control plans and drinking water standards provides information on the distribution of both hazards and interventions.
The boundary of infectious disease surveillance also becomes less clear as one moves away from systems that are exclusively concerned with surveillance of disease. Most of those involved in surveillance of upstream hazards and determinants would not define their work as infectious disease surveillance. Similarly, some of the health consequences of infectious diseases would not necessarily be included in this sector. For example, surveillance of cervical cancer (including screening) could justifiably be included in this review because this disease is largely an outcome of infection (with human papilloma virus). For these reasons, this review is likely to have under-counted systems contributing to surveillance of infectious diseases.
This review work to date is still just a 'snapshot' of the situation in just one year (2009). For New Zealand, there are important potential developments that are likely to improve surveillance eg, the requirement for direct laboratory notification to local public health services commenced at the end of 2007 and is likely to increase the sensitivity and timeliness of such surveillance . Proposed legislative changes (a new Public Health Bill) would revise the schedule of notifiable diseases by adding STIs (including HIV infection, Chlamydia infection, gonorrhoea and syphilis). It would also extend surveillance (notification) requirements to some hazards, notably microbiological contaminants in water cooling towers and drinking water .
This analysis is just the first stage in a complete surveillance sector review, which is currently (2009) underway in New Zealand. This review will critically assess the potential surveillance gaps identified during this description of the current sector. More importantly, it will assess these gaps against the surveillance information required by end-users for prevention and control of infectious diseases.
The framework used here emphasises the identification of surveillance sector gaps as potential opportunities for system improvements. It is important to also recognise the considerable strengths and successes of the sector being reviewed and the ongoing review and development work already underway.
The approach described in this paper (surveillance sector review and the associated descriptive framework) needs to be used more widely to assess its value. It could be applied to the infectious disease surveillance sector in other countries to see if the pattern is comparable. It would also be useful to apply this approach to other disease sectors such as injuries (where surveillance of both outcomes and risk factors is already highly developed ), chronic diseases (where risk factor surveillance is particularly well developed for cardiovascular disease ), specific hazards (such as tobacco use ), and to complex emerging determinants such as climate change.
We have developed a novel approach for reviewing the full range of surveillance systems required for a single disease sector at a country level (a surveillance sector review). As part of this approach we also developed a framework for categorising and describing surveillance systems in a way that highlights their common and contrasting characteristics. This framework appeared useful when applied to describing the infectious disease surveillance systems in a single developed country (New Zealand) and was able to identify potential surveillance gaps for further consideration. This approach and framework could be used to support immediate goals such as assessing surveillance capacity as part of the new IHR requirements. It also provides an approach that could be applied to assessing surveillance of other disease, injury and hazard sectors.
The authors thank the key informants who kindly contributed their time: Helen Heffernan, Katherine Clift, Nigel Dickson, John Holmes, Quentin Ruscoe, Frank Darby, Annette Nesdale, Donald Campbell, Nikki Turner, Jane MacDonald, Pat Meade, Sue Huang, David Harte and Don Bandaranayake. This project had partial funding support as part of the University of Otago's summer student programme for funding one of the authors (SE).
The final revision of the manuscript benefited considerably from discussions that took place as part of the Ministry of Health's Review of New Zealand's Infectious Disease Surveillance Capacity (undertaken by two of the authors (MB and NW) and colleagues working for Allen and Clarke Policy and Regulatory Specialists Ltd, Wellington). Advisors to this review included Nicholas Jones, Paul White, Donald Campbell, Greg Simmons, Sally Roberts, Darren Hunt, Rebecca Blackmore, and Anna Gribble.
The paper was also considerably improved by incorporating excellent suggestions from all three of the journal's reviewers.
Two of the authors (MB and NW) were contracted by the Ministry of Health to assist with a Review of New Zealand's Infectious Disease Surveillance Capacity that reported in late 2009. These authors have previously played a role in establishing, running and evaluating some of the surveillance systems described in this review.
MB and NW initiated this study. SE conducted the literature review and key informant interviews and tabulated the key findings. MB and SE drafted most of the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. | 2019-04-19T09:17:22Z | https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-10-332 |
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